gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-32500 | 5ad249f8d7d075001a428bb2 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | Who found the forst underwater volcano? | Who found the forst underwater volcano? | [
"Who found the forst underwater volcano?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32501 | 5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef4 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | What is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 ft? | What is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 ft? | [
"What is the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 ft?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32502 | 5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef5 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | How tall is Massif Vinson? | How tall is Massif Vinson? | [
"How tall is Massif Vinson?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32503 | 5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef6 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | Where is Massif Vinson located? | Where is Massif Vinson located? | [
"Where is Massif Vinson located?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32504 | 5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef7 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | What is Mount Ross considered to be? | What is Mount Ross considered to be? | [
"What is Mount Ross considered to be?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32505 | 5ad2aed0d7d075001a429ef8 | Antarctica | Vinson Massif, the highest peak in Antarctica at 4,892 m (16,050 ft), is located in the Ellsworth Mountains. Antarctica contains many other mountains, on both the main continent and the surrounding islands. Mount Erebus on Ross Island is the world's southernmost active volcano. Another well-known volcano is found on De... | What island had a volcanic eruption in 1907? | What island had a volcanic eruption in 1907? | [
"What island had a volcanic eruption in 1907?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32506 | 570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d73 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica? | When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica? | [
"When did negotiations start to regulate mining in Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32507 | 570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d74 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica? | What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica? | [
"What group led the fight to prevent mineral development in Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greenpeace International,"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32508 | 570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d75 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon? | When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon? | [
"When was the treaty to regulate mining agreed upon?"
] | {
"text": [
"1988"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32509 | 570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d76 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica? | Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica? | [
"Which two countries refused to ratify the treaty to regulate mineral use in Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Australia and France"
],
"answer_start": [
578
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32510 | 570df5ec0dc6ce1900204d77 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France? | What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France? | [
"What was the alternate treaty offered by Australia and France?"
] | {
"text": [
"Madrid Protocol"
],
"answer_start": [
886
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32511 | 5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a2 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What began in 1938? | What began in 1938? | [
"What began in 1938?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32512 | 5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a3 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What does CARMAR stand for? | What does CARMAR stand for? | [
"What does CARMAR stand for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32513 | 5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a4 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What year was the CARMAR adopted? | What year was the CARMAR adopted? | [
"What year was the CARMAR adopted?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32514 | 5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a5 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR? | Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR? | [
"Who announced they would not ratify the CARMAR?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32515 | 5ad2cc46d7d075001a42a2a6 | Antarctica | In 1983, the Antarctic Treaty Parties began negotiations on a convention to regulate mining in Antarctica. A coalition of international organizations launched a public pressure campaign to prevent any minerals development in the region, led largely by Greenpeace International, which established its own scientific stati... | What was entered into force on 14 January 1983? | What was entered into force on 14 January 1983? | [
"What was entered into force on 14 January 1983?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32516 | 570df7950b85d914000d7c2d | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted? | What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted? | [
"What did most of Gondwana become when the polar ice melted?"
] | {
"text": [
"desert"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32517 | 570df7950b85d914000d7c2e | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What plants were abundant during this time? | What plants were abundant during this time? | [
"What plants were abundant during this time?"
] | {
"text": [
"pteridosperms"
],
"answer_start": [
135
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32518 | 570df7950b85d914000d7c2f | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic? | What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic? | [
"What type of reptiles were common during the early Triassic?"
] | {
"text": [
"Synapsids"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32519 | 570df7950b85d914000d7c30 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | When did the Antarctic peninsula form? | When did the Antarctic peninsula form? | [
"When did the Antarctic peninsula form?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jurassic period"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32520 | 570df7950b85d914000d7c31 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart? | During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart? | [
"During what period did Gondwana begin to break apart?"
] | {
"text": [
"Cretaceous"
],
"answer_start": [
674
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32521 | 5ad252ddd7d075001a428d04 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana? | What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana? | [
"What caused polar ice caps to form on Gondwana?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32522 | 5ad252ddd7d075001a428d05 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana? | What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana? | [
"What type of plamdt became abundent on Gondwana?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32523 | 5ad252ddd7d075001a428d06 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic? | What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic? | [
"What type of animal was coomon during the Late Triassic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32524 | 5ad252ddd7d075001a428d07 | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What penninsula formed during the Triassic period? | What penninsula formed during the Triassic period? | [
"What penninsula formed during the Triassic period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32525 | 5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9a | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | Why did Eastern Antarctica become? | Why did Eastern Antarctica become? | [
"Why did Eastern Antarctica become?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32526 | 5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9b | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana? | What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana? | [
"What type of rock was laid down in Eastern Gondwana?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32527 | 5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9c | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma? | What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma? | [
"What began to form during the years 204-166 Ma?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32528 | 5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9d | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period? | What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period? | [
"What types of trees and plants appeared during the Triassic period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32529 | 5ad2b384d7d075001a429f9e | Antarctica | As a result of continued warming, the polar ice caps melted and much of Gondwana became a desert. In Eastern Antarctica, seed ferns or pteridosperms became abundant and large amounts of sandstone and shale were laid down at this time. Synapsids, commonly known as "mammal-like reptiles", were common in Antarctica during... | What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma? | What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma? | [
"What period is marked by the years 166-46 Ma?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32530 | 570dfbd20b85d914000d7c57 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica? | What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica? | [
"What astronomical study is important research for Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"Meteorites"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32531 | 570dfbd20b85d914000d7c58 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites? | What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites? | [
"What is the supposed source of most Antarctica meteorites?"
] | {
"text": [
"asteroids"
],
"answer_start": [
134
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32532 | 570dfbd20b85d914000d7c59 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica? | When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica? | [
"When was the first meteorite found in Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"1912"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32533 | 570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5a | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969? | What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969? | [
"What expedition found nine meteorites in 1969?"
] | {
"text": [
"Japanese"
],
"answer_start": [
280
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32534 | 570dfbd20b85d914000d7c5b | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places? | What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places? | [
"What is it about Antarctic meteorites that is different form meteorites found in other places?"
] | {
"text": [
"well-preserved."
],
"answer_start": [
711
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32535 | 5ad2d663d7d075001a42a418 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What was first found in 1921? | What was first found in 1921? | [
"What was first found in 1921?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32536 | 5ad2d663d7d075001a42a419 | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What was the name of the 1921 meteorite? | What was the name of the 1921 meteorite? | [
"What was the name of the 1921 meteorite?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32537 | 5ad2d663d7d075001a42a41a | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | What happened in 1996? | What happened in 1996? | [
"What happened in 1996?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32538 | 5ad2d663d7d075001a42a41b | Antarctica | Meteorites from Antarctica are an important area of study of material formed early in the solar system; most are thought to come from asteroids, but some may have originated on larger planets. The first meteorite was found in 1912, and named the Adelie Land meteorite. In 1969, a Japanese expedition discovered nine mete... | How many meteorites did the 1996 Japanese expedition find? | How many meteorites did the 1996 Japanese expedition find? | [
"How many meteorites did the 1996 Japanese expedition find?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32539 | 570dfd080b85d914000d7c69 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation? | What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation? | [
"What location means that Antarctica get little solar radiation?"
] | {
"text": [
"South Pole"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32540 | 570dfd080b85d914000d7c6a | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | In what condition is most water in the Antarctica? | In what condition is most water in the Antarctica? | [
"In what condition is most water in the Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"ice"
],
"answer_start": [
175
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32541 | 570dfd080b85d914000d7c6b | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic? | What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic? | [
"What is the usual condition of precipitation in the Antarctic?"
] | {
"text": [
"snow"
],
"answer_start": [
267
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32542 | 570dfd080b85d914000d7c6c | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce? | What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce? | [
"What does the massed snow in Antarctica produce?"
] | {
"text": [
"giant ice sheet"
],
"answer_start": [
303
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32543 | 570dfd080b85d914000d7c6d | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What are ice streams otherwise called? | What are ice streams otherwise called? | [
"What are ice streams otherwise called?"
] | {
"text": [
"glaciers"
],
"answer_start": [
378
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32544 | 5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a444 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | Why does Antarctica receive solar radiation? | Why does Antarctica receive solar radiation? | [
"Why does Antarctica receive solar radiation?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32545 | 5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a445 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What continent is a complete desert? | What continent is a complete desert? | [
"What continent is a complete desert? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32546 | 5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a446 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What is next to the continental shelves? | What is next to the continental shelves? | [
"What is next to the continental shelves?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32547 | 5ad2d83cd7d075001a42a447 | Antarctica | Due to its location at the South Pole, Antarctica receives relatively little solar radiation. This means that it is a very cold continent where water is mostly in the form of ice. Precipitation is low (most of Antarctica is a desert) and almost always in the form of snow, which accumulates and forms a giant ice sheet w... | What are temperatures like offshore to effect global cooling? | What are temperatures like offshore to effect global cooling? | [
"What are temperatures like offshore to effect global cooling?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32548 | 570dffe80dc6ce1900204d83 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live? | Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live? | [
"Where did the first semi-permanent residents of the Antarctic area live?"
] | {
"text": [
"South Georgia"
],
"answer_start": [
186
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32549 | 570dffe80dc6ce1900204d84 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia? | What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia? | [
"What was the profession of the residents of South Georgia?"
] | {
"text": [
"sealers"
],
"answer_start": [
142
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32550 | 570dffe80dc6ce1900204d85 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia? | In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia? | [
"In what year did the sealers start staying on South Georgia?"
] | {
"text": [
"1786"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32551 | 570dffe80dc6ce1900204d86 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What was the nationality of most whalers? | What was the nationality of most whalers? | [
"What was the nationality of most whalers?"
] | {
"text": [
"Norwegian"
],
"answer_start": [
414
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32552 | 570dffe80dc6ce1900204d87 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen? | When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen? | [
"When did explorer Carl Anton Larsen become a British citizen?"
] | {
"text": [
"1910"
],
"answer_start": [
874
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32553 | 5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f42 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica? | Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica? | [
"Who were the first permenat residents of regions near Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32554 | 5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f43 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | When was the first perminant settlment established on South Georgia? | When was the first perminant settlment established on South Georgia? | [
"When was the first perminant settlment established on South Georgia?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32555 | 5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f44 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Who settled South Georgia in 1966? | Who settled South Georgia in 1966? | [
"Who settled South Georgia in 1966?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32556 | 5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f45 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What settlements were established on Antarctica? | What settlements were established on Antarctica? | [
"What settlements were established on Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32557 | 5ad25ed0d7d075001a428f46 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What British citizens established Grtviken on Antarctica? | What British citizens established Grtviken on Antarctica? | [
"What British citizens established Grtviken on Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32558 | 5ad2c147d7d075001a42a104 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Who were the first permanent inhabitants of Antarctica? | Who were the first permanent inhabitants of Antarctica? | [
"Who were the first permanent inhabitants of Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32559 | 5ad2c147d7d075001a42a105 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What lasted until 1696? | What lasted until 1696? | [
"What lasted until 1696?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32560 | 5ad2c147d7d075001a42a106 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What were the Norwegian settlements? | What were the Norwegian settlements? | [
"What were the Norwegian settlements?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32561 | 5ad2c147d7d075001a42a107 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | What did Captain Anon Carl Larsen found? | What did Captain Anon Carl Larsen found? | [
"What did Captain Anon Carl Larsen found?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32562 | 5ad2c147d7d075001a42a108 | Antarctica | The first semi-permanent inhabitants of regions near Antarctica (areas situated south of the Antarctic Convergence) were British and American sealers who used to spend a year or more on South Georgia, from 1786 onward. During the whaling era, which lasted until 1966, the population of that island varied from over 1,000... | Who adopted British citizenship in 1901? | Who adopted British citizenship in 1901? | [
"Who adopted British citizenship in 1901?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32563 | 570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8d | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed? | Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed? | [
"Where in Antarctica has warming been noticed?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antarctic Peninsula"
],
"answer_start": [
90
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32564 | 570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8e | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years? | How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years? | [
"How much has west Antarctica warmed per decade in the last 5o years?"
] | {
"text": [
"0.1 °C"
],
"answer_start": [
388
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32565 | 570e06f60dc6ce1900204d8f | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming? | What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming? | [
"What do some researchers believe to be that cause of this warming?"
] | {
"text": [
"carbon dioxide emissions"
],
"answer_start": [
630
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32566 | 570e06f60dc6ce1900204d90 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow? | What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow? | [
"What is thought to be the cause of glacier outflow?"
] | {
"text": [
"inflow of warm water"
],
"answer_start": [
963
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32567 | 570e06f60dc6ce1900204d91 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level. | What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level. | [
"What is the thinking of the cause of the Antarctic Peninsula sea level."
] | {
"text": [
"atmospheric warming"
],
"answer_start": [
1157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32568 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b0 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | Who published a 2007 study? | Who published a 2007 study? | [
"Who published a 2007 study?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32569 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b1 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What has been the temperature trend of Antarctica per decade from 1959 to 2006? | What has been the temperature trend of Antarctica per decade from 1959 to 2006? | [
"What has been the temperature trend of Antarctica per decade from 1959 to 2006?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32570 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b2 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What did the study note about the temperatures in East Antarctica? | What did the study note about the temperatures in East Antarctica? | [
"What did the study note about the temperatures in East Antarctica? "
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32571 | 5ad2da79d7d075001a42a4b3 | Antarctica | Some of Antarctica has been warming up; particularly strong warming has been noted on the Antarctic Peninsula. A study by Eric Steig published in 2009 noted for the first time that the continent-wide average surface temperature trend of Antarctica is slightly positive at >0.05 °C (0.09 °F) per decade from 1957 to 2006.... | What has the warming in East Antarctica been offset by in West Antarctica? | What has the warming in East Antarctica been offset by in West Antarctica? | [
"What has the warming in East Antarctica been offset by in West Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32572 | 570e08690dc6ce1900204d97 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries? | What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries? | [
"What animal was greatly hunted during the 18th and 19th centuries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antarctic fur seal"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32573 | 570e08690dc6ce1900204d98 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | For whom is the Weddell seal named ? | For whom is the Weddell seal named ? | [
"For whom is the Weddell seal named ?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sir James Weddell"
],
"answer_start": [
197
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32574 | 570e08690dc6ce1900204d99 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What did Sir James Weddell command? | What did Sir James Weddell command? | [
"What did Sir James Weddell command?"
] | {
"text": [
"British sealing expeditions"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32575 | 570e08690dc6ce1900204d9a | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean? | What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean? | [
"What is a very important species in the Southern Ocean?"
] | {
"text": [
"Antarctic krill"
],
"answer_start": [
277
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32576 | 570e08690dc6ce1900204d9b | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area? | Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area? | [
"Why is the krill so important to the Antarctic area?"
] | {
"text": [
"important food"
],
"answer_start": [
403
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32577 | 5ad2623cd7d075001a429088 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's? | What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's? | [
"What animal was heavily hunted in the 18 and 1900's?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32578 | 5ad2623cd7d075001a429089 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions? | What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions? | [
"What seal is named after the commander of American sealing expoditions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32579 | 5ad2623cd7d075001a42908a | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What whaler had a seal named after him? | What whaler had a seal named after him? | [
"What whaler had a seal named after him?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32580 | 5ad2623cd7d075001a42908b | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean? | What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean? | [
"What is the keystone species of the Arctic Ocean?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32581 | 5ad2623cd7d075001a42908c | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What bird do leapard seals feed on? | What bird do leapard seals feed on? | [
"What bird do leapard seals feed on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32582 | 5ad2c367d7d075001a42a132 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What was hunted during 1819? | What was hunted during 1819? | [
"What was hunted during 1819?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32583 | 5ad2c367d7d075001a42a133 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What countries did the 1819 sealers come from? | What countries did the 1819 sealers come from? | [
"What countries did the 1819 sealers come from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32584 | 5ad2c367d7d075001a42a134 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What is named after James Sir Weddell? | What is named after James Sir Weddell? | [
"What is named after James Sir Weddell?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32585 | 5ad2c367d7d075001a42a135 | Antarctica | The Antarctic fur seal was very heavily hunted in the 18th and 19th centuries for its pelt by sealers from the United States and the United Kingdom. The Weddell seal, a "true seal", is named after Sir James Weddell, commander of British sealing expeditions in the Weddell Sea. Antarctic krill, which congregate in large ... | What was James Sir Weddell commander of? | What was James Sir Weddell commander of? | [
"What was James Sir Weddell commander of?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32586 | 570e0a430b85d914000d7c87 | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | When did the Environmental Protocol become effective? | When did the Environmental Protocol become effective? | [
"When did the Environmental Protocol become effective?"
] | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"answer_start": [
146
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32587 | 570e0a430b85d914000d7c88 | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What is the main concern of the Protocol? | What is the main concern of the Protocol? | [
"What is the main concern of the Protocol?"
] | {
"text": [
"conservation"
],
"answer_start": [
194
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32588 | 570e0a430b85d914000d7c89 | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica? | What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica? | [
"What is seen as a major risk to Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"non-native species"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32589 | 570e0a430b85d914000d7c8a | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting? | What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting? | [
"What group advises the Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting?"
] | {
"text": [
"Committee for Environmental Protection"
],
"answer_start": [
368
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32590 | 570e0a430b85d914000d7c8b | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage? | Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage? | [
"Besides conservation, what is the Environmental Protocol's goal to manage?"
] | {
"text": [
"biodiversity"
],
"answer_start": [
225
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32591 | 5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24c | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What is the Environomental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic also known as? | What is the Environomental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic also known as? | [
"What is the Environomental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic also known as?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32592 | 5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24d | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What came into force in 1988? | What came into force in 1988? | [
"What came into force in 1988?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32593 | 5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24e | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | What is the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic? | What is the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic? | [
"What is the Environmental Protection Protocol to the Treaty Antarctic?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32594 | 5ad2c9ead7d075001a42a24f | Antarctica | The Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty (also known as the Environmental Protocol or Madrid Protocol) came into force in 1998, and is the main instrument concerned with conservation and management of biodiversity in Antarctica. The Antarctic Treaty Consultative Meeting is advised on environment... | Where is the main concern about native species from? | Where is the main concern about native species from? | [
"Where is the main concern about native species from?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32595 | 570e0bb30b85d914000d7c91 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate? | What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate? | [
"What does the Protocol on Environmental Protection seek to regulate?"
] | {
"text": [
"resources"
],
"answer_start": [
274
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32596 | 570e0bb30b85d914000d7c92 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica? | In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica? | [
"In what year was an agreement reached to ban mining in Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"1998"
],
"answer_start": [
288
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32597 | 570e0bb30b85d914000d7c93 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | When will the mining ban be reviewed? | When will the mining ban be reviewed? | [
"When will the mining ban be reviewed?"
] | {
"text": [
"2048"
],
"answer_start": [
385
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32598 | 570e0bb30b85d914000d7c94 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | What is the major economic activity near Antarctica? | What is the major economic activity near Antarctica? | [
"What is the major economic activity near Antarctica?"
] | {
"text": [
"trading of fish"
],
"answer_start": [
505
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-32599 | 570e0bb30b85d914000d7c95 | Antarctica | Although coal, hydrocarbons, iron ore, platinum, copper, chromium, nickel, gold and other minerals have been found, they have not been in large enough quantities to exploit. The 1991 Protocol on Environmental Protection to the Antarctic Treaty also restricts a struggle for resources. In 1998, a compromise agreement was... | How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01? | How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01? | [
"How many tonnes of fish were reported caught in 2000-01?"
] | {
"text": [
"112,934 tonnes"
],
"answer_start": [
570
]
} |
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