gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-19800 | 573174bc05b4da19006bd1c0 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints. | Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages? | Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages? | [
"Who taught indigenous scribes to write their languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Spanish"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19801 | 573174bc05b4da19006bd1c1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints. | When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters? | When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters? | [
"When were indigenous scribes taught to use Latin letters?"
] | {
"text": [
"the sixteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19802 | 573174bc05b4da19006bd1c2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints. | What were a large number of the local documents in regards to? | What were a large number of the local documents in regards to? | [
"What were a large number of the local documents in regards to?"
] | {
"text": [
"lawsuits and other legal matters"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19803 | 573174bc05b4da19006bd1c3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints. | What were Spanish translations at the time made for? | What were Spanish translations at the time made for? | [
"What were Spanish translations at the time made for?"
] | {
"text": [
"legal cases"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19804 | 573174bc05b4da19006bd1c4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Spanish mendicants in the sixteenth century taught indigenous scribes in their communities to write their languages in Latin letters and there is a large number of local-level documents in Nahuatl, Zapotec, Mixtec, and Yucatec Maya from the colonial era, many of which were part of lawsuits and other legal matters. Although Spaniards initially taught indigenous scribes alphabetic writing, the tradition became self-perpetuating at the local level. The Spanish crown gathered such documentation and contemporary Spanish translations were made for legal cases. Scholars have translated and analyzed these documents in what is called the New Philology to write histories of indigenous peoples from indigenous viewpoints. | What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from? | What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from? | [
"What viewpoint have scholars translated and analyzed documents to writes histories from?"
] | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
697
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19805 | 5731752de6313a140071cf56 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument. | What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have? | What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have? | [
"What characteristic did the majority of Native American music have?"
] | {
"text": [
"monophonic"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19806 | 5731752de6313a140071cf57 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument. | What did traditional Native American music center around? | What did traditional Native American music center around? | [
"What did traditional Native American music center around?"
] | {
"text": [
"drumming"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19807 | 5731752de6313a140071cf58 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument. | What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans? | What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans? | [
"What are examples of popular percussive instruments of Native Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19808 | 5731752de6313a140071cf59 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument. | How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans? | How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans? | [
"How were flutes constructed by the Native Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"rivercane, cedar, and other woods"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19809 | 5731752de6313a140071cf5a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native American music in North America is almost entirely monophonic, but there are notable exceptions. Traditional Native American music often centers around drumming. Rattles, clappersticks, and rasps were also popular percussive instruments. Flutes were made of rivercane, cedar, and other woods. The tuning of these flutes is not precise and depends on the length of the wood used and the hand span of the intended player, but the finger holes are most often around a whole step apart and, at least in Northern California, a flute was not used if it turned out to have an interval close to a half step. The Apache fiddle is a single stringed instrument. | How many strings did the Apache fiddle have? | How many strings did the Apache fiddle have? | [
"How many strings did the Apache fiddle have?"
] | {
"text": [
"single"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19810 | 57317628e6313a140071cf60 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | What feature did the music of Central America have? | What feature did the music of Central America have? | [
"What feature did the music of Central America have?"
] | {
"text": [
"pentatonic"
],
"answer_start": [
84
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19811 | 57317628e6313a140071cf61 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | What role did music play in the religious festivities? | What role did music play in the religious festivities? | [
"What role did music play in the religious festivities? "
] | {
"text": [
"inseparable from"
],
"answer_start": [
163
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19812 | 57317628e6313a140071cf62 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans? | What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans? | [
"What instruments were used to make music by the Central Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"large variety of percussion and wind"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19813 | 57317628e6313a140071cf63 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument? | Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument? | [
"Where did archaeologists find a depiction of a Mayan stringed instrument?"
] | {
"text": [
"a jar in Guatemala"
],
"answer_start": [
437
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19814 | 57317628e6313a140071cf64 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The music of the indigenous peoples of Central Mexico and Central America was often pentatonic. Before the arrival of the Spaniards and other Europeans, music was inseparable from religious festivities and included a large variety of percussion and wind instruments such as drums, flutes, sea snail shells (used as a trumpet) and "rain" tubes. No remnants of pre-Columbian stringed instruments were found until archaeologists discovered a jar in Guatemala, attributed to the Maya of the Late Classic Era (600–900 CE), which depicts a stringed musical instrument which has since been reproduced. This instrument is one of the very few stringed instruments known in the Americas prior to the introduction of European musical instruments; when played it produces a sound virtually identical to a jaguar's growl. | What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played? | What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played? | [
"What did the Mayan's stringed instrument sound like when played?"
] | {
"text": [
"a jaguar's growl"
],
"answer_start": [
791
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19815 | 57317711497a881900248f1b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007. | What comprises a major category in the world art collection? | What comprises a major category in the world art collection? | [
"What comprises a major category in the world art collection?"
] | {
"text": [
"Visual arts by indigenous peoples"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19816 | 57317711497a881900248f1c | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007. | Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? | Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? | [
"Pottery, weavings and carvings are just some of the contributions to art by which peoples? "
] | {
"text": [
"indigenous"
],
"answer_start": [
15
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19817 | 57317711497a881900248f1d | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007. | Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990? | Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990? | [
"Why did the U.S. pass the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990?"
] | {
"text": [
"too many artists were posing as Native Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19818 | 57317711497a881900248f1e | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007. | What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in? | What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in? | [
"What does the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990 require artists to prove they're enrolled in?"
] | {
"text": [
"a state or federally recognized tribe"
],
"answer_start": [
473
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19819 | 57317711497a881900248f1f | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Visual arts by indigenous peoples of the Americas comprise a major category in the world art collection. Contributions include pottery, paintings, jewellery, weavings, sculptures, basketry, carvings, and beadwork. Because too many artists were posing as Native Americans and Alaska Natives in order to profit from the caché of Indigenous art in the United States, the U.S. passed the Indian Arts and Crafts Act of 1990, requiring artists to prove that they are enrolled in a state or federally recognized tribe. To support the ongoing practice of American Indian, Alaska Native and Native Hawaiian arts and cultures in the United States, the Ford Foundation, arts advocates and American Indian tribes created an endowment seed fund and established a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation in 2007. | When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established? | When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established? | [
"When was a national Native Arts and Cultures Foundation established?"
] | {
"text": [
"2007"
],
"answer_start": [
798
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19820 | 573177ab05b4da19006bd1d4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people. | What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005? | What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005? | [
"What was the number of indigenous people in Argentina as of 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 600,329"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19821 | 573177ab05b4da19006bd1d5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people. | How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005? | How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005? | [
"How many Mapuche were there in Argentina in 2005?"
] | {
"text": [
"113,680"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19822 | 573177ab05b4da19006bd1d6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people. | Who are the Quechua and Chorote? | Who are the Quechua and Chorote? | [
"Who are the Quechua and Chorote?"
] | {
"text": [
"Minor but important peoples"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19823 | 573177ab05b4da19006bd1d7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people. | What indigenous population is now virtually extinct? | What indigenous population is now virtually extinct? | [
"What indigenous population is now virtually extinct?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Selknam"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19824 | 573177ab05b4da19006bd1d8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In 2005, Argentina's indigenous population (known as pueblos originarios) numbered about 600,329 (1.6% of total population); this figure includes 457,363 people who self-identified as belonging to an indigenous ethnic group and 142,966 who identified themselves as first-generation descendants of an indigenous people. The ten most populous indigenous peoples are the Mapuche (113,680 people), the Kolla (70,505), the Toba (69,452), the Guaraní (68,454), the Wichi (40,036), the Diaguita-Calchaquí (31,753), the Mocoví (15,837), the Huarpe (14,633), the Comechingón (10,863) and the Tehuelche (10,590). Minor but important peoples are the Quechua (6,739), the Charrúa (4,511), the Pilagá (4,465), the Chané (4,376), and the Chorote (2,613). The Selknam (Ona) people are now virtually extinct in its pure form. The languages of the Diaguita, Tehuelche, and Selknam nations have become extinct or virtually extinct: the Cacán language (spoken by Diaguitas) in the 18th century and the Selknam language in the 20th century; one Tehuelche language (Southern Tehuelche) is still spoken by a handful of elderly people. | Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? | Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? | [
"Who still speaks Southern Tehuelche? "
] | {
"text": [
"a handful of elderly people"
],
"answer_start": [
1084
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19825 | 5731785b497a881900248f39 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. | What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people? | What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people? | [
"What percentage of the residents in Bolivia self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people?"
] | {
"text": [
"62%"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19826 | 5731785b497a881900248f3a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. | What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous? | What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous? | [
"What percent of people in Bolivia grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet don't call themselves indigenous?"
] | {
"text": [
"3.7%"
],
"answer_start": [
125
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19827 | 5731785b497a881900248f3b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. | In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous? | In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous? | [
"In the 2001 census, how much of Bolivia's population was labeled as being indigenous?"
] | {
"text": [
"66.4%"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19828 | 5731785b497a881900248f3c | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. | How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize? | How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize? | [
"How many cultures does the Constitution of Bolivia recognize?"
] | {
"text": [
"36"
],
"answer_start": [
618
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19829 | 5731785b497a881900248f3d | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In Bolivia, a 62% majority of residents over the age of 15 self-identify as belonging to an indigenous people, while another 3.7% grew up with an indigenous mother tongue yet do not self-identify as indigenous. Including both of these categories, and children under 15, some 66.4% of Bolivia's population was registered as indigenous in the 2001 Census. The largest indigenous ethnic groups are: Quechua, about 2.5 million people; Aymara, 2.0 million; Chiquitano, 181,000; Guaraní, 126,000; and Mojeño, 69,000. Some 124,000 belong to smaller indigenous groups. The Constitution of Bolivia, enacted in 2009, recognizes 36 cultures, each with its own language, as part of a plurinational state. Some groups, including CONAMAQ (the National Council of Ayllus and Markas of Qullasuyu) draw ethnic boundaries within the Quechua- and Aymara-speaking population, resulting in a total of fifty indigenous peoples native to Bolivia. | How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia? | How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia? | [
"How many total groups of indigenous peoples are in Bolivia?"
] | {
"text": [
"fifty"
],
"answer_start": [
880
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19830 | 573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas. | Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest? | Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest? | [
"Who retained indigenous language and culture after the Spanish conquest?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bolivian highland peasants"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19831 | 573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas. | What did the highland peasants resist attempts at? | What did the highland peasants resist attempts at? | [
"What did the highland peasants resist attempts at?"
] | {
"text": [
"dissolution of communal landholdings"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19832 | 573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas. | What took place frequently until 1953? | What took place frequently until 1953? | [
"What took place frequently until 1953?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indigenous revolts"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19833 | 573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas. | What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s? | What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s? | [
"What re-emerged during the Katarista movement in the 1970s?"
] | {
"text": [
"ethnic and class militancy"
],
"answer_start": [
586
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19834 | 573179c4a5e9cc1400cdbfa9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Large numbers of Bolivian highland peasants retained indigenous language, culture, customs, and communal organization throughout the Spanish conquest and the post-independence period. They mobilized to resist various attempts at the dissolution of communal landholdings and used legal recognition of "empowered caciques" to further communal organization. Indigenous revolts took place frequently until 1953. While the National Revolutionary Movement government begun in 1952 discouraged self-identification as indigenous (reclassifying rural people as campesinos, or peasants), renewed ethnic and class militancy re-emerged in the Katarista movement beginning in the 1970s. Lowland indigenous peoples, mostly in the east, entered national politics through the 1990 March for Territory and Dignity organized by the CIDOB confederation. That march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convention 169 and to begin the still-ongoing process of recognizing and titling indigenous territories. The 1994 Law of Popular Participation granted "grassroots territorial organizations" that are recognized by the state certain rights to govern local areas. | What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169? | What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169? | [
"What march successfully pressured the national government to sign the ILO Convetion 169?"
] | {
"text": [
"March for Territory and Dignity"
],
"answer_start": [
765
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19835 | 57317b1de6313a140071cf86 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country. | Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy? | Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy? | [
"Who came up with a policy for indigenous autonomy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Morales"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19836 | 57317b1de6313a140071cf87 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country. | When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands? | When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands? | [
"When did Morales launch his policy in the eastern lowlands?"
] | {
"text": [
"2009"
],
"answer_start": [
122
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19837 | 57317b1de6313a140071cf88 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country. | What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do? | What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do? | [
"What was Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves"
],
"answer_start": [
196
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19838 | 57317b1de6313a140071cf89 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country. | What did the President vow he would never betray? | What did the President vow he would never betray? | [
"What did the President vow he would never betray?"
] | {
"text": [
"fight"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19839 | 57317b1de6313a140071cf8a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Morales began work on his "indigenous autonomy" policy, which he launched in the eastern lowlands department on August 3, 2009, making Bolivia the first country in the history of South America to affirm the right of indigenous people to govern themselves. Speaking in Santa Cruz Department, the President called it "a historic day for the peasant and indigenous movement", saying that, though he might make errors, he would "never betray the fight started by our ancestors and the fight of the Bolivian people". A vote on further autonomy will take place in referendums which are expected to be held in December 2009. The issue has divided the country. | What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia? | What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia? | [
"What effect has the issue of indigenous autonomy had on Bolivia?"
] | {
"text": [
"divided"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19840 | 57318080497a881900248f8f | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. | How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples? | How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples? | [
"How much of Brazil's population is comprised of indigenous peoples?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.4%"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19841 | 57318080497a881900248f90 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. | How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry? | How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry? | [
"How many Brazillians have some indigenous ancestry?"
] | {
"text": [
"millions"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19842 | 57318080497a881900248f91 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. | Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live? | Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live? | [
"Where do the majority of the indigenous people of Brazil live?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indian reservations"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19843 | 57318080497a881900248f92 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. | How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007? | How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007? | [
"How many different uncontacted tribes were confirmed in Brazil in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"67"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19844 | 57318080497a881900248f93 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples of Brazil make up 0.4% of Brazil's population, or about 700,000 people, even though millions of Brazilians have some indigenous ancestry. Indigenous peoples are found in the entire territory of Brazil, although the majority of them live in Indian reservations in the North and Center-Western part of the country. On January 18, 2007, FUNAI reported that it had confirmed the presence of 67 different uncontacted tribes in Brazil, up from 40 in 2005. With this addition Brazil has now overtaken the island of New Guinea as the country having the largest number of uncontacted tribes. | What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes? | What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes? | [
"What country has the largest number of uncontacted tribes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brazil"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19845 | 5731812105b4da19006bd1f2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities. | What is the term Eskimo said to mean? | What is the term Eskimo said to mean? | [
"What is the term Eskimo said to mean?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"eater of raw meat.\""
],
"answer_start": [
292
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19846 | 5731812105b4da19006bd1f3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities. | First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada? | First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada? | [
"First Nations and Inuit are labels for what peoples in Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aboriginal"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19847 | 5731812105b4da19006bd1f4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities. | How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies? | How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies? | [
"How many Aboriginal nations evolved trade, as well as spiritual and social hierarchies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hundreds"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19848 | 5731812105b4da19006bd1f5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities. | What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers? | What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers? | [
"What resulted from First Nation and Inuit people marrying European settlers?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Métis culture"
],
"answer_start": [
393
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19849 | 5731812105b4da19006bd1f6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Aboriginal peoples in Canada comprise the First Nations, Inuit and Métis; the descriptors "Indian" and "Eskimo" are falling into disuse, and other than in neighboring Alaska. "Eskimo" is considered derogatory in many other places because it was given by non-Inuit people and was said to mean "eater of raw meat." Hundreds of Aboriginal nations evolved trade, spiritual and social hierarchies. The Métis culture of mixed blood originated in the mid-17th century when First Nation and native Inuit married European settlers. The Inuit had more limited interaction with European settlers during that early period. Various laws, treaties, and legislation have been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada. Aboriginal Right to Self-Government provides opportunity to manage historical, cultural, political, health care and economic control aspects within first people's communities. | What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada? | What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada? | [
"What has been enacted between European immigrants and First Nations across Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"Various laws, treaties, and legislation"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19850 | 573181eee6313a140071cfda | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music. | What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans? | What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans? | [
"What were the early interactions between First Nations and Europeans?"
] | {
"text": [
"relatively peaceful"
],
"answer_start": [
114
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19851 | 573181eee6313a140071cfdb | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music. | What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on? | What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on? | [
"What have Canadian indigenous peoples been able to have a strong influence on?"
] | {
"text": [
"national culture"
],
"answer_start": [
380
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19852 | 573181eee6313a140071cfdc | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music. | How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture? | How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture? | [
"How long have European Canadians been encouraging Aboriginals to assimilate into their culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"late 18th century"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19853 | 573181eee6313a140071cfdd | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music. | What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada? | What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada? | [
"What does National Aboriginal Day recognize from the Aboriginal peoples of Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"cultures and contributions"
],
"answer_start": [
715
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19854 | 573181eee6313a140071cfde | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Although not without conflict, European/Canadian early interactions with First Nations and Inuit populations were relatively peaceful compared to the experience of native peoples in the United States. Combined with a late economic development in many regions, this relatively peaceful history has allowed Canadian Indigenous peoples to have a fairly strong influence on the early national culture while preserving their own identity. From the late 18th century, European Canadians encouraged Aboriginals to assimilate into their own culture, referred to as "Canadian culture". These attempts reached a climax in the late 19th and early 20th centuries with forced integration. National Aboriginal Day recognises the cultures and contributions of Aboriginal peoples of Canada. There are currently over 600 recognized First Nations governments or bands encompassing 1,172,790 2006 people spread across Canada with distinctive Aboriginal cultures, languages, art, and music. | How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada? | How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada? | [
"How many recognized First Nations governments are spread across Canada?"
] | {
"text": [
"over 600"
],
"answer_start": [
795
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19855 | 57318280e6313a140071cfe4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present. | What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census? | What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census? | [
"What percent of the Chilean population were indigenous according to the 2002 census?"
] | {
"text": [
"4.6%"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19856 | 57318280e6313a140071cfe5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present. | What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island? | What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island? | [
"What is the name for the Polynesian people living on Easter Island?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Rapanui"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19857 | 57318280e6313a140071cfe6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present. | Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of? | Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of? | [
"Who are many of the people of Chile the descendants of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Mapuche"
],
"answer_start": [
218
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19858 | 57318280e6313a140071cfe7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present. | How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards? | How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards? | [
"How long were the Mapuche able to fight off the Spaniards?"
] | {
"text": [
"350 years"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19859 | 57318280e6313a140071cfe8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | According to the 2002 Census, 4.6% of the Chilean population, including the Rapanui (a Polynesian people) of Easter Island, was indigenous, although most show varying degrees of mixed heritage. Many are descendants of the Mapuche, and live in Santiago, Araucanía and the lake district. The Mapuche successfully fought off defeat in the first 300–350 years of Spanish rule during the Arauco War. Relations with the new Chilean Republic were good until the Chilean state decided to occupy their lands. During the Occupation of Araucanía the Mapuche surrendered to the country's army in the 1880s. Their land was opened to settlement by Chileans and Europeans. Conflict over Mapuche land rights continues to the present. | When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army? | When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army? | [
"When did the Mapuche surrender to the Chilean army?"
] | {
"text": [
"1880s"
],
"answer_start": [
588
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19860 | 57318336a5e9cc1400cdc003 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas. | What was Ecuador the site of? | What was Ecuador the site of? | [
"What was Ecuador the site of?"
] | {
"text": [
"many indigenous cultures"
],
"answer_start": [
24
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19861 | 57318336a5e9cc1400cdc004 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas. | Where did the Valdivia culture develop? | Where did the Valdivia culture develop? | [
"Where did the Valdivia culture develop?"
] | {
"text": [
"coastal region"
],
"answer_start": [
170
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19862 | 57318336a5e9cc1400cdc005 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas. | What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization? | What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization? | [
"What two cultures unified to for an elaborate civilization?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Caras and the Quitus"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19863 | 57318336a5e9cc1400cdc006 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas. | What culture did the Inca fear the most? | What culture did the Inca fear the most? | [
"What culture did the Inca fear the most?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Cañaris"
],
"answer_start": [
305
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19864 | 57318336a5e9cc1400cdc007 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Ecuador was the site of many indigenous cultures, and civilizations of different proportions. An early sedentary culture, known as the Valdivia culture, developed in the coastal region, while the Caras and the Quitus unified to form an elaborate civilization that ended at the birth of the Capital Quito. The Cañaris near Cuenca were the most advanced, and most feared by the Inca, due to their fierce resistance to the Incan expansion. Their architecture remains were later destroyed by Spaniards and the Incas. | What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy? | What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy? | [
"What did the Spaniards and Incas destroy?"
] | {
"text": [
"architecture remains"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19865 | 57318409e6313a140071cff8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes. | What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas? | What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas? | [
"What percentage of Ecuador's indigenous population are Highland Quichuas?"
] | {
"text": [
"96.4%"
],
"answer_start": [
14
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19866 | 57318409e6313a140071cff9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes. | Where do the Highland Quichuas live? | Where do the Highland Quichuas live? | [
"Where do the Highland Quichuas live?"
] | {
"text": [
"valleys of the Sierra region"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19867 | 57318409e6313a140071cffa | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes. | Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from? | Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from? | [
"Who are the Highland Quichuas primarily descended from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Inca"
],
"answer_start": [
164
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19868 | 57318409e6313a140071cffb | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes. | What language do the Highland Quichuas speak? | What language do the Highland Quichuas speak? | [
"What language do the Highland Quichuas speak?"
] | {
"text": [
"Kichwa"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19869 | 57318409e6313a140071cffc | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Approximately 96.4% of Ecuador's Indigenous population are Highland Quichuas living in the valleys of the Sierra region. Primarily consisting of the descendents of Incans, they are Kichwa speakers and include the Caranqui, the Otavalos, the Cayambi, the Quitu-Caras, the Panzaleo, the Chimbuelo, the Salasacan, the Tugua, the Puruhá, the Cañari, and the Saraguro. Linguistic evidence suggests that the Salascan and the Saraguro may have been the descendants of Bolivian ethnic groups transplanted to Ecuador as mitimaes. | The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population? | The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population? | [
"The Saraguro and Panzaleo are two of the member groups of what population?"
] | {
"text": [
"Highland Quichuas"
],
"answer_start": [
59
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19870 | 57318511e6313a140071d00c | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco. | El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples? | El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples? | [
"El Salvador was home to which indigenous peoples?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira"
],
"answer_start": [
32
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19871 | 57318511e6313a140071d00d | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco. | What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador? | What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador? | [
"What was a major Pipil settlement in western El Salvador?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cuzcatlan"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19872 | 57318511e6313a140071d00e | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco. | What was the language of the Pipil? | What was the language of the Pipil? | [
"What was the language of the Pipil?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nawat"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19873 | 57318511e6313a140071d00f | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco. | What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as? | What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as? | [
"What did the Princes and Princesses see the Spanish as?"
] | {
"text": [
"barbaric invaders"
],
"answer_start": [
781
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19874 | 57318511e6313a140071d010 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Much of El Salvador was home to the Pipil, the Lenca, Xinca, and Kakawira. The Pipil lived in western El Salvador, spoke Nawat, and had many settlements there, most noticeably Cuzcatlan. The Pipil had no precious mineral resources, but they did have rich and fertile land that was good for farming. The Spaniards were disappointed not to find gold or jewels in El Salvador as they had in other lands like Guatemala or Mexico, but upon learning of the fertile land in El Salvador, they attempted to conquer it. Noted Meso-American indigenous warriors to rise militarily against the Spanish included Princes Atonal and Atlacatl of the Pipil people in central El Salvador and Princess Antu Silan Ulap of the Lenca people in eastern El Salvador, who saw the Spanish not as gods but as barbaric invaders. After fierce battles, the Pipil successfully fought off the Spanish army led by Pedro de Alvarado along with their Mexican Indian allies (the Tlaxcalas), sending them back to Guatemala. After many other attacks with an army reinforced with Guatemalan Indian allies, the Spanish were able to conquer Cuzcatlan. After further attacks, the Spanish also conquered the Lenca people. Eventually, the Spaniards intermarried with Pipil and Lenca women, resulting in the Mestizo population which would become the majority of the Salvadoran people. Today many Pipil and other indigenous populations live in the many small towns of El Salvador like Izalco, Panchimalco, Sacacoyo, and Nahuizalco. | What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women? | What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women? | [
"What people resulted from the Spaniards intermarrying with Pipll and Lenca women?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mestizo"
],
"answer_start": [
1262
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19875 | 573185bf05b4da19006bd224 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan. | How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent? | How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent? | [
"How much of the population of Honduras is of full-blooded indigenous descent?"
] | {
"text": [
"About five percent"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19876 | 573185bf05b4da19006bd225 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan. | What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry? | What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry? | [
"What percentage of Hondurans have African blood mixed in with the rest of their ancestry?"
] | {
"text": [
"about ten percent"
],
"answer_start": [
201
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19877 | 573185bf05b4da19006bd226 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan. | Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? | Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? | [
"Where are the main concentrations of indigenous people in Honduras? "
] | {
"text": [
"rural westernmost areas"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19878 | 573185bf05b4da19006bd227 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About five percent of the population are of full-blooded indigenous descent, but upwards to eighty percent more or the majority of Hondurans are mestizo or part-indigenous with European admixture, and about ten percent are of indigenous or African descent. The main concentration of indigenous in Honduras are in the rural westernmost areas facing Guatemala and to the Caribbean Sea coastline, as well on the Nicaraguan border. The majority of indigenous people are Lencas, Miskitos to the east, Mayans, Pech, Sumos, and Tolupan. | The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras? | The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras? | [
"The Lencas, Miskitos, Mayans Pech, Sumos and Tolupan comprise the majority of what in Honduras?"
] | {
"text": [
"indigenous people"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19879 | 57318658e6313a140071d02a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz. | What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards? | What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards? | [
"What was Mexico home to prior to the arrival of the Spaniards?"
] | {
"text": [
"indigenous civilizations"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19880 | 57318658e6313a140071d02b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz. | When did the Olmecs flourish? | When did the Olmecs flourish? | [
"When did the Olmecs flourish?"
] | {
"text": [
"from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19881 | 57318658e6313a140071d02c | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz. | Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca? | Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca? | [
"Who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19882 | 57318658e6313a140071d02d | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz. | Who lived in the Yucatan? | Who lived in the Yucatan? | [
"Who lived in the Yucatan?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Maya"
],
"answer_start": [
348
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19883 | 57318658e6313a140071d02e | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The territory of modern-day Mexico was home to numerous indigenous civilizations prior to the arrival of the Spanish conquistadores: The Olmecs, who flourished from between 1200 BCE to about 400 BCE in the coastal regions of the Gulf of Mexico; the Zapotecs and the Mixtecs, who held sway in the mountains of Oaxaca and the Isthmus of Tehuantepec; the Maya in the Yucatan (and into neighbouring areas of contemporary Central America); the Purépecha in present-day Michoacán and surrounding areas, and the Aztecs/Mexica, who, from their central capital at Tenochtitlan, dominated much of the centre and south of the country (and the non-Aztec inhabitants of those areas) when Hernán Cortés first landed at Veracruz. | Where was the Aztec's central capital located? | Where was the Aztec's central capital located? | [
"Where was the Aztec's central capital located?"
] | {
"text": [
"Tenochtitlan"
],
"answer_start": [
555
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19884 | 5731877f05b4da19006bd236 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population). | What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? | What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? | [
"What grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico validity? "
] | {
"text": [
"General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19885 | 5731877f05b4da19006bd237 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population). | What are indigenous peoples entitled to request? | What are indigenous peoples entitled to request? | [
"What are indigenous peoples entitled to request?"
] | {
"text": [
"some public services and documents in their native languages"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19886 | 5731877f05b4da19006bd238 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population). | How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"? | How many languages have been giving the status of "national languages"? | [
"How many languages have been giving the status of \"national languages\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 60"
],
"answer_start": [
383
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19887 | 5731877f05b4da19006bd239 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population). | What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities? | What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities? | [
"What has the Mexican government promoted in some indigenous rural communities?"
] | {
"text": [
"bilingual primary and secondary education"
],
"answer_start": [
890
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19888 | 5731877f05b4da19006bd23a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The "General Law of Linguistic Rights of the Indigenous Peoples" grants all indigenous languages spoken in Mexico, regardless of the number of speakers, the same validity as Spanish in all territories in which they are spoken, and indigenous peoples are entitled to request some public services and documents in their native languages. Along with Spanish, the law has granted them — more than 60 languages — the status of "national languages". The law includes all indigenous languages of the Americas regardless of origin; that is, it includes the indigenous languages of ethnic groups non-native to the territory. As such the National Commission for the Development of Indigenous Peoples recognizes the language of the Kickapoo, who immigrated from the United States, and recognizes the languages of the Guatemalan indigenous refugees. The Mexican government has promoted and established bilingual primary and secondary education in some indigenous rural communities. Nonetheless, of the indigenous peoples in Mexico, only about 67% of them (or 5.4% of the country's population) speak an indigenous language and about a sixth do not speak Spanish (1.2% of the country's population). | How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language? | How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language? | [
"How many of the indigenous peoples in Mexico speak an indigenous language?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 67% of them"
],
"answer_start": [
1025
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19889 | 57318951497a881900248fe7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people. | What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous? | What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous? | [
"What percentage of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous?"
] | {
"text": [
"About 5%"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19890 | 57318951497a881900248fe8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people. | What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua? | What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua? | [
"What is the largest indigenous group in Nicaragua?"
] | {
"text": [
"Miskito"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19891 | 57318951497a881900248fe9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people. | How did Creole English come about? | How did Creole English come about? | [
"How did Creole English come about?"
] | {
"text": [
"frequent contact with the British"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19892 | 57318951497a881900248fea | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people. | What didn't the king have in Miskito society? | What didn't the king have in Miskito society? | [
"What didn't the king have in Miskito society?"
] | {
"text": [
"total power"
],
"answer_start": [
581
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19893 | 57318951497a881900248feb | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | About 5% of the Nicaraguan population are indigenous. The largest indigenous group in Nicaragua is the Miskito people. Their territory extended from Cape Camarón, Honduras, to Rio Grande, Nicaragua along the Mosquito Coast. There is a native Miskito language, but large groups speak Miskito Coast Creole, Spanish, Rama and other languages. The Creole English came about through frequent contact with the British who colonized the area. Many are Christians. Traditional Miskito society was highly structured with a defined political structure. There was a king, but he did not have total power. Instead, the power was split between himself, a governor, a general, and by the 1750s, an admiral. Historical information on kings is often obscured by the fact that many of the kings were semi-mythical. Another major group is the Mayangna (or Sumu) people, counting some 10,000 people. | How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua? | How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua? | [
"How many Mayanga people are in Nicaragua?"
] | {
"text": [
"some 10,000"
],
"answer_start": [
861
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19894 | 573189d605b4da19006bd254 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence. | What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous? | What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous? | [
"What percentage of Peru's population is indigenous?"
] | {
"text": [
"45%"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19895 | 573189d705b4da19006bd255 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence. | What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today? | What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today? | [
"What has shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today?"
] | {
"text": [
"Native Peruvian traditions"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19896 | 573189d705b4da19006bd256 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence. | What is not very well developed in Peru? | What is not very well developed in Peru? | [
"What is not very well developed in Peru?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cultural citizenship"
],
"answer_start": [
150
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19897 | 573189d705b4da19006bd257 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous population in Peru make up around 45%. Native Peruvian traditions and customs have shaped the way Peruvians live and see themselves today. Cultural citizenship—or what Renato Rosaldo has called, "the right to be different and to belong, in a democratic, participatory sense" (1996:243)—is not yet very well developed in Peru. This is perhaps no more apparent than in the country's Amazonian regions where indigenous societies continue to struggle against state-sponsored economic abuses, cultural discrimination, and pervasive violence. | What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence? | What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence? | [
"What regions suffer from state-sponsored abuse and violence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amazonian"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19898 | 57318a94e6313a140071d074 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas. | Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"? | Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as "American Indians"? | [
"Where are the indigenous peoples referred to as \"American Indians\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"the contiguous United States"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19899 | 57318a94e6313a140071d075 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas. | How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have? | How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have? | [
"How many cultures and languages do the indigenous peoples of Alaska have?"
] | {
"text": [
"11"
],
"answer_start": [
242
]
} |
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