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Leaping forward nearly two thousand years to the Romantics, the nightingale takes on the enigmatic role of both a symbol of sorrow and joy. The perplexing shift may be explained by the fads of the literary period with the Romantics desiring to learn about human nature through the study of nature. They emerged in the ei...
34 Not surprisingly, Romantic poets Keats and Coleridge turn to the nightingale for answers. Both allude to Philomela and her song, but they redevelop the symbolism behind it. As will become clear, the nightingale loses Ovid's violent and sexual connotations in the male-dominated literary movement. Rather, the image re...
Since the Romantics depart from the ancient interpretation of the nightingale, it might be hard to believe Ovid's Metamorphoses influenced their entreaties of the bird. Brewer recognizes "Ovid was part of the Romantic and Victorian literary consciousness, but a small and conveniently detachable part. Coleridge and Keat...
Noting how he truly "feels nature," John Keats experiences a poetic connection with the nightingale in the midst of his own emotional turmoil. In "Ode to a Nightingale," he relies upon his senses other than sight to connect with the nightingale. He cannot see the bird of his envy, but rather he hears it and imagines 35...
Yet, there is an obvious transformation in the nightingale's symbolism as a result of his jealousy. He sets up a contradiction between the legacy of Ovid's nightingale and his own desires because he longs for the nightingale's happiness. Therein lays a contradiction, as Keats frequently read Ovid in Latin. He knew well...
Although it seems as though Keats recognizes, yet denies, the sorrow that afforded Philomela such an elegant song, he incorporates it into his inabilities, portraying his struggles as physically distressing. Keats begrudges his pain for "Here men sit and hear each other groan … where but to think is to be full of sorro...
By contrast, Coleridge departs altogether from the poetic connection of the nightingale to Philomela's emotional despair. While Keats recognizes the nightingale's heavy emotional burden, Coleridge embodies the true Romantic ideal of loving the purity of nature. In "The Nightingale," Coleridge too sits amongst nature, b...
Though Chaucer may have been familiar with Ovid, from him, the symbolism of the thorn splintered even further, developing a new branch of nightingale symbolism. By the time Oscar Wilde receives the image in "The Nightingale and the Rose," the bird had become a lover, being the "only bird that retains the old romantic s...
Using the nightingale as a case study of the historical development of poetry, shows that both the poet and the time period shape literature. This paper has studied the legacy of the songbird of generations, the nightingale throughout poetry. By analyzing her symbolic imagery and function as a poetic device, the key th...
With respect to geological topics, as in other branches of Vallisneri's research, a careful thought to the experimental practice was the dominant characteristic of his scientifĳic work. This was not by chance, since Antonio's approach to natural philosophy was deeply rooted in his academic formation. In 1682, when he b...
The fĳirst Earth sciences related notes in Vallisneri's documents date back to the last decade of the seventeenth century. In 1687, after he graduated, young Antonio returned in the Duchy of Modena and Reggio. There he served as general practitioner in Scandiano, Luzzara (since 1695) and Castelnuovo di sotto (since 169...
The earliest geological report is a concise note dated 24 February 1694, concerning a "fearful earthquake" that occurred in Mantua and Luzzara and that "was felt in all Europe" ("Towers fell, along with almost all the chimneys, and a lot of houses"). 4 It was his own homeland, anyway, that 1 gave Vallisneri a fertile b...
It has been discovered in our Monte Gesso a new sulphur vein, that once tested has resulted to be of a greater perfection than the commonly sold kind. The Most Serene Prince ordered to bring here a certain Mr. Raggi from Romagna, in order to work and to discover the mine, but nothing has been revealed yet. Vallisneri w...
I went to Burzano in a cave near to the castle, inside which the water is heard falling from above straight into it. Once lit the lamp, the water is seen to fall down by big gypsum stones, and in one of them some steps are still visible of an ancient staircase, that went right to the end of the cavern to take water, wh...
Bernardino Ramazzini, De fontium Mutinensium admiranda scaturigine tractatus physico-hydrostaticus (Mutinae: Typis Haeredum Suliani Impressorum Ducalium, 1691), pp. 9-20, 21-29. 10 Vallisneri, Quaderni di osservazioni, Vol. 1 (cit. note 2), pp. 34-35: "Mi portai a Burzano in una spelonca vicino al castello, dentro la q...
13 In Antonio's opinion, it well supported the theory outlined by Bernardino Ramazzini (1633-1714) in his treatise on the origin of the springs in Modena: this statement proves that Vallisneri, since the beginning of his scientifĳic activity, well knew the De fontium Mutinensium. The mentioned "cave near to the castle"...
14 The author's mention to the "traces of a smoked oven", therefore, could refer to the residual signs of the Eneolithic funeral rituals. These data are defĳinitely signifĳicant, as they confĳirm that the fĳirst cave explorations (along with the fĳirst analytical descriptions) in this part of Italy were performed in hi...
The fĳirst excavations in the Tana della Mussina were carried out in 1872 by Abbot Gaetano Chierici (1819-1886). In this cave were found many stone tools and animal bones, along with the human remains of 18 individuals, some with combustion marks on them. In conformity with the most reliable theory, the cavern was used...
The last two considerable emissions happened in 1915 (this one lasted for 15 days) and in 1932. Anyway, it seems that at the end of the eighteenth century violent eruptions still occurred. These phenomena were accompanied by the size enlargement of craters and by vertical fĳissures in the ground. In one of the most vio...
Once more, in this study the observed phenomenon is not disconnected from its natural context. As for this case, a link was detected between the point where the springs "of crystal clear water" arose and the position of the boiling craters. 20 The careful annotation of the villagers' testimony is not a marginal additio...
The author often insisted on this point in his later works. He did not despise the use of the "popular" "rough, natural philosophy" as a sort of 19 Vallisneri, Quaderni di osservazioni, Vol. 1 (cit. note 2), pp. 40-41: "Fui a vedere la salsa di Querzola. Questa in due lochi bolliva, come pentola al foco, e di quando in...
rhetorical weapon against those "renowned philosophers" who "only look after speculations, sitting on a bench", 21 in a provocative attempt to show the efffĳicacy of the experimental method against its detractors (and their use of the principle of authority). On the other side of the coin, in many cases Vallisneri did ...
In the Quaderni there is almost no trace of rhetorical or polemical expressions. In Vallisneri's intention, these manuscripts were intended to be the "laboratory papers" from which he could take material for future publications. 24 Despite the heterogeneous disciplines that are covered in these documents, there is no c...
The petrifĳied coal, without those particles of stone that are seen in it, sinks immediately, unlike the unpetrifĳied one. Fossil coal. It derives from the build-up and sedimentation of organic matter (almost exclusively from plants) in an anoxic environment. The increase in thickness of the organic layers leads to a g...
The most favorable environment for the genesis of coal seams is the lagoon, both coastal or in a river delta. The Po Plain was originally a lagoon that evolved in a wetland; however, since this zone is still geologically young, exploitable coal reserves have not formed yet. The "petrifĳied coal" found and analyzed by V...
The ordinary coal, when it is burned once more, in dying is burnt to ashes inside, but our coal is not burnt to ashes, except on the surface; it remains coal inside. The former and the latter are similar, that is light. Etc. Cook in water the above mentioned coals, and also see if there is something floating at the top...
As it frequently happens in science history, the greatest value of this document does not reside in the scientifĳic conclusion outlined by the author after having reported the experiment, but in the experiment itself. In this emblematic case, the extreme accuracy of the account makes possible to study in a very detaile...
Gettati in aqua pezzetti del carbone sudetto impietrito rosseggianti di foco, ed accesi stettero alquanto a galla, poi piomborono al fondo. Il simile fece il carbone commune, e andò anch'egli al fondo. Lasciati rafffreddare altri pezzetti stettero sempre a galla, come fa il carbone ordinario. L'odore del carbone impiet...
As it happened to many other reports contained in the Quaderni, even this last note was eventually published. Antonio inserted it in an heterogenous article entitled Estratto di notizie sopra la famosa Erba Fumana, 39 in the third volume of the journal "La Galleria di Minerva". The Estratto began with a botanical topic...
The Estratto was addressed to Diacinto Cestoni (1637 Cestoni ( -1718, an apothecary from Leghorn. This peculiar character, who kept an assiduous correspondence 46 with Vallisneri until his death, seemed to embody the superiority claim of experimentalism over speculative philosophy. Despite the lack of academic training...
Anyway, many pieces of information contained in some previous manuscript notes and published works 50 make clear that since the last decade of the seventeenth century he was deeply interested in the study of springs. The dominant theory in those years found its roots in the Cartesian assumption of alembics: it consider...
Immediately Vallisneri wrote to "Mr Cestoni in Leghorn", so that his friend could repeat the same test. Cestoni threw into the sea a vase made of "a raw sort of clay" that he tied to a lace. He opened it after fĳifteen days, and found salt water inside. 57 The two autonomous experiments proved the theory of alembics wr...
The "pottery test" was extremely efffective in its simplicity. The result of this experiment became a central feature of the Lezione Accademica, along with the many other pieces of information collected by the author during his journeys in the Apennines. 59 Nevertheless, as expected, the bare facts alone would not have...
Among half a dozen pieces on particle physics are lucid explications of, for instance, the Higgs boson, Hilbert space and the Large Hadron Collider. Weinberg has a knack for capturing a complex concept in a succinct, unforgettable image. He compares quantum superposition, in which a particle has two states at once, to ...
The ancient Greek philosopher Democritus didn't make observations, so, although he correctly proposed that matter is made of atoms, Weinberg argues that he "was wrong about how to learn about the world". Yet Democritus is of supreme importance for the understanding of science history (as Weinberg admits) because he ins...
Weinberg is at his most interesting when probing the big uncertainties in physics. Ultimately, he is not sure, for instance, that he knows what an 'elementary particle' actually is, or how best to interpret quantum mechanics. These moments reveal Weinberg's considerable integrity, where -as one of the smartest and most...
The articles on public and personal matters -Weinberg's thoughts about taxes, his disappointment with former US President Barack Obama for failing to confront economic disparities more directly, and educators who are honoured with burial in Texas State Cemetery -are less interesting. Yet here, as elsewhere, he is cleve...
We also claim that the arguments which Conee offers to show that abortion is not harmful even if ensoulment occurs at fertilization cannot be extended to the hylomorphic account. While a person conceived on the dualist model may thrive when his soul is unencumbered by the flesh, this is not true of a person on the hylo...
P2 If the "all or nothing" proposition is true, each person begins existence as a fertilized human egg. What is important to notice is that Conee is considering only a Cartesian account of the soul. If he had considered a hylomorphic account, such as that of Aquinas, he wouldn't be able to claim that the soul could exi...
Since the "perfect precedes the imperfect" in the order of nature, Aquinas finds it unreasonable that the form of the human being or any other form should begin its existence in an imperfect, deprived state: hence, the human form begins to exist in its natural state of configuring matter, and when separated from matter...
And since monozygotic twinning is the result of the division of a single fertilized egg into two genetically identical embryos which develop into two human beings, it does not seem credible that the original entity is a human being. What is argued, then, is that from fertilization to at some point when twinning, either...
A consequence of this succession of souls is that if people couldn't exist without a rational soul, then none of us was ever an early embryo. However, there are certain reasons to believe that there is only a single soul and it comes into existence at fertilization. Our reason for this is that the impetus for positing ...
A further consideration is that if the rational soul came later than fertilization, it would come much later than Thomists maintain, since there is no evidence of rationality in the advanced fetus or even newborn. Surely Thomists don't want to posit that babies are not ensouled. But they can only avoid this conclusion ...
The forms of those hylomorphic composites which are plants, animals and humans are what Aquinas refers to as "substantial forms". These forms are actual; when they are present they are fully so, yet in order to manifest its capacities a form actualizes the potential matter with which it is united. The matter which the ...
Aquinas also claims that each species has its own form, and that there is a difference between the form, or soul, of the human being and the forms, or souls, of sub-human animals and plants. The souls of animals and plants cannot come to exist apart from the matter, nor do they originate via supernatural intervention. ...
Aquinas' terms, "transcend the matter"-these souls are said to originate with the "natural powers of the generator", as opposed to the supernatural intervention of God. There is not a lack of material explanation for the functions of these beings; hence, the forms of these beings cannot "exist apart from the body, nor ...
The rational soul of the human being, however is an exception. It is a "subsistent substance wherefore its being does not consist solely in its union with the body"; although it originates in union with it matter, it can exist on its own without the body, albeit in an imperfect state. 13 The rational soul's independenc...
The contemporary Thomist's approach to embryology is typically to suggest a succession of souls during, roughly, the first couple of weeks after fertilization, for it is during this time frame that human and non-human embryos are said to have the capacity to divide into two or more new embryos through either induced or...
Further data on monozygotic twinning is also consistent with the hylomorphic conception of ensoulment at fertilization: in some cases of twinning, the fissioning of the original entity is incomplete, resulting in conjoined twins. These twins are always genetically identical, the result of a single fertilized egg which ...
Even if Conee were forced to admit that certain metaphysical views favored early existence more than others, he wouldn't grant any moral significance to this. Conee considers the possibility that adding more metaphysical assumptions to a Nonreductionist account of the self will provide more support for a particular mor...
Conee claims that even if we assume that the fetus has the added capabilities of sentience and rationality, this leaves unanswered the morally vital question: "What does the abortion of a fetus do to the soul that is associated with it?" He considers two possibilities in which abortion would appear to do no harm to us ...
And even if it weren't necessary but would still occur as promised, it would seem to offer a benefit that disembodied existence does not. Why would resurrection be promised if we could flourish without a body, unimpaired by our body as Conee writes? It would mean that the human being would not even experience any (nons...
Conee's argument that metaphysics doesn't constrain the abortion debate is further weakened by other theological-metaphysical principles. While a soul doesn't necessarily commit one to a theological view of its origins, such beliefs have been historically paired. They certainly are in Augustine and Descartes, and the l...
If Conee or his supporters respond that God allows spontaneous abortions (miscarriages), our reply is that this is the result of the broken world in which form doesn't always master matter. We could reasonably say that is an act of God since He made and sustains the objects in the world and their causal powers. But tha...
A hylomorphic metaphysics is not only compatible with the findings of modern embryology, it may also provide the best explanation of phenomena which occur in embryology, and may therefore, contra Conee's claim, be not easily replaceable by alternative metaphysical theories. Aquinas' teleological metaphysics accounts fo...
And a hylomorphic account weakens Conee's attack on ensoulment theories being uncommitted to when we began to exist. We have shown that there is reason for believing that we were each once zygotes and no reason to deny this on the grounds that twinning might occur. We have also postulated that it is the form which brin...
What we have presented is an account of ensoulment at fertilization which differs significantly from the Cartesian account which Conee concentrates upon. He concludes from "the cases that (he) has examined that metaphysics doesn't so much as alter the balance of reasons" 20 and "that the metaphysical facts are epistemi...
Pauling came to the California Institute of Technology as a graduate student in 1922 and remained there for more than 40 years. He chose Caltech because he could obtain a doctorate there in three years (Harvard required six) and because Noyes offered him a modest stipend as part-time instructor. It was a fortunate choi...
Pauling's doctoral work was on the determination of crystal structures by X-ray diffraction analysis, under the direction of Roscoe Gilkey Dickinson (1894 Dickinson ( -1945, who had obtained his Ph.D. only two years earlier (he was the first person to receive a Ph.D. from Caltech). By a happy chance, Ralph W.G. Wyckoff...
They arrived in April 1926, just as the Bohr-Sommerfeld model was being displaced by the 'new' quantum mechanics. It was an exciting time, and Pauling knew he was lucky to be there at one of the centres. He concentrated on learning as much as he could about the new theoretical physics at Sommerfeld's institute. Pauling...
The year in Europe was to have a decisive influence on Pauling's scientific development. In addition to Munich, he visited Copenhagen in the spring of 1927 and then spent the summer in Zurich. In Copenhagen it was not Bohr but Samuei A. Goudsmit (1902 -1978 who influenced Pauling (they later collaborated in writing The...
In 1927 Pauling returned to Caltech as Assistant Professor of Theoretical Chemistry. The next 12 years produced the remarkable series of papers that established Pauling's worldwide reputation. His abilities were quickly recognized through promotions (Associate Professor, 1929; Full Professor, 1931), through awards (Lan...
Pauling's way was first to establish a solid and extensive collection of data. By means of X-ray crystallography, gas-phase electron diffraction (installed after Pauling's 1930 visit to Europe, where he learned about Hermann Mark's pioneering studies), infrared, Raman, and ultraviolet spectroscopy, interatomic distance...
Once the structures of simple inorganic crystals began to be established, it was soon seen that the observed interatomic distances were consistent with approximate additivity of characteristic radii associated with the various cations and anions. Among the several sets that have been proposed, Pauling's are not merely ...
Whereas simple ionic substances, such as the alkali halides, are limited in the types of crystal structure they can adopt, the possibilities open to more complex substances, such as mica, KAl3Si3O 10(OH)2, may appear to be immense. Pauling (7) formulated a set of rules about the stability of such structures, which prov...
In 1927 0. Burrau solved the Schrodinger equation for the hydrogen molecule ion H2+ in elliptic coordinates and obtained values for the interatomic distance and bonding energy in good agreement with experiment. Burrau's wave function fails, however, to yield much physical insight into the stability of the system. Soon ...
A few months earlier, Heitler and London had published their calculation for the hydrogen molecule. This was too complicated for an exact solution, and their method also rested on a perturbation model, a combination of atomic wave functions in which the two electrons, with opposite spins, change places. More generally,...
Much has been made of Pauling's preference for valence bond (VB) theory over molecular orbital (MO) theory. The latter, as developed by Fritz Hund (1896-), Erich Hiickel (1896 -1980, For.Mem.R.S. 1977 and Robert S. Mulliken (1896 -1986, For.Mem.R.S. 1967, works in terms of orbitals extended over the entire molecule, or...
Pauling was fully acquainted with early MO theory, there is at least one important paper (11) on the theory of aromatic substitution. But he clearly preferred his own simplified versions of VB theory and soon became a master of combining them with the empirical facts of chemistry. A remarkable series of papers entitled...
Only the first of these truly originates from him. In the first paper of the series, Pauling took up the idea of spatially directed bonds. By a generalization of the Heitler-London model for hydrogen, a normal chemical bond can be associated with the spin pairing of two electrons, one from each of the two atoms. While ...
In attempting to explain the quantum-mechanical exchange phenomenon responsible for the stability of the chemical bond, Heitler and London had used a classical analogy originally due to Heisenberg. In quantum mechanics, a frequency v = E/h can be associated with every system with energy E. Two non-interacting hydrogen ...
Pauling first used the term resonance more or less as a synonym for electron exchange, in the H eitler-London sense, but he went on to think of the actual molecule as'resonating' between two or more valence-bond structures, and hence lowering its energy below the most stable of these. Thus, by resonating between two Ke...
In the middle years of the century, resonance theory was taken up with enthusiasm by teachers and students; it seemed to be the key to understanding chemistry. Since then, its appeal has declined. It has now a slightly old-fashioned connotation. Certainly, it had some failures. Resonance theory would lead one to expect...
Electronegativity, the third concept associated with Pauling's name, is still going strong. It emerged from his concept of partially ionic bonds. The energy of a bond can be considered as the sum of two contributions: a covalent part and an ionic part. 4 is the most electronegative element, caesium with x = 0.7 the lea...
Like so many others, I first encountered Pauling through this book, which I discovered some time in my second year as an undergraduate at Glasgow University. It came as a revelation. Setting out to offer an introduction to modem stmctural chemistry, it explained how the stmctures and energies of molecules could be disc...
Like many of his comments it seems so obvious, almost a truism, but it was not obvious then. Essentially the same idea had been expressed in (13) The detailed mechanism by means of which a gene or a virus molecule produces replicas of itself is not yet known. In general the use of a gene or a virus as a template would ...
Both of these prescient statements depend on the concept of complementarity, which arose out of Pauling's early work on proteins and antibodies. This started because, in the search for funding during the depression, Pauling obtained a grant from Warren Weaver, Director of the Rockefeller Foundation Natural Science Divi...
By this time, Pauling was thinking about antibodies. In 1936 he had met Karl Landsteiner (1868-1943, For.Mem.R.S. 1941), discoverer of the human blood groups and instrumental in establishing immunology as a branch of science. According to Pauling (31), Landsteiner asked him how he would explain the specificity of inter...
The correct part was that the specificity of antibodies for a particular antigen is based on complementarity. 'Atoms and groups which form the surface of the antigen attract certain complementary parts of the globulin chain and repel other parts'. The wrong part was his assumption 'that all antibody molecules contain t...
In 1941 Pauling's intense work schedule was temporarily stemmed when he was diagnosed as having Bright's disease, regarded then by many doctors as incurable. Under the treatment of Dr Thomas Addis, he slowly recovered. Addis, a controversial figure, put Pauling on a lowprotein, salt-free diet, which was effective in he...
By the end of the war, Pauling felt well enough to travel abroad again. In late 1947 he came as Eastman Visiting Professor with his family to England, where he gave lectures to packed out audiences in Oxford and elsewhere, received medals and suffered from the climate. In 1948, confined to bed with a cold, he began thi...
It was taken up again after his return to Pasadena, with the help of Corey and of a young visiting professor, Herman Branson, who checked details of the model and searched for alternatives, but without coming up with anything really new. Then came a paper from the Cavendish Laboratory by Bragg, Kendrew and Perutz (1950...
Pauling's next essay in model building was not so successful. In the summer of 1952 he learnt about the Hershey-Chase experiment proving that genetic information was carried not by protein but by DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, a polynucleotide. Pauling felt it should be possible to decipher the structure of this substance...
Much has been written about this spectacular failure. Why was his model-building approach so successful with the polypeptides and so unsuccessful (in his hands) with DNA? First, the time factor: Pauling had thought about polypeptide structures for more than a decade before he risked publishing his conclusions; he thoug...
Pauling's standing as a founder of molecular biology rests partly on his identification of sickle-cell anemia, a hereditary disease, as a molecular disease, the first to be recognized as such. The red blood cells in the venous systems of sufferers adopt sickle shapes which tend to block small blood vessels, causing dis...
A decade later, the further study of mutations in haemoglobin led to yet another fundamental contribution to molecular biology: the concept of the'molecular clock' in evolution (28). By this time, amino acid sequencing of proteins had become standard. Haemoglobins obtained from humans, gorillas, horses and other animal...
By 1954, when Pauling was awarded the Nobel Prize in Chemistry for his'research into the nature of the chemical bond and its application to the elucidation of the structure of complex substances', not only was he famous as a scientist, he also was a well known public figure, at least in the U.S.A. Although he was not c...
Almost immediately after August 1945 Pauling became concerned with the implications of the atomic age for international relations and with the necessity for controls. His lectures and writings on this subject soon attracted the attention of the F.B.I. and other government agencies. Far from being intimidated by these a...
In the McCarthy era, and especially during the Korean War, this was enough to make him suspect as a security risk. Pauling was invited to lecture at a Royal Society meeting on protein structure, held in London in May 1952. In February, his application for a passport was refused because his proposed travel 'would not be...
In March 1954, following the Bikini Atoll explosion of a 'dirty' thermonuclear superbomb, Pauling was in the news again when he began to call attention to the worldwide danger of radioactive fallout in the atmosphere. In the summer, his renewed application for a passport was again turned down, but in November, when his...
In the U.S.A. too, the public was becoming increasingly concerned about radioactive fallout, not only from American tests but also from ever more powerful Soviet nuclear explosions. Increasing levels of strontium-90 and carbon-14 made newspaper headlines. Pauling claimed that the increased level of radioactive isotopes...
In January 1958 Pauling, together with his wife, was instrumental in collecting thousands of signatures from scientists all over the world for a petition to end nuclear bomb testing, which was presented to Dag Hammerskjoold, Secretary General of the United Nations. A few months later, the Soviet Union called for an imm...
In 1960 the Senate Internal Security Subcommittee (S.I.S.S.) headed by Senator Thomas Dodd issued a subpoena to Pauling to answer questions about Communist infiltration of the campaign against nuclear testing. At Pauling's request, the hearings were open and they soon turned into a public relations fiasco for Dodd and ...
In 1961 there was a new petition, an 'Appeal to stop the spread of nuclear weapons', again presented to the United Nations, and he also helped to organize the Oslo Conference on the dangers raised by the proliferation of nuclear weapons. But in September there was a new spate of Soviet tests of even more powerful bombs...
By now, especially in the aftermath of the Chernobyl disaster, the cultural climate has changed so much that this short account of atom politics until 1963 must strike younger readers as almost inconceivable. In the summer of 1995, when France exploded some 'nuclear devices' several hundred metres underground below a r...
A few days after the news of the Peace Prize, Pauling announced that he was leaving Caltech to become a member of the Center for the Study of Democratic Institutions in Santa Barbara. He was disappointed with the lukewarm reaction of the administration and some of his colleagues. Perhaps he had intended to move anyway....
The next few years were not the happiest in Pauling's life. Not only did he sever his connection with Caltech, he resigned from the American Chemical Society as well. The move to Santa Barbara was not a success. He turned to theoretical physics, but his close-packed spheron theory of the atomic nucleus met with little ...
One consolation was that, after passing his 65th birthday, Pauling's health took a sudden turn for the better. Thanks to Dr Addis's unconventional low-protein diet, he had recovered well from the kidney disease that had laid him low in his forties, but he had always suffered from severe colds several times a year. In 1...
In his 1970 book Vitamin C and the common cold (29), Pauling gave evolutionary arguments why much larger amounts of vitamin C than the RDA may be conducive to optimal health, he cited studies that supported its efficacy in preventing colds or at least in lessening their severity, he criticized studies that claimed the ...
One result of the book was a collaboration with a Scottish surgeon, Ewan Cameron, from Vale of Leven, who had observed beneficial effects of high doses of vitamin C in treating terminal cancer patients. Cameron thought that vitamin C might be involved in strengthening the intracellular mucopolysaccharide hyaluronic aci...

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