id
string
dataset
string
question
string
options
list
answer
string
explanation
string
medmcqa_5410
medmcqa
<ctx> people. conch also works with the district health administration and ngos in implementing government health projects. low cost effective care unit ( lcecu ), established in 1983 caters the health care needs of those living in the urban slums of vellore. the program visits five slum areas weekly and makes many hou...
[ "Sub-centre", "Block/ Taluka", "PHC", "District" ]
A
The sub-centre level is the peripheral outpost of the existing health delivery system. Categorization Type A: Provide all recommended services except the facilities for conducting delivery is not available here. Type B (MCH sub-centre): All recommended services including facilities for conducting deliveries are availab...
qasc_4216
qasc
<ctx> blood to flow through the rest of the body. circulates about 5 liters of blood at a rate of approximately 6 l / m. the pulmonary and the systemic circulations are the two parts of the vasculature. the pulmonary circulation system consists of the network of blood vessels from the right heart to the lungs and back...
[ "clotted", "matter vibrating", "sweating", "deoxygenated" ]
D
arc_easy_361
arc_easy
<ctx> every other particle with a force along a line joining them. the force is directly proportional to the product of their masses and inversely proportional to the square of the distance between them. figure 6. 18 gravitational attraction is along a line joining the centers of mass of these two bodies. the magnitude...
[ "speed the planets rotate.", "other nearby planets.", "volume of the planets.", "distance between the planets." ]
D
pubmedqa_463
pubmedqa
<ctx> an il - 23r / il - 22 circuit regulates epithelial serum amyloid a to promote local effector th17 responses. cell. 2016 january 14 ; 164 ( 1 - 2 ) : 324. nadiya kubasova, denis burdakov, ana i domingos. sweet and low on leptin : hormonal regulation of sweet taste buds. diabetes. 2015 nov ; 64 ( 11 ) : 3651 - 2. w...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
A
mmlu_aux_1776
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> sightings into an online database, for the benefit of both scientific researchers and bird enthusiasts. the ebird project – enabling the general public to explore a range of map - and chart - based bird species datasets – is a result of these yearly mass volunteer events. of particular interest is the gulf spill ...
[ "Birds crawl deep into caves.", "Dolphins and sharks show up in deep water.", "Tens of thousands of marine animals are found dead.", "Sea creatures flee from oil spill, gathering near seashore." ]
D
null
qasc_4427
qasc
<ctx> ##s are classified into three main ecophysiological categories : ( 1 ) leaf litter - or compost - dwelling worms that are nonburrowing, live at the soil - litter interface and eat decomposing organic matter ( epigeic ) e. g. eisenia fetida ; ( 2 ) topsoil - or subsoil - dwelling worms that feed ( on soil ), burro...
[ "get air into soil", "reducing acid rain", "eliminate toxins", "hydrate roots" ]
A
medmcqa_8606
medmcqa
<ctx> ##el was a documented member of the eric network, an arm of the forces francaises combattantes ( ffc ). in 2023, a membership card belonging to chanel was discovered in the french national archives by chanel biographer justine picardie. controversy when vaughan's book was published in august 2011, his disclosure ...
[ "Can be used for intubation", "Mixture of local anesthesia", "Faster acting", "All" ]
B
B i.e. Mixture of local anesthesia - Procaine, Mepivacaine & BupivacaineQ (Provide me BUM) are never used topically. - EMLA is eutectic mixture of local anesthetics (2.5% lidocaine & 2.5% prilocaine)Q commonly used to make venepuncture painless especially in children.
arc_easy_1347
arc_easy
<ctx> , the right and left ventricles, is reduced by the resistance of the blood vessels as the blood flows through them. the left ventricle increases arterial blood pressure that drives the flow of blood through all parts of the body except the lungs. the right ventricle receives the lower pressure blood from two majo...
[ "sitting", "standing", "kneeling", "lying down" ]
D
aquarat_11859
aquarat
<ctx> circumstances that these employees endure have an adverse effect on their health, increasing the risk of illness and accidents among their coworkers and having a negative effect on the labor force around the world. manufacturing the economic decision for the fast fashion industry to thrive is by producing high re...
[ "A)$27.", "B)$29.", "C)$31.", "D)$33." ]
C
2 hrs 30 min = 150 min First 20 min ------> $5 Time left is 130 min... Now, 60 min costs $ 12 1 min costs $ 12/60 150 min costs $ 12/60*130 => $ 26.00 So, Total cost will be $26 + $5 => $ 31 Hence answer will be C
medmcqa_9437
medmcqa
<ctx> robotica 2017. m. mellado, a. sanchez y e. bernabeu ( eds. ) editorial cea - ifac, espana, 2017, articulo 32.. marie andre destarac, cecilia e. garcia cena, adrian merida martinez, luis j. monge chamorro and roque saltaren pazmino. β€œ analysis of the influence of external actuators on the glenohumeral joint moveme...
[ "Deltoid", "Teres major", "Trapezius", "Serratus anterior" ]
C
Dropped shoulder occurs due to paralysis of Trapezius.
qasc_1695
qasc
<ctx> clay minerals are hydrous aluminium phyllosilicates ( e. g. kaolin, al2si2o5 ( oh ) 4 ), sometimes with variable amounts of iron, magnesium, alkali metals, alkaline earths, and other cations found on or near some planetary surfaces. clay minerals form in the presence of water and have been important to life, and ...
[ "sedimentary rocks", "loose soil", "silts", "swamp vegetation" ]
A
medmcqa_9902
medmcqa
<ctx> and amantadine, two adamantane derivatives, the affinity for the binding site of nr1 / nr2b subunit is much greater for memantine. in patch - clamp measurements memantine has an ic50 of ( 2. 3 + 0. 3 ) ΞΌm while amantadine has an ic50 of ( 71. 0 + 11. 1 ) ΞΌm. the binding site with the highest affinity is called th...
[ "Astemizole", "Desloratadine", "Promethozine", "Fexofenadine" ]
B
Desloratidine, metabolite of loratadineΒ is the most potent 2nd generation antihistamine.
openbookqa_1225
openbookqa
<ctx> , observed that comets moved regularly through the sky and were undisturbed by the wind, behavior more typical of celestial than atmospheric phenomena. while he conceded that the other planets do not appear outside the zodiac, he saw no reason that a planet - like object could not move through any part of the sky...
[ "when it is far away", "when it is under water", "when it is upside down", "when it is about to crash" ]
D
openbookqa_2649
openbookqa
<ctx> ( os ), has return flow to the main source ( rf ) after passing through a wastewater treatment plant, and rp type has various water path instances ( wpi ), such as leakage, and water taken to irrigate green zones. considering that the annual change in storage of an urban area is negligible, water balance equation...
[ "cries", "goes away", "dies", "Restarts" ]
D
aquarat_20112
aquarat
<ctx> the marks allocated for the questions in paper 2 varied from 1 mark to 6 marks, each measured proficiency in several units of the science syllabus, with a total of 60 marks. the time limit for this paper was 1 hour and 30 minutes and the usage of calculators was not allowed. the last 2 questions were usually expe...
[ "A)42,30", "B)42,31", "C)42,32", "D)42,33" ]
D
Explanation: Let their marks be (x+9) and x. Then, x+9 = 56/100(x + 9 +x) => 25(x+9) => 14 (2x + 9) => 3x = 99 => x = 33. So, their marks are 42 and 33 Answer: Option D
arc_easy_922
arc_easy
<ctx> , radiation pressure from the stars becomes a factor in the dynamics of remaining circumstellar material. clouds of dust and gases the gravitational compression of clouds of dust and gases is strongly influenced by radiation pressure, especially when the condensations lead to star births. the larger young stars f...
[ "erosion", "conduction", "condensation", "precipitation" ]
D
openbookqa_605
openbookqa
<ctx> given. substituting the given values in the equation above yields noting that, figure 10. 16 a large grindstone is given a spin by a person grasping its outer edge. 10. 61 10. 62 10. 63 the disk is. so the circumference will undergo lorentz contraction by a factor of. however, since the radius is perpendicular t...
[ "that is an unusual feature", "most heads are round", "a parent probably had a round head", "there is fluid on the brain" ]
C
medmcqa_9153
medmcqa
<ctx> the glycocalyx can be triggered by inflammatory stimuli, such as tumor necrosis factor - alpha. whatever the stimulus is, however, shedding of the glycocalyx leads to a drastic increase in vascular permeability. vascular walls being permeable is disadvantageous, since that would enable passage of some macromolecu...
[ "Pulmonary aery", "Pulmonary vein", "Bronchial aery", "Intercostal aeries" ]
D
"The most common cause of massive Hemothorax in blunt injury is continuing bleeding from torn intercostal vessels or occasionally from the internal mammary aery secondary to the fracture of ribs"
medmcqa_1055
medmcqa
<ctx> , may also be a favorable environment for the growth of an infectious agent, as coming into contact with a vehicle leads to its transmission. vector transmission occurs most often from insect bites from mosquitoes, flies, fleas, and ticks. there are two sub - categories of vectors : mechanical ( an insect transmi...
[ "Peussis", "Cholera", "Measles", "Brucellosis" ]
A
Whooping cough is most infectious during the catarrhal stage. The infective period may be considered to extend from a weak after exposure to about 3 weeks after the onset of the paroxysmal stage although communicability diminishes rapidly after the catarrhal stage. (refer pgno:163 park 23 rd edition)
medmcqa_7880
medmcqa
<ctx> 36, 000 incidents of rape in 2012. according to the 2016 scs 1. 7 percent of persons stated that they had been exposed to a sexual offence. this is an increase of more than 100 percent compared to 2012 and a 70 percent compared to 2014, when 1. 0 percent of persons stated exposure. exposure to sexual offences is ...
[ "2", "12", "16", "24" ]
B
The average number of adult female mites on an individual suffering from the common form of scabies is about 12. Only in crusted (Norwegian) scabies are large numbers of mites present. Ref: Rook's textbook of dermatology, 8th edition Pg 38.37.
medmcqa_1548
medmcqa
<ctx> a consideration of igneous rocks and their segregation or differentiation as related to the occurrence of ores ( with discussion by a. n. winchell ) : american institute of mining engineers transactions, v. 33, p. 288 – 340. the ore deposits of tonopah, nevada ( preliminary report ) : u. s. geological survey bull...
[ "Proton beam", "Microwave", "UV Rays", "Infrared" ]
A
Ref: Internet source: Medscape RadiologyExplanation:Bragg peak is a concept utilized in giving focused radiotherapy using ionizing radiation to a tumor without affecting the normal healthy surrounding tissuesOptions B.C and D are examples of non-ionizing radiation.Bragg's peakThe Bragg peak is a peak on the Bragg curve...
arc_challenge_266
arc_challenge
<ctx> models, the simplest being the nearly free electron model. minerals minerals are naturally occurring solids formed through various geological processes under high pressures. to be classified as a true mineral, a substance must have a crystal structure with uniform physical properties throughout. minerals range in...
[ "mica.", "magnetite.", "hornblende.", "quartz." ]
A
aquarat_19743
aquarat
<ctx> ##x2 as used and place the new remainder x2 above it. divide the highest term of the remainder by the highest term of the divisor ( x2 Γ· x = x ). place the result ( + x ) below the bar. x2 has been divided leaving no remainder, and can therefore be marked as used. the result x is then multiplied by the second ter...
[ "A)25", "B)30", "C)35", "D)40" ]
A
d = (D-R)/Q = (127 - 2)/5 = 125/5 = 25 A
medmcqa_7313
medmcqa
<ctx> carry risks to the user – both ammonia and thf are irritants, and both are flammable. at higher concentrations, thf is also a central nervous system depressant. in rats, the inhalation lc ( 50 ) ( lethal concentration which kills 50 % of test subjects ) is 21, 000 ppm for 3 hours. in humans, chronic effects have ...
[ "50mg", "200mg", "300mg", "500mg" ]
A
Doses of dapsone less than 50mg in normal healthy persons cause no hemolysis.Ref: Goodman Gillman 12th ed. Pg: 1564
arc_easy_1249
arc_easy
<ctx> geomorphology ( from ancient greek :,, " earth " ;,, " form " ; and,, " study " ) is the scientific study of the origin and evolution of topographic and bathymetric features generated by physical, chemical or biological processes operating at or near earth's surface. geomorphologists seek to understand why landsc...
[ "days", "weeks", "months", "years" ]
D
medmcqa_1905
medmcqa
<ctx> the metabolism of lipids and carbohydrates. cirrhosis is often preceded by hepatitis and fatty liver ( steatosis ), independent of the cause. if the cause is removed at this stage, the changes are fully reversible. the pathological hallmark of cirrhosis is the development of scar tissue that replaces normal tissu...
[ "Acute fatty liver of pregnancy", "Alcoholic liver disease", "Reye's syndrome", "Phosphorus intoxication" ]
B
Fatty liver disease means you have extra fat in your liver. You might hear your doctor call it hepatic steatosis. Heavy drinking makes you more likely to get it. Over time, too much alcohol leads to a buildup of fat inside your liver cells. This makes it harder for your liver to work. But you can get fatty liver diseas...
mmlu_aux_2428
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> the most common causes of bridge accidents. as rust displaces a much higher volume than the originating mass of iron, its build - up can also cause failure by forcing apart adjacent components. it was the cause of the collapse of the mianus river bridge in 1983, when support bearings rusted internally and pushed ...
[ "The colorchanging molecules are certain to be used outside the lab.", "There will be no collapse with the help of the colorchanging material.", "There is a long way to go before the material can be applied.", "The problem caused by bright light will be solved by scientists." ]
C
null
qasc_2702
qasc
<ctx> edifices and volcanoes of honshu. recent work is a ( temporary ) conclusion of the work on the phenomena of slow landslides and tremors, new classes of seismic observations discovered in the 21st century. it shows that, contrary to the prevailing intuitive idea, large transient landslides with magnitudes greater ...
[ "loss", "dryness", "expand", "growth" ]
A
medmcqa_5077
medmcqa
<ctx> surface of the central masses. the fourth pair of ganglions are the olfactory : they are well developed, though very much smaller than those just described, and are joined by a short commissure to the upper surface of the anterior margins of the cerebroid ganglions. the infra - oesophageal ganglions are placed in...
[ "Otic", "Ciliary", "Sphenopalatine", "Gasserian" ]
C
Secretomotor fibres for lacrimal gland arise from the facial nerve at geniculate ganglion, travel in greater petrosal nerve and join the sphenopalatine ganglion as vidian nerve. After relay in the ganglion, they are distributed to lacrimal gland.
medmcqa_5048
medmcqa
<ctx> of the vessel which can induce growth, which heads toward uniform compressive and tensile stress on both sides of the vessel wall. generally, it has been found that circumferential residual stress is compressive and tensile, indicating that inner layers of the endothelial tube grow more than outer layers. mechano...
[ "NO", "Noradrenalin", "Opening of Ca2+ channels", "Adenosine release" ]
C
Myogenic autoregulation - through opening of Calcium channels Tubuloglomerular feedback - through release of adenosine Ref: Ganong 25th ed/page 678
aquarat_31492
aquarat
<ctx> ##35637355132068513997507264512000000000 = 10068347520 this works out to 10, 068, 347, 520, which is much bigger than the ~ 14 million stated above. perm ( 49, 6 ) = 10068347520 and 49 npr 6 = 10068347520. however, the order of the 6 numbers is not significant for the payout. that is, if a ticket has the numbers ...
[ "A)11", "B)12", "C)13", "D)None" ]
C
Explanation: Let the number be 'N' 12Γ—N=156β‡’N=13 Correct Option: C
qasc_4903
qasc
<ctx> fire ecology is a scientific discipline concerned with the effects of fire on natural ecosystems. many ecosystems, particularly prairie, savanna, chaparral and coniferous forests, have evolved with fire as an essential contributor to habitat vitality and renewal. many plant species in fire - affected environments...
[ "cats", "moles", "pigeons", "Clams" ]
B
aquarat_34470
aquarat
<ctx> in the square, in such a way that each point in the square is equally likely to be hit. since the square has area 1, the probability that the dart will hit any particular subregion of the square is equal to the area of that subregion. for example, the probability that the dart will hit the right half of the squar...
[ "A)1/6", "B)1/3", "C)1/4", "D)1/2" ]
C
P(2 heads) = 1/2*1/2=1/4 The answer is C.
qasc_1061
qasc
<ctx> large seismic events ( mβ‰₯6. 0 ) occurring globally from 2000 to 2014 was based on the presence of solar weather. when the solar data are removed from the time series, the correlation is no longer statistically significant. a subsequent article in physics of the earth and planetary interiors in 2020 shows that sol...
[ "high temperature", "movements in the earth's crust", "human migration", "exposure to cold" ]
B
aquarat_43988
aquarat
<ctx> in mathematics, the remainder is the amount " left over " after performing some computation. in arithmetic, the remainder is the integer " left over " after dividing one integer by another to produce an integer quotient ( integer division ). in algebra of polynomials, the remainder is the polynomial " left over "...
[ "A)96", "B)60", "C)48", "D)25" ]
B
Guys, one more simple funda. 5/2= 2.5 now .5 x2 =1 is the remainder 25/4 = 6.25 now .25x4=1 is the remainder 32/5=6.4 now.4x5 = 2 is the remainder given x/y = 96.15 and remainder is 9 So .15 X y = 9 hence y= 60 Ans B
mmlu_aux_4654
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##os spacecraft of european space agency are observing the earth from an altitude of about. the earth observation satellites of uae, dubaisat - 1 & dubaisat - 2 are also placed in low earth orbits ( leo ) orbits and providing satellite imagery of various parts of the earth. to get global coverage with a low orbit...
[ "35,880 kilometers per hour.", "335,880 kilometers per hour.", "11,000 kilometers per hour.", "110,000 kilometers per hour" ]
C
null
openbookqa_2925
openbookqa
<ctx> directed by romain quirot, following in real time a couple of dancers strolling through the streets of moscow. iceland on 20 june 2016, the year's summer solstice, sigur ros unveiled a 24 - hour'slow tv'event live on the iceland national broadcaster's ruv 2, and streamed live globally via youtube. it featured the...
[ "30 years", "10 months", "10 minutes", "24 hours" ]
D
mmlu_aux_3249
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##brates was likely an important part of their diet. java man, like other homo erectus, was probably a rare species. there is evidence that java man used shell tools to cut meat. java man's dispersal through southeast asia coincides with the extirpation of the giant turtle megalochelys, possibly due to overhuntin...
[ "They died from the bad habitats.", "They died out long time ago.", "They died of hunger.", "These giant hairy beasts,living in the frost,are legends." ]
B
null
medmcqa_9811
medmcqa
<ctx> s. aureus is problematic because it can mutate into the superbug methicillin - resistant s. aureus ( mrsa ). there is a protein called cfr protein in s. aureus that binds to ribosomes which is where translation occurs. many antibiotics bind to ribosomes which cause bacteria to die. however, when cfr is expressed,...
[ "Resistance is produced as a result of altered PBP's", "Resistance may be produced by hyperproduction of beta lactamase", "Resistance is primarily mediated/transmitted plasmids", "Resistance may be missed at incubation temperature of 37 oC during susceotibility testing" ]
C
Penicillin resistance is of three types: Production of beta-lactamase Alteration in the penicillin-binding protein PBP2a and changes in bacterial surface receptors, reducing binding of beta-lactam antibiotics to cells.This resistance also extends to cover beta-lactamase-resistant penicillins such as methicillin and clo...
aquarat_12835
aquarat
<ctx> the square – cube law ( or cube – square law ) is a mathematical principle, applied in a variety of scientific fields, which describes the relationship between the volume and the surface area as a shape's size increases or decreases. it was first described in 1638 by galileo galilei in his two new sciences as the...
[ "A)81:12", "B)31:36", "C)81:22", "D)8:19" ]
B
Ratio of the sides = ³√216 : ³√343 = 6 : 7 Ratio of surface areas = 62:72 = 31:36 Answer: B
qasc_7000
qasc
<ctx> , overharvesting, pollution, invasive species, and climate change. invertebrates makes up most of the earth's biodiversity which is why they do not go extinct as fast as other species. marine invertebrates : these species average lifespan is 5 - 10 million years. many marine invertebrates face extinction because ...
[ "Water", "gills", "food", "air" ]
B
medmcqa_8392
medmcqa
<ctx> quantium medical cardiac output ( qco ) uses impedance cardiography in a simple, continuous, and non - invasive way to estimate the cardiac output ( co ) and other hemodynamic parameters such as the stroke volume ( sv ) and cardiac index ( ci ). the co estimated by the qco monitor is referred to as the " qco ". t...
[ "Head compression", "Fetal distress", "Cord prolapse", "Hypoxia" ]
A
Head compression
mmlu_aux_2748
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##uki hosoda hoped the crew would have a safe return and said development in china of crewed spacecraft was not a " military threat ". – nikolai moiseyev, deputy head of the russian federal space agency said " another power has joined the space club " and that russia looked " forward to further cooperation with t...
[ "A Manned Lunar Landing is Both Challenging and Tactical", "Shenzhou X will Land on the Moon", "China will Set up a Space Lab on the Moon", "Landing on the Moon----the Next Target" ]
D
null
aquarat_39930
aquarat
<ctx> alkali metal fluoride. a quick approximate determination of freezing point indicates that 4 g of the salt dissolved in 100 g of water produces a solution that freezes at about βˆ’1. 4 Β°c. assuming ideal solution behavior, what is the formula of the salt? show your calculations. 11. 5 colloids 71. identify the dispe...
[ "A)3:8", "B)3:9", "C)3:4", "D)3:12" ]
D
Water:soap = 3:4 Soap:Salt=12:16 => For 12 soap, salt = 16 => For 4 Soap, salt = (16/12)*4 = 16/12=64/12=18/3=6/1 So, water:soap:salt = 3:4:6 = 3:4:6 After open container, water:soap:salt = 1.5:4:6 So, water:salt = 1.5:6 = 3:12 ANSWER:D
medmcqa_4998
medmcqa
<ctx> ( b ) calculate the kcal / min that you would have to utilize to metabolize fat at the rate of 0. 500 kg in 1 kg of water by 1 Β°c. ) the macronutrients in food are proteins, carbohydrates, and fats or oils. proteins provide about 4 calories per gram, carbohydrates also provide about 4 calories per gram, and fats...
[ "40%", "30%", "50%", "75%" ]
B
aquarat_10088
aquarat
<ctx> the technique of asking industry leaders to rate their competitors is a commonly accepted practice. the results from the peer survey also can act to level the playing field between private and public colleges. " in reference to the alternative database discussed by the annapolis group, morse argued : " it's impor...
[ "A)25", "B)10", "C)50", "D)60" ]
B
140 = 80(Mac) + x(Window) + 50(both) => x=10 ANSWER:B
medmcqa_3421
medmcqa
<ctx> to alcoholics for insomnia or anxiety management. initiating prescriptions of benzodiazepines or sedative - hypnotics in individuals in recovery has a high rate of relapse with one author reporting more than a quarter of people relapsed after being prescribed sedative - hypnotics. those who are long - term users ...
[ "Flushing", "Headache", "Hypertension", "Nausea" ]
C
Ref: The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics by Goodman and Gillman, 12th edition. Page 644 and KD Tripathis Essentials of Pharmacology, 6th edition. Page 3H6Explanation:DISULFIRAMDisulfiram irreversibly inhibits aldehyde dehydrogenase. This action is also brought about by its metabolites such as dieth y 1th iomethyl...
openbookqa_573
openbookqa
<ctx> of other objects in the sky, though varying thicknesses of cloud cover have differing effects. a very thin cirrus cloud in front of the moon might produce a rainbow - colored ring around the moon. stars and planets are too small or dim to take on this effect and are instead only dimmed ( often to the point of inv...
[ "humidity from the day condensed as night progressed", "warm air is usually found in daytime", "it is always misty at night", "the cool air makes everything feel warm" ]
A
mmlu_aux_8360
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> and the way the elements and their evolutionary dynamics are described. mathematical models allow the assumptions and the rules to be given a priori for establishing mathematical statements about the expected dynamics of the elements in populations. the consequences of having such elements in genomes can then be ...
[ "sleeping", "mestrual vessel releasing", "skipping", "snacking" ]
B
null
medmcqa_7395
medmcqa
<ctx> - like symptoms. indeed, three families with mutations in the human terc gene have been studied with intriguing results. in two of these families, two family - specific single nucleotide polymorphisms were present while in the other there persisted a large - scale deletion ( 821 base pairs of dna ) on chromosome ...
[ "Pemphigus vulgaris", "Bullous Pemphigoid", "Darier's disease", "Hailey-Hailey disease" ]
C
Darier's disease is characterized by defect in Ca+2Β pump that is necessary for desmosome function, due to mutation in ATP2A2 gene. Both HHD and Darier's disease are characterized by acantholysis and suprabasal blister, but dysteratosis (premature keratinization in epidermis) is seen classically with Darier's disease.
medmcqa_3908
medmcqa
<ctx> restful stage in which you dream and experience muscle movements or twitches. also during this stage in sleep, a person's heart rate and breathing are typically irregular. non - rem sleep, also sometimes referred to as slow - wave sleep, is associated with deep sleep. the body's blood pressure, heart rate, and br...
[ "40 seconds", "30 seconds", "20 seconds", "10 seconds" ]
D
Sleep OSAHS also may be diagnosed in the absence of symptoms if the AHI is above 15. Each episode of apnea or hypopnea represents a reduction in breathing for at least 10 sec Ref Harrison 19th edition pg 1723
mmlu_aux_2837
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> often, the fish species can be identified from distinct morphological characteristics of an isolated otolith. fish otoliths accrete layers of calcium carbonate and gelatinous matrix throughout their lives. the accretion rate varies with growth of the fish – often less growth in winter and more in summer – which r...
[ "They are small soft rings.", "They are not seen from the outside.", "They are openings only on food fish.", "They are not used to receive sound." ]
B
null
medmcqa_7705
medmcqa
<ctx> their children's educational records have been exposed to the public in some way, they are able to file claims against the school district as a violation of ferpa. for students over the age of 18, particularly those enrolled in postsecondary education institutions, ferpa can be vague and unclear about the disclos...
[ "Therapeutic privilege", "Emergency doctrine", "Loco parentis", "Therapeutic waiver" ]
C
Loco parentis In an emergency involving children, when their parents or guardian are not available, consent can be taken from the person who is in charge of the child, eg. teacher or the principal of the residential school. They can give consent in the place of the parent. Ref: FORENSIC MEDICINE AND TOXICOLOGY Dr PC IG...
aquarat_28758
aquarat
<ctx> ##0 = d. then Ξ³ an integer and Ξ³ = 1 Ξ³ ≀ 0 the value of is. to begin with, we shall simplify matters by concentrating a particular value of and generalise the result at a later stage. we shall use the value. the indicial equation has a root at, and we see from the recurrence relation that when that that denominat...
[ "A)19", "B)09", "C)29", "D)39" ]
B
c + d = 9 2c + 3d = 2c + 2d + d = 2(c+d) + d = 9 + d=d=-9. Now this reults in c+d=9 c=18 2c + 3d=2(18)+3(-9) 2c + 3d= 9 Hence, B is the right answer.
aquarat_31937
aquarat
<ctx> or metal loss. evaluation determining if a flaw is rejectable. for example, is porosity in a weld larger than acceptable by code? defect a flaw that is rejectable – i. e. does not meet acceptance criteria. defects are generally removed or repaired. reliability and statistics probability of detection ( pod ) tests...
[ "A)1500", "B)2000", "C)2500", "D)3000" ]
C
Let the number of meters to be examined be x Then, 0.08% of x = 2 (8/100)*((1/100)*x = 2 x = 2500 Answer is C
qasc_7078
qasc
<ctx> the daughter cells begin the interphase of a new cycle. in contrast to mitosis, meiosis results in four haploid daughter cells by undergoing one round of dna replication followed by two divisions. homologous chromosomes are separated in the first division ( meiosis i ), and sister chromatids are separated in the ...
[ "Chemical energy", "rapid expansion", "ova and spermatozoa", "it keeps an organism warm" ]
C
aquarat_26187
aquarat
<ctx> population change is simply the change in the number of people in a specified area during a specific time period. demographics ( or demography ) is the study of population statistics, their variation and its causes. these statistics include birth rates, death rates ( and hence life expectancy ), migration rates a...
[ "A)7787", "B)10000", "C)1988", "D)1277" ]
B
x*105/100 * 95/100 = 9975 X*0.9975=9975 X=9975/0.9975 => 10000 Answer:B
mmlu_aux_4858
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> approach of humboldt, the uniformitarian geology of lyell, malthus's writings on population growth, and his own morphological expertise and extensive natural observations, forged a more successful evolutionary theory based on natural selection ; similar reasoning and evidence led alfred russel wallace to independ...
[ "In 1860", "In 1953", "In 1961", "In 2000" ]
A
null
pubmedqa_648
pubmedqa
<ctx> even though obesity was virtually non - existent in poor countries three decades ago, today, at least ten percent of children in them suffer from this condition. the report recommends taxes on sugary drinks and beverages and enhanced regulatory oversight of breast milk substitutes and fast foods. problems arising...
[ "yes", "no", "maybe" ]
B
qasc_6765
qasc
<ctx> extreme weather includes unexpected, unusual, severe, or unseasonal weather ; weather at the extremes of the historical distribution β€” the range that has been seen in the past. extreme events are based on a location's recorded weather history. they are defined as lying in the most unusual ten percent ( 10th or 90...
[ "Pollution", "Dehydration", "flooding", "kill them" ]
C
aquarat_7439
aquarat
<ctx> researcher of the china academy of railway sciences, the train's general design is expected to be finalized in 2024. the model is being produced from the china railway 450 technology innovation project, that was started by beijing with the purpose to develop the next generation of high - speed trains, and part of...
[ "A)32", "B)28", "C)49", "D)64" ]
D
S = (500 + 300)/45 = 800/45 * 18/5 = 64 Answer: D
aquarat_19975
aquarat
<ctx> it the optional integer. ) any number below ( that is, the penultimate ) is multiplied by the one just above it and added by that just below it. divide the last number ( obtained so doing repeatedly ) by the divisor corresponding to the smaller remainder ; then multiply the residue by the divisor corresponding to...
[ "A)51480", "B)6000", "C)34872", "D)2348" ]
A
To get the least positive integer that can be divided by each of these numbers 8,9,10,11,12,13, you calculate the lowest common denominator of all the numbers. Express each number as a product of their prime factors and multiply the set of prime numbers from each set with the highest exponent value. LCM=2^3*3^2*5*11*13...
aquarat_7104
aquarat
<ctx> all the digits have been used, write " 00 " ) and write them to the right of the remainder from the previous step ( on the first step, there will be no remainder ). in other words, multiply the remainder by 100 and add the two digits. this will be the current value c. find p, y and x, as follows : let p be the pa...
[ "A)195/63", "B)2.5", "C)155/63", "D)125/63" ]
B
(√1.21)/(√0.81) + (√0.81)/(√0.49) 11/9 + 9/7 => 2.50 Answer is B
medmcqa_5018
medmcqa
<ctx> and the most common symptom reported by women of all races is shortness of breath. other symptoms more commonly reported by women than men are extreme fatigue, sleep disturbances, indigestion, and anxiety. however, some women do experience irregular heartbeat, dizziness, sweating, and nausea. burning, pain, or pr...
[ "Hypeension", "Aoic Stenosis", "Aoic Regurgitation", "HOCM" ]
A
Answer is A (Hypeension) The most common cause of Left Ventricular Hyperophy is Systemic Hypeension Left Ventricular Hyperophy may be produced as a result of all of the above conditions but systemic hypeension remains the single most common cause. Left Ventricular Hyperophy (LVH) Pressure overload states: Hypeension (m...
medmcqa_4890
medmcqa
<ctx> mylohyoid, tensor tympani, and tensor veli palatini. second arch all of the pharyngeal muscles of the second pharyngeal arch are innervated by the facial nerve. these muscles include the muscles of facial expression, the posterior belly of the digastric, the stylohyoid muscle, the auricular muscle and the stapedi...
[ "Posterior cricoarytenoid", "Lateral cricoarytenoid", "Cricoarytenoid", "Transverse arytenoid" ]
A
qasc_6720
qasc
<ctx> of such a device is that in orbits far from earth, the magnetic field is too weak and is actually dominated by the interplanetary field which is complicated and unpredictable. sun sensors a sun sensor works on the light entering a thin slit on top of a rectangular chamber that casts an image of a thin line on the...
[ "by indirect light", "flow of electrons", "grows papaya trees", "enormous damage to homes" ]
C
qasc_3783
qasc
<ctx> pollination is the transfer of pollen from an anther of a plant to the stigma of a plant, later enabling fertilisation and the production of seeds, most often by an animal or by wind. pollinating agents can be animals such as insects, birds, and bats ; water ; wind ; and even plants themselves, when self - pollin...
[ "Chlorophyll", "orchids", "insects", "Gladioluses" ]
D
medmcqa_4064
medmcqa
<ctx> patient's coagulation status. in many cases it will not be needed, unless the patient presents a ptt inferior to 160 seconds. in patients with normal values, a bolus of 5000 to 10000 iu of heparin could be administered at the commencement of the treatment, followed by a continuous perfusion, to keep ptt in ratios...
[ "Topical", "Transdermal", "Sublingual", "Oral" ]
B
aquarat_21846
aquarat
<ctx> 0. 850 mm in diameter and 1. 35 m long. 37. a vertebra is subjected to a shearing force of 500 n. find the shear deformation, taking the vertebra to be a cylinder 3. 00 cm high and 4. 00 cm in diameter. 38. a disk between vertebrae in the spine is subjected to a shearing force of 600 n. find its shear deformation...
[ "A)20", "B)40", "C)45", "D)25" ]
A
1: 2/5 = 5: 2 2/7 * 70 = 20 ANSWER A
aquarat_45474
aquarat
<ctx> dimensional figures. the mathematician archimedes used the tools of euclidean geometry to show that the area inside a circle is equal to that of a right triangle whose base has the length of the circle's circumference and whose height equals the circle's radius, in his book measurement of a circle. ( the circumfe...
[ "A)99", "B)277", "C)12", "D)989" ]
C
Let the radii of the larger and the smaller circles be l cm and s cm respectively. Let the side of the square be a cm. a2 = 784 = (4)(196) = (22).(142) a = (2)(14) = 28 a = 2l, l = a/2 = 14 l = (7/3)s Therefore s = (3/7)(l) = 6 Circumference of the smaller circle = 2∏s = 12∏ cm. Answer: C
medmcqa_3999
medmcqa
<ctx> can take a new reading as often as every 60 seconds ( although most only take a reading every 5 minutes ), allowing for a sampling frequency that is able to provide not just a current blood sugar level, but a record of past measurements ; allowing computer systems to project past short - term trends into the futu...
[ "Insulin Lispro", "Insulin Aspart", "Insulin Glargine", "Insulin Glulisine" ]
C
qasc_6620
qasc
<ctx> reducing grazing. during the sexual phase, the vegetative cells can form gametes that conjugate, resulting in what is called a diploid planozygote that can transform into a resting cyst called a hypnozygote. in some species, the planozygote can go through meiosis and produce a vegetative cell. the gametes can rec...
[ "permineralization", "rapid expansion", "competition", "fertilization" ]
D
aquarat_36447
aquarat
<ctx> on x is known, it may be used to compute x, y data pairs that may subsequently be plotted. example b12 plotting data pairs if we know that y = x2 + 2, we can produce a table of a few ( x, y ) values and then plot the line based on the data shown here. x y = x2 + 2 1 3 2 6 1084 b β€’ essential mathematics access for...
[ "A)20", "B)200", "C)50", "D)400" ]
C
Let length of plot = L meters, then breadth = L - 20 meters and perimeter = 2[L + L - 20] = [4L - 40] meters [4L - 40] * 26.50 = 4240 [4L - 40] = 4240 / 26.50 = 160 4L = 200 L = 200/4= 50 meters. Answer: C
qasc_1526
qasc
<ctx> a compound called phosphoenolpyruvate ( pep ) ), forming oxaloacetate. this oxaloacetate is then converted to malate and is transported into the bundle sheath cells ( site of carbon dioxide fixation by rubisco ) where oxygen concentration is low to avoid photorespiration. here, carbon dioxide is removed from the ...
[ "Mitochondria", "Chlorophyll", "peachleaf willow", "Vacuoles" ]
B
medmcqa_4934
medmcqa
<ctx> the formation of excess callus leading to bone ends appearing sclerotic causing a radiological " elephants foot " appearance due to excessive fracture ends mobility but adequate blood supply. atrophic non - union results in re - absorption and rounding of bone ends due to inadequate blood supply and excessive mob...
[ "Fibrous dysplasia", "Osteomyelitis", "Osteopetrosis", "Paget's disease" ]
C
OSTEOPETROSIS: Roentgenographic features: Medullary cavities are replaced by bone and the cortex is thickened. Density of bone may be such that, the roots of the teeth are nearly invisible on dental roentgenogram. Ends of long bones are bulbous called Erlenmeyer's flask deformity. In osteopetrosis, there is normal app...
qasc_693
qasc
<ctx> ##monas are two genera of bacteria that cause pneumonia in individuals. bacterial aggregates ( sometimes known as biofilms ) have also been found in the lungs of two deceased specimens discovered in 1982 and 1995 from colonies in the southern population. movement day - to - day, the bog turtle moves very little, ...
[ "Small things with a microscope", "gastropod shells", "members of their own species", "one celled organisms" ]
D
arc_easy_849
arc_easy
<ctx> hydrophilic ( β€œ water - loving ” ) part. as a consequence, dirt particles become suspended as colloidal particles and are readily washed away. figure 11. 33 this diagrammatic cross section of an emulsified drop of oil in water shows how soap or detergent acts as an emulsifier. chemistry in everyday life deepwater...
[ "The mixture changes color.", "The water becomes cloudy.", "The oil dissolves in the water.", "The oil and water remain separate." ]
D
arc_challenge_650
arc_challenge
<ctx> ##ive system also works with the circulatory system to provide the nutrients the system needs to keep the heart pumping. further circulatory routes are associated, such as the coronary circulation to the heart itself, the cerebral circulation to the brain, renal circulation to the kidneys, and bronchial circulati...
[ "nervous system.", "respiratory system.", "cardiovascular system.", "integumentary system." ]
C
openbookqa_191
openbookqa
<ctx> plant biodiversity declines, the remaining plants face diminishing productivity. biodiversity loss threatens ecosystem productivity and services such as food, fresh water, raw materials and medicinal resources. a 2019 report that assessed a total of 28, 000 plant species concluded that close to half of them were ...
[ "bad planting methods", "small spaces", "the wrong climate", "people kill them" ]
C
medmcqa_7967
medmcqa
<ctx> the world, funding was often cut for asylums, especially during periods of economic decline, and during wartime in particular many patients starved to death. soldiers received increased psychiatric attention, and world war ii saw the development in the us of a new psychiatric manual for categorizing mental disord...
[ "anorexia nervosa", "metabolic syndrome", "bulimia nervosa", "binge eating" ]
A
Anorexia nervosa Anorexia nervosa is a eating disorder where the patient has decreased weight and altered body image and persistent desire to maintain thinness * Gender==== more common in females * Age=======adolescence * Comorbidity=== depression and social phobia * Duration====3 months * Criteria= * Intense fear of b...
openbookqa_696
openbookqa
<ctx> africa without large scale grid infrastructure. the distribution of solar resources across africa is fairly uniform, with more than 85 % of the continent's landscape receiving a global solar horizontal irradiation at or over 2, 000 kwh / ( m2 year ). also, the theoretical reserves of africa's solar energy are est...
[ "northern Canada", "northern Russia", "Brazilian rainforest", "Sahara" ]
D
medmcqa_7086
medmcqa
<ctx> the overall physical effects and facial appearance of dwarfism with premature aging. other features and findings include : intrauterine growth retardation, congenital hip dislocations, winged scapulae ( shoulder blades ), pes planus ( fallen arches ), pseudoepiphyses of the second metacarpals ( upper bone of the ...
[ "First arch", "Second arch", "Third arch", "Fourth arch" ]
A
The listed symptoms are typical of first arch syndrome because the first arch normally gives rise to muscles of mastication, mylohyoid, anterior belly of the digastric, tensor tympani, tensor veli palatini, malleus, and incus. Abnormal development of the second arch would affect the muscles of facial expression, the st...
mmlu_aux_3713
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##siteit leiden : 1 – 101. 1936 some notes on the life - history of apoderus clavatus pasc. ( col., curculionidae ). ent. meded. ned. - indie 2 : 9 – 12. 1947 [ the study of the insect fauna of the east indian archipelago ]. verslag 101 ste zomerverg. ned. ent. ver. : x – xiii. reprinted in tijdschr. ent. 89 ( 19...
[ "make African bees less active", "make Brazilian bees more easy-going", "increase the number of bees in Brazil", "increase the amount of honey in Brazil" ]
D
null
aquarat_37749
aquarat
<ctx> 0. 05 m example 3. 15 deriving moles and volumes from molar concentrations how much sugar ( mol ) is contained in a modest sip ( ~ 10 ml ) of the soft drink from example 3. 14? solution rearrange the definition of molarity to isolate the quantity sought, moles of sugar, then substitute the value for molarity deri...
[ "A)22", "B)30", "C)99", "D)88" ]
B
Explanation: Quantity of sugar = kg = 1.2 kg. New percentage = = 30%. Answer: B) 30
qasc_6320
qasc
<ctx> 9. 6 β€’ forces and torques in muscles and joints 381 glossary center of gravity the point where the total weight of the body is assumed to be concentrated dynamic equilibrium a state of equilibrium in which the net external force and torque on a system moving with constant velocity are zero mechanical advantage th...
[ "body hair", "temperature", "movement", "body position" ]
D
openbookqa_2112
openbookqa
<ctx> of their position. irregular shaped particles present a larger surface and hence a higher probability to bind to the molecules to be studied. the coating of the microbeads may also contain ligands able to attach the molecules of interest. for example, the coating may contain streptavidin which couples strongly to...
[ "a noodle", "a chopstick", "a girder", "a plastic cup" ]
C
openbookqa_71
openbookqa
<ctx> with their experiments. theory and simulations are needed to understand and complement such data, providing models for nuclear reaction rates under the variety of cosmic conditions, and for the structure and dynamics of cosmic objects. findings, current status, and issues nuclear astrophysics remains as a complex...
[ "Light", "Energy", "Heat", "Nutrients)" ]
A
mmlu_aux_1743
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> environmental conditions. another group of plants employ " cam - cycling ", in which their stomata do not open at night ; the plants instead recycle produced by respiration as well as storing some during the day. plants showing inducible cam and cam - cycling are typically found in conditions where periods of wat...
[ "It introduces to us different kinds of trees", "It instructs us how to water trees correctly", "It teaches us how to tell whether a tree needs water", "It analyses why different trees need different amounts of water" ]
B
null
aquarat_37985
aquarat
<ctx> that case, the reasoning in steps 6 and 7 was entirely correct if envelope a happened to contain any of the amounts 2, 4,... 512 : switching envelopes would give an expected ( average ) gain of 25 %. if envelope a happened to contain the amount 1, then the expected gain is actually 100 %. but if it happened to co...
[ "A)45%", "B)23%", "C)20%", "D)60%" ]
D
C.P. of each article be Re. 1. Then, C.P. of 50 articles = Rs. 50; S.P. of 50 articles = Rs. 20. Loss % = 30/50 * 100 = 60% ANSWER D
medmcqa_3262
medmcqa
<ctx> dpvweb is a database for virologists working on plant viruses combining taxonomic, bioinformatic and symptom data. description dpvweb is a central web - based source of information about viruses, viroids and satellites of plants, fungi and protozoa. it provides comprehensive taxonomic information, including brief...
[ "HEV", "HBV", "HCV", "HAV" ]
A
Ans. (a) HEV According to Ananthanarayan 9/e, p 550 "HEV has been classified in genus hepesvirus under family calciviridae." But according to Harrison 18/e 2543 "HEV although resembling calicivirus is sufficiently distinct from any known agent to merit a new classification of its own as a unique genus; Hepevirus with i...
mmlu_aux_3137
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> from northeast siberia, including specimens with divergent skull morphologies. a study on a 57, 000 - years - old wolf pup mummy discovered in thawing permafrost in the klondike goldfields ( yukon, canada ), aiming to determine her appearance, evolutionary relationships, life history and ecology, is published by ...
[ "There are three different kinds of DNA in dogs.", "This is the second time they have done so many dogs.", "They only do research on village dogs from many countries.", "Modern humans are from East Africa while dogs come from Central Asia." ]
D
null
medmcqa_4892
medmcqa
<ctx> ##matosus and rheumatoid arthritis, probably because retrovirus may activate the c4 gene, leading to increased production of c4 proteins, which can contribute to autoimmune responses, and can probably lead to neuroinflammation, and increased risk of developing diseases such as schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. ...
[ "Ovarian agenesis", "Absent fallopian tube", "Vaginal atresia", "Bicornuate uterus" ]
B
Ans. is b, i.e. Absent fallopian tubeTo understand why distal part of fallopian tube is present:Mullerian ducts grow downward, therefore there will be cases where there will be well formed abdominal ostia associated with hypoplasia or absence of the remainder of the tubes, uterus and vagina or the tubes and uterus may ...
openbookqa_2030
openbookqa
<ctx> 242 6 β€’ uniform circular motion and gravitation access for free at openstax. org figure 6. 15 looking down on the counterclockwise rotation of a merry - go - round, we see that a ball slid straight toward the edge follows a path curved to the right. the person slides the ball toward point b, starting at point a. ...
[ "happiness", "solar flares", "temp changes", "earthquakes" ]
C
medmcqa_2618
medmcqa
<ctx> overall. moreover, there is no one reason why some cp cases come from prenatal brain damage, and it is not known if those cases have a genetic basis. cerebellar hypoplasia is sometimes genetic and can cause ataxic cerebral palsy. early childhood after birth, other causes include toxins, severe jaundice, lead pois...
[ "Klebsella", "H-influenza", "Streptococcal pneumonia", "Staphe aureus" ]
C
Ans. is 'c' i.e., Streptococcal pneumonia
mmlu_aux_1936
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> a previously smooth flow ) may cause ripple effects ( a cascading failure ) which then spread out and create a sustained traffic jam when, otherwise, the normal flow might have continued for some time longer. separation of work and residential areas people often work and live in different parts of the city. many ...
[ "Make a comparison between marathon and road traffic.", "Running a marathon is somewhat dangerous if it is not well organized.", "Introduce a new technology to solve the blocking problem in marathon.", "Some advice for people who are to run a marathon." ]
C
null
qasc_191
qasc
<ctx> adult development encompasses the changes that occur in biological and psychological domains of human life from the end of adolescence until the end of one's life. changes occur at the cellular level and are partially explained by biological theories of adult development and aging. biological changes influence ps...
[ "sea squirts", "fertile", "homogenous", "reproduce" ]
A
mmlu_aux_8564
mmlu_auxiliary
<ctx> ##es until the surface is cooled. droplets of different liquids with different boiling temperatures will also exhibit a leidenfrost effect with respect to each other and repel each other. the leidenfrost effect has been used for the development of high sensitivity ambient mass spectrometry. under the influence of...
[ "leaving two mason jars out with different levels of gatorade", "run for city council", "take a walk on the sun", "become a human bug" ]
A
null
qasc_530
qasc
<ctx> 11. 4, the formation of a solution may be viewed as a stepwise process in which energy is consumed to overcome solute - solute and solvent - solvent attractions ( endothermic processes ) and released when solute - solvent attractions are established ( an exothermic process referred to as solvation ). the relative...
[ "energy", "gasoline", "a solute", "vaporization" ]
C
aquarat_35021
aquarat
<ctx> consider an example from cook et al. where the analysis task is to find the variables which best predict the tip that a dining party will give to the waiter. the variables available in the data collected for this task are : the tip amount, total bill, payer gender, smoking / non - smoking section, time of day, da...
[ "A)2", "B)5", "C)6", "D)15" ]
C
WITHOUTusing the formula, we can see that today the restaurant served 30 customers above the average. The total amount ABOVE the average must equal total amount BELOW the average. This additional 30 customers must offset the β€œdeficit” below the average of 90 created on the x days the restaurant served only 85 customers...
openbookqa_1459
openbookqa
<ctx> a flood is an overflow of water ( or rarely other fluids ) that submerges land that is usually dry. in the sense of " flowing water ", the word may also be applied to the inflow of the tide. floods are an area of study of the discipline hydrology and are of significant concern in agriculture, civil engineering an...
[ "at the middle of a mountain", "inside of the mountain", "at the base of a mountain", "at the top of a mountain" ]
C