text stringlengths 1 3.55k | source stringlengths 24 207 | emb listlengths 1.02k 1.02k |
|---|---|---|
1. 07 × 10−13 ; ( b ) k = 2. 51 10−3 ; ( c ) k = 4. 83 103 ; ( d ) k = 0. 219 ; ( e ) k = 16. 1 45. the standard free energy change is when reactants and products are in their standard states ( 1 bar or 1 atm ), q = 1. as the reaction proceeds toward equilibrium, the reaction shifts left ( the amount of products drops ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.038541339337825775,
0.025017062202095985,
0.02237737365067005,
0.03718207776546478,
-0.04862622916698456,
-0.02314787544310093,
-0.005305055063217878,
0.009207778610289097,
-0.015224741771817207,
0.08238396793603897,
0.03125032037496567,
-0.00959380716085434,
0.024184299632906914,
-0.01... |
any soluble ionic compound. 66. ( a ) increasing the oxygen partial pressure will yield a decrease in q and thus becomes more negative. ( b ) increasing the oxygen partial pressure will yield a decrease in q and thus becomes more negative. ( c ) increasing the oxygen partial pressure will yield an increase in q and thu... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.000057575583923608065,
0.033734697848558426,
0.012452873401343822,
0.016123397275805473,
-0.029016315937042236,
-0.022053558379411697,
-0.004932905547320843,
0.007189594209194183,
-0.016996609047055244,
0.07449311017990112,
0.047198690474033356,
0.004101114813238382,
0.018098806962370872,... |
##2 ( s ) ; species reduced = oxidizing agent : ( a ) zr4 + ( aq ) ; ( b ) ag + ( aq ) ; ( c ) ; and ( d ) 17. without the salt bridge, the circuit would be open ( or broken ) and no current could flow. with a salt bridge, each half - cell remains electrically neutral and current can flow through the circuit. 19. activ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.013827485032379627,
0.03389884531497955,
-0.010927187278866768,
0.017006024718284607,
-0.029167495667934418,
0.0014024125412106514,
-0.015170164406299591,
-0.0033531419467180967,
0.0022415814455598593,
0.04405495896935463,
0.04919011890888214,
-0.024233583360910416,
0.04198133945465088,
... |
1. 423 v, spontaneous ; ( c ) standard cell potential : −2. 749 v, nonspontaneous ; cell potential under stated conditions : −2. 757 v, nonspontaneous 31. ( a ) 1. 7 10−10 ; ( b ) 2. 6 10−21 ; ( c ) 4. 693 1021 ; ( d ) 1. 0 10−14 33. ( a ) ( b ) 3. 5 1015 ; ( c ) 5. 6 10−9 m 34. batteries are self - contained and have ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.022419709712266922,
-0.007973133586347103,
0.01690657250583172,
0.014328855089843273,
-0.02665897086262703,
0.016828471794724464,
0.01659899391233921,
0.009297676384449005,
0.023380229249596596,
0.04075935482978821,
0.03994937241077423,
-0.006551761645823717,
0.02727050520479679,
-0.006... |
this means that the lithium would react quickly with other substances, even those that would not oxidize the metal it is attempting to protect. reactivity like this means the sacrificial anode would be depleted rapidly and need to be replaced frequently. ( optional additional reason : fire hazard in the presence of wat... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.00506979925557971,
0.04943028464913368,
0.042011845856904984,
0.011812365613877773,
-0.04229347035288811,
0.024581389501690865,
-0.01419189665466547,
-0.001532123307697475,
0.0474737249314785,
0.04289650544524193,
0.0669909343123436,
-0.01876748725771904,
0.027942461892962456,
-0.074399... |
being an unstable liquid at room temperature. 15. 17. cathode ( reduction ) : anode ( oxidation ) : overall reaction : 19. 0. 5035 g h2 21. despite its reactivity, magnesium can be used in construction even when the magnesium is going to come in contact with a flame because a protective oxide coating is formed, prevent... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0033277797047048807,
-0.006903989240527153,
0.024885421618819237,
0.03534877300262451,
-0.027026407420635223,
0.05405274033546448,
-0.011196861043572426,
0.0038672233931720257,
0.025114011019468307,
0.02195124328136444,
0.038161151111125946,
-0.02622823417186737,
0.04775892198085785,
-0.... |
) germanium ( iv ) hydride 39. boron has only s and p orbitals available, which can accommodate a maximum of four electron pairs. unlike silicon, no d orbitals are available in boron. 41. ( a ) δh° = 87 kj ; δg° = 44 kj ; ( b ) δh° = −109. 9 kj ; δg° = −154. 7 kj ; ( c ) δh° = −510 kj ; δg° = −601. 5 kj 43. a mild solu... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.016011251136660576,
0.0006780445110052824,
0.007909315638244152,
0.0032706763595342636,
-0.05487218499183655,
0.02646772563457489,
0.01058597955852747,
0.03254283219575882,
-0.023334786295890808,
0.04950123652815819,
0.03160011023283005,
-0.05085528641939163,
0.03885812312364578,
-0.0280... |
) ( d ) nf3 : ( e ) 61. ammonia acts as a brønsted base because it readily accepts protons and as a lewis base in that it has an electron pair to donate. brønsted base : lewis base : 63. ( a ) no2 : nitrogen is sp2 hybridized. the molecule has a bent geometry with an ono bond angle of approximately 120°. ( b ) nitrogen... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.03098089061677456,
0.003497355617582798,
0.029757456853985786,
0.02237739786505699,
-0.02314736321568489,
0.03270072117447853,
-0.004707879386842251,
-0.008281673304736614,
-0.012763898819684982,
0.06253013759851456,
0.030492696911096573,
-0.017235158011317253,
0.03356445953249931,
-0.02... |
of oxygen for the electrons in the o - h bond, making the hydrogen more easily released. the weaker this bond, the stronger the acid. 89. as h2so4 and h2seo4 are both oxyacids and their central atoms both have the same oxidation number, the acid strength depends on the relative electronegativity of the central atom. as... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.00509659806266427,
0.039149537682533264,
0.01953204907476902,
0.02435680292546749,
-0.015881521627306938,
0.027634138241410255,
-0.027623377740383148,
0.010560823604464531,
0.024494951590895653,
0.0606357716023922,
0.003961130511015654,
-0.043093498796224594,
0.06844054907560349,
-0.0626... |
b ) sp3d2 hybridized ; ( c ) sp3 hybridized ; ( d ) sp3 hybridized ; ( e ) sp3d2 hybridized ; 113. ( a ) nonpolar ; ( b ) nonpolar ; ( c ) polar ; ( d ) nonpolar ; ( e ) polar 115. the empirical formula is xef6, and the balanced reactions are : chapter 19 1. ( a ) sc : [ ar ] 4s23d1 ; ( b ) ti : [ ar ] 4s23d2 ; ( c ) c... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.014822639524936676,
0.03022911213338375,
0.04798774793744087,
0.012658312916755676,
-0.033203624188899994,
-0.00005564810271607712,
0.001124709495343268,
0.00378619902767241,
-0.004810030106455088,
0.04984736815094948,
0.008118728175759315,
0.010536953806877136,
0.021726790815591812,
-0... |
) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) 19. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) in acid solution between ph 2 and ph 6, forms which is in equilibrium with dichromate ion. the reaction is at other acidic phs, the reaction is ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) 21. ( a ) ( b ) ( c ) ( d ) ( e ) ( f ) ( g ) 23. as cn−is added, as more cn−is added, 25. ( a ) sc3 + ; ( b )... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.024623816832900047,
0.0071416329592466354,
0.0505608394742012,
0.015568620525300503,
-0.023284146562218666,
0.0330163910984993,
0.012047546915709972,
-0.0032369482796639204,
0.03560781106352806,
0.07205091416835785,
0.03592176362872124,
0.0016991239972412586,
0.033559590578079224,
-0.04... |
##− : 31. ( a ) tricarbonatocobaltate ( iii ) ion ; ( b ) tetraaminecopper ( ii ) ion ; ( c ) tetraaminedibromocobalt ( iii ) sulfate ; ( d ) tetraamineplatinum ( ii ) tetrachloroplatinate ( ii ) ; ( e ) tris - ( ethylenediamine ) chromium ( iii ) nitrate ; ( f ) diaminedibromopalladium ( ii ) ; ( g ) potassium pentach... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.012405933812260628,
0.012543626129627228,
0.027036862447857857,
0.01268052775412798,
-0.031440023332834244,
0.0267146248370409,
-0.024431899189949036,
-0.03321392089128494,
-0.012523082084953785,
0.061330217868089676,
0.06258097290992737,
-0.022273875772953033,
0.01439717598259449,
-0.0... |
way in which that incorporation takes place. in the saturated hydrocarbon, an existing c – h bond is broken, and a bond between the c and the br can then be formed. in the unsaturated hydrocarbon, the only bond broken in the hydrocarbon is the π bond whose electrons can be used to form a bond to one of the bromine atom... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.01796889677643776,
0.05021443963050842,
0.05568508803844452,
-0.005568954162299633,
-0.015876468271017075,
0.02312275767326355,
-0.026553571224212646,
-0.03231774643063545,
-0.004272229503840208,
0.06853942573070526,
0.05671485513448715,
0.00039332720916718245,
0.016949106007814407,
-0.... |
a ) 2, 2, 4 - trimethylpentane ; ( b ) 2, 2, 3 - trimethylpentane, 2, 3, 4 - trimethylpentane, and 2, 3, 3 - trimethylpentane : 19. 21. in the following, the carbon backbone and the appropriate number of hydrogen atoms are shown in condensed form : 1195 23. in acetylene, the bonding uses sp hybrids on carbon atoms and ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0011251606047153473,
-0.0004193223430775106,
0.07235560566186905,
0.014842070639133453,
-0.04477458447217941,
0.0010446038795635104,
-0.02135595493018627,
-0.02852814272046089,
-0.010052273981273174,
0.024746904149651527,
0.04438029229640961,
-0.02993389405310154,
0.0007883590878918767,
... |
three carbon atoms are needed. 45. since they are both carboxylic acids, they each contain the – cooh functional group and its characteristics. the difference is the hydrocarbon chain in a saturated fatty acid contains no double or triple bonds, whereas the hydrocarbon chain in an unsaturated fatty acid contains one or... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01625812239944935,
0.01717652752995491,
0.050796881318092346,
-0.020688660442829132,
-0.027644839137792587,
0.004740883130580187,
-0.018978465348482132,
-0.042086560279130936,
-0.01835595816373825,
0.056271765381097794,
0.049892768263816833,
-0.01094653457403183,
-0.004024171270430088,
-... |
; chemical changes rearrange atoms. nuclear reactions involve much larger energies than chemical reactions and have measureable mass changes. 9. ( a ), ( b ), ( c ), ( d ), and ( e ) 11. ( a ) a nucleon is any particle contained in the nucleus of the atom, so it can refer to protons and neutrons. ( b ) an α particle is... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.011888913810253143,
-0.009191817604005337,
0.021231135353446007,
0.012561201117932796,
-0.011200218461453915,
-0.01388049777597189,
0.007554671727120876,
-0.02036384865641594,
-0.03304774686694145,
0.045554131269454956,
0.06365901231765747,
-0.0037395546678453684,
0.03956233710050583,
-... |
ratio of a nucleus is too low, a proton is converted into a neutron with the emission of a positron : ( c ) in a proton - rich nucleus, an inner atomic electron can be absorbed. in simplest form, this changes a proton into a neutron : 23. the electron pulled into the nucleus was most likely found in the 1s orbital. as ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.011978138238191605,
0.03836273401975632,
0.0432085357606411,
-0.007226581685245037,
-0.0009531623218208551,
-0.014445103704929352,
0.006422314327210188,
0.0028220494277775288,
-0.008133763447403908,
0.06496375054121017,
0.05171346664428711,
-0.02210106886923313,
0.020559780299663544,
-0... |
, the amount produced by radioactive decay would equal the present amount minus the initial amount. as this amount would be smaller than the amount used to calculate the age of the rock and the age is proportional to the amount of sr, the rock would be younger. 41. c = 0 ; this shows that no pu - 239 could remain since... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0030677644535899162,
0.02797025814652443,
0.046221621334552765,
0.017626618966460228,
-0.012598080560564995,
0.0192054845392704,
-0.011838839389383793,
-0.030019959434866905,
-0.024836886674165726,
0.04401301592588425,
0.0423763208091259,
0.01860642246901989,
0.061663009226322174,
-0.02... |
– into the solution containing the stated reaction, with subsequent time given for equilibration, will produce a radioactive precipitate that was originally devoid of radiation. 57. ( a ) ( b ) 37. 6 days 59. alpha particles can be stopped by very thin shielding but have much stronger ionizing potential than beta parti... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.018181419000029564,
0.024718932807445526,
0.05739206448197365,
0.00763762416318059,
-0.014793314039707184,
-0.009525365196168423,
0.001275129267014563,
-0.0025399227160960436,
-0.014200449921190739,
0.057133592665195465,
0.04147230088710785,
0.0017547643510624766,
0.05958837643265724,
-0... |
##1 antibonding orbitals 396 antimatter 1029 aqueous solution 137 aromatic hydrocarbons 993 arrhenius 694 arrhenius equation 627 atmosphere ( atm ) 417 atom 19, 62 atomic mass 77 atomic mass unit ( amu ) 71 atomic number ( z ) 72 atomic orbital 280 atwater system 232 aufbau principle 288 autoionization 695 autumn 481 a... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.016254941001534462,
-0.010109919123351574,
0.05137114226818085,
-0.014184566214680672,
-0.038166578859090805,
0.02399786375463009,
0.05058736726641655,
-0.00519045814871788,
0.010151251219213009,
0.03933236002922058,
0.05160649120807648,
-0.007952515967190266,
0.04059809446334839,
-0.060... |
1003 carnot 787 catalysts 607 cathode 821 cathode ray 66 cathodic protection 842 cations 72 cell notations 822 cell potentials, ecell 824 cell schematics 822 celsius ( °c ) 30 central metal 949 chadwick 70, 1030 chain reaction 1046 chalcogens 87 charles ’ s law 428 chelate 950 chelating ligands 950 chemical change 24 c... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.006349311210215092,
-0.03417829051613808,
0.062230490148067474,
-0.02732698805630207,
-0.03249357268214226,
0.0067218695767223835,
0.02610628679394722,
-0.017387107014656067,
0.0123819625005126,
0.0464043952524662,
0.04202654957771301,
0.012907539494335651,
0.08132126182317734,
-0.049983... |
##bye 582 degenerate orbitals 283, 397 density 31 deposition 499 diamagnetic 394 diffraction 530 diffusion 449 dilute 137 dilution 141 dimensional analysis 42 dipole moment 354 dipole - dipole attraction 482 diprotic acids 722 diprotic base 724 dispersed phase 585 dispersion force 478 dispersion medium 585 disproportio... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.008241001516580582,
-0.02123480848968029,
0.02786990813910961,
0.0007175846258178353,
-0.055758871138095856,
0.0010701528517529368,
0.02699861489236355,
0.0002764344390016049,
-0.021432874724268913,
0.05491607263684273,
0.04107029363512993,
0.01699725352227688,
0.07583057135343552,
-0.02... |
1047 formal charge 332 formation constant ( kf ) 765 formula mass 118 fourth transition series 936 franklin 532 frasch process 913 free energy change ( δg ) 797 free radicals 330 freezing 499 freezing point 499 freezing point depression 573 freezing point depression constant 573 frequency 259 frequency factor 627 fuel ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.0004939927021041512,
-0.00974815059453249,
0.0749722272157669,
0.024218445643782616,
-0.05734365060925484,
0.0070342435501515865,
0.027118397876620293,
-0.01647946611046791,
-0.018662748858332634,
0.03939430043101311,
0.06109057739377022,
0.014481981284916401,
0.0738590881228447,
-0.066... |
##ygens 258 hybrid orbitals 380 hybridization 380 hydrates 98 hydrocarbons 237 hydrogen bonding 483 hydrogen carbonates 891 hydrogen halides 890 hydrogen sulfates 907 hydrogen sulfites 907 hydrogenation 887 hydrometallurgy 943 hydrostatic pressure 419 hydroxides 901 hypertonic 578 hypervalent molecules 331 hypothesis 1... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
-0.001407493487931788,
0.014979081228375435,
0.056572332978248596,
-0.015895424410700798,
-0.04618002101778984,
0.011440876871347427,
0.04541116952896118,
0.004123867489397526,
0.0016223264392465353,
0.048315517604351044,
0.04243668168783188,
0.018420115113258362,
0.06267059594392776,
-0.0... |
length 29 lewis 763 lewis acid 764 lewis acid - base adduct 764 lewis acid - base chemistry 764 lewis base 764 lewis structures 324 lewis symbol 323 ligands 765, 949 limiting reactant 186 line spectra 268 linear 344 linear combination of atomic orbitals ( lcao ) 395 linkage isomers 956 liquid 14 liter ( l ) 31 lithium ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.011179936118423939,
-0.022010352462530136,
0.06521853804588318,
-0.0028403596952557564,
-0.027590475976467133,
-0.0022887359373271465,
0.02519717812538147,
-0.0018258497584611177,
-0.03766707703471184,
0.06278307735919952,
0.05504418537020683,
0.0005264997598715127,
0.016254877671599388,
... |
##s 552 nonionizing radiation 1060 nonmetals 86 nonspontaneous process 784 normal boiling point 495 novoselov 514, 882 nuclear binding energy 1023 nuclear chemistry 1022 nuclear fuel 1049 nuclear moderator 1049 nuclear reactions 1028 nuclear reactor 1048 nuclear transmutation 1042 nucleons 1022 nucleus 69 nuclide 1022 ... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.002259818371385336,
-0.020421596243977547,
0.03451104462146759,
0.0064670308493077755,
-0.033717937767505646,
-0.016598014160990715,
0.0049640522338449955,
0.0026817522011697292,
-0.02268904075026512,
0.04789220914244652,
0.047982145100831985,
-0.0022568167187273502,
0.06435644626617432,
... |
square inch ( psi ) 417 precipitate 166 precipitation reaction 166 precision 40 pressure 416 primary cells 835 principal quantum number 279 products 160 proton 70 pure covalent bond 318 pure substance 16 q quantitative analysis 190 quantization 263 quantum mechanics 279 quantum numbers 274 r radiation absorbed dose ( r... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.01978575997054577,
0.010707409121096134,
0.07499014586210251,
-0.004534706007689238,
-0.03899218142032623,
0.0190294049680233,
0.001794617623090744,
-0.026432447135448456,
-0.025837767869234085,
0.05476449429988861,
0.061888448894023895,
0.01803889311850071,
0.030487217009067535,
-0.0323... |
unit cell 517 single bond 324 single - displacement ( replacement ) reactions 177 skeletal structure 979 smalley 329, 881 smelting 940 soddy 70 solid 14 solomon 448 solubility 166, 555 soluble 166 solute 137 solution 17 solvation 550 solvent 137 sp hybrid orbitals 381 sp2 hybrid orbitals 382 sp3 hybrid orbitals 384 sp3... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0016123061068356037,
0.006544820498675108,
0.05364483222365379,
-0.0018062886083498597,
-0.038670871406793594,
0.003403568873181939,
0.013428796082735062,
-0.01807832345366478,
0.007171285338699818,
0.03651278093457222,
0.07287921756505966,
0.006751294247806072,
0.05619379132986069,
-0.0... |
##trahedral 344 tetrahedral hole 525 theoretical yield 188 theories 12 thermal energy 213 thermochemistry 212 third law of thermodynamics 795 third transition series 936 1206 index access for free at openstax. org thomson 66 titrant 191 titration analysis 191 titration curve 730 torr 419 trans configuration 955 transit... | openstax_chemistry2e-web | [
0.0031130334828048944,
-0.0022378037683665752,
0.059401970356702805,
-0.024615682661533356,
-0.05647091194987297,
0.015185488387942314,
0.03104286640882492,
-0.025359123945236206,
-0.00667822640389204,
0.06017044931650162,
0.03316822648048401,
0.02166297286748886,
0.03872554749250412,
-0.0... |
college physics 2e senior contributing authors paul peter urone, california state university, sacramento roger hinrichs, state university of new york, college at oswego openstax rice university 6100 main street ms - 375 houston, texas 77005 to learn more about openstax, visit https : / / openstax. org. individual print... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.030422594398260117,
0.007634276058524847,
0.041200678795576096,
0.006116372998803854,
0.0033755130134522915,
0.011485070921480656,
-0.03324088454246521,
-0.032527875155210495,
-0.01641331985592842,
0.060993991792201996,
-0.007838553749024868,
0.0235694982111454,
0.050654809921979904,
-0... |
logo, connexions name, connexions logo, rice university name, and rice university logo are not subject to the license and may not be reproduced without the prior and express written consent of rice university. hardcover book isbn - 13 978 - 1 - 711470 - 83 - 2 b & w paperback book isbn - 13 978 - 1 - 711470 - 82 - 5 di... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02955138497054577,
-0.0019615108612924814,
0.040641654282808304,
0.016013581305742264,
0.005226949229836464,
0.03452157601714134,
-0.013943997211754322,
-0.014937225729227066,
-0.017693284898996353,
0.02520133927464485,
0.0035114805214107037,
0.0317532978951931,
0.013976527377963066,
-0... |
##jian economics foundation charles koch foundation leon lowenstein foundation, inc. the maxfield foundation burt and deedee mcmurtry michelson 20mm foundation national science foundation the open society foundations jumee yhu and david e. park iii brian d. patterson usa - international foundation the bill and stephani... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.006950873415917158,
0.019081035628914833,
0.03264303877949715,
0.0030509347561746836,
-0.009041381999850273,
0.03868101164698601,
-0.013681669719517231,
0.0005241318722255528,
-0.029185883700847626,
0.04180365800857544,
-0.0038347234949469566,
0.02870100550353527,
0.030571134760975838,
... |
introduction 100 3. 2 vector addition and subtraction : graphical methods 102 3. 3 vector addition and subtraction : analytical methods 111 3. 4 projectile motion 117 3. 5 addition of velocities 126 glossary 135 section summary 135 conceptual questions 137 problems & exercises 138 chapter 4 dynamics : force and newton'... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.00092645752010867,
0.04635359346866608,
0.039886634796857834,
-0.009657000191509724,
-0.0047552576288580894,
0.015752265229821205,
-0.032208096235990524,
-0.030242180451750755,
0.004616570193320513,
0.05615720897912979,
0.034377820789813995,
0.02552560716867447,
0.021727625280618668,
-0.... |
the scientific definition 270 7. 2 kinetic energy and the work - energy theorem 273 7. 3 gravitational potential energy 278 7. 4 conservative forces and potential energy 284 access for free at openstax. org 7. 5 nonconservative forces 288 7. 6 conservation of energy 293 7. 7 power 297 7. 8 work, energy, and power in hu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015911702066659927,
0.02443631924688816,
0.04685013368725777,
0.025722850114107132,
0.0016082999063655734,
0.015484683215618134,
0.003091515274718404,
-0.011792685836553574,
-0.027233436703681946,
0.05727681145071983,
0.03151968866586685,
0.033522747457027435,
0.012322958558797836,
-0.04... |
11 fluid statics 439 introduction to fluid statics 439 11. 1 what is a fluid? 439 11. 2 density 441 11. 3 pressure 444 11. 4 variation of pressure with depth in a fluid 446 11. 5 pascal ’ s principle 450 11. 6 gauge pressure, absolute pressure, and pressure measurement 453 11. 7 archimedes ’ principle 457 11. 8 cohesio... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0290522538125515,
0.03487229347229004,
0.06916163116693497,
0.003148376941680908,
-0.029305770993232727,
0.03340062126517296,
0.0092576639726758,
-0.013297177851200104,
0.01880544424057007,
0.09169387817382812,
0.016320180147886276,
0.001982790185138583,
0.017571579664945602,
-0.04323153... |
heat transfer methods 577 14. 1 heat 577 14. 2 temperature change and heat capacity 579 14. 3 phase change and latent heat 585 14. 4 heat transfer methods 592 14. 5 conduction 593 14. 6 convection 599 14. 7 radiation 604 glossary 611 section summary 611 conceptual questions 612 problems & exercises 614 chapter 15 therm... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.013707597739994526,
0.05146011710166931,
0.03288609907031059,
-0.008520038798451424,
-0.0673462301492691,
0.0012594235595315695,
-0.018817171454429626,
-0.04097564518451691,
0.0022388859651982784,
0.07391098141670227,
0.020504996180534363,
0.024136153981089592,
0.05906269699335098,
-0.0... |
. 11 energy in waves : intensity 713 glossary 717 section summary 717 conceptual questions 719 problems & exercises 720 chapter 17 physics of hearing 725 introduction to the physics of hearing 725 17. 1 sound 726 17. 2 speed of sound, frequency, and wavelength 728 17. 3 sound intensity and sound level 732 17. 4 doppler... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.001766806235536933,
0.03702281415462494,
-0.002969942521303892,
-0.014504332095384598,
-0.062295496463775635,
-0.028539856895804405,
-0.02022034302353859,
-0.024066412821412086,
0.007170248776674271,
0.08291575312614441,
0.03395805507898331,
0.030217668041586876,
0.06191164255142212,
-0.... |
current, resistance, and ohm's law 857 20. 1 current 858 20. 2 ohm ’ s law : resistance and simple circuits 864 20. 3 resistance and resistivity 866 20. 4 electric power and energy 872 20. 5 alternating current versus direct current 875 20. 6 electric hazards and the human body 880 20. 7 nerve conduction – electrocardi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.011436231434345245,
0.014080638997256756,
0.017176000401377678,
-0.00438321940600872,
-0.056804679334163666,
0.008562156930565834,
0.015618967823684216,
-0.037502650171518326,
-0.0026055274065583944,
0.09804747998714447,
0.02257056161761284,
0.032825179398059845,
0.04239673539996147,
-0... |
ac circuits and electrical technologies 1003 23. 1 induced emf and magnetic flux 1004 23. 2 faraday ’ s law of induction : lenz ’ s law 1007 23. 3 motional emf 1010 23. 4 eddy currents and magnetic damping 1013 23. 5 electric generators 1017 23. 6 back emf 1021 23. 7 transformers 1022 23. 8 electrical safety : systems ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0013969775754958391,
-0.00994770135730505,
0.035926975309848785,
-0.014724348671734333,
-0.05829959362745285,
0.016680138185620308,
-0.001991651952266693,
-0.04031771421432495,
0.0019310940988361835,
0.08784501999616623,
0.012622252106666565,
0.020125580951571465,
0.05490029975771904,
-... |
1178 conceptual questions 1179 problems & exercises 1180 chapter 27 wave optics 1185 introduction to wave optics 1185 27. 1 the wave aspect of light : interference 1186 27. 2 huygens's principle : diffraction 1187 27. 3 young ’ s double slit experiment 1190 27. 4 multiple slit diffraction 1195 27. 5 single slit diffrac... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01775333285331726,
-0.010692429728806019,
0.05403432250022888,
-0.017916498705744743,
-0.04046091437339783,
0.037728749215602875,
-0.039725612848997116,
-0.04018322378396988,
-0.03214634582400322,
0.086821548640728,
0.025667229667305946,
-0.0032300304155796766,
0.02371891774237156,
-0.00... |
bohr ’ s theory of the hydrogen atom 1329 30. 4 x rays : atomic origins and applications 1336 30. 5 applications of atomic excitations and de - excitations 1342 30. 6 the wave nature of matter causes quantization 1352 30. 7 patterns in spectra reveal more quantization 1354 30. 8 quantum numbers and rules 1357 30. 9 the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.030783995985984802,
0.002287698443979025,
0.06655091792345047,
-0.0014738335739821196,
-0.005417869426310062,
-0.009113015606999397,
-0.012785256840288639,
-0.02438555471599102,
-0.042680103331804276,
0.07976056635379791,
0.03616996854543686,
0.0038695146795362234,
0.056149132549762726,
... |
of forces 1489 glossary 1494 section summary 1495 conceptual questions 1496 problems & exercises 1497 chapter 34 frontiers of physics 1503 introduction to frontiers of physics 1503 34. 1 cosmology and particle physics 1504 34. 2 general relativity and quantum gravity 1512 34. 3 superstrings 1518 34. 4 dark matter and c... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.012521924450993538,
-0.012555725872516632,
0.037421777844429016,
0.006372077390551567,
-0.03179309144616127,
0.004341098479926586,
-0.02669452503323555,
-0.012730930931866169,
-0.03766307979822159,
0.05329663306474686,
0.038213975727558136,
0.0315433107316494,
0.012690053321421146,
-0.04... |
34. 7 some questions we know to ask 1527 glossary 1530 section summary 1530 conceptual questions 1532 problems & exercises 1534 appendix a atomic masses 1537 appendix b selected radioactive isotopes 1549 appendix c useful information 1553 appendix d glossary of key symbols and notation 1559 answer key 1575 index 1673 a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.004773630294948816,
0.003502977080643177,
0.020307619124650955,
0.002852498320862651,
-0.005571132525801659,
0.004795681219547987,
-0.02805774286389351,
-0.017158884555101395,
-0.04300718382000923,
0.05974806100130081,
0.008215919137001038,
0.024571696296334267,
0.06365286558866501,
-0.0... |
, rights holder, host platform, and / or license within the caption. because the art is openly licensed, anyone may reuse the art as long as they provide the same attribution to its original source. to maximize readability and content flow, some art does not include attribution in the text. this art is part of the publ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.04565105214715004,
-0.02718118205666542,
0.03544286638498306,
0.00108431838452816,
0.0017303728964179754,
-0.034531883895397186,
-0.024545881897211075,
-0.034701477736234665,
-0.00466619897633791,
0.06316051632165909,
0.0014598079724237323,
0.007497248239815235,
0.05894774943590164,
-0.... |
to build a thorough and useful understanding among students. college physics 2e orients its coverage around clear and widely accepted learning outcomes. it includes links to simulations and other multimedia, and each section contains ample practice opportunities in a wide array of question types. coverage and scope col... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.02455330640077591,
0.010622727684676647,
0.013035316951572895,
-0.021524282172322273,
-0.03581990301609039,
0.01860067993402481,
-0.022109977900981903,
-0.0150268180295825,
-0.005202563479542732,
0.053103622049093246,
-0.0008175285765901208,
-0.014172878116369247,
0.052516888827085495,
... |
covered in context — not only in opening vignettes — so that students encounter the deep impact of evolving knowledge relevant to their potential fields of study. since many introductory physics students are focused on medicine, sections and examples related to biology have been significantly expanded. the section on e... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.007816003635525703,
-0.026845254004001617,
0.019013702869415283,
0.0056239645928144455,
-0.05673057585954666,
0.0015757634537294507,
-0.03643575310707092,
-0.027617229148745537,
-0.0008808179409243166,
0.07641857862472534,
0.006078681442886591,
-0.015962902456521988,
0.059360794723033905,
... |
examples worked examples have four distinct parts to promote both analytical and conceptual skills. worked examples are introduced in words, always using some application that should be of interest. this is followed by a strategy section that emphasizes the concepts involved and how solving the problem relates to those... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.017375316470861435,
-0.01871613785624504,
0.00726508442312479,
-0.0015536899445578456,
-0.03635254502296448,
-0.009323826059699059,
-0.040755994617938995,
-0.003161447122693062,
-0.0070206718519330025,
0.07588968425989151,
0.04636506736278534,
0.035155344754457474,
0.04059712588787079,
-... |
find the definitions of all terms and symbols as well as their physical relationships. the structure of the summary makes plain the fundamental principles of the module or collection and serves as a useful study guide. engaging students concept trailers click to view content ( https : / / openstax. org / r / concepttra... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.022700287401676178,
-0.0008482780540362,
0.011325285769999027,
-0.02215856872498989,
-0.010464887134730816,
0.011878087185323238,
-0.012115485966205597,
0.02918635867536068,
-0.0195680670440197,
0.07355162501335144,
0.016016026958823204,
-0.00016217240772675723,
0.050326358526945114,
-0.... |
and realism. these problems contain a premise that produces an unreasonable answer and are designed to further emphasize that properly applied physics must describe nature accurately and is not simply the process of solving equations. • critical thinking questions are new additions to the text. these challenging, multi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.021290266886353493,
-0.0012632382567971945,
0.030643345788121223,
0.0009300016099587083,
-0.01878945715725422,
-0.022485654801130295,
-0.03538353741168976,
-0.00689410325139761,
-0.03191794082522392,
0.09800427407026291,
0.01028529740869999,
0.02176191844046116,
0.03639104217290878,
-0.0... |
lectures. concept trailer instructor notes. these teaching notes support implementation of the openstax physics concept trailers. the notes contain tips for usage, clarifications of coverage, and guidance on how to use the trailers in different educational situations. academic integrity academic integrity builds trust,... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0004485899698920548,
-0.0045597488060593605,
-0.00876632984727621,
0.023162413388490677,
-0.012379982508718967,
0.0041893781162798405,
-0.039143167436122894,
-0.010586756281554699,
-0.0019884095527231693,
0.08416774868965149,
-0.014149308204650879,
0.04404110834002495,
0.06711038202047348... |
. through our community hubs, instructors can upload their own materials or download resources to use in their own courses, including additional ancillaries, teaching material, multimedia, and relevant course content. we encourage instructors to join the hubs for the subjects most relevant to your teaching and research... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.013429945334792137,
-0.008681810460984707,
-0.0039525446482002735,
0.0001411328703397885,
-0.01767907477915287,
0.01154295913875103,
-0.039348386228084564,
-0.028219711035490036,
-0.001852323766797781,
0.06745374202728271,
0.002676550066098571,
0.04206004738807678,
0.014201035723090172,
... |
1. 4 approximation what is your first reaction when you hear the word “ physics ”? did you imagine working through difficult equations or memorizing formulas that seem to have no real use in life outside the physics classroom? many people come to the subject of physics with a bit of fear. but as you begin your explorat... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0032192752696573734,
0.02807469666004181,
0.003505114698782563,
0.0026398487389087677,
-0.013540800660848618,
-0.0019157142378389835,
-0.03367466479539871,
-0.021216126158833504,
0.0033688368275761604,
0.047479111701250076,
0.040830060839653015,
0.0013404659694060683,
0.03843078389763832,
... |
to send a rocket into space or simply heating a new home. although the scale is much different, the interaction of gasses in the veil nebula resembles those on earth ; and the vibrant color combinations are created by the familiar glows of hydrogen, sulfur, oxygen, and similar elements that make up everything we know. ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.004277110565453768,
0.031552307307720184,
-0.0006009326898492873,
-0.01413299422711134,
-0.02091248333454132,
0.0023964729625731707,
-0.02442372404038906,
-0.0041666412726044655,
0.02925223857164383,
0.03797050938010216,
0.024315323680639267,
-0.00796844158321619,
0.05022674426436424,
-... |
most exciting modern technologies that you have heard about in the news, such as trains that levitate above tracks, “ invisibility cloaks ” that bend light around them, and microscopic robots that fight cancer cells in our bodies. all of these groundbreaking advancements, commonplace or unbelievable, rely on the princi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0019261856796219945,
0.001306784339249134,
0.0036656982265412807,
-0.0036449802573770285,
0.009920337237417698,
0.02807641588151455,
-0.008017882704734802,
-0.03540205955505371,
0.037127092480659485,
0.05859681963920593,
-0.001930645084939897,
-0.0008100531995296478,
0.04829927161335945,
... |
1. 1 physics : an introduction learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • explain the difference between a principle and a law. • explain the difference between a model and a theory. 6 1 • introduction : the nature of science and physics access for free at openstax. org figure 1. 2 the flig... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0026168215554207563,
0.005716604646295309,
0.013216308318078518,
-0.03923910856246948,
0.003658464178442955,
-0.014152025803923607,
-0.014335793443024158,
-0.023333324119448662,
0.01258449163287878,
0.09582043439149857,
0.021830357611179352,
0.03919928893446922,
0.030588457360863686,
-0... |
##ifying aspect of physical laws and the basic simplicity of nature form the underlying themes of this text. in learning to apply these laws, you will, of course, study the most important topics in physics. more importantly, you will gain analytical abilities that will enable you to apply these laws far beyond the scop... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0012013190425932407,
0.016160761937499046,
0.0035580687690526247,
-0.019178519025444984,
-0.009617447853088379,
0.003521507605910301,
-0.005150158889591694,
-0.03852677345275879,
-0.0072885481640696526,
0.08895658701658249,
0.033885277807712555,
0.04188231751322746,
0.039999037981033325,
... |
exact distance between orbiting satellites, and even the effect of a complex occurrence of time dilation. most of these calculations are founded on algorithms developed by gladys west, a mathematician and computer scientist who programmed the first computers capable of highly accurate remote sensing and positioning. wh... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03283137455582619,
0.06260881572961807,
0.007408564910292625,
-0.029886554926633835,
0.01036149263381958,
0.004750103689730167,
-0.03603743016719818,
0.005617581773549318,
0.007611637003719807,
0.04618895798921585,
0.017789972946047783,
0.00616538617759943,
0.017057443037629128,
-0.03696... |
1. 1 • physics : an introduction 7 recognize where you are and how your position relates to other objects on earth. figure 1. 3 the apple iphone is a common smart phone with a gps function, sophisticated camera, haptic ( vibration ) capabilities, and many other functions. physics describes the way that electricity flow... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01017852034419775,
0.0180768184363842,
-0.010451197624206543,
-0.03186345472931862,
-0.023220740258693695,
0.03367772325873375,
-0.011741363443434238,
-0.0204172246158123,
0.02347017265856266,
0.07885685563087463,
0.046496521681547165,
-0.004749673884361982,
0.028638817369937897,
-0.0404... |
and heat transfer in the earth. some disciplines, such as biophysics and geophysics, are hybrids of physics and other disciplines. physics has many applications in the biological sciences. on the microscopic level, it helps describe the properties of cell walls and cell membranes ( figure 1. 6 and figure 1. 7 ). on the... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0032709212973713875,
-0.009122316725552082,
-0.01796228252351284,
-0.022732460871338844,
-0.04226110875606537,
0.0495239794254303,
-0.006003962364047766,
-0.03784662112593651,
0.010320298373699188,
0.09598951041698456,
0.026485539972782135,
-0.007248301990330219,
0.05846234783530235,
-0... |
, daniel smith, and paul e. marik ) figure 1. 6 physics, chemistry, and biology help describe the properties of cell walls in plant cells, such as the onion cells seen here. ( credit : umberto salvagnin ) | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.00500003807246685,
-0.009321389719843864,
0.016832171007990837,
-0.036938004195690155,
0.00589572312310338,
-0.0009470213553868234,
0.002624430926516652,
-0.016995929181575775,
0.05365266278386116,
0.0475386418402195,
0.03763077035546303,
-0.019127456471323967,
0.028861509636044502,
-0.... |
1. 1 • physics : an introduction 9 figure 1. 7 an artist ’ s rendition of the structure of a cell membrane. membranes form the boundaries of animal cells and are complex in structure and function. many of the most fundamental properties of life, such as the firing of nerve cells, are related to membranes. the disciplin... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0018356299260631204,
-0.016951601952314377,
0.01805204339325428,
-0.02978871762752533,
-0.0006119662430137396,
0.00276633957400918,
0.00013816518185194582,
-0.01894051767885685,
-0.009730631485581398,
0.07670526951551437,
0.02919977344572544,
0.010242996737360954,
0.020723890513181686,
... |
. she is the only person to win nobel prizes in both physics and chemistry. one of her daughters also won a nobel prize. ( credit : wikimedia commons ) we all are curious to some extent. we look around, make generalizations, and try to understand what we see — for example, we look up and wonder whether one type of clou... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.005261458456516266,
-0.020353661850094795,
0.00308219320140779,
-0.044435106217861176,
0.0039674402214586735,
-0.0006452046218328178,
0.006650541443377733,
0.00489381980150938,
0.005466661881655455,
0.06238692253828049,
0.0455104261636734,
-0.010383093729615211,
0.054150182753801346,
-0... |
in which a gas is viewed as being composed of atoms and molecules. atoms and molecules are too small to be observed directly with our senses — thus, we picture them mentally to understand what our instruments tell us about the behavior of gases. a law uses concise language to describe a generalized pattern in nature th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.012145773507654667,
0.020343078300356865,
0.05384114384651184,
-0.01984739489853382,
-0.007703771349042654,
-0.029238261282444,
-0.024795683100819588,
-0.05929043889045715,
-0.0030053267255425453,
0.09417946636676788,
0.04181776940822601,
0.01809561625123024,
0.026139264926314354,
-0.04... |
1. 1 • physics : an introduction 11 figure 1. 10 what is a model? this planetary model of the atom shows electrons orbiting the nucleus. it is a drawing that we use to form a mental image of the atom that we cannot see directly with our eyes because it is too small. the models, theories, and laws we devise sometimes im... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.008131343871355057,
0.005771764554083347,
0.04707593470811844,
-0.06744836270809174,
0.01387278363108635,
-0.01120317168533802,
-0.02792724221944809,
-0.045648686587810516,
-0.003360590199008584,
0.09226474165916443,
0.05836223065853119,
-0.0010057884501293302,
0.03581587225198746,
-0.03... |
to reject existing knowledge and become " the enemy " of everything they read ; he expressed that scientists must trust only objective evidence. al - haytham emphasized repeated experimentation and validation, and acknowledged that senses and predisposition could lead to poor conclusions. his work was a precursor to th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.01211683638393879,
0.02509993128478527,
0.013431382365524769,
-0.03963019326329231,
-0.019693225622177124,
0.04271312803030014,
-0.03602669760584831,
-0.019858386367559433,
0.013424338772892952,
0.050949569791555405,
0.041775841265916824,
-0.0000859630381455645,
-0.00955561175942421,
-0... |
“ natural philosophy. ” from ancient times through the renaissance, natural philosophy encompassed many fields, including astronomy, biology, chemistry, physics, mathematics, and medicine. over the last few centuries, the growth of knowledge has resulted in ever - increasing specialization and branching of natural phil... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.013605327345430851,
-0.009790218435227871,
0.034904640167951584,
-0.051410358399152756,
-0.03044995851814747,
0.0506930872797966,
0.00025356191326864064,
-0.033162347972393036,
-0.003704058937728405,
0.027128959074616432,
0.0358976349234581,
0.003840066958218813,
0.0006942608742974699,
... |
1. 1 • physics : an introduction 13 figure 1. 13 niels bohr ( 1885 – 1962 ) made fundamental contributions to the development of quantum mechanics, one part of modern physics. ( credit : united states library of congress prints and photographs division ) classical physics is not an exact description of the universe, bu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.013118650764226913,
-0.02944881096482277,
0.03367600589990616,
-0.038954831659793854,
0.007454474922269583,
0.00885478314012289,
-0.00958050973713398,
-0.032915424555540085,
-0.012805060483515263,
0.07485215365886688,
0.05631976202130318,
-0.02606263756752014,
0.03193154186010361,
-0.021... |
text devoted to topics of classical physics? there are two main reasons : classical physics gives an extremely accurate description of the universe under a wide range of everyday circumstances, and knowledge of classical physics is necessary to understand modern physics. modern physics itself consists of the two revolu... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.009575688280165195,
-0.029535772278904915,
0.03847544640302658,
0.023412322625517845,
-0.008410261943936348,
0.02452686056494713,
0.0001461544306948781,
-0.04006922245025635,
-0.017554253339767456,
0.10127190500497818,
0.027026548981666565,
0.0013439550530165434,
0.008711472153663635,
-0... |
the information your friend has learned conforms to the requirements of all laws of nature : it will be a concise description of the universe around us ; a statement of the underlying rules that all natural processes follow. if the information had been a theory, you would be able to infer that the information will be a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.026267725974321365,
0.013325260952115059,
0.03620658442378044,
-0.017639929428696632,
-0.025862248614430428,
0.006392111070454121,
-0.005552881397306919,
0.014097697101533413,
0.014992893673479557,
0.07324378937482834,
0.06872612982988358,
-0.017420493066310883,
0.02413756027817726,
-0.0... |
1. 2 physical quantities and units learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • perform unit conversions both in the si and english units. • explain the most common prefixes in the si units and be able to write them in scientific notation. figure 1. 15 the distance from earth to the moon may ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.016477636992931366,
0.020679494366049767,
0.029795899987220764,
-0.008387954905629158,
-0.04639021307229996,
0.022354548797011375,
0.03492741659283638,
-0.026047084480524063,
-0.008712607435882092,
0.07261955738067627,
0.04036238417029381,
0.03888639435172081,
-0.001801984617486596,
-0.0... |
1. 2 • physical quantities and units 15 express them. and we shall find that ( even in the potentially mundane discussion of meters, kilograms, and seconds ) a profound simplicity of nature appears — most physical quantities can be expressed as combinations of only four fundamental physical quantities : length, mass, t... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0002757806214503944,
-0.005989484488964081,
0.016242654994130135,
0.001358197652734816,
-0.027959054335951805,
0.010927352122962475,
0.02670866996049881,
-0.04257988557219505,
-0.012892013415694237,
0.053269609808921814,
0.03377658873796463,
0.022476641461253166,
-0.011406187899410725,
... |
they will be tied to si units through conversions. length mass time electric current meter ( m ) kilogram ( kg ) second ( s ) ampere ( a ) table 1. 1 fundamental si units it is an intriguing fact that some physical quantities are more fundamental than others and that the most fundamental physical quantities can be defi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0071230740286409855,
0.0007087953272275627,
0.006270639598369598,
-0.0003678670327644795,
-0.003172961762174964,
0.019381297752261162,
0.017514146864414215,
-0.041574329137802124,
-0.016193898394703865,
0.04637555778026581,
0.027002526447176933,
0.004761858843266964,
0.0010148478904739022,... |
1. 17 an atomic clock such as this one uses the vibrations of cesium atoms to keep time to a precision of better than a microsecond per year. the fundamental unit of time, the second, is based on such clocks. this image is looking down from the top of an atomic fountain nearly 30 feet tall! ( credit : steve jurvetson /... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01161001343280077,
-0.011997529305517673,
-0.003096648259088397,
0.0035900587681680918,
-0.023787150159478188,
0.016757726669311523,
-0.0007835411233827472,
-0.01856871321797371,
0.013396588154137135,
0.05061009153723717,
0.03918686509132385,
-0.02142355591058731,
-0.01679343916475773,
-... |
##s of the previously defined kilogram are also kept at the united states ’ national institute of standards and technology, or nist, located in gaithersburg, maryland outside of washington d. c., and at other locations around the world. the determination of all other masses could be ultimately traced to a comparison wi... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.019854001700878143,
-0.04523823410272598,
0.04478953778743744,
0.026054183021187782,
-0.015615392476320267,
0.028209595009684563,
-0.009576085954904556,
0.002238003071397543,
-0.010476210154592991,
-0.030881967395544052,
0.05789529159665108,
-0.01694098301231861,
-0.015755658969283104,
... |
1. 2 • physical quantities and units 17 stable definition of the kilogram. the kilogram is now defined in terms of the second, the meter, and planck's constant, h ( a quantum mechanical value that relates a photon's energy to its frequency ). electric current and its accompanying unit, the ampere, will be introduced in... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0076819853857159615,
-0.010177143849432468,
0.016427649185061455,
-0.0014534387737512589,
-0.04845484346151352,
0.03141346201300621,
0.030187346041202545,
-0.03313896059989929,
-0.019491717219352722,
0.06496687978506088,
0.01996823586523533,
0.02247711829841137,
-0.026707204058766365,
-... |
be of the same order of magnitude. for example, the number can be written as, and the number can be written as thus, the numbers and are of the same order of magnitude : order of magnitude can be thought of as a ballpark estimate for the scale of a value. the diameter of an atom is on the order of while the diameter of... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.016012893989682198,
-0.03879372403025627,
0.04800279811024666,
0.003046674421057105,
-0.006216138135641813,
0.015256419777870178,
0.011382910422980785,
-0.02632208913564682,
-0.013350049033761024,
0.08267580717802048,
0.0377020426094532,
-0.0005440325476229191,
-0.03619064763188362,
-0.... |
##tax. org prefix symbol value example ( some are approximate ) giga g gigahertz ghz a microwave frequency mega m megacurie mci high radioactivity kilo k kilometer km about 6 / 10 mile hecto h hectoliter hl 26 gallons deka da dekagram dag teaspoon of butter — — ( = 1 ) deci d deciliter dl less than half a soda centi c ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01216418482363224,
-0.01249671634286642,
0.04785594716668129,
0.01163101103156805,
-0.041783954948186874,
0.015693828463554382,
0.07137684524059296,
-0.013523190282285213,
-0.03928216174244881,
0.06843321025371552,
0.042211998254060745,
0.030117206275463104,
0.006133907940238714,
-0.0387... |
1. 2 • physical quantities and units 19 figure 1. 20 galaxies collide 2. 4 billion light years away from earth. the tremendous range of observable phenomena in nature challenges the imagination. ( credit : nasa / cxc / uvic. / a. mahdavi et al. optical / lensing : cfht / uvic. / h. hoekstra et al. ) unit conversion and... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.021246641874313354,
0.016545869410037994,
0.0067865303717553616,
-0.007427035365253687,
-0.03157670050859451,
0.02461354434490204,
0.026508091017603874,
-0.009812790900468826,
-0.01707514561712742,
0.089427150785923,
0.03470398858189583,
0.01268608309328556,
0.0009241312509402633,
-0.057... |
more complete list of conversion factors. lengths in meters masses in kilograms ( more precise values in parentheses ) times in seconds ( more precise values in parentheses ) present experimental limit to smallest observable detail mass of an electron time for light to cross a proton diameter of a proton mass of a hydr... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0290771946310997,
-0.019551528617739677,
0.02610389143228531,
-0.012391672469675541,
-0.025108028203248978,
0.0013303642626851797,
0.042952027171850204,
-0.020878873765468597,
-0.01884928159415722,
0.046519000083208084,
0.05284252017736435,
-0.0032302483450621367,
-0.006313268095254898,
... |
1. 1 20 1 • introduction : the nature of science and physics access for free at openstax. org lengths in meters masses in kilograms ( more precise values in parentheses ) times in seconds ( more precise values in parentheses ) diameter of a uranium nucleus mass of a bacterium time for one oscillation of visible light d... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01856742799282074,
-0.004709385801106691,
0.046597015112638474,
-0.00860673002898693,
-0.016678204759955406,
0.03000088967382908,
0.011195744387805462,
-0.0502752810716629,
-0.004217109642922878,
0.06353422999382019,
0.06196349114179611,
-0.02262844331562519,
0.0010438916506245732,
-0.03... |
1. 2 • physical quantities and units 21 example 1. 1 unit conversions : a short drive home suppose that you drive the 10. 0 km from your school to home in 20. 0 min. calculate your average speed ( a ) in kilometers per hour ( km / h ) and ( b ) in meters per second ( m / s ). ( note : average speed is distance traveled... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.0015723247779533267,
0.05153119936585426,
-0.00964692048728466,
-0.029955493286252022,
-0.027591023594141006,
-0.006618118844926357,
0.025221822783350945,
-0.012852698564529419,
0.012584930285811424,
0.0849284753203392,
0.02714822255074978,
0.015281066298484802,
0.008661873638629913,
-0... |
the answer should also have three significant figures. the answer 30. 0 km / hr does indeed have three significant figures, so this is appropriate. note that the significant figures in the conversion factor are not relevant because an hour is defined to be 60 minutes, so the precision of the conversion factor is perfec... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.015233417972922325,
0.039698414504528046,
-0.02653062343597412,
-0.033531468361616135,
-0.042019136250019073,
0.000983391422778368,
0.02094837836921215,
0.018630385398864746,
0.005680276080965996,
0.07289247214794159,
-0.00041818685713224113,
-0.01859111711382866,
0.01878625899553299,
-0... |
1. 4 22 1 • introduction : the nature of science and physics access for free at openstax. org discussion for ( b ) if we had started with 0. 500 km / min, we would have needed different conversion factors, but the answer would have been the same : 8. 33 m / s. you may have noted that the answers in the worked example j... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.007201662287116051,
0.026494886726140976,
0.0182286836206913,
0.0015013011870905757,
0.0030134606640785933,
0.0009806264424696565,
0.009917596355080605,
0.004470303654670715,
-0.008451986126601696,
0.06079830974340439,
-0.0076412479393184185,
-0.019938303157687187,
0.007844770327210426,
... |
. 5 1. 6 nonstandard units while there are numerous types of units that we are all familiar with, there are others that are much more obscure. for example, a firkin is a unit of volume that was once used to measure beer. one firkin equals about 34 liters. to learn more about nonstandard units, use a dictionary or encyc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.006199833936989307,
-0.0015902164159342647,
0.04542818292975426,
-0.017900638282299042,
-0.03727061673998833,
-0.02342800796031952,
0.03423401340842247,
-0.018651207908988,
-0.020694153383374214,
0.0855775997042656,
0.07859273254871368,
0.008064179681241512,
0.003267368534579873,
-0.0158... |
1. 3 • accuracy, precision, and significant figures 23 figure 1. 21 a double - pan mechanical balance is used to compare different masses. usually an object with unknown mass is placed in one pan and objects of known mass are placed in the other pan. when the bar that connects the two pans is horizontal, then the masse... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.011822774074971676,
0.0056854491122066975,
0.0414208322763443,
0.004168848041445017,
-0.05719446390867233,
0.02612566202878952,
0.01029470469802618,
-0.018405914306640625,
0.01394491083920002,
0.046512018889188766,
0.031884413212537766,
-0.0013237042585387826,
-0.0068796793930232525,
-0.... |
measurements would be to determine the range, or difference, between the lowest and the highest measured values. in that case, the lowest value was 10. 9 in. and the highest value was 11. 2 in. thus, the measured values deviated from each other by at most 0. 3 in. these measurements were relatively precise because they... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02934681996703148,
0.019575219601392746,
0.032391950488090515,
0.006117962766438723,
-0.0411362424492836,
-0.004760084208101034,
0.015791315585374832,
-0.007643681950867176,
0.005003517959266901,
0.06650443375110626,
0.03613383322954178,
0.028700031340122223,
-0.002669175621122122,
-0.01... |
. ( credit : dark evil ) figure 1. 24 in this figure, the dots are concentrated rather closely to one another, indicating high precision, but they are rather far away from the actual location of the restaurant, indicating low accuracy. ( credit : dark evil ) accuracy, precision, and uncertainty the degree of accuracy a... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.009296678937971592,
0.012595188803970814,
0.034124039113521576,
-0.005336716305464506,
-0.046754367649555206,
-0.0031880659516900778,
0.046404846012592316,
-0.03827296942472458,
0.0029422002844512463,
0.06544988602399826,
0.048766858875751495,
-0.010102243162691593,
-0.018677063286304474,
... |
has bad eyesight, or one side of the paper is slightly longer than the other. at any rate, the uncertainty in a measurement must be based on a careful consideration of all the factors that might contribute and their possible effects. | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
-0.010656405240297318,
-0.011710203252732754,
0.024112915620207787,
0.026242854073643684,
-0.0504460483789444,
0.00713376235216856,
0.03515072911977768,
-0.015898311510682106,
0.0004554730548989028,
0.0633210763335228,
0.03782222792506218,
-0.026394909247756004,
-0.0016372415702790022,
-0.... |
1. 3 • accuracy, precision, and significant figures 25 percent uncertainty one method of expressing uncertainty is as a percent of the measured value. if a measurement is expressed with uncertainty,, the percent uncertainty ( % unc ) is defined to be example 1. 2 calculating percent uncertainty : a bag of apples a groc... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.010673224925994873,
0.029335953295230865,
0.013988557271659374,
-0.013876786455512047,
-0.008417239412665367,
-0.010337162762880325,
0.06742099672555923,
-0.03178953006863594,
-0.0033399302046746016,
0.03849952667951584,
0.06587608903646469,
-0.05341954529285431,
-0.010844145901501179,
-... |
or chills? uncertainty is a critical piece of information, both in physics and in many other real - world applications. imagine you are caring for a sick child. you suspect the child has a fever, so you check their temperature with a thermometer. what if the uncertainty of the thermometer were? if the child ’ s tempera... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0242589320987463,
0.003515947610139847,
-0.01012310292571783,
0.03782211244106293,
-0.021689902991056442,
-0.017598360776901245,
0.03091704472899437,
-0.009006649255752563,
-0.0030656426679342985,
0.053018853068351746,
0.06746339052915573,
-0.07161518931388855,
0.013098419643938541,
-0.0... |
1. 9 26 1 • introduction : the nature of science and physics access for free at openstax. org or division is the sum of the percent uncertainties in the items used to make the calculation. for example, if a floor has a length of and a width of, with uncertainties of and, respectively, then the area of the floor is and ... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.0008680197643116117,
0.018456926569342613,
-0.012108488008379936,
-0.008728154934942722,
-0.027310948818922043,
0.002628322457894683,
0.03963140770792961,
0.009997392073273659,
-0.01763148047029972,
0.059921979904174805,
0.03589756414294243,
0.006974255666136742,
-0.010119013488292694,
-... |
11. 96 seconds this week. can we conclude that this week's time was faster? solution no, the uncertainty in the stopwatch is too great to effectively differentiate between the sprint times. precision of measuring tools and significant figures an important factor in the accuracy and precision of measurements involves th... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.04832889884710312,
0.01735319197177887,
0.01794222928583622,
-0.010943728499114513,
-0.011023007333278656,
0.02850361354649067,
0.02474205568432808,
-0.007933573797345161,
0.017866583541035652,
0.04339948296546936,
0.021127039566636086,
-0.019001513719558716,
-0.019974753260612488,
-0.01... |
##s when counting significant figures. the zeros in 0. 053 are not significant, because they are only placekeepers that locate the decimal point. there are two significant figures in 0. 053. the zeros in 10. 053 are not placekeepers but are significant — this number has five significant figures. the zeros in 1300 may o... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.04141350835561752,
0.01586286537349224,
0.020042605698108673,
-0.025964906439185143,
-0.02070940099656582,
-0.017493531107902527,
0.03469643369317055,
0.025159470736980438,
-0.0382743664085865,
0.05912582203745842,
0.03581513464450836,
0.00915654469281435,
-0.006850796286016703,
0.000432... |
1. 3 • accuracy, precision, and significant figures 27 ( d ) 5 ; the final zero indicates that a measurement was made to the 0. 001 decimal point, so it is significant ( e ) 4 ; any zeros located in between significant figures in a number are also significant significant figures in calculations when combining measureme... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.030849706381559372,
0.012163103558123112,
0.021351510658860207,
-0.05107685551047325,
-0.023018432781100273,
-0.017467446625232697,
0.04116087779402733,
0.014445774257183075,
-0.010521041229367256,
0.06745005398988724,
0.008452346548438072,
-0.0011323794024065137,
-0.032306868582963943,
... |
0. 01 kg. then you drop off 6. 052 - kg of potatoes at your laboratory as measured by a scale with precision 0. 001 kg. finally, you go home and add 13. 7 kg of potatoes as measured by a bathroom scale with precision 0. 1 kg. how many kilograms of potatoes do you now have, and how many significant figures are appropria... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.033911801874637604,
0.01176980510354042,
0.006090568844228983,
-0.01864440180361271,
-0.038731787353754044,
-0.0031234915368258953,
0.06377878040075302,
0.016430728137493134,
0.0030033793300390244,
0.03562518581748009,
0.0332525335252285,
-0.036683980375528336,
-0.011244900524616241,
-0.... |
what is the force on the wagon? ( the unit of force is called the newton, and it is expressed with the symbol n. ) 1. 10 1. 11 1. 12 28 1 • introduction : the nature of science and physics access for free at openstax. org solution ( a ) 37. 2 pounds ; because the number of bags is an exact value, it is not considered i... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.020003803074359894,
0.030972028151154518,
0.014253745786845684,
-0.0029893675819039345,
-0.025814827531576157,
0.030870361253619194,
0.045617006719112396,
-0.02798193134367466,
0.00812271237373352,
0.04946604371070862,
0.060358624905347824,
0.013056003488600254,
-0.0017593824304640293,
-... |
1. 4 approximation learning objectives by the end of this section, you will be able to : • make reasonable approximations based on given data. on many occasions, physicists, other scientists, and engineers need to make approximations or “ guesstimates ” for a particular quantity. what is the distance to a certain desti... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.02816447988152504,
0.00659027136862278,
0.015533768571913242,
-0.030231406912207603,
0.00006442909216275439,
0.02193315513432026,
-0.009990841150283813,
0.0023475862108170986,
0.0030388440936803818,
0.06318096816539764,
0.0919806957244873,
-0.0040710908360779285,
0.004034990910440683,
-0... |
10 cm across, how many hand lengths equal the width of your desk? what other measurements can you approximate besides length? 1. 13 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.03861415386199951,
-0.0007997580105438828,
0.00044650546624325216,
-0.0014951853081583977,
-0.007613734807819128,
-0.010292371734976768,
0.06926779448986053,
0.03811698779463768,
-0.017825014889240265,
0.04071592912077904,
0.05200371518731117,
0.015636606141924858,
-0.04704739898443222,
... |
1. 4 • approximation 29 example 1. 4 approximating vast numbers : a trillion dollars figure 1. 25 a bank stack contains one - hundred $ 100 bills, and is worth $ 10, 000. how many bank stacks make up a trillion dollars? ( credit : andrew magill ) the u. s. federal debt in 2021 was a little more than $ 28 trillion. most... | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.016756530851125717,
0.004880779888480902,
0.024775544181466103,
0.04961442947387695,
-0.015532081015408039,
-0.020645873621106148,
0.014947991818189621,
-0.015712467953562737,
0.012353391386568546,
0.07117888331413269,
0.09405478090047836,
-0.0048810518346726894,
0.021852022036910057,
0.... |
gives because we are working in inches, we need to convert square yards to square inches : this conversion gives us for the area of the field. ( note that we are using only one significant figure in these calculations. ) ( 4 ) calculate the total volume of the bills. the volume of all the - bill stacks is 1. 14 1. 15 | openstax_college_physics_2e-web_7zesafu | [
0.01554218027740717,
0.011925292201340199,
0.014781598001718521,
-0.00783004704862833,
-0.014967375434935093,
-0.005218631587922573,
0.03489918261766434,
-0.02037721313536167,
0.011260315775871277,
0.09303289651870728,
0.07839494198560715,
0.026976775377988815,
0.014178773388266563,
-0.002... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.