gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-15700 | 5726e27e708984140094d4bf | Chinese_characters | One man who has encountered this problem is Taiwanese politician Yu Shyi-kun, due to the rarity of the last character in his name. Newspapers have dealt with this problem in varying ways, including using software to combine two existing, similar characters, including a picture of the personality, or, especially as is the case with Yu Shyi-kun, simply substituting a homophone for the rare character in the hope that the reader would be able to make the correct inference. Taiwanese political posters, movie posters etc. will often add the bopomofo phonetic symbols next to such a character. Japanese newspapers may render such names and words in katakana instead of kanji, and it is accepted practice for people to write names for which they are unsure of the correct kanji in katakana instead. | What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji? | What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji? | [
"What may render certain names in katakana instead of kanji?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japanese newspapers"
],
"answer_start": [
593
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15701 | 5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea2 | Chinese_characters | The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as 受又(祐) shòu yòu "receive blessings" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts 菩薩 púsà "bodhisattva" (simplified: 菩萨) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2×2 grid of four 十 (derived from the grass radical over two 十). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable. | What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use? | What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use? | [
"What have been constantly found in religious or ritual use?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15702 | 5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea3 | Chinese_characters | The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as 受又(祐) shòu yòu "receive blessings" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts 菩薩 púsà "bodhisattva" (simplified: 菩萨) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2×2 grid of four 十 (derived from the grass radical over two 十). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable. | What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters? | What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters? | [
"What seeks to limit the use of polysyllabic characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"CPC"
],
"answer_start": [
575
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15703 | 5726e2fcf1498d1400e8eea4 | Chinese_characters | The use of such contractions is as old as Chinese characters themselves, and they have frequently been found in religious or ritual use. In the Oracle Bone script, personal names, ritual items, and even phrases such as 受又(祐) shòu yòu "receive blessings" are commonly contracted into single characters. A dramatic example is that in medieval manuscripts 菩薩 púsà "bodhisattva" (simplified: 菩萨) is sometimes written with a single character formed of a 2×2 grid of four 十 (derived from the grass radical over two 十). However, for the sake of consistency and standardization, the CPC seeks to limit the use of such polysyllabic characters in public writing to ensure that every character only has one syllable. | What is sometimes written as a single character? | What is sometimes written as a single character? | [
"What is sometimes written as a single character?"
] | {
"text": [
"bodhisattva"
],
"answer_start": [
362
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15704 | 5726e382708984140094d4e7 | Chinese_characters | Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 瓩 for 千瓦 or 糎 for 厘米 – some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn "library", a contraction of 圖書館, A four-morpheme word, 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì "socialism", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, 义, with the radical of the first, 社, yielding roughly 礻义. | What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters? | What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters? | [
"What are disyllabic and usually written with two characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"SI units"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15705 | 5726e382708984140094d4e8 | Chinese_characters | Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 瓩 for 千瓦 or 糎 for 厘米 – some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn "library", a contraction of 圖書館, A four-morpheme word, 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì "socialism", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, 义, with the radical of the first, 社, yielding roughly 礻义. | What is a less systematic example? | What is a less systematic example? | [
"What is a less systematic example?"
] | {
"text": [
"túshūguǎn"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15706 | 5726e382708984140094d4e9 | Chinese_characters | Modern examples particularly include Chinese characters for SI units. In Chinese these units are disyllabic and standardly written with two characters, as 厘米 límǐ "centimeter" (厘 centi-, 米 meter) or 千瓦 qiānwǎ "kilowatt". However, in the 19th century these were often written via compound characters, pronounced disyllabically, such as 瓩 for 千瓦 or 糎 for 厘米 – some of these characters were also used in Japan, where they were pronounced with borrowed European readings instead. These have now fallen out of general use, but are occasionally seen. Less systematic examples include 圕 túshūguǎn "library", a contraction of 圖書館, A four-morpheme word, 社会主义 shèhuì zhǔyì "socialism", is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character, 义, with the radical of the first, 社, yielding roughly 礻义. | What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first? | What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first? | [
"What is commonly written with a single character formed by combining the last character with the radical of the first?"
] | {
"text": [
"socialism"
],
"answer_start": [
664
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15707 | 5726e42b5951b619008f81a3 | Chinese_characters | A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries. | What characters are often non-standard? | What characters are often non-standard? | [
"What characters are often non-standard?"
] | {
"text": [
"polysyllabic"
],
"answer_start": [
704
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15708 | 5726e42b5951b619008f81a4 | Chinese_characters | A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries. | What is a commonly seen example? | What is a commonly seen example? | [
"What is a commonly seen example?"
] | {
"text": [
"double happiness symbol"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15709 | 5726e42b5951b619008f81a5 | Chinese_characters | A commonly seen example is the double happiness symbol 囍, formed as a ligature of 喜喜 and referred to by its disyllabic name (simplified Chinese: 双喜; traditional Chinese: 雙喜; pinyin: shuāngxǐ). In handwriting, numbers are very frequently squeezed into one space or combined – common ligatures include 廿 niàn, "twenty", normally read as 二十 èrshí, 卅 sà, "thirty", normally read as 三十 sānshí, and 卌 xì "forty", normally read as 四十 "sìshí". In some cases counters are also merged into one character, such as 七十人 qīshí rén "seventy people". Another common abbreviation is 门 with a "T" written inside it, for 問題, 问题, wèntí ("question; problem"), where the "T" is from pinyin for the second syllable tí 题. Since polysyllabic characters are often non-standard, they are often excluded incharcter dictionaries. | What is formed as a ligature? | What is formed as a ligature? | [
"What is formed as a ligature?"
] | {
"text": [
"double happiness symbol"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15710 | 5726e48f5951b619008f81a9 | Chinese_characters | In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字). | What may be contracted into single characters? | What may be contracted into single characters? | [
"What may be contracted into single characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"compound words and set phrases"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15711 | 5726e48f5951b619008f81aa | Chinese_characters | In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字). | What can be considered as set phrases? | What can be considered as set phrases? | [
"What can be considered as set phrases?"
] | {
"text": [
"single characters"
],
"answer_start": [
71
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15712 | 5726e48f5951b619008f81ab | Chinese_characters | In certain cases compound words and set phrases may be contracted into single characters. Some of these can be considered logograms, where characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes, though these are generally instead considered ligatures or abbreviations (similar to scribal abbreviations, such as & for "et"), and as non-standard. These do see use, particularly in handwriting or decoration, but also in some cases in print. In Chinese, these ligatures are called héwén (合文), héshū (合書) or hétǐzì (合体字), and in the special case of combining two characters, these are known as "two-syllable Chinese characters" (双音节汉字, 雙音節漢字). | What are logograms? | What are logograms? | [
"What are logograms?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters represent whole words rather than syllable-morphemes"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15713 | 5726e540dd62a815002e9442 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly" and 珊瑚 shānhú "coral". Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic, 胡, but different radicals ("insect" and "jade", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word. | What are primarily morphosyllabic? | What are primarily morphosyllabic? | [
"What are primarily morphosyllabic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15714 | 5726e540dd62a815002e9443 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly" and 珊瑚 shānhú "coral". Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic, 胡, but different radicals ("insect" and "jade", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word. | What are written with a single character? | What are written with a single character? | [
"What are written with a single character?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese morphemes"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15715 | 5726e540dd62a815002e9444 | Chinese_characters | Chinese characters are primarily morphosyllabic, meaning that most Chinese morphemes are monosyllabic and are written with a single character, though in modern Chinese most words are disyllabic and dimorphemic, consisting of two syllables, each of which is a morpheme. In modern Chinese 10% of morphemes only occur as part of a given compound. However, a few morphemes are disyllabic, some of them dating back to Classical Chinese. Excluding foreign loan words, these are typically words for plants and small animals. They are usually written with a pair of phono-semantic compound characters sharing a common radical. Examples are 蝴蝶 húdié "butterfly" and 珊瑚 shānhú "coral". Note that the 蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú have the same phonetic, 胡, but different radicals ("insect" and "jade", respectively). Neither exists as an independent morpheme except as a poetic abbreviation of the disyllabic word. | What have the same phonetic, but different radicals? | What have the same phonetic, but different radicals? | [
"What have the same phonetic, but different radicals?"
] | {
"text": [
"蝴 hú of húdié and the 瑚 hú of shānhú"
],
"answer_start": [
690
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15716 | 5726e5ab5951b619008f81bf | Chinese_characters | In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification. | What are written with very precise rules? | What are written with very precise rules? | [
"What are written with very precise rules?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
55
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15717 | 5726e5ab5951b619008f81c0 | Chinese_characters | In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification. | What has standardized character forms? | What has standardized character forms? | [
"What has standardized character forms?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15718 | 5726e5ab5951b619008f81c1 | Chinese_characters | In addition to strictness in character size and shape, Chinese characters are written with very precise rules. The most important rules regard the strokes employed, stroke placement, and stroke order. Just as each region that uses Chinese characters has standardized character forms, each also has standardized stroke orders, with each standard being different. Most characters can be written with just one correct stroke order, though some words also have many valid stroke orders, which may occasionally result in different stroke counts. Some characters are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification. | What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification? | What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification? | [
"What are also written with different stroke orders due to character simplification?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters"
],
"answer_start": [
546
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15719 | 5726e604708984140094d52f | Chinese_characters | Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters. | What have a characteristic shape? | What have a characteristic shape? | [
"What have a characteristic shape?"
] | {
"text": [
"Roman letters"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15720 | 5726e604708984140094d530 | Chinese_characters | Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters. | What occupy a more or less space area? | What occupy a more or less space area? | [
"What occupy a more or less space area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15721 | 5726e604708984140094d531 | Chinese_characters | Just as Roman letters have a characteristic shape (lower-case letters mostly occupying the x-height, with ascenders or descenders on some letters), Chinese characters occupy a more or less square area in which the components of every character are written to fit in order to maintain a uniform size and shape, especially with small printed characters in Ming and sans-serif styles. Because of this, beginners often practise writing on squared graph paper, and the Chinese sometimes use the term "Square-Block Characters" (方块字 / 方塊字, fāngkuàizì), sometimes translated as tetragraph, in reference to Chinese characters. | What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph? | What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph? | [
"What can sometimes be translated as tetragraph?"
] | {
"text": [
"Square-Block Characters"
],
"answer_start": [
496
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15722 | 5726e667f1498d1400e8ef56 | Chinese_characters | Regular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity. | What are commonly used? | What are commonly used? | [
"What are commonly used?"
] | {
"text": [
"Regular script typefaces"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15723 | 5726e667f1498d1400e8ef57 | Chinese_characters | Regular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity. | What are often used to teach students Chinese characters? | What are often used to teach students Chinese characters? | [
"What are often used to teach students Chinese characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Regular script typefaces"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15724 | 5726e667f1498d1400e8ef58 | Chinese_characters | Regular script typefaces are also commonly used, but not as common as Ming or sans-serif typefaces for body text. Regular script typefaces are often used to teach students Chinese characters, and often aim to match the standard forms of the region where they are meant to be used. Most typefaces in the Song dynasty were regular script typefaces which resembled a particular person's handwriting (e.g. the handwriting of Ouyang Xun, Yan Zhenqing, or Liu Gongquan), while most modern regular script typefaces tend toward anonymity and regularity. | What resembles an actual person's handwriting? | What resembles an actual person's handwriting? | [
"What resembles an actual person's handwriting?"
] | {
"text": [
"handwriting of Ouyang Xun"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15725 | 5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef64 | Chinese_characters | The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China. | What is the art of writing Chinese characters? | What is the art of writing Chinese characters? | [
"What is the art of writing Chinese characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese calligraphy"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15726 | 5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef65 | Chinese_characters | The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China. | What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars? | What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars? | [
"What is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese calligraphy"
],
"answer_start": [
124
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15727 | 5726e6dff1498d1400e8ef66 | Chinese_characters | The art of writing Chinese characters is called Chinese calligraphy. It is usually done with ink brushes. In ancient China, Chinese calligraphy is one of the Four Arts of the Chinese Scholars. There is a minimalist set of rules of Chinese calligraphy. Every character from the Chinese scripts is built into a uniform shape by means of assigning it a geometric area in which the character must occur. Each character has a set number of brushstrokes; none must be added or taken away from the character to enhance it visually, lest the meaning be lost. Finally, strict regularity is not required, meaning the strokes may be accentuated for dramatic effect of individual style. Calligraphy was the means by which scholars could mark their thoughts and teachings for immortality, and as such, represent some of the more precious treasures that can be found from ancient China. | What is not required? | What is not required? | [
"What is not required?"
] | {
"text": [
"strict regularity"
],
"answer_start": [
560
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15728 | 5726e74b708984140094d559 | Chinese_characters | The cursive script (草書(书), cǎoshū, literally "grass script") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script. | What script is used informally? | What script is used informally? | [
"What script is used informally?"
] | {
"text": [
"cursive"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15729 | 5726e74b708984140094d55a | Chinese_characters | The cursive script (草書(书), cǎoshū, literally "grass script") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script. | What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized? | What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized? | [
"What are suggested, rather than explicitly realized?"
] | {
"text": [
"basic character shapes"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15730 | 5726e74b708984140094d55b | Chinese_characters | The cursive script (草書(书), cǎoshū, literally "grass script") is used informally. The basic character shapes are suggested, rather than explicitly realized, and the abbreviations are sometimes extreme. Despite being cursive to the point where individual strokes are no longer differentiable and the characters often illegible to the untrained eye, this script (also known as draft) is highly revered for the beauty and freedom that it embodies. Some of the simplified Chinese characters adopted by the People's Republic of China, and some simplified characters used in Japan, are derived from the cursive script. The Japanese hiragana script is also derived from this script. | What script is derived from the cursive script? | What script is derived from the cursive script? | [
"What script is derived from the cursive script?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japanese hiragana script"
],
"answer_start": [
616
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15731 | 5726e7c5dd62a815002e949e | Chinese_characters | The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style. | What script is only used in artistic seals? | What script is only used in artistic seals? | [
"What script is only used in artistic seals?"
] | {
"text": [
"seal"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15732 | 5726e7c5dd62a815002e949f | Chinese_characters | The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style. | What script is the oldest and still in use today? | What script is the oldest and still in use today? | [
"What script is the oldest and still in use today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Seal"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15733 | 5726e7c5dd62a815002e94a0 | Chinese_characters | The Shang dynasty oracle bone script and the Zhou dynasty scripts found on Chinese bronze inscriptions are no longer used; the oldest script that is still in use today is the Seal Script (篆書(书), zhuànshū). It evolved organically out of the Spring and Autumn period Zhou script, and was adopted in a standardized form under the first Emperor of China, Qin Shi Huang. The seal script, as the name suggests, is now used only in artistic seals. Few people are still able to read it effortlessly today, although the art of carving a traditional seal in the script remains alive; some calligraphers also work in this style. | Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script? | Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script? | [
"Who work in the style of carving a traditional seal in the script?"
] | {
"text": [
"calligraphers"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15734 | 5726e8765951b619008f821b | Chinese_characters | The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters, a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters, the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the jōyō kanji, the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the jōyō kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. "Simplified" refers to having significant differences from the Taiwan standard, not necessarily being a newly created character or a newly performed substitution. The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as "Traditional," but are not shown. | What are also known as "traditional"? | What are also known as "traditional"? | [
"What are also known as \"traditional\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary"
],
"answer_start": [
637
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15735 | 5726e8765951b619008f821c | Chinese_characters | The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters, a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters, the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the jōyō kanji, the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the jōyō kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. "Simplified" refers to having significant differences from the Taiwan standard, not necessarily being a newly created character or a newly performed substitution. The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as "Traditional," but are not shown. | What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters? | What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters? | [
"What is usually more similar to traditional Chinese characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"jōyō kanji"
],
"answer_start": [
334
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15736 | 5726e8765951b619008f821d | Chinese_characters | The following is a comparison of Chinese characters in the Standard Form of National Characters, a common traditional Chinese standard used in Taiwan, the Table of General Standard Chinese Characters, the standard for Mainland Chinese simplified Chinese characters, and the jōyō kanji, the standard for Japanese kanji. Generally, the jōyō kanji are more similar to traditional Chinese characters than simplified Chinese characters are to traditional Chinese characters. "Simplified" refers to having significant differences from the Taiwan standard, not necessarily being a newly created character or a newly performed substitution. The characters in the Hong Kong standard and the Kangxi Dictionary are also known as "Traditional," but are not shown. | What is commonly used in Taiwan? | What is commonly used in Taiwan? | [
"What is commonly used in Taiwan?"
] | {
"text": [
"Table of General Standard Chinese Characters"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15737 | 5726e90c708984140094d591 | Chinese_characters | In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai 新字体 (lit. "new character forms", the older forms were then labelled the kyūjitai 旧字体, lit. "old character forms"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as "dragon" (Japanese kana: たつ, Rōmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai 竜 and the kyūjitai 龍 forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers. | What did the Japanese government institute? | What did the Japanese government institute? | [
"What did the Japanese government institute? "
] | {
"text": [
"series of orthographic reforms"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15738 | 5726e90c708984140094d592 | Chinese_characters | In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai 新字体 (lit. "new character forms", the older forms were then labelled the kyūjitai 旧字体, lit. "old character forms"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as "dragon" (Japanese kana: たつ, Rōmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai 竜 and the kyūjitai 龍 forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers. | What was restricted? | What was restricted? | [
"What was restricted?"
] | {
"text": [
"The number of characters in common use"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15739 | 5726e90c708984140094d593 | Chinese_characters | In the years after World War II, the Japanese government also instituted a series of orthographic reforms. Some characters were given simplified forms called shinjitai 新字体 (lit. "new character forms", the older forms were then labelled the kyūjitai 旧字体, lit. "old character forms"). The number of characters in common use was restricted, and formal lists of characters to be learned during each grade of school were established, first the 1850-character tōyō kanji 当用漢字 list in 1945, the 1945-character jōyō kanji 常用漢字 list in 1981, and a 2136-character reformed version of the jōyō kanji in 2010. Many variant forms of characters and obscure alternatives for common characters were officially discouraged. This was done with the goal of facilitating learning for children and simplifying kanji use in literature and periodicals. These are simply guidelines, hence many characters outside these standards are still widely known and commonly used, especially those used for personal and place names (for the latter, see jinmeiyō kanji),[citation needed] as well as for some common words such as "dragon" (Japanese kana: たつ, Rōmaji: tatsu) in which both the shinjitai 竜 and the kyūjitai 龍 forms of the kanji are both acceptable and widely known amongst native Japanese speakers. | When was the 2136 character reformed? | When was the 2136 character reformed? | [
"When was the 2136 character reformed?"
] | {
"text": [
"2010"
],
"answer_start": [
592
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15740 | 5726e991708984140094d59f | Chinese_characters | The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms. For example, the orthodox character 來 lái ("come") was written with the structure 来 in the clerical script (隶书 / 隸書, lìshū) of the Han dynasty. This clerical form uses one fewer stroke, and was thus adopted as a simplified form. The character 雲 yún ("cloud") was written with the structure 云 in the oracle bone script of the Shang dynasty, and had remained in use later as a phonetic loan in the meaning of "to say" while the 雨 radical was added to differentiate meanings. The simplified form adopts the original structure. | What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms? | What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms? | [
"What are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms?"
] | {
"text": [
"majority of simplified characters"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15741 | 5726e991708984140094d5a0 | Chinese_characters | The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms. For example, the orthodox character 來 lái ("come") was written with the structure 来 in the clerical script (隶书 / 隸書, lìshū) of the Han dynasty. This clerical form uses one fewer stroke, and was thus adopted as a simplified form. The character 雲 yún ("cloud") was written with the structure 云 in the oracle bone script of the Shang dynasty, and had remained in use later as a phonetic loan in the meaning of "to say" while the 雨 radical was added to differentiate meanings. The simplified form adopts the original structure. | What was written with the structure in the clerical script? | What was written with the structure in the clerical script? | [
"What was written with the structure in the clerical script?"
] | {
"text": [
"orthodox character"
],
"answer_start": [
129
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15742 | 5726e991708984140094d5a1 | Chinese_characters | The majority of simplified characters are drawn from conventional abbreviated forms, or ancient standard forms. For example, the orthodox character 來 lái ("come") was written with the structure 来 in the clerical script (隶书 / 隸書, lìshū) of the Han dynasty. This clerical form uses one fewer stroke, and was thus adopted as a simplified form. The character 雲 yún ("cloud") was written with the structure 云 in the oracle bone script of the Shang dynasty, and had remained in use later as a phonetic loan in the meaning of "to say" while the 雨 radical was added to differentiate meanings. The simplified form adopts the original structure. | What script uses one fewer stroke? | What script uses one fewer stroke? | [
"What script uses one fewer stroke?"
] | {
"text": [
"clerical script"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15743 | 5726e9e75951b619008f8251 | Chinese_characters | The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. A second round of character simplifications (known as erjian, or "second round simplified characters") was promulgated in 1977. It was poorly received, and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely, while making six revisions to the 1964 list, including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified: 叠 dié, 覆 fù, 像 xiàng. | Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents? | Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents? | [
"Who issued its first round of character simplifications in two documents?"
] | {
"text": [
"The People's Republic of China"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15744 | 5726e9e75951b619008f8252 | Chinese_characters | The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. A second round of character simplifications (known as erjian, or "second round simplified characters") was promulgated in 1977. It was poorly received, and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely, while making six revisions to the 1964 list, including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified: 叠 dié, 覆 fù, 像 xiàng. | When was a second round announced? | When was a second round announced? | [
"When was a second round announced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1977"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15745 | 5726e9e75951b619008f8253 | Chinese_characters | The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. A second round of character simplifications (known as erjian, or "second round simplified characters") was promulgated in 1977. It was poorly received, and in 1986 the authorities rescinded the second round completely, while making six revisions to the 1964 list, including the restoration of three traditional characters that had been simplified: 叠 dié, 覆 fù, 像 xiàng. | How was the second round received? | How was the second round received? | [
"How was the second round received?"
] | {
"text": [
"poorly"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15746 | 5726ea59dd62a815002e9514 | Chinese_characters | Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh. | What almost always includes character simplification? | What almost always includes character simplification? | [
"What almost always includes character simplification?"
] | {
"text": [
"Caoshu"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15747 | 5726ea59dd62a815002e9515 | Chinese_characters | Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh. | What is Caoshu? | What is Caoshu? | [
"What is Caoshu?"
] | {
"text": [
"cursive written text"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15748 | 5726ea59dd62a815002e9516 | Chinese_characters | Although most often associated with the People's Republic of China, character simplification predates the 1949 communist victory. Caoshu, cursive written text, almost always includes character simplification, and simplified forms have always existed in print, albeit not for the most formal works. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and a large number of Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. Indeed, this desire by the Kuomintang to simplify the Chinese writing system (inherited and implemented by the Communist Party of China) also nursed aspirations of some for the adoption of a phonetic script based on the Latin script, and spawned such inventions as the Gwoyeu Romatzyh. | When did discussions of character simplification take place? | When did discussions of character simplification take place? | [
"When did discussions of character simplification take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"In the 1930s and 1940s"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15749 | 5726eac8dd62a815002e9524 | Chinese_characters | The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer. | What varies greatly? | What varies greatly? | [
"What varies greatly?"
] | {
"text": [
"The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15750 | 5726eac8dd62a815002e9525 | Chinese_characters | The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer. | What were mandatory in printed works? | What were mandatory in printed works? | [
"What were mandatory in printed works?"
] | {
"text": [
"Orthodox variants"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15751 | 5726eac8dd62a815002e9526 | Chinese_characters | The use of traditional Chinese characters versus simplified Chinese characters varies greatly, and can depend on both the local customs and the medium. Before the official reform, character simplifications were not officially sanctioned and generally adopted vulgar variants and idiosyncratic substitutions. Orthodox variants were mandatory in printed works, while the (unofficial) simplified characters would be used in everyday writing or quick notes. Since the 1950s, and especially with the publication of the 1964 list, the People's Republic of China has officially adopted simplified Chinese characters for use in mainland China, while Hong Kong, Macau, and the Republic of China (Taiwan) were not affected by the reform. There is no absolute rule for using either system, and often it is determined by what the target audience understands, as well as the upbringing of the writer. | What were adopted for use in mainland China? | What were adopted for use in mainland China? | [
"What were adopted for use in mainland China?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
590
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15752 | 5726eb3e708984140094d5ed | Chinese_characters | According to the Rev. John Gulick: "The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method … The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds." | Who is John Gulick? | Who is John Gulick? | [
"Who is John Gulick?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rev"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15753 | 5726eb3e708984140094d5ee | Chinese_characters | According to the Rev. John Gulick: "The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method … The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds." | Who constantly selected unaspirated characters? | Who constantly selected unaspirated characters? | [
"Who constantly selected unaspirated characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15754 | 5726eb3e708984140094d5ef | Chinese_characters | According to the Rev. John Gulick: "The inhabitants of other Asiatic nations, who have had occasion to represent the words of their several languages by Chinese characters, have as a rule used unaspirated characters for the sounds, g, d, b. The Muslims from Arabia and Persia have followed this method … The Mongols, Manchu, and Japanese also constantly select unaspirated characters to represent the sounds g, d, b, and j of their languages. These surrounding Asiatic nations, in writing Chinese words in their own alphabets, have uniformly used g, d, b, & c., to represent the unaspirated sounds." | Who have followed this method? | Who have followed this method? | [
"Who have followed this method?"
] | {
"text": [
"Muslims from Arabia and Persia"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15755 | 5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efec | Chinese_characters | Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet. | What is now limited to ceremonial uses? | What is now limited to ceremonial uses? | [
"What is now limited to ceremonial uses?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters in Vietnam"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15756 | 5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efed | Chinese_characters | Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet. | What were once in widespread use? | What were once in widespread use? | [
"What were once in widespread use?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters in Vietnam"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15757 | 5726ec1cf1498d1400e8efee | Chinese_characters | Although Chinese characters in Vietnam are now limited to ceremonial uses, they were once in widespread use. Until the early 20th century, Literary Chinese was used in Vietnam for all official and scholarly writing. Around the 13th century the Nôm script was developed to record folk literature in the Vietnamese language. The script used Chinese characters to represent both borrowed Sino-Vietnamese vocabulary and native words with similar pronunciation or meaning. In addition thousands of new compound characters were created to write Vietnamese words. This process resulted in a highly complex system that was never mastered by more than 5% of the population. Both Literary Chinese and Nôm were replaced in the early 20th century by Vietnamese written with the Latin-based Vietnamese alphabet. | What was used in schooling? | What was used in schooling? | [
"What was used in schooling?"
] | {
"text": [
"Literary Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15758 | 5726ec71708984140094d635 | Chinese_characters | After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain. | When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away? | When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away? | [
"When did the second ruler of North Korea pass away?"
] | {
"text": [
"December 2011"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15759 | 5726ec71708984140094d636 | Chinese_characters | After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain. | Who stepped up after 2011? | Who stepped up after 2011? | [
"Who stepped up after 2011?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kim Jong Un"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15760 | 5726ec71708984140094d637 | Chinese_characters | After Kim Jong Il, the second ruler of North Korea, died in December 2011, Kim Jong Un stepped up and began mandating the use of Hanja as a source of definition for the Korean language. Currently, it is said that North Korea teaches around 3,000 Hanja characters to North Korean students, and in some cases, the characters appear within advertisements and newspapers. However, it is also said that the authorities implore students not to use the characters in public. Due to North Korea's strict isolationism, accurate reports about hanja use in North Korea are hard to obtain. | Who began moderating the use of Hanja? | Who began moderating the use of Hanja? | [
"Who began moderating the use of Hanja?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kim Jong Un"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15761 | 5726ecd2dd62a815002e956c | Chinese_characters | When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea". | What are students taught to memorize? | What are students taught to memorize? | [
"What are students taught to memorize?"
] | {
"text": [
"native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15762 | 5726ecd2dd62a815002e956d | Chinese_characters | When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea". | What is name of the hanja? | What is name of the hanja? | [
"What is name of the hanja?"
] | {
"text": [
"mul-su"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15763 | 5726ecd2dd62a815002e956e | Chinese_characters | When learning how to write hanja, students are taught to memorize the native Korean pronunciation for the hanja's meaning and the Sino-Korean pronunciations (the pronunciation based on the Chinese pronunciation of the characters) for each hanja respectively so that students know what the syllable and meaning is for a particular hanja. For example, the name for the hanja 水 is 물 수 (mul-su) in which 물 (mul) is the native Korean pronunciation for "water", while 수 (su) is the Sino-Korean pronunciation of the character. The naming of hanja is similar to if "water" were named "water-aqua", "horse-equus", or "gold-aurum" based on a hybridization of both the English and the Latin names. Other examples include 사람 인 (saram-in) for 人 "person/people", 큰 대 (keun-dae) for 大 "big/large//great", 작을 소 (jakeul-so) for 小 "small/little", 아래 하 (arae-ha) for 下 "underneath/below/low", 아비 부 (abi-bu) for 父 "father", and 나라이름 한 (naraimreum-han) for 韓 "Han/Korea". | What is the Korean pronunciation of water? | What is the Korean pronunciation of water? | [
"What is the Korean pronunciation of water?"
] | {
"text": [
"mul"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15764 | 5726ed3ddd62a815002e9572 | Chinese_characters | There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words. | What is still being used according to experts? | What is still being used according to experts? | [
"What is still being used according to experts?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hanja"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15765 | 5726ed3ddd62a815002e9573 | Chinese_characters | There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words. | What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided? | What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided? | [
"What is used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hanja"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15766 | 5726ed3ddd62a815002e9574 | Chinese_characters | There is a clear trend toward the exclusive use of hangul in day-to-day South Korean society. Hanja are still used to some extent, particularly in newspapers, weddings, place names and calligraphy (although it is nowhere near the extent of kanji use in day-to-day Japanese society). Hanja is also extensively used in situations where ambiguity must be avoided,[citation needed] such as academic papers, high-level corporate reports, government documents, and newspapers; this is due to the large number of homonyms that have resulted from extensive borrowing of Chinese words. | What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity? | What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity? | [
"What is considered a location with a high level of ambiguity?"
] | {
"text": [
"weddings"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15767 | 5726eda2f1498d1400e8f016 | Chinese_characters | In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian. | What was the dominant form of written communication? | What was the dominant form of written communication? | [
"What was the dominant form of written communication?"
] | {
"text": [
"Literary Chinese"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15768 | 5726eda2f1498d1400e8f017 | Chinese_characters | In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian. | What is treated as being conservative and confucian? | What is treated as being conservative and confucian? | [
"What is treated as being conservative and confucian?"
] | {
"text": [
"Chinese characters"
],
"answer_start": [
877
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15769 | 5726eda2f1498d1400e8f018 | Chinese_characters | In times past, until the 15th century, in Korea, Literary Chinese was the dominant form of written communication, prior to the creation of hangul, the Korean alphabet. Much of the vocabulary, especially in the realms of science and sociology, comes directly from Chinese, comparable to Latin or Greek root words in European languages. However, due to the lack of tones in Korean,[citation needed] as the words were imported from Chinese, many dissimilar characters took on identical sounds, and subsequently identical spelling in hangul.[citation needed] Chinese characters are sometimes used to this day for either clarification in a practical manner, or to give a distinguished appearance, as knowledge of Chinese characters is considered a high class attribute and an indispensable part of a classical education.[citation needed] It is also observed that the preference for Chinese characters is treated as being conservative and Confucian. | What comes directly from China? | What comes directly from China? | [
"What comes directly from China?"
] | {
"text": [
"science and sociology"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15770 | 5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02c | Chinese_characters | Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages). | What also includes a pair of syllabaries? | What also includes a pair of syllabaries? | [
"What also includes a pair of syllabaries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Written Japanese"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15771 | 5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02d | Chinese_characters | Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages). | Why do the syllabaries differ? | Why do the syllabaries differ? | [
"Why do the syllabaries differ?"
] | {
"text": [
"they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15772 | 5726edf5f1498d1400e8f02e | Chinese_characters | Written Japanese also includes a pair of syllabaries known as kana, derived by simplifying Chinese characters selected to represent syllables of Japanese. The syllabaries differ because they sometimes selected different characters for a syllable, and because they used different strategies to reduce these characters for easy writing: the angular katakana were obtained by selecting a part of each character, while hiragana were derived from the cursive forms of whole characters. Modern Japanese writing uses a composite system, using kanji for word stems, hiragana for inflexional endings and grammatical words, and katakana to transcribe non-Chinese loanwords as well as serve as a method to emphasize native words (similar to how italics are used in Romance languages). | What uses a composite system? | What uses a composite system? | [
"What uses a composite system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Modern Japanese writing"
],
"answer_start": [
481
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15773 | 5726ee93708984140094d65f | Chinese_characters | Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared. | What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms? | What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms? | [
"What has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms?"
] | {
"text": [
"literacy"
],
"answer_start": [
791
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15774 | 5726ee93708984140094d660 | Chinese_characters | Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared. | Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year? | Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year? | [
"Character simplification predated the republic's formation in what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1949"
],
"answer_start": [
238
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15775 | 5726ee93708984140094d661 | Chinese_characters | Although most of the simplified Chinese characters in use today are the result of the works moderated by the government of the People's Republic of China in the 1950s and 60s, character simplification predates the republic's formation in 1949. One of the earliest proponents of character simplification was Lufei Kui, who proposed in 1909 that simplified characters should be used in education. In the years following the May Fourth Movement in 1919, many anti-imperialist Chinese intellectuals sought ways to modernise China. In the 1930s and 1940s, discussions on character simplification took place within the Kuomintang government, and many Chinese intellectuals and writers have long maintained that character simplification would help boost literacy in China. In many world languages, literacy has been promoted as a justification for spelling reforms. The People's Republic of China issued its first round of official character simplifications in two documents, the first in 1956 and the second in 1964. In the 1950s and 1960s, while confusion about simplified characters was still rampant, transitional characters that mixed simplified parts with yet-to-be simplified parts of characters together appeared briefly, then disappeared. | Who issued the first round of official characters? | Who issued the first round of official characters? | [
"Who issued the first round of official characters?"
] | {
"text": [
"The People's Republic of China"
],
"answer_start": [
859
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15776 | 57341ab74776f4190066187b | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals? | Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals? | [
"Of the huge amount of microorganisms, how many cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals?"
] | {
"text": [
"relatively few"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15777 | 57341ab74776f4190066187c | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what? | Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what? | [
"Interplay between pathogens and defenses of hosts results in what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15778 | 57341ab74776f4190066187d | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on? | What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on? | [
"What does the severity of a disease resulting from a pathogen depend on?"
] | {
"text": [
"ability of that pathogen to damage the host"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15779 | 57341ab74776f4190066187e | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What can a host's immune system do to a host? | What can a host's immune system do to a host? | [
"What can a host's immune system do to a host?"
] | {
"text": [
"cause damage"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15780 | 57341ab74776f4190066187f | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of? | What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of? | [
"What do clinicians classify infectious microorganisms according to the status of?"
] | {
"text": [
"host defenses"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15781 | 5a82f3f0e60761001a2eb247 | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | How many microorganisms cause repair in otherwise healthy individuals? | How many microorganisms cause repair in otherwise healthy individuals? | [
"How many microorganisms cause repair in otherwise healthy individuals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15782 | 5a82f3f0e60761001a2eb248 | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What is prevented by interplay between pathogens and attacks of hosts? | What is prevented by interplay between pathogens and attacks of hosts? | [
"What is prevented by interplay between pathogens and attacks of hosts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15783 | 5a82f3f0e60761001a2eb249 | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What does the level of an achievement resulting from a pathogen depend on? | What does the level of an achievement resulting from a pathogen depend on? | [
"What does the level of an achievement resulting from a pathogen depend on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15784 | 5a82f3f0e60761001a2eb24a | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What can a host's immune system allow from a host? | What can a host's immune system allow from a host? | [
"What can a host's immune system allow from a host?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15785 | 5a82f3f0e60761001a2eb24b | Infection | Among the vast varieties of microorganisms, relatively few cause disease in otherwise healthy individuals. Infectious disease results from the interplay between those few pathogens and the defenses of the hosts they infect. The appearance and severity of disease resulting from any pathogen, depends upon the ability of that pathogen to damage the host as well as the ability of the host to resist the pathogen. However a host's immune system can also cause damage to the host itself in an attempt to control the infection. Clinicians therefore classify infectious microorganisms or microbes according to the status of host defenses - either as primary pathogens or as opportunistic pathogens: | What do clinicians ignore the status of when they classify infectious microorganisms? | What do clinicians ignore the status of when they classify infectious microorganisms? | [
"What do clinicians ignore the status of when they classify infectious microorganisms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15786 | 57341bef4776f41900661897 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious? | What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious? | [
"What is one way of proving that a given disease is infectious?"
] | {
"text": [
"satisfy Koch's postulates"
],
"answer_start": [
63
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15787 | 57341bef4776f41900661898 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? | What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? | [
"What must an infectious agent only be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?"
] | {
"text": [
"patients and not in healthy controls"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15788 | 57341bef4776f41900661899 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What is Koch's second postulate? | What is Koch's second postulate? | [
"What is Koch's second postulate?"
] | {
"text": [
"patients who contract the agent also develop the disease"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15789 | 57341bef4776f4190066189a | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases? | Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases? | [
"Why can't Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many human diseases?"
] | {
"text": [
"because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual"
],
"answer_start": [
456
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15790 | 57341bef4776f4190066189b | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? | What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? | [
"What is the causative spirochete of syphilis? "
] | {
"text": [
"Treponema pallidum"
],
"answer_start": [
658
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15791 | 5a82f50de60761001a2eb251 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What is one way of proving that a given disease is safe? | What is one way of proving that a given disease is safe? | [
"What is one way of proving that a given disease is safe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15792 | 5a82f50de60761001a2eb252 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What must an infectious agent not be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? | What must an infectious agent not be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates? | [
"What must an infectious agent not be identified in to satisfy the first of Koch's postulates?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15793 | 5a82f50de60761001a2eb253 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What is Koch's worst postulate? | What is Koch's worst postulate? | [
"What is Koch's worst postulate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15794 | 5a82f50de60761001a2eb254 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | Why can Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many reptile diseases? | Why can Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many reptile diseases? | [
"Why can Koch's postulates be applied ethically for many reptile diseases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15795 | 5a82f50de60761001a2eb255 | Infection | One way of proving that a given disease is "infectious", is to satisfy Koch's postulates (first proposed by Robert Koch), which demands that the infectious agent be identified only in patients and not in healthy controls, and that patients who contract the agent also develop the disease. These postulates were first used in the discovery that Mycobacteria species cause tuberculosis. Koch's postulates can not be applied ethically for many human diseases because they require experimental infection of a healthy individual with a pathogen produced as a pure culture. Often, even clearly infectious diseases do not meet the infectious criteria. For example, Treponema pallidum, the causative spirochete of syphilis, cannot be cultured in vitro - however the organism can be cultured in rabbit testes. It is less clear that a pure culture comes from an animal source serving as host than it is when derived from microbes derived from plate culture. Epidemiology is another important tool used to study disease in a population. For infectious diseases it helps to determine if a disease outbreak is sporadic (occasional occurrence), endemic (regular cases often occurring in a region), epidemic (an unusually high number of cases in a region), or pandemic (a global epidemic). | What is no longer the causative spirochete of syphilis? | What is no longer the causative spirochete of syphilis? | [
"What is no longer the causative spirochete of syphilis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15796 | 57341c75d058e614000b695a | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use. | When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? | When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? | [
"When are infectious diseases called contagious diseases? "
] | {
"text": [
"when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15797 | 57341c75d058e614000b695b | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use. | What is a contagious disease a subset of? | What is a contagious disease a subset of? | [
"What is a contagious disease a subset of?"
] | {
"text": [
"infectious disease"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15798 | 57341c75d058e614000b695c | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use. | What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease? | What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease? | [
"What sets a contagious disease after from a standard infectious disease?"
] | {
"text": [
"especially infective or easily transmitted"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-15799 | 57341c75d058e614000b695d | Infection | Infectious diseases are sometimes called contagious disease when they are easily transmitted by contact with an ill person or their secretions (e.g., influenza). Thus, a contagious disease is a subset of infectious disease that is especially infective or easily transmitted. Other types of infectious/transmissible/communicable diseases with more specialized routes of infection, such as vector transmission or sexual transmission, are usually not regarded as "contagious", and often do not require medical isolation (sometimes loosely called quarantine) of victims. However, this specialized connotation of the word "contagious" and "contagious disease" (easy transmissibility) is not always respected in popular use. | Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation? | Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation? | [
"Diseases with vector transmission or sexual transmission don't often require what type of isolation?"
] | {
"text": [
"medical"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
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