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1. 16 30 1 • introduction : the nature of science and physics access for free at openstax. org ( 5 ) calculate the height. to determine the height of the bills, use the equation : the height of the money will be about 100 in. high. converting this value to feet gives discussion the final approximate value is much highe... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 4 • approximation 31 glossary accuracy the degree to which a measured value agrees with correct value for that measurement approximation an estimated value based on prior experience and reasoning classical physics physics that was developed from the renaissance to the end of the 19th century conversion factor a rati... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and question that the scientist will research ; next, the scientist typically performs some research about the topic and then devises a hypothesis ; then, the scientist will test the hypothesis by performing an experiment ; finally, the scientist analyzes the results of the experiment and draws a conclusion second the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 2 physical quantities and units • physical quantities are a characteristic or property of an object that can be measured or calculated from other measurements. • units are standards for expressing and comparing the measurement of physical quantities. all units can be expressed as combinations of four fundamental uni... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 3 accuracy, precision, and significant figures • accuracy of a measured value refers to how close a measurement is to the correct value. the uncertainty in a measurement is an estimate of the amount by which the measurement result may differ from this value. • precision of measured values refers to how close the agr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 1 physics : an introduction 1. models are particularly useful in relativity and quantum mechanics, where conditions are outside those normally encountered by humans. what is a model? 2. how does a model differ from a theory? 3. if two different theories describe experimental observations equally well, can one be sai... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 2 physical quantities and units 1. the speed limit on some interstate highways is roughly 100 km / h. ( a ) what is this in meters per second? ( b ) how many miles per hour is this? 2. a car is traveling at a speed of. ( a ) what is its speed in kilometers per hour? ( b ) is it exceeding the speed limit? 3. show tha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 0 in. tall? ( assume that 1 meter equals 39. 37 in. ) 7. mount everest, at 29, 028 feet, is the tallest mountain on the earth. what is its height in kilometers? ( assume that 1 kilometer equals 3, 281 feet. ) 8. the speed of sound is measured to be on a certain day. what is this in km / h? 9. tectonic plates are lar... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 3 accuracy, precision, and significant figures express your answers to problems in this section to the correct number of significant figures and proper units. 11. suppose that your bathroom scale reads your mass as 65 kg with a 3 % uncertainty. what is the uncertainty in your mass ( in kilograms )? 12. a good - qual... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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what is the uncertainty in a blood pressure measurement of? 21. a person measures their heart rate by counting the number of beats in. if beats are counted in, what is the heart rate and its uncertainty in beats per minute? 22. what is the area of a circle in diameter? 23. if a marathon runner averages 9. 5 mi / h, how... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 4 approximation 29. how many heartbeats are there in a lifetime? 30. a generation is about one - third of a lifetime. approximately how many generations have passed since the year 0 ad? 31. how many times longer than the mean life of an extremely unstable atomic nucleus is the lifetime of a human? ( hint : the lifet... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension 2. 6 problem - solving basics for one - dimensional kinematics 2. 7 falling objects | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion objects are in motion everywhere we look. everything from a tennis game to a space - probe flyby of the planet neptune involves motion. when you are resting, your heart moves blood through your veins. and even in inanimate objects, there is continuous motion in the vi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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: / / openstax. org / books / college - physics - 2e / pages / 2 - introduction - to - onedimensional - kinematics ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 1 displacement learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define position, displacement, distance, and distance traveled. • explain the relationship between position and displacement. • distinguish between displacement and distance traveled. • calculate displacement and distance given in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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: where is displacement, is the final position, and is the initial position. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 1 38 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org in this text the upper case greek letter ( delta ) always means “ change in ” whatever quantity follows it ; thus, means change in position. always solve for displacement by subtracting initial position from final position. note that the si unit for displacement i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 1 • displacement 39 in this coordinate system, motion to the right is positive, whereas motion to the left is negative. similarly, the airplane passenger ’ s initial position is and his final position is, so his displacement is his displacement is negative because his motion is toward the rear of the plane, or in th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 misconception alert : distance traveled vs. magnitude of displacement it is important to note that the distance traveled, however, can be greater than the magnitude of the displacement ( by magnitude, we mean just the size of the displacement without regard to its direction ; that is, just a number with a unit ). ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and magnitude, distance is defined only by magnitude. displacement is an example of a vector quantity. distance is an example of a scalar quantity. a vector is any quantity with both magnitude and direction. other examples of vectors include a velocity of 90 km / h east and a force of 500 newtons straight down. the dir... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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directions. for example, if you are analyzing the motion of falling objects, it can be useful to define downwards as the positive direction. if people in a race are running to the left, it is useful to define left as the positive direction. it does not matter as long as the system is clear and consistent. once you assi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 time, velocity, and speed learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the relationships between instantaneous velocity, average velocity, instantaneous speed, average speed, displacement, and time. • calculate velocity and speed given initial position, initial time, final positi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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a dial. this allows us to not only measure the amount of time, but also to determine a sequence of events. how does time relate to motion? we are usually interested in elapsed time for a particular motion, such as how long it takes an airplane passenger to get from his seat to the back of the plane. to find elapsed tim... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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as mph ), and cm / s, are in common use. suppose, for example, an airplane passenger took 5 seconds to move −4 m ( the negative sign indicates that displacement is toward the back of the plane ). his average velocity would be the minus sign indicates the average velocity is also toward the rear of the plane. the averag... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 • time, velocity, and speed 43 segments of the trip over smaller time intervals. figure 2. 9 a more detailed record of an airplane passenger heading toward the back of the plane, showing smaller segments of his trip. the smaller the time intervals considered in a motion, the more detailed the information. when we ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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suppose that at one time during a shopping trip your instantaneous velocity is 40 km / h due north. your instantaneous speed at that instant would be 40 km / h — the same magnitude but without a direction. average speed, however, is very different from average velocity. average speed is the distance traveled divided by... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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are also assuming that the route between the store and the house is a perfectly straight line. ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 • time, velocity, and speed 45 figure 2. 11 position vs. time, velocity vs. time, and speed vs. time on a trip. note that the velocity for the return trip is negative. making connections : take - home investigation — getting a sense of speed if you have spent much time driving, you probably have a good sense of sp... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 4 acceleration learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • define and distinguish between instantaneous acceleration, average acceleration, and deceleration. • calculate acceleration given initial time, initial velocity, final time, and final velocity. figure 2. 12 a plane decelerates, or... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 4 • acceleration 47 recall that velocity is a vector — it has both magnitude and direction. this means that a change in velocity can be a change in magnitude ( or speed ), but it can also be a change in direction. for example, if a car turns a corner at constant speed, it is accelerating because its direction is cha... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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in 1. 80 s. what is its average acceleration? figure 2. 14 ( a ) this car is speeding up as it moves toward the right. it therefore has positive acceleration in our coordinate system. ( b ) this car is slowing down as it moves toward the right. therefore, it has negative acceleration in our coordinate system, because i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 4 • acceleration 49 figure 2. 15 ( credit : jon sullivan, pd photo. org ) strategy first we draw a sketch and assign a coordinate system to the problem. this is a simple problem, but it always helps to visualize it. notice that we assign east as positive and west as negative. thus, in this case, we have negative vel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 11 50 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org instantaneous acceleration instantaneous acceleration, or the acceleration at a specific instant in time, is obtained by the same process as discussed for instantaneous velocity in time, velocity, and speed — that is, by considering an infinitesimally small inter... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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shuttle moves to the right, and in ( b ) it moves to the left. the examples are designed to further illustrate aspects of motion and to illustrate some of the reasoning that goes into solving problems. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 4 • acceleration 51 figure 2. 18 one - dimensional motion of a subway train considered in example 2. 2, example 2. 3, example 2. 4, example 2. 5, example 2. 6, and example 2. 7. here we have chosen the - axis so that + means to the right and means to the left for displacements, velocities, and accelerations. ( a ) t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 13 52 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org example 2. 3 comparing distance traveled with displacement : a subway train what are the distances traveled for the motions shown in parts ( a ) and ( b ) of the subway train in figure 2. 18? strategy to answer this question, think about the definitions of distan... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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1. 50 km, and the distance traveled was 1. 50 km. discussion distance is a scalar. it has magnitude but no sign to indicate direction. example 2. 4 calculating acceleration : a subway train speeding up suppose the train in figure 2. 18 ( a ) accelerates from rest to 30. 0 km / h in the first 20. 0 s of its motion. what... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 4 • acceleration 53 4. since the units are mixed ( we have both hours and seconds for time ), we need to convert everything into si units of meters and seconds. ( see physical quantities and units for more guidance. ) discussion the plus sign means that acceleration is to the right. this is reasonable because the tr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 18 54 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org the graphs of position, velocity, and acceleration vs. time for the trains in example 2. 4 and example 2. 5 are displayed in figure 2. 21. ( we have taken the velocity to remain constant from 20 to 40 s, after which the train decelerates. ) figure 2. 21 ( a ) pos... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 4 • acceleration 55 example 2. 6 calculating average velocity : the subway train what is the average velocity of the train in part b of example 2. 2, and shown again below, if it takes 5. 00 min to make its trip? figure 2. 22 strategy average velocity is displacement divided by time. it will be negative here, since ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 20 56 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org figure 2. 23 as before, we must find the change in velocity and the change in time to calculate average acceleration. solution 1. identify the knowns.,,. 2. calculate. the change in velocity here is actually positive, since 3. solve for. 4. convert units. discuss... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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we take east to be positive, then the airplane has negative acceleration, as it is accelerating toward the west. it is also decelerating : its acceleration is opposite in direction to its velocity. 2. 21 2. 22 2. 23 2. 4 • acceleration 57 phet explorations moving man simulation learn about position, velocity, and accel... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 5 motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • calculate displacement of an object that is not accelerating, given initial position and velocity. • calculate final velocity of an accelerating object, given initial velocity, accele... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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taken to be zero, where the subscript 0 denotes an initial value and the absence of a subscript denotes a final value in whatever motion is under consideration. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 24 58 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org we now make the important assumption that acceleration is constant. this assumption allows us to avoid using calculus to find instantaneous acceleration. since acceleration is constant, the average and instantaneous accelerations are equal. that is, so we use the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 5 • motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension 59 figure 2. 25 the final position is given by the equation to find, we identify the values of,, and from the statement of the problem and substitute them into the equation. solution 1. identify the knowns.,, and. 2. enter the known values into the equa... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 32 solving for final velocity we can derive another useful equation by manipulating the definition of acceleration. 60 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org example 2. 9 calculating final velocity : an airplane slowing down after landing an airplane lands with an initial velocity of 70. 0 m / s and then de... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 5 • motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension 61 note that the acceleration is negative because its direction is opposite to its velocity, which is positive. in addition to being useful in problem solving, the equation gives us insight into the relationships among velocity, acceleration, and time. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 40 62 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org example 2. 10 calculating displacement of an accelerating object : dragsters dragsters can achieve average accelerations of. suppose such a dragster accelerates from rest at this rate for 5. 56 s. how far does it travel in this time? figure 2. 30 u. s. army top f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 5 • motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension 63 discussion if we convert 402 m to miles, we find that the distance covered is very close to one quarter of a mile, the standard distance for drag racing. so the answer is reasonable. this is an impressive displacement in only 5. 56 s, but top - notch... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 47 64 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org thus to get, we take the square root : discussion 145 m / s is about 522 km / h or about 324 mi / h, but even this breakneck speed is short of the record for the quarter mile. also, note that a square root has two values ; we took the positive value to indicate a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 5 • motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension 65 figure 2. 33 in order to determine which equations are best to use, we need to list all of the known values and identify exactly what we need to solve for. we shall do this explicitly in the next several examples, using tables to set them off. soluti... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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• kinematics access for free at openstax. org works well because the only unknown value is, which is what we want to solve for. 3. plug in the knowns to solve the equation. this means the car travels 15. 0 m while the driver reacts, making the total displacements in the two cases of dry and wet concrete 15. 0 m greater... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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90. 0 m + 15. 0 m = 105 m when wet figure 2. 34 the distance necessary to stop a car varies greatly, depending on road conditions and driver reaction time. shown here are the braking distances for dry and wet pavement, as calculated in this example, for a car initially traveling at 30. 0 m / s. also shown are the total... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 5 • motion equations for constant acceleration in one dimension 67 figure 2. 35 we are asked to solve for the time. as before, we identify the known quantities in order to choose a convenient physical relationship ( that is, an equation with one unknown, ). solution 1. identify the knowns and what we want to solve f... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 69 68 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org are meaningful, but in others, such as the above, only one solution is reasonable. the 10. 0 s answer seems reasonable for a typical freeway on - ramp. with the basics of kinematics established, we can go on to many other interesting examples and applications. in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 6 problem - solving basics for one - dimensional kinematics learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • apply problem - solving steps and strategies to solve problems of one - dimensional kinematics. • apply strategies to determine whether or not the result of a problem is reasonable, and... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 6 • problem - solving basics for one - dimensional kinematics 69 form of knowledge. it is much more powerful than memorizing a list of facts. analytical skills and problem - solving abilities can be applied to new situations, whereas a list of facts cannot be made long enough to contain every possible circumstance. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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can help you solve the problem. your list of knowns and unknowns can help here. it is easiest if you can find equations that contain only one unknown — that is, all of the other variables are known, so you can easily solve for the unknown. if the equation contains more than one unknown, then an additional equation is n... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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basics of problem solving become almost automatic. one way to get practice is to work out the text ’ s examples for yourself as you read. another is to work as many end - of - section problems as possible, starting with the easiest to build confidence and progressing to the more difficult. once you become involved in p... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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, such as miles per hour. this velocity is about four times greater than a person can run — so it is too large. step 3 if the answer is unreasonable, look for what specifically could cause the identified difficulty. in the example of the runner, there are only two assumptions that are suspect. the acceleration could be... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 7 falling objects learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe the effects of gravity on objects in motion. • describe the motion of objects that are in free fall. • calculate the position and velocity of objects in free fall. falling objects form an interesting class of motion pr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 7 • falling objects 71 figure 2. 37 a hammer and a feather will fall with the same constant acceleration if air resistance is considered negligible. this is a general characteristic of gravity not unique to earth, as astronaut david r. scott demonstrated on the moon in 1971, where the acceleration due to gravity is ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the upward direction as positive, then, and if we define the downward direction as positive, then. one - dimensional motion involving gravity the best way to see the basic features of motion involving gravity is to start with the simplest situations and then progress toward more complex ones. so we start by considering... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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3. 00 s after it is thrown, neglecting the effects of air resistance. strategy draw a sketch. figure 2. 38 we are asked to determine the position at various times. it is reasonable to take the initial position to be zero. this problem involves one - dimensional motion in the vertical direction. we use plus and minus si... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 7 • falling objects 73 discussion the positive value for means that the rock is still heading upward at. however, it has slowed from its original 13. 0 m / s, as expected. solution for remaining times the procedures for calculating the position and velocity at and are the same as those above. the results are summari... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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the total distances traveled. finally, note that free - fall applies to upward motion as well as downward. both have the same acceleration — the acceleration due to gravity, which remains constant the entire time. astronauts training in the famous vomit comet, for example, experience free - fall while arcing up as well... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 7 • falling objects 75 example 2. 15 calculating velocity of a falling object : a rock thrown down what happens if the person on the cliff throws the rock straight down, instead of straight up? to explore this question, calculate the velocity of the rock when it is 5. 10 m below the starting point, and has been thro... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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and try to catch it between your two fingers. note the new reading on the ruler. assuming acceleration is that due to gravity, calculate your reaction time. how far would you travel in a car ( moving at 30 m / s ) if the time it took your foot to go from the gas pedal to the brake was twice this reaction time? 2. 80 2.... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 82 76 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org speed and its vertical position relative to the starting point. for example, if the velocity of the rock is calculated at a height of 8. 10 m above the starting point ( using the method from example 2. 14 ) when the initial velocity is 13. 0 m / s straight up, a ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 7 • falling objects 77 example 2. 16 find g from data on a falling object the acceleration due to gravity on earth differs slightly from place to place, depending on topography ( e. g., whether you are on a hill or in a valley ) and subsurface geology ( whether there is dense rock like iron ore as opposed to light r... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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to be somewhere around the average value of, so makes sense. since the data going into the calculation are relatively precise, this value for is more precise than the average value of ; it represents the local value for the acceleration due to gravity. check your understanding a chunk of ice breaks off a glacier and fa... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • describe a straight - line graph in terms of its slope and y - intercept. • determine average velocity or instantaneous velocity from a graph of position vs. time. • determine average or instantan... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 89 80 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org graph of position vs. time ( a = 0, so v is constant ) time is usually an independent variable that other quantities, such as position, depend upon. a graph of position versus time would, thus, have on the vertical axis and on the horizontal axis. figure 2. 45 is... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 92 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 • graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion 81 since the slope is constant here, any two points on the graph can be used to find the slope. ( generally speaking, it is most accurate to use two widely separated points on the straight line. this is because any error in reading data from the graph is proportiona... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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plotted in the next graph. instantaneous velocity at any point is the slope of the tangent at that point. ( b ) the slope of the vs. graph is constant for this part of the motion, indicating constant acceleration. ( c ) acceleration has the constant value of over the time interval plotted. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 • graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion 83 figure 2. 47 a u. s. air force jet car speeds down a track. ( credit : matt trostle, flickr ) the graph of position versus time in figure 2. 46 ( a ) is a curve rather than a straight line. the slope of the curve becomes steeper as time progresses, showing that t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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equation to solve for the slope,. 84 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org thus, discussion this is the value given in this figure ’ s table for at. the value of 140 m / s for is plotted in figure 2. 48. the entire graph of vs. can be obtained in this fashion. carrying this one step further, we note that the ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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49. time again starts at zero, and the initial velocity is 165 m / s. ( this was the final velocity of the car in the motion graphed in figure 2. 46. ) acceleration gradually decreases from to zero when the car hits 250 m / s. the velocity increases until 55 s and then becomes constant, since acceleration decreases to ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 • graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion 85 figure 2. 49 graphs of motion of a jet - powered car as it reaches its top velocity. this motion begins where the motion in figure 2. 46 ends. ( a ) the velocity gradually approaches its top value. the slope of this graph is acceleration. it is plotted in the fin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 101 86 2 • kinematics access for free at openstax. org versus time can be used to generate a graph of acceleration versus time. we do this by finding the slope of the graphs at every point. if the graph is linear ( i. e., a line with a constant slope ), it is easy to find the slope at any point and you have the slop... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 • graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion 87 glossary acceleration the rate of change in velocity ; the change in velocity over time acceleration due to gravity acceleration of an object as a result of gravity average acceleration the change in velocity divided by the time over which it changes average spee... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 1 displacement • kinematics is the study of motion without considering its causes. in this chapter, it is limited to motion along a straight line, called one - dimensional motion. • displacement is the change in position of an object. • in symbols, displacement is defined to be where is the initial position and is t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 time, velocity, and speed • time is measured in terms of change, and its si unit is the second ( s ). elapsed time for an event is where is the final time and is the initial time. the initial time is often taken to be zero, as if measured with a stopwatch ; the elapsed time is then just. • average velocity is defi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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constant are useful : • in vertical motion, is substituted for. 2. 6 problem - solving basics for one - dimensional kinematics • the six basic problem solving steps for physics are : step 1. examine the situation to determine which physical principles are involved. step 2. make a list of what is given or can be inferre... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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traveled, displacement, and magnitude of displacement. specifically identify each quantity in your example. 2. under what circumstances does distance traveled equal magnitude of displacement? what is the only case in which magnitude of displacement and displacement are exactly the same? 3. bacteria move back and forth ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 time, velocity, and speed 8. give an example ( but not one from the text ) of a device used to measure time and identify what change in that device indicates a change in time. 9. there is a distinction between average speed and the magnitude of average velocity. give an example that illustrates the difference betw... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 7 falling objects 20. what is the acceleration of a rock thrown straight upward on the way up? at the top of its flight? on the way down? 21. an object that is thrown straight up falls back to earth. this is one - dimensional motion. ( a ) when is its velocity zero? ( b ) does its velocity change direction? ( c ) do... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 8 graphical analysis of one - dimensional motion 26. ( a ) explain how you can use the graph of position versus time in figure 2. 52 to describe the change in velocity over time. identify ( b ) the time (,,,, or ) at which the instantaneous velocity is greatest, ( c ) the time at which it is zero, and ( d ) the time... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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sections where acceleration is a constant. ) sketch graphs of ( a ) position vs. time and ( b ) acceleration vs. time for this trip. figure 2. 56 31. a cylinder is given a push and then rolls up an inclined plane. if the origin is the starting point, sketch the position, velocity, and acceleration of the cylinder vs. t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 1 displacement figure 2. 57 1. find the following for path a in figure 2. 57 : ( a ) the distance traveled. ( b ) the magnitude of the displacement from start to finish. ( c ) the displacement from start to finish. 2. find the following for path b in figure 2. 57 : ( a ) the distance traveled. ( b ) the magnitude of... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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2. 3 time, velocity, and speed 5. ( a ) calculate earth ’ s average speed relative to the sun. ( b ) what is its average velocity over a period of one year? 92 2 • problems & exercises access for free at openstax. org 6. a helicopter blade spins at exactly 100 revolutions per minute. its tip is 5. 00 m from the center ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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)? 11. a student drove to the university from their home and noted that the odometer reading of their car increased by 12. 0 km. the trip took 18. 0 min. ( a ) what was their average speed? ( b ) if the straight - line distance from their home to the university is | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
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0.04475029185414314,
-0.008662777952849865,
-0.008136141113936901,
-0.01620471104979515,
0.022555148229002953,
0.029361335560679436,
0.0025665531866252422,
-0.003439013846218586,
0.0794985368847847,
0.013835025019943714,
0.01604941114783287,
-0.005086172372102737,
-0.... |
10. 3 km in a direction south of east, what was their average velocity? ( c ) if they returned home by the same path 7 h 30 min after they left, what were their average speed and velocity for the entire trip? 12. the speed of propagation of the action potential ( an electrical signal ) in a nerve cell depends ( inverse... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.035245466977357864,
0.09292273968458176,
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0.041601814329624176,
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0.0008318233303725719,
0.0782880038022995,
0.05236070603132248,
0.0242428220808506,
0.001739076222293079,
-0.04... |
to be, calculate the number of revolutions per second it makes about the nucleus. ( b ) what is the electron ’ s average velocity per revolution? 2. 4 acceleration 16. a cheetah can accelerate from rest to a speed of | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.002488155150786042,
0.010345680639147758,
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0.014403770677745342,
0.018529491499066353,
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0.05349523201584816,
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0.019474923610687256,
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-... |
30. 0 m / s in 7. 00 s. what is its acceleration? 17. professional application dr. john paul stapp was u. s. air force officer who studied the effects of extreme deceleration on the human body. on december 10, 1954, stapp rode a rocket sled, accelerating from rest to a top speed of 282 m / s ( 1015 km / h ) in 5. 00 s,... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.009527663700282574,
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0.04348960518836975,
-0.0010495930910110474,
-0.004096583928912878,
-0.005730878561735153,
... |
2. 40 s later? ( b ) sketch a graph of her position vs. time for this period. 21. a well - thrown ball is caught in a well - padded mitt. if the deceleration of the ball is, and 1. 85 ms elapses from the time the ball first touches the mitt until it stops, what was the initial velocity of the ball? 22. a bullet in a gu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00441800756379962,
0.03851083666086197,
0.014399180188775063,
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0.0019449708051979542,
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0.06644374877214432,
0.016321999952197075,
0.03505922853946686,
0.012942440807819366,
... |
12. 0 s? to solve this part, first identify the unknown, and then discuss how you chose the appropriate equation to solve for it. after choosing the equation, show your steps in solving for the unknown, check your units, and discuss whether the answer is reasonable. ( d ) what is the car ’ s final velocity? solve for t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.01651938445866108,
0.0435052253305912,
-0.004362673033028841,
-0.0027437633834779263,
-0.02303951233625412,
0.01201449241489172,
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0.06027784198522568,
0.016289984807372093,
0.018779098987579346,
0.0006638821796514094,
-0... |
26. 8 m / s ( 100 km / h ) in only 3. 90 s. ( a ) what is its average acceleration? ( b ) how far does it travel in that time? 29. freight trains can produce only relatively small accelerations and decelerations. ( a ) what is the final velocity of a freight train that accelerates at a rate of for 8. 00 min, starting w... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.010086259804666042,
0.050663456320762634,
0.002759443363174796,
0.003839386161416769,
0.0018061205046251416,
0.023891134187579155,
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0.007669339422136545,
0.037687938660383224,
-0.007255441974848509,
-0.009068578481674194,
0.02171291597187519,... |
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