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) β 36. 3 β 53. 43 198. 7 cadmium cd ( s ) 0 0 51. 76 cd ( g ) 112. 01 77. 41 167. 75 cd2 + ( aq ) β 75. 90 β 77. 61 β 73. 2 table g1 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances 1103 substance ( kj mol β 1 ) ( kj mol β 1 ) ( j k β 1 mol β 1 ) cdo ( s ) β 258. 2 β 228. 4 54. 8 cdcl2 ( s ) β 391. 5 β 34... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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β 137. 15 197. 7 co2 ( g ) β 393. 51 β 394. 36 213. 8 co3 2 β ( aq ) β 677. 1 β 527. 8 β 56. 9 ch4 ( g ) β 74. 6 β 50. 5 186. 3 ch3oh ( l ) β 239. 2 β 166. 6 126. 8 ch3oh ( g ) β 201. 0 β 162. 3 239. 9 table g1 1104 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances access for free at openstax. org substance... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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c3h8 ( g ) β 103. 8 β 23. 4 270. 3 c6h6 ( g ) 82. 927 129. 66 269. 2 c6h6 ( l ) 49. 1 124. 50 173. 4 ch2cl2 ( l ) β 124. 2 β 63. 2 177. 8 ch2cl2 ( g ) β 95. 4 β 65. 90 270. 2 ch3cl ( g ) β 81. 9 β 60. 2 234. 6 c2h5cl ( l ) β 136. 52 β 59. 31 190. 79 c2h5cl ( g ) β 112. 17 β 60. 39 276. 00 c2n2 ( g ) 308. 98 297. 36 241... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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( s ) 0 0 23. 77 cr ( g ) 396. 6 351. 8 174. 50 cro4 2 β ( aq ) β 881. 2 β 727. 8 50. 21 cr2o7 2 β ( aq ) β 1490. 3 β 1301. 1 261. 9 cr2o3 ( s ) β 1139. 7 β 1058. 1 81. 2 cro3 ( s ) β 589. 5 β β ( nh4 ) 2cr2o7 ( s ) β 1806. 7 β β cobalt co ( s ) 0 0 30. 0 table g1 1106 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. 36 β 662. 2 109. 2 cu ( no3 ) 2 ( s ) β 302. 9 β β fluorine f2 ( g ) 0 0 202. 8 f ( g ) 79. 4 62. 3 158. 8 f β ( aq ) β 332. 6 β 278. 8 β 13. 8 f2o ( g ) 24. 7 41. 9 247. 43 hf ( g ) β 273. 3 β 275. 4 173. 8 hydrogen h2 ( g ) 0 0 130. 7 table g1 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances 1107 subst... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0 116. 14 i2 ( g ) 62. 438 19. 3 260. 7 i ( g ) 106. 84 70. 2 180. 8 i β ( aq ) β 55. 19 β 51. 57 11. 13 if ( g ) 95. 65 β 118. 49 236. 06 icl ( g ) 17. 78 β 5. 44 247. 44 ibr ( g ) 40. 84 3. 72 258. 66 if7 ( g ) β 943. 91 β 818. 39 346. 44 table g1 1108 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances acc... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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5 88. fe ( oh ) 3 ( s ) β 823. 0 β 696. 5 106. 7 fes ( s ) β 100. 0 β 100. 4 60. 29 fe3c ( s ) 25. 10 20. 08 104. 60 lead pb ( s ) 0 0 64. 81 pb ( g ) 195. 2 162. 175. 4 pb2 + ( aq ) β 1. 7 β 24. 43 10. 5 pbo ( s ) ( yellow ) β 217. 32 β 187. 89 68. 70 pbo ( s ) ( red ) β 218. 99 β 188. 93 66. 5 pb ( oh ) 2 ( s ) β 515... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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454. 8 β 138. 1 manganese mn ( s ) 0 0 32. 0 mn ( g ) 280. 7 238. 5 173. 7 mn2 + ( aq ) β 220. 8 β 228. 1 β 73. 6 mno ( s ) β 385. 2 β 362. 9 59. 71 mno2 ( s ) β 520. 03 β 465. 1 53. 05 mn2o3 ( s ) β 958. 97 β 881. 15 110. 46 mn3o4 ( s ) β 1378. 83 β 1283. 23 155. 64 mno4 β ( aq ) β 541. 4 β 447. 2 191. 2 mno4 2 β ( aq... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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s ) β 707. 51 β 594. 13 0. 00 nickel ni2 + ( aq ) β 64. 0 β 46. 4 β 159 nitrogen n2 ( g ) 0 0 191. 6 n ( g ) 472. 704 455. 5 153. 3 no ( g ) 90. 25 87. 6 210. 8 no2 ( g ) 33. 2 51. 30 240. 1 n2o ( g ) 81. 6 103. 7 220. 0 n2o3 ( g ) 83. 72 139. 41 312. 17 no3 β ( aq ) β 205. 0 β 108. 7 146. 4 n2o4 ( g ) 11. 1 99. 8 304.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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5 266. 9 hno3 ( aq ) β 207. 4 β 110. 5 146 oxygen o2 ( g ) 0 0 205. 2 o ( g ) 249. 17 231. 7 161. 1 o3 ( g ) 142. 7 163. 2 238. 9 phosphorus p4 ( s ) 0 0 164. 4 p4 ( g ) 58. 91 24. 4 280. 0 p ( g ) 314. 64 278. 25 163. 19 ph3 ( g ) 5. 4 13. 5 210. 2 pcl3 ( g ) β 287. 0 β 267. 8 311. 78 pcl5 ( g ) β 374. 9 β 305. 0 364.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##cl3 ( l ) β 597. 1 β 520. 8 222. 5 pocl3 ( g ) β 558. 5 β 512. 9 325. 5 potassium k ( s ) 0 0 64. 7 k ( g ) 89. 0 60. 5 160. 3 k + ( aq ) β 252. 4 β 283. 3 102. 5 kf ( s ) β 576. 27 β 537. 75 66. 57 kcl ( s ) β 436. 5 β 408. 5 82. 6 rubidium rb + ( aq ) β 246 β 282. 2 124 silicon si ( s ) 0 0 18. 8 si ( g ) 450. 0 40... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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105. 6 77. 11 72. 68 ag2o ( s ) β 31. 05 β 11. 20 121. 3 agcl ( s ) β 127. 0 β 109. 8 96. 3 ag2s ( s ) β 32. 6 β 40. 7 144. 0 sodium na ( s ) 0 0 51. 3 na ( g ) 107. 5 77. 0 153. 7 na + ( aq ) β 240. 1 β 261. 9 59 na2o ( s ) β 414. 2 β 375. 5 75. 1 nacl ( s ) β 411. 2 β 384. 1 72. 1 strontium sr2 + ( aq ) β 545. 8 β 55... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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885. 75 β 752. 87 126. 9 h2s2o7 ( s ) β 1273. 6 β β sf4 ( g ) β 728. 43 β 684. 84 291. 12 sf6 ( g ) β 1220. 5 β 1116. 5 291. 5 scl2 ( l ) β 50 β β scl2 ( g ) β 19. 7 β β s2cl2 ( l ) β 59. 4 β β s2cl2 ( g ) β 19. 50 β 29. 25 319. 45 socl2 ( g ) β 212. 55 β 198. 32 309. 66 socl2 ( l ) β 245. 6 β β so2cl2 ( l ) β 394. 1 β... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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763. 2 β 726. 3 353. 2 tungsten w ( s ) 0 0 32. 6 w ( g ) 849. 4 807. 1 174. 0 wo3 ( s ) β 842. 9 β 764. 0 75. 9 zinc zn ( s ) 0 0 41. 6 zn ( g ) 130. 73 95. 14 160. 98 zn2 + ( aq ) β 153. 9 β 147. 1 β 112. 1 zno ( s ) β 350. 5 β 320. 5 43. 7 zncl2 ( s ) β 415. 1 β 369. 43 111. 5 zns ( s ) β 206. 0 β 201. 3 57. 7 znso4... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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82. 42 table g1 1116 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances access for free at openstax. org substance ( kj mol β 1 ) ( kj mol β 1 ) ( j k β 1 mol β 1 ) complexes [ co ( nh3 ) 4 ( no2 ) 2 ] no3, cis β 898. 7 β β [ co ( nh3 ) 4 ( no2 ) 2 ] no3, trans β 896. 2 β β nh4 [ co ( nh3 ) 2 ( no2 ) 4 ] β 8... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. 0 β 524. 5 448 [ co ( nh3 ) 5cl ] cl2 β 1017. 1 β 582. 5 366. 1 [ pt ( nh3 ) 4 ] cl2 β 725. 5 β β [ ni ( nh3 ) 6 ] cl2 β 994. 1 β β [ ni ( nh3 ) 6 ] br2 β 923. 8 β β [ ni ( nh3 ) 6 ] i2 β 808. 3 β β table g1 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties for selected substances 1117 1118 g β’ standard thermodynamic properties ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##uride h2te 2. 3 10β3 hte β 1. 6 10β11 hypobromous hbro 2. 8 10β9 hypochlorous hclo 2. 9 10β8 nitrous hno2 4. 6 10β4 oxalic h2c2o4 6. 0 10β2 6. 1 10β5 phosphoric h3po4 7. 5 10β3 6. 2 10β8 4. 2 10β13 table h1 1120 h β’ ionization constants of weak acids access for free at openstax. org acid formula ka at 25 Β°c lewis str... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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10β5 ba ( oh ) 2 Β· 8h2o 5. 0 10β3 ba3 ( po4 ) 2 6 10β39 ba3 ( aso4 ) 2 1. 1 10β13 bismuth bio ( oh ) 4 10β10 biocl 1. 8 10β31 bi2s3 1 10β97 cadmium cd ( oh ) 2 5. 9 10β15 cds 1. 0 10β28 cdco3 5. 2 10β12 table j1 j β’ solubility products 1125 substance ksp at 25 Β°c calcium ca ( oh ) 2 1. 3 10β6 caco3 8. 7 10β9 caso4 Β· 2h... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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3 4 10β38 lead pb ( oh ) 2 1. 2 10β15 pbf2 4 10β8 pbcl2 1. 6 10β5 pbbr2 4. 6 10β6 pbi2 1. 4 10β8 pbco3 1. 5 10β15 pbs 7 10β29 pbcro4 2 10β16 pbso4 1. 3 10β8 pb3 ( po4 ) 2 1 10β54 magnesium mg ( oh ) 2 8. 9 10β12 mgco3 Β· 3h2o ca 1 10β5 mgnh4po4 3 10β13 mgf2 6. 4 10β9 mgc2o4 7 10β7 manganese table j1 j β’ solubility produ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##p at 25 Β°c agcl 1. 6 10β10 agbr 5. 0 10β13 agi 1. 5 10β16 agcn 1. 2 10β16 agscn 1. 0 10β12 ag2s 1. 6 10β49 ag2co3 8. 1 10β12 ag2cro4 9. 0 10β12 ag4fe ( cn ) 6 1. 55 10β41 ag2so4 1. 2 10β5 ag3po4 1. 8 10β18 strontium sr ( oh ) 2 Β· 8h2o 3. 2 10β4 srco3 7 10β10 srcro4 3. 6 10β5 srso4 3. 2 10β7 src2o4 Β· h2o 4 10β7 thalli... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 0 1025 1 103 table k1 1132 k β’ formation constants for complex ions access for free at openstax. org appendix l standard electrode ( half - cell ) potentials standard electrode ( half - cell ) potentials half - reaction eΒ° ( v ) + 0. 7996 + 0. 22233 β0. 31 + 0. 45 + 0. 373 + 0. 017 β2. 07 β1. 662 β2. 048 + 1. 498 + ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 00 + 0. 878 β1. 55 + 0. 851 + 0. 92 + 0. 7973 + 0. 21 + 0. 26808 table l1 l β’ standard electrode ( half - cell ) potentials 1135 half - reaction eΒ° ( v ) β0. 37 β0. 04 β0. 70 + 0. 5355 β0. 3382 β2. 931 β2. 52 β3. 04 β2. 28 β2. 372 β1. 185 β0. 05 + 0. 558 + 1. 23 + 1. 507 β2. 71 β2. 323 β0. 257 β0. 49 + 1. 593 + 0. 4... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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7618 β1. 26 β1. 04 β1. 245 β1. 199 β1. 40 β1. 539 table l1 1138 l β’ standard electrode ( half - cell ) potentials access for free at openstax. org appendix m half - lives for several radioactive isotopes half - lives for several radioactive isotopes isotope half - life1 type of emission2 isotope half - life3 type of em... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 8 s table m1 4 e. c. = electron capture, s. f. = spontaneous fission 1140 m β’ half - lives for several radioactive isotopes access for free at openstax. org answer key chapter 1 1. place a glass of water outside. it will freeze if the temperature is below 0 Β°c. 3. ( a ) law ( states a consistently observed phenomeno... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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21. gasoline ( a mixture of compounds ), oxygen, and to a lesser extent, nitrogen are consumed. carbon dioxide and water are the principal products. carbon monoxide and nitrogen oxides are produced in lesser amounts. 23. ( a ) increased as it would have combined with oxygen in the air thus increasing the amount of matt... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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d = 3. 3 g / ml ( c ) dioptase ( copper cyclosilicate, d = 3. 28 β 3. 31 g / ml ) ; malachite ( basic copper carbonate, d = 3. 25 β 4. 10 g / ml ) ; paraiba tourmaline ( sodium lithium boron silicate with copper, d = 2. 82 β 3. 32 g / ml ) 43. ( a ) displaced water volume = 2. 8 ml ; ( b ) displaced water mass = 2. 8 g... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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7. 157 10β3 47. ( a ) exact ; ( b ) exact ; ( c ) uncertain ; ( d ) exact ; ( e ) uncertain ; ( f ) uncertain 1141 49. ( a ) two ; ( b ) three ; ( c ) five ; ( d ) four ; ( e ) six ; ( f ) two ; ( g ) five 51. ( a ) 0. 44 ; ( b ) 9. 0 ; ( c ) 27 ; ( d ) 140 ; ( e ) 1. 5 10β3 ; ( f ) 0. 44 53. ( a ) 2. 15 105 ; ( b ) 4.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. 1 1018 kg ; ( f ) 14. 5 kg ; ( g ) 324 mg 79. 0. 46 m ; 1. 5 ft / cubit 81. yes, the acid β s volume is 123 ml. 83. 62. 6 in ( about 5 ft 3 in. ) and 101 lb 85. ( a ) 3. 81 cm 8. 89 cm | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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2. 44 m ; ( b ) 40. 6 cm 87. 2. 70 g / cm3 89. ( a ) 81. 6 g ; ( b ) 17. 6 g 91. ( a ) 5. 1 ml ; ( b ) 37 l 93. 5371 Β°f, 3239 k 95. β23 Β°c, 250 k 97. β33. 4 Β°c, 239. 8 k 99. 113 Β°f chapter 2 1. the starting materials consist of one green sphere and two purple spheres. the products consist of two green spheres and two p... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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will still undergo deflection, but the faster they travel, the less the expected angle of deflection. ( c ) if the nucleus is smaller, the positive charge is smaller and the expected deflections are smaller β both in terms of how closely the Ξ± particles pass by the nucleus undeflected and the angle of deflection. if th... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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) 47 protons, 47 electrons, 62 neutrons ; ( d ) 7 protons, 7 electrons, 8 neutrons ; ( e ) 15 protons, 15 electrons, 16 neutrons 21. let us use neon as an example. since there are three isotopes, there is no way to be sure to accurately predict the abundances to make the total of 20. 18 amu average atomic mass. let us ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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( b ) methoxymethane, more commonly known as dimethyl ether ( c ) these molecules have the same chemical composition ( types and number of atoms ) but different chemical structures. they are structural isomers. 37. ( a ) metal, inner transition metal ; ( b ) nonmetal, representative element ; ( c ) metal, representativ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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) mgse ; ( c ) na2o ; ( d ) cacl2 ; ( e ) hf ; ( f ) gap ; ( g ) albr3 ; ( h ) ( nh4 ) 2so4 55. ( a ) clo2 ; ( b ) n2o4 ; ( c ) k3p ; ( d ) ag2s ; ( e ) aif3 Β· 3h2o ; ( f ) sio2 57. ( a ) chromium ( iii ) oxide ; ( b ) iron ( ii ) chloride ; ( c ) chromium ( vi ) oxide ; ( d ) titanium ( iv ) chloride ; ( e ) 1143 coba... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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7. use the molecular formula to find the molar mass ; to obtain the number of moles, divide the mass of compound by the molar mass of the compound expressed in grams. 9. formic acid. its formula has twice as many oxygen atoms as the other two compounds ( one each ). therefore, 0. 60 mol of formic acid would be equivale... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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9. 504 g ; oxygen : 8. 151 1023 atoms ; | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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21. 66 g 25. alpo4 : 1. 000 mol, or 26. 98 g al ; al2cl6 : 1. 994 mol, or 53. 74 g al ; al2s3 : 3. 00 mol, or 80. 94 g al ; the al2s3 sample thus contains the greatest mass of al. 27. 3. 113 1025 c atoms 29. 0. 865 servings, or about 1 serving. 31. 20. 0 g h2o represents the least number of molecules since it has the l... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##so4, 3. 63 103 g h2so4 ; ( b ) 3. 8 10β7 mol nacn, 1. 9 10β5 g nacn ; ( c ) 73. 2 mol h2co, | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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2. 20 kg h2co ; ( d ) 5. 9 10β7 mol feso4, 8. 9 10β5 g feso4 53. ( a ) determine the molar mass of kmno4 ; determine the number of moles of kmno4 in the solution ; from the number of moles and the volume of solution, determine the molarity ; ( b ) 1. 15 10β3 m 55. ( a ) 5. 04 10β3 m ; ( b ) 0. 499 m ; ( c ) 9. 92 m ; (... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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; ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) 9. ( a ) ( b ) complete ionic equation : net ionic equation : 11. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) 13. ( a ) oxidation - reduction ( addition ) ; ( b ) acid - base ( neutralization ) ; ( c ) oxidation - reduction ( combustion ) 15. it is an oxidation - reduction reaction because the oxidation state of the silver c... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 217 mol cl2, 15. 4 g cl2 ; ( b ) 0. 005780 mol hgo, 2. 890 10β3 mol o2, 9. 248 10β2 g o2 ; ( c ) 8. 00 mol nano3, 6. 8 102 g nano3 ; ( d ) 1665 mol co2, 73. 3 kg co2 ; ( e ) 18. 86 mol cuo, 2. 330 kg cuco3 ; ( f ) 0. 4580 mol c2h4br2, 86. 05 g c2h4br2 45. ( a ) 0. 0686 mol mg, 1. 67 g mg ; ( b ) 2. 701 10β3 mol o2, ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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4. 50 kg sio2 53. 5. 00 103 kg 55. 1. 28 105 g co2 57. 161. 4 ml ki solution 59. 176 g tio2 61. the limiting reactant is cl2. 63. 65. 67. 69. convert mass of ethanol to moles of ethanol ; relate the moles of ethanol to the moles of ether produced using the stoichiometry of the balanced equation. convert moles of ether ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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warm, but a match would not provide enough heat to keep us from getting cold. 3. heat capacity refers to the heat required to raise the temperature of the mass of the substance 1 degree ; specific heat refers to the heat required to raise the temperature of 1 gram of the substance 1 degree. thus, heat capacity is an ex... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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reaction is exothermic. 27. 1. 4 kj 29. 22. 6. since the mass and the heat capacity of the solution is approximately equal to that of the water, the two - fold increase in the amount of water leads to a two - fold decrease of the temperature change. 31. 11. 7 kj 33. 30 % 35. 0. 24 g 37. 1. 4 102 calories 39. the enthal... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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b ) 1570 l air ; ( c ) β104. 5 kj molβ1 ; ( d ) 75. 4 Β°c chapter 6 1. the spectrum consists of colored lines, at least one of which ( probably the brightest ) is red. 3. 3. 15 m 5. 3. 233 10β19 j ; 2. 018 ev 7. Ξ½ = 4. 568 1014 s ; Ξ» = 656. 3 nm ; energy molβ1 = 1. 823 105 j molβ1 ; red 9. ( a ) Ξ» = 8. 69 10β7 m ; e = 2... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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6. 81 1014 hz ; 4. 51 10β19 j. somewhat different numbers are also possible. 15. 5. 49 1014 sβ1 ; no 17. quantized energy means that the electrons can possess only certain discrete energy values ; values between those quantized values are not permitted. 19. 21. β8. 716 10β18 j 23. β3. 405 10β20 j 25. 33. 9 a 27. 1. 471... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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nucleus in accordance with the coulomb electrostatic potential. the bohr model assumes that the electrons move in circular orbits that have quantized energies, angular momentum, and radii that are specified by a single quantum number, n = 1, 2, 3, β¦, but this quantization is an ad hoc assumption made by bohr to incorpo... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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spectrum ( an example of getting the right answers for the wrong reasons, something that many chemistry students can sympathize with ), but gives the wrong expression for the angular momentum ( bohr orbits necessarily all have non - zero angular momentum, but some quantum orbitals [ s orbitals ] can have zero angular m... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##s22s22p6 ; cl β : 1s22s22p63s23p6. 49. ( a ) 1s22s22p3 ; ( b ) 1s22s22p63s23p2 ; ( c ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d6 ; ( d ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p4 ; ( e ) 1s22s22p63s23p64s23d104p65s24d105p66s24f9 51. the charge on the ion. 53. ( a ) 1149 ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) 55. zr 57. rb +, se2β 59. although both ( b ) and... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. the protons in the nucleus do not change during normal chemical reactions. only the outer electrons move. positive charges form when electrons are lost. 3. p, i, cl, and o would form anions because they are nonmetals. mg, in, cs, pb, and co would form cations because they are metals. 5. ( a ) p3 β ; ( b ) mg2 + ; ( ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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e ) 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p3 ; 1s22s22p63s23p63d104s24p6 ; ( f ) 1s22s22p63s23p4 ; 1s22s22p63s23p6 11. nacl consists of discrete ions arranged in a crystal lattice, not covalently bonded molecules. 13. ionic : ( b ), ( d ), ( e ), ( g ), and ( i ) ; covalent : ( a ), ( c ), ( f ), ( h ), ( j ), and ( k ) 15. ( a ) cl ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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unpaired electrons in each oxygen molecule. ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) ( g ) ( h ) ( i ) ( j ) 1152 access for free at openstax. org ( k ) 31. ( a ) sef6 : ( b ) xef4 : ( c ) ( d ) cl2bbcl2 : 33. two valence electrons per pb atom are transferred to cl atoms ; the resulting pb2 + ion has a 6s2 valence shell configura... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##j ; ( b ) 30 kj ; ( c ) β1055 kj 67. the greater bond energy is in the figure on the left. it is the more stable form. 69. 71. the s β f bond in sf4 is stronger. 73. the c β c single bonds are longest. 75. ( a ) when two electrons are removed from the valence shell, the ca radius loses the outermost energy level and ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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a larger charge than k ; ( c ) bas ; ba and s have larger charges ; ( d ) bas ; s has a larger charge 83. ( e ) 85. the placement of the two sets of unpaired electrons in water forces the bonds to assume a tetrahedral arrangement, and the resulting hoh molecule is bent. the hbeh molecule ( in which be has only two elec... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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trigonal planar, molecular structure : bent ( 120Β° ) ; ( b ) electron - pair geometry : linear, molecular structure : linear ; ( c ) electron - pair geometry : trigonal planar, molecular structure : trigonal planar ; ( d ) electron - pair geometry : tetrahedral, molecular structure : trigonal pyramidal ; ( e ) electron... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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very similar. in the model mode, each electron group occupies the same amount of space, so the bond angle is shown as 109. 5Β°. in the β real β mode, the lone pairs are larger, causing the hydrogens to be compressed. this leads to the smaller angle of 104. 5Β°. chapter 8 1. similarities : both types of bonds result from ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##Β° ), sp2 ( c ) trigonal planar, sp2 ( d ) tetrahedral, sp3 17. ( a ) xef2 ( b ) ( c ) linear ( d ) sp3d 19. ( a ) ( b ) p atoms, trigonal pyramidal ; s atoms, bent, with two lone pairs ; cl atoms, trigonal pyramidal ; ( c ) hybridization about p, s, and cl is, in all cases, sp3 ; ( d ) oxidation states p + 1, s cl + ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. each of the four electrons is in a separate orbital and overlaps with an electron on an oxygen atom. 33. ( a ) similarities : both are bonding orbitals that can contain a maximum of two electrons. differences : Ο orbitals are end - to - end combinations of atomic orbitals, whereas Ο orbitals are formed by side - by -... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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e ) n2 bond order = 3, bond order = 2. 5, bond order = 2. 5, strongest bond is n2 43. ( a ) h2 ; ( b ) n2 ; ( c ) o ; ( d ) c2 ; ( e ) b2 45. yes, fluorine is a smaller atom than li, so atoms in the 2s orbital are closer to the nucleus and more stable. 47. 2 + 49. n2 has s - p mixing, so the Ο orbitals are the last fil... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. however, with an open - ended manometer, a higher pressure reading of the gas would be obtained than expected, since pgas = patm + pvol liquid. 19. as the bubbles rise, the pressure decreases, so their volume increases as suggested by boyle β s law. 21. ( a ) the number of particles in the gas increases as the volume... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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) 0. 308 l 67. ( a ) determine the molar mass of ccl2f2. from the balanced equation, calculate the moles of h2 needed for the complete reaction. from the ideal gas law, convert moles of h2 into volume. ( b ) 3. 72 103 l 69. ( a ) balance the equation. determine the grams of co2 produced and the number of moles. from th... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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to 97. ( a ) equal ; ( b ) less than ; ( c ) 29. 48 g molβ1 ; ( d ) 1. 0966 g lβ1 ; ( e ) 0. 129 g / l ; ( f ) 4. 01 105 g ; net lifting capacity = 384 lb ; ( g ) 270 l ; ( h ) 39. 1 kj minβ1 99. gases c, e, and f 101. the gas behavior most like an ideal gas will occur under the conditions in ( b ). molecules have high... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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, the effect of intermolecular attractions would be larger. see figure 9. 35. ( e ) low temperatures chapter 10 1. liquids and solids are similar in that they are matter composed of atoms, ions, or molecules. they are incompressible and have similar densities that are both much larger than those of gases. they are diff... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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nitrogen atom. the electrostatic attraction between the partially positive hydrogen atom in one molecule and the partially negative atom in another molecule gives rise to a strong dipole - dipole interaction called a hydrogen bond ( e. g., 9. the london forces typically increase as the number of electrons increase. 11.... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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a bug or paper clip if gently placed on the water. 25. temperature has an effect on intermolecular forces : the higher the temperature, the greater the kinetic energies of the molecules and the greater the extent to which their intermolecular forces are overcome, and so the more fluid ( less viscous ) the liquid. the l... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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to proceed more slowly, and a longer time is required to fully cook the egg. ( b ) as long as the air 1164 access for free at openstax. org surrounding the body contains less water vapor than the maximum that air can hold at that temperature, perspiration will evaporate, thereby cooling the body by removing the heat of... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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low pressure is a vapor ; at pressures higher than about 75 torr, it converts into a liquid. at β40 Β°c, water goes from a gas to a solid as the pressure increases above very low values. 57. ( a ) gas ; ( b ) gas ; ( c ) gas ; ( d ) gas ; ( e ) solid ; ( f ) gas 59. 61. yes, ice will sublime, although it may take it sev... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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79. 12 81. ( a ) 1. 370 a ; ( b ) 19. 26 g / cm 83. ( a ) 2. 176 a ; ( b ) 3. 595 g / cm3 85. the crystal structure of si shows that it is less tightly packed ( coordination number 4 ) in the solid than al ( coordination number 12 ). 87. in a closest - packed array, two tetrahedral holes exist for each anion. if only h... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##s the thermal energy of the solution to make up for the difference. ( c ) no, an ideal solution is formed with no appreciable heat release or consumption. 5. ( a ) ion - dipole forces ; ( b ) dipole - dipole forces ; ( c ) dispersion forces ; ( d ) dispersion forces ; ( e ) hydrogen bonding 7. heat is released when t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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) hydrogen bonds ; ( c ) dispersion forces ; ( d ) dipole - dipole attractions ; ( e ) dispersion forces 17. the solubility of solids usually decreases upon cooling a solution, while the solubility of gases usually decreases upon heating. 19. 40 % 1168 access for free at openstax. org 21. 2. 8 g 23. 2. 9 atm 25. 102 l ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 08 m 43. ( a ) determine the molar mass of sucrose ; determine the number of moles of sucrose in the solution ; convert the mass of solvent to units of kilograms ; from the number of moles and the mass of solvent, determine the molality ; determine the difference between the boiling point of water and the boiling po... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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5. 1 Β°c. agreement of these values supports the assumption that hcl is not ionized. 53. 144 g molβ1 55. 0. 870 Β°c 57. s8 59. 1. 39 104 g molβ1 61. 54 g 63. 100. 26 Β°c 65. ( a ) ( b ) vapor pressures are : ch3oh : 55 torr ; c2h5oh : 18 torr ; ( c ) ch3oh : 0. 75 ; c2h5oh : 0. 25 67. the ions and compounds present in the... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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and products change by a negligible amount. the initial rate is the instantaneous rate of reaction as it starts ( as product just begins to form ). average rate is the average of the instantaneous rates over a time period. 3. 5. ( a ) average rate, 0 β 10 s = 0. 0375 mol lβ1 sβ1 ; average rate, 10 β 20 s = 0. 0265 mol ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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at openstax. org 19. 7. 9 10β13 mol / l / year 21. rate = k ; k = 2. 0 10β2 mol lβ1 hβ1 ( about 0. 9 g lβ1 hβ1 for the average male ) ; the reaction is zero order. 23. rate = k [ nocl ] 2 ; k = 8. 0 10β8 l / mol / h ; second order 25. rate = k [ no ] 2 [ cl2 ] ; k = 9. 1 l2 molβ2 hβ1 ; second order in no ; first order ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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05 2. 47 2. 95 2. 48 1172 access for free at openstax. org [ a ] 0 ( m ) k 103 ( sβ1 ) 1. 72 | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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2. 43 50. the reactants either may be moving too slowly to have enough kinetic energy to exceed the activation energy for the reaction, or the orientation of the molecules when they collide may prevent the reaction from occurring. 52. the activation energy is the minimum amount of energy necessary to form the activated... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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clo ] [ o ] ; ( d ) rate2 = k [ o3 ] [ no ] ; ( e ) rate3 = k [ no2 ] [ o ] 74. ( a ) doubling [ h2 ] doubles the rate. [ h2 ] must enter the rate law to the first power. doubling [ no ] increases the rate by a factor of 4. [ no ] must enter the rate law to the second power. ( b ) rate = k [ no ] 2 [ h2 ] ; ( c ) k = 5... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##ermic reactions, but with different changes in enthalpy, suggesting the diagrams depict two different overall reactions. chapter 13 1. the reaction can proceed in both the forward and reverse directions. 3. when a system has reached equilibrium, no further changes in the reactant and product concentrations occur ; th... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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qp 0 proceeds right ; ( f ) qc 4 proceeds left 19. the system will shift toward the reactants to reach equilibrium. 21. ( a ) homogenous ; ( b ) homogenous ; ( c ) homogenous ; ( d ) heterogeneous ; ( e ) heterogeneous ; ( f ) homogenous ; ( g ) heterogeneous ; ( h ) heterogeneous 23. this situation occurs in ( a ) and... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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v decrease = shift left ; ( b ) t increase = shift right, v = no effect ; ( c ) t increase = shift left, v decrease = shift left ; ( d ) t increase = shift left, v decrease = shift right. 40. ( a ) ( b ) [ h2 ] increases, [ co ] decreases, [ ch3oh ] increases ; ( c ), [ h2 ] increases, [ co ] decreases, [ ch3oh ] decre... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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the solution phase come from dissolution of the added solid, and their presence is countered by precipitation of nonradioactive ag +. 50. [ a ] = 0. 1 m, [ b ] = 0. 1 m, [ c ] = 1 m ; and [ a ] = 0. 01, [ b ] = 0. 250, [ c ] = 0. 791. 52. kc = 6. 00 10β2 54. kc = 0. 50 56. kp = 1. 9 103 58. kp = 3. 06 60. ( a ) β2x, + ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0. 129 is confirmed by comparing the initial concentration of the n2o4 to its concentration at equilibrium ( they differ by just 1 in the least significant digit β s place ). 76. ( a ) [ h2s ] = 0. 810 atm, [ h2 ] = 0. 014 atm, [ s2 ] = 0. 0072 atm ; ( b ) the assumption that 2x is negligibly small compared to 0. 824 i... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##β ; ( h ) h4n2 9. the labels are brΓΈnsted - lowry acid = ba ; its conjugate base = cb ; brΓΈnsted - lowry base = bb ; its conjugate acid = ca. ( a ) hno3 ( ba ), h2o ( bb ), h3o + ( ca ), ( b ) cnβ ( bb ), h2o ( ba ), hcn ( ca ), ohβ ( cb ) ; ( c ) h2so4 ( ba ), clβ ( bb ), hcl ( ca ), ( d ) ohβ ( bb ), ( cb ), h2o ( ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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. x = 3. 051 10β7 m = [ h3o + ] = [ ohβ ] ; ph = βlog3. 051 10β7 = β ( β6. 5156 ) = 6. 5156 ; poh = ph = 6. 5156 19. ( a ) ph = 3. 587 ; poh = 10. 413 ; ( b ) poh = 0. 68 ; ph = 13. 32 ; ( c ) poh = 3. 85 ; ph = 10. 15 ; ( d ) poh = β0. 40 ; ph = 14. 4 21. [ h3o + ] = 3. 0 10β7 m ; [ ohβ ] = 3. 3 10β8 m 23. [ h3o + ] =... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.014291769824922085,
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ph3 is weaker than hi. ( d ) ph3 ; in binary compounds of hydrogen with nonmetals, the acidity increases for the element lower in a group. ( e ) hbr ; in a period, the acidity increases from left to right ; in a group, it increases from top to bottom. br is to the left and below s, so hbr is the stronger acid. 43. ( a ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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basic character. in a periodic group, the more electronegative element has the more basic anion. ( f ) with a larger number of oxygen atoms ( that is, as the oxidation state of the central ion increases ), the corresponding acid becomes more acidic and the anion consequently less basic. 45. 47. 1. assume that the chang... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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, is the dominant producer of hydronium ions because it is completely ionized. in such a solution, the stronger acid determines the concentration of hydronium ions, and the ionization of the weaker acid is fixed by the [ h3o + ] produced by the stronger acid. 54. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) 56. 58. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##β3 m. this value is less than 5 % of 0. 11, so the assumption that it can be neglected is valid. thus, the concentrations of solute species at equilibrium are : [ ( ch3 ) 3nh + ] = [ ohβ ] = 2. 6 10β3 m [ ( ch3 ) 3n ] = 0. 11 m [ h3o + ] = 3. 8 10β12 m ; ( e ) solving for x gives 1. 39 10β4 m. this value is less than... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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3. 9 10β6 m, 1177 [ ohβ ] 3. 6 10β12 m 76. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) solving for x gives 1. 5 10β11 m. therefore, compared with 0. 014 m, this value is negligible ( 1. 1 10β7 % ). 78. excess h3o + is removed primarily by the reaction : excess base is removed by the reaction : 80. [ h3o + ] = 1. 5 10β4 m 82. [ ohβ ] = 4. 2 10β4... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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is acidic. ( c ) ph = 5. 220 92. at the equivalence point in the titration of a weak base with a strong acid, the resulting solution is slightly acidic due to the presence of the conjugate acid. thus, pick an indicator that changes color in the acidic range and brackets the ph at the equivalence point. methyl orange is... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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5 % and can be ignored. ( c ) 0. 2238 m = [ ag + ] = 7. 4 10 β 3 m. check : the condition is satisfied. ( d ) [ oh β ] = 2. 8 10 β 3 m ; 5. 7 10β12 m = [ zn2 + ]. check : x is less than 5 % of [ oh β ] and is, therefore, negligible. 17. ( a ) [ cl β ] = 7. 6 10β3 m check : this value is too large to drop x. therefore s... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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is higher than 2. 60 10 β 3 m, β gyp β water does not meet the standards. 25. mass ( caso4 Β· 2h2o ) = 0. 72 g / l 27. ( a ) [ ag + ] = [ i β ] = 1. 3 10 β 5 m ; ( b ) [ ag + ] = 2. 88 10 β 2 m, = 1. 44 10 β 2 m ; ( c ) [ mn2 + ] = 3. 7 10 β 5 m, [ oh β ] = 7. 4 10 β 5 m ; ( d ) [ sr2 + ] = 4. 3 10 β 2 m, [ oh β ] = 8. ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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0.006173835135996342,
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d ) zn2 + and sr2 + : add oh β until [ oh β ] = 0. 050 m. ( e ) ba2 + and mg2 + : add ( f ) and oh β : add ba2 +. 47. agi will precipitate first. 49. 1. 5 10β12 m 51. 3. 99 kg 53. ( a ) 3. 1 10 β 11 ; ( b ) [ cu2 + ] = 2. 6 10 β 3 ; = 5. 3 10 β 3 55. 1. 8 10 β 5 g pb ( oh ) 2 57. | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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1. 23 10β3 g mg ( oh ) 2 59. mnco3 will form first since it has the smallest ksp value among these homologous compounds and is therefore the least soluble. mgco3 β’ 3h2o will be the last to precipitate since it has the largest k _ sp value and is the most soluble. ksp value. 62. when the amount of solid is so small that... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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) ksp = [ mg2 + ] [ f β ] 2 = ( 1. 21 10 β 3 ) ( 2 1. 21 10 β 3 ) 2 = 7. 09 10 β 9 ( b ) 7. 09 10 β 7 m ( c ) determine the concentration of mg2 + and f β that will be present in the final volume. compare the value of the ion product [ mg2 + ] [ f β ] 2 with ksp. if this value is larger than ksp, precipitation will occ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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2. 00 10 β 3 m naf = 0. 3000 l m naf m naf = 1. 33 10 β 3 m ion product = ( 1. 00 10 β 3 ) ( 1. 33 10 β 3 ) 2 = 1. 77 10 β 9 this value is smaller than ksp, so no precipitation will occur. ( d ) mgf2 is less soluble at 27 Β°c than at 18 Β°c. because added heat acts like an added reagent, when it appears on the product si... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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microstates and four final microstates. 9. the probability for all the particles to be on one side is this probability is noticeably lower than the result for the four - particle system. the conclusion we can make is that the probability for all the particles to stay in only one part of the system will decrease rapidly... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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##tax. org increase of seven moles of gas from reactants to products. 19. there are 7. 5 moles of gas initially, and 3 + 6 = 9 moles of gas in the end. therefore, it is likely that the entropy increases as a result of this reaction, and Ξ΄s is positive. 21. ( a ) 107 j / k ; ( b ) β86. 4 j / k ; ( c ) 133. 2 j / k ; ( d... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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( f ) β154. 3 kj spontaneous 35. ( a ) the standard free energy of formation is β 1124. 3 kj / mol. ( b ) the calculation agrees with the value in appendix g because free energy is a state function ( just like the enthalpy and entropy ), so its change depends only on the initial and final states, not the path between t... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
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