gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-3100 | 5a592d173e1742001a15cfe0 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes. | In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be? | In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be? | [
"In both sexes of a species what may a properties of genes be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3101 | 5a592d173e1742001a15cfe1 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes. | What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found? | What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found? | [
"What term is used to show how the sex chromosomes of a species are found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3102 | 5a592d173e1742001a15cfe2 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes. | What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms? | What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms? | [
"What is known as the study of autosomes of related organisms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3103 | 5a592d173e1742001a15cfe3 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes. | What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes? | What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes? | [
"What is known as the study of the properties of single or groups of sex chromosomes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3104 | 5a592d173e1742001a15cfe4 | Genome | When people say that the genome of a sexually reproducing species has been "sequenced", typically they are referring to a determination of the sequences of one set of autosomes and one of each type of sex chromosome, which together represent both of the possible sexes. Even in species that exist in only one sex, what is described as a "genome sequence" may be a composite read from the chromosomes of various individuals. Colloquially, the phrase "genetic makeup" is sometimes used to signify the genome of a particular individual or organism.[citation needed] The study of the global properties of genomes of related organisms is usually referred to as genomics, which distinguishes it from genetics which generally studies the properties of single genes or groups of genes. | What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex? | What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex? | [
"What are people referring to when they say species exist in one sex?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3105 | 56dc56a414d3a41400c267d9 | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? | What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called? | [
"What is the relation between the number of base pairs and total complement of genes in a species called?"
] | {
"text": [
"C-value paradox"
],
"answer_start": [
178
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3106 | 56dc56a414d3a41400c267da | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | Which organism has the most genes? | Which organism has the most genes? | [
"Which organism has the most genes?"
] | {
"text": [
"trichomoniasis"
],
"answer_start": [
286
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3107 | 56dc56a414d3a41400c267db | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? | How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have? | [
"How many genes is the trichomoniasis estimated to have?"
] | {
"text": [
"60,000"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3108 | 56dc56a414d3a41400c267dc | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? | Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have? | [
"Relative to the human genome, how many more genes does trichomoniasis have?"
] | {
"text": [
"three times"
],
"answer_start": [
352
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3109 | 5a5933933e1742001a15d008 | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | What is the highest known number of species? | What is the highest known number of species? | [
"What is the highest known number of species?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3110 | 5a5933933e1742001a15d009 | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | How many genes are in the human genome? | How many genes are in the human genome? | [
"How many genes are in the human genome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3111 | 5a5933933e1742001a15d00a | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis? | What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis? | [
"What two things vary in the protozoan causing trichomoniasis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3112 | 5a5933933e1742001a15d00b | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis? | What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis? | [
"What is the relationship between base pairs and trichomoniasis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3113 | 5a5933933e1742001a15d00c | Genome | Both the number of base pairs and the number of genes vary widely from one species to another, and there is only a rough correlation between the two (an observation known as the C-value paradox). At present, the highest known number of genes is around 60,000, for the protozoan causing trichomoniasis (see List of sequenced eukaryotic genomes), almost three times as many as in the human genome. | What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called? | What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called? | [
"What is the relation between base pairs and the human genome called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3114 | 56dc575814d3a41400c267e1 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome? | Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome? | [
"Who was the first person to sequence a viral genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Walter Fiers"
],
"answer_start": [
9
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3115 | 56dc575814d3a41400c267e2 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | Which viral genome did Fiers sequence? | Which viral genome did Fiers sequence? | [
"Which viral genome did Fiers sequence?"
] | {
"text": [
"Bacteriophage MS2"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3116 | 56dc575814d3a41400c267e3 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome? | Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome? | [
"Who was first to sequence a DNA-based genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Fred Sanger"
],
"answer_start": [
176
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3117 | 56dc575814d3a41400c267e4 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome? | What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome? | [
"What organization first sequenced a bacterial genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Institute for Genomic Research"
],
"answer_start": [
495
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3118 | 56dc575814d3a41400c267e5 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced? | In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced? | [
"In what year was the archaeon genome sequenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"1996"
],
"answer_start": [
836
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3119 | 5a5934dc3e1742001a15d012 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA genome? | In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA genome? | [
"In what year did Fred Sanger first establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA genome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3120 | 5a5934dc3e1742001a15d013 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | When was The Institute for Genome Research founded? | When was The Institute for Genome Research founded? | [
"When was The Institute for Genome Research founded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3121 | 5a5934dc3e1742001a15d014 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996? | What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996? | [
"What did Walter Fiers complete in 1996?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3122 | 5a5934dc3e1742001a15d015 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995? | What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995? | [
"What did Fred Sanger complete when part of a team in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3123 | 5a5934dc3e1742001a15d016 | Genome | In 1976, Walter Fiers at the University of Ghent (Belgium) was the first to establish the complete nucleotide sequence of a viral RNA-genome (Bacteriophage MS2). The next year Fred Sanger completed the first DNA-genome sequence: Phage Φ-X174, of 5386 base pairs. The first complete genome sequences among all three domains of life were released within a short period during the mid-1990s: The first bacterial genome to be sequenced was that of Haemophilus influenzae, completed by a team at The Institute for Genomic Research in 1995. A few months later, the first eukaryotic genome was completed, with sequences of the 16 chromosomes of budding yeast Saccharomyces cerevisiae published as the result of a European-led effort begun in the mid-1980s. The first genome sequence for an archaeon, Methanococcus jannaschii, was completed in 1996, again by The Institute for Genomic Research. | What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995? | What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995? | [
"What was the name of the first bacterial genome sequenced by Fred Sanger in 1995?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3124 | 56dc57f714d3a41400c267eb | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes? | Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes? | [
"Which U.S. government agency keeps a large amount of information on genomes?"
] | {
"text": [
"US National Institutes of Health"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3125 | 56dc57f714d3a41400c267ec | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced? | What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced? | [
"What is a mammal whose genome has been sequenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"mouse"
],
"answer_start": [
358
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3126 | 56dc57f714d3a41400c267ed | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced? | What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced? | [
"What is a fish whose genome has been sequenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"puffer fish"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3127 | 56dc57f714d3a41400c267ee | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced? | When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced? | [
"When was the Neanderthal's genome sequenced?"
] | {
"text": [
"December 2013"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3128 | 56dc57f714d3a41400c267ef | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome? | How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome? | [
"How old in years was the material that was used to sequence the Neanderthal genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"130,000"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3129 | 5a59373d3e1742001a15d01c | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do? | What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do? | [
"What has extracting genes from a Neanderthal made it easier for scientists to do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3130 | 5a59373d3e1742001a15d01d | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse? | What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse? | [
"What is happening with the knowledge gained from sequencing a mouse?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3131 | 5a59373d3e1742001a15d01e | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | What have scientists been maintaining since 2013? | What have scientists been maintaining since 2013? | [
"What have scientists been maintaining since 2013?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3132 | 5a59373d3e1742001a15d01f | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced? | Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced? | [
"Where has the bacteria E. coli been found to be sequenced?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3133 | 5a59373d3e1742001a15d020 | Genome | The development of new technologies has made it dramatically easier and cheaper to do sequencing, and the number of complete genome sequences is growing rapidly. The US National Institutes of Health maintains one of several comprehensive databases of genomic information. Among the thousands of completed genome sequencing projects include those for rice, a mouse, the plant Arabidopsis thaliana, the puffer fish, and the bacteria E. coli. In December 2013, scientists first sequenced the entire genome of a Neanderthal, an extinct species of humans. The genome was extracted from the toe bone of a 130,000-year-old Neanderthal found in a Siberian cave. | How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome? | How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome? | [
"How old was the material used to sequence the Arabidopsis thaliana genome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3134 | 56dc587714d3a41400c267f5 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | What is a recent development in sequencing methods? | [
"What is a recent development in sequencing methods?"
] | {
"text": [
"massive parallel sequencing"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3135 | 56dc587714d3a41400c267f6 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup? | Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup? | [
"Which company has led the way in sequencing of individual genetic makeup?"
] | {
"text": [
"Manteia Predictive Medicine"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3136 | 56dc587714d3a41400c267f7 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007? | Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007? | [
"Whose complete genetic information was recorded in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"James D. Watson"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3137 | 56dc587714d3a41400c267f8 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | What is Watson famous for helping discover? | What is Watson famous for helping discover? | [
"What is Watson famous for helping discover?"
] | {
"text": [
"the structure of DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
320
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3138 | 5a5939ce3e1742001a15d026 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering? | What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering? | [
"What is Manteia Predictive Medicine famous for discovering?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3139 | 5a5939ce3e1742001a15d027 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA? | What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA? | [
"What technology did James D. Watson develop to sequence individual DNA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3140 | 5a5939ce3e1742001a15d028 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing? | What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing? | [
"What has James D. Watson recently develop that may lead to personal genome sequencing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3141 | 5a5939ce3e1742001a15d029 | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007? | What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007? | [
"What did Manteia Predictive Medicine help discover the structure of in 2007?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3142 | 5a5939ce3e1742001a15d02a | Genome | New sequencing technologies, such as massive parallel sequencing have also opened up the prospect of personal genome sequencing as a diagnostic tool, as pioneered by Manteia Predictive Medicine. A major step toward that goal was the completion in 2007 of the full genome of James D. Watson, one of the co-discoverers of the structure of DNA. | Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool? | Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool? | [
"Who pioneered using the DNA structure as a diagnostic tool?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3143 | 56dc591114d3a41400c267fd | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome? | What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome? | [
"What is the term for something that lists the important and notable parts of a genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"genome map"
],
"answer_start": [
75
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3144 | 56dc591114d3a41400c267fe | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material? | Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material? | [
"Which group was created to generate a genome map of human genetic material?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Human Genome Project"
],
"answer_start": [
207
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3145 | 56dc591114d3a41400c267ff | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project? | Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project? | [
"Whose genome map greatly aided the Human Genome Project?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jean Weissenbach"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3146 | 56dc591114d3a41400c26800 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work? | Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work? | [
"Where did Weissenbach and his colleagues work?"
] | {
"text": [
"Genoscope"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3147 | 5a593aad3e1742001a15d030 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | What does a genome map list the order of? | What does a genome map list the order of? | [
"What does a genome map list the order of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3148 | 5a593aad3e1742001a15d031 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | What does a genome sequence identify? | What does a genome sequence identify? | [
"What does a genome sequence identify?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3149 | 5a593aad3e1742001a15d032 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | What is a Genoscope less detailed than? | What is a Genoscope less detailed than? | [
"What is a Genoscope less detailed than?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3150 | 5a593aad3e1742001a15d033 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | What does a Genoscope help a scientist do? | What does a Genoscope help a scientist do? | [
"What does a Genoscope help a scientist do?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3151 | 5a593aad3e1742001a15d034 | Genome | Whereas a genome sequence lists the order of every DNA base in a genome, a genome map identifies the landmarks. A genome map is less detailed than a genome sequence and aids in navigating around the genome. The Human Genome Project was organized to map and to sequence the human genome. A fundamental step in the project was the release of a detailed genomic map by Jean Weissenbach and his team at the Genoscope in Paris. | Why was the Genoscope created? | Why was the Genoscope created? | [
"Why was the Genoscope created?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3152 | 56dc5baa14d3a41400c26805 | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome? | What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome? | [
"What is the term that accounts for the constituents of the haploid genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Genome composition"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3153 | 56dc5baa14d3a41400c26806 | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about? | What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about? | [
"What aspect of a genome can genome compositions help researchers in learning about?"
] | {
"text": [
"evolutionary history"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3154 | 5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03a | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What is the history of a genome used for? | What is the history of a genome used for? | [
"What is the history of a genome used for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3155 | 5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03b | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What should be included in the history of a genome? | What should be included in the history of a genome? | [
"What should be included in the history of a genome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3156 | 5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03c | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size? | What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size? | [
"What can scientists learn by comparing repetitive DNA and genome size?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3157 | 5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03d | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | What term is used to describe the history of DNA? | What term is used to describe the history of DNA? | [
"What term is used to describe the history of DNA?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3158 | 5a593c3c3e1742001a15d03e | Genome | Genome composition is used to describe the make up of contents of a haploid genome, which should include genome size, proportions of non-repetitive DNA and repetitive DNA in details. By comparing the genome compositions between genomes, scientists can better understand the evolutionary history of a given genome. | By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of? | By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of? | [
"By comparing repetitive DNA, what can scientists understand the history of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3159 | 56dc5c6214d3a41400c26809 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition? | What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition? | [
"What two types of organisms have remarkable differences in their genomic composition?"
] | {
"text": [
"prokaryotes and eukaryotes"
],
"answer_start": [
70
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3160 | 56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680b | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes? | What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes? | [
"What type of organizing can be observed in eukaryote genomes?"
] | {
"text": [
"exon-intron"
],
"answer_start": [
357
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3161 | 56dc5c6214d3a41400c2680c | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA? | In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA? | [
"In what types of eukaryotes is there a large amount of non-coding DNA?"
] | {
"text": [
"mammals and plants"
],
"answer_start": [
488
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3162 | 5a5947703e1742001a15d044 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding? | What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding? | [
"What should you distinguish between when talking about gene coding?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3163 | 5a5947703e1742001a15d045 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes? | How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes? | [
"How much of the genome is non-repetitive DNA in eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3164 | 5a5947703e1742001a15d046 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions? | What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions? | [
"What is a major part of contents structure made of in non-coding regions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3165 | 5a5947703e1742001a15d047 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | What organization feature do prokaryotes have? | What organization feature do prokaryotes have? | [
"What organization feature do prokaryotes have?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3166 | 5a5947703e1742001a15d048 | Genome | When talking about genome composition, one should distinguish between prokaryotes and eukaryotes as the big differences on contents structure they have. In prokaryotes, most of the genome (85–90%) is non-repetitive DNA, which means coding DNA mainly forms it, while non-coding regions only take a small part. On the contrary, eukaryotes have the feature of exon-intron organization of protein coding genes; the variation of repetitive DNA content in eukaryotes is also extremely high. In mammals and plants, the major part of the genome is composed of repetitive DNA. | What area do mammals and plants have differences in? | What area do mammals and plants have differences in? | [
"What area do mammals and plants have differences in?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3167 | 56dc5cf614d3a41400c26811 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes? | What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes? | [
"What is an example of an organism that has a portion of its genetic material outside of its chromosomes?"
] | {
"text": [
"pathogenic microbe"
],
"answer_start": [
216
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3168 | 56dc5cf614d3a41400c26812 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes? | What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes? | [
"What is an example of an organism whose full complement of genetic material resides in its chromosomes?"
] | {
"text": [
"virus"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3169 | 56dc5cf614d3a41400c26813 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes? | [
"Where is additional genetic material found in pathogenic microbes?"
] | {
"text": [
"plasmids"
],
"answer_start": [
332
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3170 | 5a5949883e1742001a15d04e | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | What do viruses always carry within their structure? | What do viruses always carry within their structure? | [
"What do viruses always carry within their structure?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3171 | 5a5949883e1742001a15d04f | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | Where is additional genetic material found in a virus? | Where is additional genetic material found in a virus? | [
"Where is additional genetic material found in a virus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3172 | 5a5949883e1742001a15d050 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | What is another word used for genome? | What is another word used for genome? | [
"What is another word used for genome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3173 | 5a5949883e1742001a15d051 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus? | What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus? | [
"What organism has part of its genetic material inside a virus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3174 | 5a5949883e1742001a15d052 | Genome | Most biological entities that are more complex than a virus sometimes or always carry additional genetic material besides that which resides in their chromosomes. In some contexts, such as sequencing the genome of a pathogenic microbe, "genome" is meant to include information stored on this auxiliary material, which is carried in plasmids. In such circumstances then, "genome" describes all of the genes and information on non-coding DNA that have the potential to be present. | What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry? | What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry? | [
"What do most viruses more complex than plasmids carry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3175 | 56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26817 | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes? | What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes? | [
"What are examples of classes of eukaryotes where genome only refers to the information found in chromosomes?"
] | {
"text": [
"plants, protozoa and animals"
],
"answer_start": [
22
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3176 | 56dc5d6c14d3a41400c26819 | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts? | What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts? | [
"What is a name for the genetic material found within chloroplasts?"
] | {
"text": [
"plastome"
],
"answer_start": [
514
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3177 | 56dc5d6c14d3a41400c2681a | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria? | What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria? | [
"What is a name for the genetic makeup of mitochondria?"
] | {
"text": [
"mitochondrial genome"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3178 | 5a594b3b3e1742001a15d058 | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called? | What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called? | [
"What are the eukaryotes found in the mitochondria called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3179 | 5a594b3b3e1742001a15d059 | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What are examples of chloroplasts? | What are examples of chloroplasts? | [
"What are examples of chloroplasts?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3180 | 5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05a | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria? | What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria? | [
"What does genome mean when referring to eukaryotes such as mitochondria?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3181 | 5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05b | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What is not considered as part of the plastome? | What is not considered as part of the plastome? | [
"What is not considered as part of the plastome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3182 | 5a594b3b3e1742001a15d05c | Genome | In eukaryotes such as plants, protozoa and animals, however, "genome" carries the typical connotation of only information on chromosomal DNA. So although these organisms contain chloroplasts or mitochondria that have their own DNA, the genetic information contained by DNA within these organelles is not considered part of the genome. In fact, mitochondria are sometimes said to have their own genome often referred to as the "mitochondrial genome". The DNA found within the chloroplast may be referred to as the "plastome". | What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome? | What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome? | [
"What do chloroplasts have that is referred to as the mitochondrial genome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3183 | 56dc5de314d3a41400c2681f | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome? | What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome? | [
"What is the name for the count of all DNA base pairs in a single haploid genome?"
] | {
"text": [
"Genome size"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3184 | 56dc5de314d3a41400c26820 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes? | What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes? | [
"What does genome size have a direct relationship with in prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"morphological complexity"
],
"answer_start": [
133
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3185 | 56dc5de314d3a41400c26821 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes? | What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes? | [
"What accounts for the breakdown of the relation between genome size and morphological complexity in higher eukaryotes?"
] | {
"text": [
"repetitive DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
370
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3186 | 5a594d7b3e1742001a15d062 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote? | What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote? | [
"What is the term for the total DNA base pairs in one lower eukaryote?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3187 | 5a594d7b3e1742001a15d063 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective? | What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective? | [
"What kind of relationship do copies of a haploid genome have with mollusks that isn't effective?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3188 | 5a594d7b3e1742001a15d064 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs? | What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs? | [
"What has a strong influence on DNA base pairs?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3189 | 5a594d7b3e1742001a15d065 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | What does a haploid genome have strong influence on? | What does a haploid genome have strong influence on? | [
"What does a haploid genome have strong influence on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3190 | 5a594d7b3e1742001a15d066 | Genome | Genome size is the total number of DNA base pairs in one copy of a haploid genome. The genome size is positively correlated with the morphological complexity among prokaryotes and lower eukaryotes; however, after mollusks and all the other higher eukaryotes above, this correlation is no longer effective. This phenomenon also indicates the mighty influence coming from repetitive DNA act on the genomes. | How many base pairs are in mollusks? | How many base pairs are in mollusks? | [
"How many base pairs are in mollusks?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3191 | 56dc5e7014d3a41400c26825 | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live? | What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live? | [
"What is a name for the reduced complement of genetic material necessary for an organism to live?"
] | {
"text": [
"minimal genomes"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3192 | 56dc5e7014d3a41400c26826 | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes? | In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes? | [
"In what experimental contexts are experiments being carried out on minimal genomes?"
] | {
"text": [
"in vivo and in silico"
],
"answer_start": [
353
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3193 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d06c | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | What is a research strategy to understand silico? | What is a research strategy to understand silico? | [
"What is a research strategy to understand silico?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3194 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d06d | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | What is being done on single cell silico? | What is being done on single cell silico? | [
"What is being done on single cell silico?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3195 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d06e | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive? | In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive? | [
"In what two ways are experiments being carried out to understand how genes survive?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3196 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d06f | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment? | What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment? | [
"What do scientists want a silico to do in the experiment?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3197 | 5a5952543e1742001a15d070 | Genome | Since genomes are very complex, one research strategy is to reduce the number of genes in a genome to the bare minimum and still have the organism in question survive. There is experimental work being done on minimal genomes for single cell organisms as well as minimal genomes for multi-cellular organisms (see Developmental biology). The work is both in vivo and in silico. | What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico? | What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico? | [
"What are scientists studying to understand how they survive a reduction in silico?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3198 | 56dc5f8a14d3a41400c26829 | Genome | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes. | What are two types of non-repetitive DNA? | What are two types of non-repetitive DNA? | [
"What are two types of non-repetitive DNA?"
] | {
"text": [
"Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes"
],
"answer_start": [
117
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-3199 | 56dc5f8a14d3a41400c2682a | Genome | The proportion of non-repetitive DNA is calculated by using the length of non-repetitive DNA divided by genome size. Protein-coding genes and RNA-coding genes are generally non-repetitive DNA. A bigger genome does not mean more genes, and the proportion of non-repetitive DNA decreases along with increasing genome size in higher eukaryotes. | In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size? | In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size? | [
"In higher eukaryotes, what has an inverse relationship with genome size?"
] | {
"text": [
"proportion of non-repetitive DNA"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
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