gem_id stringlengths 20 25 | id stringlengths 24 24 | title stringlengths 3 59 | context stringlengths 151 3.71k | question stringlengths 1 270 | target stringlengths 1 270 | references list | answers dict |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
gem-squad_v2-train-9000 | 572869712ca10214002da31a | LaserDisc | Under contract from the U.S. Military, Matrox produced a combination computer/LaserDisc player for instructional purposes. The computer was a 286, the LaserDisc player only capable of reading the analog audio tracks. Together they weighed 43 lb (20 kg) and sturdy handles were provided in case two people were required to lift the unit. The computer controlled the player via a 25-pin serial port at the back of the player and a ribbon cable connected to a proprietary port on the motherboard. Many of these were sold as surplus by the military during the 1990s, often without the controller software. Nevertheless, it is possible to control the unit by removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player. | How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled? | How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled? | [
"How could Matrox's computer unconventionally be controlled?"
] | {
"text": [
"removing the ribbon cable and connecting a serial cable directly from the computer's serial port to the port on the LaserDisc player"
],
"answer_start": [
654
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9001 | 57286a604b864d19001649c2 | LaserDisc | The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software. | What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s? | What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s? | [
"What quality made LDs a consideration for videogames in the 1980s and 1990s?"
] | {
"text": [
"instant-access capability"
],
"answer_start": [
13
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9002 | 57286a604b864d19001649c3 | LaserDisc | The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software. | What was the first game to use LaserDiscs? | What was the first game to use LaserDiscs? | [
"What was the first game to use LaserDiscs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Sega's Astron Belt"
],
"answer_start": [
229
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9003 | 57286a604b864d19001649c4 | LaserDisc | The format's instant-access capability made it possible for a new breed of LaserDisc-based video arcade games and several companies saw potential in using LaserDiscs for video games in the 1980s and 1990s, beginning in 1983 with Sega's Astron Belt. American Laser Games and Cinematronics produced elaborate arcade consoles that used the random-access features to create interactive movies such as Dragon's Lair and Space Ace. Similarly, the Pioneer Laseractive and Halcyon were introduced as home video game consoles that used LaserDisc media for their software. | In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released? | In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released? | [
"In what year was Sega's AStron Belt released?"
] | {
"text": [
"1983"
],
"answer_start": [
219
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9004 | 57289de03acd2414000dfb73 | LaserDisc | In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs. | With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate? | With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate? | [
"With what operating ratio would MUSE Discs operate?"
] | {
"text": [
"5:3"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9005 | 57289de03acd2414000dfb74 | LaserDisc | In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs. | What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have? | What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have? | [
"What benefits did the MUSE narrow wavelength red laser have?"
] | {
"text": [
"capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out"
],
"answer_start": [
839
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9006 | 57289de03acd2414000dfb75 | LaserDisc | In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs. | In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs? | In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs? | [
"In addition to scratches and rot, what other common LaserDisc issue was to be eliminated by MUSE discs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Crosstalk"
],
"answer_start": [
986
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9007 | 57289de03acd2414000dfb76 | LaserDisc | In 1991, several manufacturers announced specifications for what would become known as MUSE LaserDisc, representing a span of almost 15 years until the feats of this HD analog optical disc system would finally be duplicated digitally by HD DVD and Blu-ray Disc. Encoded using NHK's MUSE "Hi-Vision" analogue TV system, MUSE discs would operate like standard LaserDiscs but would contain high-definition 1,125-line (1,035 visible lines) (Sony HDVS) video with a 5:3 aspect ratio. The MUSE players were also capable of playing standard NTSC format discs and are superior in performance to non-MUSE players even with these NTSC discs. The MUSE-capable players had several noteworthy advantages over standard LaserDisc players, including a red laser with a much narrower wavelength than the lasers found in standard players. The red laser was capable of reading through disc defects such as scratches and even mild disc rot that would cause most other players to stop, stutter or drop-out. Crosstalk was not an issue with MUSE discs, and the narrow wavelength of the laser allowed for the virtual elimination of crosstalk with normal discs. | How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology? | How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology? | [
"How many years did it take Blu-ray and HD-DVD players to duplicate MUSE technology?"
] | {
"text": [
"almost 15 years"
],
"answer_start": [
126
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9008 | 57289ecb4b864d1900164adc | LaserDisc | In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released. | What was the price for early HDTVs? | What was the price for early HDTVs? | [
"What was the price for early HDTVs?"
] | {
"text": [
"US$10,000"
],
"answer_start": [
316
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9009 | 57289ecb4b864d1900164add | LaserDisc | In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released. | Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan? | Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan? | [
"Did MUSE have a large or small target market, even in Japan?"
] | {
"text": [
"tiny"
],
"answer_start": [
369
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9010 | 57289ecb4b864d1900164ade | LaserDisc | In order to view MUSE encoded discs, it was necessary to have a MUSE decoder in addition to a compatible player. There are televisions with MUSE decoding built-in and set top tuners with decoders that can provide the proper MUSE input. Equipment prices were high, especially for early HDTVs which generally eclipsed US$10,000, and even in Japan the market for MUSE was tiny. Players and discs were never officially sold in North America, although several distributors imported MUSE discs along with other import titles. Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin were among the theatrical releases available on MUSE LDs. Several documentaries, including one about Formula One at Japan's Suzuka Circuit were also released. | What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs? | What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs? | [
"What were some movies that were released on MUSE LaserDiscs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Lawrence of Arabia, A League of Their Own, Bugsy, Close Encounters of the Third Kind, Bram Stoker's Dracula and Chaplin"
],
"answer_start": [
520
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9011 | 57289f843acd2414000dfb85 | LaserDisc | With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited. | What were "Squeeze LDs"? | What were "Squeeze LDs"? | [
"What were \"Squeeze LDs\"?"
] | {
"text": [
"enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs"
],
"answer_start": [
157
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9012 | 57289f843acd2414000dfb86 | LaserDisc | With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited. | With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate? | With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate? | [
"With what aspect ratio did Squeeze LDs operate?"
] | {
"text": [
"16:9-ratio widescreen"
],
"answer_start": [
166
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9013 | 57289f843acd2414000dfb87 | LaserDisc | With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited. | Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market? | Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market? | [
"Why did Squeeze LDs have a very limited market?"
] | {
"text": [
"very few people owned 16:9 displays"
],
"answer_start": [
848
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9014 | 57289f843acd2414000dfb88 | LaserDisc | With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited. | Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted? | Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted? | [
"Could the 16:9 aspect ratio be easily resized by a normal LD player, or was the image significantly distorted?"
] | {
"text": [
"distorted"
],
"answer_start": [
831
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9015 | 57289f843acd2414000dfb89 | LaserDisc | With the release of 16:9 televisions in the mid-1990s, Pioneer and Toshiba decided that it was time to take advantage of this aspect ratio. Squeeze LDs were enhanced 16:9-ratio widescreen LaserDiscs. During the video transfer stage, the movie was stored in an anamorphic "squeezed" format. The widescreen movie image was stretched to fill the entire video frame with less or none of the video resolution wasted to create letterbox bars. The advantage was a 33% greater vertical resolution compared to letterboxed widescreen LaserDisc. This same procedure was used for anamorphic DVDs, but unlike all DVD players, very few LD players had the ability to unsqueeze the image for 4:3 sets, and very few if any 4:3 sets could be set to play them properly either. If the discs were played on a standard 4:3 television the image would be distorted. Since very few people owned 16:9 displays, the marketability of these special discs was very limited. | What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs? | What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs? | [
"What percent vertical resolution increase did Squeeze LDs feature over regular widescreen LDs?"
] | {
"text": [
"33%"
],
"answer_start": [
457
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9016 | 5728a02e4b864d1900164af6 | LaserDisc | There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first. | Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD? | Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD? | [
"Which movie was released twice on Squeeze LD?"
] | {
"text": [
"Terminator 2"
],
"answer_start": [
527
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9017 | 5728a02e4b864d1900164af7 | LaserDisc | There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first. | What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release? | What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release? | [
"What improvement was added to Terminator 2's second Squeeze LD release?"
] | {
"text": [
"THX certified"
],
"answer_start": [
599
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9018 | 5728a02e4b864d1900164af8 | LaserDisc | There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first. | What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs? | What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs? | [
"What Warner Brothers films were available in 16:9 aspect ratio Squeeze LDs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy"
],
"answer_start": [
226
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9019 | 5728a02e4b864d1900164af9 | LaserDisc | There were no anamorphic LaserDisc titles available in the US except for promotional purposes. Upon purchase of a Toshiba 16:9 television viewers had the option of selecting a number of Warner Bros. 16:9 films. Titles include Unforgiven, Grumpy Old Men, The Fugitive, and Free Willy. The Japanese lineup of titles was different. A series of releases under the banner "SQUEEZE LD" from Pioneer of mostly Carolco titles included Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger. Terminator 2 was released twice in Squeeze LD, the second release being THX certified and a notable improvement over the first. | What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs? | What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs? | [
"What films were available for Japanese market Squeeze LDs?"
] | {
"text": [
"Basic Instinct, Stargate, Terminator 2: Judgment Day, Showgirls, Cutthroat Island, and Cliffhanger"
],
"answer_start": [
427
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9020 | 5728a0c84b864d1900164afe | LaserDisc | Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded. | What does the acronym RLV stand for? | What does the acronym RLV stand for? | [
"What does the acronym RLV stand for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Recordable LaserVision disc"
],
"answer_start": [
159
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9021 | 5728a0c84b864d1900164aff | LaserDisc | Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded. | Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV? | Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV? | [
"Which company originally developed and marketed the RLV?"
] | {
"text": [
"Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus)"
],
"answer_start": [
231
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9022 | 5728a0c84b864d1900164b00 | LaserDisc | Another form of recordable LaserDisc that is completely playback-compatible with the LaserDisc format (unlike CRVdisc with its caddy enclosure) is the RLV, or Recordable LaserVision disc. It was developed and first marketed by the Optical Disc Corporation (ODC, now ODC Nimbus) in 1984. RLV discs, like CRVdisc, are also a WORM technology, and function exactly like a CD-R disc. RLV discs look almost exactly like standard LaserDiscs, and can play in any standard LaserDisc player after they have been recorded. | In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc? | In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc? | [
"In what year did ODC develop the Recordable LaserVision Disc?"
] | {
"text": [
"1984."
],
"answer_start": [
281
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9023 | 5728a13eff5b5019007da34e | LaserDisc | The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators. | What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD? | What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD? | [
"What is the difference in appearance between an RLV disc and a regular LD?"
] | {
"text": [
"reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color"
],
"answer_start": [
99
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9024 | 5728a13eff5b5019007da34f | LaserDisc | The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators. | Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color? | Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color? | [
"Why do RLV discs have a blue or purple reflective color?"
] | {
"text": [
"to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs"
],
"answer_start": [
228
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9025 | 5728a13eff5b5019007da350 | LaserDisc | The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators. | For what purpose were RLVs popular? | For what purpose were RLVs popular? | [
"For what purpose were RLVs popular?"
] | {
"text": [
"making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators"
],
"answer_start": [
401
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9026 | 5728a13eff5b5019007da351 | LaserDisc | The only cosmetic difference between an RLV disc and a regular factory-pressed LaserDiscs is their reflective purple-violet (or blue with some RLV discs) color resulting from the dye embedded in the reflective layer of the disc to make it recordable, as opposed to the silver mirror appearance of regular LDs. The purplish color of RLVs is very similar to DVD-R and DVD+R discs. RLVs were popular for making short-run quantities of LaserDiscs for specialized applications such as interactive kiosks and flight simulators. | What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues? | What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues? | [
"What color were regular LaserDiscs, in contrast to RLVs blueish purple hues?"
] | {
"text": [
"silver mirror"
],
"answer_start": [
269
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9027 | 5728a20a2ca10214002da4fa | LaserDisc | There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen". | In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD? | In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD? | [
"In contrast to large LD disks, what is the size of a standard CD?"
] | {
"text": [
"12 cm (4.7 in)"
],
"answer_start": [
16
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9028 | 5728a20a2ca10214002da4fb | LaserDisc | There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen". | What were CD size "single"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players? | What were CD size "single"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players? | [
"What were CD size \"single\"-style discs called that were compatible with LaserDisc players?"
] | {
"text": [
"CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD)"
],
"answer_start": [
138
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9029 | 5728a20a2ca10214002da4fc | LaserDisc | There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen". | How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk? | How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk? | [
"How much video content could be stored on a CD-V disk?"
] | {
"text": [
"up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content"
],
"answer_start": [
206
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9030 | 5728a20a2ca10214002da4fd | LaserDisc | There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen". | What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for? | What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for? | [
"What were CD-V's video capacities usually used for?"
] | {
"text": [
"music video"
],
"answer_start": [
275
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9031 | 5728a20a2ca10214002da4fe | LaserDisc | There were also 12 cm (4.7 in) (CD size) "single"-style discs produced that were playable on LaserDisc players. These were referred to as CD Video (CD-V) discs, and Video Single Discs (VSD). A CD-V carried up to five minutes of analog LaserDisc-type video content (usually a music video), as well as up to 20 minutes of digital audio CD tracks. The original 1989 release of David Bowie's retrospective Sound + Vision CD box set prominently featured a CD-V video of Ashes to Ashes, and standalone promo CD-Vs featured the video, plus three audio tracks: "John, I'm Only Dancing", "Changes", and "The Supermen". | Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989? | Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989? | [
"Which artist released a music video and three audio tracks on CD-V in 1989?"
] | {
"text": [
"David Bowie"
],
"answer_start": [
374
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9032 | 5728a2e94b864d1900164b0e | LaserDisc | CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world. | What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included? | What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included? | [
"What were VSDs lacking that CD-Vs included?"
] | {
"text": [
"audio CD tracks"
],
"answer_start": [
359
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9033 | 5728a2e94b864d1900164b0f | LaserDisc | CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world. | In what areas of the world were VSDs popular? | In what areas of the world were VSDs popular? | [
"In what areas of the world were VSDs popular?"
] | {
"text": [
"only in Japan and other parts of Asia"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9034 | 5728a2e94b864d1900164b10 | LaserDisc | CD-Vs are not to be confused with Video CDs (which are all-digital and can only be played on VCD players, DVD players, CD-i players, computers, and later-model LaserDisc players, such as the DVL series from Pioneer that can also play DVDs). CD-Vs can only be played back on LaserDisc players with CD-V capability. VSDs were the same as CD-Vs, but without the audio CD tracks. CD-Vs were somewhat popular for a brief time worldwide, but soon faded from view. VSDs were popular only in Japan and other parts of Asia, and were never fully introduced to the rest of the world. | Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players? | Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players? | [
"Were VSDs or CD-Vs all digital and also playable on DVD players?"
] | {
"text": [
"VSDs"
],
"answer_start": [
314
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9035 | 57324f18b9d445190005ea1b | The_Bronx | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density. | How many boroughs are in NYC? | How many boroughs are in NYC? | [
"How many boroughs are in NYC?"
] | {
"text": [
"five"
],
"answer_start": [
47
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9036 | 57324f18b9d445190005ea1c | The_Bronx | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density. | Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs? | Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs? | [
"Where is the Bronx positioned among NYC boroughs?"
] | {
"text": [
"northernmost"
],
"answer_start": [
27
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9037 | 57324f18b9d445190005ea1d | The_Bronx | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density. | What is the Bronx's population? | What is the Bronx's population? | [
"What is the Bronx's population?"
] | {
"text": [
"1,438,159"
],
"answer_start": [
507
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9038 | 57324f18b9d445190005ea1e | The_Bronx | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density. | How large is the Bronx? | How large is the Bronx? | [
"How large is the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"42 square miles (109 km2)"
],
"answer_start": [
461
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9039 | 57324f18b9d445190005ea1f | The_Bronx | The Bronx /ˈbrɒŋks/ is the northernmost of the five boroughs (counties) of New York City in the state of New York, located south of Westchester County. Many bridges and tunnels link the Bronx to the island and borough of Manhattan to the west over and under the narrow Harlem River, as well as three longer bridges south over the East River to the borough of Queens. Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland and, with a land area of 42 square miles (109 km2) and a population of 1,438,159 in 2014, has the fourth largest land area, the fourth highest population, and the third-highest population density. | What is unique about the Bronx's location? | What is unique about the Bronx's location? | [
"What is unique about the Bronx's location?"
] | {
"text": [
"Of the five boroughs, the Bronx is the only one on the U.S. mainland"
],
"answer_start": [
367
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9040 | 57324f89e99e3014001e66a0 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. | Who is the Bronx named for? | Who is the Bronx named for? | [
"Who is the Bronx named for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Jonas Bronck"
],
"answer_start": [
25
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9041 | 57324f89e99e3014001e66a1 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. | What did Bronck do? | What did Bronck do? | [
"What did Bronck do?"
] | {
"text": [
"created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony"
],
"answer_start": [
42
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9042 | 57324f89e99e3014001e66a2 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. | When did Bronck settle in the New York area? | When did Bronck settle in the New York area? | [
"When did Bronck settle in the New York area?"
] | {
"text": [
"1639"
],
"answer_start": [
111
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9043 | 57324f89e99e3014001e66a3 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. | What native tribe lived in the New York area? | What native tribe lived in the New York area? | [
"What native tribe lived in the New York area?"
] | {
"text": [
"Lenape"
],
"answer_start": [
128
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9044 | 57324f89e99e3014001e66a4 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is named after Jonas Bronck who created the first settlement as part of the New Netherland colony in 1639. The native Lenape were displaced after 1643 by settlers. In the 19th and 20th centuries, the Bronx received many immigrant groups as it was transformed into an urban community, first from various European countries (particularly Ireland, Germany and Italy) and later from the Caribbean region (particularly Puerto Rico, Jamaica and the Dominican Republic), as well as African American migrants from the American South. This cultural mix has made the Bronx a wellspring of both Latin music and hip hop. | What types of music the Bronx famous for? | What types of music the Bronx famous for? | [
"What types of music the Bronx famous for?"
] | {
"text": [
"Latin music and hip hop"
],
"answer_start": [
594
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9045 | 57324ffa0fdd8d15006c695f | The_Bronx | The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today. | How poor is part of the Bronx? | How poor is part of the Bronx? | [
"How poor is part of the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States"
],
"answer_start": [
19
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9046 | 57324ffa0fdd8d15006c6960 | The_Bronx | The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today. | What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent? | What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent? | [
"What neighborhoods of the Bronx are more affluent?"
] | {
"text": [
"Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club"
],
"answer_start": [
199
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9047 | 57324ffa0fdd8d15006c6961 | The_Bronx | The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today. | When did the South Bronx lose quality of life? | When did the South Bronx lose quality of life? | [
"When did the South Bronx lose quality of life?"
] | {
"text": [
"the late 1960s and the 1970s"
],
"answer_start": [
430
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9048 | 57324ffa0fdd8d15006c6962 | The_Bronx | The Bronx contains one of the five poorest Congressional Districts in the United States, the 15th, but its wide diversity also includes affluent, upper-income and middle-income neighborhoods such as Riverdale, Fieldston, Spuyten Duyvil, Schuylerville, Pelham Bay, Pelham Gardens, Morris Park and Country Club. The Bronx, particularly the South Bronx, saw a sharp decline in population, livable housing, and the quality of life in the late 1960s and the 1970s, culminating in a wave of arson. Since then the communities have shown significant redevelopment starting in the late 1980s before picking up pace in the 1990s into today. | What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s? | What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s? | [
"What crime problem happened in the Bronx in the 70s?"
] | {
"text": [
"arson"
],
"answer_start": [
485
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9049 | 573250460fdd8d15006c6971 | The_Bronx | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother. | When was Jonas Bronck born? | When was Jonas Bronck born? | [
"When was Jonas Bronck born?"
] | {
"text": [
"1600"
],
"answer_start": [
17
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9050 | 573250460fdd8d15006c6972 | The_Bronx | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother. | Where did Bronck emigrate from? | Where did Bronck emigrate from? | [
"Where did Bronck emigrate from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Småland, Sweden"
],
"answer_start": [
91
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9051 | 573250460fdd8d15006c6973 | The_Bronx | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother. | When did Bronck reach the New York area? | When did Bronck reach the New York area? | [
"When did Bronck reach the New York area?"
] | {
"text": [
"spring of 1639"
],
"answer_start": [
148
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9052 | 573250460fdd8d15006c6974 | The_Bronx | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother. | What entity did Bronck get his land from? | What entity did Bronck get his land from? | [
"What entity did Bronck get his land from?"
] | {
"text": [
"the Dutch West India Company"
],
"answer_start": [
266
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9053 | 573250460fdd8d15006c6975 | The_Bronx | Jonas Bronck (c. 1600–43) was a Swedish born emigrant from Komstad, Norra Ljunga parish in Småland, Sweden who arrived in New Netherland during the spring of 1639. He became the first recorded European settler in the area now known as the Bronx. He leased land from the Dutch West India Company on the neck of the mainland immediately north of the Dutch settlement in Harlem (on Manhattan island), and bought additional tracts from the local tribes. He eventually accumulated 500 acres (about 2 square km, or 3/4 of a square mile) between the Harlem River and the Aquahung, which became known as Bronck's River, or The Bronx. Dutch and English settlers referred to the area as Bronck's Land. The American poet William Bronk was a descendant of Pieter Bronck, either Jonas Bronck's son or his younger brother. | How much land did Bronck eventually own? | How much land did Bronck eventually own? | [
"How much land did Bronck eventually own?"
] | {
"text": [
"500 acres"
],
"answer_start": [
476
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9054 | 573250c3b9d445190005ea2f | The_Bronx | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'. | What is the Bronx's county name? | What is the Bronx's county name? | [
"What is the Bronx's county name?"
] | {
"text": [
"The County of Bronx"
],
"answer_start": [
97
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9055 | 573250c3b9d445190005ea30 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'. | What is the Bronx's borough name? | What is the Bronx's borough name? | [
"What is the Bronx's borough name?"
] | {
"text": [
"Borough of the Bronx"
],
"answer_start": [
141
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9056 | 573250c3b9d445190005ea31 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'. | When was the Bronx created? | When was the Bronx created? | [
"When was the Bronx created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1874"
],
"answer_start": [
431
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9057 | 573250c3b9d445190005ea32 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'. | What county was the Bronx split off from? | What county was the Bronx split off from? | [
"What county was the Bronx split off from?"
] | {
"text": [
"Westchester"
],
"answer_start": [
451
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9058 | 573250c3b9d445190005ea33 | The_Bronx | The Bronx is referred to, both legally and colloquially, with a definite article, as the Bronx. (The County of Bronx, unlike the coextensive Borough of the Bronx, does not place the immediately before Bronx in formal references, nor does the United States Postal Service in its database of Bronx addresses.) The name for this region, apparently after the Bronx River, first appeared in the Annexed District of the Bronx created in 1874 out of part of Westchester County and was continued in the Borough of the Bronx, which included a larger annexation from Westchester County in 1898. The use of the definite article is attributed to the style of referring to rivers. Another explanation for the use of the definite article in the borough's name is that the original form of the name was a possessive or collective one referring to the family, as in visiting The Broncks, The Bronck's or The Broncks'. | When was the Bronx added to? | When was the Bronx added to? | [
"When was the Bronx added to?"
] | {
"text": [
"1898"
],
"answer_start": [
579
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9059 | 57325124e17f3d140042285b | The_Bronx | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether. | When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River? | When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River? | [
"When did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?"
] | {
"text": [
"1759"
],
"answer_start": [
429
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9060 | 57325124e17f3d140042285c | The_Bronx | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether. | Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River? | Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River? | [
"Why did farmers build a bridge over the Harlem River?"
] | {
"text": [
"tolls were resented"
],
"answer_start": [
361
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9061 | 57325124e17f3d140042285d | The_Bronx | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether. | What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have? | What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have? | [
"What strategic advantage did the Bronx's location have?"
] | {
"text": [
"between New England and New York"
],
"answer_start": [
77
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9062 | 57325124e17f3d140042285e | The_Bronx | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether. | When was Kingsbridge built? | When was Kingsbridge built? | [
"When was Kingsbridge built?"
] | {
"text": [
"1693"
],
"answer_start": [
239
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9063 | 57325124e17f3d140042285f | The_Bronx | The development of the Bronx is directly connected to its strategic location between New England and New York (Manhattan). Control over the bridges across the Harlem River plagued the period of British colonial rule. Kingsbridge, built in 1693 where Broadway reached the Spuyten Duyvil Creek, was a possession of Frederick Philipse, lord of Philipse Manor. The tolls were resented by local farmers on both sides of the creek. In 1759, the farmers led by Jacobus Dyckman and Benjamin Palmer built a "free bridge" across the Harlem River which led to the abandonment of tolls altogether. | Who owned Kingsbridge? | Who owned Kingsbridge? | [
"Who owned Kingsbridge?"
] | {
"text": [
"Frederick Philipse"
],
"answer_start": [
313
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9064 | 5732516be17f3d1400422865 | The_Bronx | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers. | How many counties did New York originally have? | How many counties did New York originally have? | [
"How many counties did New York originally have?"
] | {
"text": [
"12"
],
"answer_start": [
102
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9065 | 5732516be17f3d1400422866 | The_Bronx | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers. | Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx? | Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx? | [
"Parts of which towns became part of the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham"
],
"answer_start": [
252
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9066 | 5732516be17f3d1400422867 | The_Bronx | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers. | When was West Farms created? | When was West Farms created? | [
"When was West Farms created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1846"
],
"answer_start": [
289
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9067 | 5732516be17f3d1400422868 | The_Bronx | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers. | When was Morrisania created? | When was Morrisania created? | [
"When was Morrisania created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1855"
],
"answer_start": [
371
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9068 | 5732516be17f3d1400422869 | The_Bronx | The territory now contained within Bronx County was originally part of Westchester County, one of the 12 original counties of the English Province of New York. The present Bronx County was contained in the town of Westchester and parts of the towns of Yonkers, Eastchester, and Pelham. In 1846, a new town, West Farms, was created by division of Westchester; in turn, in 1855, the town of Morrisania was created from West Farms. In 1873, the town of Kingsbridge (roughly corresponding to the modern Bronx neighborhoods of Kingsbridge, Riverdale, and Woodlawn) was established within the former borders of Yonkers. | When was the town of Kingsbridge created? | When was the town of Kingsbridge created? | [
"When was the town of Kingsbridge created?"
] | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
432
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9069 | 573251c0b9d445190005ea39 | The_Bronx | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. | When did New York City annex Kingsbridge? | When did New York City annex Kingsbridge? | [
"When did New York City annex Kingsbridge?"
] | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9070 | 573251c0b9d445190005ea3a | The_Bronx | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. | When did New York City annex West Farms? | When did New York City annex West Farms? | [
"When did New York City annex West Farms?"
] | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9071 | 573251c0b9d445190005ea3b | The_Bronx | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. | When did New York City annex Morrisania? | When did New York City annex Morrisania? | [
"When did New York City annex Morrisania?"
] | {
"text": [
"1873"
],
"answer_start": [
78
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9072 | 573251c0b9d445190005ea3c | The_Bronx | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. | When did New York City annex part of Pelham? | When did New York City annex part of Pelham? | [
"When did New York City annex part of Pelham?"
] | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9073 | 573251c0b9d445190005ea3d | The_Bronx | The consolidation of the Bronx into New York City proceeded in two stages. In 1873, the state legislature annexed Kingsbridge, West Farms and Morrisania to New York, effective in 1874; the three towns were abolished in the process. In 1895, three years before New York's consolidation with Brooklyn, Queens and Staten Island, the whole of the territory east of the Bronx River, including the Town of Westchester (which had voted in 1894 against consolidation) and portions of Eastchester and Pelham, were annexed to the city. City Island, a nautical community, voted to join the city in 1896. | When did New York City annex part of Eastchester? | When did New York City annex part of Eastchester? | [
"When did New York City annex part of Eastchester?"
] | {
"text": [
"1895"
],
"answer_start": [
235
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9074 | 5732521e0fdd8d15006c698f | The_Bronx | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today. | When was the Bronx's boom period? | When was the Bronx's boom period? | [
"When was the Bronx's boom period?"
] | {
"text": [
"1900–29"
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9075 | 5732521e0fdd8d15006c6990 | The_Bronx | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today. | What was the Bronx's population in 1900? | What was the Bronx's population in 1900? | [
"What was the Bronx's population in 1900?"
] | {
"text": [
"200,000"
],
"answer_start": [
162
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9076 | 5732521e0fdd8d15006c6991 | The_Bronx | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today. | What was the Bronx's population in 1929? | What was the Bronx's population in 1929? | [
"What was the Bronx's population in 1929?"
] | {
"text": [
"1.3 million"
],
"answer_start": [
181
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9077 | 5732521e0fdd8d15006c6992 | The_Bronx | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today. | When did the Bronx's income declined? | When did the Bronx's income declined? | [
"When did the Bronx's income declined?"
] | {
"text": [
"1950–85"
],
"answer_start": [
372
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9078 | 5732521e0fdd8d15006c6993 | The_Bronx | The history of the Bronx during the 20th century may be divided into four periods: a boom period during 1900–29, with a population growth by a factor of six from 200,000 in 1900 to 1.3 million in 1930. The Great Depression and post World War II years saw a slowing of growth leading into an eventual decline. The mid to late century were hard times, as the Bronx declined 1950–85 from a predominantly moderate-income to a predominantly lower-income area with high rates of violent crime and poverty. The Bronx has experienced an economic and developmental resurgence starting in the late 1980s that continues into today. | When did the Bronx's economy regrow? | When did the Bronx's economy regrow? | [
"When did the Bronx's economy regrow?"
] | {
"text": [
"starting in the late 1980s"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9079 | 573252870fdd8d15006c6999 | The_Bronx | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. | How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937? | How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937? | [
"How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 1937?"
] | {
"text": [
"592,185"
],
"answer_start": [
534
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9080 | 573252870fdd8d15006c699a | The_Bronx | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. | How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011? | How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011? | [
"How many Jews lived in the Bronx in 2011?"
] | {
"text": [
"54,000"
],
"answer_start": [
614
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9081 | 573252870fdd8d15006c699b | The_Bronx | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. | What led to the Bronx's population growth? | What led to the Bronx's population growth? | [
"What led to the Bronx's population growth?"
] | {
"text": [
"Extensions of the New York City Subway"
],
"answer_start": [
58
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9082 | 573252870fdd8d15006c699c | The_Bronx | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. | What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx? | What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx? | [
"What immigrant groups were the most prevalent in the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans"
],
"answer_start": [
265
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9083 | 573252870fdd8d15006c699d | The_Bronx | The Bronx underwent rapid urban growth after World War I. Extensions of the New York City Subway contributed to the increase in population as thousands of immigrants came to the Bronx, resulting in a major boom in residential construction. Among these groups, many Irish Americans, Italian Americans and especially Jewish Americans settled here. In addition, French, German, Polish and other immigrants moved into the borough. The Jewish population also increased notably during this time. In 1937, according to Jewish organizations, 592,185 Jews lived in The Bronx (43.9% of the borough's population), while only 54,000 Jews lived in the borough in 2011. Many synagogues still stand in the Bronx, but most have been converted to other uses. | How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937? | How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937? | [
"How much of the Bronx was Jewish in 1937?"
] | {
"text": [
"43.9%"
],
"answer_start": [
567
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9084 | 573252e1e99e3014001e66be | The_Bronx | Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings. | What is redlining? | What is redlining? | [
"What is redlining?"
] | {
"text": [
"a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas"
],
"answer_start": [
26
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9085 | 573252e1e99e3014001e66bf | The_Bronx | Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings. | What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings? | What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings? | [
"What might have encouraged landlords to abandon or destroy buildings?"
] | {
"text": [
"rent control laws"
],
"answer_start": [
351
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9086 | 573252e1e99e3014001e66c0 | The_Bronx | Yet another may have been a reduction in the real-estate listings and property-related financial services (such as mortgage loans or insurance policies) offered in some areas of the Bronx — a process known as redlining. Others have suggested a "planned shrinkage" of municipal services, such as fire-fighting. There was also much debate as to whether rent control laws had made it less profitable (or more costly) for landlords to maintain existing buildings with their existing tenants than to abandon or destroy those buildings. | What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx? | What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx? | [
"What example city service was cut back on in the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"fire-fighting"
],
"answer_start": [
295
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9087 | 573253330fdd8d15006c69a3 | The_Bronx | In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx. | What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s? | What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s? | [
"What crime was common in the Bronx in the 1970s?"
] | {
"text": [
"arson"
],
"answer_start": [
49
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9088 | 573253330fdd8d15006c69a4 | The_Bronx | In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx. | Why did some landlords burn their own buildings? | Why did some landlords burn their own buildings? | [
"Why did some landlords burn their own buildings?"
] | {
"text": [
"it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area"
],
"answer_start": [
296
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9089 | 573253330fdd8d15006c69a5 | The_Bronx | In the 1970s, the Bronx was plagued by a wave of arson. The burning of buildings was predominantly in the poorest communities, like the South Bronx. The most common explanation of what occurred was that landlords decided to burn their low property-value buildings and take the insurance money as it was more lucrative to get insurance money than to refurbish or sell a building in a severely distressed area. The Bronx became identified with a high rate of poverty and unemployment, which was mainly a persistent problem in the South Bronx. | Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx? | Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx? | [
"Where were poverty and unemployment the worst in the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"South Bronx"
],
"answer_start": [
528
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9090 | 573253910fdd8d15006c69a9 | The_Bronx | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs. | What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx? | What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx? | [
"What city plan helped redevelop the Bronx?"
] | {
"text": [
"\"Ten-Year Housing Plan\""
],
"answer_start": [
104
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9091 | 573253910fdd8d15006c69aa | The_Bronx | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs. | How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes? | How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes? | [
"How many units are in the Nehemiah Homes?"
] | {
"text": [
"about 1,000"
],
"answer_start": [
338
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9092 | 573253910fdd8d15006c69ab | The_Bronx | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs. | Who built the Nehemiah Homes? | Who built the Nehemiah Homes? | [
"Who built the Nehemiah Homes?"
] | {
"text": [
"Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx"
],
"answer_start": [
255
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9093 | 573253910fdd8d15006c69ac | The_Bronx | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs. | Who led the Melrose Commons project? | Who led the Melrose Commons project? | [
"Who led the Melrose Commons project?"
] | {
"text": [
"Nos Quedamos"
],
"answer_start": [
386
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9094 | 573253910fdd8d15006c69ad | The_Bronx | Since the late 1980s, significant development has occurred in the Bronx, first stimulated by the city's "Ten-Year Housing Plan" and community members working to rebuild the social, economic and environmental infrastructure by creating affordable housing. Groups affiliated with churches in the South Bronx erected the Nehemiah Homes with about 1,000 units. The grass roots organization Nos Quedamos' endeavor known as Melrose Commons began to rebuild areas in the South Bronx. The IRT White Plains Road Line (2 5 trains) began to show an increase in riders. Chains such as Marshalls, Staples, and Target opened stores in the Bronx. More bank branches opened in the Bronx as a whole (rising from 106 in 1997 to 149 in 2007), although not primarily in poor or minority neighborhoods, while the Bronx still has fewer branches per person than other boroughs. | How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007? | How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007? | [
"How many bank branches were in the Bronx by 2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"149"
],
"answer_start": [
710
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9095 | 573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b3 | The_Bronx | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. | What award did the Bronx receive in 1997? | What award did the Bronx receive in 1997? | [
"What award did the Bronx receive in 1997?"
] | {
"text": [
"All America City"
],
"answer_start": [
37
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9096 | 573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b4 | The_Bronx | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. | Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997? | Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997? | [
"Who gave the Bronx an award in 1997?"
] | {
"text": [
"the National Civic League"
],
"answer_start": [
57
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9097 | 573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b5 | The_Bronx | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. | How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s? | How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s? | [
"How were window decals used in the Bronx in the 1980s?"
] | {
"text": [
"pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings"
],
"answer_start": [
308
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9098 | 573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b6 | The_Bronx | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. | How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007? | How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007? | [
"How many housing units were built in the Bronx in 2002-2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"33,687"
],
"answer_start": [
511
]
} |
gem-squad_v2-train-9099 | 573253fa0fdd8d15006c69b7 | The_Bronx | In 1997, the Bronx was designated an All America City by the National Civic League, acknowledging its comeback from the decline of the mid-century. In 2006, The New York Times reported that "construction cranes have become the borough's new visual metaphor, replacing the window decals of the 1980s in which pictures of potted plants and drawn curtains were placed in the windows of abandoned buildings." The borough has experienced substantial new building construction since 2002. Between 2002 and June 2007, 33,687 new units of housing were built or were under way and $4.8 billion has been invested in new housing. In the first six months of 2007 alone total investment in new residential development was $965 million and 5,187 residential units were scheduled to be completed. Much of the new development is springing up in formerly vacant lots across the South Bronx. | How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007? | How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007? | [
"How much was invested in housing in the Bronx in 2002-2007?"
] | {
"text": [
"$4.8 billion"
],
"answer_start": [
572
]
} |
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