gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-23700 | 5acf9e6477cf76001a685576 | Federalism | Although the drafts of both the Maastricht treaty and the Treaty establishing a Constitution for Europe mentioned federalism, the representatives of the member countries (all of whom would have had to agree to use of the term) never formally adopted it. The strongest advocates of European federalism have been Germany, ... | When didn't the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | When didn't the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? | [
"When didn't the French authorities adopted the pro-European Unification position? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23701 | 572833d43acd2414000df6dd | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | When did the federal war end? | When did the federal war end? | [
"When did the federal war end?"
] | {
"text": [
"1863"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23702 | 572833d43acd2414000df6de | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | How did the federal war end? | How did the federal war end? | [
"How did the federal war end? "
] | {
"text": [
"with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces"
],
"answer_start": [
30
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23703 | 572833d43acd2414000df6df | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? | What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? | [
"What did the United States of Venezuela incorporate? "
] | {
"text": [
"\"Federation of Sovereign States\" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United States of America"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23704 | 572833d43acd2414000df6e0 | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | In this type of federation each country had its own what? | In this type of federation each country had its own what? | [
"In this type of federation each country had its own what? "
] | {
"text": [
"President"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23705 | 5acfb91d77cf76001a685a78 | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | When did the federal war start? | When did the federal war start? | [
"When did the federal war start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23706 | 5acfb91d77cf76001a685a79 | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | How did the federal war start? | How did the federal war start? | [
"How did the federal war start? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23707 | 5acfb91d77cf76001a685a7a | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | What did the United States of Venezuela reject? | What did the United States of Venezuela reject? | [
"What did the United States of Venezuela reject?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23708 | 5acfb91d77cf76001a685a7b | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | What did the United States of America incorporate? | What did the United States of America incorporate? | [
"What did the United States of America incorporate?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23709 | 5acfb91d77cf76001a685a7c | Federalism | The Federal War ended in 1863 with the signing of the Treaty of Coche by both the centralist government of the time and the Federal Forces. The United States of Venezuela were subsequently incorporated under a "Federation of Sovereign States" upon principles borrowed from the Articles of Confederation of the United Sta... | In this type of federation each country had shared what? | In this type of federation each country had shared what? | [
"In this type of federation each country had shared what? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23710 | 572834e44b864d1900164720 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | How many components does the Belgian federalism have? | How many components does the Belgian federalism have? | [
"How many components does the Belgian federalism have? "
] | {
"text": [
"three components"
],
"answer_start": [
56
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23711 | 572834e44b864d1900164721 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What passed on July 18, 2007? | What passed on July 18, 2007? | [
"What passed on July 18, 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brussels' parliament"
],
"answer_start": [
660
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23712 | 572834e44b864d1900164722 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What are the Flemish representatives in favor for? | What are the Flemish representatives in favor for? | [
"What are the Flemish representatives in favor for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Brussels resolution, with the exception of one party"
],
"answer_start": [
502
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23713 | 572834e44b864d1900164723 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What is Belgian Federalism? | What is Belgian Federalism? | [
"What is Belgian Federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels."
],
"answer_start": [
130
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23714 | 5acfbc1277cf76001a685b34 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | How many components does the Belgian federalism not have? | How many components does the Belgian federalism not have? | [
"How many components does the Belgian federalism not have? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23715 | 5acfbc1277cf76001a685b35 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What passed on July 18, 2007? | What passed on July 18, 2007? | [
"What passed on July 18, 2007?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23716 | 5acfbc1277cf76001a685b36 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What didn't pass on July 18, 2008? | What didn't pass on July 18, 2008? | [
"What didn't pass on July 18, 2008?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23717 | 5acfbc1277cf76001a685b37 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What are the Flemish representatives not in favor of? | What are the Flemish representatives not in favor of? | [
"What are the Flemish representatives not in favor of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23718 | 5acfbc1277cf76001a685b38 | Federalism | On the other hand, Belgian federalism is federated with three components. An affirmative resolution concerning Brussels' place in the federal system passed in the parliaments of Wallonia and Brussels. These resolutions passed against the desires of Dutch-speaking parties, who are generally in favour of a federal system... | What isn't Belgian Federalism? | What isn't Belgian Federalism? | [
"What isn't Belgian Federalism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23719 | 572835953acd2414000df703 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy? | How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy? | [
"How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?"
] | {
"text": [
"the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements."
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23720 | 572835953acd2414000df704 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? | Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? | [
"Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? "
] | {
"text": [
"Basque Country and Navarre"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23721 | 572835953acd2414000df705 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Where are the main taxes taken? | Where are the main taxes taken? | [
"Where are the main taxes taken?"
] | {
"text": [
"Madrid"
],
"answer_start": [
290
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23722 | 5acfbdc477cf76001a685bd8 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | How did they ignore the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy? | How did they ignore the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy? | [
"How did they ignore the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to democracy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23723 | 5acfbdc477cf76001a685bd9 | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism? | How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism? | [
"How did they manage the tensions in the present of Spanish Transition to communism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23724 | 5acfbdc477cf76001a685bda | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Which cities aren't recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? | Which cities aren't recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? | [
"Which cities aren't recognized in the Spanish Democratic Constitution? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23725 | 5acfbdc477cf76001a685bdb | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Socialist Constitution? | Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Socialist Constitution? | [
"Which cities are recognized in the Spanish Socialist Constitution? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23726 | 5acfbdc477cf76001a685bdc | Federalism | However, in order to manage the tensions present in the Spanish transition to democracy, the drafters of the current Spanish constitution avoided giving labels such as 'federal' to the territorial arrangements. Besides, unlike in the federal system, the main taxes are taken centrally from Madrid (except for the Basque ... | Where are the main taxes ignored? | Where are the main taxes ignored? | [
"Where are the main taxes ignored?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23727 | 572835ea4b864d1900164742 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What are anarchists against? | What are anarchists against? | [
"What are anarchists against? "
] | {
"text": [
"State"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23728 | 572835ea4b864d1900164743 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What are anarchists not against? | What are anarchists not against? | [
"What are anarchists not against? "
] | {
"text": [
"not against political organization or \"governance\"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy."
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23729 | 572835ea4b864d1900164744 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? | What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? | [
"What mode of government does the anarchists prefer? "
] | {
"text": [
"federalism or confederalism"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23730 | 5acfbf7c77cf76001a685c46 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What are anarchists for? | What are anarchists for? | [
"What are anarchists for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23731 | 5acfbf7c77cf76001a685c47 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What aren't anarchists against? | What aren't anarchists against? | [
"What aren't anarchists against?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23732 | 5acfbf7c77cf76001a685c48 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What are anarchists against? | What are anarchists against? | [
"What are anarchists against?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23733 | 5acfbf7c77cf76001a685c49 | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What mode of government does the anarchists hate? | What mode of government does the anarchists hate? | [
"What mode of government does the anarchists hate? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23734 | 5acfbf7c77cf76001a685c4a | Federalism | Anarchists are against the State but are not against political organization or "governance"—so long as it is self-governance utilizing direct democracy. The mode of political organization preferred by anarchists, in general, is federalism or confederalism.[citation needed] However, the anarchist definition of federalis... | What mode of sports does the anarchists prefer? | What mode of sports does the anarchists prefer? | [
"What mode of sports does the anarchists prefer? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23735 | 5728367e4b864d190016474e | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Who can elect the members of the upper house? | Who can elect the members of the upper house? | [
"Who can elect the members of the upper house? "
] | {
"text": [
"government or legislature"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23736 | 5728367e4b864d190016474f | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? | Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? | [
"Can the members of the upper house be elected directly or indirectly? "
] | {
"text": [
"indirectly"
],
"answer_start": [
85
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23737 | 5728367e4b864d1900164750 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? | Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? | [
"Can the members of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? "
] | {
"text": [
"directly"
],
"answer_start": [
417
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23738 | 5acfc59577cf76001a685e34 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Who can't elect the members of the upper house? | Who can't elect the members of the upper house? | [
"Who can't elect the members of the upper house? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23739 | 5acfc59577cf76001a685e35 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? | Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? | [
"Who can elect the leaders of the upper house? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23740 | 5acfc59577cf76001a685e36 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the upper house be impeached directly or indirectly? | Can the members of the upper house be impeached directly or indirectly? | [
"Can the members of the upper house be impeached directly or indirectly? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23741 | 5acfc59577cf76001a685e37 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the members of the lower house be impeached directly or indirectly? | Can the members of the lower house be impeached directly or indirectly? | [
"Can the members of the lower house be impeached directly or indirectly? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23742 | 5acfc59577cf76001a685e38 | Federalism | Alternatively, or in addition to this practice, the members of an upper house may be indirectly elected by the government or legislature of the component states, as occurred in the United States prior to 1913, or be actual members or delegates of the state governments, as, for example, is the case in the German Bundesr... | Can the citizens of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? | Can the citizens of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? | [
"Can the citizens of the lower house be elected directly or indirectly? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23743 | 572836f92ca10214002da0e6 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What is federalism seen as? | What is federalism seen as? | [
"What is federalism seen as? "
] | {
"text": [
"a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries"
],
"answer_start": [
76
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23744 | 572836f92ca10214002da0e7 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What does federalism allow? | What does federalism allow? | [
"What does federalism allow?"
] | {
"text": [
"it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level"
],
"answer_start": [
192
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23745 | 572836f92ca10214002da0e8 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What do scholars think of federalism? | What do scholars think of federalism? | [
"What do scholars think of federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divide countries"
],
"answer_start": [
256
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23746 | 5acfc75077cf76001a685efc | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What isn't federalism seen as? | What isn't federalism seen as? | [
"What isn't federalism seen as? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23747 | 5acfc75077cf76001a685efd | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What is communism seen as? | What is communism seen as? | [
"What is communism seen as? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23748 | 5acfc75077cf76001a685efe | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What doesn't federalism allow? | What doesn't federalism allow? | [
"What doesn't federalism allow?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23749 | 5acfc75077cf76001a685eff | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What does federalism not allow? | What does federalism not allow? | [
"What does federalism not allow?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23750 | 5acfc75077cf76001a685f00 | Federalism | Federalism, and other forms of territorially autonomy, is generally seen as a useful way to structure political systems in order prevent violence among different groups with countries because it allows certain groups to legislate at the subnational level. Some scholars have suggested, however, that federalism can divid... | What don't scholars think of federalism? | What don't scholars think of federalism? | [
"What don't scholars think of federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23751 | 572837e7ff5b5019007d9f46 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? | What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? | [
"What happened to Russia's subdivision of government? "
] | {
"text": [
"changed towards a generally autonomous model"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23752 | 572837e7ff5b5019007d9f47 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | When was Russia's subdivision liberalized? | When was Russia's subdivision liberalized? | [
"When was Russia's subdivision liberalized?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the aftermath of the Soviet Union"
],
"answer_start": [
213
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23753 | 572837e7ff5b5019007d9f48 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? | Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? | [
"Who was in charge when the reforms was going on? "
] | {
"text": [
"Boris Yeltsin"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23754 | 572837e7ff5b5019007d9f49 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? | Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? | [
"Who scaled back some reforms from Yeltsin? "
] | {
"text": [
"Vladimir Putin"
],
"answer_start": [
577
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23755 | 5acfafea77cf76001a685870 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | What happened to Prussia's subdivision of government? | What happened to Prussia's subdivision of government? | [
"What happened to Prussia's subdivision of government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23756 | 5acfafea77cf76001a685871 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | When wasn't Russia's subdivision liberalized? | When wasn't Russia's subdivision liberalized? | [
"When wasn't Russia's subdivision liberalized?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23757 | 5acfafea77cf76001a685872 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who wasn't in charge when the reform was going on? | Who wasn't in charge when the reform was going on? | [
"Who wasn't in charge when the reform was going on? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23758 | 5acfafea77cf76001a685873 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who was in charge when the reforms was scrapped? | Who was in charge when the reforms was scrapped? | [
"Who was in charge when the reforms was scrapped? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23759 | 5acfafea77cf76001a685874 | Federalism | The post-Imperial nature of Russian subdivision of government changed towards a generally autonomous model which began with the establishment of the USSR (of which Russia was governed as part). It was liberalized in the aftermath of the Soviet Union, with the reforms under Boris Yeltsin preserving much of the Soviet st... | Who escalted some reforms from Yeltsin? | Who escalted some reforms from Yeltsin? | [
"Who escalted some reforms from Yeltsin? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23760 | 5728384dff5b5019007d9f4e | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What is federalism in the United States? | What is federalism in the United States? | [
"What is federalism in the United States?"
] | {
"text": [
"ederalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
1
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23761 | 5728384dff5b5019007d9f4f | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | How has the American government evolved? | How has the American government evolved? | [
"How has the American government evolved?"
] | {
"text": [
"American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism."
],
"answer_start": [
136
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23762 | 5728384dff5b5019007d9f50 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What happened in Federalist No.46? | What happened in Federalist No.46? | [
"What happened in Federalist No.46?"
] | {
"text": [
"James Madison asserted that the states and national government"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23763 | 5728384dff5b5019007d9f51 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What happened in Federalist No. 28 | What happened in Federalist No. 28 | [
"What happened in Federalist No. 28"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Federalist No. 28,\" suggested that both levels of government would exercise authority to the citizens' benefit"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23764 | 5acfb06877cf76001a685890 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What is federalism out the United States? | What is federalism out the United States? | [
"What is federalism out the United States?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23765 | 5acfb06877cf76001a685891 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | How has the American government devolved? | How has the American government devolved? | [
"How has the American government devolved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23766 | 5acfb06877cf76001a685892 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What happened in Federalist No.64? | What happened in Federalist No.64? | [
"What happened in Federalist No.64?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23767 | 5acfb06877cf76001a685893 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What never happened in Federalist No.46? | What never happened in Federalist No.46? | [
"What never happened in Federalist No.46?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23768 | 5acfb06877cf76001a685894 | Federalism | Federalism in the United States is the evolving relationship between state governments and the federal government of the United States. American government has evolved from a system of dual federalism to one of associative federalism. In "Federalist No. 46," James Madison asserted that the states and national governmen... | What happened in Federalist No. 82 | What happened in Federalist No. 82 | [
"What happened in Federalist No. 82"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23769 | 57283a1b4b864d19001647a4 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? | Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? | [
"Why did the constitution didn't have to explain federalism? "
] | {
"text": [
"Because the states were preexisting political entities"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23770 | 57283a1b4b864d19001647a5 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What is another word for express powers? | What is another word for express powers? | [
"What is another word for express powers? "
] | {
"text": [
"enumerated powers"
],
"answer_start": [
339
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23771 | 57283a1b4b864d19001647a6 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | Where can we find express powers? | Where can we find express powers? | [
"Where can we find express powers?"
] | {
"text": [
"in the Constitution"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23772 | 57283a1b4b864d19001647a7 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What are the expressed powers? | What are the expressed powers? | [
"What are the expressed powers? "
] | {
"text": [
"the right to levy taxes, declare war, and regulate interstate and foreign commerce."
],
"answer_start": [
418
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23773 | 57283a1b4b864d19001647a8 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? | What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? | [
"What does the Necessary and Proper Clause do? "
] | {
"text": [
"gives the federal government the implied power to pass any law \"necessary and proper\" for the execution of its express powers"
],
"answer_start": [
547
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23774 | 5acfb0d277cf76001a6858ae | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | Why did the constitution have to explain federalism? | Why did the constitution have to explain federalism? | [
"Why did the constitution have to explain federalism? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23775 | 5acfb0d277cf76001a6858af | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What is another word for suppress powers? | What is another word for suppress powers? | [
"What is another word for suppress powers? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23776 | 5acfb0d277cf76001a6858b0 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | Where can we find suppress powers? | Where can we find suppress powers? | [
"Where can we find suppress powers?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23777 | 5acfb0d277cf76001a6858b1 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What are the suppressed powers? | What are the suppressed powers? | [
"What are the suppressed powers? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23778 | 5acfb0d277cf76001a6858b2 | Federalism | Because the states were preexisting political entities, the U.S. Constitution did not need to define or explain federalism in any one section but it often mentions the rights and responsibilities of state governments and state officials in relation to the federal government. The federal government has certain express p... | What does the Unnecessary and Proper Clause do? | What does the Unnecessary and Proper Clause do? | [
"What does the Unnecessary and Proper Clause do? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23779 | 57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8e | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to? | What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to? | [
"What was the federalist party of the United States opposed to?"
] | {
"text": [
"Democratic-Republicans"
],
"answer_start": [
61
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23780 | 57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f8f | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What did the democratic-republican party believe in? | What did the democratic-republican party believe in? | [
"What did the democratic-republican party believe in?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked"
],
"answer_start": [
187
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23781 | 57283ac5ff5b5019007d9f90 | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | Who decided the rights in specific cases? | Who decided the rights in specific cases? | [
"Who decided the rights in specific cases?"
] | {
"text": [
"the judicial system of courts"
],
"answer_start": [
841
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23782 | 5acfb20177cf76001a685908 | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What was the federalist party of the United States in support of? | What was the federalist party of the United States in support of? | [
"What was the federalist party of the United States in support of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23783 | 5acfb20177cf76001a685909 | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What was the federalist party of the United Nations opposed to? | What was the federalist party of the United Nations opposed to? | [
"What was the federalist party of the United Nations opposed to?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23784 | 5acfb20177cf76001a68590a | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What did the democratic-republican party not believe in? | What did the democratic-republican party not believe in? | [
"What did the democratic-republican party not believe in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23785 | 5acfb20177cf76001a68590b | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | What did the democratic-republican party oppose? | What did the democratic-republican party oppose? | [
"What did the democratic-republican party oppose?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23786 | 5acfb20177cf76001a68590c | Federalism | The Federalist Party of the United States was opposed by the Democratic-Republicans, including powerful figures such as Thomas Jefferson. The Democratic-Republicans mainly believed that: the Legislature had too much power (mainly because of the Necessary and Proper Clause) and that they were unchecked; the Executive ha... | Who decided the rights in all cases? | Who decided the rights in all cases? | [
"Who decided the rights in all cases?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23787 | 57283b6f4b864d19001647b8 | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What is the meaning of federalism? | What is the meaning of federalism? | [
"What is the meaning of federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23788 | 57283b6f4b864d19001647b9 | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What types of movements are associated with federalism? | What types of movements are associated with federalism? | [
"What types of movements are associated with federalism?"
] | {
"text": [
"Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends."
],
"answer_start": [
153
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23789 | 57283b6f4b864d19001647ba | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What countries advocate for a strong central government? | What countries advocate for a strong central government? | [
"What countries advocate for a strong central government?"
] | {
"text": [
"United States and Australia"
],
"answer_start": [
404
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23790 | 5acfc6f777cf76001a685ecc | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What isn't the meaning of federalism? | What isn't the meaning of federalism? | [
"What isn't the meaning of federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23791 | 5acfc6f777cf76001a685ecd | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What is the meaning of anti-federalism? | What is the meaning of anti-federalism? | [
"What is the meaning of anti-federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23792 | 5acfc6f777cf76001a685ece | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What types of movements aren't associated with federalism? | What types of movements aren't associated with federalism? | [
"What types of movements aren't associated with federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23793 | 5acfc6f777cf76001a685ecf | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What types of non-movements are associated with federalism? | What types of non-movements are associated with federalism? | [
"What types of non-movements are associated with federalism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23794 | 5acfc6f777cf76001a685ed0 | Federalism | The meaning of federalism, as a political movement, and of what constitutes a 'federalist', varies with country and historical context.[citation needed] Movements associated with the establishment or development of federations can exhibit either centralising or decentralising trends.[citation needed] For example, at th... | What countries are against a strong central government? | What countries are against a strong central government? | [
"What countries are against a strong central government?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23795 | 57283c283acd2414000df773 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What happened between 1938 to 1995? | What happened between 1938 to 1995? | [
"What happened between 1938 to 1995?"
] | {
"text": [
"the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause."
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23796 | 57283c283acd2414000df774 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What are most actions in the federal government known as? | What are most actions in the federal government known as? | [
"What are most actions in the federal government known as?"
] | {
"text": [
"Commerce Clause"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23797 | 57283c283acd2414000df775 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What did the court reject in 1995? | What did the court reject in 1995? | [
"What did the court reject in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Supreme Court rejected the Gun-Free School Zones Act in the Lopez decision"
],
"answer_start": [
346
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23798 | 57283c283acd2414000df776 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What did the court reject in 1994? | What did the court reject in 1994? | [
"What did the court reject in 1994?"
] | {
"text": [
"rejected the civil remedy portion of the Violence Against Women Act"
],
"answer_start": [
435
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-23799 | 57283c283acd2414000df777 | Federalism | From 1938 until 1995, the U.S. Supreme Court did not invalidate any federal statute as exceeding Congress' power under the Commerce Clause. Most actions by the federal government can find some legal support among the express powers, such as the Commerce Clause, whose applicability has been narrowed by the Supreme Court... | What does the commerce clause include? | What does the commerce clause include? | [
"What does the commerce clause include?"
] | {
"text": [
"include marijuana laws in the Gonzales v. Raich decision"
],
"answer_start": [
603
]
} |
Subsets and Splits
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