gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-19900 | 57318a94e6313a140071d076 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas. | Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what? | Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what? | [
"Eyak and Tlingit are some of the peoples who are collectively called what?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alaska Natives"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19901 | 57318a94e6313a140071d077 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas. | Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent? | Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent? | [
"Tahitian and Tongan are two examples of indigenous peoples of what descent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Polynesian"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19902 | 57318a94e6313a140071d078 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Indigenous peoples in what is now the contiguous United States, including their descendants, are commonly called "American Indians", or simply "Indians" domestically, or "Native Americans" by the USCB. In Alaska, indigenous peoples belong to 11 cultures with 11 languages. These include the St. Lawrence Island Yupik, Iñupiat, Athabaskan, Yup'ik, Cup'ik, Unangax, Alutiiq, Eyak, Haida, Tsimshian, and Tlingit, who are collectively called Alaska Natives. Indigenous Polynesian peoples, which include Marshallese, Samoan, Tahitian, and Tongan, are politically considered Pacific Islands American but are geographically and culturally distinct from indigenous peoples of the Americas. | How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas? | How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas? | [
"How are Pacific Islands Americans distinct from the indigenous peoples of the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [
"geographically and culturally"
],
"answer_start": [
602
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19903 | 5731a5ede17f3d14004222a5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US. | What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans? | What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans? | [
"What amoun of the United States population is compromised of Native Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.97% to 2%"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19904 | 5731a5ede17f3d14004222a6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US. | How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census? | How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census? | [
"How many people identified as Native American in the 2010 census?"
] | {
"text": [
"5.2 million"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19905 | 5731a5ede17f3d14004222a7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US. | How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members? | How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members? | [
"How many of the self-identified Native Americans are recognized as enrolled tribal members?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.8 million"
],
"answer_start": [
328
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19906 | 5731a5ede17f3d14004222a8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US. | Where do a minority of US Native Americans live? | Where do a minority of US Native Americans live? | [
"Where do a minority of US Native Americans live?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indian reservations"
],
"answer_start": [
589
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19907 | 5731a5ede17f3d14004222a9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Native Americans in the United States make up 0.97% to 2% of the population. In the 2010 census, 2.9 million people self-identified as Native American, Native Hawaiian, and Alaska Native alone, and 5.2 million people identified as U.S. Native Americans, either alone or in combination with one or more ethnicity or other races. 1.8 million are recognized as enrolled tribal members.[citation needed] Tribes have established their own criteria for membership, which are often based on blood quantum, lineal descent, or residency. A minority of US Native Americans live in land units called Indian reservations. Some California and Southwestern tribes, such as the Kumeyaay, Cocopa, Pascua Yaqui and Apache span both sides of the US–Mexican border. Haudenosaunee people have the legal right to freely cross the US–Canadian border. Athabascan, Tlingit, Haida, Tsimshian, Iñupiat, Blackfeet, Nakota, Cree, Anishinaabe, Huron, Lenape, Mi'kmaq, Penobscot, and Haudenosaunee, among others live in both Canada and the US. | What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border? | What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border? | [
"What tribe has the legal right to freely cross the US-Canadian border?"
] | {
"text": [
"Haudenosaunee"
],
"answer_start": [
747
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19908 | 5731a687e17f3d14004222b9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used. | What do most Venezuelans have? | What do most Venezuelans have? | [
"What do most Venezuelans have?"
] | {
"text": [
"some indigenous heritage"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19909 | 5731a687e17f3d14004222ba | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used. | How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak? | How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak? | [
"How many different languages does the 2% of truly indigenous Venezuelans speak?"
] | {
"text": [
"around 29"
],
"answer_start": [
137
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19910 | 5731a687e17f3d14004222bb | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used. | Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct? | Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct? | [
"Why are the languages of the indigenous peoples of Venezuela in danger of becoming extinct?"
] | {
"text": [
"groups are very small"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19911 | 5731a687e17f3d14004222bc | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used. | Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela? | Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela? | [
"Who were the most advanced native people to have lived in what is present-day Venezuela?"
] | {
"text": [
"Timoto-cuicas"
],
"answer_start": [
501
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19912 | 5731a687e17f3d14004222bd | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Most Venezuelans have some indigenous heritage, but the indigenous population make up only around 2% of the total population. They speak around 29 different languages and many more dialects, but some of the ethnic groups are very small and their languages are in danger of becoming extinct in the next decades. The most important indigenous groups are the Ye'kuana, the Wayuu, the Pemon and the Warao. The most advanced native people to have lived in present-day Venezuela is thought to have been the Timoto-cuicas, who mainly lived in the Venezuelan Andes. In total it is estimated that there were between 350 thousand and 500 thousand inhabitants, the most densely populated area being the Andean region (Timoto-cuicas), thanks to the advanced agricultural techniques used. | What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced? | What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced? | [
"What made the Timoto-cuicas so advanced?"
] | {
"text": [
"agricultural techniques used"
],
"answer_start": [
746
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19913 | 5731a7740fdd8d15006c642b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict. | What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas? | What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas? | [
"What remains a controversy regarding how to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Native American name"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19914 | 5731a7740fdd8d15006c642c | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict. | How may subsets of peoples be named? | How may subsets of peoples be named? | [
"How may subsets of peoples be named?"
] | {
"text": [
"shared language, region, or historical relationship"
],
"answer_start": [
315
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19915 | 5731a7740fdd8d15006c642d | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict. | Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas? | Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas? | [
"Many of what have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [
"English exonyms"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19916 | 5731a7740fdd8d15006c642e | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict. | Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples? | Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples? | [
"Who used foreign language terms to give names to indigenous peoples?"
] | {
"text": [
"earlier explorers and colonists"
],
"answer_start": [
521
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19917 | 5731a7740fdd8d15006c642f | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | The Native American name controversy is an ongoing dispute over the acceptable ways to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas and to broad subsets thereof, such as those living in a specific country or sharing certain cultural attributes. When discussing broader subsets of peoples, naming may be based on shared language, region, or historical relationship. Many English exonyms have been used to refer to the indigenous peoples of the Americas. Some of these names were based on foreign-language terms used by earlier explorers and colonists, while others resulted from the colonists' attempt to translate endonyms from the native language into their own, and yet others were pejorative terms arising out of prejudice and fear, during periods of conflict. | Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations? | Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations? | [
"Why were pejorative terms sometimes used for the native populations?"
] | {
"text": [
"out of prejudice and fear"
],
"answer_start": [
712
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19918 | 5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6435 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups. | What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century? | What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century? | [
"What have the peoples in the Americas been more vocal about since the 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ways they wish to be referred to"
],
"answer_start": [
95
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19919 | 5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6436 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups. | What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate? | What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate? | [
"What terms do the indigenous people press to eliminate?"
] | {
"text": [
"obsolete, inaccurate, or racist."
],
"answer_start": [
195
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19920 | 5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6437 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups. | Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population? | Who initially proposed using the term "Native American" to recognize the primacy of the native population? | [
"Who initially proposed using the term \"Native American\" to recognize the primacy of the native population?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States government"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19921 | 5731a8d20fdd8d15006c6438 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | However, since the 20th century, indigenous peoples in the Americas have been more vocal about the ways they wish to be referred to, pressing for the elimination of terms widely considered to be obsolete, inaccurate, or racist. During the latter half of the 20th century and the rise of the Indian rights movement, the United States government responded by proposing the use of the term "Native American," to recognize the primacy of indigenous peoples' tenure in the nation, but this term was not fully accepted. Other naming conventions have been proposed and used, but none are accepted by all indigenous groups. | What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups? | What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups? | [
"What naming convention is accepted by all indigenous groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"none"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19922 | 5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b6 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. | Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years? | Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years? | [
"Where has there been a rise of indigenous movements in recent years?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Americas (mainly South America)"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19923 | 5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. | What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves? | What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves? | [
"What do the organizing groups hope to obtain for themselves?"
] | {
"text": [
"preservation of their culture"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19924 | 5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. | What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere? | What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere? | [
"What is an example of a movement which is working to obtain rights for Amazonian populations everywhere?"
] | {
"text": [
"Indian Council of South America"
],
"answer_start": [
365
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19925 | 5731a9d8e99e3014001e61b9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | In recent years, there has been a rise of indigenous movements in the Americas (mainly South America). These are rights-driven groups that organize themselves in order to achieve some sort of self-determination and the preservation of their culture for their peoples. Organizations like the Coordinator of Indigenous Organizations of the Amazon River Basin and the Indian Council of South America are examples of movements that are breaking the barrier of borders in order to obtain rights for Amazonian indigenous populations everywhere. Similar movements for indigenous rights can also be seen in Canada and the United States, with movements like the International Indian Treaty Council and the accession of native Indian group into the Unrepresented Nations and Peoples Organization. | Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen? | Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen? | [
"Where can similar movements for indigenous rights be seen?"
] | {
"text": [
"Canada and the United States,"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19926 | 5731aab1b9d445190005e443 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua. | Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change? | Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change? | [
"Who started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change?"
] | {
"text": [
"Representatives"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19927 | 5731aab1b9d445190005e444 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua. | What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do? | What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do? | [
"What did the meeting condemn plans by the Europeans to do?"
] | {
"text": [
"destabilize the country"
],
"answer_start": [
282
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19928 | 5731aab1b9d445190005e445 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua. | What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes? | What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes? | [
"What did the forum express for Morales and his proposed changes?"
] | {
"text": [
"solidarity"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19929 | 5731aab1b9d445190005e446 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua. | What did the forum question about US interference? | What did the forum question about US interference? | [
"What did the forum question about US interference?"
] | {
"text": [
"diplomats and NGOs"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19930 | 5731aab1b9d445190005e447 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Representatives from indigenous and rural organizations from major South American countries, including Bolivia, Ecuador, Colombia, Chile and Brazil, started a forum in support of Morales' legal process of change. The meeting condemned plans by the European "foreign power elite" to destabilize the country. The forum also expressed solidarity with the Morales and his economic and social changes in the interest of historically marginalized majorities. Furthermore, in a cathartic blow to the US-backed elite, it questioned US interference through diplomats and NGOs. The forum was suspicious of plots against Bolivia and other countries, including Cuba, Venezuela, Ecuador, Paraguay and Nicaragua. | What was the forum suspicious of? | What was the forum suspicious of? | [
"What was the forum suspicious of?"
] | {
"text": [
"plots against Bolivia and other countries"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19931 | 5731ab71e17f3d14004222d7 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations. | What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on? | What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on? | [
"What does the genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on?"
] | {
"text": [
"Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups"
],
"answer_start": [
73
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19932 | 5731ab71e17f3d14004222d8 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations. | How is Y-DNA passed along? | How is Y-DNA passed along? | [
"How is Y-DNA passed along?"
] | {
"text": [
"patrilineal line"
],
"answer_start": [
184
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19933 | 5731ab71e17f3d14004222d9 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations. | Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders? | Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders? | [
"Which type of DNA is passed from the mother to offspring of both genders?"
] | {
"text": [
"mtDNA"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19934 | 5731ab71e17f3d14004222da | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations. | What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change? | What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change? | [
"What is the only way that Y-DNA and mtDNA change?"
] | {
"text": [
"chance mutation"
],
"answer_start": [
373
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19935 | 5731ab71e17f3d14004222db | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic history of indigenous peoples of the Americas primarily focus on Human Y-chromosome DNA haplogroups and Human mitochondrial DNA haplogroups. "Y-DNA" is passed solely along the patrilineal line, from father to son, while "mtDNA" is passed down the matrilineal line, from mother to offspring of both sexes. Neither recombines, and thus Y-DNA and mtDNA change only by chance mutation at each generation with no intermixture between parents' genetic material. Autosomal "atDNA" markers are also used, but differ from mtDNA or Y-DNA in that they overlap significantly. AtDNA is generally used to measure the average continent-of-ancestry genetic admixture in the entire human genome and related isolated populations. | What is AtDNA generally only used to measure? | What is AtDNA generally only used to measure? | [
"What is AtDNA generally only used to measure?"
] | {
"text": [
"average continent-of-ancestry"
],
"answer_start": [
611
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19936 | 5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e1 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%). | Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically? | Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically? | [
"Who have studies of the mtDNA of Turkic-speaking peoples shown they're closest to genetically?"
] | {
"text": [
"Amerindians"
],
"answer_start": [
48
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19937 | 5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e2 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%). | What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from? | What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from? | [
"What group were the ancestors of the American Indians separated from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Asian population"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19938 | 5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e3 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%). | When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population? | When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population? | [
"When did the ancestors of the American Indians separate from their parent population?"
] | {
"text": [
"Middle Paleolithic"
],
"answer_start": [
509
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19939 | 5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e4 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%). | When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians? | When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians? | [
"When did research find evidence for a common ancestry between Native Americans and Altaians?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
529
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19940 | 5731ac2fe17f3d14004222e5 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Genetic studies of mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) of Amerindians and some Siberian and Central Asian peoples also revealed that the gene pool of the Turkic-speaking peoples of Siberia such as Altaians, Khakas, Shors and Soyots, living between the Altai and Lake Baikal along the Sayan mountains, are genetically closest to Amerindians.[citation needed] This view is shared by other researchers who argue that "the ancestors of the American Indians were the first to separate from the great Asian population in the Middle Paleolithic. 2012 research found evidence for a recent common ancestry between Native Americans and indigenous Altaians based on mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome analysis. The paternal lineages of Altaians mostly belong to the subclades of haplogroup P-M45 (xR1a 38-93%; xQ1a 4-32%). | What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans? | What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans? | [
"What DNA analysis indicated the common ancestry of the Native Americans?"
] | {
"text": [
"mitochondrial DNA and Y-Chromosome"
],
"answer_start": [
645
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19941 | 5731acdeb9d445190005e461 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations. | What did human settlement of the New World occur in? | What did human settlement of the New World occur in? | [
"What did human settlement of the New World occur in?"
] | {
"text": [
"stages"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19942 | 5731acdeb9d445190005e462 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations. | How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia? | How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia? | [
"How long of a layover did the human nomads have in Beringia?"
] | {
"text": [
"15,000 to 20,000-year"
],
"answer_start": [
101
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19943 | 5731acdeb9d445190005e463 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations. | What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there? | What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there? | [
"What do the diversity and distributions of Y lineage specific to South America indicate about certain peoples there?"
] | {
"text": [
"isolated since the initial colonization of the region"
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19944 | 5731acdeb9d445190005e464 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations. | What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas? | What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas? | [
"What population has mtDNA and atDNA mutations, making them distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [
"Alaskan"
],
"answer_start": [
438
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19945 | 5731acdeb9d445190005e465 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | Human settlement of the New World occurred in stages from the Bering sea coast line, with an initial 15,000 to 20,000-year layover on Beringia for the small founding population. The micro-satellite diversity and distributions of the Y lineage specific to South America indicates that certain indigenous peoples of the Americas populations have been isolated since the initial colonization of the region. The Na-Dené, Inuit and Indigenous Alaskan populations exhibit haplogroup Q (Y-DNA) mutations, however are distinct from other indigenous peoples of the Americas with various mtDNA and atDNA mutations. This suggests that the earliest migrants into the northern extremes of North America and Greenland derived from later migrant populations. | What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America? | What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America? | [
"What does the DNA evidence suggest about the migrants into the northern extremes of North America?"
] | {
"text": [
"later migrant populations"
],
"answer_start": [
717
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19946 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222eb | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said, | When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature? | When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature? | [
"When was a study about the DNA of a young boy published in Nature?"
] | {
"text": [
"2013"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19947 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222ec | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said, | How old was the young boy's remains? | How old was the young boy's remains? | [
"How old was the young boy's remains?"
] | {
"text": [
"24,000-year-old"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19948 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222ed | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said, | What culture was the boy from? | What culture was the boy from? | [
"What culture was the boy from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Mal'ta-Buret'"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19949 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222ee | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said, | What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to? | What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to? | [
"What may one-third of the indigenous Americans ancestry be traced back to?"
] | {
"text": [
"western Eurasians"
],
"answer_start": [
241
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19950 | 5731ad73e17f3d14004222ef | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A 2013 study in Nature reported that DNA found in the 24,000-year-old remains of a young boy from the archaeological Mal'ta-Buret' culture suggest that up to one-third of the indigenous Americans may have ancestry that can be traced back to western Eurasians, who may have "had a more north-easterly distribution 24,000 years ago than commonly thought". "We estimate that 14 to 38 percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from this ancient population," the authors wrote. Professor Kelly Graf said, | What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population? | What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population? | [
"What percent of Native American ancestry may originate through gene flow from the Mal'ta-Buret' population?"
] | {
"text": [
"14 to 38 percent"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19951 | 5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6447 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America." | What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis? | What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis? | [
"What is more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis?"
] | {
"text": [
"route through Beringia"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19952 | 5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6448 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America." | What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians? | What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians? | [
"What supports a scenario of dual origin for Paleo-Indians?"
] | {
"text": [
"similarities in ages and geographical distributions"
],
"answer_start": [
115
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19953 | 5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c6449 | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America." | What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of? | What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of? | [
"What is C4c deeply rooted in the Asian portion of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the mtDNA phylogeny"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19954 | 5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644a | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America." | When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions? | When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions? | [
"When did Kashani and others make their statement regarding the similarities for C4c distributions?"
] | {
"text": [
"2012"
],
"answer_start": [
94
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19955 | 5731ae4a0fdd8d15006c644b | Indigenous_peoples_of_the_Americas | A route through Beringia is seen as more likely than the Solutrean hypothesis. Kashani et al. 2012 state that "The similarities in ages and geographical distributions for C4c and the previously analyzed X2a lineage provide support to the scenario of a dual origin for Paleo-Indians. Taking into account that C4c is deeply rooted in the Asian portion of the mtDNA phylogeny and is indubitably of Asian origin, the finding that C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories definitively dismisses the controversial hypothesis of an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America." | Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed? | Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed? | [
"Because C4c and X2a are characterized by parallel genetic histories means what controversial hypothesis may be dismissed?"
] | {
"text": [
"an Atlantic glacial entry route into North America"
],
"answer_start": [
541
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19956 | 573382a14776f41900660c2d | University_of_Notre_Dame | The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. | The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it? | The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it? | [
"The school known as Notre Dame is known by a more lengthy name, what is it?"
] | {
"text": [
"University of Notre Dame du"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19957 | 573382a14776f41900660c2e | University_of_Notre_Dame | The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. | What type of institution is the Notre Dame? | What type of institution is the Notre Dame? | [
"What type of institution is the Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"Catholic research university"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19958 | 573382a14776f41900660c2f | University_of_Notre_Dame | The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. | The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English? | The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English? | [
"The French words Notre Dame du Lac translate to what in English?"
] | {
"text": [
"Our Lady of the Lake"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19959 | 573382a14776f41900660c30 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. | Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame? | Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame? | [
"Who is the patron saint of Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Virgin Mary"
],
"answer_start": [
287
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19960 | 573382a14776f41900660c31 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The University of Notre Dame du Lac (or simply Notre Dame /ˌnoʊtərˈdeɪm/ NOH-tər-DAYM) is a Catholic research university located adjacent to South Bend, Indiana, in the United States. In French, Notre Dame du Lac means "Our Lady of the Lake" and refers to the university's patron saint, the Virgin Mary. The main campus covers 1,250 acres in a suburban setting and it contains a number of recognizable landmarks, such as the Golden Dome, the "Word of Life" mural (commonly known as Touchdown Jesus), and the Basilica. | How large is Notre Dame in acres? | How large is Notre Dame in acres? | [
"How large is Notre Dame in acres?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,250"
],
"answer_start": [
327
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19961 | 573383494776f41900660c41 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century? | What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century? | [
"What caused Notre Dame to become notable in the early 20th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"its Fighting Irish football team"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19962 | 573383494776f41900660c42 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable? | Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable? | [
"Which 20th century Notre Dame football coach is most notable?"
] | {
"text": [
"Knute Rockne"
],
"answer_start": [
149
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19963 | 573383494776f41900660c43 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of? | Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of? | [
"Which athletic association are the student athletes at Notre Dame a part of?"
] | {
"text": [
"NCAA Division I"
],
"answer_start": [
214
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19964 | 573383494776f41900660c44 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy? | How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy? | [
"How many students at Notre Dame received the Heisman Trophy?"
] | {
"text": [
"seven"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19965 | 573383494776f41900660c45 | University_of_Notre_Dame | Notre Dame rose to national prominence in the early 1900s for its Fighting Irish football team, especially under the guidance of the legendary coach Knute Rockne. The university's athletic teams are members of the NCAA Division I and are known collectively as the Fighting Irish. The football team, an Independent, has accumulated eleven consensus national championships, seven Heisman Trophy winners, 62 members in the College Football Hall of Fame and 13 members in the Pro Football Hall of Fame and is considered one of the most famed and successful college football teams in history. Other ND teams, chiefly in the Atlantic Coast Conference, have accumulated 16 national championships. The Notre Dame Victory March is often regarded as the most famous and recognizable collegiate fight song. | There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many? | There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many? | [
"There were multiple students from Notre Dame who entered the Pro Football Hall of Fame, how many?"
] | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
454
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19966 | 573383e94776f41900660c5a | University_of_Notre_Dame | Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. | Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank? | Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank? | [
"Where among US universities does Notre Dame rank?"
] | {
"text": [
"among the top twenty"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19967 | 573383e94776f41900660c5b | University_of_Notre_Dame | Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. | How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame? | How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame? | [
"How many individual colleges are part of Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"four"
],
"answer_start": [
294
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19968 | 573383e94776f41900660c5c | University_of_Notre_Dame | Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. | Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out? | Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out? | [
"Which prize does the Architecture School at Notre Dame give out?"
] | {
"text": [
"Driehaus Architecture Prize"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19969 | 573383e94776f41900660c5d | University_of_Notre_Dame | Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. | How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame? | How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame? | [
"How many doctorate and masters programs are available at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"more than 50"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19970 | 573383e94776f41900660c5e | University_of_Notre_Dame | Besides its prominence in sports, Notre Dame is also a large, four-year, highly residential research University, and is consistently ranked among the top twenty universities in the United States and as a major global university. The undergraduate component of the university is organized into four colleges (Arts and Letters, Science, Engineering, Business) and the Architecture School. The latter is known for teaching New Classical Architecture and for awarding the globally renowned annual Driehaus Architecture Prize. Notre Dame's graduate program has more than 50 master's, doctoral and professional degree programs offered by the five schools, with the addition of the Notre Dame Law School and a MD-PhD program offered in combination with IU medical School. It maintains a system of libraries, cultural venues, artistic and scientific museums, including Hesburgh Library and the Snite Museum of Art. Over 80% of the university's 8,000 undergraduates live on campus in one of 29 single-sex residence halls, each with its own traditions, legacies, events and intramural sports teams. The university counts approximately 120,000 alumni, considered among the strongest alumni networks among U.S. colleges. | Which art museum does Notre Dame administer? | Which art museum does Notre Dame administer? | [
"Which art museum does Notre Dame administer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Snite Museum of Art"
],
"answer_start": [
887
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19971 | 5733849bd058e614000b5c56 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus. | In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college? | In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college? | [
"In what year was Father Edward Sorin given two years to create a college?"
] | {
"text": [
"1842"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19972 | 5733849bd058e614000b5c57 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus. | Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin? | Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin? | [
"Which individual offered land to Father Edward Sorin?"
] | {
"text": [
"Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière"
],
"answer_start": [
34
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19973 | 5733849bd058e614000b5c58 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus. | Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing? | Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing? | [
"Which church was Father Edward Sorin representing?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Congregation of the Holy Cross"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19974 | 5733849bd058e614000b5c59 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus. | On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame? | On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame? | [
"On what date did brothers from Holy Cross arrive at the future location of Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"November 26, 1842"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19975 | 5733849bd058e614000b5c5a | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1842, the Bishop of Vincennes, Célestine Guynemer de la Hailandière, offered land to Father Edward Sorin of the Congregation of the Holy Cross, on the condition that he build a college in two years. Fr. Sorin arrived on the site with eight Holy Cross brothers from France and Ireland on November 26, 1842, and began the school using Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel. He soon erected additional buildings, including Old College, the first church, and the first main building. They immediately acquired two students and set about building additions to the campus. | Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college? | Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college? | [
"Which structure was the first used for the purposes of the college?"
] | {
"text": [
"Father Stephen Badin's old log chapel"
],
"answer_start": [
336
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19976 | 573385394776f41900660c7f | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame? | In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame? | [
"In what year did the initial degrees get handed out at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"1849"
],
"answer_start": [
51
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19977 | 573385394776f41900660c80 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced? | In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced? | [
"In what year did the original Sorin built Main Building get replaced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1865"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19978 | 573385394776f41900660c81 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | Which individual began a library at Notre Dame? | Which individual began a library at Notre Dame? | [
"Which individual began a library at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"Father Lemonnier"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19979 | 573385394776f41900660c82 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books? | In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books? | [
"In what year had the library at Notre Dame reach 10,000 books?"
] | {
"text": [
"1879"
],
"answer_start": [
516
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19980 | 573385394776f41900660c83 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The first degrees from the college were awarded in 1849. The university was expanded with new buildings to accommodate more students and faculty. With each new president, new academic programs were offered and new buildings built to accommodate them. The original Main Building built by Sorin just after he arrived was replaced by a larger "Main Building" in 1865, which housed the university's administration, classrooms, and dormitories. Beginning in 1873, a library collection was started by Father Lemonnier. By 1879 it had grown to ten thousand volumes that were housed in the Main Building. | In what year was the library at Notre Dame started? | In what year was the library at Notre Dame started? | [
"In what year was the library at Notre Dame started?"
] | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
453
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19981 | 57338653d058e614000b5c81 | University_of_Notre_Dame | This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. | In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire? | In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire? | [
"In what year was the Main Building at Notre Dame razed in a fire?"
] | {
"text": [
"1879"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19982 | 57338653d058e614000b5c82 | University_of_Notre_Dame | This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. | Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879? | Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879? | [
"Who was the president of Notre Dame in 1879?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rev. William Corby"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19983 | 57338653d058e614000b5c83 | University_of_Notre_Dame | This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. | On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous? | On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous? | [
"On what date was the rebuilding of The Main Building begun at Notre Dame after the fire that claimed the previous?"
] | {
"text": [
"17th of May"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19984 | 57338653d058e614000b5c84 | University_of_Notre_Dame | This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. | What was the music hall at Notre Dame called? | What was the music hall at Notre Dame called? | [
"What was the music hall at Notre Dame called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Washington Hall"
],
"answer_start": [
702
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19985 | 57338653d058e614000b5c85 | University_of_Notre_Dame | This Main Building, and the library collection, was entirely destroyed by a fire in April 1879, and the school closed immediately and students were sent home. The university founder, Fr. Sorin and the president at the time, the Rev. William Corby, immediately planned for the rebuilding of the structure that had housed virtually the entire University. Construction was started on the 17th of May and by the incredible zeal of administrator and workers the building was completed before the fall semester of 1879. The library collection was also rebuilt and stayed housed in the new Main Building for years afterwards. Around the time of the fire, a music hall was opened. Eventually becoming known as Washington Hall, it hosted plays and musical acts put on by the school. By 1880, a science program was established at the university, and a Science Hall (today LaFortune Student Center) was built in 1883. The hall housed multiple classrooms and science labs needed for early research at the university. | What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as? | What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as? | [
"What did the Science Hall at Notre Dame come to be known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"LaFortune Student Center"
],
"answer_start": [
862
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19986 | 57338724d058e614000b5c9d | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president. | In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it? | In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it? | [
"In 1919 a new president of Notre Dame was named, who was it?"
] | {
"text": [
"Father James Burns"
],
"answer_start": [
8
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19987 | 57338724d058e614000b5c9e | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president. | Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place? | Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place? | [
"Over how many years did the change to national standards undertaken at Notre Dame in the early 20th century take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"three years"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19988 | 57338724d058e614000b5c9f | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president. | What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards? | What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards? | [
"What type of education was pushed at Notre Dame before its embracing of national standards?"
] | {
"text": [
"scholastic and classical"
],
"answer_start": [
244
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19989 | 57338724d058e614000b5ca0 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president. | Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution? | Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution? | [
"Those who attended a Jesuit college may have been forbidden from joining which Law School due to the curricula at the Jesuit institution?"
] | {
"text": [
"Harvard Law School"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19990 | 57338724d058e614000b5ca1 | University_of_Notre_Dame | In 1919 Father James Burns became president of Notre Dame, and in three years he produced an academic revolution that brought the school up to national standards by adopting the elective system and moving away from the university's traditional scholastic and classical emphasis. By contrast, the Jesuit colleges, bastions of academic conservatism, were reluctant to move to a system of electives. Their graduates were shut out of Harvard Law School for that reason. Notre Dame continued to grow over the years, adding more colleges, programs, and sports teams. By 1921, with the addition of the College of Commerce, Notre Dame had grown from a small college to a university with five colleges and a professional law school. The university continued to expand and add new residence halls and buildings with each subsequent president. | Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921? | Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921? | [
"Which college did Notre Dame add in 1921?"
] | {
"text": [
"College of Commerce"
],
"answer_start": [
595
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19991 | 573387acd058e614000b5cb1 | University_of_Notre_Dame | One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City. | The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it? | The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it? | [
"The Notre Dame football team got a new head coach in 1918, who was it?"
] | {
"text": [
"Knute Rockne"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19992 | 573387acd058e614000b5cb2 | University_of_Notre_Dame | One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City. | What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach? | What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach? | [
"What was the amount of wins Knute Rockne attained at Notre Dame while head coach?"
] | {
"text": [
"105"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19993 | 573387acd058e614000b5cb3 | University_of_Notre_Dame | One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City. | How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame? | How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame? | [
"How many years was Knute Rockne head coach at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"13"
],
"answer_start": [
251
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19994 | 573387acd058e614000b5cb4 | University_of_Notre_Dame | One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City. | How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame? | How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame? | [
"How many national titles were won when Knute Rockne coached at Notre Dame?"
] | {
"text": [
"three"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19995 | 573387acd058e614000b5cb5 | University_of_Notre_Dame | One of the main driving forces in the growth of the University was its football team, the Notre Dame Fighting Irish. Knute Rockne became head coach in 1918. Under Rockne, the Irish would post a record of 105 wins, 12 losses, and five ties. During his 13 years the Irish won three national championships, had five undefeated seasons, won the Rose Bowl in 1925, and produced players such as George Gipp and the "Four Horsemen". Knute Rockne has the highest winning percentage (.881) in NCAA Division I/FBS football history. Rockne's offenses employed the Notre Dame Box and his defenses ran a 7–2–2 scheme. The last game Rockne coached was on December 14, 1930 when he led a group of Notre Dame all-stars against the New York Giants in New York City. | In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl? | In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl? | [
"In what year did the team lead by Knute Rockne win the Rose Bowl?"
] | {
"text": [
"1925"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19996 | 573388ce4776f41900660cc3 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. | Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented? | Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented? | [
"Catholic people identified with Notre Dame, what religious group did people feel Yale represented?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Protestant establishment"
],
"answer_start": [
297
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19997 | 573388ce4776f41900660cc4 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. | Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group? | Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group? | [
"Notre Dame students had a showdown in 1924 with which anti-catholic group?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Ku Klux Klan"
],
"answer_start": [
571
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19998 | 573388ce4776f41900660cc5 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. | What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924? | What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924? | [
"What type of event did the Klan intend to have at Notre Dame in March of 1924?"
] | {
"text": [
"a week-long Klavern"
],
"answer_start": [
819
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-19999 | 573388ce4776f41900660cc6 | University_of_Notre_Dame | The success of its football team made Notre Dame a household name. The success of Note Dame reflected rising status of Irish Americans and Catholics in the 1920s. Catholics rallied up around the team and listen to the games on the radio, especially when it knocked off the schools that symbolized the Protestant establishment in America — Harvard, Yale, Princeton, and Army. Yet this role as high-profile flagship institution of Catholicism made it an easy target of anti-Catholicism. The most remarkable episode of violence was the clash between Notre Dame students and the Ku Klux Klan in 1924. Nativism and anti-Catholicism, especially when directed towards immigrants, were cornerstones of the KKK's rhetoric, and Notre Dame was seen as a symbol of the threat posed by the Catholic Church. The Klan decided to have a week-long Klavern in South Bend. Clashes with the student body started on March 17, when students, aware of the anti-Catholic animosity, blocked the Klansmen from descending from their trains in the South Bend station and ripped the KKK clothes and regalia. On May 19 thousands of students massed downtown protesting the Klavern, and only the arrival of college president Fr. Matthew Walsh prevented any further clashes. The next day, football coach Knute Rockne spoke at a campus rally and implored the students to obey the college president and refrain from further violence. A few days later the Klavern broke up, but the hostility shown by the students was an omen and a contribution to the downfall of the KKK in Indiana. | Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter? | Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter? | [
"Where did Notre Dame students and the KKK have their encounter?"
] | {
"text": [
"South Bend"
],
"answer_start": [
842
]
} |
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