gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-21600 | 5a6523aec2b11c001a425c75 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed] | Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia? | Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia? | [
"Who perfected irrigation in the south of Mesopotamia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21601 | 5a6523aec2b11c001a425c76 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed] | Who moved from south Mesopotamia to the north? | Who moved from south Mesopotamia to the north? | [
"Who moved from south Mesopotamia to the north?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21602 | 5a6523aec2b11c001a425c77 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed] | What cultural period began in the 57th century BC? | What cultural period began in the 57th century BC? | [
"What cultural period began in the 57th century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21603 | 5a6523aec2b11c001a425c78 | Sumer | It is speculated by some archaeologists that Sumerian speakers were farmers who moved down from the north, after perfecting irrigation agriculture there. The Ubaid pottery of southern Mesopotamia has been connected via Choga Mami transitional ware to the pottery of the Samarra period culture (c. 5700 – 4900 BC C-14) in the north, who were the first to practice a primitive form of irrigation agriculture along the middle Tigris River and its tributaries. The connection is most clearly seen at Tell Awayli (Oueilli, Oueili) near Larsa, excavated by the French in the 1980s, where eight levels yielded pre-Ubaid pottery resembling Samarran ware. According to this theory, farming peoples spread down into southern Mesopotamia because they had developed a temple-centered social organization for mobilizing labor and technology for water control, enabling them to survive and prosper in a difficult environment.[citation needed] | What type of agriculture was developed along the Euphrates river? | What type of agriculture was developed along the Euphrates river? | [
"What type of agriculture was developed along the Euphrates river?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21604 | 5730b096396df9190009629c | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | How were women protected in Sumerian society? | How were women protected in Sumerian society? | [
"How were women protected in Sumerian society?"
] | {
"text": [
"law"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21605 | 5730b096396df9190009629d | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | What gender dominated Sumerian culture? | What gender dominated Sumerian culture? | [
"What gender dominated Sumerian culture?"
] | {
"text": [
"male"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21606 | 5730b096396df9190009629e | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law? | Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law? | [
"Whose code reveals a bit about the societal structure through Sumerian law?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ur-Nammu"
],
"answer_start": [
185
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21607 | 5730b096396df9190009629f | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society? | Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society? | [
"Who was at the top of the power pyramid in Sumerian society?"
] | {
"text": [
"the lu-gal"
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21608 | 5730b096396df919000962a0 | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | How many strata existed in Sumerian society? | How many strata existed in Sumerian society? | [
"How many strata existed in Sumerian society?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21609 | 5a652498c2b11c001a425c7d | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | Who had higher status in other cultures that in Sumeria? | Who had higher status in other cultures that in Sumeria? | [
"Who had higher status in other cultures that in Sumeria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21610 | 5a652498c2b11c001a425c7e | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | Who's code protected women above all others? | Who's code protected women above all others? | [
"Who's code protected women above all others?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21611 | 5a652498c2b11c001a425c7f | Sumer | Though women were protected by late Sumerian law and were able to achieve a higher status in Sumer than in other contemporary civilizations, the culture was male-dominated. The Code of Ur-Nammu, the oldest such codification yet discovered, dating to the Ur-III "Sumerian Renaissance", reveals a glimpse at societal structure in late Sumerian law. Beneath the lu-gal ("great man" or king), all members of society belonged to one of two basic strata: The "lu" or free person, and the slave (male, arad; female geme). The son of a lu was called a dumu-nita until he married. A woman (munus) went from being a daughter (dumu-mi), to a wife (dam), then if she outlived her husband, a widow (numasu) and she could then remarry. | Who was able to remarry whenever they chose? | Who was able to remarry whenever they chose? | [
"Who was able to remarry whenever they chose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21612 | 5730b14b069b531400832271 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer? | What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer? | [
"What were the most important discoveries for archaeologists from Sumer?"
] | {
"text": [
"tablets written in cuneiform"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21613 | 5730b14b069b531400832272 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature? | What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature? | [
"What is Sumerian writing considered to be in the development of man's ability to create literature?"
] | {
"text": [
"milestone"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21614 | 5730b14b069b531400832273 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What followed cuneiform in writing? | What followed cuneiform in writing? | [
"What followed cuneiform in writing?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ideograms"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21615 | 5730b14b069b531400832274 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day? | How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day? | [
"How many texts in the Sumerian language have survived to modern day?"
] | {
"text": [
"hundreds of thousands"
],
"answer_start": [
648
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21616 | 5730b14b069b531400832275 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? | What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? | [
"What was the Sumerian language used for long have their civilization had diminished? "
] | {
"text": [
"religion and law in Mesopotamia"
],
"answer_start": [
1113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21617 | 5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c8d | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What are the oldest examples of writing? | What are the oldest examples of writing? | [
"What are the oldest examples of writing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21618 | 5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c8e | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What kind of picture writing followed cuneiform? | What kind of picture writing followed cuneiform? | [
"What kind of picture writing followed cuneiform?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21619 | 5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c8f | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | were wedge shaped stones used to write on? | were wedge shaped stones used to write on? | [
" were wedge shaped stones used to write on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21620 | 5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c90 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | What type of ideogram writings have survived? | What type of ideogram writings have survived? | [
"What type of ideogram writings have survived?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21621 | 5a6525d4c2b11c001a425c91 | Sumer | The most important archaeological discoveries in Sumer are a large number of tablets written in cuneiform. Sumerian writing, while proven to be not the oldest example of writing on earth, is considered to be a great milestone in the development of man's ability to not only create historical records but also in creating pieces of literature both in the form of poetic epics and stories as well as prayers and laws. Although pictures — that is, hieroglyphs — were first used, cuneiform and then Ideograms (where symbols were made to represent ideas) soon followed. Triangular or wedge-shaped reeds were used to write on moist clay. A large body of hundreds of thousands of texts in the Sumerian language have survived, such as personal or business letters, receipts, lexical lists, laws, hymns, prayers, stories, daily records, and even libraries full of clay tablets. Monumental inscriptions and texts on different objects like statues or bricks are also very common. Many texts survive in multiple copies because they were repeatedly transcribed by scribes-in-training. Sumerian continued to be the language of religion and law in Mesopotamia long after Semitic speakers had become dominant. | Who were the only people who could write at the time? | Who were the only people who could write at the time? | [
"Who were the only people who could write at the time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21622 | 5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6c8 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics? | Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics? | [
"Why is the Sumerian language usually thought of as a language isolate in linguistics?"
] | {
"text": [
"belongs to no known language family"
],
"answer_start": [
92
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21623 | 5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6c9 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages? | Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages? | [
"Akkadian's language can be traced to the Semitic branch of what languages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Afroasiatic"
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21624 | 5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6ca | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups? | What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups? | [
"What has been the result of attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups?"
] | {
"text": [
"failed"
],
"answer_start": [
233
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21625 | 5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6cb | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | What are morphemes? | What are morphemes? | [
"What are morphemes?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"units of meaning\""
],
"answer_start": [
355
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21626 | 5730b4be8ab72b1400f9c6cc | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create? | In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create? | [
"In Sumerian, what are morphemes added together to create?"
] | {
"text": [
"words"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21627 | 5a6526ddc2b11c001a425ca1 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | Why is Akkadian an isolate language? | Why is Akkadian an isolate language? | [
"Why is Akkadian an isolate language?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21628 | 5a6526ddc2b11c001a425ca2 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | What are added together to make words in analytic languages? | What are added together to make words in analytic languages? | [
"What are added together to make words in analytic languages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21629 | 5a6526ddc2b11c001a425ca3 | Sumer | The Sumerian language is generally regarded as a language isolate in linguistics because it belongs to no known language family; Akkadian, by contrast, belongs to the Semitic branch of the Afroasiatic languages. There have been many failed attempts to connect Sumerian to other language groups. It is an agglutinative language; in other words, morphemes ("units of meaning") are added together to create words, unlike analytic languages where morphemes are purely added together to create sentences. Some authors have proposed that there may be evidence of a sub-stratum or add-stratum language for geographic features and various crafts and agricultural activities, called variously Proto-Euphratean or Proto Tigrean, but this is disputed by others. | What language has been proven to proceed Sumerian? | What language has been proven to proceed Sumerian? | [
"What language has been proven to proceed Sumerian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21630 | 5730b5b4069b531400832295 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. | How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon? | How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon? | [
"How many cosmogenic myths does the religion of the Sumerians appear to be founded upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21631 | 5730b5b4069b531400832296 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. | What does one myth see creation as being the result of? | What does one myth see creation as being the result of? | [
"What does one myth see creation as being the result of?"
] | {
"text": [
"a series of hieros gami"
],
"answer_start": [
121
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21632 | 5730b5b4069b531400832297 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. | In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of? | In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of? | [
"In the Enuma Elish, what is creation seen as the union of?"
] | {
"text": [
"fresh and salt water"
],
"answer_start": [
406
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21633 | 5730b5b4069b531400832298 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. | What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki? | What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki? | [
"What were the titles given to the gate keeps of the E-Abzu temple of Enki?"
] | {
"text": [
"the muddy ones"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21634 | 5730b5b4069b531400832299 | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. | Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain? | Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain? | [
"Who was the Lady Sacred Mountain?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ninhursag"
],
"answer_start": [
1026
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21635 | 5a653936c2b11c001a425cbb | Sumer | Sumerian religion seems to have been founded upon two separate cosmogenic myths. The first saw creation as the result of a series of hieros gami or sacred marriages, involving the reconciliation of opposites, postulated as a coming together of male and female divine beings; the gods. This continued to influence the whole Mesopotamian mythos. Thus in the Enuma Elish the creation was seen as the union of fresh and salt water; as male Abzu, and female Tiamat. The product of that union, Lahm and Lahmu, "the muddy ones", were titles given to the gate keepers of the E-Abzu temple of Enki, in Eridu, the first Sumerian city. Describing the way that muddy islands emerge from the confluence of fresh and salty water at the mouth of the Euphrates, where the river deposited its load of silt, a second hieros gamos supposedly created Anshar and Kishar, the "sky-pivot" or axle, and the "earth pivot", parents in turn of Anu (the sky) and Ki (the earth). Another important Sumerian hieros gamos was that between Ki, here known as Ninhursag or "Lady Sacred Mountain", and Enki of Eridu, the god of fresh water which brought forth greenery and pasture. | What influenced world religions? | What influenced world religions? | [
"What influenced world religions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21636 | 5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d2 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | What did the Sumerian deities form? | What did the Sumerian deities form? | [
"What did the Sumerian deities form?"
] | {
"text": [
"a core pantheon"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21637 | 5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d3 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | What could Sumerian gods be associated with? | What could Sumerian gods be associated with? | [
"What could Sumerian gods be associated with?"
] | {
"text": [
"different cities"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21638 | 5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d4 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with? | What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with? | [
"What did the religious importance of city gods wax and wan with?"
] | {
"text": [
"those cities' political power"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21639 | 5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d5 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | Why did the gods create human beings from clay? | Why did the gods create human beings from clay? | [
"Why did the gods create human beings from clay?"
] | {
"text": [
"for the purpose of serving them"
],
"answer_start": [
299
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21640 | 5730b6398ab72b1400f9c6d6 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple? | How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple? | [
"How could a citizen avoid their labor duty to their local temple?"
] | {
"text": [
"a payment of silver"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21641 | 5a653a16c2b11c001a425cbd | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | What did each Sumerian city have? | What did each Sumerian city have? | [
"What did each Sumerian city have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21642 | 5a653a16c2b11c001a425cbe | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | What changed with a particular gods popularity? | What changed with a particular gods popularity? | [
"What changed with a particular gods popularity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21643 | 5a653a16c2b11c001a425cbf | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | Who made humans for their amusement? | Who made humans for their amusement? | [
"Who made humans for their amusement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21644 | 5a653a16c2b11c001a425cc0 | Sumer | These deities formed a core pantheon; there were additionally hundreds of minor ones. Sumerian gods could thus have associations with different cities, and their religious importance often waxed and waned with those cities' political power. The gods were said to have created human beings from clay for the purpose of serving them. The temples organized the mass labour projects needed for irrigation agriculture. Citizens had a labor duty to the temple, though they could avoid it by a payment of silver. | who organized large building projects? | who organized large building projects? | [
"who organized large building projects?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21645 | 5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6dc | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | What were Sumerian temples known as? | What were Sumerian temples known as? | [
"What were Sumerian temples known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ziggurats"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21646 | 5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6dd | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for? | What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for? | [
"What was the central pond in the forecourt of a Ziggurat for?"
] | {
"text": [
"purification"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21647 | 5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6de | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for? | Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for? | [
"Who were the rooms on either side of the aisles in the temple for?"
] | {
"text": [
"the priests"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21648 | 5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6df | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | What was the mudbrick table in the temple for? | What was the mudbrick table in the temple for? | [
"What was the mudbrick table in the temple for?"
] | {
"text": [
"animal and vegetable sacrifices"
],
"answer_start": [
304
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21649 | 5730b6e08ab72b1400f9c6e0 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses? | Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses? | [
"Where did the Sumerians usually locate their granaries and storehouses?"
] | {
"text": [
"near the temples"
],
"answer_start": [
384
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21650 | 5a653ad5c2b11c001a425cc5 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | What feature of temples provided fresh drinking water? | What feature of temples provided fresh drinking water? | [
"What feature of temples provided fresh drinking water?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21651 | 5a653ad5c2b11c001a425cc6 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | What was stored away from the temples? | What was stored away from the temples? | [
"What was stored away from the temples?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21652 | 5a653ad5c2b11c001a425cc7 | Sumer | Ziggurats (Sumerian temples) each had an individual name and consisted of a forecourt, with a central pond for purification. The temple itself had a central nave with aisles along either side. Flanking the aisles would be rooms for the priests. At one end would stand the podium and a mudbrick table for animal and vegetable sacrifices. Granaries and storehouses were usually located near the temples. After a time the Sumerians began to place the temples on top of multi-layered square constructions built as a series of rising terraces, giving rise to the Ziggurat style. | what was a precursor to pyramids? | what was a precursor to pyramids? | [
"what was a precursor to pyramids?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21653 | 5730b7842461fd1900a9cfdd | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals. | What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to? | What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to? | [
"What type of afterlife could Sumerians look forward to?"
] | {
"text": [
"confined to a gloomy world"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21654 | 5730b7842461fd1900a9cfde | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals. | What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters? | What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters? | [
"What realm was guarded by gateways containing various monsters?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ereshkigal"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21655 | 5730b7842461fd1900a9cfdf | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals. | Where were dead Sumerians buried? | Where were dead Sumerians buried? | [
"Where were dead Sumerians buried?"
] | {
"text": [
"outside the city walls in graveyards"
],
"answer_start": [
222
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21656 | 5730b7842461fd1900a9cfe0 | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals. | Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by? | Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by? | [
"Who was Queen Puabi accompanied in death by?"
] | {
"text": [
"her servants"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21657 | 5730b7842461fd1900a9cfe1 | Sumer | It was believed that when people died, they would be confined to a gloomy world of Ereshkigal, whose realm was guarded by gateways with various monsters designed to prevent people entering or leaving. The dead were buried outside the city walls in graveyards where a small mound covered the corpse, along with offerings to monsters and a small amount of food. Those who could afford it sought burial at Dilmun. Human sacrifice was found in the death pits at the Ur royal cemetery where Queen Puabi was accompanied in death by her servants. It is also said that the Sumerians invented the first oboe-like instrument, and used them at royal funerals. | What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals? | What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals? | [
"What type of instrument are the Sumerians thought to have invented to use at royal funerals?"
] | {
"text": [
"oboe-like"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21658 | 5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fa | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock? | When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock? | [
"When do the pictograms suggest Sumerians had domesticated livestock?"
] | {
"text": [
"Uruk period"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21659 | 5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fb | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? | What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? | [
"What was the primary purpose of oxen for Sumerians? "
] | {
"text": [
"beasts of burden"
],
"answer_start": [
155
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21660 | 5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fc | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation? | What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation? | [
"What animal did Sumerians use primary to facilitate transportation?"
] | {
"text": [
"donkeys"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21661 | 5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fd | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house? | What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house? | [
"What might be found by the side of a Sumerian house?"
] | {
"text": [
"enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants"
],
"answer_start": [
350
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21662 | 5730b8338ab72b1400f9c6fe | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | Where were plants also grown besides the garden? | Where were plants also grown besides the garden? | [
"Where were plants also grown besides the garden?"
] | {
"text": [
"pots or vases"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21663 | 5a653cdbc2b11c001a425ccb | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | What animals were domesticated following the Uruk period? | What animals were domesticated following the Uruk period? | [
"What animals were domesticated following the Uruk period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21664 | 5a653cdbc2b11c001a425ccc | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | Who used donkeys as beasts of burden? | Who used donkeys as beasts of burden? | [
"Who used donkeys as beasts of burden?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21665 | 5a653cdbc2b11c001a425ccd | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | Who first grew plants in pots? | Who first grew plants in pots? | [
"Who first grew plants in pots?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21666 | 5a653cdbc2b11c001a425cce | Sumer | In the early Sumerian Uruk period, the primitive pictograms suggest that sheep, goats, cattle, and pigs were domesticated. They used oxen as their primary beasts of burden and donkeys or equids as their primary transport animal and "woollen clothing as well as rugs were made from the wool or hair of the animals. ... By the side of the house was an enclosed garden planted with trees and other plants; wheat and probably other cereals were sown in the fields, and the shaduf was already employed for the purpose of irrigation. Plants were also grown in pots or vases." | What writing form was invented by the Sumerian? | What writing form was invented by the Sumerian? | [
"What writing form was invented by the Sumerian?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21667 | 5730b8f5396df919000962d8 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume? | What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume? | [
"What was Sumerians one of the first societies known to consume?"
] | {
"text": [
"beer"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21668 | 5730b8f5396df919000962d9 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews? | What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews? | [
"What was the key ingredient in early Sumerian brews?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cereals"
],
"answer_start": [
67
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21669 | 5730b8f5396df919000962da | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew? | What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew? | [
"What kinds of beer did the Sumerians brew?"
] | {
"text": [
"wheat, barley, and mixed grain"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21670 | 5730b8f5396df919000962db | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | How important was beer brewing to Sumerians? | How important was beer brewing to Sumerians? | [
"How important was beer brewing to Sumerians?"
] | {
"text": [
"very important"
],
"answer_start": [
243
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21671 | 5730b8f5396df919000962dc | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer? | What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer? | [
"What did Enkidu become and do after consuming seven jugs of beer?"
] | {
"text": [
"expansive and sang with joy"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21672 | 5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd3 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | Who invented beer? | Who invented beer? | [
"Who invented beer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21673 | 5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd4 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | What Epic tells how to make beer? | What Epic tells how to make beer? | [
"What Epic tells how to make beer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21674 | 5a653d60c2b11c001a425cd5 | Sumer | The Sumerians were one of the first known beer drinking societies. Cereals were plentiful and were the key ingredient in their early brew. They brewed multiple kinds of beer consisting of wheat, barley, and mixed grain beers. Beer brewing was very important to the Sumerians. It was referenced in the Epic of Gilgamesh when Enkidu was introduced to the food and beer of Gilgamesh's people: "Drink the beer, as is the custom of the land... He drank the beer-seven jugs! and became expansive and sang with joy!" | What hero refused to drink beer? | What hero refused to drink beer? | [
"What hero refused to drink beer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21675 | 5730b9a8396df919000962e2 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? | How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? | [
"How do archaeologists know about Sumerian agricultural practices? "
] | {
"text": [
"from the \"Sumerian Farmer's Almanac\""
],
"answer_start": [
12
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21676 | 5730b9a8396df919000962e3 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | When would farmers flood their fields? | When would farmers flood their fields? | [
"When would farmers flood their fields?"
] | {
"text": [
"after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21677 | 5730b9a8396df919000962e4 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground? | Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground? | [
"Why did the Sumerian farmers make their oxen stomp the ground?"
] | {
"text": [
"kill weeds"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21678 | 5730b9a8396df919000962e5 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground? | How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground? | [
"How many times did Sumerian farmers plow, harrow and rake the ground?"
] | {
"text": [
"three times"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21679 | 5730b9a8396df919000962e6 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop? | The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop? | [
"The the Ur III period, what crop had Sumerians switched to from wheat for their primary crop?"
] | {
"text": [
"salt-tolerant barley"
],
"answer_start": [
607
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21680 | 5a653e05c2b11c001a425cd9 | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | What people first wrote an Almanac? | What people first wrote an Almanac? | [
"What people first wrote an Almanac?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21681 | 5a653e05c2b11c001a425cda | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | What was the name of the first Almanac? | What was the name of the first Almanac? | [
"What was the name of the first Almanac?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21682 | 5a653e05c2b11c001a425cdb | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | What did farmers flood just before the new year? | What did farmers flood just before the new year? | [
"What did farmers flood just before the new year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21683 | 5a653e05c2b11c001a425cdc | Sumer | As is known from the "Sumerian Farmer's Almanac", after the flood season and after the Spring Equinox and the Akitu or New Year Festival, using the canals, farmers would flood their fields and then drain the water. Next they made oxen stomp the ground and kill weeds. They then dragged the fields with pickaxes. After drying, they plowed, harrowed, and raked the ground three times, and pulverized it with a mattock, before planting seed. Unfortunately the high evaporation rate resulted in a gradual increase in the salinity of the fields. By the Ur III period, farmers had switched from wheat to the more salt-tolerant barley as their principal crop. | When did farmers switch from barley to wheat? | When did farmers switch from barley to wheat? | [
"When did farmers switch from barley to wheat?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21684 | 5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c71e | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone? | What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone? | [
"What does Archibald Sayce think early Sumerian pictograms suggest about the availability of stone?"
] | {
"text": [
"was scarce"
],
"answer_start": [
113
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21685 | 5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c71f | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut? | How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut? | [
"How did the Sumerians fashion the stone they cut?"
] | {
"text": [
"into blocks and seals"
],
"answer_start": [
145
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21686 | 5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c720 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians? | What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians? | [
"What was the ordinary building material of Sumerians?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brick"
],
"answer_start": [
168
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21687 | 5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c721 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have? | What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have? | [
"What kind of appearance did Sumerian houses have?"
] | {
"text": [
"tower-like"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21688 | 5730ba6b8ab72b1400f9c722 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by? | What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by? | [
"What were the foundation stones of Sumerian houses consecrated by?"
] | {
"text": [
"objects that were deposited under them"
],
"answer_start": [
632
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21689 | 5a653ebec2b11c001a425ce1 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | What suggested that stone was common? | What suggested that stone was common? | [
"What suggested that stone was common?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21690 | 5a653ebec2b11c001a425ce2 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | Who claims stone was common in Sumeria since it was used for seals? | Who claims stone was common in Sumeria since it was used for seals? | [
"Who claims stone was common in Sumeria since it was used for seals?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21691 | 5a653ebec2b11c001a425ce3 | Sumer | According to Archibald Sayce, the primitive pictograms of the early Sumerian (i.e. Uruk) era suggest that "Stone was scarce, but was already cut into blocks and seals. Brick was the ordinary building material, and with it cities, forts, temples and houses were constructed. The city was provided with towers and stood on an artificial platform; the house also had a tower-like appearance. It was provided with a door which turned on a hinge, and could be opened with a sort of key; the city gate was on a larger scale, and seems to have been double. The foundation stones — or rather bricks — of a house were consecrated by certain objects that were deposited under them." | Where were towers built from stone? | Where were towers built from stone? | [
"Where were towers built from stone?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21692 | 5730bb058ab72b1400f9c728 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings? | What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings? | [
"What is the most impressive and famous style of Sumerian buildings?"
] | {
"text": [
"the ziggurats"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21693 | 5730bb058ab72b1400f9c729 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when? | Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when? | [
"Sumerians also built houses from reeds not very different from ones built by inhabitants in Iraq as recently as when?"
] | {
"text": [
"400 CE"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21694 | 5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72a | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes? | What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes? | [
"What development by the Sumerians allowed them to make use of domes?"
] | {
"text": [
"the arch"
],
"answer_start": [
298
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21695 | 5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72b | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | How did the Sumerians build their strong domes? | How did the Sumerians build their strong domes? | [
"How did the Sumerians build their strong domes?"
] | {
"text": [
"by constructing and linking several arches"
],
"answer_start": [
377
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21696 | 5730bb058ab72b1400f9c72c | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer? | Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer? | [
"Where were the use of advanced materials and techniques on display in Sumer?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sumerian temples and palaces"
],
"answer_start": [
421
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21697 | 5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce7 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | What are the oldest examples of "Sumerian buildings? | What are the oldest examples of "Sumerian buildings? | [
"What are the oldest examples of \"Sumerian buildings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21698 | 5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce8 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | What type of seals were made with reeds? | What type of seals were made with reeds? | [
"What type of seals were made with reeds?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21699 | 5a653f82c2b11c001a425ce9 | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | What type of house was built until the 4th century CE? | What type of house was built until the 4th century CE? | [
"What type of house was built until the 4th century CE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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