gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-6000 | 5ad0200577cf76001a686ae0 | Late_Middle_Ages | Avignon was the seat of the papacy from 1309 to 1376. With the return of the Pope to Rome in 1378, the Papal State developed into a major secular power, culminating in the morally corrupt papacy of Alexander VI. Florence grew to prominence amongst the Italian city-states through financial business, and the dominant Medici family became important promoters of the Renaissance through their patronage of the arts. Other city states in northern Italy also expanded their territories and consolidated their power, primarily Milan and Venice. The War of the Sicilian Vespers had by the early 14th century divided southern Italy into an Aragon Kingdom of Sicily and an Anjou Kingdom of Naples. In 1442, the two kingdoms were effectively united under Aragonese control. | In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated? | In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated? | [
"In what year were the two southern Italian kingdoms separated?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6001 | 5727311af1498d1400e8f460 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married? | In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married? | [
"In what year were Isabel I and Ferdinand II married?"
] | {
"text": [
"1469"
],
"answer_start": [
4
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6002 | 5727311af1498d1400e8f461 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | When was modern-day Spain created? | When was modern-day Spain created? | [
"When was modern-day Spain created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
154
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6003 | 5727311af1498d1400e8f462 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista? | The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista? | [
"The capture of which city finalized the Reconquista?"
] | {
"text": [
"Granada"
],
"answer_start": [
160
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6004 | 5727311af1498d1400e8f463 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India? | Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India? | [
"Which explorer discovered a sea-route to India?"
] | {
"text": [
"Vasco da Gama"
],
"answer_start": [
366
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6005 | 5727311af1498d1400e8f464 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas? | In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas? | [
"In what year did Christopher Columbus discover the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [
"1492"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6006 | 5ad0205a77cf76001a686af0 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married? | In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married? | [
"In what year were Isabel II and Ferdinand II married?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6007 | 5ad0205a77cf76001a686af1 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | When was ancient-day Spain created? | When was ancient-day Spain created? | [
"When was ancient-day Spain created?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6008 | 5ad0205a77cf76001a686af2 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | The release of which city finalized the Reconquista? | The release of which city finalized the Reconquista? | [
"The release of which city finalized the Reconquista?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6009 | 5ad0205a77cf76001a686af3 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India? | Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India? | [
"Which explorer ignored a sea-route to India?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6010 | 5ad0205a77cf76001a686af4 | Late_Middle_Ages | The 1469 marriage of Isabella I of Castile and Ferdinand II of Aragon and the 1479 death of John II of Aragon led to the creation of modern-day Spain. In 1492, Granada was captured from the Moors, thereby completing the Reconquista. Portugal had during the 15th century – particularly under Henry the Navigator – gradually explored the coast of Africa, and in 1498, Vasco da Gama found the sea route to India. The Spanish monarchs met the Portuguese challenge by financing the expedition of Christopher Columbus to find a western sea route to India, leading to the discovery of the Americas in 1492. | In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas? | In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas? | [
"In what year did Christopher Columbus miss the Americas?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6011 | 572732f9dd62a815002e997a | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period? | Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period? | [
"Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Warm Period?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Little Ice Age"
],
"answer_start": [
54
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6012 | 572732f9dd62a815002e997b | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague? | What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague? | [
"What was the high end of the estimated death rate of the Black Plague?"
] | {
"text": [
"sixty percent"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6013 | 572732f9dd62a815002e997c | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries? | What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries? | [
"What major conflict rocked France during the 13th and 14th centuries?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hundred Years' War"
],
"answer_start": [
741
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6014 | 572732f9dd62a815002e997d | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | When did the Medieval Warm Period end? | When did the Medieval Warm Period end? | [
"When did the Medieval Warm Period end?"
] | {
"text": [
"Around 1300–1350"
],
"answer_start": [
0
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6015 | 572732f9dd62a815002e997e | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | What was the effect of the Little Ice Age? | What was the effect of the Little Ice Age? | [
"What was the effect of the Little Ice Age?"
] | {
"text": [
"agricultural crises"
],
"answer_start": [
105
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6016 | 5ad0212077cf76001a686b02 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Cold Period? | Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Cold Period? | [
"Which climactic epoch followed the Medieval Cold Period?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6017 | 5ad0212077cf76001a686b03 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague? | What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague? | [
"What was the low end of the known death rate of the Black Plague?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6018 | 5ad0212077cf76001a686b04 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age? | What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age? | [
"What wasn't the effect of the Little Ice Age?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6019 | 5ad0212077cf76001a686b05 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries? | What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries? | [
"What major conflict rocked France during the 12th and 13th centuries?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6020 | 5ad0212077cf76001a686b06 | Late_Middle_Ages | Around 1300–1350 the Medieval Warm Period gave way to the Little Ice Age. The colder climate resulted in agricultural crises, the first of which is known as the Great Famine of 1315-1317. The demographic consequences of this famine, however, were not as severe as the plagues that occurred later in the century, particularly the Black Death. Estimates of the death rate caused by this epidemic range from one third to as much as sixty percent. By around 1420, the accumulated effect of recurring plagues and famines had reduced the population of Europe to perhaps no more than a third of what it was a century earlier. The effects of natural disasters were exacerbated by armed conflicts; this was particularly the case in France during the Hundred Years' War. | When did the Medieval Warm Period start? | When did the Medieval Warm Period start? | [
"When did the Medieval Warm Period start?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6021 | 572734fff1498d1400e8f4a0 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | When did the French Jacquerie take place? | When did the French Jacquerie take place? | [
"When did the French Jacquerie take place?"
] | {
"text": [
"1358"
],
"answer_start": [
391
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6022 | 572734fff1498d1400e8f4a1 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages? | What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages? | [
"What English law was enacted in order to forcibly reduce wages?"
] | {
"text": [
"Statute of Laborers"
],
"answer_start": [
209
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6023 | 572734fff1498d1400e8f4a2 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted? | In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted? | [
"In what year was the Statute of Laborers enacted?"
] | {
"text": [
"1351"
],
"answer_start": [
204
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6024 | 572734fff1498d1400e8f4a3 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur? | In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur? | [
"In what year did the English Peasants' Revolt occur?"
] | {
"text": [
"1381"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6025 | 572734fff1498d1400e8f4a4 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century? | Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century? | [
"Which economic system was ultimately ended by the upheavals of the 14th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"serfdom"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6026 | 5ad0217377cf76001a686b16 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | When didn't the French Jacquerie take place? | When didn't the French Jacquerie take place? | [
"When didn't the French Jacquerie take place?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6027 | 5ad0217377cf76001a686b17 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages? | What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages? | [
"What English law was scrapped in order to forcibly reduce wages?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6028 | 5ad0217377cf76001a686b18 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected? | In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected? | [
"In what year was the Statute of Laborers rejected?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6029 | 5ad0217377cf76001a686b19 | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur? | In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur? | [
"In what year didn't the English Peasants' Revolt occur?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6030 | 5ad0217377cf76001a686b1a | Late_Middle_Ages | As the European population was severely reduced, land became more plentiful for the survivors, and labour consequently more expensive. Attempts by landowners to forcibly reduce wages, such as the English 1351 Statute of Laborers, were doomed to fail. These efforts resulted in nothing more than fostering resentment among the peasantry, leading to rebellions such as the French Jacquerie in 1358 and the English Peasants' Revolt in 1381. The long-term effect was the virtual end of serfdom in Western Europe. In Eastern Europe, on the other hand, landowners were able to exploit the situation to force the peasantry into even more repressive bondage. | Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century? | Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century? | [
"Which economic system was ultimately started by the upheavals of the 14th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6031 | 5727367d708984140094dafd | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500? | Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500? | [
"Which European cities likely had populations greater than 100,000 in 1500?"
] | {
"text": [
"Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople"
],
"answer_start": [
246
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6032 | 5727367d708984140094dafe | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500? | How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500? | [
"How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1500?"
] | {
"text": [
"Twenty-two"
],
"answer_start": [
343
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6033 | 5727367d708984140094daff | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century? | What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century? | [
"What event decimated urban populations in the 14th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Black Death"
],
"answer_start": [
118
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6034 | 5727367d708984140094db00 | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500? | Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500? | [
"Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1500?"
] | {
"text": [
"London"
],
"answer_start": [
519
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6035 | 5ad0221377cf76001a686b34 | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | Which European cities likely had populations greater than 1,000,000 in 1500? | Which European cities likely had populations greater than 1,000,000 in 1500? | [
"Which European cities likely had populations greater than 1,000,000 in 1500?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6036 | 5ad0221377cf76001a686b35 | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | Which European cities likely had populations less than 100,000 in 1500? | Which European cities likely had populations less than 100,000 in 1500? | [
"Which European cities likely had populations less than 100,000 in 1500?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6037 | 5ad0221377cf76001a686b36 | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1600? | How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1600? | [
"How many other cities had populations larger than 40,000 by 1600?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6038 | 5ad0221377cf76001a686b37 | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century? | What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century? | [
"What event decimated urban populations in the 13th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6039 | 5ad0221377cf76001a686b38 | Late_Middle_Ages | Up until the mid-14th century, Europe had experienced steadily increasing urbanisation. Cities were also decimated by the Black Death, but the role of urban areas as centres of learning, commerce and government ensured continued growth. By 1500, Venice, Milan, Naples, Paris and Constantinople each probably had more than 100,000 inhabitants. Twenty-two other cities were larger than 40,000; most of these were in Italy and the Iberian peninsula, but there were also some in France, the Empire, the Low Countries, plus London in England. | Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1600? | Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1600? | [
"Which English city had a population greater than 40,000 in 1600?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6040 | 572738d25951b619008f86ef | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies? | Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies? | [
"Which conflict in France resulted in the establishment of permanent armies?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hundred Years' War"
],
"answer_start": [
504
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6041 | 572738d25951b619008f86f0 | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops? | The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops? | [
"The use of paid mercenaries and domestic retinues replaced which method of raising troops?"
] | {
"text": [
"national or feudal levy"
],
"answer_start": [
89
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6042 | 572738d25951b619008f86f1 | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system? | Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system? | [
"Which soldiers were in high demand under the mercenary system?"
] | {
"text": [
"Swiss"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6043 | 572738d35951b619008f86f2 | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century? | Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century? | [
"Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 14th century?"
] | {
"text": [
"Edward III"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6044 | 5ad0225d77cf76001a686b48 | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which conflict in France resulted in the abolishment of permanent armies? | Which conflict in France resulted in the abolishment of permanent armies? | [
"Which conflict in France resulted in the abolishment of permanent armies?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6045 | 5ad0225d77cf76001a686b49 | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | The use of paid mercenaries and international retinues replaced which method of raising troops? | The use of paid mercenaries and international retinues replaced which method of raising troops? | [
"The use of paid mercenaries and international retinues replaced which method of raising troops?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6046 | 5ad0225d77cf76001a686b4a | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which soldiers were in low demand under the mercenary system? | Which soldiers were in low demand under the mercenary system? | [
"Which soldiers were in low demand under the mercenary system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6047 | 5ad0225d77cf76001a686b4b | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which soldiers were in high demand under the judicial system? | Which soldiers were in high demand under the judicial system? | [
"Which soldiers were in high demand under the judicial system?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6048 | 5ad0225d77cf76001a686b4c | Late_Middle_Ages | Changes also took place within the recruitment and composition of armies. The use of the national or feudal levy was gradually replaced by paid troops of domestic retinues or foreign mercenaries. The practice was associated with Edward III of England and the condottieri of the Italian city-states. All over Europe, Swiss soldiers were in particularly high demand. At the same time, the period also saw the emergence of the first permanent armies. It was in Valois France, under the heavy demands of the Hundred Years' War, that the armed forces gradually assumed a permanent nature. | Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century? | Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century? | [
"Which English king is associated with the use of mercenaries in the 13th century?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6049 | 57273aa2dd62a815002e99c2 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348? | What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348? | [
"What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1348?"
] | {
"text": [
"Order of the Garter"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6050 | 57273aa2dd62a815002e99c3 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | Who founded the Order of St. George? | Who founded the Order of St. George? | [
"Who founded the Order of St. George?"
] | {
"text": [
"Charles I of Hungary"
],
"answer_start": [
458
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6051 | 57273aa2dd62a815002e99c4 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | In what year was the Order of St. George founded? | In what year was the Order of St. George founded? | [
"In what year was the Order of St. George founded?"
] | {
"text": [
"1325"
],
"answer_start": [
482
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6052 | 57273aa2dd62a815002e99c5 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | What was the code of conduct of the military orders called? | What was the code of conduct of the military orders called? | [
"What was the code of conduct of the military orders called?"
] | {
"text": [
"chivalry"
],
"answer_start": [
317
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6053 | 57273aa2dd62a815002e99c6 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | In what year was the Order of the Garter established? | In what year was the Order of the Garter established? | [
"In what year was the Order of the Garter established?"
] | {
"text": [
"1348"
],
"answer_start": [
580
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6054 | 5ad022b677cf76001a686b5e | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438? | What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438? | [
"What was the chivalric order established by Edward III in 1438?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6055 | 5ad022b677cf76001a686b5f | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | Who co-founded the Order of St. George? | Who co-founded the Order of St. George? | [
"Who co-founded the Order of St. George?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6056 | 5ad022b677cf76001a686b60 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded? | In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded? | [
"In what year was the Order of St. George disbanded?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6057 | 5ad022b677cf76001a686b61 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called? | What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called? | [
"What wasn't the code of conduct of the military orders called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6058 | 5ad022b677cf76001a686b62 | Late_Middle_Ages | Parallel to the military developments emerged also a constantly more elaborate chivalric code of conduct for the warrior class. This new-found ethos can be seen as a response to the diminishing military role of the aristocracy, and gradually it became almost entirely detached from its military origin. The spirit of chivalry was given expression through the new (secular) type of chivalric orders; the first of these was the Order of St. George, founded by Charles I of Hungary in 1325, while the best known was probably the English Order of the Garter, founded by Edward III in 1348. | In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed? | In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed? | [
"In what year was the Order of the Garter destroyed?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6059 | 57273c11dd62a815002e99dc | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time? | What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time? | [
"What was the result of the election of two popes at the same time?"
] | {
"text": [
"Papal Schism"
],
"answer_start": [
245
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6060 | 57273c11dd62a815002e99dd | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309? | Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309? | [
"Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1309?"
] | {
"text": [
"Avignon"
],
"answer_start": [
106
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6061 | 57273c11dd62a815002e99de | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon? | In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon? | [
"In what year did the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?"
] | {
"text": [
"1377"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6062 | 57273c11dd62a815002e99df | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | What was the time frame of the Papal Schism? | What was the time frame of the Papal Schism? | [
"What was the time frame of the Papal Schism?"
] | {
"text": [
"1378–1417"
],
"answer_start": [
259
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6063 | 57273c11dd62a815002e99e0 | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy? | Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy? | [
"Who were the supporters of the Avignon Papacy?"
] | {
"text": [
"France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms"
],
"answer_start": [
326
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6064 | 5ad0231977cf76001a686b68 | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | What was the result of the election of three popes at the same time? | What was the result of the election of three popes at the same time? | [
"What was the result of the election of three popes at the same time?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6065 | 5ad0231977cf76001a686b69 | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039? | Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039? | [
"Where was the Holy See transferred to in 1039?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6066 | 5ad0231977cf76001a686b6a | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | In what year didn't the Pope return to Rome from Avignon? | In what year didn't the Pope return to Rome from Avignon? | [
"In what year didn't the Pope return to Rome from Avignon?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6067 | 5ad0231977cf76001a686b6b | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | What wasn't the time frame of the Papal Schism? | What wasn't the time frame of the Papal Schism? | [
"What wasn't the time frame of the Papal Schism?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6068 | 5ad0231977cf76001a686b6c | Late_Middle_Ages | The French crown's increasing dominance over the Papacy culminated in the transference of the Holy See to Avignon in 1309. When the Pope returned to Rome in 1377, this led to the election of different popes in Avignon and Rome, resulting in the Papal Schism (1378–1417). The Schism divided Europe along political lines; while France, her ally Scotland and the Spanish kingdoms supported the Avignon Papacy, France's enemy England stood behind the Pope in Rome, together with Portugal, Scandinavia and most of the German princes. | Who were the rejecters of the Avignon Papacy? | Who were the rejecters of the Avignon Papacy? | [
"Who were the rejecters of the Avignon Papacy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6069 | 572740eaf1498d1400e8f534 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions? | Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions? | [
"Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible should be the sole authority in religious questions?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Wycliffe"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6070 | 572740eaf1498d1400e8f535 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called? | What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called? | [
"What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters called?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Lollards"
],
"answer_start": [
799
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6071 | 572740eaf1498d1400e8f536 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church? | What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church? | [
"What was the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Protestant Reformation"
],
"answer_start": [
131
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6072 | 572740eaf1498d1400e8f537 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against? | Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against? | [
"Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out against?"
] | {
"text": [
"transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences"
],
"answer_start": [
562
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6073 | 572740eaf1498d1400e8f538 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement? | Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement? | [
"Who was one of the English aristocrats who supported the Lollard movement?"
] | {
"text": [
"John of Gaunt"
],
"answer_start": [
682
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6074 | 5ad0239977cf76001a686b72 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible shouldn't be the sole authority in religious questions? | Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible shouldn't be the sole authority in religious questions? | [
"Which Oxford professor believed that the Bible shouldn't be the sole authority in religious questions?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6075 | 5ad0239977cf76001a686b73 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters not called? | What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters not called? | [
"What were Jon Wycliffe's supporters not called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6076 | 5ad0239977cf76001a686b74 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church? | What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church? | [
"What wasn't the event that ended religious unity in the Western Church?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6077 | 5ad0239977cf76001a686b75 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out for? | Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out for? | [
"Which Catholic practices did Wycliffe speak out for?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6078 | 5ad0239977cf76001a686b76 | Late_Middle_Ages | Though many of the events were outside the traditional time-period of the Middle Ages, the end of the unity of the Western Church (the Protestant Reformation), was one of the distinguishing characteristics of the medieval period. The Catholic Church had long fought against heretic movements, but during the Late Middle Ages, it started to experience demands for reform from within. The first of these came from Oxford professor John Wycliffe in England. Wycliffe held that the Bible should be the only authority in religious questions, and he spoke out against transubstantiation, celibacy and indulgences. In spite of influential supporters among the English aristocracy, such as John of Gaunt, the movement was not allowed to survive. Though Wycliffe himself was left unmolested, his supporters, the Lollards, were eventually suppressed in England. | Who was one of the English aristocrats who never supported the Lollard movement? | Who was one of the English aristocrats who never supported the Lollard movement? | [
"Who was one of the English aristocrats who never supported the Lollard movement?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6079 | 57274264708984140094db7f | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake? | In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake? | [
"In what year was Jan Hus burned at the stake?"
] | {
"text": [
"1415"
],
"answer_start": [
487
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6080 | 57274264708984140094db80 | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | Who did Richard II of England marry? | Who did Richard II of England marry? | [
"Who did Richard II of England marry?"
] | {
"text": [
"Anne of Bohemia"
],
"answer_start": [
41
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6081 | 57274264708984140094db81 | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on? | Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on? | [
"Whose teachings did Jan Hus base his own on?"
] | {
"text": [
"John Wycliffe"
],
"answer_start": [
210
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6082 | 57274264708984140094db82 | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | What were the followers of Jan Hus called? | What were the followers of Jan Hus called? | [
"What were the followers of Jan Hus called?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hussites"
],
"answer_start": [
248
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6083 | 57274264708984140094db83 | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus? | What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus? | [
"What conflict resulted from death of Jan Hus?"
] | {
"text": [
"Hussite Wars"
],
"answer_start": [
557
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6084 | 5ad023f477cf76001a686b7c | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | In what year was Jan Hus saved at the stake? | In what year was Jan Hus saved at the stake? | [
"In what year was Jan Hus saved at the stake?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6085 | 5ad023f477cf76001a686b7d | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | Who did Richard I of England marry? | Who did Richard I of England marry? | [
"Who did Richard I of England marry?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6086 | 5ad023f477cf76001a686b7e | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | Whose teachings did Jan Hus not base his own on? | Whose teachings did Jan Hus not base his own on? | [
"Whose teachings did Jan Hus not base his own on?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6087 | 5ad023f477cf76001a686b7f | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | What weren't the followers of Jan Hus called? | What weren't the followers of Jan Hus called? | [
"What weren't the followers of Jan Hus called?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6088 | 5ad023f477cf76001a686b80 | Late_Middle_Ages | The marriage of Richard II of England to Anne of Bohemia established contacts between the two nations and brought Lollard ideas to her homeland. The teachings of the Czech priest Jan Hus were based on those of John Wycliffe, yet his followers, the Hussites, were to have a much greater political impact than the Lollards. Hus gained a great following in Bohemia, and in 1414, he was requested to appear at the Council of Constance to defend his cause. When he was burned as a heretic in 1415, it caused a popular uprising in the Czech lands. The subsequent Hussite Wars fell apart due to internal quarrels and did not result in religious or national independence for the Czechs, but both the Catholic Church and the German element within the country were weakened. | What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus? | What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus? | [
"What conflict resulted from birth of Jan Hus?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6089 | 572743c45951b619008f8797 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible? | Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible? | [
"Into what language did Martin Luther translate the Bible?"
] | {
"text": [
"German"
],
"answer_start": [
522
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6090 | 572743c45951b619008f8798 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? | What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? | [
"What did Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?"
] | {
"text": [
"95 theses"
],
"answer_start": [
72
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6091 | 572743c45951b619008f8799 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses? | In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses? | [
"In what year did Martin Luther post his 95 theses?"
] | {
"text": [
"1517"
],
"answer_start": [
132
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6092 | 572743c45951b619008f879a | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy? | What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy? | [
"What was Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?"
] | {
"text": [
"he refused"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6093 | 572743c45951b619008f879b | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire? | Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire? | [
"Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he was under the ban of the Empire?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frederick the Wise"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6094 | 5ad0246777cf76001a686b86 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | Into what language didn't Martin Luther translate the Bible? | Into what language didn't Martin Luther translate the Bible? | [
"Into what language didn't Martin Luther translate the Bible?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6095 | 5ad0246777cf76001a686b87 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? | What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg? | [
"What didn't Martin Luther post on the castle church of Wittenberg?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6096 | 5ad0246777cf76001a686b88 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | In what year did Martin Luther post his 59 theses? | In what year did Martin Luther post his 59 theses? | [
"In what year did Martin Luther post his 59 theses?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6097 | 5ad0246777cf76001a686b89 | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | What wasn't Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy? | What wasn't Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy? | [
"What wasn't Martin Luther's response when challenged to recant his heresy?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6098 | 5ad0246777cf76001a686b8a | Late_Middle_Ages | Martin Luther, a German monk, started the German Reformation by posting 95 theses on the castle church of Wittenberg on October 31, 1517. The immediate provocation spurring this act was Pope Leo X’s renewal of the indulgence for the building of the new St. Peter's Basilica in 1514. Luther was challenged to recant his heresy at the Diet of Worms in 1521. When he refused, he was placed under the ban of the Empire by Charles V. Receiving the protection of Frederick the Wise, he was then able to translate the Bible into German. | Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he wasn't under the ban of the Empire? | Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he wasn't under the ban of the Empire? | [
"Who acted as protector to Martin Luther when he wasn't under the ban of the Empire?"
] | {
"text": [],
"answer_start": []
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-6099 | 57274695dd62a815002e9a54 | Late_Middle_Ages | In the late 13th and early 14th centuries, a process took place – primarily in Italy but partly also in the Empire – that historians have termed a 'commercial revolution'. Among the innovations of the period were new forms of partnership and the issuing of insurance, both of which contributed to reducing the risk of commercial ventures; the bill of exchange and other forms of credit that circumvented the canonical laws for gentiles against usury, and eliminated the dangers of carrying bullion; and new forms of accounting, in particular double-entry bookkeeping, which allowed for better oversight and accuracy. | What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries? | What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries? | [
"What new form of accounting was created during the late 13th and early 14th centuries?"
] | {
"text": [
"double-entry bookkeeping"
],
"answer_start": [
542
]
} |
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