gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-21700 | 5a653f82c2b11c001a425cea | Sumer | The most impressive and famous of Sumerian buildings are the ziggurats, large layered platforms which supported temples. Sumerian cylinder seals also depict houses built from reeds not unlike those built by the Marsh Arabs of Southern Iraq until as recently as 400 CE. The Sumerians also developed the arch, which enabled them to develop a strong type of dome. They built this by constructing and linking several arches. Sumerian temples and palaces made use of more advanced materials and techniques,[citation needed] such as buttresses, recesses, half columns, and clay nails. | Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE? | Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE? | [
"Who built reed houses until the 4th century CE?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21701 | 5730bbb2069b5314008322cd | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC? | What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC? | [
"What did the Sumerians a complex system of around 4000 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"metrology"
],
"answer_start": [
44
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21702 | 5730bbb2069b5314008322ce | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? | From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? | [
"From the Sumerian metrology sprang forth the creation of what disciplines? "
] | {
"text": [
"arithmetic, geometry, and algebra"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21703 | 5730bbb2069b5314008322cf | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables? | Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables? | [
"Where did the Sumerians put their multiplication tables?"
] | {
"text": [
"on clay tablets"
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21704 | 5730bbb2069b5314008322d0 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | When was the abacus first seen between? | When was the abacus first seen between? | [
"When was the abacus first seen between?"
] | {
"text": [
"2700 – 2300 BC"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21705 | 5730bbb2069b5314008322d1 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics? | What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics? | [
"What were the Sumerians the first to do when it came to mathematics?"
] | {
"text": [
"use a place value numeral system"
],
"answer_start": [
596
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21706 | 5a65407fc2b11c001a425cef | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | Who developed a complex system of metrology in the 4th century BC? | Who developed a complex system of metrology in the 4th century BC? | [
"Who developed a complex system of metrology in the 4th century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21707 | 5a65407fc2b11c001a425cf0 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | What type of math did the Sumerians invent by the 26th century BC? | What type of math did the Sumerians invent by the 26th century BC? | [
"What type of math did the Sumerians invent by the 26th century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21708 | 5a65407fc2b11c001a425cf1 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | What tool was invented in the 27th century BC? | What tool was invented in the 27th century BC? | [
"What tool was invented in the 27th century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21709 | 5a65407fc2b11c001a425cf2 | Sumer | The Sumerians developed a complex system of metrology c. 4000 BC. This advanced metrology resulted in the creation of arithmetic, geometry, and algebra. From c. 2600 BC onwards, the Sumerians wrote multiplication tables on clay tablets and dealt with geometrical exercises and division problems. The earliest traces of the Babylonian numerals also date back to this period. The period c. 2700 – 2300 BC saw the first appearance of the abacus, and a table of successive columns which delimited the successive orders of magnitude of their sexagesimal number system. The Sumerians were the first to use a place value numeral system. There is also anecdotal evidence the Sumerians may have used a type of slide rule in astronomical calculations. They were the first to find the area of a triangle and the volume of a cube. | Who invented the slide ruler? | Who invented the slide ruler? | [
"Who invented the slide ruler?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21710 | 5730bc458ab72b1400f9c746 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society? | What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society? | [
"What were the main types of loans in Sumerian society?"
] | {
"text": [
"Commercial credit and agricultural consumer"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21711 | 5730bc458ab72b1400f9c747 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples? | What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples? | [
"What was trade credit backed by when extended by temples?"
] | {
"text": [
"silver"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21712 | 5730bc458ab72b1400f9c748 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans? | How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans? | [
"How man shekel per mina was the interest rate for loans?"
] | {
"text": [
"one"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21713 | 5730bc458ab72b1400f9c749 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent? | For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent? | [
"For how long was the interest rate of Sumerian loans consistent?"
] | {
"text": [
"about two thousand years"
],
"answer_start": [
319
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21714 | 5730bc458ab72b1400f9c74a | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations? | What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations? | [
"What typically arose as a result of unpaid obligations?"
] | {
"text": [
"Rural loans"
],
"answer_start": [
345
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21715 | 5a654145c2b11c001a425cf7 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | Who extended personal credit to citizens? | Who extended personal credit to citizens? | [
"Who extended personal credit to citizens?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21716 | 5a654145c2b11c001a425cf8 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | What was set at 1/60 a month after 2000 BC? | What was set at 1/60 a month after 2000 BC? | [
"What was set at 1/60 a month after 2000 BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21717 | 5a654145c2b11c001a425cf9 | Sumer | Commercial credit and agricultural consumer loans were the main types of loans. The trade credit was usually extended by temples in order to finance trade expeditions and was nominated in silver. The interest rate was set at 1/60 a month (one shekel per mina) some time before 2000 BC and it remained at that level for about two thousand years. Rural loans commonly arose as a result of unpaid obligations due to an institution (such as a temple), in this case the arrears were considered to be lent to the debtor. They were denominated in barley or other crops and the interest rate was typically much higher than for commercial loans and could amount to 1/3 to 1/2 of the loan principal. | Who lent money to farmers to plant crops? | Who lent money to farmers to plant crops? | [
"Who lent money to farmers to plant crops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21718 | 5730bd1d396df91900096304 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | What type of debt did "clean slate" decrees cancel? | What type of debt did "clean slate" decrees cancel? | [
"What type of debt did \"clean slate\" decrees cancel?"
] | {
"text": [
"rural"
],
"answer_start": [
81
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21719 | 5730bd1d396df91900096305 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees? | When did rulers typically proclaim "clean slate" decrees? | [
"When did rulers typically proclaim \"clean slate\" decrees?"
] | {
"text": [
"the first full year of their reign"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21720 | 5730bd1d396df91900096306 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | Who made the first known clean slate decrees? | Who made the first known clean slate decrees? | [
"Who made the first known clean slate decrees?"
] | {
"text": [
"Enmetena and Urukagina"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21721 | 5730bd1d396df91900096307 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer? | Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer? | [
"Why were the clean slate decrees useful to the rulers of Sumer?"
] | {
"text": [
"to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21722 | 5730bd1d396df91900096308 | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts? | What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts? | [
"What would happen if peasants couldn't repay their debts?"
] | {
"text": [
"lost the subsistence land or became bondservants"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21723 | 5a6541cfc2b11c001a425cfd | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | Who some times cleared commercial debts? | Who some times cleared commercial debts? | [
"Who some times cleared commercial debts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21724 | 5a6541cfc2b11c001a425cfe | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | What was it called when rulers cleared commercial debts? | What was it called when rulers cleared commercial debts? | [
"What was it called when rulers cleared commercial debts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21725 | 5a6541cfc2b11c001a425cff | Sumer | Periodically "clean slate" decrees were signed by rulers which cancelled all the rural (but not commercial) debt and allowed bondservants to return to their homes. Customarily rulers did it at the beginning of the first full year of their reign, but they could also be proclaimed at times of military conflict or crop failure. The first known ones were made by Enmetena and Urukagina of Lagash in 2400-2350 BC. According to Hudson, the purpose of these decrees was to prevent debts mounting to a degree that they threatened fighting force which could happen if peasants lost the subsistence land or became bondservants due to the inability to repay the debt. | Who made a clean slate decree in the 24th century BC? | Who made a clean slate decree in the 24th century BC? | [
"Who made a clean slate decree in the 24th century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21726 | 5730bdce069b5314008322e1 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers. | What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer? | What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer? | [
"What contributed to developing military technology for Sumer?"
] | {
"text": [
"almost constant wars"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21727 | 5730bdce069b5314008322e2 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers. | How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war? | How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war? | [
"How many years were the Sumerian city-states at war?"
] | {
"text": [
"2000 years"
],
"answer_start": [
60
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21728 | 5730bdce069b5314008322e3 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers. | Who was the first war between in 2525 BC? | Who was the first war between in 2525 BC? | [
"Who was the first war between in 2525 BC?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lagash and Umma"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21729 | 5730bdce069b5314008322e4 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers. | What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of? | What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of? | [
"What did the king of Lagash's army mostly consist of?"
] | {
"text": [
"infantry"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21730 | 5730bdce069b5314008322e5 | Sumer | The almost constant wars among the Sumerian city-states for 2000 years helped to develop the military technology and techniques of Sumer to a high level. The first war recorded in any detail was between Lagash and Umma in c. 2525 BC on a stele called the Stele of the Vultures. It shows the king of Lagash leading a Sumerian army consisting mostly of infantry. The infantrymen carried spears, wore copper helmets, and carried rectangular shields. The spearmen are shown arranged in what resembles the phalanx formation, which requires training and discipline; this implies that the Sumerians may have made use of professional soldiers. | What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash? | What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash? | [
"What shape were the shields of the infantry of Lagash?"
] | {
"text": [
"rectangular"
],
"answer_start": [
426
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21731 | 5730c000396df91900096314 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world? | When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world? | [
"When did evidence of wheeled vehicles appear throughout the world?"
] | {
"text": [
"mid 4th millennium BC"
],
"answer_start": [
45
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21732 | 5730c000396df91900096315 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | What form did wheels initially take? | What form did wheels initially take? | [
"What form did wheels initially take?"
] | {
"text": [
"potter's wheel"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21733 | 5730c000396df91900096316 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it? | The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it? | [
"The writing system of the Sumerian's is the second oldest to have what done to it?"
] | {
"text": [
"been deciphered"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21734 | 5730c000396df91900096317 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | What did the Sumerians map stars into? | What did the Sumerians map stars into? | [
"What did the Sumerians map stars into?"
] | {
"text": [
"sets of constellations"
],
"answer_start": [
591
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21735 | 5730c000396df91900096318 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | How many planets were the Sumerians aware of? | How many planets were the Sumerians aware of? | [
"How many planets were the Sumerians aware of?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
728
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21736 | 5a65438fc2b11c001a425d03 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | What type of vehicle was invented in 400 BC? | What type of vehicle was invented in 400 BC? | [
"What type of vehicle was invented in 400 BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21737 | 5a65438fc2b11c001a425d04 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | What writing system predates heiroglphs? | What writing system predates heiroglphs? | [
"What writing system predates heiroglphs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21738 | 5a65438fc2b11c001a425d05 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | What science was developed by Greeks? | What science was developed by Greeks? | [
"What science was developed by Greeks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21739 | 5a65438fc2b11c001a425d06 | Sumer | Evidence of wheeled vehicles appeared in the mid 4th millennium BC, near-simultaneously in Mesopotamia, the Northern Caucasus (Maykop culture) and Central Europe. The wheel initially took the form of the potter's wheel. The new concept quickly led to wheeled vehicles and mill wheels. The Sumerians' cuneiform writing system is the oldest (or second oldest after the Egyptian hieroglyphs) which has been deciphered (the status of even older inscriptions such as the Jiahu symbols and Tartaria tablets is controversial). The Sumerians were among the first astronomers, mapping the stars into sets of constellations, many of which survived in the zodiac and were also recognized by the ancient Greeks. They were also aware of the five planets that are easily visible to the naked eye. | How many planets did the Sumerians discover? | How many planets did the Sumerians discover? | [
"How many planets did the Sumerians discover?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21740 | 5730c2c8b7151e1900c01522 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases? | Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases? | [
"Sumerians used number systems which included what alternating bases?"
] | {
"text": [
"base 10 and base 6"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21741 | 5730c2c8b7151e1900c01523 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia? | What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia? | [
"What type of number system was standard in Sumer and Babylonia?"
] | {
"text": [
"sexagesimal"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21742 | 5730c2c8b7151e1900c01524 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented? | What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented? | [
"What type of formations is it possible Sumerians invented?"
] | {
"text": [
"military"
],
"answer_start": [
257
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21743 | 5730c2c8b7151e1900c01525 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day? | What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day? | [
"What systems did the Sumerians develop which remain the first known these types to this day?"
] | {
"text": [
"legal and administrative"
],
"answer_start": [
392
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21744 | 5730c2c8b7151e1900c01526 | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools? | In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools? | [
"In Sumerian society, who oversaw the operation of the first formal schools?"
] | {
"text": [
"a city-state's primary temple"
],
"answer_start": [
1002
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21745 | 5a654495c2b11c001a425d0b | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | What system did Sumerians borrow from Babylonia? | What system did Sumerians borrow from Babylonia? | [
"What system did Sumerians borrow from Babylonia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21746 | 5a654495c2b11c001a425d0c | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | What was being used for private purposes well before the 26th century BC? | What was being used for private purposes well before the 26th century BC? | [
"What was being used for private purposes well before the 26th century BC?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21747 | 5a654495c2b11c001a425d0d | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | What learning centers were established the temples? | What learning centers were established the temples? | [
"What learning centers were established the temples?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21748 | 5a654495c2b11c001a425d0e | Sumer | They invented and developed arithmetic by using several different number systems including a mixed radix system with an alternating base 10 and base 6. This sexagesimal system became the standard number system in Sumer and Babylonia. They may have invented military formations and introduced the basic divisions between infantry, cavalry, and archers. They developed the first known codified legal and administrative systems, complete with courts, jails, and government records. The first true city-states arose in Sumer, roughly contemporaneously with similar entities in what are now Syria and Lebanon. Several centuries after the invention of cuneiform, the use of writing expanded beyond debt/payment certificates and inventory lists to be applied for the first time, about 2600 BC, to messages and mail delivery, history, legend, mathematics, astronomical records, and other pursuits. Conjointly with the spread of writing, the first formal schools were established, usually under the auspices of a city-state's primary temple. | Who made the first laws? | Who made the first laws? | [
"Who made the first laws?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21749 | 570a9c066d058f1900182ff4 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What type of carrier is the largest? | What type of carrier is the largest? | [
"What type of carrier is the largest?"
] | {
"text": [
"fleet carrier"
],
"answer_start": [
2
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21750 | 570a9c066d058f1900182ff5 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What capability does a fleet carrier offer? | What capability does a fleet carrier offer? | [
"What capability does a fleet carrier offer?"
] | {
"text": [
"offensive"
],
"answer_start": [
83
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21751 | 570a9c066d058f1900182ff6 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What purpose were excort carriers developed for? | What purpose were excort carriers developed for? | [
"What purpose were excort carriers developed for?"
] | {
"text": [
"to provide defense for convoys of ships"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21752 | 570a9c066d058f1900182ff7 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What were most escort carriers built from? | What were most escort carriers built from? | [
"What were most escort carriers built from?"
] | {
"text": [
"mercantile hulls"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21753 | 570a9c066d058f1900182ff8 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called? | What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called? | [
"What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Russia actually called?"
] | {
"text": [
"heavy aviation cruisers"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21754 | 5acd6dd107355d001abf41b8 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What type of carrier is the smallest? | What type of carrier is the smallest? | [
"What type of carrier is the smallest?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21755 | 5acd6dd107355d001abf41b9 | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What capability does a fleet carrier not offer? | What capability does a fleet carrier not offer? | [
"What capability does a fleet carrier not offer?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21756 | 5acd6dd107355d001abf41ba | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What purpose were export carriers developed for? | What purpose were export carriers developed for? | [
"What purpose were export carriers developed for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21757 | 5acd6dd107355d001abf41bb | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What were few escort carriers built from? | What were few escort carriers built from? | [
"What were few escort carriers built from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21758 | 5acd6dd107355d001abf41bc | Aircraft_carrier | A fleet carrier is intended to operate with the main fleet and usually provides an offensive capability. These are the largest carriers capable of fast speeds. By comparison, escort carriers were developed to provide defense for convoys of ships. They were smaller and slower with lower numbers of aircraft carried. Most were built from mercantile hulls or, in the case of merchant aircraft carriers, were bulk cargo ships with a flight deck added on top. Light aircraft carriers were carriers that were fast enough to operate with the fleet but of smaller size with reduced aircraft capacity. Soviet aircraft carriers now in use by Russia are actually called heavy aviation cruisers, these ships while sized in the range of large fleet carriers were designed to deploy alone or with escorts and provide both strong defensive weaponry and heavy offensive missiles equivalent to a guided missile cruiser in addition to supporting fighters and helicopters. | What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called? | What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called? | [
"What are the soviet aircraft carriers used by Germany actually called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21759 | 570a9dde6d058f1900182ffe | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue? | What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue? | [
"What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Bogue?"
] | {
"text": [
"Escort"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21760 | 570a9dde6d058f1900182fff | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What type of aircraft was the USS Independence? | What type of aircraft was the USS Independence? | [
"What type of aircraft was the USS Independence?"
] | {
"text": [
"light"
],
"answer_start": [
515
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21761 | 570a9dde6d058f1900183000 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers? | What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers? | [
"What advantage did light carriers have over escort carriers?"
] | {
"text": [
"speed"
],
"answer_start": [
733
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21762 | 570a9dde6d058f1900183001 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier? | What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier? | [
"What was the expected serice life of the UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"3 years"
],
"answer_start": [
913
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21763 | 570a9dde6d058f1900183002 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war? | Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war? | [
"Who did the UK 1941 Design Light Fleet Carriers serve during the war?"
] | {
"text": [
"Royal Navy"
],
"answer_start": [
938
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21764 | 5acd712607355d001abf4266 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue? | What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue? | [
"What type of aircraft carrier was the USS Vogue?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21765 | 5acd712607355d001abf4267 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What type of tank was the USS Independence? | What type of tank was the USS Independence? | [
"What type of tank was the USS Independence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21766 | 5acd712607355d001abf4268 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers? | What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers? | [
"What advantage did heavy carriers have over escort carriers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21767 | 5acd712607355d001abf4269 | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier? | What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier? | [
"What was the expected service life of the UK 1924 Design Light Fleet Carrier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21768 | 5acd712607355d001abf426a | Aircraft_carrier | This new-found importance of naval aviation forced nations to create a number of carriers, in efforts to provide air superiority cover for every major fleet in order to ward off enemy aircraft. This extensive usage required the construction of several new 'light' carriers. Escort aircraft carriers, such as USS Bogue, were sometimes purpose-built, but most were converted from merchant ships as a stop-gap measure to provide anti-submarine air support for convoys and amphibious invasions. Following this concept, light aircraft carriers built by the US, such as USS Independence, represented a larger, more "militarized" version of the escort carrier. Although with similar complement to Escort carriers, they had the advantage of speed from their converted cruiser hulls. The UK 1942 Design Light Fleet Carrier was designed for building quickly by civilian shipyards and with an expected service life of about 3 years. They served the Royal Navy during the war and was the hull design chosen for nearly all aircraft carrier equipped navies after the war until the 1980s. Emergencies also spurred the creation or conversion of highly unconventional aircraft carriers. CAM ships, were cargo-carrying merchant ships that could launch (but not retrieve) a single fighter aircraft from a catapult to defend the convoy from long range German aircraft. | Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war? | Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war? | [
"Who did the UK 1941 Design Heavy Fleet Carriers serve during the war?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21769 | 570aa5244103511400d598c0 | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier? | When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier? | [
"When did Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?"
] | {
"text": [
"2016"
],
"answer_start": [
173
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21770 | 570aa5244103511400d598c1 | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability? | What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability? | [
"What year was the goal for Russia's new carrier to achieve initial operational capability?"
] | {
"text": [
"2023"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21771 | 570aa5244103511400d598c2 | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | What was Izvestiya? | What was Izvestiya? | [
"What was Izvestiya?"
] | {
"text": [
"Russian newspaper"
],
"answer_start": [
341
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21772 | 570aa5244103511400d598c3 | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | [
"Where was the Northern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Murmansk"
],
"answer_start": [
699
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21773 | 570aa5244103511400d598c4 | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | [
"Where was the Pacific Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vladivostok"
],
"answer_start": [
769
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21774 | 5acd750707355d001abf432c | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier? | When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier? | [
"When did Prussia's United Shipbuilding Corporation expect to begin design work for a new carrier?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21775 | 5acd750707355d001abf432d | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability? | What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability? | [
"What year was the goal for Russia's old carrier to achieve initial operational capability?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21776 | 5acd750707355d001abf432e | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | What wasn't Izvestiya? | What wasn't Izvestiya? | [
"What wasn't Izvestiya?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21777 | 5acd750707355d001abf432f | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | [
"Where was the Southern Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21778 | 5acd750707355d001abf4330 | Aircraft_carrier | Speaking in St. Petersburg, Russia on 30 June 2011, the head of Russia's United Shipbuilding Corporation said his company expected to begin design work for a new carrier in 2016, with a goal of beginning construction in 2018 and having the carrier achieve initial operational capability by 2023. Several months later, on 3 November 2011 the Russian newspaper Izvestiya reported that the naval building plan now included (first) the construction of a new shipyard capable of building large hull ships, after which Moscow will build two (80,000 tons full load each) nuclear-powered aircraft carriers by 2027. The spokesperson said one carrier would be assigned to the Russian Navy's Northern Fleet at Murmansk, and the second would be stationed with the Pacific Fleet at Vladivostok. | Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed? | [
"Where was the Atlantic Fleets nuclear-powered aircraft carrier supposed to be stationed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21779 | 570aa9236d058f1900183026 | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"? | What are typically regarded as "runways at sea"? | [
"What are typically regarded as \"runways at sea\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"aircraft carriers"
],
"answer_start": [
21
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21780 | 570aa9236d058f1900183027 | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft? | What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft? | [
"What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to aid in launching and recovering aircraft?"
] | {
"text": [
"flat-top flight deck"
],
"answer_start": [
46
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21781 | 570aa9236d058f1900183028 | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found? | Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found? | [
"Where are the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?"
] | {
"text": [
"The flight deck"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21782 | 570aa9236d058f1900183029 | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have? | What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have? | [
"What is a primary reason that ships have shorter runways than land runways have?"
] | {
"text": [
"a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain"
],
"answer_start": [
395
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21783 | 570aa9236d058f190018302a | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths? | What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths? | [
"What do aircraft need to do when using shorter runway lengths?"
] | {
"text": [
"accelerate more quickly to gain lift"
],
"answer_start": [
554
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21784 | 5acd78c707355d001abf43bc | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What are never regarded as "runways at sea"? | What are never regarded as "runways at sea"? | [
"What are never regarded as \"runways at sea\"?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21785 | 5acd78c707355d001abf43bd | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft? | What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft? | [
"What design feature do aircraft carriers feature to hinder launching and recovering aircraft?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21786 | 5acd78c707355d001abf43be | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found? | Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found? | [
"Where are the least notable differences between a carrier and a land runway found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21787 | 5acd78c707355d001abf43bf | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have? | What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have? | [
"What is a primary reason that ships have longer runways than land runways have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21788 | 5acd78c707355d001abf43c0 | Aircraft_carrier | As "runways at sea", aircraft carriers have a flat-top flight deck, which launches and recovers aircraft. Aircraft launch forward, into the wind, and are recovered from astern. The flight deck is where the most notable differences between a carrier and a land runway are found. Creating such a surface at sea poses constraints on the carrier – for example, the fact that it is a ship means that a full-length runway would be costly to construct and maintain. This affects take-off procedure, as a shorter runway length of the deck requires that aircraft accelerate more quickly to gain lift. This either requires a thrust boost, a vertical component to its velocity, or a reduced take-off load (to lower mass). The differing types of deck configuration, as above, influence the structure of the flight deck. The form of launch assistance a carrier provides is strongly related to the types of aircraft embarked and the design of the carrier itself. | What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths? | What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths? | [
"What do aircraft need to do when using longer runway lengths?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21789 | 570aacc26d058f1900183068 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship? | When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship? | [
"When did conventional carriers start recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 1950s"
],
"answer_start": [
10
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21790 | 570aacc26d058f1900183069 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck? | What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck? | [
"What risk is avoided by aircraft by using an angled deck?"
] | {
"text": [
"hitting aircraft parked forward"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21791 | 570aacc26d058f190018306a | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck? | How many "waist" catapults can be installed with an angled deck? | [
"How many \"waist\" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?"
] | {
"text": [
"one or two"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21792 | 570aacc26d058f190018306b | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck? | How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck? | [
"How man bow cats can be installed with an angled deck?"
] | {
"text": [
"two"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21793 | 570aacc26d058f190018306c | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty? | What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty? | [
"What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle flexibilty?"
] | {
"text": [
"An angled deck"
],
"answer_start": [
444
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21794 | 5acd7e8407355d001abf4462 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship? | When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship? | [
"When did conventional carriers stop recovering aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21795 | 5acd7e8407355d001abf4463 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck? | What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck? | [
"What risk is added by aircraft by using an angled deck?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21796 | 5acd7e8407355d001abf4464 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | How many "waste" catapults can be installed with an angled deck? | How many "waste" catapults can be installed with an angled deck? | [
"How many \"waste\" catapults can be installed with an angled deck?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21797 | 5acd7e8407355d001abf4465 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck? | How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck? | [
"How man bow dogs can be installed with an angled deck?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21798 | 5acd7e8407355d001abf4466 | Aircraft_carrier | Since the early 1950s on conventional carriers it has been the practice to recover aircraft at an angle to port of the axial line of the ship. The primary function of this angled deck is to allow aircraft that miss the arresting wires, referred to as a bolter, to become airborne again without the risk of hitting aircraft parked forward. The angled deck allows the installation of one or two "waist" catapults in addition to the two bow cats. An angled deck also improves launch and recovery cycle flexibility with the option of simultaneous launching and recovery of aircraft. | What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity? | What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity? | [
"What aircraft design feature improves launch and recovery cycle rigidity?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-21799 | 570aae5d4103511400d5991e | Aircraft_carrier | Another deck structure that can be seen is a ski-jump ramp at the forward end of the flight deck. This was first developed to help launch STOVL aircraft take off at far higher weights than is possible with a vertical or rolling takeoff on flat decks. Originally developed by the Royal Navy, it since has been adopted by many navies for smaller carriers. A ski-jump ramp works by converting some of the forward rolling movement of the aircraft into vertical velocity and is sometimes combined with the aiming of jet thrust partly downwards. This allows heavily loaded and fueled aircraft a few more precious seconds to attain sufficient air velocity and lift to sustain normal flight. Without a ski-jump launching fully loaded and fueled aircraft such as the Harrier would not be possible on a smaller flat deck ship before either stalling out or crashing directly into the sea. | Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers? | Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers? | [
"Where are ski-jump ramps located on aircraft carriers?"
] | {
"text": [
"the forward end of the flight deck"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.