gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-23600 | 5ad14c96645df0001a2d1663 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | What does Wood believe the U.K. operates on? | What does Wood believe the U.K. operates on? | [
" What does Wood believe the U.K. operates on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23601 | 5ad14c96645df0001a2d1664 | Separation_of_church_and_state_in_the_United_States | Robert S. Wood has argued that the United States is a model for the world in terms of how a separation of church and state—no state-run or state-established church—is good for both the church and the state, allowing a variety of religions to flourish. Speaking at the Toronto-based Center for New Religions, Wood said th... | What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they don't want to believe? | What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they don't want to believe? | [
" What does Wood call the approach of allowing individuals the freedom to decide what they don't want to believe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23602 | 572820664b864d19001644f6 | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | What is federalism? | What is federalism? | [
"What is federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23603 | 572820664b864d19001644f7 | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? | In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? | [
"In Federalism, are the division of powers equal? "
] | {
"text": [
"division of powers between two levels of government of equal status"
],
"answer_start": [
558
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23604 | 572820664b864d19001644f8 | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | What type of governments are included in federalism? | What type of governments are included in federalism? | [
"What type of governments are included in federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23605 | 572820664b864d19001644f9 | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | How many governments are apart of federalism? | How many governments are apart of federalism? | [
"How many governments are apart of federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"relationship of parity between the two levels of government"
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23606 | 5acf992d77cf76001a6853da | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | What isn't federalism? | What isn't federalism? | [
"What isn't federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23607 | 5acf992d77cf76001a6853db | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | What features are indistinctive of federalism? | What features are indistinctive of federalism? | [
"What features are indistinctive of federalism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23608 | 5acf992d77cf76001a6853dc | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | What document rejected modern federalist government? | What document rejected modern federalist government? | [
"What document rejected modern federalist government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23609 | 5acf992d77cf76001a6853dd | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | What distinguishes Federalism from no other types of government? | What distinguishes Federalism from no other types of government? | [
"What distinguishes Federalism from no other types of government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23610 | 5acf992d77cf76001a6853de | Federalism | Federalism refers to the mixed or compound mode of government, combining a general government (the central or 'federal' government) with regional governments (provincial, state, Land, cantonal, territorial or other sub-unit governments) in a single political system. Its distinctive feature, exemplified in the founding ... | Federalism combines what three types of government? | Federalism combines what three types of government? | [
"Federalism combines what three types of government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23611 | 5728233a2ca10214002d9eac | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? | Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? | [
"Before new research, what was the definition of federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"a division of sovereignty between two levels of government"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23612 | 5728233a2ca10214002d9ead | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? | After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? | [
"After new research, what was the final definition of federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"final and absolute source of political authority in a political community - is not possible."
],
"answer_start": [
349
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23613 | 5728233a2ca10214002d9eae | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | When was federalism put into place? | When was federalism put into place? | [
"When was federalism put into place? "
] | {
"text": [
"The descent of the United States into Civil War in the mid-nineteenth century"
],
"answer_start": [
442
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23614 | 5728233a2ca10214002d9eaf | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? | What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? | [
"What is the difference between multi-level political forms and federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"the characteristic of equality of standing between the two levels of government established"
],
"answer_start": [
983
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23615 | 5728233a2ca10214002d9eb0 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | What is an example of a federal union? | What is an example of a federal union? | [
"What is an example of a federal union? "
] | {
"text": [
"the European Union"
],
"answer_start": [
1565
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23616 | 5acf99d377cf76001a685400 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was possible? | What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was possible? | [
"What historical event illustrated that dividing sovereignty was possible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23617 | 5acf99d377cf76001a685401 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | Old research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms? | Old research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms? | [
"Old research has clarified that Federalism has how many distinct forms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23618 | 5acf99d377cf76001a685402 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | What organization is a leading example of a local union? | What organization is a leading example of a local union? | [
"What organization is a leading example of a local union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23619 | 5acf99d377cf76001a685403 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | What distinguishes Federalism from other single-level governments? | What distinguishes Federalism from other single-level governments? | [
"What distinguishes Federalism from other single-level governments?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23620 | 5acf99d377cf76001a685404 | Federalism | Until recently, in the absence of prior agreement on a clear and precise definition, the concept was thought to mean (as a shorthand) 'a division of sovereignty between two levels of government'. New research, however, argues that this cannot be correct, as dividing sovereignty - when this concept is properly understoo... | What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the partial? | What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the partial? | [
"What form of Federalism is characterized by where sovereignty resides in the partial?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23621 | 5728266d3acd2414000df5a1 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What is the Latin word for federalism? | What is the Latin word for federalism? | [
"What is the Latin word for federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"foedus"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23622 | 5728266d3acd2414000df5a2 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? | What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? | [
"What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 18th century? "
] | {
"text": [
"a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty."
],
"answer_start": [
179
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23623 | 5728266d3acd2414000df5a3 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? | What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? | [
"What did James Madison referred to the new United States as? "
] | {
"text": [
"'neither a national nor a federal Constitution, but a composition of both"
],
"answer_start": [
412
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23624 | 5acf9a3777cf76001a685412 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What isn't the Latin word for federalism? | What isn't the Latin word for federalism? | [
"What isn't the Latin word for federalism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23625 | 5acf9a3777cf76001a685413 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 17th century? | What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 17th century? | [
"What was federalism and confederalism common meaning in the 17th century? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23626 | 5acf9a3777cf76001a685414 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What did James Madison referred to the old United States as? | What did James Madison referred to the old United States as? | [
"What did James Madison referred to the old United States as? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23627 | 5acf9a3777cf76001a685415 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What did John Madison referred to the new United States as? | What did John Madison referred to the new United States as? | [
"What did John Madison referred to the new United States as? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23628 | 5acf9a3777cf76001a685416 | Federalism | The terms 'federalism' and 'confederalism' both have a root in the Latin word foedus, meaning treaty, pact or covenant. Their common meaning until the late eighteenth century was a simple league or inter-governmental relationship among sovereign states based upon a treaty. They were therefore initially synonyms. It was... | What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as? | What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as? | [
"What did James Madison referred to the new United Nations as? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23629 | 572827732ca10214002d9f5c | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | Where does the federalist model work best in? | Where does the federalist model work best in? | [
"Where does the federalist model work best in? "
] | {
"text": [
"homogeneous states"
],
"answer_start": [
167
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23630 | 572827732ca10214002d9f5d | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What are homogeneous states? | What are homogeneous states? | [
"What are homogeneous states? "
] | {
"text": [
"United States, Germany or Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
198
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23631 | 572827732ca10214002d9f5e | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries? | Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries? | [
"Where can tensions be found in the federalist countries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Canada"
],
"answer_start": [
382
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23632 | 572827732ca10214002d9f5f | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What countries did the federalist model fail in? | What countries did the federalist model fail in? | [
"What countries did the federalist model fail in? "
] | {
"text": [
"Yugoslavia or Czechoslovakia"
],
"answer_start": [
620
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23633 | 572827732ca10214002d9f60 | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What countries dismissed the federalist model? | What countries dismissed the federalist model? | [
"What countries dismissed the federalist model? "
] | {
"text": [
"Ukraine or Syria"
],
"answer_start": [
582
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23634 | 5acf9b5f77cf76001a68545c | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | Where does the federalist model work worst in? | Where does the federalist model work worst in? | [
"Where does the federalist model work worst in? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23635 | 5acf9b5f77cf76001a68545d | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What aren't homogeneous states? | What aren't homogeneous states? | [
"What aren't homogeneous states? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23636 | 5acf9b5f77cf76001a68545e | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | Where can't tensions be found in the federalist countries? | Where can't tensions be found in the federalist countries? | [
"Where can't tensions be found in the federalist countries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23637 | 5acf9b5f77cf76001a68545f | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What countries did the federalist model succeed in? | What countries did the federalist model succeed in? | [
"What countries did the federalist model succeed in? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23638 | 5acf9b5f77cf76001a685460 | Federalism | Whilst it is often perceived as an optimal solution for states comprising different cultural or ethnic communities, the federalist model seems to work best in largely homogeneous states such as the United States, Germany or Australia, but there is also evidence to the contrary such as in Switzerland. Tensions between t... | What countries embraced the federalist model? | What countries embraced the federalist model? | [
"What countries embraced the federalist model? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23639 | 5728292e2ca10214002d9f90 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | In the United States, what was federalism referred to? | In the United States, what was federalism referred to? | [
"In the United States, what was federalism referred to? "
] | {
"text": [
"belief in a stronger central government."
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23640 | 5728292e2ca10214002d9f91 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? | When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? | [
"When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party support? "
] | {
"text": [
"stronger central government"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23641 | 5728292e2ca10214002d9f92 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | What did anti-federalist support? | What did anti-federalist support? | [
"What did anti-federalist support? "
] | {
"text": [
"weaker central government"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23642 | 5728292e2ca10214002d9f93 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? | On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? | [
"On the political spectrum, where does federalism stand? "
] | {
"text": [
"federalism\" is situated in the middle of the political spectrum between a confederacy and a unitary state"
],
"answer_start": [
402
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23643 | 5acf9bdd77cf76001a685484 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to? | In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to? | [
"In the United States, what wasn't federalism referred to? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23644 | 5acf9bdd77cf76001a685485 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | When the U.S Constitution was being erased, what did the federalist party support? | When the U.S Constitution was being erased, what did the federalist party support? | [
"When the U.S Constitution was being erased, what did the federalist party support? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23645 | 5acf9bdd77cf76001a685486 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? | When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? | [
"When the U.S Constitution was being drafted, what did the federalist party oppose? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23646 | 5acf9bdd77cf76001a685487 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | What did anti-federalist oppose? | What did anti-federalist oppose? | [
"What did anti-federalist oppose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23647 | 5acf9bdd77cf76001a685488 | Federalism | In the United States, federalism originally referred to belief in a stronger central government. When the U.S. Constitution was being drafted, the Federalist Party supported a stronger central government, while "Anti-Federalists" wanted a weaker central government. This is very different from the modern usage of "feder... | On the political spectrum, where doesn't federalism stand? | On the political spectrum, where doesn't federalism stand? | [
"On the political spectrum, where doesn't federalism stand? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23648 | 572829d9ff5b5019007d9e58 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | Who has a greater history of unitary states? | Who has a greater history of unitary states? | [
"Who has a greater history of unitary states? "
] | {
"text": [
"Europe"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23649 | 572829d9ff5b5019007d9e59 | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What does federalism mean in Europe? | What does federalism mean in Europe? | [
"What does federalism mean in Europe? "
] | {
"text": [
"weaker central government, relative to a unitary state"
],
"answer_start": [
120
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23650 | 572829d9ff5b5019007d9e5a | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? | What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? | [
"What branch does the United States want to limit under the federalist model? "
] | {
"text": [
"judiciary"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23651 | 5acf9c4777cf76001a6854aa | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | Who has a lesser history of unitary states? | Who has a lesser history of unitary states? | [
"Who has a lesser history of unitary states? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23652 | 5acf9c4777cf76001a6854ab | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | Who has a greater history of solitary states? | Who has a greater history of solitary states? | [
"Who has a greater history of solitary states? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23653 | 5acf9c4777cf76001a6854ac | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What doesn't federalism mean in Europe? | What doesn't federalism mean in Europe? | [
"What doesn't federalism mean in Europe? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23654 | 5acf9c4777cf76001a6854ad | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What branch doesn't the United States want to limit under the federalist model? | What branch doesn't the United States want to limit under the federalist model? | [
"What branch doesn't the United States want to limit under the federalist model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23655 | 5acf9c4777cf76001a6854ae | Federalism | In contrast, Europe has a greater history of unitary states than North America, thus European "federalism" argues for a weaker central government, relative to a unitary state. The modern American usage of the word is much closer to the European sense. As the power of the Federal government has increased, some people ha... | What branch does the United Nations want to limit under the federalist model? | What branch does the United Nations want to limit under the federalist model? | [
"What branch does the United Nations want to limit under the federalist model?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23656 | 57282b142ca10214002d9fd4 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What happened on January 1st 1901? | What happened on January 1st 1901? | [
"What happened on January 1st 1901?"
] | {
"text": [
"nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation"
],
"answer_start": [
31
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23657 | 57282b142ca10214002d9fd5 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent? | When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent? | [
"When did the United Kingdom colonized the Australian continent?"
] | {
"text": [
"1788"
],
"answer_start": [
169
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23658 | 57282b142ca10214002d9fd6 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? | Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? | [
"Which model is of federalism is similar to the federalism model in Australia? "
] | {
"text": [
"United States of America"
],
"answer_start": [
647
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23659 | 57282b142ca10214002d9fd7 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What was established when Australia was colonized? | What was established when Australia was colonized? | [
"What was established when Australia was colonized? "
] | {
"text": [
"six, eventually self-governing, colonies"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23660 | 5acf9cbb77cf76001a6854e4 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What happened on January 21st 1901? | What happened on January 21st 1901? | [
"What happened on January 21st 1901?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23661 | 5acf9cbb77cf76001a6854e5 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | When did the United Kingdom leave the Australian continent? | When did the United Kingdom leave the Australian continent? | [
"When did the United Kingdom leave the Australian continent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23662 | 5acf9cbb77cf76001a6854e6 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | When didn't the United Kingdom colonize the Australian continent? | When didn't the United Kingdom colonize the Australian continent? | [
"When didn't the United Kingdom colonize the Australian continent?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23663 | 5acf9cbb77cf76001a6854e7 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | Which model is of federalism is opposite to the federalism model in Australia? | Which model is of federalism is opposite to the federalism model in Australia? | [
"Which model is of federalism is opposite to the federalism model in Australia? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23664 | 5acf9cbb77cf76001a6854e8 | Federalism | On the 1st of January 1901 the nation-state of Australia officially came into existence as a federation. The Australian continent was colonised by the United Kingdom in 1788, which subsequently established six, eventually self-governing, colonies there. In the 1890s the governments of these colonies all held referendum... | What was abolished when Australia was colonized? | What was abolished when Australia was colonized? | [
"What was abolished when Australia was colonized? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23665 | 57282bf93acd2414000df629 | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy? | When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy? | [
"When was Brazil's fall of the monarchy?"
] | {
"text": [
"1889"
],
"answer_start": [
39
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23666 | 57282bf93acd2414000df62a | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil? | Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil? | [
"Who caused the fall of the monarchy happened in Brazil?"
] | {
"text": [
"military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca."
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23667 | 57282bf93acd2414000df62b | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | When did Brazil adopt federalism? | When did Brazil adopt federalism? | [
"When did Brazil adopt federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"1891"
],
"answer_start": [
323
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23668 | 57282bf93acd2414000df62c | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | What other system does Brazil use? | What other system does Brazil use? | [
"What other system does Brazil use? "
] | {
"text": [
"Fonseca system"
],
"answer_start": [
626
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23669 | 57282bf93acd2414000df62d | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | What is the fonseca system? | What is the fonseca system? | [
"What is the fonseca system? "
] | {
"text": [
"regulate interstate trade"
],
"answer_start": [
644
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23670 | 5acf9d1e77cf76001a6854f8 | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | When was Brazil's rise of the monarchy? | When was Brazil's rise of the monarchy? | [
"When was Brazil's rise of the monarchy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23671 | 5acf9d1e77cf76001a6854f9 | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | Who didn't cause the fall of the monarchy that happened in Brazil? | Who didn't cause the fall of the monarchy that happened in Brazil? | [
"Who didn't cause the fall of the monarchy that happened in Brazil?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23672 | 5acf9d1e77cf76001a6854fa | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | When did Brazil reject federalism? | When did Brazil reject federalism? | [
"When did Brazil reject federalism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23673 | 5acf9d1e77cf76001a6854fb | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | What other system does Brazil reject? | What other system does Brazil reject? | [
"What other system does Brazil reject? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23674 | 5acf9d1e77cf76001a6854fc | Federalism | In Brazil, the fall of the monarchy in 1889 by a military coup d'état led to the rise of the presidential system, headed by Deodoro da Fonseca. Aided by well-known jurist Ruy Barbosa, Fonseca established federalism in Brazil by decree, but this system of government would be confirmed by every Brazilian constitution sin... | What isn't the fonseca system? | What isn't the fonseca system? | [
"What isn't the fonseca system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23675 | 57282f5c3acd2414000df68b | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What is the government of India based on? | What is the government of India based on? | [
"What is the government of India based on? "
] | {
"text": [
"tiered system"
],
"answer_start": [
38
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23676 | 57282f5c3acd2414000df68c | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What is a tiered system? | What is a tiered system? | [
"What is a tiered system? "
] | {
"text": [
"the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23677 | 57282f5c3acd2414000df68d | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What was the constitution originally provided for? | What was the constitution originally provided for? | [
"What was the constitution originally provided for? "
] | {
"text": [
"two-tier system of government"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23678 | 57282f5c3acd2414000df68e | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? | When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? | [
"When the third tiere was added on, what is it in form of? "
] | {
"text": [
"Panchayats and Municipalities"
],
"answer_start": [
407
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23679 | 5acf9d8577cf76001a685526 | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What isn't the government of India based on? | What isn't the government of India based on? | [
"What isn't the government of India based on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23680 | 5acf9d8577cf76001a685527 | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What isn't a tiered system? | What isn't a tiered system? | [
"What isn't a tiered system? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23681 | 5acf9d8577cf76001a685528 | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What was the constitution originally not provided for? | What was the constitution originally not provided for? | [
"What was the constitution originally not provided for? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23682 | 5acf9d8577cf76001a685529 | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | What was the constitution never provided for? | What was the constitution never provided for? | [
"What was the constitution never provided for? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23683 | 5acf9d8577cf76001a68552a | Federalism | The government of India is based on a tiered system, in which the Constitution of India delineates the subjects on which each tier of government has executive powers. The Constitution originally provided for a two-tier system of government, the Union Government (also known as the Central Government), representing the U... | When the third tiere was taken off, what is it in form of? | When the third tiere was taken off, what is it in form of? | [
"When the third tiere was taken off, what is it in form of? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23684 | 5728307c4b864d19001646be | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism? | What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism? | [
"What is a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"asymmetric"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23685 | 5728307c4b864d19001646bf | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What does Article 370 say? | What does Article 370 say? | [
"What does Article 370 say?"
] | {
"text": [
"special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23686 | 5728307c4b864d19001646c0 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What does Article 371 say? | What does Article 371 say? | [
"What does Article 371 say?"
] | {
"text": [
"special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, Mizoram, Manipur, Nagaland and Sikkim"
],
"answer_start": [
236
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23687 | 5728307c4b864d19001646c1 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What happens with President's Rule? | What happens with President's Rule? | [
"What happens with President's Rule?"
] | {
"text": [
"the central government (through its appointed Governor) takes control of state's administration for certain months"
],
"answer_start": [
483
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23688 | 5acf9dee77cf76001a685542 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What isn't a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism? | What isn't a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism? | [
"What isn't a distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23689 | 5acf9dee77cf76001a685543 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What does Article 307 say? | What does Article 307 say? | [
"What does Article 307 say?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23690 | 5acf9dee77cf76001a685544 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What does Article 317 say? | What does Article 317 say? | [
"What does Article 317 say?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23691 | 5acf9dee77cf76001a685545 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What never happens with President's Rule? | What never happens with President's Rule? | [
"What never happens with President's Rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23692 | 5acf9dee77cf76001a685546 | Federalism | A distinguishing aspect of Indian federalism is that unlike many other forms of federalism, it is asymmetric. Article 370 makes special provisions for the state of Jammu and Kashmir as per its Instrument of Accession. Article 371 makes special provisions for the states of Andhra Pradesh, Arunachal Pradesh, Assam, Goa, ... | What happens with Prime Minister's Rule? | What happens with Prime Minister's Rule? | [
"What happens with Prime Minister's Rule?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23693 | 572833243acd2414000df6cd | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism? | Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism? | [
"Who is the strongest advocate of the European Federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Germany, Italy, Belgium and Luxembourg"
],
"answer_start": [
311
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23694 | 572833243acd2414000df6ce | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who opposed the European Federalism? | Who opposed the European Federalism? | [
"Who opposed the European Federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"United Kingdom, Denmark and France"
],
"answer_start": [
411
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23695 | 572833243acd2414000df6cf | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | [
"When did the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? "
] | {
"text": [
"Since the presidency of François Mitterrand (1981-1995"
],
"answer_start": [
494
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23696 | 5acf9e6477cf76001a685572 | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who is the strongest opponent of the European Federalism? | Who is the strongest opponent of the European Federalism? | [
"Who is the strongest opponent of the European Federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23697 | 5acf9e6477cf76001a685573 | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | Who supported the European Federalism? | Who supported the European Federalism? | [
"Who supported the European Federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23698 | 5acf9e6477cf76001a685574 | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | When did the English authorities adopt the pro-European Unification position? | When did the English authorities adopt the pro-European Unification position? | [
"When did the English authorities adopt the pro-European Unification position? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23699 | 5acf9e6477cf76001a685575 | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | When did the French authorities reject the pro-European Unification position? | When did the French authorities reject the pro-European Unification position? | [
"When did the French authorities reject the pro-European Unification position? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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