gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-5900 | 5ad01b7a77cf76001a686a21 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. | Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings? | Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings? | [
"Which two countries never experienced peasant uprisings?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5901 | 5ad01b7a77cf76001a686a22 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300, centuries of prosperity and growth in Europe came to a halt. A series of famines and plagues, including the Great Famine of 1315–1317 and the Black Death, reduced the population to around half of what it was before the calamities. Along with depopulation came social unrest and endemic warfare. France and England experienced serious peasant uprisings, such as the Jacquerie and the Peasants' Revolt, as well as over a century of intermittent conflict in the Hundred Years' War. To add to the many problems of the period, the unity of the Catholic Church was shattered by the Western Schism. Collectively these events are sometimes called the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages. | What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages? | What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages? | [
"What minor conflict occurred in Europe during the Crisis of the Late Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5902 | 57269018dd62a815002e89be | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance? | An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance? | [
"An interest in texts from which two ancient civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek and Roman"
],
"answer_start": [
139
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5903 | 57269018dd62a815002e89bf | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century? | Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century? | [
"Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 12th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Crusades"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5904 | 57269018dd62a815002e89c0 | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe? | Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe? | [
"Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Western Europe?"
] | {
"text": [
"Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
443
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5905 | 57269018dd62a815002e89c1 | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | Who captured Constantinople? | Who captured Constantinople? | [
"Who captured Constantinople?"
] | {
"text": [
"Ottoman Turks"
],
"answer_start": [
465
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5906 | 57269018dd62a815002e89c2 | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople? | What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople? | [
"What kind of texts did Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?"
] | {
"text": [
"Greek"
],
"answer_start": [
399
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5907 | 5ad01bc577cf76001a686a3c | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance? | An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance? | [
"An interest in texts from which two modern civilizations sparked the Italian Renaissance?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5908 | 5ad01bc577cf76001a686a3d | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century? | Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century? | [
"Which conflicts brought Europeans into contact with Arabs prior to the 11th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5909 | 5ad01bc577cf76001a686a3e | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe? | Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe? | [
"Which city was captured by the Ottoman Turks, resulting in the fleeing of scholars to Eastern Europe?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5910 | 5ad01bc577cf76001a686a3f | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | Who released Constantinople? | Who released Constantinople? | [
"Who released Constantinople?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5911 | 5ad01bc577cf76001a686a40 | Late_Middle_Ages | Despite these crises, the 14th century was also a time of great progress in the arts and sciences. Following a renewed interest in ancient Greek and Roman texts that took root in the High Middle Ages, the Italian Renaissance began. The absorption of Latin texts had started before the Renaissance of the 12th century through contact with Arabs during the Crusades, but the availability of important Greek texts accelerated with the capture of Constantinople by the Ottoman Turks, when many Byzantine scholars had to seek refuge in the West, particularly Italy. | What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople? | What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople? | [
"What kind of texts didn't Byzantine scholars take with them when they fled Constantinople?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5912 | 5726945d708984140094cacd | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word? | Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word? | [
"Which invention resulted in more widespread use of the printed word?"
] | {
"text": [
"printing"
],
"answer_start": [
66
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5913 | 5726945d708984140094cace | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | In what year did Constantinople fall? | In what year did Constantinople fall? | [
"In what year did Constantinople fall?"
] | {
"text": [
"1453"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5914 | 5726945d708984140094cacf | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa? | In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa? | [
"In what year did Vasco da Gama sail around India and Africa?"
] | {
"text": [
"1498"
],
"answer_start": [
649
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5915 | 5726945d708984140094cad0 | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas? | In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas? | [
"In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
583
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5916 | 5726945d708984140094cad1 | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing? | The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing? | [
"The Protestant Reformation is attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?"
] | {
"text": [
"dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5917 | 5ad01c1b77cf76001a686a46 | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word? | Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word? | [
"Which invention resulted in less widespread use of the printed word?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5918 | 5ad01c1b77cf76001a686a47 | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | In what year did Constantinople rise? | In what year did Constantinople rise? | [
"In what year did Constantinople rise?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5919 | 5ad01c1b77cf76001a686a48 | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa? | In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa? | [
"In what year did Vasco da Gama sail through India and Africa?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5920 | 5ad01c1b77cf76001a686a49 | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas? | In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas? | [
"In what year was Columbus' expedition to the Africas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5921 | 5ad01c1b77cf76001a686a4a | Late_Middle_Ages | Combined with this influx of classical ideas was the invention of printing which facilitated dissemination of the printed word and democratized learning. These two things would later lead to the Protestant Reformation. Toward the end of the period, an era of discovery began (Age of Discovery). The rise of the Ottoman Empire, culminating in the Fall of Constantinople in 1453, eroded the last remnants of the Byzantine Empire and cut off trading possibilities with the east. Europeans were forced to seek new trading routes, leading to the expedition of Columbus to the Americas in 1492, and Vasco da Gama’s circumnavigation of India and Africa in 1498. Their discoveries strengthened the economy and power of European nations. | The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing? | The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing? | [
"The Protestant Reformation isn't attributed to what two developments that resulted from the invention of printing?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5922 | 572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a0 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages? | Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages? | [
"Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other two period of the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
98
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5923 | 572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a1 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published? | When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" published? | [
"When was Leonardo Bruni's \"History of the Florentine People\" published?"
] | {
"text": [
"1442"
],
"answer_start": [
254
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5924 | 572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a2 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni? | What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni? | [
"What is the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?"
] | {
"text": [
"tripartite periodization"
],
"answer_start": [
188
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5925 | 572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a3 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire | Who was the author of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire | [
"Who was the author of \"Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire"
] | {
"text": [
"Flavio Biondo"
],
"answer_start": [
261
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5926 | 572698c9f1498d1400e8e4a4 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? | What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? | [
"What 1683 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?"
] | {
"text": [
"Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5927 | 5ad01d0777cf76001a686a74 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages? | Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages? | [
"Along with the Late Middle Ages, what are the other three period of the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5928 | 5ad01d0777cf76001a686a75 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished? | When was Leonardo Bruni's "History of the Florentine People" unpublished? | [
"When was Leonardo Bruni's \"History of the Florentine People\" unpublished?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5929 | 5ad01d0777cf76001a686a76 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni? | What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni? | [
"What isn't the name for the division of the periods of history introduced by Bruni?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5930 | 5ad01d0777cf76001a686a77 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire | Who was the reader of "Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire | [
"Who was the reader of \"Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5931 | 5ad01d0777cf76001a686a78 | Late_Middle_Ages | The term "Late Middle Ages" refers to one of the three periods of the Middle Ages, along with the Early Middle Ages and the High Middle Ages. Leonardo Bruni was the first historian to use tripartite periodization in his History of the Florentine People (1442). Flavio Biondo used a similar framework in Decades of History from the Deterioration of the Roman Empire (1439–1453). Tripartite periodization became standard after the German historian Christoph Cellarius published Universal History Divided into an Ancient, Medieval, and New Period (1683). | What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? | What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization? | [
"What 1863 work resulted in the standard use of tripartite periodization?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5932 | 57269fea708984140094cc1b | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis? | What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis? | [
"What methods, applied to the study of history, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?"
] | {
"text": [
"economic and demographic"
],
"answer_start": [
3
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5933 | 57269fea708984140094cc1c | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book? | Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book? | [
"Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1919 book?"
] | {
"text": [
"Johan Huizinga"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5934 | 57269fea708984140094cc1d | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages? | What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages? | [
"What was the title of Huizinga's 1919 book on the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"The Autumn of the Middle Ages"
],
"answer_start": [
449
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5935 | 57269fea708984140094cc1e | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research? | Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research? | [
"Which countries were the focus of Huizinga's research?"
] | {
"text": [
"France and the Low Countries"
],
"answer_start": [
526
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5936 | 57269fea708984140094cc1f | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne? | What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne? | [
"What was the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?"
] | {
"text": [
"Belgian"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5937 | 5ad01d8477cf76001a686a88 | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis? | What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis? | [
"What methods, applied to the study of chemistry, led to the perception of the Middle Ages as a time of recession and crisis?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5938 | 5ad01d8477cf76001a686a89 | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book? | Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book? | [
"Which author popularized a pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages in his 1991 book?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5939 | 5ad01d8477cf76001a686a8a | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages? | What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages? | [
"What was the title of Huizinga's 1819 book on the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5940 | 5ad01d8477cf76001a686a8b | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research? | Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research? | [
"Which countries weren't the focus of Huizinga's research?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5941 | 5ad01d8477cf76001a686a8c | Late_Middle_Ages | As economic and demographic methods were applied to the study of history, the trend was increasingly to see the late Middle Ages as a period of recession and crisis. Belgian historian Henri Pirenne continued the subdivision of Early, High, and Late Middle Ages in the years around World War I. Yet it was his Dutch colleague, Johan Huizinga, who was primarily responsible for popularising the pessimistic view of the Late Middle Ages, with his book The Autumn of the Middle Ages (1919). To Huizinga, whose research focused on France and the Low Countries rather than Italy, despair and decline were the main themes, not rebirth. | What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne? | What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne? | [
"What wasn't the nationality of historian Henri Pirenne?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5942 | 5726a296708984140094cc89 | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages? | What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages? | [
"What geopolitical entity emerged from the Late Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"the nation state"
],
"answer_start": [
753
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5943 | 5726a296708984140094cc8a | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages? | Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages? | [
"Which mountain range is seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Alps"
],
"answer_start": [
203
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5944 | 5726a296708984140094cc8b | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages? | The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages? | [
"The Renaissance is generally used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"intellectual, cultural, or artistic"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5945 | 5726a296708984140094cc8c | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages? | Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages? | [
"Which centuries are considered to be part of the Late Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [
"early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century"
],
"answer_start": [
508
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5946 | 5726a296708984140094cc8d | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion? | What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion? | [
"What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on religion?"
] | {
"text": [
"the end of western religious unity"
],
"answer_start": [
686
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5947 | 5ad01e0677cf76001a686a92 | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages? | What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages? | [
"What geopolitical entity faded from the Late Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5948 | 5ad01e0677cf76001a686a93 | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages? | Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages? | [
"Which mountain range isn't seen as a dividing line when considering conditions during the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5949 | 5ad01e0677cf76001a686a94 | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages? | The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages? | [
"The Renaissance is never used to describe developments in what areas of life in the Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5950 | 5ad01e0677cf76001a686a95 | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages? | Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages? | [
"Which centuries are considered not to be part of the Late Middle Ages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5951 | 5ad01e0677cf76001a686a96 | Late_Middle_Ages | Modern historiography on the period has reached a consensus between the two extremes of innovation and crisis. It is now (generally) acknowledged that conditions were vastly different north and south of the Alps, and "Late Middle Ages" is often avoided entirely within Italian historiography. The term "Renaissance" is still considered useful for describing certain intellectual, cultural, or artistic developments, but not as the defining feature of an entire European historical epoch. The period from the early 14th century up until – and sometimes including – the 16th century, is rather seen as characterised by other trends: demographic and economic decline followed by recovery, the end of western religious unity and the subsequent emergence of the nation state, and the expansion of European influence onto the rest of the world. | What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science? | What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science? | [
"What was the general effect of the Late Middle Ages on science?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5952 | 5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64a | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | When was the Kalmar Union formed? | When was the Kalmar Union formed? | [
"When was the Kalmar Union formed?"
] | {
"text": [
"1397"
],
"answer_start": [
110
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5953 | 5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64b | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? | Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? | [
"Which Danish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?"
] | {
"text": [
"King Christian II"
],
"answer_start": [
232
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5954 | 5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64c | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union? | In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union? | [
"In what year did Sweden break away from the Kalmar Union?"
] | {
"text": [
"1523"
],
"answer_start": [
433
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5955 | 5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64d | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year? | Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year? | [
"Denmark and Norway remained in the Kalmar Union until what year?"
] | {
"text": [
"1814"
],
"answer_start": [
543
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5956 | 5726a7a0f1498d1400e8e64e | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place? | In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place? | [
"In what year did the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"1520"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5957 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686aae | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed? | When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed? | [
"When wasn't the Kalmar Union formed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5958 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686aaf | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? | Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath? | [
"Which Amish King was responsible for the Stockholm Bloodbath?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5959 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686ab0 | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union? | In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union? | [
"In what year did Finland break away from the Kalmar Union?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5960 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686ab1 | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year? | Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year? | [
"Denmark and Norway left in the Kalmar Union until what year?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5961 | 5ad01e5177cf76001a686ab2 | Late_Middle_Ages | After the failed union of Sweden and Norway of 1319–1365, the pan-Scandinavian Kalmar Union was instituted in 1397. The Swedes were reluctant members of the Danish-dominated union from the start. In an attempt to subdue the Swedes, King Christian II of Denmark had large numbers of the Swedish aristocracy killed in the Stockholm Bloodbath of 1520. Yet this measure only led to further hostilities, and Sweden broke away for good in 1523. Norway, on the other hand, became an inferior party of the union and remained united with Denmark until 1814. | In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place? | In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place? | [
"In what year didn't the Stockholm Bloodbath take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5962 | 5727284add62a815002e9968 | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved? | In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved? | [
"In what year was the Holy Roman Empire dissolved?"
] | {
"text": [
"1806"
],
"answer_start": [
283
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5963 | 5727284add62a815002e9969 | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors? | In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors? | [
"In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?"
] | {
"text": [
"1356"
],
"answer_start": [
62
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5964 | 5727284add62a815002e996a | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | The Hanseatic League was what type of institution? | The Hanseatic League was what type of institution? | [
"The Hanseatic League was what type of institution?"
] | {
"text": [
"financial"
],
"answer_start": [
480
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5965 | 5727284add62a815002e996b | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty? | In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty? | [
"In 1438, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Habsburgs"
],
"answer_start": [
217
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5966 | 5ad01ec877cf76001a686ab8 | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved? | In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved? | [
"In what year was the Holy Roman Empire saved?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5967 | 5ad01ec877cf76001a686ab9 | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors? | In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors? | [
"In what year did a Silver Bull make the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5968 | 5ad01ec877cf76001a686aba | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors? | In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors? | [
"In what year did a Golden Bull make the king of Bohemia last among the imperial electors?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5969 | 5ad01ec877cf76001a686abb | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution? | The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution? | [
"The Hanseatic League wasn't what type of institution?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5970 | 5ad01ec877cf76001a686abc | Late_Middle_Ages | Bohemia prospered in the 14th century, and the Golden Bull of 1356 made the king of Bohemia first among the imperial electors, but the Hussite revolution threw the country into crisis. The Holy Roman Empire passed to the Habsburgs in 1438, where it remained until its dissolution in 1806. Yet in spite of the extensive territories held by the Habsburgs, the Empire itself remained fragmented, and much real power and influence lay with the individual principalities. In addition, financial institutions, such as the Hanseatic League and the Fugger family, held great power, on both economic and a political levels. | In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty? | In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty? | [
"In 1483, control of the Holy Roman Empire passed to what dynasty?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5971 | 5727299f708984140094da8d | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | In what year did Louis die? | In what year did Louis die? | [
"In what year did Louis die?"
] | {
"text": [
"1382"
],
"answer_start": [
53
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5972 | 5727299f708984140094da8e | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | Who did Louis name as his heir? | Who did Louis name as his heir? | [
"Who did Louis name as his heir?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sigismund of Luxemburg"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5973 | 5727299f708984140094da8f | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir? | How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir? | [
"How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he was named heir?"
] | {
"text": [
"11"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5974 | 5727299f708984140094da90 | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court? | Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court? | [
"Upon taking the throne of Hungary where did Sigismund establish his court?"
] | {
"text": [
"Buda and Visegrád"
],
"answer_start": [
321
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5975 | 5727299f708984140094da91 | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? | What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? | [
"What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's refusal to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?"
] | {
"text": [
"internal war"
],
"answer_start": [
223
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5976 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686ac8 | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | In what year did Louis live? | In what year did Louis live? | [
"In what year did Louis live?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5977 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686ac9 | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | Who didn't Louis name as his heir? | Who didn't Louis name as his heir? | [
"Who didn't Louis name as his heir?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5978 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686aca | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir? | How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir? | [
"How old was Sigismund of Luxemburg when he wasn't named heir?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5979 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686acb | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court? | Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court? | [
"Upon taking the throne of Hungary where didn't Sigismund establish his court?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5980 | 5ad01f3077cf76001a686acc | Late_Middle_Ages | Louis did not leave a son as heir after his death in 1382. Instead, he named as his heir the young prince Sigismund of Luxemburg, who was 11 years old. The Hungarian nobility did not accept his claim, and the result was an internal war. Sigismund eventually achieved total control of Hungary and established his court in Buda and Visegrád. Both palaces were rebuilt and improved, and were considered the richest of the time in Europe. Inheriting the throne of Bohemia and the Holy Roman Empire, Sigismund continued conducting his politics from Hungary, but he was kept busy fighting the Hussites and the Ottoman Empire, which was becoming a menace to Europe in the beginning of the 15th century. | What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? | What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir? | [
"What was the result of the Hungarian nobility's honor to accept Sigismund claim as Louis' heir?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5981 | 57272b9d708984140094da97 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans? | In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans? | [
"In what year did Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?"
] | {
"text": [
"1521"
],
"answer_start": [
863
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5982 | 57272b9d708984140094da98 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo? | Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo? | [
"Who led led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lazar Hrebljevanovic"
],
"answer_start": [
310
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5983 | 57272b9d708984140094da99 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | In what year was the Battle of Kosovo? | In what year was the Battle of Kosovo? | [
"In what year was the Battle of Kosovo?"
] | {
"text": [
"1389"
],
"answer_start": [
387
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5984 | 57272b9d708984140094da9a | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330? | What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330? | [
"What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1330?"
] | {
"text": [
"Battle of Velbazhd"
],
"answer_start": [
147
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5985 | 57272b9d708984140094da9b | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479? | Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479? | [
"Which country was conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?"
] | {
"text": [
"Albania"
],
"answer_start": [
669
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5986 | 5ad01fbd77cf76001a686ad2 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans? | In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans? | [
"In what year didn't Belgrade fall to the Ottomans?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5987 | 5ad01fbd77cf76001a686ad3 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo? | Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo? | [
"Who never led the Serbian Army at the Battle of Kosovo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5988 | 5ad01fbd77cf76001a686ad4 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo? | In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo? | [
"In what year wasn't the Battle of Kosovo?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5989 | 5ad01fbd77cf76001a686ad5 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303? | What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303? | [
"What event resulted in the triumph of Serbia over Bulgaria in 1303?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5990 | 5ad01fbd77cf76001a686ad6 | Late_Middle_Ages | The Bulgarian Empire was in decline by the 14th century, and the ascendancy of Serbia was marked by the Serbian victory over the Bulgarians in the Battle of Velbazhd in 1330. By 1346, the Serbian king Stefan Dušan had been proclaimed emperor. Yet Serbian dominance was short-lived; the Serbian army led by the Lazar Hrebljevanovic was defeated by the Ottomans at the Battle of Kosovo in 1389, where most of the Serbian nobility was killed and the south of the country came under Ottoman occupation, as much of southern Bulgaria had become Ottoman territory in 1371. Northern remnants of Bulgaria were finally conquered by 1396, Serbia fell in 1459, Bosnia in 1463, and Albania was finally subordinated in 1479 only a few years after the death of Skanderbeg. Belgrade, an Hungarian domain at the time, was the last large Balkan city to fall under Ottoman rule, in 1521. By the end of the medieval period, the entire Balkan peninsula was annexed by, or became vassal to, the Ottomans. | Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479? | Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479? | [
"Which country wasn't conquered by the Ottomans in 1479?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5991 | 57272dbd708984140094daa9 | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century? | What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century? | [
"What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 14th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Avignon"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5992 | 57272dbd708984140094daaa | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | In what year did the papacy return to Rome? | In what year did the papacy return to Rome? | [
"In what year did the papacy return to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [
"1378"
],
"answer_start": [
93
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5993 | 57272dbd708984140094daab | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms? | What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms? | [
"What 14th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?"
] | {
"text": [
"The War of the Sicilian Vespers"
],
"answer_start": [
540
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5994 | 57272dbd708984140094daac | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided? | What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided? | [
"What were the names of the two kingdoms into which southern Italy was divided?"
] | {
"text": [
"Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples"
],
"answer_start": [
633
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5995 | 57272dbd708984140094daad | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united? | In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united? | [
"In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms re-united?"
] | {
"text": [
"1442"
],
"answer_start": [
693
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5996 | 5ad0200577cf76001a686adc | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 13th century? | What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 13th century? | [
"What city was the seat of the papacy for most of the 13th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5997 | 5ad0200577cf76001a686add | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | In what year didn't the papacy return to Rome? | In what year didn't the papacy return to Rome? | [
"In what year didn't the papacy return to Rome?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5998 | 5ad0200577cf76001a686ade | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | What 13th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms? | What 13th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms? | [
"What 13th century conflict resulted in the division of southern Italy into two kingdoms?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-5999 | 5ad0200577cf76001a686adf | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | What were the names of the two kingdoms into which northern Italy was divided? | What were the names of the two kingdoms into which northern Italy was divided? | [
"What were the names of the two kingdoms into which northern Italy was divided?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
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