gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-23300 | 5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | [
"Who was the chief supporter of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?"
] | {
"text": [
"Patrick Henry"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23301 | 5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support? | What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support? | [
"What did Patrick Henry want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?"
] | {
"text": [
"some denomination"
],
"answer_start": [
306
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23302 | 5731b9d9b9d445190005e4c9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing? | What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing? | [
"What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express no one would be restrained from doing?"
] | {
"text": [
"worshipping God"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23303 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e4 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century? | What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century? | [
"What approach was the only one taken in the 18th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23304 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e5 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in support of? | What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in support of? | [
"What did Jefferson draft his Statute of Religious Freedom in support of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23305 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e6 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute? | [
" Who was the chief opposition of the bill that got Jefferson motivated to draft his Statute?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23306 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did Patrick Henry not want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support? | What did Patrick Henry not want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support? | [
"What did Patrick Henry not want to require Virginians to pay taxes to support?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23307 | 5ad14105645df0001a2d13e8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson and Madison's approach was not the only one taken in the eighteenth century. Jefferson's Statute of Religious Freedom was drafted in opposition to a bill, chiefly supported by Patrick Henry, which would permit any Virginian to belong to any denomination, but which would require him to belong to some denominat... | What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express everyone would be restrained from doing? | What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express everyone would be restrained from doing? | [
"What did the Constitution of Massachusetts express everyone would be restrained from doing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23308 | 5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ab | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support? | What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support? | [
"What did the Duke of York require every community in his lands to support?"
] | {
"text": [
"some church"
],
"answer_start": [
103
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23309 | 5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ac | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey? | Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey? | [
"Instead of Anglican, what were the churches most often supported in New York and New Jersey?"
] | {
"text": [
"Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian"
],
"answer_start": [
140
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23310 | 5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ad | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax? | What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax? | [
"What were taxpayers free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?"
] | {
"text": [
"to choose their own church"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23311 | 5731ba670fdd8d15006c64ae | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism? | Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism? | [
"Why was the Duke not a friend of Anglicanism?"
] | {
"text": [
"openly divine-right Catholic,"
],
"answer_start": [
469
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23312 | 5731ba670fdd8d15006c64af | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey? | When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey? | [
"When did the first Anglican minister arrive in New Jersey?"
] | {
"text": [
"1698"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23313 | 5ad14149645df0001a2d13ee | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | What did the Duke of York never require every community in his lands to support? | What did the Duke of York never require every community in his lands to support? | [
"What did the Duke of York never require every community in his lands to support?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23314 | 5ad14149645df0001a2d13ef | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | Instead of Anglican, what were the churches never supported in New York and New Jersey? | Instead of Anglican, what were the churches never supported in New York and New Jersey? | [
"Instead of Anglican, what were the churches never supported in New York and New Jersey?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23315 | 5ad14149645df0001a2d13f0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | What were taxpayers not free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax? | What were taxpayers not free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax? | [
" What were taxpayers not free to do after they paid the Duke of York his local tax?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23316 | 5ad14149645df0001a2d13f1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | Why was the Duke a friend of Anglicanism? | Why was the Duke a friend of Anglicanism? | [
" Why was the Duke a friend of Anglicanism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23317 | 5ad14149645df0001a2d13f2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Duke of York had required that every community in his new lands of New York and New Jersey support some church, but this was more often Dutch Reformed, Quaker or Presbyterian, than Anglican. Some chose to support more than one church. He also ordained that the tax-payers were free, having paid his local tax, to cho... | When did the first Anglican minister leave New Jersey? | When did the first Anglican minister leave New Jersey? | [
" When did the first Anglican minister leave New Jersey?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23318 | 5731bb10b9d445190005e4cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to? | What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to? | [
"What did the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Christians"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23319 | 5731bb10b9d445190005e4d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being? | What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being? | [
"What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as being?"
] | {
"text": [
"fervently Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23320 | 5731bb10b9d445190005e4d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy? | What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy? | [
"What religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?"
] | {
"text": [
"Scottish Catholic"
],
"answer_start": [
202
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23321 | 5731bb10b9d445190005e4d2 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681? | What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681? | [
"What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would not be for those running for an office, in 1681?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious test"
],
"answer_start": [
302
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23322 | 5731bb10b9d445190005e4d3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced? | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced? | [
"When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope replaced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1799"
],
"answer_start": [
548
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23323 | 5ad141b5645df0001a2d13f8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What didn't the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to? | What didn't the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to? | [
"What didn't the original charter of the Province of East Jersey restrict membership in its Assembly to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23324 | 5ad141b5645df0001a2d13f9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as not being? | What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as not being? | [
" What was the Duke of York's relationship to his religion described as not being?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23325 | 5ad141b5645df0001a2d13fa | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What non-religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy? | What non-religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy? | [
" What non-religious sect were the proprietors of Perth Amboy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23326 | 5ad141b5645df0001a2d13fb | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would be for those running for an office, in 1681? | What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would be for those running for an office, in 1681? | [
"What did the Province of West Jersey specify there would be for those running for an office, in 1681?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23327 | 5ad141b5645df0001a2d13fc | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The original charter of the Province of East Jersey had restricted membership in the Assembly to Christians; the Duke of York was fervently Catholic, and the proprietors of Perth Amboy, New Jersey were Scottish Catholic peers. The Province of West Jersey had declared, in 1681, that there should be no religious test for... | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced? | When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced? | [
"When was an oath requiring militia to abjure the pretensions of the pope not replaced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23328 | 5731bbb5e99e3014001e622c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state? | What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state? | [
"What does the first amendment to the US Constitution state?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof\""
],
"answer_start": [
50
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23329 | 5731bbb5e99e3014001e622d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What is the first part of the First Amendment know as? | What is the first part of the First Amendment know as? | [
"What is the first part of the First Amendment know as?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"establishment clause\""
],
"answer_start": [
189
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23330 | 5731bbb5e99e3014001e622e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as? | What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as? | [
"What is the last part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"free exercise clause\""
],
"answer_start": [
220
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23331 | 5731bbb5e99e3014001e622f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of? | What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of? | [
"What do the two clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court's interpretations of the \"separation of church and state\" doctrine."
],
"answer_start": [
284
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23332 | 5731bbb5e99e3014001e6230 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose? | What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose? | [
"What are citizens of the United States free to embrace or reject as they choose?"
] | {
"text": [
"a faith"
],
"answer_start": [
677
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23333 | 5ad141f4645df0001a2d140c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What does the second amendment to the US Constitution state? | What does the second amendment to the US Constitution state? | [
" What does the second amendment to the US Constitution state?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23334 | 5ad141f4645df0001a2d140d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What is the second part of the First Amendment know as? | What is the second part of the First Amendment know as? | [
" What is the second part of the First Amendment know as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23335 | 5ad141f4645df0001a2d140e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What is the first part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as? | What is the first part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as? | [
"What is the first part of the sentence of the First Amendment known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23336 | 5ad141f4645df0001a2d140f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What do the four clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of? | What do the four clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of? | [
" What do the four clauses of the First Amendment for the basis of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23337 | 5ad141f4645df0001a2d1410 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The first amendment to the US Constitution states "Congress shall make no law respecting an establishment of religion, or prohibiting the free exercise thereof" The two parts, known as the "establishment clause" and the "free exercise clause" respectively, form the textual basis for the Supreme Court's interpretations ... | What are citizens of the United States not free to embrace or reject as they choose? | What are citizens of the United States not free to embrace or reject as they choose? | [
"What are citizens of the United States not free to embrace or reject as they choose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23338 | 5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c3 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | What is John Baker of LSU's profession? | What is John Baker of LSU's profession? | [
"What is John Baker of LSU's profession?"
] | {
"text": [
"legal scholars"
],
"answer_start": [
5
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23339 | 5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c4 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment? | Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the First Amendment? | [
"Why was a more general \"religion\" used in the language of the First Amendment?"
] | {
"text": [
"to appease the Anti-Federalists"
],
"answer_start": [
264
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23340 | 5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c5 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists? | Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists? | [
"Why was the word \"national\" a cause for alarm to both Federalists and Anti-Federalists?"
] | {
"text": [
"because of the experience under the British crown"
],
"answer_start": [
394
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23341 | 5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c6 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause? | Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause? | [
"Who took issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?"
] | {
"text": [
"Elbridge Gerry"
],
"answer_start": [
499
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23342 | 5731bcdc0fdd8d15006c64c7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? | What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? | [
"What was Elbridge Gerry's constituency? "
] | {
"text": [
"Massachusetts"
],
"answer_start": [
517
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23343 | 5ad1423f645df0001a2d1420 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | What is John Baker of LLU's profession? | What is John Baker of LLU's profession? | [
"What is John Baker of LLU's profession?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23344 | 5ad1423f645df0001a2d1421 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the Second Amendment? | Why was a more general "religion" used in the language of the Second Amendment? | [
"Why was a more general \"religion\" used in the language of the Second Amendment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23345 | 5ad1423f645df0001a2d1422 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to neither Federalists and Anti-Federalists? | Why was the word "national" a cause for alarm to neither Federalists and Anti-Federalists? | [
"Why was the word \"national\" a cause for alarm to neither Federalists and Anti-Federalists?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23346 | 5ad1423f645df0001a2d1423 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | Who didn't take issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause? | Who didn't take issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause? | [
"Who didn't take issue with Madison's language during the debate over the establishment clause?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23347 | 5ad1423f645df0001a2d1424 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Some legal scholars, such as John Baker of LSU, theorize that Madison's initial proposed language—that Congress should make no law regarding the establishment of a "national religion"—was rejected by the House, in favor of the more general "religion" in an effort to appease the Anti-Federalists. To both the Anti-Federa... | What wasn't Elbridge Gerry's constituency? | What wasn't Elbridge Gerry's constituency? | [
" What wasn't Elbridge Gerry's constituency?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23348 | 5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64cd | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Where was Representative Roger Sherman from? | Where was Representative Roger Sherman from? | [
"Where was Representative Roger Sherman from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Connecticut"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23349 | 5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64ce | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? | Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? | [
"Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was unnecessary? "
] | {
"text": [
"Constitution only gave Congress stated powers"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23350 | 5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64cf | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution? | What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution? | [
"What power was not granted to Congress by the Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [
"establishing a national religion"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23351 | 5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64d0 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from? | Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from? | [
"Where was Representative Thomas Tucker from?"
] | {
"text": [
"South Carolina"
],
"answer_start": [
258
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23352 | 5731bd5e0fdd8d15006c64d1 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt? | What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt? | [
"What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could preempt?"
] | {
"text": [
"religious clauses in the state constitutions"
],
"answer_start": [
354
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23353 | 5ad142a4645df0001a2d142a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Where was Representative Roger Merman from? | Where was Representative Roger Merman from? | [
" Where was Representative Roger Merman from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23354 | 5ad142a4645df0001a2d142b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was necessary? | Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was necessary? | [
"Why did Sherman believe the establishment clause was necessary?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23355 | 5ad142a4645df0001a2d142c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | What power was granted to Congress by the Constitution? | What power was granted to Congress by the Constitution? | [
" What power was granted to Congress by the Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23356 | 5ad142a4645df0001a2d142d | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | Where was Representative Thomas Pucker from? | Where was Representative Thomas Pucker from? | [
" Where was Representative Thomas Pucker from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23357 | 5ad142a4645df0001a2d142e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Others, such as Rep. Roger Sherman of Connecticut, believed the clause was unnecessary because the original Constitution only gave Congress stated powers, which did not include establishing a national religion. Anti-Federalists such as Rep. Thomas Tucker of South Carolina moved to strike the establishment clause comple... | What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could not preempt? | What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could not preempt? | [
"What was Tucker concerned the establishment clause could not preempt?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23358 | 5731bde8b9d445190005e4f7 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created? | When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created? | [
"When was the 14th Amendment to the US Constitution created?"
] | {
"text": [
"post-Civil War"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23359 | 5731bde8b9d445190005e4f8 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What was the intent of the 14th Amendment? | What was the intent of the 14th Amendment? | [
"What was the intent of the 14th Amendment?"
] | {
"text": [
"secure rights for former slaves"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23360 | 5731bde8b9d445190005e4f9 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What clauses does the 14th Amendment include? | What clauses does the 14th Amendment include? | [
"What clauses does the 14th Amendment include?"
] | {
"text": [
"due process and equal protection clauses"
],
"answer_start": [
177
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23361 | 5731bde8b9d445190005e4fa | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of? | What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of? | [
"What does the 14th Amendment also introduce the concept of?"
] | {
"text": [
"incorporation of all relevant federal rights against the states"
],
"answer_start": [
272
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23362 | 5731bde8b9d445190005e4fb | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure? | What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure? | [
"What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to ensure?"
] | {
"text": [
"application of most of the rights enumerated in the Bill of Rights to the states"
],
"answer_start": [
506
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23363 | 5ad142f7645df0001a2d1434 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | When was the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution created? | When was the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution created? | [
"When was the 13th Amendment to the US Constitution created?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23364 | 5ad142f7645df0001a2d1435 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What was the intent of the 13th Amendment? | What was the intent of the 13th Amendment? | [
" What was the intent of the 13th Amendment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23365 | 5ad142f7645df0001a2d1436 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What clauses does the 13th Amendment include? | What clauses does the 13th Amendment include? | [
" What clauses does the 13th Amendment include?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23366 | 5ad142f7645df0001a2d1437 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What does the 13th Amendment also introduce the concept of? | What does the 13th Amendment also introduce the concept of? | [
" What does the 13th Amendment also introduce the concept of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23367 | 5ad142f7645df0001a2d1438 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The Fourteenth Amendment to the United States Constitution (Amendment XIV) is one of the post-Civil War amendments, intended to secure rights for former slaves. It includes the due process and equal protection clauses among others. The amendment introduces the concept of incorporation of all relevant federal rights aga... | What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to not ensure? | What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to not ensure? | [
"What has the doctrine of incorporation been used to not ensure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23368 | 5731bedce99e3014001e623e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments? | What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments? | [
"What landmark case has impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?"
] | {
"text": [
"Everson v. Board of Education"
],
"answer_start": [
86
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23369 | 5731bedce99e3014001e623f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education? | What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education? | [
"What did the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?"
] | {
"text": [
"state law"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23370 | 5731bedce99e3014001e6240 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to? | What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to? | [
"What did the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?"
] | {
"text": [
"state governments"
],
"answer_start": [
440
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23371 | 5731bedce99e3014001e6241 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states? | What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states? | [
"What was a recent case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?"
] | {
"text": [
"Board of Education of Kiryas Joel Village School District v. Grumet"
],
"answer_start": [
545
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23372 | 5731bedce99e3014001e6242 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | When was the case of v. Grumet? | When was the case of v. Grumet? | [
"When was the case of v. Grumet?"
] | {
"text": [
"1994"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23373 | 5ad14342645df0001a2d1464 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What landmark case hasn't impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments? | What landmark case hasn't impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments? | [
"What landmark case hasn't impacted all subsequent interpretations of the separation of church and state in regard to state governments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23374 | 5ad14342645df0001a2d1465 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What didn't the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education? | What didn't the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education? | [
"What didn't the Supreme Court uphold in Everson v. Board of Education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23375 | 5ad14342645df0001a2d1466 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What didn't the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to? | What didn't the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to? | [
"What didn't the Supreme Court hold the First Amendment establishment clause was fully applicable to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23376 | 5ad14342645df0001a2d1467 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | What was a past case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states? | What was a past case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states? | [
"What was a past case involving the application of the principle of the establishment clause against states?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23377 | 5ad14342645df0001a2d1468 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The incorporation of the First Amendment establishment clause in the landmark case of Everson v. Board of Education has impacted the subsequent interpretation of the separation of church and state in regard to the state governments. Although upholding the state law in that case, which provided for public busing to priv... | When was the case of v. Prumet? | When was the case of v. Prumet? | [
" When was the case of v. Prumet?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23378 | 5731c1e2e99e3014001e6252 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence? | What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" became part of what jurisprudence? | [
"What did Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state\" became part of what jurisprudence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Establishment Clause"
],
"answer_start": [
79
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23379 | 5731c1e2e99e3014001e6253 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to? | What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to? | [
"What case was Jefferson's concept apropos to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23380 | 5731c1e2e99e3014001e6254 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion? | What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion? | [
"What does the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"freedom"
],
"answer_start": [
293
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23381 | 5731c1e2e99e3014001e6255 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What word is not defined in the Constitution? | What word is not defined in the Constitution? | [
"What word is not defined in the Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [
"religion"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23382 | 5731c1e2e99e3014001e6256 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to? | Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to? | [
"Who had Jefferson's letter been sent to?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Danbury Baptists"
],
"answer_start": [
759
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23383 | 5ad143a8645df0001a2d146e | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" didn't become part of what jurisprudence? | Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state" didn't become part of what jurisprudence? | [
"Jefferson's concept of 'separation of church and state\" didn't become part of what jurisprudence?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23384 | 5ad143a8645df0001a2d146f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What case wasn't Jefferson's concept apropos to? | What case wasn't Jefferson's concept apropos to? | [
"What case wasn't Jefferson's concept apropos to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23385 | 5ad143a8645df0001a2d1470 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What doesn't the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion? | What doesn't the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion? | [
" What doesn't the constitution guarantee when it comes to religion?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23386 | 5ad143a8645df0001a2d1471 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | What word is defined in the Constitution? | What word is defined in the Constitution? | [
" What word is defined in the Constitution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23387 | 5ad143a8645df0001a2d1472 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Jefferson's concept of "separation of church and state" first became a part of Establishment Clause jurisprudence in Reynolds v. U.S., 98 U.S. 145 (1878). In that case, the court examined the history of religious liberty in the US, determining that while the constitution guarantees religious freedom, "The word 'religio... | Who hadn't Jefferson's letter been sent to? | Who hadn't Jefferson's letter been sent to? | [
"Who hadn't Jefferson's letter been sent to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23388 | 5731c3a2b9d445190005e51f | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit? | When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit? | [
"When was the centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution made explicit?"
] | {
"text": [
"1947"
],
"answer_start": [
151
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23389 | 5731c3a2b9d445190005e520 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What case was the concept relevant? | What case was the concept relevant? | [
"What case was the concept relevant?"
] | {
"text": [
"Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1"
],
"answer_start": [
108
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23390 | 5731c3a2b9d445190005e521 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education? | What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education? | [
"What was the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?"
] | {
"text": [
"government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools"
],
"answer_start": [
208
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23391 | 5731c3a2b9d445190005e522 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of? | What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of? | [
"What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the first instance of?"
] | {
"text": [
"court applied the Establishment Clause to the laws of a state"
],
"answer_start": [
337
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23392 | 5731c3a2b9d445190005e523 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | How must the wall separating church and state be kept? | How must the wall separating church and state be kept? | [
"How must the wall separating church and state be kept?"
] | {
"text": [
"high and impregnable"
],
"answer_start": [
683
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23393 | 5ad143f8645df0001a2d1478 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution not made explicit? | When was the centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution not made explicit? | [
"When was the centrality of the \"separation\" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution not made explicit?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23394 | 5ad143f8645df0001a2d1479 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What case wasn't the concept relevant? | What case wasn't the concept relevant? | [
" What case wasn't the concept relevant?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23395 | 5ad143f8645df0001a2d147a | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What wasn't the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education? | What wasn't the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education? | [
" What wasn't the topic of the Everson v. Board of Education?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23396 | 5ad143f8645df0001a2d147b | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of? | What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of? | [
"What was the case of Everson v. Board of Education the second instance of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23397 | 5ad143f8645df0001a2d147c | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | The centrality of the "separation" concept to the Religion Clauses of the Constitution was made explicit in Everson v. Board of Education, 330 U.S. 1 (1947), a case dealing with a New Jersey law that allowed government funds to pay for transportation of students to both public and Catholic schools. This was the first c... | How mustn't the wall separating church and state be kept? | How mustn't the wall separating church and state be kept? | [
" How mustn't the wall separating church and state be kept?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23398 | 5731ca39e99e3014001e6278 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | What did the decision ultimately uphold? | What did the decision ultimately uphold? | [
"What did the decision ultimately uphold?"
] | {
"text": [
"state law"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23399 | 5731ca39e99e3014001e6279 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | While the decision (with four dissents) ultimately upheld the state law allowing the funding of transportation of students to religious schools, the majority opinion (by Justice Hugo Black) and the dissenting opinions (by Justice Wiley Blount Rutledge and Justice Robert H. Jackson) each explicitly stated that the Const... | What was the state allowed to continue to fund? | What was the state allowed to continue to fund? | [
"What was the state allowed to continue to fund?"
] | {
"text": [
"transportation of students to religious schools"
],
"answer_start": [
96
]
} |
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