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id stringlengths 40 40	title stringlengths 15 120	text stringlengths 41 3.14k	source stringclasses 2 values
1e6fbf1a6f40900042e8b27d32213037f68d8f33	during march 1846, construction of the stone viaduct	during march 1846, construction of the stone viaduct began. the viaduct incorporated a massive arch spanning the river ayr. to build the arch, complex timber centring for temporary support was constructed over the river. the centring was considered to be noteworthy in its own right.	wikipedia
bbc251bcf0af097c87b6c6211cd8248dd6e307be	the ballochmyle viaduct was designed by john miller	the ballochmyle viaduct was designed by john miller for the glasgow, paisley, kilmarnock and ayr railway during the mid 1840s. the line was the northern part of the railway from glasgow to carlisle via kilmarnock. the viaduct was required to cross the river ayr. the resident engineer was william mccandlish and the cont...	wikipedia
2f177f97472d6451a91fe6d887f6074305ee2acf	the viaduct was listed in april 1971 and	the viaduct was listed in april 1971 and became a category a listed structure in january 1989. it was designated a "historic civil engineering landmark" by the institution of civil engineers (ice) in 2014. network rail undertook strengthening work on the viaduct in the 2010s. the ballochmyle viaduct is used for passeng...	wikipedia
7a68fb5b3a8449b04228693b9b6a3e5f9d5dac45	designed by john miller, the viaduct was built	designed by john miller, the viaduct was built in the 1840s for the glasgow, paisley, kilmarnock and ayr railway company. work commenced on its construction during march 1846; it was built under contract by ross & mitchell and william mccandlish was the resident engineer. it is built of local red sandstone and stronger...	wikipedia
021d89e8d4e1b3711dbdfab6c927ac3fb9c26ace	the ballochmyle viaduct is the tallest extant railway	the ballochmyle viaduct is the tallest extant railway viaduct in britain. it is 169 feet (52 m) high, and carries the railway over the river ayr near mauchline and catrine in east ayrshire, scotland. it carries the former glasgow and south western railway line between glasgow and carlisle.	wikipedia
6d5be5c939b74ca01163e05f0974aa56a29d4507	conditioning on a third random variable may either	conditioning on a third random variable may either increase or decrease the mutual information: that is, the difference i (x; y) − i (x; y \| z) {\displaystyle i(x;y)-i(x;y\|z)}, called the interaction information, may be positive, negative, or zero. this is the case even when random variables are pairwise independent. s...	wikipedia
16b8317cc44e7a9e7c27ce1c7cc9485ec475eb8f	for discrete, jointly distributed random variables x {\displaystyle	for discrete, jointly distributed random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y {\displaystyle y} and z {\displaystyle z}. this result has been used as a basic building block for proving other inequalities in information theory, in particular, those known as shannon-type inequalities. conditional mutual information is also n...	wikipedia
6a467606696e0bcaad6ecdf6844ea5a983349508	in an expression such as i (a; b	in an expression such as i (a; b \| c), {\displaystyle i(a;b\|c),} a, {\displaystyle a,} b, {\displaystyle b,} and c {\displaystyle c} need not necessarily be restricted to representing individual random variables, but could also represent the joint distribution of any collection of random variables defined on the same p...	wikipedia
100c75321922c8d1d8f229287534f9327a92c8c2	now we can formally define the conditional probability	now we can formally define the conditional probability measure given the value of one (or, via the product topology, more) of the random variables. let m {\displaystyle m} be a measurable subset of Ω, {\displaystyle \omega,} (i.e. m ∈ f, {\displaystyle m\in {\mathcal {f}},}) and let x ∈ s u p p x. {\displaystyle x\in \...	wikipedia
0463ea366b68df0e3d55d2e360e779c5cdaa436a	consider the borel measure (on the σ-algebra generated	consider the borel measure (on the σ-algebra generated by the open sets) in the state space of each random variable defined by assigning each borel set the p {\displaystyle {\mathfrak {p}}} -measure of its preimage in f {\displaystyle {\mathcal {f}}}. this is called the pushforward measure x ∗ p = p (x − 1 (⋅)). {\disp...	wikipedia
dabc7ec01b7bf55156123f24845037e1236ecec7	let (Ω, f, p) {\displaystyle (\omega,{\mathcal {f}},{\mathfrak {p}})}	let (Ω, f, p) {\displaystyle (\omega,{\mathcal {f}},{\mathfrak {p}})} be a probability space, and let the random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y {\displaystyle y}, and z {\displaystyle z} each be defined as a borel-measurable function from Ω {\displaystyle \omega } to some state space endowed with a topological struct...	wikipedia
17cae2156969ea3cc6325154948fda406d7b45db	i (x; y \| z) = ∫ z	i (x; y \| z) = ∫ z ∫ y ∫ x log (p z (z) p x, y, z (x, y, z) p x, z (x, z) p y, z (y, z)) p x, y, z (x, y, z) d x d y d z. {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)=\int _{\mathcal {z}}\int _{\mathcal {y}}\int _{\mathcal {x}}\log \left({\frac {p_{z}(z)p_{x,y,z}(x,y,z)}{p_{x,z}(x,z)p_{y,z}(y,z)}}\right)p_{x,y,z}(x,y,z)dxdydz.}	wikipedia
a82ec593562885644a571ad521d3820e7e6310a7	for (absolutely) continuous random variables x {\displaystyle x},	for (absolutely) continuous random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y {\displaystyle y}, and z {\displaystyle z} with support sets x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {x}}}, y {\displaystyle {\mathcal {y}}} and z {\displaystyle {\mathcal {z}}}, the conditional mutual information i (x; y \| z) {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)} is as follows	wikipedia
d16106ba2fbafd884f2db7b2a227dab2aeb24a02	i (x; y \| z) = ∑ z	i (x; y \| z) = ∑ z ∈ z ∑ y ∈ y ∑ x ∈ x p x, y, z (x, y, z) log p z (z) p x, y, z (x, y, z) p x, z (x, z) p y, z (y, z). {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)=\sum _{z\in {\mathcal {z}}}\sum _{y\in {\mathcal {y}}}\sum _{x\in {\mathcal {x}}}p_{x,y,z}(x,y,z)\log {\frac {p_{z}(z)p_{x,y,z}(x,y,z)}{p_{x,z}(x,z)p_{y,z}(y,z)}}.}	wikipedia
69496dddd2afafb7ca5fec6fd65d12d9b8127ed1	for discrete random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y	for discrete random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y {\displaystyle y}, and z {\displaystyle z} with support sets x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {x}}}, y {\displaystyle {\mathcal {y}}} and z {\displaystyle {\mathcal {z}}}, the conditional mutual information i (x; y \| z) {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)} is as follows	wikipedia
2e9360bc1c2800cd85ad62f53b0f0d80770f11fc	thus i (x; y \| z) {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)}	thus i (x; y \| z) {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)} is the expected (with respect to z {\displaystyle z}) kullback–leibler divergence from the conditional joint distribution p (x, y) \| z {\displaystyle p_{(x,y)\|z}} to the product of the conditional marginals p x \| z {\displaystyle p_{x\|z}} and p y \| z {\displaystyle p_{y\|z}}. c...	wikipedia
46c39b25836f68da232798937651a03478dca5b5	i (x; y \| z) = ∫ z	i (x; y \| z) = ∫ z d k l (p (x, y) \| z ‖ p x \| z ⊗ p y \| z) d p z {\displaystyle i(x;y\|z)=\int _{\mathcal {z}}d_{\mathrm {kl} }(p_{(x,y)\|z}\\|p_{x\|z}\otimes p_{y\|z})dp_{z}}	wikipedia
da44e8d542b73165697dbbb2e5af8a0f2fbcecbf	for random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y {\displaystyle	for random variables x {\displaystyle x}, y {\displaystyle y}, and z {\displaystyle z} with support sets x {\displaystyle {\mathcal {x}}}, y {\displaystyle {\mathcal {y}}} and z {\displaystyle {\mathcal {z}}}, we define the conditional mutual information as	wikipedia
6b9f56f1e22eea1e3535f8004ca41cbc4432b05f	david lefevre dodd was an american educator, financial	david lefevre dodd was an american educator, financial analyst, author, economist, and investor. in his student years, dodd was a protégé and colleague of benjamin graham at columbia business school. the wall street crash of 1929 almost wiped out graham, who had started teaching the year before at his alma mater, colum...	wikipedia
61812c0cb99406f2225de291dca8a0b858c8ed6d	david dodd died september 18, 1988, aged 93,	david dodd died september 18, 1988, aged 93, of respiratory failure at maine medical center, portland, maine. at the time he was living on chebeague island, maine in casco bay. his daughter, barbara dodd anderson (1932–2010) lived in northern california and was a benefactor of the heilbrunn center for graham and dodd i...	wikipedia
c7cae3c274a7fd4c5c3df2c7cd26547336bee588	yet the success of numerous other investment funds	yet the success of numerous other investment funds and practitioners who applied value investing theories weakened assertions attributing success to chance. because value investing rejects mpt and its use of sophisticated statistics, there's irony when mpt theorists attribute its success to tails of standard deviation....	wikipedia
67aecc17ff0e17600e5a1d1a2852c1b3fbd3fe8f	columbia resisted de-emphasizing value investing during the throes	columbia resisted de-emphasizing value investing during the throes of the mpt renaissance, but the appeal of mpt seemed to be part of a larger movement, thrusting finance aspects of business education into higher echelons of academia. during about a 25-year period (1965–90), published research and articles in leading j...	wikipedia
da12e2591c0eac78bc2c59a3869040f7fe8673af	value investors see securities as either priced correctly,	value investors see securities as either priced correctly, under-priced, or over-priced. in contrast, mpt proponents insist that, by definition under the efficient-market hypothesis, a realized price of a stock is the correct price. value investor purists reject the usefulness of capital asset pricing model (capm), in ...	wikipedia
426f76558c16fe1f357383938f5c7aeb469b9289	the phrases "graham and dodd," " value investing,"	the phrases "graham and dodd," " value investing," " margin of safety," and " intrinsic value "—all biblical to value investors—are often used interchangeably when referring to an approach to investing. despite the onset of modern portfolio theory (mpt) in the late 1950s—a theory that peaked throughout the 80s, gaining...	wikipedia
3cd408713474c42877ca06f9dddc64f269652315	from 1917 to 1919, he was in the	from 1917 to 1919, he was in the us navy during world war i; rising from boatswain to lieutenant. from 1921 to 1922, he was research assistant for an economist at national bank of commerce, new york (now part of jpmorgan chase bank, national association; see nys banking history here). in 1928, he advised private client...	wikipedia
c47378814707e879f8378e3a98dae35ac2f4f2f1	dodd was a member of the following organizations:	dodd was a member of the following organizations: american economic association, social science research council (investment committee 1950–1956), american finance association (vice president 1946–1947), new york society of security analysts, beta gamma sigma, phi gamma delta, alpha kappa psi, and phi chi theta.	wikipedia
5932a02c5e591f62794bcd0635fb38b1a77ac0f2	from 1922 to 1925, dodd was an instructor	from 1922 to 1925, dodd was an instructor of economics at columbia university. from 1925 to 1930, he became an instructor of finance. from 1926 to 1945, he was in charge of the business and economics courses. in 1930, he received his phd from columbia university. from 1930 to 1938, dodd was an assistant professor there...	wikipedia
30089511da4b05df2c195920fb1a381fc9eb62f6	in 1916, dodd graduated from high street school,	in 1916, dodd graduated from high street school, a high school in martinsburg, west virginia, where his father was the principal. in 1920, he completed his bachelor of science, at university of pennsylvania. one year later, he received his master of science at columbia university.	wikipedia
ed626c78bb095b645afbd11830741c54508220cf	the wall street crash of 1929 (black tuesday)	the wall street crash of 1929 (black tuesday) almost wiped out graham, who had started teaching the year before at his alma mater, columbia. the crash inspired graham to search for a more conservative, safer way to invest. graham agreed to teach with the stipulation that someone take notes. dodd, then a young instructo...	wikipedia
60b7c4464e689a9d4ad75751167b7b3c49beab9d	david lefevre dodd (august 23, 1895 – september	david lefevre dodd (august 23, 1895 – september 18, 1988) was an american educator, financial analyst, author, economist, and investor. in his student years, dodd was a protégé and colleague of benjamin graham at columbia business school.	wikipedia
6ed482a2edca9b9a3359725859480b2cfde9867d	thomas kelly gilbert is an american former professional	thomas kelly gilbert is an american former professional ice hockey defenseman. gilbert played 655 regular season games in the national hockey league (nhl) for five teams over parts of 12 seasons for the edmonton oilers, minnesota wild, florida panthers, montreal canadiens and los angeles kings.	wikipedia
d5891bb64ef3d98cd6b0ccce62d138a1eb5a22ca	as a free agent, gilbert left north america	as a free agent, gilbert left north america after 10 seasons in agreeing to a one-year deal with german outfit, the thomas sabo ice tigers of the del, on july 21, 2017. he signed an extension with the team on july 3, 2018.	wikipedia
6b3e17cfeb80613e199c2a8a338313ef01023d63	upon expiry of his contract in montreal, gilbert	upon expiry of his contract in montreal, gilbert signed a 1 year, $1.4 million contract to join his fifth nhl club, the los angeles kings on july 1, 2016. on february 15, 2017, he was traded two weeks before the trade deadline to the washington capitals in exchange for a conditional 5th round draft pick (condition not ...	wikipedia
fa90bb832d0c8e009dd9ae48b9cffa2885230b01	in september 2013, gilbert attended the florida panthers	in september 2013, gilbert attended the florida panthers ' pre-season training camp as a free agent, later signing a one-year deal with the club on september 28. he established a regular position within the blueline for the panthers in 2013–14, and by season's end had produced his best season since 2009, with 28 points...	wikipedia
5590c0aab392fe1b3082b13d4443d5ab4a1a18fa	after the lockout -shortened 2012–13 season, with the	after the lockout -shortened 2012–13 season, with the wild experiencing cap constraints, gilbert was used as compliance buyout of the remaining two-year of his contract, to be released as a free agent on july 3, 2013.	wikipedia
51293d7ed520c16691338013a9e920759fc0a59f	at the nhl trade deadline of the 2011–12	at the nhl trade deadline of the 2011–12 season, on february 27, 2012, gilbert was traded to the minnesota wild in exchange for defenseman nick schultz. gilbert finished the season contributing five assists in 20 games.	wikipedia
e3acaabdbf3784fdc1db0fb6cd41937ccffcd066	on march 4, 2008, gilbert surpassed paul coffey	on march 4, 2008, gilbert surpassed paul coffey and marc-andré bergeron for the oilers' franchise record for most goals scored by a rookie defenseman in a season with his tenth, which came on the power play against dan ellis of the nashville predators. on april 11, 2008, gilbert signed a six-year, $24 million contract ...	wikipedia
a51e2bc88d8277bae138df8fc75e10d0abde2cdf	due to injuries, gilbert was called-up to the	due to injuries, gilbert was called-up to the nhl in january 2007 and made his nhl debut on his 24th birthday against the san jose sharks. he scored his first nhl goal on february 20, 2007, against the ottawa senators ' martin gerber in the final seconds of the game to send it to overtime.	wikipedia
980d653e43234cd59a579c9ee2da65cf83fa21df	gilbert made his professional debut in the 2006–07	gilbert made his professional debut in the 2006–07 season with the wilkes-barre/scranton penguins of the american hockey league (ahl). through 33 games, he was tied for the team lead in points among defensemen.	wikipedia
4b8a5f7ebabd15f8edd75b295fcd75e53254292c	gilbert played junior hockey with the chicago steel	gilbert played junior hockey with the chicago steel of the united states hockey league (ushl). he made his debut at the university of wisconsin–madison with the badgers in 2002. in the 2005–06 season, he ranked third on the team in points, and also scored the winning goal in the 2006 ncaa championship game against bost...	wikipedia