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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
683e504890731168399bdef2ae12bba30073d9d6	patrick m. regan taught at binghamton university 1997-2013	patrick m. regan taught at binghamton university 1997-2013 and is currently a faculty member at the university of notre dame. he has also held positions at the university of canterbury in new zealand and boğaziçi university in istanbul, turkey. from 2004 to 2005, he also served as a fulbright scholar at the internation...	wikipedia
b408f85449651308d408e6a1e25121a7a6117f2d	regan has traveled the world extensively. his research	regan has traveled the world extensively. his research has brought him to several conflict-ravaged including palestine and central america. his research has been funded by the national science foundation and the world bank. he is on the editorial boards of international studies quarterly and is an associate editor of t...	wikipedia
5c2bd7dc50c8733da6e565439782809c282b0a2f	regan married margaret mitzel in june 1988 in	regan married margaret mitzel in june 1988 in bloomfield hills, michigan. their son, shane, was born in detroit, michigan in 1991 and their daughter, kaitlin, was born in christchurch, new zealand in 1994.	wikipedia
e11e3d7135a773a302c7bd05a01038bd0e82122f	regan was born in dearborn, michigan and is	regan was born in dearborn, michigan and is one of five children born to michael and susanne regan. regan attended western michigan university for his bachelor's degree, new york university for his master's degree and university of michigan for his phd. he was also a member of the peace corps after receiving his underg...	wikipedia
3f258d8ef8db8c73d53c9b0ec7f52d3e975dd6c1	alkylglycerol monooxygenase (agmo) (ec 1.14.16.5) is an enzyme	alkylglycerol monooxygenase (agmo) (ec 1.14.16.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of alkylglycerols, a specific subclass of ether lipids. this enzyme was first described in 1964 as a pteridine-dependent ether lipid cleaving enzyme. in 2010 finally, the gene coding for alkylglycerol monooxygenase was disco...	wikipedia
f1783e8eecf7007e6e8393c117dadf7b6c45a6b7	the systematic name for this enzyme is 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen	the systematic name for this enzyme is 1-alkyl-sn-glycerol,tetrahydrobiopterin:oxygen oxidoreductase. other names in use are glyceryl-ether monooxygenase, glyceryl-ether cleaving enzyme, glyceryl ether oxygenase, glyceryl etherase, and o-alkylglycerol monooxygenase.	wikipedia
842eb70a2cfdba9c33f9002e8b9b4ab531016dca	alkylglycerol monooxygenase is a membrane-bound mixed-function oxidase and	alkylglycerol monooxygenase is a membrane-bound mixed-function oxidase and harbours a fatty acid hydroxylase motif. the iron is believed to be coordinated by a diiron center composed of eight histidines, which can be found in all enzymes containing this motif.	wikipedia
7ccaed043b312673e0c8789e0796984ade39d40f	the unstable intermediate product 1-hydroxyalkyl-sn-glycerol rearranges into the	the unstable intermediate product 1-hydroxyalkyl-sn-glycerol rearranges into the fatty aldehyde and the free glycerol derivative. the fatty aldehyde is then further oxidized to the corresponding acid by fatty aldehyde dehydrogenase.	wikipedia
72863f182147f121cad89fe82f271f8fa3765caf	alkylglycerol monooxygenase (agmo) (ec 1.14.16.5) is an enzyme	alkylglycerol monooxygenase (agmo) (ec 1.14.16.5) is an enzyme that catalyzes the hydroxylation of alkylglycerols, a specific subclass of ether lipids. this enzyme was first described in 1964 as a pteridine-dependent ether lipid cleaving enzyme. in 2010 finally, the gene coding for alkylglycerol monooxygenase was disco...	wikipedia
224f13efa61ff3705d9ba1fc5c0466d5043dfeb5	in quantum field theory, a quartic interaction is	in quantum field theory, a quartic interaction is a type of self-interaction in a scalar field. other types of quartic interactions may be found under the topic of four-fermion interactions. a classical free scalar field φ satisfies the klein–gordon equation. if a scalar field is denoted φ , a quartic interaction is re...	wikipedia
c7a28f9bea77a4f6b8015ff401b4688436e2ed43	a proof of uniqueness can be provided if	a proof of uniqueness can be provided if we note that the solution can be sought in the form φ = φ (ξ) {\displaystyle \varphi =\varphi (\xi)} being ξ = p ⋅ x {\displaystyle \xi =p\cdot x}. then, the partial differential equation becomes an ordinary differential equation that is the one defining the jacobi elliptic func...	wikipedia
b538f87b5b0b573ab157816b334461970018c948	these wave solutions are interesting as, notwithstanding we	these wave solutions are interesting as, notwithstanding we started with an equation with a wrong mass sign, the dispersion relation has the right one. besides, jacobi function d n {\displaystyle \,{\rm {dn}}\!} has no real zeros and so the field is never zero but moves around a given constant value that is initially c...	wikipedia
711ee588046827adb135cc93eaf21dd87a75ce47	since the z 2 {\displaystyle z_{2}} symmetry takes	since the z 2 {\displaystyle z_{2}} symmetry takes φ → − φ {\displaystyle \varphi \rightarrow -\varphi }, it must take \| Ω + ⟩ ↔ \| Ω − ⟩ {\displaystyle \|\omega _{+}\rangle \leftrightarrow \|\omega _{-}\rangle } as well.the two possible vacua for the theory are equivalent, but one has to be chosen. although it seems that...	wikipedia
064466ad213704573a74603fd71525d6d4ddc205	thinking in terms of vacuum expectation values lets	thinking in terms of vacuum expectation values lets us understand what happens to a symmetry when it is spontaneously broken. the original lagrangian was invariant under the z 2 {\displaystyle z_{2}} symmetry φ → − φ {\displaystyle \varphi \rightarrow -\varphi }. since	wikipedia
491b5554f9fb89fd32b7586e825ff9f3662ce33d	an interesting feature can occur if m turns	an interesting feature can occur if m turns negative, but with λ still positive. in this case, the vacuum consists of two lowest-energy states, each of which spontaneously breaks the z global symmetry of the original theory. this leads to the appearance of interesting collective states like domain walls. in the o (2) t...	wikipedia
d57c4f1319b52cbfe5f61b084d6ae76e0c676955	the integrals over unconstrained momenta, called "loop integrals",	the integrals over unconstrained momenta, called "loop integrals", in the feynman graphs typically diverge. this is normally handled by renormalization, which is a procedure of adding divergent counter-terms to the lagrangian in such a way that the diagrams constructed from the original lagrangian and counterterms are ...	wikipedia
17f3323d016fd32ac4f029a70a6b619fdabaf9c3	the last rule takes into account the effect	the last rule takes into account the effect of dividing by z ~ {\displaystyle {\tilde {z}}}. the minkowski-space feynman rules are similar, except that each vertex is represented by − i λ {\displaystyle -i\lambda }, while each internal line is represented by a factor i /(q - m + i ε), where the ε term represents the sm...	wikipedia
65bb3e4563e22879b22749f261b0ecb098ecbedd	the second two exponential factors can be expanded	the second two exponential factors can be expanded as power series, and the combinatorics of this expansion can be represented graphically. the integral with λ = 0 can be treated as a product of infinitely many elementary gaussian integrals, and the result may be expressed as a sum of feynman diagrams, calculated using...	wikipedia
4742045eb174a4d1e2ace732be294625aa4b106d	the feynman diagram expansion may be obtained also	the feynman diagram expansion may be obtained also from the feynman path integral formulation. the time-ordered vacuum expectation values of polynomials in φ, known as the n -particle green's functions, are constructed by integrating over all possible fields, normalized by the vacuum expectation value with no external ...	wikipedia
4ade767756faa99abb26454ceae35527ed67303e	the ϕ 4 {\displaystyle \phi ^{4}} model belongs	the ϕ 4 {\displaystyle \phi ^{4}} model belongs to the griffiths-simon class, meaning that it can be represented also as the weak limit of an ising model on a certain type of graph. the triviality of both the ϕ 4 {\displaystyle \phi ^{4}} model and the ising model in d ≥ 4 {\displaystyle d\geq 4} can be shown via a gra...	wikipedia
5b032f48efd31644da76308f5266a85216614154	in all of the models above, the coupling	in all of the models above, the coupling constant λ {\displaystyle \lambda } must be positive, since otherwise the potential would be unbounded below, and there would be no stable vacuum. also, the feynman path integral discussed below would be ill-defined. in 4 dimensions, ϕ 4 {\displaystyle \phi ^{4}} theories have a...	wikipedia
a68f7904a834259afeb00de5801097eaf7d22c8e	which is thus equivalent to the so(2) model	which is thus equivalent to the so(2) model of real scalar fields φ 1, φ 2 {\displaystyle \varphi _{1},\varphi _{2}}, as can be seen by expanding the complex field ϕ {\displaystyle \phi } in real and imaginary parts.	wikipedia
d62c1440e2e02c3dced8fcc268d166f9f0efeeb5	the lagrangian for a complex scalar field can	the lagrangian for a complex scalar field can be motivated as follows. for two scalar fields φ 1 {\displaystyle \varphi _{1}} and φ 2 {\displaystyle \varphi _{2}} the lagrangian has the form	wikipedia
3389d6bb157f31514d02acb81778acb921c20831	in quantum field theory, a quartic interaction is	in quantum field theory, a quartic interaction is a type of self-interaction in a scalar field. other types of quartic interactions may be found under the topic of four-fermion interactions. a classical free scalar field φ {\displaystyle \varphi } satisfies the klein–gordon equation. if a scalar field is denoted φ {\di...	wikipedia
414da67db9c7391d9155e06bcaaa2d6b88f228bf	the 2012 damallsvenskan, part of the 2012 swedish	the 2012 damallsvenskan, part of the 2012 swedish football season, was the 25th season of damallsvenskan since its establishment in 1988. the 2012 fixtures were released on 8 december 2011. the season began on 9 april 2012 and ended on 3 november 2012. ldb fc malmö were the defending champions, having won their 7th tit...	wikipedia
ac6f561a80a4df1b1c93c50f8031fed4bfb53979	hammarby if dff and dalsjöfors goif were relegated	hammarby if dff and dalsjöfors goif were relegated at the end of the 2011 season after finishing in the bottom two places of the table. they were replaced by division 1 division champions aik and vittsjö gik.	wikipedia
ca03f02477e83e9270b6bb510c44e8341833fbf1	the 2012 damallsvenskan, part of the 2012 swedish	the 2012 damallsvenskan, part of the 2012 swedish football season, was the 25th season of damallsvenskan since its establishment in 1988. the 2012 fixtures were released on 8 december 2011. the season began on 9 april 2012 and ended on 3 november 2012. ldb fc malmö were the defending champions, having won their 7th tit...	wikipedia
a9d14af388f611d5bc1790a482bd34fd0c05e99d	michael doughty is a former australian rules footballer	michael doughty is a former australian rules footballer who played for the adelaide football club in the australian football league (afl) between 2000 and 2012. he is now playing for reynella football club in the southern football league, where he played junior football. originally from south adelaide football club in ...	wikipedia
89d1503e078e09284d799f2d351b305deac4ea0e	known as a solid utility player, doughty has	known as a solid utility player, doughty has most often used as a midfielder, tagger or a small defender. doughty played his 150th game in round 8, 2009 and his 200th game in round 15, 2011. adelaide defeated sydney by seven points to end a record-equalling six-match losing streak in this match. he retired at the end o...	wikipedia
7f3fe1537998121a4da4cbbefa0c89bc769f4652	originally from south adelaide football club in the	originally from south adelaide football club in the south australian national football league (sanfl), doughty was drafted by adelaide with their first choice (fourth overall) at the 1999 rookie draft and elevated to adelaide's senior list in 2000 when he made his senior afl debut.	wikipedia
36ae28865f092006ab021caaa5178f697fbce967	michael doughty (born 5 august 1979) is a	michael doughty (born 5 august 1979) is a former australian rules footballer who played for the adelaide football club in the australian football league (afl) between 2000 and 2012. he is now playing for reynella football club in the southern football league, where he played junior football.	wikipedia
72ef999efcd46fa32ee322e7d729b3be56bba590	the 2014–15 all-ireland senior club hurling championship was	the 2014–15 all-ireland senior club hurling championship was the 45th staging of the all-ireland championship since its establishment in 1970. the championship began on 12 october 2014 and ended on 17 march 2015. portumna were the defending champions. ballyhale shamrocks won the title after a 1-18 to 1-6 win against ki...	wikipedia
8778de457d2cc257604679206e2c102e83d09e07	the 2014–15 all-ireland senior club hurling championship was	the 2014–15 all-ireland senior club hurling championship was the 45th staging of the all-ireland championship since its establishment in 1970. the championship began on 12 october 2014 and ended on 17 march 2015.	wikipedia
195a9e3d2a5c0ac43dab9fce1bade4acd5af2e71	pei songzhi (372–451), courtesy name shiqi, was a	pei songzhi (372–451), courtesy name shiqi, was a chinese historian and politician who lived in the late eastern jin dynasty and the liu song dynasty. his ancestral home was in wenxi county, shanxi, but he moved to the jiangnan region later. he is best known for making annotations to the historical text records of the ...	wikipedia
0371fff16be472e4e654a5aa268f955a159356a2	pei songzhi's father is pei gui (裴圭), son	pei songzhi's father is pei gui (裴圭), son of pei mei (裴昧). pei mei's great-grandfather is pei kang (裴康). pei kang, along with his older brother pei li (裴黎), and younger brothers pei kai (裴楷) and pei chuo (裴绰) were famous during their time and were known as the "4 peis".	wikipedia
296d764c73d28c5b195f67783b8b3ba1e2d84e79	pei songzhi is a member of the pei	pei songzhi is a member of the pei clan of hedong (河东裴氏). his son is pei yin, father of pei zhaoming (裴昭明; fl. 460 - 502), father of pei ziye. through his mother, pei songzhi is a great-grandson of the powerful jin regent yu liang.	wikipedia
d4c76c5f41e60ea972eff8c015ef8cf5c371e20a	apart from making annotations to the sanguozhi, pei	apart from making annotations to the sanguozhi, pei also wrote other books such as the jin ji (晉紀; history of jin), pei shi jiazhuan (裴氏家傳; pei family biographies), and ji zhu sang fu jing zhuan (集注喪服經傳).	wikipedia
1488a072d3e4cbfab9bf8920fe8579e2222966b3	emperor wen of the liu song dynasty felt	emperor wen of the liu song dynasty felt that the historical text records of the three kingdoms (sanguozhi), written by chen shou in the third century, was too brief, so he commissioned pei to make annotations to the text. pei collected various sources, including those previously rejected by chen shou, and added them t...	wikipedia
ef3d6f8276ba5f4f83eb240045bebc384915610a	in his later years, pei served as the	in his later years, pei served as the administrator of yongjia (永嘉太守), tongzhi sanqi changshi (通直散騎常侍), and administrator of south langya (南琅邪太守). pei retired from service at the age of 65 in 437. however, not long later, he was recalled back to the imperial court, and he served as attendant counsellor (中散大夫), state ac...	wikipedia
f91eeecbd3f9174e60e3d0405ec7028c68e4f4a0	liu yu usurped the throne in 420 and	liu yu usurped the throne in 420 and ended the eastern jin dynasty. he founded the liu song dynasty and became historically known as "emperor wu of liu song". pei took up various appointments in the liu song government, including secretary of the interior (內史) of lingling, state academician (國子博士) and rongcong puye (冗從...	wikipedia