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One of the major innovations of this generation Pascal is his process of manufacturing FinFet 16-nanometers, currently the manufacturing process is more advanced in a graphics card and for the first time the memory usage GDDR5X are two of the recent developments discussed during their presentation.
GeForce GTX 1080
now is the most powerful model of Nvidia in the absence of the launch of the possible GeForce GTX 1080 Ti and a new Titan. This new GTX 1080 exceeds in performance to two GTX 980 -SLI configuration – and the all-powerful Titan X. All of this costing a lot less, since the market price will be $599, it is obviously not cheap but content given the specifications.
For this performance, Nvidia has worked hard also on the efficiency, since it is able to work in clock frequencies of 1.7 GHz, with a consumption of 180 W, in addition to that, thanks to the addition of the memory GDDR5X, you get a bandwidth of up to 10 Gbps in its 8 GB dedicated on a bus of 256 bit. All this makes the sum a calculation processing of 9 TFLOPS. Will be available from the may 27 at a price of $599 and $699 for the version “Founders Edition” Nvidia has not commented.
GeForce GTX 1070
Possibly the GTX 1070 to become the model for the next generation sold, since that will provide a very good performance with a price a lot more content his older sister the GTX 1080. In addition, the CEO of Nvidia has confirmed that the GTX 1070 also outperforms the Titan X, without a doubt, a surprise for a card that start with a price of $379. It will also have a dedicated memory of 8 GB, but this time it has opted for GDDR5, the current solution of the vast majority of graphics market.
On this card, Nvidia has not given too much information, as you will see in the comparative table, have only commented that they will have a power calculation of 6.5 TFLOPS, although it is unknown the number of CUDA cores or their consumption. As in the GTX 1080 will be a version “Founders Edition” for $449 and will be available for purchase starting may 10.
¿What you seem to be the new Nvidia graphics?
Source | Anandtech
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Born in Auburn Alabama in 1958, Claude Brunson was raised in a town with a long history of racial segregation in public accommodations and education. Recalling his grandmother’s history, he notes that during her adolescence, blacks were not allowed to attend medical school in the state. Yet on August 17, 2013, Dr. Claude Brunson became the first African-American President–elect of the Mississippi State Medical Association, which means he is slated to become president of the Association one year from that date.
Brunson graduated from Auburn High School and spent one year at Auburn University (1976-1977). He joined the United States Navy, where he became a hospital corpsman. The Navy gave him the opportunity to spend four years doing health-associated work, including performing medical inspections. Brunson credits his naval experience with inspiring him to pursue a career in medicine. Prior to his enlistment, he had never met an African American physician.
Brunson left the navy in 1981 and returned home to complete a pre-medicine degree, as well as a master’s degree from the University of Alabama at Tuscaloosa. Upon completion of medical school at the University of Alabama at Birmingham in 1987, Brunson satisfied an internal medicine internship at the Baptist Medical Center in Birmingham. During his residency at the University of Alabama Medical Center in Birmingham, Brunson operated as its chief resident.
In 1991, Brunson moved to Jackson, Mississippi to become a member of the University of Mississippi Medical Center (UMMC) faculty. He remains on that faculty at that institution. He also currently serves as a professor of anesthesiology at UMMC and is the institution’s senior advisor to the vice chancellor for external affairs. Brunson is the state director of the Mississippi Society of Anesthesiologists and an advisor to the U.S. Food and Drug Administration.
Brunson was the first African American chief of staff at the University of Mississippi Medical Center in Jackson. Previously, he held the presidency of the Mississippi Medical and Surgical Association.
In 2012, Brunson was a recipient of the Martha Myers Role Model Award, an award given to University of Alabama Medical School alumni as an inspiration to current scholars.
Currently, Brunson is obtaining his Ph.D. in health services research and health systems administration. On August 1, 2014 Dr. Claude Brunson will make history becoming the first African American president of the 4,600 member Mississippi Medical Association.
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Computer Operator job summary
A great job description starts with a compelling summary of the position and its role within your company. Your summary should provide an overview of your company and expectations for the position. Outline the types of activities and responsibilities required for the job so jobseekers can determine if they are qualified, or if the job is a good fit.
Example of a Computer Operator job summary
Our company is in need of a talented and focused Computer Operator to monitor and control our computer systems. Since we’re currently expanding, we need a strong candidate who is excited about the opportunity to manage and improve the performance of an increasingly large network. Applicants should be ready to quickly troubleshoot hardware and software problems. The ideal candidate will possess the ability to analyse system problems from a variety of angles in order to find the root cause and fix it quickly. The Computer Operator should also possess great verbal and written communication skills and the willingness to learn everything about our computer system.
Computer Operator responsibilities and duties
The responsibilities and duties section is the most important part of the job description. Here you should outline the functions this position will perform on a regular basis, how the job functions within the organization and who the employee reports to.
- Handle maintenance and operation of our computer systems
- Set controls on computers and other devices, respond accordingly when errors occur and maintain records of job runs
- Analyse common issues and take steps to reduce or eliminate them, and collaborate with other IT personnel and seek help from supervisors to develop relevant solutions
- Perform preventative maintenance on hardware and software, troubleshoot malfunctions and call for repairs as needed
- Maintain equipment inventories and order supplies and hardware accordingly
- Ensure the security and privacy of the system for our clients
Computer Operator qualifications and skills
Next, outline the required and preferred skills for your position. This may include education, previous job experience, certifications and technical skills. You may also include soft skills and personality traits that you envision for a successful employee. While it may be tempting to include a long list of skills and requirements, including too many could dissuade qualified candidates from applying. Keep your list of qualifications concise, but provide enough detail with relevant keywords and terms.
- At least two years of experience as a Computer Operator or related role
- HNC or higher in computer science or related field
- Excellent problem solving skills
- The capability to work well in high-pressure situations
- Great written and verbal communication ability
- The willingness to learn the technical skills needed to manage our computer system, including use of network monitoring software and database software
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://uk.indeed.com/hire/job-description/computer-operator?hl=en&co=GB
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3M Commercial Graphics embraces the principles of sustainable development. Today, we’re building on more than 70 years of practices that support economic, social, and environmental sustainability. Our vision is simple: We want to help meet the needs of society today while respecting the ability of future generations to meet their needs.
For additional information on how 3M as a whole embraces the principles of sustainable development, our efforts are discussed in depth in the 3M Sustainability Report . In addition, 3M has created a Brochure on Sustainability.
Our new 3M™ Envision™ Films offer leading-edge technology, best-in-class performance with a sustainability edge. In addition to the 3M Envision Films, Commercial Graphics also has created a Products with environmental advantages brochure to showcase our products with environmental attributes.
3M has been setting environmental goals since 1990. These goals have helped 3M dramatically reduce its environmental footprint. In 2010, 3M developed its first set of Sustainability Goals. The new 2015 sustainability goals go beyond the environment and now include social responsibility and economic objectives.
We are committed to improving our environmental footprint. From 2005 to 2011, our manufacturing location in Nevada, Missouri has improved its energy efficiency by more than 15% in the production of finished materials and reduced Volatile Organic Compound (VOC) emissions by over 10% per unit of finished material. Since 2005, 3M Nevada has more than doubled the amount of material that is externally reused or recycled which led to, in 2011, reuse and recycling programs preventing over 35% of all waste produced from being disposed of by landfill, incineration, or waste-to-energy facilities. Our manufacturing location in Hilden, Germany is a zero waste-to-landfill facility that has improved its energy efficiency by more than 10% since 2010.1
Additionally, 3M Commercial Graphics' manufacturing facilities are ISO 14001 certified.
3M Neveda IS0 14001:2004 Environmental Management System
3M Hilden IS0 14001:2004 Environmental Management System
3M introduced the Pollution Prevention Pays initiative – better known as 3P – in 1975. 3P prevents pollution at the source, in products and manufacturing. To date, 3P has resulted in the elimination of more than 3 billion pounds of pollution and saved us nearly $1.4 billion. 3M's Commercial Graphics maintains several 3P programs at our 3M Facility aimed at reducing air emissions, solid wastes, recycling, and energy reduction. In 2012, 3P programs at 3M Nevada prevented over 700 tons of waste from being produced and over 4,000 tons of GHGs from being emitted.
3M continuously works towards the highest standards of environment, health and safety goals.
Product EHS & Regulatory Information
Additional Compliance Requests
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https://www.3m.co.uk/3M/en_GB/graphics-and-signage-uk/resources/Sustainability/
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As a minimum, frequently touched surfaces should be wiped down twice a day, and one of these should be at the beginning or the end of the working day.
To help remind everyone of the importance of sanitising and to assist your workplace, we have created a ‘FREE TO DOWNLOAD’ sanitising poster for you to print and display around your business premises and sanitising stations.
Microbe Shield is colourless, non-leaching and safe to use in both the office and industrial settings – it is long-lasting anti-microbial permanently bonds to surfaces on which it is applied.
Reduce the risk of infection by bacteria and harmful germs by washing your hands for at least 20 seconds. Download our FREE handwashing poster to display within your washrooms.
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They are important because the fourth one states that people should be protected within their home unless a warrant is provided before searching inside. The fifth one states citizens/people have the right to criminal cases, which means they can't be taken away from their private property or public use. For the sixth one, it states that you have the right to a fair trial. which means they can have can hire a lawyer or a defendant. For the seventh one, it states that you have a right in Civil cases. The rest of them is attached to that document.
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https://www.question-hub.com/50331/why-amendment-4-5-6-7-8-9-10-important.html
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With a can of beer, Doctors have healed in Vietnam, a 48-year-old man of severe alcohol intoxication. The physicians of the hospital of Quang Tri, in the homonymous province, implanted in your patients, and after 15 doses of the barley juice, such as the state-controlled press of the South East Asian country reported. With success: The man who had taken a large amount of Methanol, probably due to adulterated liquor, could, according to a report in the daily newspaper “Tuoi Tre”, the clinic in accordance with the 15. Beer.
In less-developed countries, it often happens that people fall ill after the consumption of cheap adulterated booze that contains Methanol, heavy or even die. Methanol is formed when the Distillation of alcohol is not properly worked. When the liver tries to detoxify the body from alcohol, is converted to the Methanol to formaldehyde and formic acid. This can cause damage to the nerve cells, blindness and even death.
In the case of their unusual treatment, the Doctors made use of in Vietnam a Trick to prevent the conversion of methanol: working on the liver, otherwise, by aligning the patient with Ethanol, so “normal” alcohol, in the Form of beer administered. Per hour he got to and to a can. The dangerous Methanol is then excreted through the breath and the urine. If this is successful, remains to be a severe hangover.
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<urn:uuid:e3f8aeff-02b1-482f-9ca9-91223c57ba37>
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http://www.wirenewsfax.com/emergency-in-vietnam-doctors-treat-alcohol-poisoning-with-beer-cans
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1. Google Shopping Ads
Google Shopping ads can help your online store succeed in 2021. Shopping ads are data-rich listings of products sold by businesses. They consist of a title, a description, the price of the product, the name of the business that’s selling the product, an image, and customer reviews. Google displays Shopping ads within its search results pages and its “Shopping” tab.
In 2020, Google announced that it would no longer require businesses to pay for Shopping ads. It still offers paid Shopping ads, but Google now offers free Shopping ads as well. You can create free Shopping ads by linking your Google Ads account to your Merchant Centre account. To learn more about free Shopping ads, visit support.google.com/merchants/answer/9838672?hl=en. Whether they drive 10 or 1,000 new sales to your online store, you won’t incur advertising costs with free Shopping ads.
2. Dynamic Pricing
Another e-commerce trend to embrace in 2021 is dynamic pricing. It’s not uncommon for online stores to change the prices of their products. If a competitor lowers the price of a product, an online store selling the same product may follow suit. Alternatively, if an online store experiences strong demand for a particular product, it may raise the price of that product.
Rather than manually changing your online store’s prices, however, you can use dynamic pricing. Dynamic pricing is powered by software that automatically adjusts product prices in real-time based on factors such as supply, demand, competition. A report published by Econsultancy indicates that dynamic pricing increases profit margins for online stores by an average of 10 percent.
Most consumers today want a personalized experience when shopping for products online. They don’t want to see the same products and content as everyone else. Rather, consumers want online stores to present them with personalized products and content.
According to Instapage, nearly six in 10 consumers say personalization has a positive impact on their purchasing decisions. Personalization involves matching products and content to your online store’s individual consumers. You can show product recommendations, for instance, based on consumers’ past purchases and search history. You can also send them personalized emails addressing consumers by their first name.
If your online store doesn’t already have one, you should give it a chatbot. Chatbots is an intelligent software application that simulates conversations with consumers. They typically appear in pop-up boxes. If a consumer needs help, he or she can seek it from a chatbot. The consumer can type his or her question in the pop-up box, after which the chatbot will respond in the same pop-up box.
A chatbot won’t eliminate the need for human support. Nonetheless, they offer a form of automated support by immediately addressing many consumers’ questions. Maybe a consumer wants to know about your online store’s return policy, or perhaps a consumer wants to know if your online store has a particular product in stock. A chatbot can answer these and other common questions.
5. Cryptocurrency Accepted
An increasing number of online stores now accept cryptocurrency. Bitcoin, for instance, is now accepted by several major online brands, including Overstock, New-egg, and Tiger-direct. Even smaller online brands have jumped on board the cryptocurrency bandwagon by allowing customers to pay with Bitcoin
You should still accept traditional methods of payment, but don’t ignore the power of cryptocurrency. When compared to credit card payments, cryptocurrency payments have lower transaction fees. At the same time, cryptocurrency payments don’t carry the risk of charge-backs. When a customer pays using cryptocurrency, he or she won’t be able to reverse the transaction by initiating a chargeback.
6. Voice Shopping
Many consumers now search for products online using their voice. Voice shopping involves the use of a voice-controlled virtual assistant, such as Google Assistant or Amazon Alexa, to search the internet for products.
Virtual assistants come standard in all smart speakers and most smartphones. Using their device’s virtual assistant, consumers can easily research and compare products online before purchasing them. Optimizing your online store for voice shopping will help you connect these consumers and capture them as customers
7. Omnichannel Marketing
Omnichannel marketing is a blazing-hot e-commerce trend. Online stores use it to improve their customer service and, thus, encourage loyalty. According to MacKenzie Corporation, businesses with strong omnichannel marketing have an average customer retention rate of 89 percent, compared to just 33 percent for those with a weak strategy.
Omnichannel marketing involves the use of multiple channels to engage consumers in an integrated manner. You can use push notifications, for instance, to engage consumers on mobile devices, and you can use Facebook Ads to engage them on social media. With omnichannel marketing, consumers can seamlessly interact with your online store through multiple channels.
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The HEPD-02 trigger and PMT readout system for the CSES-02 mission
July 30, 2021
March 18, 2022
This contribution describes the Trigger board of the High-Energy Particle Detector, which will be placed onboard the second China Seismo-Electromagnetic Satellite for CSES-Limadou mission.
This mission will monitor variations in ionospheric parameters that are supposed to be related to earthquakes.
The first satellite is already in orbit and the second one will be launched in 2023.
The HEPD detector will be composed by a tracker made of CMOS sensors (ALPIDE sensors),
followed by two segmented planes of plastic scintillators used for trigger signals generation.
The actual calorimeter will be composed by twelve planes of plastic scintillator and two segmented
planes of an inorganic scintillator called LYSO.
The calorimeter is surrounded by five scintillator planes used as a veto system.
All the scintillators are coupled with PMTs, whose signals are acquired and digitized by the Trigger
board, that also implements the trigger system for the whole apparatus.
The ongoing work on the Trigger board consists in the design of both the hardware and the
firmware used for the communication with the other boards of the detector, power managing, and
the interfacing with the ASIC used for PMTs’ readout.
Eventually the Trigger board will be tested to verify its functionalities and its compliance with the
HEPD design specifications. Next developments are the integration of the Trigger board with the
other systems on the detector and the environmental testing of the whole system.
How to cite
Metadata are provided both in "article" format (very similar to INSPIRE) as this helps creating
very compact bibliographies which can be beneficial to authors and
readers, and in "proceeding" format
which is more detailed and complete.
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https://pos.sissa.it/395/063/
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The Attainment of Fulfilment
Updated: May 8, 2020
This year has been one of the most challenging years of my life thus far, and yet at the same time, it has got to be the most fulfilling ones as well. Akin to a shell that needs to be cracked open for the precious pearl to emerge, challenges open your heart and makes you vulnerable. But in return, it brings forth empathy, a greater sense of awareness and compassion within you and for those around you! Embrace them, for they are made to refine you into a better human being!
A life without difficulties is one that lacks true wisdom. Life always makes sense backwards, always. If you could just look back and reflect, then you would realise that if you didn’t hit rock bottom, you wouldn’t have learnt how to get back up. If you weren’t drowning, then you would not have learnt how to swim. The point is, sometimes you need to be shaken in order for you to awaken to your own true self. Like they say, when life brings you down, the only way out of it is upwards.
So, make use of the hurdles that life brings in front of us, to learn to adapt, to understand yourself better and most of all to come out of it stronger, with more love for yourself and those around you.
Having a vision, well, that’s relatively simple, but actually staying committed to it and cancelling out the redundant noises around you, requires one key and very crucial characteristic — resilience! If you have a purpose — a calling, then going after it, would require you to be ready to face criticisms and have your ambitions challenged over and over again.
Needless to say, it will be an arduous process, but if you could just have faith in yourself and know where you are headed towards, then flowing through the inevitable uncertainty that will come your way, actually ironically brings fulfilment.
"The ultimate measure of a man is not where he stands in moments of comfort and convenience, but where he stands at times of challenge and controversy."
- Martin Luther King, Jr.
Raising a child, is probably one of the most strenuous and demanding things one can do and yet we still desire it. Ever wondered why? It’s because when you acquire something after immense amount of hard work and patience, then your appreciation for it and life in essence, increases by many folds. To cut the long story short, hardship and fulfilment goes hand in hand.
HOW TO ATTAIN FULFILMENT:
We all know how it feels to be fulfilled. Most of us have even experienced fleeting moments of peace and contentment. We even know why we want it, and yet no one really talks about how do we get there, in the first place.
The attainment of fulfilment requires some key characteristics, which I have come to realise over the years. I believe, there are four major actions that one can take to step towards a fulfilling and purposeful life. The first being the ability to forgive yourself and the ones who wronged you. Second, the patience to remain steadfast on your path. Third, giving back to the community and lastly, and the most important one is letting go of the ego and doing the work in order to tame it.
When you are living your purpose, and are relentlessly working towards your vision, there will be people who would mock you, ridicule you, and perpetually make you feel like you are not going anywhere. These people will hurt you, a lot. However, you have to look forward, nevertheless. And to do that, you have to forgive.
When you forgive others, it may not necessarily be because you are in the wrong, but rather it’s to allow you to empty yourself of the heavy emotions. Forgiving others is more for you and less for them — to allow you to get away from the grasp of the past and come back into the present moment.
Next, forgive yourself. This is the harder part. Even if we can forgive others, the one thing we truly struggle with is forgiving ourselves for our own shortcomings — thereby remaining stuck in the past. You cannot achieve the things you truly want to if your one foot is in the past and the other in the future. Be present.
Why beat yourself over it? You did what you thought was right; with the level of awareness and knowledge you had back then. Also, don’t forget, it’s that past that has actually moulded you into the person you are today. What matters is that you are a different and better person now.
"Don’t regret what’s happened. If it’s in the past, let it go. Don’t even remember it!" - Rumi
We crave certainty because we desire safety, in all aspects of life. We have the ability to foresee possible challenges and plan a solution in advance. However, no matter how much you plan, life has a way of throwing unexpected challenges that are inevitable. At such instances, your patience and faith in the Creator, is what will allow you to swim through the ocean of uncertainty. That is how your willpower and resilience is tested and whether or not you can remain steadfast towards your purpose in life.
At times, we are so attached to the outcome that repeated failure starts to cause frustration. That is where it’s very vital to practice non-attachment. Learn to do the work towards your goal, consistently, without obsessing so much over the outcome. Ironically, letting go of the outcome, will actually ultimately lead you towards it, because doing so would allow you to overcome impatience and replace it with the resilience to get back up!
Giving doesn’t necessarily have to be monetary. Do not underestimate the power of your words — for they are equivalent to charity too.
“Kind words and the covering of faults are better than charity followed by injury. Allah is free of all wants, and He is Most-Forbearing.” - Al-Quran [2:263]
When faced with calamities, its common to feel like we are the only one — that’s what leads to hopelessness. Having a community is the antidote to that. Telling your story is a way of giving back to the community, while at the same time embarking on your own healing.
When you share, you will realise you are not alone. Also, you never know, you might actually be able to help someone through what you have learnt if you could just put it out there! It then becomes a continuous cycle of giving and receiving abundance in return.
Taming The Ego:
Your ego is out there to protect you, but this same ego is also sabotaging your dreams. Ego is that part of you that reacts out of self-preservation, sometimes depriving you of compassion for yourself and for those around you.
90% of the time we are acting on autopilot that is governed by our subconscious mind. These actions are based on habits formed over the years through our past experiences and the fears that have built up over time. Did you ever react to something in an exaggerated manner, only to realise upon reflection that it didn’t require such a response? That’s you on autopilot mode; totally unaware.
In most cases, ego is fear based. This goes back to the need for certainty. Our mind creates fear in hopes that it will protect us from a possible threat in the future. However, far from that, it actually only robs us of our present moment — the only real and certain thing we have. Having fears will not change the situation. The future will still remain uncertain, regardless. True contentment is accepting this and making the most out of our present and let go of the control over our future and actually face our fears.
Taming the ego requires us to train in awareness and to rewire the subconscious. The use of mindfulness techniques such as meditation, gratitude, and being present in the moment, through grounding, trains the mind to be an observer and to respond instead of reacting to whatever that goes on around us. The practice of saying or writing daily affirmations to yourself is proven to rewire your subconscious that is in control of the autopilot mode. Ultimately, the mind works by repetition, and the more you do it the more concrete it is and gradually, becomes a part of who you are.
Another way of working on the ego is to allow feedback. Be open to other opinions and viewpoints. The ego tends to resist feedback but only through taking in constructive criticisms, will you be able practice self-awareness and improve yourself, in order to live a purposeful life.
CONTENTMENT — THE ULTIMATE GOAL:
Every human is capable of experiencing a plethora of emotions. Wanting to be just happy all the time is unrealistic.
Our problem is that when we do experience little glimpses of happiness, we frantically want to hold on to it tightly, in the fear that it may go away. And in doing that, ironically, we are going farther away from it — resulting in frustration. Happiness, like any other emotion, comes and goes, and in realising that, we are better able to appreciate it and live in the moment.
In the same vein, one must realise that happiness and contentment are two different notions all together. While happiness can’t always be there, contentment, on the other hand can always be there — even in the midst of chaos. And that’s the place where you want to get to. That’s a realistic goal to have!
Living a fulfilling life, takes a lot of work, every single day, for a lifetime. But no matter how hard it is, you only live one life, so make it worthwhile!
Originally published on my Medium, on October 11, 2019. Click here to access it.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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Recent data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics (BJS) found that the rate of violent victimization of people with disabilities was nearly four times the rate of persons without disabilities. Those with cognitive disabilities experienced the highest rate of victimization among disability types. The Arc’s National Center on Criminal Justice and Disability created resources for people with intellectual and developmental disabilities (IDD) through this year’s Know Your Rights as a Crime Victim with a Disability series to address this issue head-on.
In 2020, we created materials about knowing your rights as a suspect or defendant, and in 2021 shifted focus to knowing your rights as a victim of crime. In case you missed it, check out the resources below, and share with your family members, friends, colleagues with IDD, and self-advocacy groups:
- Listening session led by James Meadours, a survivor of sexual violence, self-advocate, and national spokesperson on sexual violence prevention
- Factsheet designed for people with IDD that uses plain language to explain different types of victimization and where to find help and healing
- Webinar about bullying and harassment led by Julie Hertzog with PACER’s National Bullying Prevention Center
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Most new construction tends to rub me the wrong way, even when it conforms to enlightened urban design principles. It recently dawned on me when trying to come up with a rational explanation for my dislike of the West River Commons development, that the most significant factor affecting my negative reaction was its scale.
For a pronounced illustration of how development scale affects the streetscape, look at the urban renewal area around the former Gateway district.
A plat map of the area from 1892 published by C. M. Foote & Co.
A city zoning map of the area today.
Here are a handful of streetscapes around the time of the first plat map, and then in 2011 (Google streetview)
Looking East on Washington Ave. from Hennepin Ave:
Hennepin Avenue from 2nd St. towards Washington Ave:
4th St. between Nicollet and Hennepin Avenues:
3rd St. from Nicollet Ave. looking toward 1st Ave:
You may or may not have a preference for late 19th century architecture, but I think almost anyone would admit that the old streetscapes look a lot more interesting (They pull you forward – what are all those different things?) Think about what the area might look like today if it had still been razed, but the existing parcels had been redeveloped at their original size instead of having been consolidated. Sure, maybe there would have been 50 tiny parking lots at some point. But 50 tiny parking lots is a lot better than a few giant ones – it only takes one owner to sell to a developer and the ball starts rolling again. If you’re lucky, the area finally rebounds to its prior level of population, intensity, variety, etc. But the larger scale of current development seems to prevent that. I can’t very well buy a slice and build an apartment or a restaurant on the lawn of the ING Life Insurance building (but at least I vomited on it once when I was biking home from work with food poisoning).
Two of the main benefits of the city are diversity and intensity. With all the diverse
things going on, it’s more likely you’ll find things to do that are suited to your particular tastes. And with the intensity of different things going on, you’ll be exposed to things you didn’t know about, just for fun. Larger scales almost by definition undermine diversity and intensity. The bigger the thing is, the fewer of them can fit in a given area. The bigger they are, the farther away from each other they’ll effectively be.
It seems to me that what remains of the initial fine scale of development throughout the city plays a major role in what’s presently attractive about it. Doesn’t it make sense to employ a similar scale today? I’m sure there are tons of reasons the economics don’t work, but I’m not an economist and I secretly suspect no one else is either.
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Learning skills are as important to a language as foundation materials are to a building
Opines R.R. Aiyar, Executive Sr. Vice President, Amity University Press in conversation with Varsha Verma. Learning skills are very important to a language. This point is further strengthened when Aiyar says, “Language is not a body of knowledge to be learnt, but a skill to be acquired.” A home uses strong materials to strengthen it. So also, reading, writing, speaking and listening give the very foundation to language learning. “It is a gradual process. Like a home, it also takes time to present itself in a stable position,” he says.
All the four skills complement each other. “One is interlinked to another. A wellrounded language has all these four skills beautifully connected. The skills work in pairs. When you are reading and listening, you are consuming a language. However, when you are writing or speaking, you are producing a language,” says Aiyar. Fluency in language comes when you master these skills.
There are no hard and fast rules. You imbibe this habit in the formative years. Environment and encouragements play pivotal roles. Parents and home, where complete education takes place, most certainly have a big say in improving the reading habits of children. Elaborating on this, Aiyar points out:
- Start with pictorial books. Pictures stay longer in the mind of a child. Simple language, is a start.
- Graphic or comic books certainly is the next best.
- Pocket dictionary or pocket notebook is a great help, when reading.
- If you get bored with a book, keep it aside. Take another. But read and read.
- DEAR program will help. D for Drop, E for Everything, A for And and R for Read. Once in a week, ensure that everyone reads for an hour on any subject. This should be made compulsory for faculty and non-faculty members and students.
- Presentation paper or project reports also help you in a big way.
- Regular newspaper reading habits is a big yes, yes.
In many ways, reading helps in gaining confidence in writing. “Writers mature with age like good Scotch Whisky. Writing blogs or just writing what you observe keeps your creative juices flowing. You will make mistakes. But, you will also learn from these mistakes. At all times, you will take care that your language gets foremost consideration,” says Aiyar.
“Reading gives you a great platform to improve your vocabulary; writing gives you a greater confidence in using these words; and, speaking, helps you in delivering a simple yet, beautifully structured language at its creative best. Speakers are not born. Orators have shaped up after considerable experience,” he shares.
“In my opinion, this is the most important skill and sadly the most neglected one,” feels Aiyar. “Sure, it is the hardest skill for language learners. One of the reasons for this is that there is an opportunity here to become passive listeners. Watching a film is fine. Listening a classical music is finer. But, to think that these can help you to become better listeners is far from truth. This is because you cannot just let the words flow in and out from your ears. Your mind is also a partner in this exercise. Honestly, you need to study what you are listening to. Passive listening is easy but will not help you in honing your listening skills. What you need is active listening. Active listening is when you are listening to music only, for example, and not in the kitchen cooking.”
“Tolerance is another big aspect towards improving your active listening. Many people do not possess this. They do not allow people to speak nor do they have patience to listen. The tendency will always be there to interrupt and give their option. Surely, such an option can even be given after listening to the speaker fully. Contemporary organizations make it a point to include listening skills as one of the aspect while interviewing the candidate,” he adds.
‘Champions of communication‘, this is what many people think that they are. “Unfortunately, most of the problems arise only because our communication has not come to the fore. For that to happen, our language needs to be well structured and the four nuances of learning well learnt,” he says.
On Amity University Press
On asking about his experience at AUP, Aiyar replied, “Blessings, guidance and motivation at every stage given by our Founder President Dr. Ashok Chauhan and Chancellor, Dr. Atul Chauhan. They have been there at every stage in our success story. Come 10th March, 2018, AUP would be 15 years young and growing. This wonderful journey has witnessed ups and downs, triumphs and travils. At the end of it all, a beautiful success story has emerged, mainly because of a very strong core team which has been with me for over 30 years.”
“I am what my team is,” says Aiyar with pride. Talking about the books subscribed by school, he adds, “Amity Schools, of course, prescribe our books, but it is just 15% of our total business. Our books are used in many well-known schools across the country. A few top schools which do not use our books, however, keep our titles as reference for their high production value and superior content development. “
On asking about the future plans, Aiyar shares, “Earlier, we were bringing out only CBSE books, but now we bring out ICSE books as well and in the coming year, we will be bringing out books for Cambridge Schools as well.” “Our endeavor at AUP, will be moving with time and imbibe all the changes in the right direction, without losing on the important ingredients and inputs of a well-accepted and with a proven track record past”, concludes Aiyar.
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by Cardinal Avery Dulles S.J. (Author), America Media Inc. (Compiler), James T. Keane (Editor), James Martin S.J. (Introduction).
Christian Classics (November 8, 2019). 384 pages.
Cardinal Avery Dulles, S.J. (1918–2008), was one of the leading American Catholic theologians of the twentieth century. Published in partnership with America Media, this collection of Dulles’s essential work from America magazine includes more than five decades of writing that showcases his wide-ranging interests in ecclesiology, salvation history, pastoral theology, and contemporary literature and reflects the Jesuit’s warm personality and astute insights on the Church in an era of great change.
Avery Dulles: The Essential Writings from America Magazine includes occasional and formal writing, book reviews, reflections, and extended essays from America. Known as a synthesizer of Catholic thought from disparate traditions and theological positions, Dulles is perhaps best known for his book Models of the Church, one of a number of important academic works he wrote. Dulles was the author of twenty-five books and produced hundreds of articles for America and other journals.
In these selections from America, Dulles reflects on theological questions such as the relationship between faith and reason, as well as events like the Second Vatican Council that affected average Catholics. Avery Dulles also includes the late cardinal’s exploration of the teachings of John Paul II and the authority of the episcopacy—solidifying our understanding of Dulles as both a towering figure and a mediating voice in American Catholicism.
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Sports in the Bible
“Don’t you realize that in a race everyone runs, but only one person gets the prize?” So run to win!”
– 1 Corinthians 9-24
You might be wondering how you can use your interest and participation in your various sporting activities to glorify God. You might not be a sports champion at the Olympic level, but rather an enthusiast who enjoys working out the body and taking part in various sporting activities. This might tempt you or someone else to ask if there is any spiritual merit in what you do.
The first and most direct reference to the value of sports or physical activity for the body is when the apostle Paul said, “Bodily exercise profits little.” Here is an acknowledgment of the value of physical exercise.
However, the same Paul drew many analogies between Christianity and sports as he described the former as a race to be run and as a struggle with the Devil as a wrestling match. He also advised Christians to lay aside every weight that so easily hampers us in running, just like how the athlete in training needs to focus and be self-disciplined. He further compared the Christian life to a marathon requiring endurance.
The Old Testament is filled with reference to the sporting activities today. For example, in Judges, there were 700 left-handed soldiers in Israel who could throw stones within a hair’s breadth of their target reminding us of the javelin or discus throwers in modern sports. Then comes Samson, the weightlifter, who carried away the gates of the city of Gaza on his mighty shoulders. King David praised God for giving him the power to use his high jumping and hurdling skills to run through a troop and leap over a wall in defeating his enemies.
The most amazing athlete might have been Elijah who, in the power of the Holy Spirit, outran King Ahab’s chariot from Mount Carmel to Jezreel. This was about 19 miles and it is very likely that he broke Usain Bolt’s 100 and 200 meter records. These are just a few of the noteworthy athletic achievements by some of our Bible characters that received great physical strength through God’s blessing.
If you are wondering how does your involvement in active sports can be used to glorify God, then think on these reference to sports and the many characters who demonstrated various levels of physical fitness to accomplish God’s purpose. Having a fit body and using it to carry out the many sporting feats you perform is a daily demonstration to the biblical truth that the human body is fearfully and wonderfully made by God, our Creator. Plus, these activities help you maintain a healthy body which is needed to do God’s will. These things you should never forget this!
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Updated: Jun 25
Breakthrough Parenting (Part two)
By Michael Wayland
Parenting is never easy. There is not one instruction book that will make you a perfect parent. There is however some wisdom that can be passed on to help you succeed. We call these points of wisdom, breakthroughs. They help you breakthrough the routine of parenting and excel at the important task of raising your children. Dr. John Maxwell identifies 10 strategic breakthroughs you can use to improve your family life and parenting skills. Last month we explored the first five. This month, we explore the remaining breakthroughs in part 2 of this article.
Maxwell says that the day a child is born, “they start a long trip and their intended destination is the realization of their God given potential.” The problem is that they immediately encounter obstacles that get in their way and take them in the wrong direction or they just stop developing their potential. It is your job as a parent to help them breakthrough these obstacles so they can be all they can potentially be.
Making a Plan
The sixth breakthrough is to assess your child and develop a growth plan. Maxwell suggests considering what are your child’s interests and their gifts, balanced with identifying their greatest weaknesses and their greatest need. As you think about this, determine where to focus the growth. First and foremost, develop their strengths, and then shore up their weaknesses. Sometimes as parents, we want to fix the problems first, but that is actually backwards. No one ever won an Olympic gold medal by spending their time focused on their weakness in spelling and grammar. Great leaders and achievers throughout history have developed their strengths to their maximum potential so that they can make extraordinary contributions.
Bethany in Connecticut said, “I actually wrote down on paper, my daughter’s growth plan”. She has an enormous talent with music and she was very reluctant to interact with new people and new situations.” Bethany’s plan included taking her daughter to a music class at the YMCA, joining the children’s choir at Church, and going to theater events at the local playhouse. “I wanted to put her in new environments with new people, yet do that in a way that she was playing to her strengths to shore up her confidence”.
The seventh breakthrough is to do everything possible to influence the influencers in your child’s life. Parents are the primary influencers for a young child. As the child grows up and away, the parent’s lose influence and the world becomes the primary influencer. As your children enter their teen years their peers take on strong significance and the parents begin to lose influence. Peers very often come from the kids your child goes to school with and most parents don’t have a lot of control over where their child goes to school. You are assigned a school by the public school district. But what if the influences there disturb you? Many districts offer public charter or magnet schools. Other families choose private or Christian schools. Whether your child goes to private or public schools, your presence and decisionmaking makes a difference.
Janice and Jason in Cleveland have a son who is smart, polite, artistically talented and enjoys his classes. In junior high school, those positive characteristics led to tougher students picking on him, belittling him, and as a result, he began to gravitate to a group of students that while bad influences, at least did not pick on him. Janice and Jason decided to move their son to the school district’s public arts academy magnet school. There the bullying disappeared as their son found that his new peers and their families shared a similar values as he did, education, arts, and respect.
Some parents will choose to make their home a magnet for kids, a place where the children and their friends want to hang out. While there, the parents not only observe, but also coach and influence the behaviors and values of all the kids. “I remember one time when my son’s friend was talking about his older brother’s run in with the law. We all talked about how the kids could support the brother but more importantly we talked about how they could learn from the brother’s mistakes and avoid that kind of behavior” said Janice. “What he did was initially perceived as cool, but the kids learned that it really wasn’t”
The eighth breakthrough is to take trips down memory lane with your child. You can do this regardless of their age. Talking about the fun times, trips, and even the difficult learning experiences, builds a bridge between you and your child and also causes bonding between the child and the family. “I’m always saying to my son ‘hey, that reminds me of when we’…” says John Anthony in Park Slope NY.
Mark in Columbus Ohio took a video camera to Disneyland on the family vacation, and then when he got home, edited it and made a DVD for his youngsters. “They have watched it over and over again for the past two years. They watch it as often as a real Disney movie, I think, because they see themselves and they see their mom and dad. They love it!”
The ninth breakthrough is not to wait for someone else to grow your child spiritually - you need to do it yourself. You can’t wait for school to do it or a church to do it. As a parent, you create the spiritual foundation for your child.
In the fifth book of the Torah, Deuteronomy in the Bible, God said “These commandments that I give to you today are to be upon your hearts. Impress them upon your children. Talk about them when you sit at home and when you walk along the road, when you lie down, and when you get up. Tie them as a symbol on your hands and bind them on your foreheads. Write them on the door frames of your houses and on your gates.” Your child’s spiritual foundation shapes the way they will act, behave, and believe; and you control the initial development of that.
Ask yourself as a parent, where do I wear my spirituality? In my heart and on my sleeve or too hidden and private for anyone to see?
Maxwell’s final principle is to trust God first, last, and always. The reality is that no matter what we do for our children, they will make their own decisions and make their own way. We can’t guarantee a positive outcome. We can teach, model, instruct and encourage, but in the end your child will make his or her own decisions.
For more information on breakthrough parenting, see the book Breakthrough Parenting by Dr. John C. Maxwell, Focus on the Family Publishing, 1996 Colorado Springs CO 80995. ISBN 1-56179-469-4.
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The End of the New Zealand Forest Service
The Weaknesses Appear
Rural Fire Services Review (Hensley Report) and Implementation
National Rural Fire Authority
Fire Research and Development
Emergency Services Reviews
Fire Services Review
Fire and Emergency New Zealand
The End of the New Zealand Forest Service
On the 31st of March 1987, the New Zealand Forest Service was disestablished with the loss of about 3,000 jobs. Some of the staff were moved to three newly established organisations: the NZ Forestry Corporation Ltd, Department of Conservation and the Ministry of Forestry. The NZFC was handed the state production forests, more than half of the plantation forests of NZ, logging operation and associated land. The intent was for the Corporation to turn the State’s forestry assets into a successful commercial business; if necessary, by selling them off. It was later split into four separate businesses in 1990, one of these being Timberlands West Coast Ltd that was established as a State Owned Enterprise (SOE) to run the West Coast indigenous production forests. Environmental and conservation functions were taken over by the DOC. It gained responsibility for about one third of the area of New Zealand, encompassing National Parks, reserves, and much indigenous forest. However, fire was only one aspect of the protection that DOC was required to provide for New Zealand’s natural and historic heritage.
The policy advice, biosecurity functions and remaining Crown forests on leased Maori land passed to the Ministry of Forestry. It became responsible for the administration of the legislation and oversight of rural fire control. It did not have a fire suppression role, but many of the experienced Forest Service personnel were moved to the Ministry. In particular, the Chief Fire Control Officer, Neill Cooper, became the MOF Chief Protection Officer. In 1992, with the reorganisation of Government departmental scientific research, the research function of MOF was split off to set up the Forest Research Institute (now Scion Research), one of ten new Crown Research Institutes. And in 1998, MOF was merged with the Ministry of Agriculture to become the current Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry (MAF).
Other than the State, there were four big companies that owned the bulk of the rest of the plantation forests in New Zealand. While these big players in forestry were able to provide their own fire protection, it was the NZ Forest Service that had provided an umbrella under which rural areas and the small forest owners sheltered for many years. With the demise of the Forest Service, that umbrella was gone.
The Weaknesses Appear
Even as arrangements were being made to end the Forest Service, events were conspiring to realise the fears that rural firefighters perceived over the loss of the Forest Service expertise. On 4 February 1987, the hot, dry winds of Canterbury rekindled a fire at Burnt Hill, Oxford, that resulted in a 16 km run along the Waimakariri River, and threatened the Eyrewell Forest. It was reported that at one stage the fire moved at over 12 kpm. The NZ Fire Service assumed responsibility for managing the fire. Over 900 people assisted, including 200 army personnel, but at least half were involved in shifting stock and property. 1600 ha of farmland were burnt, two homes were lost, along many sheds and barns, and 1200 sheep. The fire perimeter extended 32 km, and came within 100 m of the Eyrewell Forest. At about the same time, power lines sparked to generate two large fires near further south at Rakaia. 40 to 50 hectares of paddocks burnt, razing a hay barn and four shelter belts. 150 people fought these blazes with eight water tankers and 3 fire units. Another fire at Pendarves was limited to about 25 ha by six appliances from Rakaia and Ashburton.
The drought that Canterbury (and other parts of the country) was to last two years, driven by an El Nino phase. Dr Neil Cherry, the Lincoln College meteorologist, in analysing the weather for 1988, observed that
“For the year the rainfall at 308.6 mm was the lowest ever recorded at Lincoln. The previous lowest annual total was 338 mm in 1915. It was also the lowest July to December total with 126.1 mm compared to the previous lowest of 139 mm in 1915. The mean annual temperature of 12.4 oC is the highest since the record of 12.9 oC was recorded in 1924. Allowing for the fact that the climate station was highly sheltered before the Second World War, 1988 was warmer than the previous recorded “hot” year. The mean annual wind speed was the highest since reliable wind speed records began in 1896. Sunshine hours at 2366 was the highest recorded for Christchurch and the highest of any recorded at Lincoln since sunshine records began in 1930.
Thus 1988 was the record windiest, sunniest, hottest and driest year.”
As a consequence, there was a string of bad vegetation fires in Canterbury, and elsewhere in the country, over the 1988/89 season. In all but one of these Canterbury fires, the Fire Service assumed command, and complaints were made about the expanded role expected of them. This was not necessarily a direct consequence of loss of Forest Service expertise, but a sign that many rural fire authorities had been complacent, sheltering under the Fire and Forest Services’ umbrellas. Now exposed, their resources were individually inadequate for larger vegetation fires, and together they lacked the cohesion to mount credible combined operations.
The Ministry of Forestry had anticipated the lack of cohesion following the loss of the Forest Service, and began setting up regional rural fire coordination committees in 1987. 17 were in place at the time of the ‘Prevent Rural Fires Convention’ held in Wellington 10-11 May 1989, but they did not cover all of the country, and there were teething problems with some of the committees. One plea that Alan Flux, MOF, made at the convention was for ”greater involvement and recognition [to be] given to Volunteer Rural Fire Forces….and stronger provision for financial assistance.” At that time he compiled a list of 100 county and district council RFAs (total area 26,348,000 ha, of which these RFAs were responsible for fire in 13,446,119 ha). In total, these held a population of 897,422 people. The 100 RFAs quoted did not include city councils (presumably covered by the NZ Fire Service), and these are now also RFAs. The total area of NZ is 26,867,600 ha. There were 24 Rural Fire Districts (1,013,360 ha). NZ Forestry Corporation had 14 fire districts (741,552 ha), and Ministry of Defence was divided into 7 districts (66,084 ha).
While the Ministry may not have had an operational role, it was quite apparent that the old hands were active in the management of the 1988 Dunsandel fire, effectively implementing a management system that is easily recognised as the coordinated incident management system (CIMS) that was some years away from being introduced by rural fire, and adopted by all emergency providers in New Zealand.
The old hands had also anticipated the loss of Forest Service fire fighting capability, and acted. In 1986, Chief Fire Control Officer Neill Cooperconvened regional meetings to promote the formation of the Forest and Rural Fires Association of New Zealand Inc. to retain that expertise. Founded in 1987, FRFANZ’ immediate task was was facilitate control at fires with the provision of a suitable command structure to co-ordinate multi-agency responses, and introduction of standard hire rates for specialised fire equipment (March 1988). Senior fire officers also contributed to the Code of Practice that was to come.
The Government ordered the newly-appointed Domestic and External Security Coordinator, Gerald Hensley, to carry out a Rural Fire Services Review and report by 26 June 1989. Speaking to the May 1989 ”Prevent Rural Fires Convention’, both Hensley and others anticipated the drafting of a new Forest and Rural Fires Act. Based on cost escalation, the Minister of Forestry, Hon. Peter Tapsell, did not favour a handing over of rural fire to the urban fire service.
Rural Fire Services Review (Hensley Report) and Implementation
The DESC Coordinator formed a review team with representatives from the Department of Internal Affairs, Ministry of Forestry, Department of Conservation and the NZ Fire Service Commission. A discussion paper was produced, and draft recommendations were put to the Cabinet on 26 June 1989. Approval was given for public consultation, and the team invited submissions and held six public meetings. A Fire Service takeover was not recommended on the grounds that it neither had the statutory obligation nor the training to deal with rural fires. Common ground was established in that rural fire services would continue to be provided at a local level, but there was a need for regional coordination, and that a central authority should be established for standards, audits and national awareness campaigns. A new structure was proposed and the service would need to continue to rely upon volunteers for fire suppression. Funding was a problem, and access to the Rural Fire Fighting Fund needed to be opened up. It was thought that the necessary changes could be fiscally neutral.
Gerald Hensley recalled his review in 2000. The Hensley Report went to Cabinet on 23 August 1989, and the Government Cabinet Policy Committee agreed to the release of it on 8 November. It also decided that responsibility for national rural fire coordination should be transferred from the Ministry of Forestry to the NZ Fire Service Commission by 1 October 1990; in the latter role, the NZFSC would also be called the National Rural Fire Authority (NRFA). Responsibility for the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977 would transfer to the Department of Internal Affairs (DIA). It directed the formation of a Working Group on Rural Fire Services to report to the Minister of Internal Affairs by 1 March 1990 on an appropriate structure within the NZ Fire Service, and appropriate funding arrangements for that structure.
The Working Group, chaired by Murray Darroch of DIA, reported to the Minister of Internal Affairs on 15 March 1990. It recommended that the NRFA be in place by 1 July 1990, and laid out its functions. A National Rural Fire Advisory Committee, composed by representatives from organisations with skills and knowledge of rural firefighting, should be formed to advise the NZFSC. A non-operational rural fire division should be established, to be managed by a National Rural Fire Officer (NRFO) who would report directly to the Chief Executive of the NZ Fire Service. The Rural Fire Fighting Fund should be extended to recognise three categories of fires, with 95% of costs above an excess to be met by the Fund, and recoveries sought where possible. The Fund had originally been enacted in law as part of the Fire Service Amendment Act 19865. It would continue to be funded from the NZ Fire Service Levy, but supplemented by DOC each year. It was agreed that fires originating in commercial forests would not be covered by the Fund. Eligibility to the Fund would be restricted to RFAs having approved fire plans. Legislative changes would be required to both the Fires Service Act 1975 and the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977. At the time, Fire Service Amendment Bill (No. 2) 1989 was underway, and it was suggested that the necessary changes, particularly including financial considerations, could be incorporated into this amendment bill. Complementary minor amendments were also planned for the Forest and Rural Fires Act 1977.
The Government agreed but all of the legislative changes had not been passed by Parliament before it was dissolved for the November 1990 General Election. This resulted in a change of party on the Treasury benches. The new Government reconvened Parliament and, with the rural fire reforms added to urgent legislation, they were passed through all remaining stages and signed into law on 21 December 1990. The expanded Rural Fire Fighting Fund was backdated to 1 October 1990.
National Rural Fire Authority
A Transition Group, composed of MOF and NZFS Officers, was set up to implement the Review recommendations for the transfer of responsibilities. The position of NRFO was advertised by the NZFSC, and Murray Dudfield of the MOF who had been on the Review team, was appointed, starting 1 July 1990. Curiously (see above), at that stage, he had no statutory authority until the end of the year. His staff at the NZFS National Office in Wellington numbered three. Although the Review had recommended that Regional councils should be required to appoint Regional Rural Fire Officers to carry out regional coordination functions, including the setting up of regional rural fire committees, this had proved impractical. The regions had neither the immediate local concerns or the national responsibility. Instead, four full-time Managers Rural Fire (expanded to 5 in 1995) were appointed, reporting to the NRFO. While the review of rural firefighting had been underway, the Government had forced the amalgamation of local authorities in 1989, with over 230 authorities being reduced to 92 (comprising 74 territorial local authorities (TLAs), 12 regional councils and 6 special purpose authorities).
The NZFS Commission assumed responsibility for the NRFA on 1 January 1991. With that, the elements of the present-day rural fire service were essentially in place, and a series of measures were introduced to evolve its effectiveness:
|December 1990, NRFA rural fire training advisory group meets for first time.|
|1991, NRFA Advisory Committee established. Representatives from Forest Owners Assn (FOA), DOC, Local Government Assn, Min. Defence, Fire Service and Federated Farmers.|
|1 July 1991, Rural Fire Management Code of Practice. This required all RFAs to have approved Fire Plans in place in accordance with the Code on that date. Approval was to be by Regional Rural Fire Co-ordinating Committees (RRFC). Failure to conform with requirements such as having approved plans would prohibit access to reimbursement of suppression costs from the Rural Fire Fighting Fund. Fire Plans were also subject to periodic audit by NRFA Managers. The Fund met $6.26M costs between 1991 and 1997.|
|The RFMCOF specified a standard constitution for the RRFCs. These 19 Committees replaced those that MOF had established, and they were to become serviced by the NRFA Managers Rural Fire.|
|1991/92 season, NRFA and FOA carry out a joint rural fire protection publicity ‘Keep it green’ campaign. ‘Bernie’ was to become a regular summertime TV character.|
|November 1991, 107 fire plans have approval.|
|April 1992, under Canadian scientist ME Alexander, rural fire research resumes after absence of 13 years. Joint funding was obtained for 2 years, and Alexander was seconded for a year at Forest Research Institute, Rotorua.|
|August 1992, Min. Int. Affairs, Graeme Lee, announces an annual $400K Grant Assistance package for a 50% subsidy for RFAs to purchase fire equipment and personal protection equipment (PPE) for volunteer rural fire forces (VRFFs). The VRFFs had to registered with NRFA and (later) had to adopt a Standard Constitution.|
|1 July 1993, Grant Assistance boosted to $800,000 and expanded: PPE subsidy to be 75%; up to $10K per station to be made available for establishment of a network of remote automatic weather (RAW) stations around the country (by 1999, there were over 120 RAWS); 50% subsidy for approved costs (maximum $50K) towards converting ex-NZFS appliances for use by VRFFs; up to 100% subsidy for appliance land mobile radios (LMRs, being introduced by NZFS) and station alerting equipment.|
|October 1992, the excess of RFFF claims was reduced from $5000 to $1000. 95% of the RFA suppression costs beyond the excess could be met from the Fund. The NRFA and the RFA would jointly pursue reimbursement if blame for the fire start could be established.|
|January 1994, Laser Disc training simulator introduced|
|1996/97, the first of an ongoing number of strategy studies are completed. These included RFD administration grants, and discussions of reducing the number of RFAs through forming enlarged RFDs.|
|1996/97, proposed integration of RFA fire statistics into a Fire Service database. While there had been an apparent quantum step in the number of fires from 1993/94 season, this was a consequence of fuller reporting. FIRS was running in 2000.|
|November 1998, Co-ordinated Incident Management System (CIMS) adopted for all emergency service providers, including Police, in NZ. This was an NRFA initiative, borrowing heavily from overseas management systems.|
|SITE (Shared Information Technology Environment): Comms Centres, LMR, pagers, incident ground radios|
|2000/01, first deployment of National Incident Management Teams at 4 large incidents. Most Regions were later to setup RIMTs.|
|2000, first deployment of fire officers to USA. This begins negotiations for formal agreements between authorities in USA (National Wildfire Co-ordinating Group, 2001), Canada and Australia (Dept of Sustainability and the Environment) and NRFA for mutual assistance.|
|2001, UN Year of the Volunteers: NRFA strikes a medal ‘NZ Rural Fire Services’ for issue to rural fire service volunteers.|
|2001, firefighter fitness tests being introduced.|
|March 2002, RFMCOF revised.|
|2002, Min. Int. Affairs, George Hawkins, boosts Grant Assistance by $500,000 for the year 2002/03 to start a subsidy programme for new rural fire appliances for RFAs. Unlike those of the NZFS, these are 4WD and painted yellow. About 6 each year were provided.|
|2003, new computer software for FWSYS system to access for daily fire weather and RuralNet for fire information.|
|2003, exclusion of Grant Assistance for VRFFs conditionally removed .|
|5 July 2005, the 1979 Regulations are superceded by the Forest and Rural Fires Regulations 2005. The management provisions of the new Regulations are objective-based, and are used to replace the prescriptive requirements of the RFMCOP. The Fire Service Act was also amended: instead of by audit, Fire Plans are to be verified by operational assessments, and consideration to be given to fire prevention, not just suppression ie. the ‘4Rs’ are to apply.|
|2007, seasonal fire teams become available for long duration incidents. Unlike in the US, these are only be paid when deployed to a fire.|
|2 November 2009, release of strategy to promote formation of enlarged RFDs. The merger of RFAs into enlarged RFDs had stalled over 2004-08 due to review uncertainty. By 2010/11, the number of RFAs had been reduced from 90 to 78 by amalgamations.|
After 24 years, Murray Dudfield retired as NRFO on 30 June 2014, and was replaced by Kevin O’Connor from DOC. In the Queen’s Birthday Honours List of 2015, Murray was made an Officer of the NZ Order of Merit, having previously been made a Member in 1999.
Government passed the Industry Training Act 1992 to raise the skill level of the work force of New Zealand. This enabled industries to form Industry Training Organisations (ITOs) that would be responsible for training and setting standards in the industries they represented. An emphasis was on-the-job training. A Fire and Rescue Services Advisory Group met for first time on 10 June 1993. On
|Lake Okareka volunteers training|
11 May 1994, a subcommittee of the Group met with the NZ Qualifications Authority (NZQA) and the Education & Training Support Agency (ETSA) to begin the process of forming an ITO. The Fire and Rescue Services ITO (FRSITO) was registered on 8 May 1995, and had representatives from all areas of the fire and rescue services. All training has been modularised into a series of Unit Standards of a range of levels, with industry Assessors to judge the competencies of candidates. A moderation system was also introduced to ensure a uniform standard of assessment throughout the country. Moderators are now employees of FRSITO. National Certificates and Diplomas in Vegetation Fire Fighting have also been formulated, and subsidised Student Training Programmes are available to assist RFAs in meeting the costs of training.
The disparate nature of the rural fire service meant that the advent of FRSITO was more important to it than to the NZFS. Like the old Forest Service, the urban fire service, being a national body, had already developed a uniform system of training throughout the country. However, the universal nature of Unit Standards enabled mutual recognition of training, and facilitated movement of personnel between services and authorities
Fire Research and Development
While the Forest Research Institute had been established in 1947, it was not until the appointment of John Valentine, a forester, in the latter 1970s that research into modern fire danger and behaviour systems blossomed briefly. A fire danger rating system, combining weather data and weights of standard ‘sticks’ had been used since 1948. Valentine examined the Canadian Fire Weather Index system (FWI), which was adapted for NZ latitudes3 and trialled in 1979, and adopted in 1980. In essence, it is a moisture accounting system using daily measurements of weather data, and its application was greatly assisted by the introduction of remote automatic weather stations from 1993.
Research was abandoned for 13 years, and reinstated through the efforts of the NRFA in April 1992 with the secondment of Canadian Marty Alexander for a year at Forest Research Institute, Rotorua, and Grant Pearce was appointed to a permanent position in June. The initial research drive was to complete the adoption of the FWI system for fire danger rating, and begin the adaptation of the Canadian fire behaviour system. This required the start of a series of experimental burns in NZ vegetation types that is ongoing. In August 1993, burns were conducted in pine slash around Tokoroa, and the first burn in gorse was done at Wainuiomata on 6 April 1994. A series of Fire Technology Transfer Notes and research report began flowing from 1994. Training in fire behaviour applications began, and the first wildfire study was a retrospective study of a grass fire on the 31 January 1991 at Tikokino4. In 1996/97, a Wildfire Threat Analysis programme was launched.
In 2003, the fire researchers were invited to participate in the Australian Bushfire Cooperative Research Centre, expanding the effort available. In 2005, the FRI was rebranded as Scion, and had about 6 full-time-equivalents engaged in fire research. In 2008, they introduced software for the calculation of fire behaviour.
Founded in 1987, with DOC’s Kerry Hilliard elected as Chairman and MOF’s Murray Dudfield as Secretary, FRFANZ’s immediate task was was facilitate control at fires with the provision of a suitable command structure to co-ordinate multi-agency responses, and introduction of standard hire rates for specialised fire equipment in a Technical Bulletin (March 1988). Senior fire officers also contributed to the Code of Practice that was to come. The Senior Fire Officers annual conferences, initiated by the Forest Service, continued along the same exclusive lines, although membership of the Association became diversified. In 1989, Don Geddes (Tasman Forestry) was elected to the Chair (and remained until 2005), and Morrie Geenty (PF Olsen & Co.) was elected Secretary.
The Wainuiomata Bushfire Force (WBF) joined FRFANZ in 1987. Bill McCabe, WBF Controller, attended the FRFANZ AGM held at the SFO’s Taupo conference in 1989, and got himself elected to the Management Committee. The interest by the WBF in FRFANZ stemmed from the ineligibility of VRFFs to become members of the UFBA; membership was opened up 10 years later in 1998. While everyone knew of ‘fire parties’, no one had an estimate of how many there were nationally, or the total number of rural volunteers. In 1988, with the assistance of MOF, Gavin Wallace of the WBF launched a survey among a list of 125 volunteer rural fire units. The projection suggested 1940 firefighters in total, with some of the units busier than NZFS brigades. As expected, financial support for the units varied enormously. In August 1989, Wallace started a quarterly newsletter The Rural Firefighter to survey respondents, funded by fire equipment firm Phillips & Smith. The first edition reported that the FRFANZ Constitution would be changed at the 1989 AGM (Taupo) to create a VRFF class of membership. By August 1989, 13 VRFFs had joined FRFANZ, and FRFANZ had adopted the newsletter from the February 1990 issue.
In 1991, the first FRFANZ service medals were presented to rural firefighter, followed by Gold Stars for 25 years of more service in 1995. Also in 1991, the Senior Fire Officers conference held in Rotorua was the first FRFANZ Annual Conference, with attendance open to all members, and a national rural fire competition was reinstated under FRFANZ, running in Wainuiomata. It had last been held under the Forest Service in 1986. The annual FRFANZ Conference in August has evolved to become a well-attended event, enabling a review of the previous season, and notice of forthcoming changes. The conference is themed, and uses overseas speakers to share their knowledge and experience. Training seminars are frequently organised by NRFA immediately before the conference to make use of the overseas experts. The FRFANZ conference is particularly important because of the diversity of people and sectors making up the rural fire service. In 2001, it was held jointly in Christchurch with the Australian Bushfire Conference, and in 2007, jointly with the Institute of Fire Engineers in Palmerston North.
In 2003, the Minister of Internal Affairs, George Hawkins, initiated a modest travel grant to FRFANZ. Since then, FRFANZ has assisted with study travel of two members to Canada, and has organised and led four groups of volunteer firefighters to Australia. The newsletter ran for 12 years until replaced by a website in 2001. By then, membership in FRFANZ by VRFFs was 72, out of a total FRFANZ membership of 245. Overseas deployments of rural firefighters highlighted a deficiency arising from the diversity of the rural fire service. Whereas all tend to wear standard overalls when on the job, there was no standard uniform when appearing in public on other occasions. FRFANZ now has uniform clothing available for rural firefighters to identify with the service.
Veteran firefighter – he started in 1954 – John Ward provided his assessment of how rural fire service had developed since the end of the Forest Service.
In 1995, the NZFS had divided the country into six administrative regions in which there was 269 Urban Fire Districts (246 are volunteer) and 57 fire brigade auxiliary units. Staff numbered2 2,000 full time employees and 7,000 volunteers. The NZFS had 819 fire vehicles, and it was estimated2 that RFAs had 518, and 11,600 part time firefighters. Local territorial authorities included 58 District Councils, 14 City Councils and 1 County Council. There were 34 Rural Fire Districts (including 6 Defence Rural Fire Districts) covering about 2 million ha, or 8% of the land area. DOC had responsibility for the largest area, about 35%. Annual expenditure of the NZFS was $171M (about 60% on salaries) and estimated to be $16.6M for RFAs. By 2001, there were 109 RFAs in total; the current list can be viewed.
Whereas the NZFS had remained static in number of resources since formation in 1976, the RFAs had grown significantly since being forced to pick up their responsibilities after 1987. A number of new VRFFs were formed to assist the RFAs in this. When the NRFA was formed in 1990, there were 24 VRFFs registered1; a year later, 36, and by 1994, 1462 of the 210 believed to exist were registered.
Speaking after dinner at the 1993 FRFANZ Conference, retired NZFS CEO Brian Armstrong gave his personal views of the involvement of urban fire with rural fire.
Emergency Services Reviews
The Minister of Internal Affairs, Graeme Lee, conducted a Ministerial Review of fire services, dated 23 March 1993. His findings were more concerned with the business of the NZFS, including conditions for permanent firefighters and crew manning of appliances, but he did declare that ‘ultimately there must be acceptance that New Zealand should have one total integrated Fire Service provided that this does not add to the total cost’.
In September 1993, the newly appointed Chief Executive Officer of the NZFS and NRFA, Maurie Cummings, a former policemen, was directed by Government to undertake a review that, among other issues, would consider ‘the present interaction between all agencies that have responsibilities to discharge in providing protection against fire and associated dangers and identify any adjustments to those relationships which would improve the overall economy and efficiency of operations through the elimination of unnecessary duplication’. Cummings conducted an Internal Review involving extensive consultation with, among others, both urban and rural firefighters. At the same time, he directed that an external team undertake an independent review. The latter reported in December 1993, and the report of Internal Review Team of G Summers (urban) and M Dudfield (rural) was published in March 1994.
The Internal Review concluded that the changes implemented by the NRFA were working well, but reducing the number of RFAs by enlarging districts would improve efficiencies. Strong views had been expressed on integrating the two fire services, but the Team believed that these views were focussed on suppression, and integration would overlook the other requirements placed on RFAs. Integration was not warranted. It was however proposed that where Brigades are tasked with suppression of vegetation fires, they should also become registered as VRFFs. The Independent Review also favoured retaining two fire services and rural fire delivery by RFAs, but having a smaller number of them. It also recommended splitting the national NZFS into three independent Fire enterprises.
In his report of 24 February 1994, the CEO rejected the breakup of the NZFS. While agreeing with the Minister’s desire of integrating urban and rural fire services, he saw this as a long-term objective. He was concerned that some RFAs were contracting out rural fire services and, to avoid possible problems, was going to encourage NZFS brigades to contract for this RFA business. This did happen to a limited extent, but had little overall effect on the rural fire service.
The majority of the recommendations impacted on the NZFS with the aim of modernisation and the promotion of fire prevention rather than just focussing on suppression. The intention was to expand the role of the NZFS into a broader emergency service provider. Job losses totalling 490 were proposed, 330 of these to permanent firefighters by new employment agreements that would alter their hours of work and duties. The NZ Professional Firefighters Union (NZPFU) took exception to this and negotiations broke down in December 1995. The stoush became very public. The NZPFU collected sufficient signatures for a citizens’ initiated referendum, held in December 1995, to oppose staff cuts. The NZFS countered by hiring and training 260 ‘community safety personnel’ and placing these CST teams in fire stations. NZPFU members refused to work with them, and some were suspended (April 1996). On 30 July 1997, Roger Estall was controversially appointed Chair of the NZFS Commission, and promptly began a restructure of senior management, intending to revert the focus back to fire suppression. CEO Maurie Cummings resigned in protest 2 months later, followed by some other senior staff. NRFO Dudfield was appointed Acting CEO (until Jean Martin was appointed in June 1998). Estall continued with restructuring plans, proposing to sack 1600 firefighters and have then reapply for 300 fewer positions. A legal injunction was granted in October 1998 to halt this, and Mrs Martin brokered an accord with the NZPFU that Estall refused to sign in March 1999. The Prime Minister Jenny Shipley became involved, and a reform plan prepared by the Commission was approved by Government on 7 April 1999. Estall was forced to resign on 18 May 1999, and was replaced next day by Margaret Bazley. CEO Mrs Martin resigned one week later. The dispute with the NZPFU continued, and a new employment agreement was not made until June 2001, 9 years after expiry of the old one. The agreement retained the old shift hours, gave the permanent firefighters a pay rise, and saw the absorption of most of the former CST members into their ranks, and into the NZPFU.
In his address at the 2002 FRFANZ Conference (repeated in 2003), NZFS Commissioner Piers Reid said:
‘I am frequently reminded of the wisdom of the rural fire management framework. It places the primary responsibility on those who best understand the risk – the land managers. This arrangement has great merit. Particularly when compared with some aspects of the urban fire regime. In the urban regime, responsibility for managing structure fire risk somehow got separated from the owners and users of the structures. But in the rural environment, the land owners and users are an integral part of the risk management framework. So things like the fuel load and its conditions can be managed on a daily basis as part and parcel of the ongoing land management operations. Perhaps more importantly, the cost of managing the rural fire risk is constantly referred back to the land and its ability to support the cost. So, rural fire has tended to avoid some of the high fixed cost structures adopted in the urban setting. But that same merit of the rural fire system renders it absolutely reliant on the good will and continued involvement of the rural and forest sectors. Without your involvement and input the framework just would not work. The Commission records its gratitude to you for that involvement’.
Nevertheless, the question of amalgamation of fire services reappeared in July 2006 when the Min. Int. Affairs, Rick Barker, hosted key fire stakeholders to a workshop at Parliament. From those discussions, in April 2007 the Department of Internal Affairs produced a document ‘New Fire Legislation’ that proposed a new Fire and Rescue Act to combine the Fire Service and Forest and Rural Fires Acts. A new service, the Fire and Rescue Service, would be created. RFAs would remain, but would be limited to dealing with vegetation fire, and would have the option of ceding their responsibilities to the new FRS. VRFFs would have the same status as brigades, and would be part of the FRS. The long-term objective would be a gradual transition to a fully integrated national service. The discussion document also proposed changes to the property insurance levy that had been funding fire services. DIA invited submissions on the proposals, closing 30 June 2007.
368 submissions were received. A summary report on submissions was released in July 2007. There were two broad views: those allied to the NZFS favoured integration of fire services, and rural interests wanted to remain separate. The latter were divided as to retaining the status quo, or moving to regional rural fire districts. There was overwhelming rejection of the proposed funding model. With a change in Government, the new Min. Int. Affairs, Nathan Guy, announced in 2009 that the proposal for integration of services was abandoned.
Fire Services Review
An Fire Review Panel, chaired by former Minister Paul Swain, was appointed in 2012 to provide independent advice to the Minister of Internal Affairs, Chris Tremain, about how the Government can achieve:
|a clear mandate and operating platform for the fire services’ functions;|
effective, efficient fire service operations that will provide value for money in the future; and
|a sustainable, stable and equitable funding system for fire services.|
The devastating Christchurch earthquake in 2011, which claimed 185 lives, and the 2010 Pike River disaster, where 29 miners lost their lives, had highlighted the rescue function of the fire services. Of particular interest to rural firefighters was the inclusion of Dave Adamson, prominent in Southland rural fire, in the four-man panel. The Panel’s Terms of Reference specified that the Panel was not to provide advice on whether:
New Zealand needs a national fire service in the form of the NZFS;
the NZFS should maintain its core fire-related roles;
management of fire on forest and rural lands should be provided by rural fire authorities;
the NZFS should be funded by the Crown; and
the industrial relations framework applying to firefighters should be reformed.
Over the latter part of 2012, the Panel invited submissions and held meetings with representatives from organisations and agencies with an interest in the activities of New Zealand’s fire services. The Panel present its report (Swain Report), dated 11 December 2012, to the Minister of Internal Affairs, and the Report of the Fire Review Panel was made public on 7 February 2013. Among its 55 recommendations, it called for redrafting of the Fire Service and Forest and Rural Fires Acts to reflect expanded roles, but with the latter still focusing on vegetation fires. However, provision was made for rural fire authorities to undertake additional emergency services provided they were accredited to do so by the Commission. It suggested that Cabinet approve the formation of a Emergencies Services Chief Executives Forum to provide ongoing advice. Provision was also made for the Minister to force amalgamation of RFAs into enlarged RFDs.
Submissions were invited after the release of the report, and after consultations, Cabinet Government made some initial decisions in September 2013. After that, Ministers decided to widen the scope of the response to build on the work of the Panel and to consider other matters that were outside the Panel’s terms of reference. These other matters include the structure and funding of rural fire services, urban and rural workforce engagement issues and modernising the fire services’ legislation. The Minister of Internal Affairs was now Peter Dunne, and the DIA, the NZFS and the NRFA were charged with discussing these matters with stakeholders. Drawing from consultations that occurred between December 2014 to April 2015, the DIA released Fires Services Review: Discussion Document in May 2015.
For the first time, the formation of a national fire service became the preferred option of rural fire stakeholders. While they may have been several reasons for this, it was clear from the Discussion Document that what was proposed was not a takeover by urban fire, but an amalgamation of fire services in which vegetation fire would continue as a separate function, and that paid full-time rural fire officers (about 150 staff) along with volunteers would transfer into the new organisation. In November 2015, Cabinet agreed in principle to unifying 52 rural fire authorities, the NRFA, and the NZFS, with regional committees to provide regional influence. It was made clear that the changes would be designed to support the rural fire sector as well as the urban sector, and that there would be improved support for volunteers. The Fire Service and the Forest and Rural Fires Acts would be repealed, and unified legislation would be put in place.
Fire and Emergency New Zealand
The Min. Int. Affairs Peter Dunne set an ambitious schedule to implement the transition to the unified fire services. On 25 February 2016, Paul Swain was appointed as the new chair of the Board of the New Zealand Fire Service Commission, effective 1 April, and a new board followed on 17 March. The three new members included Dr Nicola Crauford, chair of the Wellington Rural Fire Authority, and Te Arohanui Cook, a former PRFO, NZFS volunteer, former FRFANZ Committee and FRSITO Board member. A fourth board member, Angela Hauk-Willis, would be the only member of the old board to continue beyond 1 April.
In his announcement of 29 April 2016, Dunne named the new service, and said $112 million of capital funding would be spent on moving to it over four years, beginning in 2016/17. The remaining $191 million of operating funding over four years from 2017/18 would be spent on new measures to address funding gaps in rural fire services, set up local committees to ensure community needs are well understood by the single fire organisation, and to better support for New Zealand’s 12,000 fire volunteers. The main source of funding would be the Fire Service Levy, and from July 2018 the levy will be broadened to include insurance on material damage, not just fire damage, to better reflect the range of services FENZ would provide. The fire levy on motor vehicle insurance would be extended to include third party insurance. The old cost recovery model of rural fires would be replaced by a regime of new penalties and offences. New legislation was to be introduced in mid-2016, and it was intended that FENZ would take over in mid-2017. Dunne claimed it was the biggest structural change to fire services in 70 years. At that stage, the structure was not defined, but it was made clear that statutory powers and authority would no longer be identified in legislation. Instead, the legislation will refer to the delegation of powers and functions to appropriately qualified personnel, appropriate with the modern definitions associated with Crown entities.
In January 1994, the first of what would become many overseas deployments saw DOC sending 15 monsoon buckets and 3 technical personnel to assist in New South Wales, Australia. The New Zealand Air Force provided transport to Australia, and 300 firefighters were placed on standby for possible deployment overseas. After this, in 2000, the NRFA concluded formal agreements with fire authorities in Australia , the USA and subsequently Canada to facilitate mutual aid. Because of CIMS training, it was comparatively easy for NZ managers to slot into these international incident management teams. Agreement was also reached on the matching and cross qualifications for fire fighting roles and this was facilitated by the emerging standards for records of qualifications and experience for NZ rural firefighters.
|USA, 11 Aug. – 20 Sep., 2000. 11 experienced NZ fire managers went as part of an ANZAC contingent of 79.|
|NSW, Australia, 24 Dec. to 16 Jan. 2001. A total of 12 personnel went, including 10 IMT managers. 750,000 ha burnt, 4600 km fire perimeter, 600 structures destroyed.|
|USA Aug. 2002. 10 IMT managers.|
|Vic., Australia, Jan. – Feb. 2003. 63 firefighters and IMT managers.|
|USA, Aug. – Sep. 2006. 29 firefighters and IMT managers.|
|Vic. , Australia , Dec 2006 – Jan 2007. A total of over 100 personnel over the two month period. Burn injuries to 7 NZers, 4 serious, as a result of a burnover at Mt Terrible, Mansfield. The video above records the burnover.|
|USA, 2008. Eight rural fire managers and a liaison officer were sent to assist with major wildfires that were the result of dry lightning storms that struck Northern California during a very dry 2008 fire season. Total fire suppression costs exceeded $US1B in that 2008 fire season.|
|Vic., Australia, Feb-Mar 2009. A team of over 100 firefighters were sent in two contingents to|
assist the DSE following the Black Saturday fires of 7 February.
|British Columbia, Canada, Aug.-Sep. 2009, 7 IMT personnel.|
The deployments have provided NZ personnel with very good experience and knowledge. NRFA Rural Fire Manager John Rasmussen contrasted US and NZ rural fire firefighting in an address to the 2001 FRFANZ Conference. The deployments also did much to raise the profile of the rural fire service with the NZ public and Government.
During the NZ Forest Service era to 1987, at least one major forest fire (500+ ha) occurred nationally about once each decade; the average annual plantation loss was in the order of 640 ha or 0.16%. However, since 1987, the average annual loss over a decade is lower with about 440 hectares or 0.03%). The average is about one major plantation fire (100+ ha) every 2-3 years. The area burnt by fires other than in forests is significant.
The total number of vegetation fires over the last 30 years show a significant rise, but this is due to better reporting of fires, and the areas burnt, for all types of vegetation, have stabilised to about 5000 ha annually:
A significant fire prevention factor was the introduction of restrictions in the sales of fireworks over the Guy Fawkes period, including the banning of sky rockets. It had taken many years of complaints by fire officers before these effective measures were introduced (Wellington CFO, 1937).
Scion fire researchers have provided an analysis of wildfire records for the 16 year period 1991-2007 over which 93,860 ha was burnt. This is broken down to national and regional analyses for the period for the same period. Forecasting a busy fire season is difficult. Although El Niño and La Nina6 has an important influence on New Zealand’s climate, it accounts for less than 25% of the year to year variance in seasonal rainfall and temperature at most New Zealand measurement sites. East coast droughts may be common during El Niños, but they can also happen in non-El Niño years (eg. the severe 1988-89 drought). Serious east coast droughts do not occur in every El Niño, and the districts where droughts occur can vary from one El Niño to another (although some are more consistently affected than others). However the probabilities of the climate variations discussed above happening in association with El Niño are sufficient to warrant management actions and planning to be taken when an El Niño episode is expected or in progress. The 2007/08 season was driest in some regions for 30 yrs; cost recoveries in that season exceeded $3M. Recent NRFA records of claims on the Rural Fire Fighting Fund are shown:
The economic costs of wildfires were analysed in a December 2009 BERL report commissioned by the NZFSC. This included a comparison with a similar Forest Service report of 1987, and showed that while total fire prevention costs had risen by 30%, fire fighting and fire prevention per-hectare costs in
plantation forest had reduced by a similar percentage, and the average annual area burnt in wildfires had fallen to less than half the 1987 area. A summary can be viewed in NRFA Circular 2010-05, and the full report is available. The total annual economic costs of wildfire was estimated at about $100M, and when inflation adjusted, this was found to remained constant over the 26 year comparative period, in spite of plantation area increasing by 40%. Suppression costs are now only 8% of the total economic costs, and nearly 50% of these suppression costs are for hire of aerial firefighting resources. Unlike urban fire, vigorous legal action is undertaken by the NRFA and the RFA to recover suppression costs from those responsible for rural fires.
Some modern videos of rural firefighter action are available.
|Southern rural firefighters (1)|
|Southern rural firefighters (2)|
|Titahi Bay fire, 2010 (1)|
|Titahi Bay fire, 2010 (2)|
|Titahi Bay fire, 2010 (3)|
Significant fires over the period were:
Oxford, grass, Canterbury, 4 February 1987. 1,600 ha. 2 houses lost.
Dunsandel, exotic plantation, Canterbury, 8-22 December 1988. 164 ha.
Kaimaumau, wetlands, Northland, 1988. 3,500 ha.
Pt Howard, RUI scrub, 22 February 1989. 2 houses lost, first by vegetation fire in Wellington Region since 1965.
Whangamarino wetlands, Waikato, 1989. 2,100 ha.
Tikokino, grass, Hawkes Bay, 31 January 1991. 130 ha.
Mt Oxford, fire, November 1993. Pilot and crewman killed in helicopter crash.
Lake Ohia (Karikari Peninsula), Northland, DOC, $195K cost, deliberate
Mt Horrible, Canterbury, tussock, 580 ha.
Karori, Rural/Urban Interface gorse fires, February/March 1994.
Purakaunui, Otago, uncontrolled burn, exotic pine plantation, 6-7 November 1994. 210 ha.
Berwick, plantation forest, Otago, 26 February 1995. 255 ha.
|Pt Howard fire, 1989|
Mohaka, plantation forest, East Coast, 1996. 241 ha.
Loch Linnhe, Otago, uncontrolled burn, 1997. 860 ha.
Hillend/Cadrona, Otago, 1997. 1850 ha.
Harakeke plantation forest, Nelson, 23 October 1997. 532 ha.
Bucklands Crossing, plantation plus scrub, Otago, 24 March 1998. 200 ha plus 3 firefighters burnt.
Alexandra tussock and grass fires – in 2.5 hours, Otago, 28 February 1999. Total 8200 ha, two houses plus out buildings lost, first use of CIMS.
Wither Hills, grass, Marlborough 26 December 2000. 6,151 ha. Insurance issues.
Ward, grass, Marlborough 26 December 2000. 545 ha.
No Mans, Canterbury, 13 March 2001. 280 ha.
Cora Lynn, Canterbury, 25 March 2001. 371 ha.
Miners Rd, grass and plantation forest, Canterbury, 2 February 2002. 200 ha.
Atawhai, Nelson, 3 February 2003. 60-100 ha. Video is a series of stills showing fire buildup from start.
Irvines plantation forest, Wairoa Gorge, Nelson, 3 December 2004. 200 ha, $1M suppression cost.
Mohaka plantation forest, East Coast, 8 January 2005. 204 ha.
Awarua, uncontrolled burn, Southland, 27 October 2005. 1,348 ha.
Closeburn, RUI fire, Queenstown, 5 November 2005.
Maringi exotic plantation, Wairarapa, 28 February 2006. 193 ha.
Canvastown, plantation forest and scrub, Marlborough, 8 March 2006. 215 ha.
Blackburn. 330 ha.
Waipoua exotic plantation, Northland, 1 February 2007. 224 ha; cost $700,000.
Mt Cook Station, wilding pines and tussock, South Canterbury, January 2008. 750 ha
Clayton Station, tussock, South Canterbury, July 2008? 650 ha.
Wye Creek, Otago, tussock. 750 ha.
Waiouru, tussock, 2008. 930 ha.
Mt Allan, Otago, exotic plantation and slash, 23-25 February 2010, 820 ha.. Costs >$2M.
Mt Allan, Otago, exotic plantation and slash, 24 December 2010, 200 ha. Cost ~$1M. Fire caused by spontaneous combustion in one high skid site from which rolling debris and high winds set multiple spot fires.
Papatotara, Southland, 15.1.11-4.2.11, 100 ha. Multiple spot fires caused property loss.
Matai Bay, Northland, 30.11.11, 130 ha and 3 homes. A helicopter crashed in the sea, killing the pilot and a DOC ranger who had been diverted from bucket work to rescue fleeing residents.
1. M. Dudfield, Senior Fire Control Officers Conference, Rotorua, 1991.
2. M. Dudfield, FRFANZ Conference, Nelson, 1995.
3. J.M. Valentine, ‘Fire Danger Rating in New Zealand: Review and Evaluation’, 1978
4. J.H. Rasmussen & L.G.Fogarty, ‘A case study of grassland fire behaviour and suppression: The Tikokino Fire of 31 January 1991′. FRI Bull. 197, 1997.
5. M. Darroch, pers. comm.
6. H.G. Pearce, J. Salinger & J. Renwick, Impact of Climate Variability on Fire Danger, NIWA Client Report AKL2007-061.
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The First 4 Things the Business Analyst Should Know on a New Project
Know may not be the right word here…it may be more like ask. If there’s anything I’ve learned about projects in the past 25 years, it is this…if you need information, don’t wait for anyone to give it to you.
Ask for it. Demand it. Dig your heals and and don’t move until you have it. Hold a meeting to get it. Extend the kickoff meeting an extra day in order to get it, if necessary. But always try to get as much information about and for the project up front in order to help you down the path to a successful project conclusion. This is true for the project manager and it is also very true for the project business analyst.
So, let’s consider the first four things the business analyst should ask about or ask for or know when they are about to begin a new project. The project manager is the project leader and hopefully knows this information or at least has a good idea of it.
What the delivery project team looks like – skill set, etc.
The business analyst is the go-to liaison between the project manager and the technical team. Knowing what he has to work with on the technical side is critical information as he prepares for project kickoff and the next phase design work on the project. In fact, the business analyst, once he has a handle on the project and the requirements at least at a high level, then he should have some input into the make up of the project team. Usually the project resources are requested by the project manager based on the skill set needed and the roles that will need to be filled in order to complete the project effort. The business analyst would be a good – make that great – source to go to in order to make those project resource requests the best and most accurate they could possibly be. The business analyst knows the technical side and should be providing major input to the creation of the project team resources.
The customer team make up.
Likewise, knowing what the customer team make up looks like is critical for the business analyst as well. Why? Because the business analyst will be constantly interacting with the customer on various issues including clarification of requirements, work on change orders, questions about current and future business processes that affect or are to be affected by the project solution, user acceptance testing and what the end user community is expecting to see. If the business analyst has an idea of what they are working with early on in terms of the customer team formula, it will greatly help their planning and will likely have an affect to some degree on what resources are going to be needed on the delivery project team side as well.
What experience and infrastructure the customer has for the likely solution technology.
Are you using cutting edge technology on this new customer project or is it something both the delivery team and the project client are already familiar with? I realize that this is something you may not know completely until the final requirements are fully documented and the project is underway. But often the technology or process that will be used on the solution is known already or at least both sides have a very good idea. This information is helpful to the business analyst on the project for resource planning purposes, for requirements documentation purposes, for helping the client define their own project team and for helping the client define the “to be” business processes that the project solution will be implemented to. It is also very helpful to know this as any post-project technical support and training is being planned for and – again – these are things that the business analyst would be heavily involved in. The training may even be something they design and lead for the project customer.
The state of any high level requirements or business processes.
Finally, what is the state of the project requirements and business process definitions coming into the engagement. There are those clients who have done the work and know what they want, know what they need and have a detailed list of requirements a mile long. That can be a very good thing. It can also be a very bad thing. This type of client may “want” this, but unaware that they really “need” that. And it can be hard to convince them otherwise. Or, in the perfect world, maybe they have all those requirements and project needs documented correctly. Not likely…but maybe. Often times the project client has some idea of the need but it may only be a symptom or 80% of the real need. It’s up to the project team to figure out the real project and that investigation is really the responsibility of the business analyst. It may be led by the project manager and it may be acted upon by the entire team – tech lead and all – but at the end of the day it is the business analyst really leading this effort as they are working on complex, detailed, final documented requirements.
Summary / call for input
I’m not saying that knowing all this information at the outset will end in a successful project implementation. And I’m not saying this is all he needs to know either. But these are four key elements of input from the beginning that will help get the project started off on the right foot and help the business analyst to move forward more confident of a successful project outcome in the end.
Readers – what are your thoughts? Business analysts…do you agree with this list based on your project experiences. What are some other things you consider important to know up front as you move on to a new project? Please share your own experiences and thoughts and discuss.
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Reflexology is a non- invasive, relaxing complementary therapy and is based on the theory that energy flows throughout our bodies. It works on the principal that different parts of the body are mirrored through the feet face or hands and by stimulating the corresponding reflex points this can encourage the body to relax, sleep better and help with overall well being.
Whilst many healthcare professionals recognise reflexology as a well-established, respected and effective complementary therapy many people use reflexology as a way of relaxing the mind and body to counteract stress.
Reflexology is based on the principle that reflexes in the feet correspond to different organs in the body. It is a pressure technique which is applied using the thumbs and fingers on reflex areas.
It works to balance and unblock the energy flow which helps to induce relaxation.
It can help improve circulation, the immune system and relieve stress, which can help the body to unwind and heal its self.
This is a treatment where the focus is on the face instead of the feet.
The face is cleansed using organic oils and a gentle but firm pressure is applied to the different reflex points on the face.
This can have a powerful impact by helping the body to detoxify, give a feeling of rebalance and help to relieve tension. It can also help to improved skin tones as well as giving the same benefits as foot reflexology.
Reflexology during pregnancy aims to optimise the health of the pregnant woman, helping with any minor conditions that might arise during this time. It is a safe and gentle way to help reduce stress on the body. Regular treatments can help you to feel relaxed, less anxious and may also increase your energy levels, all of which will benefit your growing baby.
Fertility and Preconception
If you are hoping to fall pregnant then it can be of benefit if you are relaxed and stress free, as the emotional and physical pressures of a fertility journey can sometimes be strenuous.
The aim of reflexology during this time is to get you in the best place possible to fall pregnant.
Maternity and Post Natal
During your pregnancy sessions can commence from the second trimester (14 weeks) up to your labour. The intent is to encourage relaxation and help with some of the side effects that may come during the maternity phase.
After the birth of your new arrival things can sometimes be very demanding. Lack of sleep, baby routines, post natal depression tiredness. You can use Reflexology as a way of spending a bit of time out for yourself to recharge and relax.
This is a 45min reflexology session which allows you to relax and get the benefit of a treatment if your short on time. Wether its during a lunch break or you only have a small amount of time between doing pick up, appointments or just doing things for your daily life.
Zone Face Lift
The Zone Face Lift has been developed from a combination of traditional reflexology methods and ancient healing techniques from Native American shamans. Pressure-point massage is used along with Native American techniques, to create the ‘Zone Face Lift’. Renowned for removing as much as 10 years of ageing over a
12 week programme which lifts the face and spirit.
This treatment uses a combination of organic oils and cleansers, gua sha facial tool, an acupressure derma facial roller, quartz crystal spheres and reflexology. As a result The Zone Face Lift will leave you feeling blissed-out, with a smoother face to match. For many women, this will eliminate the need for Botox and offers a natural alternative.
This is tailored to you needs and is the ultimate in relaxation and self indulgence. Try one session as a taster. Treat yourself to a mini course of six, or a full programme of twelve.
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Not every man is able to grow facial hair. The most common reason some men can’t grow a beard is genetic factors. Some men who have trouble growing beards have turned to beard implants. Although beard implants are now available, they’re expensive and are a surgical procedure.
What does it mean if you can’t grow facial hair?
“Poor beard growth alone is rarely a signal of low testosterone,” she says. … The capacity to grow a beard has little to do with manliness, virility, or testosterone levels, and everything to do with genetics. So blame mom and dad if you can’t. There are also a few conditions that could affect your beard growth.
Does facial hair mean high testosterone?
You might think men who can grow a beard have a higher testosterone level, but in reality, most men have about the same level of testosterone. And that’s where genetics come in: How one’s body responds to testosterone results in how one’s facial hair grows. Being highly sensitive to testosterone means more facial hair.
Do some men grow facial hair later in life?
Some men see their full beard come in when they’re as young as 18 or 19. Others may continue to have sparse areas of growth until their mid-to-late 20s or even later.
Can everyone grow a beard eventually?
Can everyone grow a beard? It’s not everyone who can grow a beard especially if your lack of beard is tied to genetics. If it’s due to an underlying condition or not taking care of your facial air, then you can always remedy the situation and with time your beard will grow to the desired length.
Why can’t I grow a beard at 25?
Some men do not get proper beard growth on the face. The most common cause is genetic that is it may run in your family. Testosterone levels should also be evaluated for the same. Even if the levels of testosterone is normal, you hair may not be having receptors necessary for growth of beard on the face.
Does no beard mean low testosterone?
Men who can’t grow a beard or have patchy beards usually have normal testosterone levels. It isn’t a reflection of having low testosterone or being deficient in testosterone.
Why is the absence of facial hair important?
Why is the absence of hair growth important? … The absence of hair growth is important because it can affect puberty/development – in turn affecting fertility. His lack of facial hair/hair growth can also be due to a lack of gonadal stimulant which could lead to conditions that make it so Eric loses even more body hair.
What are signs of high testosterone?
Signs of high testosterone in males
- aggressive or risk-taking behaviors.
- excessive body hair.
- heart or liver problems.
- high blood pressure (hypertension)
- high sex drive (libido)
- increased appetite.
At what age does beard grow fully?
Men typically start developing facial hair in the later stages of puberty or adolescence, around fifteen years of age, and most do not finish developing a full adult beard until around eighteen or later.
Why can’t I grow a beard at 18?
Genetics also affect where facial hair grows and when your beard reaches its full potential. “From ages 18 to 30, most beards continue to develop in thickness and coarseness,” he says. “So if you’re 18 and wondering why you don’t have a full beard yet, it just may not be time.” Ethnicity can also play a role.
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The purpose of the Pine-Richland School District (PRSD) Discipline Code is to present standard behavioral expectations based on school board policy for all students in the district. Parents are encouraged to become familiar with the PRSD Discipline Code and to review these documents with their children.
Parents, guardians and students are also referred to Policy No. 218 of the Board Policy Manual for additional information regarding the Discipline Code, student conduct and consequences of inappropriate or prescribed behaviors and conduct. In the event of any conflict between the terms of this Discipline Code and any board policy, the applicable board policy will control and take precedence.
You can view the PR Discipline Code in two different formats below:
* Best viewed with Chrome, Firefox and/or Safari.
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Tonometry is a procedure that measures the pressure inside the eyes. The test is used to screen for glaucoma, a disease in which pressure inside the eyes increases to the point that it impairs vision and if left untreated, may cause Blindness.
How the test is performed
There are several methods of testing for glaucoma.
The applanation method measures the force required to flatten a certain area of the cornea. A fine strip of paper stained with orange dye (fluorescein) is touched to the side of the eye. The dye stains the front of the eye to help with the examination, then rinses out with tears. An anesthetic drop is also placed in the eye.
The slit-lamp is placed in front of you and you rest your chin and forehead on a support that keeps your head steady. The lamp is moved forward until the tonometer touches the cornea. The light is usually a blue circle. The health care provider looks through the eyepiece on the lamp and adjusts the tension on the tonometer. There is no discomfort associated with the test.
A slightly different method of applanation uses a portable object similar to pencil. Again, you are given anesthetic eye drops to prevent any discomfort. The device touches the outside of the eye and an instant digital measurement is recorded.
The last method is the noncontact method (air puff). In this method, your chin is resting on a padded stand. You will be asked to stare straight into the examining instrument. The examiner will shine a bright light into your eye to properly align the instrument. A brief puff of air is blown at your eye. The instrument calculates pressure from the change in the light reflected off the corneas as the air puff is blown.
How to prepare for the test
Remove contact lenses before the examination. The dye can permanently stain contact lenses.
Inform the health care provider if you have corneal ulcers and infections, an eye infection, if you are taking any drugs, or if you have a history of glaucoma in your family.
The preparation you can provide for this test depends on your child’s age, previous experiences, and level of trust. For specific information regarding how you can prepare your child, see the following topics:
- Preschooler test or procedure preparation (3 to 6 years)
- School age test or procedure preparation (6 to 12 years)
- Adolescent test or procedure preparation (12 to 18 years)
How the test will feel
There should be no pain with the applanation method because of the anesthetic. In the noncontact method, you may feel mild pressure on your eye.
Why the test is performed
People over 40 years old, especially African Americans, are at the highest risk for developing glaucoma. If glaucoma is detected early, it can usually be treated, but it may go unrecognized for years because there usually are no symptoms.
The eye pressure is within the normal range.
What abnormal results mean
Glaucoma may be detected.
Additional conditions under which the test may be performed:
- trauma to the eye or head
- before and after eye surgery
What the risks are
If the applanation method is used, there is a small chance the cornea may be scratched (corneal abrasion). This will normally heal itself within a few days.
Blacks are at least twice as likely as whites to develop glaucoma, and about five times more likely to suffer vision loss as a result of the disease.
by Martin A. Harms, M.D.
All ArmMed Media material is provided for information only and is neither advice nor a substitute for proper medical care. Consult a qualified healthcare professional who understands your particular history for individual concerns.
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3 edition of Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. found in the catalog.
Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
United States. Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
At head of title: Federal Works Agency. John M. Carmody, administrator.
|Statement||Prepared under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting. Work Projects Administration.|
|Contributions||Whiting, Theodore E., United States. Work Projects Administration.|
|LC Classifications||HV85 .A55 1942|
|The Physical Object|
|Pagination||xii, 1 l., 405 p.|
|Number of Pages||405|
|LC Control Number||42038524|
), ; Theodore Whiting, Final Statistical Reports of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Washington: GPO, ), Whiting observes that only about 10 percent of the funds concerned production of goods for the needy. 5Jacob Baker to William L. Nunn, 11 December , National Archives, Record. AFDC: unlimited federal funds, states required to assist all those eligible, parents with children under 3 exempt from work requirement, no work trigger or time limit TANF: fixed federal grant, no entitlement, no exemptions from work requirement (some by state), work trigger required after 2 .
A variety of work relief projects were implemented in the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), the first U.S. federal relief agency begun in May and lasting until December They included construction, projects for professionals (e.g., writers, artists, actors and musicians), and production of consumer by: 3. The letter from Hopkins had been taped into a beautifully bound book published by the TERA on October 1, , Emergency Unemployment Relief Laws in the State of New York: , a gift from Hopkins to Straus, obviously when the latter retired. The typed, unsigned note, is from one of the sons of Jesse Straus who is the “Father” the writer refers to.
emergency or disaster, as well as information on emergency relief resources for agencies preparing for a potential future emergency. This manual will be of particular use for agencies that are seeking or have received funding under the Federal Transit Administration’s (FTA’s) Emergency Relief (ER) Program. Federal Emergency Relief Administration. ( a, January). Survey of common labor rates paid on the work program. Monthly report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office. Google ScholarCited by: 4.
The real guide.
A natural history of English song-birds, and such of the foreign as are usually brought over and esteemed for their singing. To which are added, figures of the cock, hen, and egg of each species, exactly copied from nature
Mr Men Greedy
Smuggling activities across the Uganda borders during the military regime, 1971-1979
Dead and living cities
Computer science and technology publications.
nineteenth-century constitution, 1815-1914
Problems facing local government in metropolitan areas
Prospectus of the Joggins Coal Mining Company
Memoirs of the reign of King George the Second
On early English pronunciation, with especial reference to Shakespeare and Chaucer, containing an investigation of the correspondence of writing with speech in England from the Anglosaxon period to the present day, preceded by a systematic notation of all spoken sounds by means of the ordinary printing types. Including ... F.J. Childs memoirs on the language of Chaucer and Gower, and ... the rare tracts by Salesbury on English, 1547, and Welch, 1567, and by Barclay
About this Book Catalog Record Details. Final statistical report of the Federal emergency relief administration. United States. View full catalog record. Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. first edition Paperback United States. Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. New York, Da Capo Press, (OCoLC) Document Type: Book: All Authors / Contributors: Theodore E Whiting; United States.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration.; United States. Work Projects Administration. Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration.
Washington: Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration: United States Government Printing Office, (OCoLC) Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Washington DC: United States Government Printing Office, First edition.
Paperback. Small quarto [26 cm] Brown wraps, with sporadic small closed and open tears to the edges. The largest tear is open, measuring 2" wide by 1/2" deep. Very good minus. Final statistical report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration. Prepared under the direction of Theodore E.
Whiting. Prepared under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting. Work Projects Administration U.S. Govt. Print. Most federal relief efforts had been mired for some time in a quagmire of political and legislative wrangling.
Little aid or direction had actually reached the state level. Onthe Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was inaugurated. RECORDS OF THE FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION (FERA) History: Established by authority of the Federal Emergency Relief Act of (48 Stat.
55),to allocate grants to state and local agencies for direct and work relief, to set minimum relief standards, and to coordinate information on relief problems, policies, and procedures. Summary of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) Summary and Definition: The Federal Emergency Relief Act, passed by Congress at the outset of the New Deal on The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was a federal government relief agency that was created by the law to provide relief support to nearly 5 million households each month.
(Source: "Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration,"pp. 64,and ) ("Production," a mural study for the Buchannon, Michigan Post Office, by Gertrude Goodrich (?), created while she was in, or competing for, a New Deal Section of Fine Arts commission, in The Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA) was the new name given by the Roosevelt Administration to the Emergency Relief Administration (ERA) which President Franklin Delano Roosevelt had created in FERA was established as a result of the Federal Emergency Relief Act and was replaced in by the Works Progress Administration (WPA).
Superseding agency: Works Progress. FEDERAL EMERGENCY RELIEF ADMINISTRATION, Washington, D.C., May IS, SIR: I transmit herewith the final report covering the Unemploy ment Relief Census secured in the Nation-wide survey of all families and persons receiving relief from public funds during OctoberThe information contained in this report gives, for the first time,File Size: 8MB.
Persons interested in pursuing ideas suggested in this paper, or dissatisfied with these disclaimers, should contact the authors for copies of these other papers. 2 The benefit, case and budget variables were obtained from Works Progress Administration, Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Washington, Cited by: Abstract.
Recession and accompanying unemployment often brings calls to revive the WPA (Works Progress Administration), an extensive job creation program from the Great Depression of the gh the WPA is the best known Depression era work program, it was preceded by the even more innovative and controversial FERA (Federal Emergency Relief Administration) and CWA Cited by: 4.
Federal Emergency Relief Administration, The Emergency Work Relief Program of the FERA, April 1, – July 1,Federal Works Agency, Work Projects Administration, Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, Washington, DC: U.S. Government Printing Office, Full text of "Summary of relief and federal work program statistics, " See other formats.
Hopkins himself highlights the issues at stake in Spending to Save: The Complete Story of Relief (University of Washington Press: Seattle, and ), pp. 97–, while the government’s own Final Statistical Report of the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (Works Progress Administration, Government Printing Office, ) provides a mass of : Anthony J.
Badger. The Federal Emergency Relief Act, passed at the outset of the New Deal by Congress onwas the opening shot in the war against the Great created the Federal Emergency Relief Administration (FERA), which was alloted a start-up fund of $ million from the Reconstruction Finance Corporation to help the needy and unemployed.
The Federal Emergency Relief Act ofimplemented President Roosevelt's first major initiative to combat the adverse economic and social effects of the Great Depression. The act established the Federal Emergency Relief Administration, a grant-making agency authorized to distribute federal aid to the states for relief.
In United States: Relief 12,Congress established a Federal Emergency Relief Administration to distribute half a billion dollars to state and local agencies. Roosevelt also created the Civil Works Administration, which by January was employing more than 4, men and women.
Final statistical report of the Federal emergency relief administration.: Prepared under the direction of Theodore E. Whiting. Work projects administration.The Emergency Relief Program allows FTA, subject to the availability of appropriations, to make grants for eligible public transportation capital and operating costs in the event of a catastrophic event, such as a natural disaster, that affects a wide area, as a result of which the Governor of a State has declared an emergency and the Secretary.ees have coordinated Federal response and recovery efforts and supported State, Tribal, and local efforts in more than 1, incidents.
The Federal Government’s involvement in emergency management; however, did not begin in Federal disaster relief actually started more than years ago. Federal Disaster Response and Emergency Management.
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There are many different types of stock trading strategies available. Whether you want to get involved in the stock market or you just want to make sure that you have a healthy cash flow, there is a strategy for you. There are a few basic strategies that you can use to improve your trading profits. For example, you can try combining a standardized comprehensive evaluation index, or SR, with a profit rate. This combination will give you an idea of how profitable your strategy is while taking into consideration the risk and profit you have incurred.
Regardless of which strategy you choose, it’s essential to pay attention to price fluctuations and the performance of the stock. The price at which you purchase a stock directly affects your profit potential when you sell it later. So, make sure that you purchase a stock at a fair price, and monitor the stock for signs of poor performance. Some signs of bad performance include the company missing earnings targets, or other developments within the industry. However, you shouldn’t wait for the price to drop drastically before selling your stock.
Technical analysis, on the other hand, focuses on price movements and market action. There are several ways to analyze a stock, but you should use the one that feels most comfortable for you. Before making any trades, you should assess whether a stock is right for you based on your investment objectives and risk tolerance. Moreover, you should remember that past performance is no guarantee of future performance. And, as always, you should never trade based on rumors and guesswork.
There are many different trading strategies out there, and an active trader should decide on the best one for his or her style of trading. The best stock trading strategies are those that involve several different factors and minimize your risk and increase your chances of profit. A good strategy will consider the type of stock, the company’s history, and the market’s conditions. Ideally, your strategy will also take into account your personal preferences. So, make sure you carefully consider all of these factors before choosing a strategy. You will surely reap more benefits if you use several strategies at once.
Another important part of stock trading is the selection of the right stock. You need to pick the right stock so that you can make money on tiny price moves. You can always find resources online to help you make an informed decision. Nevertheless, you must be consistent in your approach. Logic, math, and emotions should guide your decisions. This way, you can make more money in a short period of time. So, don’t get caught up in rumor and hype.
Another stock trading strategy is the long call. By purchasing a call option and buying stock, you can bet that the price of the stock will go higher before the expiration date. If the stock rises significantly before the expiration date, you will get back some or all of your investment. Just remember that this is not risk-free! If you want to make money in the stock market, you need to know the risk and reward of each strategy before choosing one.
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Every dog owner has wondered, “Can Dogs Eat Scallops?”, yes? No?
As it turns out, the answer is not that simple. But we will answer the question anyway. So, buckle up, and let’s get right into it.
The short answer to the question is, yes. Scallops are safe and even healthy for your dog to eat. BUT, there are two precautions that you need to follow. And these are:
- Never Feed Your Dog Raw Scallops, and we mean NEVER.
- Don’t add any extra ingredients or seasoning, JUST DON’T!
If both of these rules are followed, You and Your Dog will be fine. However, you must only feed it in moderation.
After all, even if you have good intentions, (which you obviously do, right?) accidents can happen. And dogs are known to eat something that they had no business eating.
Moreover, a lot of people ask What happens if my dog eats scallops? While it won’t be anything fatal, it can lead to you paying a fat bill at Vet.
With this being said, let’s answer some more questions related to Doggies and scallops.
Are Scallops Good for Dogs to Eat?
Now, that you know the answer to “can dogs eat scallops or Not?”. Let’s see if it is good for them.
As it turns out, there are many benefits of feeding your dog scallops. It has many nutritional values that can help your canine friend. In addition to this, it is also a good source of magnesium, potassium, and protein.
If you didn’t already know, all of these are important elements needed by your friend. So, we can say that, yes it is good for your dog.
Will scallops hurt dogs?
The answer to this question is a short and sweet no, BUT, there are always exceptions.
Truth be told, if you don’t feed scallops to your dog the right way, it can be hurt them. While they aren’t exactly toxic, even to young pups, things can go wrong if you are fed raw. However, this doesn’t mean you can FRY or COOK it. that can hurt your furry friend too.
Confused? well, let us explain.
The added ingredients can make it unsafe for your dog, and so does frying it. ingredients, seasonings, oils, butter, etc have the potential to be dangerous to your dog. So, you have to make sure it is cooked yet absolutely plain.
With this said, we have answered your question can dogs eat scallops? and some other ones too.
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The culture of giving flowers to children is not as popular as the tradition of buying them sweets or toys. Meanwhile, a child who receives flowers for his birthday gets in touch with the cultural traditions of society: girls learn to accept bouquets as signs of attention, and boys learn to show them, remembering how flowers are given. Children will not appreciate the sublime and semantic content of the composition, but due to their natural curiosity and attraction to bright colors, they will enjoy studying plants and their aroma. And for very young babies, the bouquet will help to playfully learn or repeat colors and shapes.
In order for a gift to bring joy to a child, it is better to choose it, adhering to the following rules:
The correct choice of a gift depends on the type of holiday: for the birthday, children’s bouquets are made in the form of toys, animals, balloons. Compositions of living plants, the donation of which is timed to coincide with the graduation from kindergarten, admission to school or the end of the school year, can have a “wedding” form. And the bouquet that the baby receives in honor of March 8 may include spring flowers for children (primroses, tulips and violets). A good gift for a girl on International Women’s Day will be a mini-copy of the bouquet that her mother received.
The type of flowers that can be given to children also depends on their age: babies of the first year of life can be pleased with daisies, three-four-year-old children of both sexes will like a large decorative sunflower, and florists recommend giving gerberas to five-year-olds.
Entering elementary school coincides with the age at which boys are no longer given bouquets, while girls are given “adult” flowers: Kenyan roses, alstroemeria, freesia. When choosing a composition for a teenage girl, pay due attention to her character: for a modest and docile girl, choose a beautiful composition in gentle pastel colors, and for a naughty and cheerful one, collect mixes from expressive bright buds.
Tulips, carnations, chrysanthemums and asters are equally good for bouquets for boys and girls. The difference lies in the palette of bouquets: it is preferable for little men to give plants in blue, light blue, purple or green colors. Traditionally, pink, orange, and creamy shades become feminine from an early age. It is customary for a very little girl to give flowers of pure and fresh white tones.
For boys, florists recommend choosing irises, cornflowers, forget-me-nots and gladioli. Bouquets for young ladies are made up of lilies of the valley, spray roses, gypsophila, daisies and bells. The decor in boyish bouquets is either minimal or absent altogether, while compositions for girls are decorated with ribbons, bows and rattan figurines.
A bouquet of flowers in a box for children will delight both girls and boys: harmonious combinations of small buds with sweets, fruits or toys will leave not only pleasant impressions as a souvenir of a gift, but also the box itself, which children will surely find use in games. < / p>
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In 1970, I was a refugee from Brooklyn living in a broken down old house in Lyme, New Hampshire. I came into the country for the same reason that many of my generation did, to heal the stresses of the lunatic sixties and to find a better way of life. Working as a low laborer with a local construction crew, I tried to fit in as best I could. I tried to decipher their deep New England way of talking. It seemed like another language that had developed without a thought to the world beyond.
My goal was to learn how to do a hard day’s work and I did, hoisting plank after plank onto the roof of the house the Kherdians had bought on the edge of the big forest at the foot of Bear Hill. We rebuilt their whole roof and in the process I understood that he was a poet. We got to know each other a bit beyond the landowner/worker relationship. It was probably obvious I was not a “local” and had my own story and reasons for being where I was, and it would be especially obvious to a perceptive and sensitive poet.
Many years passed, about forty five, and then somehow I saw an announcement of David’s book of poems, “Living in Quiet,” Deerbrook Editions 2013 and it all came back and stayed back; I can see all the scenes of long ago in perfect clarity. Or as the poet says:
10 Years Later
Standing on the leafy bank
on my first day back
overlooking hills & ravines
and the river I fished,
I knelt, reached back over
the years, and threw a stick
that tumbled a wild green apple.
One bite and it all came back.
And so, I wrote to him from Indonesia, from Bali where we were living, and we reconnected. I sent my check and received my autographed copy of “Living in Quiet.”
As I do with anything that is “any good” I read every single word and sometimes more than once to capture the meaning, the essence of it all. His writing is not complicated except in the sense that there is such depth in the clarity and precision of his words. He grasps and is able to express the most important feelings, those that constantly escape the net of expression.
It takes time and quiet to think deeply, to discover how one really feels about people, situations, and the character of one’s life. Perhaps it also takes the perspective of age to look back and clearly see what we most assuredly missed when we first saw it, whether it be our hometown, our friends, or the people we saw but didn’t really see.
In his new volume, Root River Return, 2015, by Beech Hill Publishing Co. David Kherdian continues his poetic reflections, focusing on the town of his youth, Racine, Wisconsin.
The city’s smallest park
there behind the
and below the street
that followed the lake
With a bench or two
a patch of grass
and a view of blue water
clear to the horizon
I had come from the busy city
to sit on the grass alone
absorbed in the life
of that place
that for the moment
David Kherdian’s poetry is evocative of past time, of a simpler world, of memory one can taste, and of feelings we all share as human beings but so few of us are able to express.
Dear Mrs. McKinney of the Sixth Grade
Hands down, you were my favorite
teacher at Garfield Elementary,
or at any school since:
your stern, austere face, that
held an objective judgment of
everything in charge;
the patient way you taught,
out of a deep belief and respect
and the good books you chose
to read aloud –
in particular, Mark Twain;
and the punishment you handed
out (a twin cheek twist, just
once, with forefingers and thumbs)
embarrassed us only because
we had failed ourselves,
for we had wisely learned from you
the need for discipline and regard.
Long after I left that place
I saw you once waiting for a bus,
and though I returned your warm
smile, I hurried on.
Why didn’t I stop, as I could
see you wanted me to? I deeply
regretted it for weeks, and there
are moments when I remember it still.
And nothing, not poem, not time,
not anything for which I might
stand proud, can erase that seeming
failure of feelings and regard on
I loved you, I really did, and I
wish now that in stopping and chatting
with you for a moment I could have
shown it to you then,
instead of now, in this poem,
in which only time and loss, not
you and I, are the subject to be held.
Poems like this, short prose, and character sketches from his life follow one after another in consistent beauty. It is an experience of reliving the most important and delicate feelings of one’s life.
David Kherdian was born in 1931 in Racine, Wisconsin. He is in his eighties now and still vital, active, productive. He is an Armenian and grew up within that community.
In 1915, during the first World War, the dying Ottoman Empire took advantage of the tumult of war to systematically destroy its Armenian minority. Millions died of starvation and execution. Kherdian’s mother and father scarcely survived; they landed in the promised land of America.
Although his Armenian heritage informs Kherdian’s persona as it must, that fact does not define him. He refuses to be categorized either by that or by his association with the Beat poets. In correspondence I learned very clearly that he always wanted to be just himself, even if he wasn’t sure what that was earlier in life. He knew he wanted to be an artist but was not sure what kind of artist he wanted to be or what that even meant. He emerged as a fine writer of many books published in fourteen different languages. It is a long list reflecting great quality but, for me, his poetry is the heart of it all.
I didn’t want to protect myself
I didn’t want to protect myself
by seeking perfection against the
accidental onslaughts of time-
but instead to move imperfectly
through it all, not to be the best
or the only, or the one to watch,
but rather the beggar of mercy
and grace, finding new hope
in each disappointment
believing against reason
(against what the senses said could not be)
that there was an order beyond this
disorder, that there was
a truth beyond this lie,
and that I was included in its design,
that could not be seen or named
but could be believed in,
if one believed that one
On the back cover of Root River Return a testimonial by Aria Baliozian says, “…a Kherdian poem has this in common with a Bach prelude; it is not only beautiful but an explanation of beauty.” That is an exquisite idea and I have spent a good deal of time contemplating it. It goes to the heart of what I think art is.
The attempt at art requires honesty, courage, sincerity, emotion, and energy. Nothing false survives in the realm of art which is why I think David Kherdian’s poems are so important. They reveal a truly authentic man exposing his heartfelt experience and the highly nuanced emotions that accompany that experience. The skill and artistry of finding the right words and combinations of words to express for us what we have always known and felt makes David Kherdian very special. By the magic of art his life becomes our life.
February 11, 2016
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As a UNESCO World Heritage Site and one of Australia’s most famous landmarks, Uluru is the undeniable highlight of the Red Centre and an unmissable attraction for visitors to Alice Springs. Here’s a rundown of tour options.
Hermannsburg Road, Hermannsburg, Northern Territory, Australia
There’s no charge to visit sleepy Hermannsburg, and visitors can enjoy a drink or a snack at the Kata Anga Tea Rooms (during cooler months). Travelers generally arrive from Alice Springs, to the east, whether on a Red Centre tour from Alice Springs to Kings Canyon, as part of a day trip to Palm Valley in Finke Gorge National Park, or on a custom tour focused on Aboriginal art. There are campgrounds in the area but no formal accommodation.
Things to Know Before You Go
Hermannsburg is of interest to lovers of Aboriginal art and fans of historic architecture.
To visit Palm Valley (or the rest of Finke Gorge National Park) from Hermannsburg, you will need a 4WD with high clearance and experience driving it.
The community of Hermannsburg is alcohol-free.
Hermannsburg occupies a flat area, with most surfacing in red dirt, but little specific effort has been made to adapt it for people who use wheelchairs.
How to Get There
Hermannsburg sits in the Northern Territory, central Australia, about 79 miles (137 kilometers) west of the travel hub of Alice Springs and 9 miles (14 kilometers) north of Finke Gorge National Park. There is no public transport, and, especially given the challenges of driving Finke Gorge, many travelers prefer to join an organized tour from Alice Springs.
When to Get There
As with elsewhere in the Red Centre, the cooler months of the year are by far the best time to visit Hermannsburg. The Kata Anga Tea Rooms and the Hermannsburg Mission generally close for summer in mid-October and don’t reopen until March or April. Aim to visit between morning and early afternoon when attractions start to close down.
The Hermannsburg Mission
Hermannsburg takes its distinctively German name from a group of Lutheran missionaries who arrived at the sacred site of Ntaria in 1877 with the aim of converting the local Arrernte people to Christianity. While the land was handed back to its original owners in 1982, Lutheran structures remain in the Hermannsburg Mission, including whitewashed cottages and a church.
Frequently Asked Questions
The answers provided below are based on answers previously given by the tour provider to customers’ questions.
What are the nearest attractions to Hermannsburg (Ntaria)?
What else should I know about attractions in Alice Springs?
As well as visiting the Hermannsburg (Ntaria), check out these trip ideas to make the most of your visit:
- Tnorala/Gosse Bluff Conservation Reserve
- Ormiston Gorge
- West MacDonnell Ranges
- Standley Chasm (Angkerle Atwatye)
- MacDonnell Ranges
- Mt. Gillen
- Mbantua Fine Art Gallery and Cultural Museum (Mbantua Aboriginal Art Gallery)
- Simpsons Gap
- Alice Springs Desert Park
- Larapinta Trail
- Finke Gorge National Park
- Alice Springs School of the Air Visitor Centre
- Royal Flying Doctor Service Alice Springs Tourist Facility (RFDS Museum)
- Alice Springs Reptile Centre
- Kangaroo Sanctuary
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Nothing can ruin moving into a new area more than finding out you have bad neighbors. Recent research shows neighbors are just as important for endangered kangaroo rats in Southern California as they are for humans—a finding which may be important in conducting successful translocations for the species.
Stephen’s kangaroo rats (Dipodomys stephensi) have been steadily declining for decades as development and farming has taken over their habitat. The encroachment of invasive grasses in San Diego and Riverside counties, where the rats are endemic, can also make once good habitat unsuitable.
The rats have been listed as endangered by the U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service since 1988. In 2008, The San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance began translocating kangaroo rats to new areas in an effort to stymie population loss. The team’s success came from their sensitivity to the rats’ behavior, particularly their preference to stay near the same neighbors, they found.
“Survival was extremely high,” said Debra Shier, associate director of recovery ecology at the San Diego Zoo Wildlife Alliance.
The conservationists moved 54 rats in 2008 and another 44 in 2009. They pulled those rats from three different populations that were facing impacts from humans. Some came from a camping area parking lot, some from a metropolitan water district area slated for development, and another group from private land where the owners were planning to convert the native habitat into a vineyard.
In a study published recently in Conservation Biology, Shier and her co-authors moved all of the rodents to nine different areas in the Southwestern Riverside County Multi-Species Reserve, which was created in 1992 to mitigate for habitat loss associated with the creation of the Diamond Valley Lake reservoir.
Stephen’s kangaroo rats typically prefer open grasslands or forblands with mixed patches of vegetation and open areas. The rats communicate with each other and set up and maintain their territories by sandbathing, rubbing their scent against the soil in open patches. But invasive European grasses and forbs cover entire areas, leaving no open spaces for the rats. These exotic plants are also more densely packed, making it harder for the kangaroo rats to get around.
The California Department of Forestry and Fire Protection helped clear some of these grasses using prescribed burns, and workers removed the invasive vegetation in other areas. “We prepared the site for the kangaroo rats by clearing all the non-native grasses and forbs,” Shier said.
Kangaroo rats live in underground burrows, a little like single-family homes, near the burrows of other family groups. Before gathering up founders from the three populations, the researchers observed where individuals were living using night vision goggles. They mapped out neighborhoods, recording which rats lived where. As they collected the rats, they marked them with color-coded ear tags, placing individuals in acclimation chambers that mimicked the kind of burrows they dug.
Then, they moved the rats to their new home in a release site cleared of invasive plants. The researchers moved some of the kangaroo rats in exactly the same neighborhood they lived in at their old site. In other areas, they moved rats randomly.
The researchers kept and feed them in acclimation chambers and surrounded the whole release site with electric fencing to protect them from predators like coyotes (Canis latrans). They also surrounded each acclimation chamber with a landscape divider to keep ants away, which can predate young rats.
They fitted rats with a radio-transmitter backpacks to track their movements for three months after their release. They gave the rodents a week to get used to their new home, then removed the top portion of their acclimation chamber, the landscape divider and electrified fence.
“The transmitters allowed us to collect really good data on movement post-release and see how long it took them to settle in their new site,” Shier said.
The team found that the kangaroo rats translocated with neighbors had 90% survival in those first three months. Some were eaten by barn owls (Tyto alba), while others dispersed out of the receiver site.
Initially, there were less problems for some rats than for others. It seemed to come down to the rats’ neighbors. After release, the rats that were already neighbors before spent some time checking each other out, but moved less after translocation and settled into old routines more quickly. “The neighbor-translocated rats spend more time digging and foraging, whereas the non-neighbor rats spend more time fighting,” Shier said.
While these rats are often solitary creatures, “they have a rudimentary social system,” she said. Rats that were translocated into a new space with new neighbors had to establish relationships with other translocated kangaroo rats and rebuild a local pecking order on top of establishing a new territory, gathering up a seed cache and coping with the additional stress of the move to a new area.
Furthermore, research shows that Stephen’s kangaroo rats are often more likely to mate with their neighbors than rats that live farther away. “[Our translocation] would have failed if we hadn’t moved them in neighbor groups as evidenced by the differences in reproductive success,” she said.
The researchers conducted long-term surveys of the translocated population, collecting genetic material from tissue samples each year from 2010 to 2013 and again in 2017. Their data show long-term success of the translocation. The newly established population of kangaroo rats increased in numbers before leveling off. Shier said the area may have reached carrying capacity and now appears to have gone through a population cycle.
“All indicators, both demographically and genetically, indicate this is a viable population,” she said.
Shier said that she’s unaware of another study that reveals the long-term viability of a translocated population over such a relatively long period compared to the lifespans of the creatures in question. The genetic data they took doesn’t show fine enough detail to reveal whether the rats that live in this new population today maintained something close to the neighborhood plan of their parents and grandparents, but Shier said that observations suggest that offspring often carve out part of their mother’s territory.
“We documented that the animals that were present at the site were, in fact, descendants from the translocated animals,” she said. “We had not just one-year offspring but descendants for generations.”
|Joshua Rapp Learn is a science writer at The Wildlife Society. Contact him at email@example.com with any questions or comments about his article.
Share your thoughts on this article, and others, on our Instagram, Facebook and Twitter pages.
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The planned dredging works took place on the Kurca main channel at the 4+847-9+997 km section as the continuation of the previous IPA project – eWAM. The plan involved the removal of harmful sedimentations and the regulation of the channel bed on a further 5.150 linear meter section. During the intervention, there was no bed extension, the main goal was to restore the original water permit conditions. Only single-side dredging was planned due to nature conservation regulations.
The planned dredging took place on the right bank, remaining within one’s own territory. On the affected right side of the channel it was necessary to form a dredging platform, which included bush clearing, felling and reed clearing.
While scheduling the implementation it was important to take into account that it had to be done during low water levels and outside the vegetation period. The affected area is protected by NATURA 2000 which meant further temporal limitation.
About 32.900 m3 of sedimentation/sludge had to be removed. The sludge had to be placed behind the tailings dam partially extracted from coastal slope and local material.
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The Entire Team at Extra Mile Powerwashing Welcome the Fall Season and its Beautiful Weather
We love the fall season in the Bunker Hill, WV area, because the hot summer days are behind us. We love this season because we can now help homeowners get ready for the holiday season, and what we hope will be a short winter. So if your sidewalks or siding are not “up for entertaining,” please let us help get them ready. Our technicians will bring our professional equipment and their years of cleaning expertise and have your home ready quickly. Along with the professional equipment, they use the softwash technique to clean your property safely.
Most amateurs try and blast dirt, grime and algae away. The problem is, as they blast away the filth, they also blast INTO the surfaces. The scarring of concrete, wood, shingles and other building materials can be VERY costly!
Gutter Cleaning is Essential
One area of your home that needs to be clean before winter is the gutters. Most homeowners don’t even think about gutters until there’s a problem. Then it’s too late, because water can find lots of places to go if not channeled away from the house. Sticks, leafs and acorns can quickly clog gutters and downspouts. Many people think water will just flow around it, but heavy rains can back up in a hurry.
If water backs up, it will overflow, run down the walls and likely come inside your home. And, if you live where it snows, backed up water freezes and snow can back up under shingles. This can lead to damage inside and outside of your home, negatively impacting your roofing materials.
Contact us today online or by calling us at 304.904.0500 for an estimate to pressure wash your Bunker Hill, WV-area home. We’re also happy to answer questions, so you can make a wise choice about your home’s care.
Fall Season Facts
Historically “Fall” was called “Harvest,” because of the harvest season that occurs during these months.
Weight gain around this time of year may not only from food. Researchers have found that lack of vitamin D — which the sun helps your body produce — reduces fat breakdown and triggers fat storage. So you can’t completely blame all the pumpkin-spice drinks and desserts.
Fall colors are caused by the amount of sugar in leaves. The more red in the leaf, the more sugar that leaf is storing.
Fall tourism — or “leaf peeping” — brings in big money, around $3 billion annually to the New England states.
People with fall birthdays are statistically better students and live longer, according to a UK Department of education and the University of Chicago study.
Serving You This Fall Season
Our techs will be traveling our entire service area this fall. They serve the greater Winchester, VA area, including:
Bunker Hill WV 25413 | Inwood WV 25428 | Kearneysville WV 25429 | Kearneysville WV 25430 | Shepherdstown WV 25443 | Glengary WV 25420 | Charles Town WV 25414 | Ranson WV 25414 | Martinsburg WV 25401 | Martinsburg WV 25402 | Martinsburg WV 25403 | Martinsburg WV 25404 | Falling Waters WV 25419 | Harpers Ferry WV 25425 | Hedgesville WV 25427 | Winchester VA 22601 | Winchester VA 22602 | Winchester VA 22603 | Winchester VA 22604 | Cross Junction VA 22625 | Clear Brook VA 22624
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Vote suppression, vote manipulation, disenfranchisement, faulty voting machines — these and others are serious problems that threaten to undermine the electoral process in the United States.
While some legislators are attempting to crack down on alleged voter fraud by proposing stringent ID requirements, other lawmakers and grassroots citizen organizations are focusing their attention on the much greater problem of election fraud (intentional efforts to suppress or manipulate the vote) and irregularities (potentially hackable or malfunctioning electronic voting machines), as well as related problems like poorly trained poll workers and insufficient numbers of machines, paper ballots and provisional ballots at polling places.
One of the problems “clean vote” advocates have is convincing the public that the voting process can indeed be dirty. After all, there’s not a lot of distance between talk about election fraud and the latest conspiracy theory. Plus, we want to believe that ours is a pristine process — that every vote counts and that every vote is counted. The sad truth is that many votes go uncounted, and some votes are counted twice or more by electronic machines.
Not surprisingly, the lion’s share of these problems usually exists in poor and urban areas, the glaring exception being Florida’s ballot fiasco back in 2000. And one of the results of these problems is that we feel powerless to correct them, no matter where we live. How can we have faith in electronic machines when the precincts that buy them admit they don’t trust them to accurately count our votes? How can we fight back when we’re turned away at the polls because our photo ID doesn’t include the middle initial that appears on our voter registration, even though the rest of the information on the two documents is consistent? We can quickly get overwhelmed by both the big picture and the exact details.
The reality — and here’s the good news — is that we can each take steps to help ensure that our vote is counted. There’s no guarantee that it will be, but the more attention we pay to some of those details before and on Election Day, the greater the chances that our vote will be registered.
Here’s a checklist of action steps you can take now:
• Double-check now to make sure you are registered to vote. If you discover a problem that you cannot resolve with your local elections board (usually listed in the government pages of the local telephone directory), contact Election Protection at 1-866-OUR-VOTE (687-8683) for help.
• Find out now where your polling place is. It may have changed since the last time you voted.
• Find out exactly what forms of ID your state requires, and make sure everything is in order before Election Day. If you can, go to the appropriate website (usually the county’s board of elections or your state’s secretary of state), research the voter ID law and print the page to take with you on Election Day. Poll workers too often don’t know the law.
• Obtain a sample ballot. Some counties and precincts post sample ballots online. Call your local elections board to have one sent to you if you can’t get it online. As recent elections have shown, ballots can be confusing, and you don’t want to be caught off guard at the polls. Bear in mind, though, that not all jurisdictions provide sample ballots.
Here’s what you can do on Election Day (or earlier, if your state allows early voting):
• Request a paper ballot if one is available. Electronic machines are much too unreliable. Be sure you are not given a provisional ballot; these are used when a person’s voting status is in question, and they often go uncounted. If an electronic machine is your only option, check to see if you can obtain a paper copy of your vote. Some machines allow you to verify your vote on paper before you submit it electronically.
• Be vigilant. If anything strikes you as questionable, bring it to the attention of a poll worker — which may not do any good if the poll workers are part of the problem. (One example: In several New York City precincts in 2006, minority voters were asked for photo ID, which was not a requirement, while no such request was made of white voters.)
• Report any problems, even if they appear to be minor, to your local board of elections as soon as possible; if you have a cell phone, call from the polling place. You can also report it to Election Protection at the number given above and to any of the citizen organizations listed at the end of this article. If it’s serious enough and you haven’t received a satisfactory response from the election board, don’t hesitate to call your local media to notify them of the problem.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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The current MRB oldtimer scheme for oldtimers has not produced the desired effect in several areas. Partly for this reason, the Stichting Autobelangen has submitted the Oldtimer Amendment 2017 to CDA representative Pieter Omtzigt. According to Stichting Autobelangen, the adjustment of the measure serves the purpose of achieving a balanced and just old-timer policy. “The interests of the oldtimer owner are served in this way. The objectives of the government will not be lost sight of, ”the foundation writes in the amendment. Remarkable: those responsible propose to levy motor vehicle tax on vintage cars from the age of 30. A fuel surcharge for diesel and LPG vehicles is also mentioned.
According to Autobelangen, the proposed legislative amendment contributes to the preservation and creation of cultural driving heritage. Furthermore, the hobby possession of all types of old-timers would become (again) accessible when the proposals are translated into legislation. According to them, the amendment is in line with European standards and guidelines for old-timers. The age of 30 years and older is the starting point.
Change to old-timer scheme is in line with MOT regulations
The change is also in line with existing Dutch MOT regulations for old-timers. Car Interests also states that the plans can be implemented budget-neutral. The Amendment also refers to the fact that there will be no priming effect (import) with regard to diesel vehicles. The age and not the year of construction is also used as a starting point across the board. Finally, the proposal does not have a "shedding obligation" or other driving restrictions.
Proposal Car interests in practice
The Car Interests Foundation suggested more. All passenger cars, commercial vehicles, motorcycles, camping vehicles, buses and lorries aged 30 and older registered in the Netherlands will be taxed with effect from this amendment. They then fall under the so-called classic car MRB rate. Owners of this category of old-timers would, in the plans of Stichting Autobelangen, pay motor vehicle tax per period of one year. In that proposal, the old-timer motorcycles are taxed at € 25 per year, while all other old-timers are taxed at € 100 per year.
In the plans of Stichting Autobelangen, a fuel surcharge applies to passenger cars and commercial vehicles up to 3500 kg on LPG and diesel. This is then used until the vehicle reaches the age of 40. An amount of a maximum of 400 euros per year is proposed. As an option, Autobangen has also indicated that from the age of 50 the classic car rate will become nil. In that case a full MRB exemption applies.
Collection of the vintage car rate
The old-timer tariff must be paid in the Amendment per period of a full year. The first period starts at the start of the “date of ascription”. Owners of classic cars receive an invoice for the full rate from the tax authorities at the start of each period. For example, no refund will be made in the event that the vehicle is suspended, exported or sold within a current period (of 1 year). Furthermore, in the plans of Auto Interests, no old-timer tariff has to be paid for already suspended vehicles.
All proceeds in favor of the State
If the vehicle is removed from the suspension within a current period (the vehicle was suspended at the start of the period), the owner will receive an invoice for the remaining period. The fuel surcharge for diesel and LPG is -not deviating from the regular MRB- per month, quarter or year. Refunds are therefore also granted on the fuel surcharge in the event of suspension. This is also the case with sales. In the proposal no provincial surcharges are levied on the classic car rate. All proceeds go to the state.
Introduction of the vintage car rate
Car Interests also proposes that when this amendment is introduced as of January 1, 2018 - as a result of the transition from one measure to another - to be paid once for a shortened period. Each owner will receive an invoice from the tax authorities in proportion to the period from 1 January to the date of ascription in 2018.
In the amendment submitted by Stichting Autobelangen to Pieter Omtzigt, it is stated that owning and driving a (young) classic car will be affordable again. Especially enthusiasts with a smaller purse will profit from this, according to the Autobelangen Foundation, and will be able to pursue their hobby again.
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Choosing the perfect accessories can be one of the most nerve-wracking things about building a new home. There are dozens of variables that have to go into your decision, such as room size, house size, overall style, tastes, ceiling height, and budget. Choosing the perfect trim for each room is another important decision you will have to make. So then, what is trim in a house?
Are you tired of the same old and plain design options when it comes to decorating your home? Do ugly joints around the floor or window frames bother you? Consider using trim to add style to your home and break up spaces around boring walls and ceilings. Let’s then find out what is trim in a house. There is trim for everyone, whether you’re a new or existing house owner. You’ll find countless options for trimming your walls, floors, or even stairs.
Trims can be used to complement your existing decor or to create a whole new look for your home. Whether you prefer traditional or modern design, read on as we’ll find out what is trim in a house, affordable and easy-to-use decorating options to spruce up your home and add a personal touch to your floors, walls, and other elements in the house.
What Is Trim In A House?
A small but powerful finish design element in a room or around a building, trim, also known as molding or casing, is one of the best ways to add depth and beauty to any room. It is a type of millwork used to frame windows, doors, walls, floors, and even ceilings for practical and decorative purposes. They add depth, detail, and richness to any room; it is by far the best way to make any home stand out, then come out looking like a million dollar house.
Most people building a new home don’t give it much thought. They generally do not consider the size, style, and material used, How they flow from room to room, and how they blend in with the house’s overall style, which they shouldn’t. And these are essential factors to consider.
Trims typically fill the gaps between two areas but can be very decorative, setting the style and tone of a room. Trims can also help protect surfaces. For example, chair rails prevent a sliding chair from striking the wall.
Trims are mostly made of wood, but these days also come in more affordable synthetic materials like polystyrene, polyurethane, and PVC. It can also be of plaster.
There are several types of trims, baseboards, crown moldings, window and door casings, and chair rails, all of which work together to form a cohesive look that becomes an integral part of your architecture. And keeping track of them all can be a bit confusing. But we’ll help walk you through all the basics, so you know exactly how to describe what you’re looking for or what your designer or contractor is talking about!
PS- Designers and contractors may sometimes throw around the words “trim,” “casing,” and “molding.” It can be used interchangeably to describe millwork types: “Casing is a special type of molding used to trim windows and doors.”
You can comprehend what is trim in a house, but before you start shopping for the right trim for your home, it’s essential to know what types are available. Let’s look below at some of the types of trims that can be present in a house.
Types Of Trim In A House
Here are basic explanations of the different types of trims to help you understand what is trim in a house better:
As it is named, it’s no surprise that crown molding is the king (or queen!) of trims. It has long been one of the most popular types of millwork and is still installed in homes today. They are usually installed along the top of about 2 to 12 inches of a wall. Crown molding requires mitered cuts at the corners and comes in several profiles.
It is used to provide a visual transition between walls and ceilings while helping to establish the style and decor of the room, covering the junction where the wall meets the ceiling and visually drawing attention to the feel of taller walls. Crown moldings can also hide imperfections in drywall or plaster in hard-to-finish corners and joints and can conceal wiring used for lighting and speakers. The style and size of this trim should be carefully selected to match the dimensions and design of the room, as oversized molding can spoil the look of the walls.
It doesn’t have to be fancy, but many homeowners need a little decoration to spruce up the space. Trim profiles can be designed based on old column designs. The Ogee trim has a simple S-shape, while the rosevine profiles have graceful flowers and vines. The egg and dart molding consists of series of ovals and lines, while dentil molding is portrayed by patterns of squares or rectangles. Cove profile crown molding has a simple, curved shape that suits modern decor [source: This Old House].
Generally, larger crown molding pieces are more formal, while smaller pieces with fewer curves and ridges are more casual and modern.
Baseboard is also an incredibly popular type of trim, acting as a counterpoint to crown molding. Cover the joint where the wall meets the floor. Baseboards help to protect the base of a wall from damage while hiding expansion joints or gaps between the wall and the floor. They can also be a decorative frame around a hardwood floor to draw attention to the natural beauty of the floor.
Homeowners will find many types of baseboards to complement any decorating style; the simplest units are made from rectangular pieces of wood, while the more intricate moldings are carved into elegant shapes or profiles. Baseboards can be used alone for a clean and basic look, while others are paired with quarter-round molding. The quarter-round molding is placed in front of baseboards at ground level to hide expansion joints further or even protect the molding from scratches and damage.
Since it’s not always as noticeable as crown molding (furniture often covers it up), homeowners tend to keep it much simpler.
One of the most practical trims, the chair rail, is installed mainly to protect the wall from chairs bumping into it and damaging it—damage such as scratches and dents caused by the impact of the chairs. When residents move away from the table or adjust the position of the chair, the chair back will hit the chair rail instead of the wall.
The chair rail molding is placed on the wall about one-third of its height from the floor. As such, this type of decor is most prevalent in dining rooms. Sometimes you will also see panels below.
However, the chair rail can also break up a large or high wall. A bare wall may seem too plain or dull, but a chair rail can instantly (and subtly) change the look of a room. It can be used alone or with other types of trims such as baseboards or wainscoting. Some chair rails are pretty elaborate and can be used to complement the traditional or colonial decor. More modern homes will generally benefit more from the clean, straight lines created by simple round or square chair rails.
Although wainscoting is technically paneling rather than trim or moldings, it often falls under the same umbrella as decorative wall millwork. It uses large panels on the lower half of a wall. These panels can be used alone or sandwiched between chair rails and baseboards.
This trim helps to protect walls from damage while providing a decorative finish. Modern wainscoting made with vinyl or plastic can even be used in bathrooms and kitchens to reduce water damage. As a bonus, it makes it easier to keep your walls clean.
Like chair rails, picture rails are also practical and have a purpose. They are established between a foot or two feet below the ceiling and are about an inch wide, although larger versions are available. You can hang beautiful artwork without damaging your walls – nail them to the molding instead of the wall. However, over the years, the picture rail has become a decorative element in its own right.
The picture rail traditionally has a relatively simple design. Depending on the style of the room, a picture rail can be used alone or in combination with crown molding and other trim elements.
Though modern picture rail can still be used to hang pictures, it mainly serves a decorative function by complementing certain design styles. It can also be the simple tool used to divide large wall surfaces or separate different types of wall finishes.
A frieze is a large panel and is one of the most complex trim types around the house. It is traditionally installed between rows of crown molding and picture rail and can range from a few inches to over a foot in height. Friezes are most often found in classical or Victorian decorations. Some modern design schemes may feature a single frieze without other accompanying trims to add an understated decorative element to the room. This is particularly true with salvage or antique tin frieze panels, which can be painted or left unfinished.
Doors And Window Trims (Casing)
Any trim around a door or window is called casing. Door and window casing are trim elements used in the home’s doors, windows, arches, and framed openings.
They can vary from very complex profiles to simple rectangular profiles and are usually made of wood or vinyl. The outer edge of these casings is generally flat to fit flush with baseboards and other types of wall trims. Most window and door casings are interchangeable, so if you find a style you like, you can use it to trim almost any type of opening around the house.
It is both decorative and practical. Casings create a decorative finish on doors and windows and can also help tie different architectural elements together to develop a cohesive look in a room. This trim also serves a practical purpose by hiding unsightly gaps around door and window frames. It can even help hide minor drywall imperfections that can show up when painting doors and windows.
Pillars And Pilasters
In the past, columns were used in house construction as structural support for roofs. Although these structural columns are not found in most modern homes, smaller units are often used to mimic the look and feel of classic column designs.
Thinner columns are called pillars or pilasters; they are generally used for decorative purposes. As many builders use these terms interchangeably, pilasters can typically be recessed into a wall while pillars are surface mounted or freestanding.
A pillar or pilaster provides a unique accent and can be used to frame a fireplace, doorway, or other openings. These units are also useful for spotlighting a piece of art or an architectural element in a room.
Most of the pillars and pilasters are stylized according to the designs of ancient Greek and Roman columns. They consist of three elements: Crown, shaft, and pedestal or base. Many manufacturers sell interchangeable units to allow owners to match and mix different styles to create a unique look. Wood and plaster versions are usually the most common, although fiberglass offers an attractive, budget-friendly alternative.
Stair Stringers And Brackets
Trims aren’t just for walls and floors. It can also be used on stairs. No matter what type of stairs you have in your home, there is usually a way to add trims so that the stairs complement the surrounding decor.
In a closed or square staircase with walls on at least one side, adding stair stringers can give the staircase a whole new look. The stringers are large, flat panels ranging from 1 to 2 feet in height. They are placed along the joint between the stairs and wall and usually run at the same angle as stairs. The top and bottom of each panel can be finished with decorative moldings or left unfinished for a simpler look. Although stringers are primarily used for aesthetic purposes, they can also provide structural support for older stairs.
For open staircases, homeowners can add brackets for style and flair. These brackets are installed at the triangular area on each side of the stairs where risers and treads meet. They are often made of wood, although some older units are made of iron.
Other trims types around the house may include:
Pierced molding is a decorative trim that is not completely solid in shape but is cut so that the wall behind it can be seen.
Architrave is a type of trim that is placed above windows and doors for decorative effect.
Beadboard is a type of wainscoting (meaning it’s also a panel, not technically trim or moldings) that is made up of a series of vertical boards with separate ridges called beads. They can be framed with trims.
Also known as a coving, it is a plain, cove-shaped trim used where walls and ceilings meet. It can also be used on stairs where risers and treads meet. Basically, the Cove can be seen as a less decorated version of the Crown molding.
Corbels are loose L-shaped brackets that are placed between a vertical surface (like a wall) and a horizontal surface (like a ceiling or countertop). Although initially designed to support weight, they can also be decorative.
Plinths are blocks used at the door’s base as a decorative addition to the casing.
The molding, also called board and batten, is a piece of wall trim used to hide the joint between two pieces of paneling.
Conclusion on what is trim in a house
Now that we probably know all about what is trim in a house and the various types, we should also keep in mind that trims can be sold in a wide range of sizes, materials, and styles. And that’s exactly the kind of stock sold at your local Home Depot or Lowes. Custom trims layers trims of different sizes and styles, creating a look not possible with one-piece molding. For this, you will need not only an excellent design but also an installer with the necessary skills and experience.
Whether you want to keep it chic, modern, fun, rustic, or quirky, custom trims are a great way to make your home look its best.
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Scandinavian Timber Windows
Modern, energy efficient, sustainable.
The idea of an outward opening window is developed in Scandinavian countries in harsh climate conditions: in Denmark and in Norway such windows have been the main solution in building practice.
The construction of an outward opening window is designed to have excellent performance and functionality during different season through the year: in high humidity, in dry conditions, while it is cold or hot. Gaskets and insulated glazing units used in the design ensure air tightness and energy efficiency. Carefully chosen wood and the use of tested hardware prolong window’s life span.
In addition to the traditional side hung opening type there are also projecting opening types in Prestige Aluclad’s product line to enable easy access for both sides of a window for cleaning purposes.
In Prestige Aluclad’s product lines outward opening double glazed window is named Scandinavian Timber Window. It is best described as a traditional window with double glazing, slim frames and internal moulded profile.
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Until today, the notion that Aipac wanted a war against Iran seemed plausible, but there was no smoking gun. There is now.
This month, the Washington Institute for Near East Policy (its slogan: “ideas, action, impact” appears apt considering the subject of this post), a pro-Israel think-tank closely affiliated with Aipac held a conference with the milquetoasty title, How to Build U.S.-Israeli Coordination on Preventing an Iranian Nuclear Breakout (video here). The money video footage features Patrick Clawson, one of those talking head analysts quoted by every “serious” publication that covers the Iran nuclear issue. His comments are usually pretty middle of the road and conceal the extremism of his views.
But in the video featured above, you get to see those in all their seamy glory. In this comment he talks candidly about how difficult it is to provoke a war when you want one. He further states that the U.S. has been a wuss when it comes to its policy against Iran. Besides sanctions, we need to get down and dirty. Why couldn’t an Iranian submarine simply disappear (Remember the Maine)? And if it did, we’d expect Iran to want to take a few good shots at us in retaliation. Wouldn’t this serve as a terrific pretext for beating the crap out of the nasty mullahs and getting us into the war we really want?
Here’s the transcript of his remarks:
Crisis initiation is really tough. It’s very hard for me to see how the U.S. president can get us to war with Iran. Which leads me to conclude that if compromise does not come that the traditional way that America gets to war is what would be best for U.S. interests.
Some people may believe that Mr. Roosevelt wanted to get us into WWII…He had to wait for Pearl Harbor. Some people might think Mr. Wilson wanted to get us into WWI. He had to wait for the Lusitania episode. Some people might think that Mr. Johnson wanted to send troops to Vietnam. He had to wait for the Gulf of Tonkin episode. We didn’t go to war with Spain until the Maine exploded. And may I point out that Mr. Lincoln did not feel he could call out the federal army until Ft. Sumter was attacked. Which was why he ordered the commander at Ft. Sumter to do exactly that thing which the South Carolinians had said would cause an attack.
So if in fact the Iranians aren’t going to compromise, it would be best if somebody else started the war…One can combine other means of pressure with sanctions. I mentioned that explosion on August 17th [the sabotage of the Fordo electricity lines by MEK-Israeli attack]. We could step up the pressure. I mean look people, Iranian submarines periodically go down. Someday one of them might not come up. Who would know why?
We can do a variety of things if we wish to increase the pressure. I’m not advocating that. But I’m just suggesting that this is not an either-or proposition–that just sanctions has [sic] to succeed…We are in the game of using covert means against the Iranians. We could get nastier at that.
The statement is breathtaking in its way. It mauls American history by claiming that virtually every major war into which we’ve entered we cynically provoked (in truth, there were several that were provoked). Not to mention that Clawson calls on the U.S. to manufacture a causus belli in order to start a war against Iran. These are the pearls of wisdom offered by the D.C. pro-Israel policy elite. These are the sorts of ideas Dennis Ross might’ve been offering to Barack Obama when he still worked for him. Indeed, there are likely others still there whispering lunacies like these into the president’s ear.
Clawson’s ‘partners in crime’ at this conference were David Makowsky and Dennis Ross, the usual suspects when it comes to this sort of banging the war drum but wanting to appear dispassionate and middle of the road while doing so.
H/t to Dick Blakney.
Silverstein has published Tikun Olam since 2003, It exposes the secrets of the Israeli national security state. He lives in Seattle, but his heart is in the east. He publishes regularly at Middle East Eye, the New Arab, and Jacobin Magazine. His work has also appeared in Al Jazeera English, The Nation, Truthout and other outlets.
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Sewage-disposal tank ingredients are marketed to homeowners throughout the United States, but they lack law, standard testing, as well as formal accreditation. That can make it tough to know if septic tank additives truly work, and if you need them in any way bates septic tank service athens al.
To find responses, we will divide additives right into 3 categories: not natural substances, organic solvents, and organic ingredients.
Septic tank additives with not natural substances consist of solid acids and also alkalis. They are indicated to unblock septic tank pipes. While these chemical ingredients might work as marketed, we recommend you prevent them due to the fact that they:
harm the bacteria that are necessary to the wastewater therapy procedure
decrease the performance of traditional septic systems
wear away and cause leakages in concrete treatment containers
quit the anaerobic food digestion process in sewage-disposal tanks
disrupt the performance of secondary treatment systems (consisting of the Ecoflo biofilter).
Septic system additives with natural solvents are indicated to break down fats, oils, and also oils. Again, although these products may function, we recommend you prevent them due to the fact that they:.
- harm the performance of secondary treatment systems.
- contaminate groundwater.
- eliminate the germs in sewage-disposal tanks.
- negatively affect the wellness of standard septic tanks.
Organic sewage-disposal tank additives include yeasts, natural bacteria, as well as enzymes. They are meant to boost the bacterial plants in septic systems and also drainpipe fields, control biomass, and also reactivate dormant septic tanks.
Do I require to add microorganisms to my septic tank?
Individual dropping an organic septic tank additive with microorganisms and enzymes into their toilet.
Healthy and balanced septic systems currently have enough microorganisms to support the biological procedures that deal with human waste as well as wastewater.
By adding even more germs in the tank, you develop conditions in which microbial populations contend versus each other. This competition can do even more damage than great.
Undesirable septic systems are a various story. Typically, the bacterial vegetation in these systems has actually been destabilized by big quantities of poisonous substances, including:.
- specific soaps.
- cleaning|cleansing} products.
When this occurs, bacterial ingredients may aid you re-establish a healthy equilibrium in your septic tank. To learn if this step is right for you, call your septic tank maker or ask our team of specialists.
Do I need to include sewage-disposal tank enzymes?
Ingredients with enzymes (also known as bio enzymes) are suggested to promote microbial populations in septic tanks. They do this by altering the framework of natural pollutants to ensure that microorganisms can prey on them much more conveniently.
There are two vital points to understand about sewage-disposal tank enzymes:.
They are specific.
For example, take two typical enzymes: cellulase and also protease. Cellulase breaks down only toilet paper and also other coarse products. Protease breaks down just protein-based contaminants. These enzymes have no result on various other organic pollutants.
They are not alive and also can not duplicate.
Unlike microorganisms, enzymes must be consistently acquired and contributed to your septic tank to preserve their intended efficiency.
Some sewage-disposal tank enzymes are offered to restrict the build-up of a residue layer. They work by enabling fats, oils, and also oils to flow downstream right into additional treatment systems and also various other septic system parts.
The trouble is that fats, oils, as well as oils are not suggested to move downstream. If they do, they can overload your septic tank parts, harm their performance, as well as reduce their life expectancy.
The # 1 Sewage-disposal Tank Therapy On The Marketplace: Septifix
Each of our 55 grams tablets contains 14 stress of aerobic germs – over 10 billion microorganisms pressures per gram, oxygenation as well as pH regulating substances that securely as well as effectively boost the development of bacteria swarms inside your septic system, enabling them to thrive for as much as 90 days.
That’s why if you make use of SEPTIFIX, your septic system will certainly remain clean for longer amount of times contrasted to all other septic tank therapies.
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Plans for plastics to hydrogen facility at Protos submitted
Peel Environmental – part of Peel L&P – working in partnership with Waste2Tricity has submitted plans for a waste plastic to hydrogen facility at its 54-hectare Protos site near Ellesmere Port which would help reduce fossil fuel consumption and create jobs.
The £7m plant will use ‘UK first’ advanced thermal treatment technology developed by PowerHouse Energy Group (AIM:PHE) at Thornton Science Park, next door to Protos. The pioneering DMG® (Distributed Modular Generation) technology could transform the way plastics are dealt with in the region. The plant will take up to 35 tonnes of unrecyclable plastics a day and create a local source of hydrogen which could be used to power road vehicles.
This local source of hydrogen could be used as a clean and low-cost fuel for buses, Heavy Goods Vehicles (HGVs) and cars, helping to reduce air pollution and improve air quality on local roads. The facility would also generate electricity which could be provided to commercial users via a microgrid at Protos, helping to reduce reliance on fossil fuels. Peel Environmental is looking at developing a closed loop solution at Protos where plastics are recycled on-site with the leftover material used to create hydrogen.
The development would see a further 14 full time permanent jobs created at the Protos site with over 100 jobs created in the North West during fabrication and construction.
Myles Kitcher from Peel Environmental – part of Peel L&P – said:
“This is a great step forward towards delivering the first of many waste plastic to hydrogen facilities across the UK. There is huge potential for hydrogen to replace fossil fuels in our transport system. We already have hydrogen buses in Liverpool and trains being converted to hydrogen in Widnes. Using waste plastic to generate a local source of hydrogen could not only help to reduce our reliance on landfill but improve local air quality with a clean and low-cost fuel for buses, HGVs and cars.”
John Hall from Waste2Tricity said:
“We are excited to have submitted plans for this first plant – the first in a series of developments that have the capability to make the North West a leader in moving towards clean energy and to help in achieving the Government’s target of net zero emissions by 2050. With this plant we are recognising the importance of the low carbon distributed Hydrogen Economy and, importantly, embracing the circular economy. This closed loop solution tackles the country’s problem of how to dispose of unrecyclable plastic whilst producing a clean fuel for the future. Waste2Tricity are proud to be development partners in this global first and look forward to continuing to work with Peel Environmental.”
David Ryan, CEO of PowerHouse Energy Group (AIM:PHE), said:
“The submission of the planning application is an important step forward in delivering the first commercial application of the DMG technology, creating hydrogen from waste plastics. The team have worked hard to develop a robust application and we’re hopeful of securing consent and subsequent financial close in the coming months.”
The Protos strategic energy hub sits within the Energy Innovation District (EID), which is spearheaded by the Cheshire Energy Hub and brings together energy users, network owners, innovators and partners working alongside Cheshire & Warrington LEP, Cheshire West and Chester Council and the University of Chester. The EID is looking to develop a local, smart energy microgrid which a recent report demonstrated could lead to energy cost savings of up to 25% and reduction of greenhouse gas emissions by 34%.
Ged Barlow, Chair of the Energy Innovation District said:
“We’re looking at how electricity generated at places like Protos could be provided directly to energy users in the Energy Innovation District. The creation of a microgrid could transform how we consume energy in the region, reducing costs and saving carbon emissions. Projects such as this are a key part of the North West, and the UKs, road to net zero and show how we’re leading the way.”
The project is also one of many under the North West’s bid to become the UKs first low carbon cluster by 2030. The North West Energy and Hydrogen Cluster is being led by the North West Business Leadership Team, with support from Greater Manchester and Liverpool City Region Mayors and the Cheshire & Warrington LEP. In competition with other regions – such as Humber and Teeside – the Cluster could deliver 33,000 jobs, over £4bn investment and save 10 million tonnes of carbon per year
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As the vanguard of VTA’s Fast Transit program, the City of San Jose is moving forward with “public service lanes” through the En Movimiento East San Jose Multimodal Transportation Improvement Plan. The plan centers around the urban villages on Santa Clara Street near the planned Little Portugal BART station. Santa Clara Street is considered the main transit backbone in San Jose, having the most bus traffic of any street in Santa Clara County. On February 2nd, 2021, the San Jose City Council unanimously voted to adopt the full plan. However, the city is holding off on implementing public service lanes as part of this plan until planning is complete for the rest of Santa Clara Street westward past San Jose State and through downtown. It’s important that the city receives more feedback asking for faster transit on all other segments of Santa Clara Street that have not yet been planned. You can provide feedback and call for faster transit service on Santa Clara Street and in downtown on this survey.
More Details about the Public Service Lanes and En Movimiento Plan
The plan outlines “public service lanes” on East Santa Clara Street between 17th and 34th streets. Public service lanes are lanes that are only open to public service vehicles, which include buses and emergency vehicles but exclude private auto traffic. In effect, this provides buses with their own lane most of the time. According to city staff, the public service lanes are side-running in order to allow both local and rapid routes to use the lanes, and to reduce the impacts of implementation for the businesses on the street. Staff mentioned that Santa Clara Street is the busiest bus corridor in Santa Clara County, meaning that public service lanes would be especially impactful on the corridor.
The plan also calls for bicycle and pedestrian improvements, including direct, low-stress east-west connections in the neighborhood. In addition to planning for bike lanes and pedestrian improvements, the plan ambitiously calls for transit signal priority on Santa Clara Street. Transit signal priority was included based on community feedback reporting that one of the largest barriers to using transit was slow speed. Both the public service lanes and transit signal priority would greatly speed up bus service on the corridor.
Importantly, in addition to hiring traditional urban planning consultants, the city also hired two community based organizations, SOMOS Mayfair and Vivo (Vietnamese Voluntary Foundation), to help conduct outreach. CBO outreach has now become standard in San Jose’s planning process, and has helped the city gain more community buy-in for bus rapid transit projects.
San Jose’s public service lanes initiative shows that hope is not dead for dedicated bus lanes in Santa Clara County, after the long and minimally successful VTA effort for bus rapid transit in the 2010s. Back in 2018, headlines such as “Plan for Dedicated El Camino Bus Lanes Fizzles Out” announced VTA’s surrender following years of opposition by local governments and $10.5 million dollars spent on studies. Of its three envisioned BRT corridors, VTA managed to construct only one: a 7-mile corridor connecting, among other destinations, Alum Rock and Eastridge Stations in San Jose. This project implemented a few BRT features, such as enhanced bus shelters and real time arrival information, but did not implement dedicated bus lanes.
After experiencing local backlash to its cross-jurisdictional BRT initiatives, VTA engaged on an intentionally smaller scale, but still impactful, bus speed up program called Fast Transit. Fast Transit depends on closer partnership with cities and residents. See this blog post for an overview of improvements being considered. The latest update on incremental progress can be found in Agenda #9, pdf page 108, here. In the short term, VTA is looking to implement transit signal priority on light rail routes and some of its frequent networks (it already has TSP on most of the intersections along the 522 route), with an aim of reducing travel time by 6-8% per intersection.
Taken together, VTA Fast Transit and San Jose public service lanes are a hopeful development for faster transit in Santa Clara County. However, much more work and advocacy is needed before paint gets on the ground, and before other bus speed-up improvements are adopted throughout Santa Clara County.
If you are interested in getting involved in bringing faster transit to your city and the bus corridors you use, please sign this petition and we will follow up with opportunities to get engaged.
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1. Beer will decline this generation for many well-documented reasons. It will be the next decade before the pendulum swings back toward beer. Beer as reward, beer as social catalyst, beer as a badge…everything that traditionally made beer the preferred beverage is less relevant than ever.
2. ABI/MC will rebound and begin to dominate the retail shelves and the airways. Heavy media behind hard seltzers and beverages yet to be invented will draw in the youngest adult consumers and drive volume the old fashioned way – with displays, features and price.
3. Distributors need to survive; so big beer brands become cash cows to be harvested as distributors invest in growth opportunities. Some distributors will sell out at greatly reduced valuations and wish they had sold out earlier.
4. Alternative beverages to beer will evolve, and as hard seltzers run their course, other non-beer alcoholic beverages will take their place. Smart entrepreneurs will open new, successful beer/beverage companies to give consumers what they want. Current industry innovation leaders mark Anthony Brands and Boston Beer will continue to move quickly to stay ahead of trends.
5. Breweries will find the road ever bumpier. Debt, excess capacity, corporate profit seeking/loss avoidance will drive consolidations and closures. Brewery closures will exceed openings in 2020 and this trend will accelerate in future years.
6. But some craft breweries will succeed because they are financially sound and have built a bond with their “fans” and earned the trust of their customers. There is always room for new (and old) successful craft breweries.
7. Taprooms will remain relevant gathering spaces because there is not pressure to drink, as is in a bar, because the taproom experience goes beyond just drinking. Eight thousand (or fewer) entrepreneurs will learn from each other and figure out how to draw people in and sell enough pints to stay open. But eventually, like discos and sports bars, people will move on to the next thing.
8. Later this decade, there will be a back-to-basics movement. Fewer varieties of beverages and coalescence toward full-bodied lagers and simplicity. A reversal of today’s trends.
9. Self-driving cars will facilitate a re-socialization where people again congregate to eat and drink socially and get home safely and legally.
10. Maybe, finally, common sense will prevail sometime later in this decade and States will be allowed to self-determine their legal drinking age. Cannabis, vaping and other teen behaviors are worse than beer for 18-20 year olds.
January 6, 2020
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Source: Teachers and Teaching: Theory and Practice, Volume 14, Issue 4, August 2008 , pages 345 - 356
(Reviewed by the Portal Team)
Teacher education in the USA lives in a policy shadow world that is jumbled and unfocused because decision-makers do not see teacher education as a public good in and of itself. Rather, it is viewed as an instrument to achieve other, more important, policy goals. Consequently, teacher education policy tends to be parsed across fields and levels of instruction, compartmentalized, and often isolated; these circumstances thwart development of consistent and coherent policy on how teachers are prepared.
This paper examines whether two recent national reports, A Test of Leadership: Charting the Future of U.S. Higher Education and Tough Choices or Tough Times clarify or further confound teacher education policy directions.
Report of the commission on the future of higher education
the commission warns that the US higher education system is not without flaws. The authors contend that many college and university freshmen are not prepared for challenging coursework, literacy among college graduates has declined, and employers do not believe graduates possess necessary workforce needs (p. vii).
Report of the new commission on the skills of the American workforce
The Skills Commission's diagnosis is that the current education system was created for an earlier era and attempting to patch it is not a viable solution. The report concludes that by restructuring the education system from pre-school through postsecondary education these ills can be corrected without large new financial investments. As expected, this commission offers a plan to address the problems they identify. The most far reaching is to restructure secondary education.
The paper concludes with the caution that both reports continue the instrumental definition of teacher education. This situation will hinder development of comprehensive and more effective policy options.
Commission on the Future of Higher Education (2006) A test of leadership: Charting the future of US higher education US Department of Education , Washington, DC. National Center on. Education and the Economy (2006) Tough choices or tough times. John Wiley & Sons , New York.
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For more information on Books and Videos and to purchase click on any cover or call us direct at 802-829-1321 for a discount on large orders. For digital copies visit Barry Lane’s Writing Store.
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class sourcebook for revision lessons
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ABC book on all you are
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bestselling guide for new sports writers
vocabulary teaching for all learning styles
a fable about the power of story
a source book for all things kinesthetic
a simple guide for teaching writing
5 simple steps for organizing your life
teach structure without formula
Gretchen Bernabei show you how to teach essay writing
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OPENING AEROSPACE CENTRE: Prime Minister Boris Johnson meets apprentices during a visit to the Farnborough International Airshow in Farnborough (Andrew Parsons/No 10 Downing Street).
Farnborough College of Technology welcomed the Prime Minster to its newest facility to officially open the Aerospace Research and Innovation Centre (ARIC).
Upon visiting the college, the Prime Minister was given a tour of the new research centre where both employers and students will collaborate on STEAM initiatives.
Led by Principal CEO Virginia Barrett, Mr Johnson was also introduced to the college’s hugely successful E-sports team alongside a group of aeronautical engineering apprentices who were working on the college’s light aircraft.
The Aerospace Research and Innovation Centre was part-funded by the EM3 Local Enterprise Partnership. It features a range of spaces for employers, universities, and students to work together in a neutral space where ideas can be brought to life with the support of industry experts.
A number of guests from the aviation, economic, and education sectors were also in attendance for the opening, which ended with Mr Johnson unveiling a plaque crafted by the college’s engineering department, before being presented with gifts from the catering department, including alcohol-free bottles of mead wine.
Speaking at the event, the Prime Minister said: “It’s been fantastic to meet students at the Aerospace Research and Innovation Centre here in Farnborough, who are going to be the future of the UK’s aviation industry.
“We need to keep investing in high technology and skills, not only because it drives jobs and growth, but because it will help us tackle future challenges and opportunities – from bolstering our aviation security to powering zero carbon flights.”
Principal CEO Virginia Barrett said: “We were immensely pleased to end the first year out of lockdown with both our outstanding Ofsted rating and this fantastic visit from the Prime Minister.
"Staff and students have worked so hard in the past year to be their best and therefore this visit was a great way to show Mr Johnson what has been happening at the college.
“With ARIC formally launched, I look forward to seeing the centre continue to expand with more companies working with the college as the industry continues to work towards more low-carbon and green initiatives.”
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Sebastian Junger on Walking America’s Railroads
In an excerpt from his latest book, ‘Freedom,’ the celebrated nonfiction writer describes a journey along Pennsylvania’s train tracks with friends he met while reporting on the war in Afghanistan
Get full access to Outside Learn, our online education hub featuring in-depth fitness, nutrition, and adventure courses and more than 2,000 instructional videos when you sign up for Outside+.
The change was immediate. The country opened up west of Harrisburg and suddenly we could drink from streams and build fires without getting caught and sleep pretty much anywhere we wanted. We’d walked the railroad tracks from Washington to Baltimore to Philly and then turned west at the Main Line and made Amish country by winter. The Pennsylvania fields lay bare and hard in the cold but there were seams and folds in that country—strips of woods along stream bottoms, windbreaks between the cornfields, ridges left wild for hunting—where a man could easily pass the night unnoticed. Once, we cooked dinner on a steep hill above the town of Christiana and went to sleep in a snowstorm listening to the clatter of carriage horses on the street below. At dawn we walked into town for pancakes and coffee and then headed on up the railroad tracks before anyone whose job it was to stop us even knew we’d been there.
But outside Harrisburg, where the Juniata River runs into the Susquehanna at her great breaching of Blue Mountain, we seemed to have been simply released into the wild. Early settlers tended to push up the major rivers until they ran into the first set of waterfalls—the “fall line”—and those spots became jumping-off points for people who were even more desperate or adventurous. At Blue Mountain the Susquehanna drops down a series of ledges and deepens in the alluvial soil of the coastal plain, and that was where a Welsh émigré named John Harris established a business poling rafts across the river in the 1730s. What was then called “Indian country” effectively started on the other side, and when Harris’s passengers stepped ashore they found themselves in a forest of enormous hardwoods that extended almost unbroken for the next thousand miles, to the Great Plains.
Three hundred years later we walked through a cluster of camper-trailers between the river and some standard-gauge railroad and then climbed onto the tracks themselves. We could hear trucks downshifting on the last hill before Harrisburg on Route 22, across the river. It was late April, and the Juniata was running fast and full in the spring flood, an occasional tree rolling in her current that had been undercut along the banks and toppled. She flowed between ridges that looked too steep to climb and ran compass-straight for miles at a time. There were creeks for fresh water and floodwrack for firewood and the woods so thick you could practically sleep within sight of a church steeple or police station and no one would know.
It struck us as serious country, the kind where you kept an eye on the weather and slept next to whatever weapon you had. All we had was a machete but after dark we all knew where it was—usually thunked into a tree somewhere central. Gunfire occasionally bounced off the shelf rock and detritus of the upper ridges and one morning an A-10 thundered through so low that we could almost make out the pilot in the cockpit. Not two days’ walk from Harrisburg we passed a sign nailed to a tree that warned the federal government that the property “would be defended by any means necessary.” There were meth addicts in the towns and black bears up on the ridges and the remains of old locks and canals along the river that almost looked ready to be returned to good use if history ever required it.
We walked single file on the cinder maintenance road that ran between the trackbed and the river. Creeks chased down off the ridges like they were fleeing something. Swarms of gnats worked the sunlight and bass boats spun past on the current below us. Where the tracks ran straight we saw trains from a mile or more, headlights boring toward us like fierce little suns, but even on the curves we often had a sense that a great force was headed our way. The trains were so heavy and fast that they seemed to set the whole world in motion, vibrating the air and raising a strange pitch from the rail that fell at the edge of human hearing. But we got so attuned out there that we’d know a train was coming without even knowing how we knew—but we knew. We’d step into the underbrush and sit on our packs and some of us would roll a cigarette or drink water and we’d wait for the beast to come through. Freights moved at familiar speeds and took a full minute to go by, but the passenger trains could hit 140 and walloped past so suddenly they’d just leave you in a vortex of dead leaves and trash.
We took ten-minute breaks every hour and walked all afternoon. Occasionally, in the distance we’d see a pickup truck nose out onto the tracks at an ungated farm road and then bounce across. Once we saw a car stopped in the middle of a bridge a mile or so ahead, and we put our binoculars on it to make sure it wasn’t a cop. (It is illegal to trespass on railroad property, and on high-speed lines it is even considered a national security issue.) At the end of the day we came to an old quarrystone kiln at a place called Bailey Run, where a creek sawed through a ridge and ran under the tracks into the Juniata. The water was ice-cold and filtered through the chert and limestone of the country and tasted as though civilization was still something in the future. We walked up the creek and made camp in a little stand of sycamore and hemlock that was nestled into the curve of a ridge. The only way to see our cookfire was to come down on us quietly through the woods at night, but we had a dog and that wasn’t going to happen, either.
The tracks had all the dangers of heavy industry but also ran smack through nature. The trains were so heavy and loud, though, that it was easy for us to forget they weren’t the only danger out there. In central Pennsylvania we got caught in a summer thunderstorm that soaked us immediately and sent runoff boiling out of culverts and sheeting down hillsides. It was almost dark and there was nowhere to sleep that wasn’t badly angled or completely underwater. One of the men finally looked at me and said, “You know that I must really want to be out here because I have way better options than this.”
We’d all been in a certain amount of combat and there was something about our endeavor—the simplicity, the hardship, the proximity of death—that reminded us of those days. Most of the trip was done in segments over the course of a year. Halfway through, one man dropped out and others later filled in; one section was just two of us. We called our trip “the Last Patrol,” and it seemed like a long hard weird thing to do until we were actually out there, when suddenly it was so obvious that we rarely even caught ourselves wondering why we were doing it. The things that had to happen out there were so clear and simple—eat, walk, hide, sleep—that just getting through the day felt like scripture: a true and honest accounting of everything that underlies the frantic performance of life.
The night of the downpour we slept under a hardware-store tarp in a patch of skunkweed near the river, and I stayed awake listening to the wind in case it ramped up to that high shriek that means treetops are going to start snapping. I’d decided that if that happened, we would wade into the current and sit out the storm on a little brush-covered island I’d spotted. No falling trees could reach us there, and I doubted the river would rise beyond what we could handle.
In the morning the river was at our toes and the island was gone. If we’d gone out there, we’d probably be dead. That was scripture. That was the world letting you know where you stood.
From Freedom, by Sebastian Junger. Copyright © 2021 by Sebastian Junger. Reprinted by permission of Simon & Schuster, Inc.
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|Category||:||Academic & Science » Language & Linguistics|
What does Attn mean?
Attn or Att is an abbreviation for the word “Attention”
Attn: Mr Smith Johnson
Att: Mr Smith Johnson
Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ)
What is the full form of Attn?
The full form of Attn is Attention
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<urn:uuid:2fdd55c7-bd88-49fc-b3ae-09d16371c91c>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://fullforms.com/Attn
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|
en
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|
Contempt of court by Lawrence E. Weiss, attorney-at-law
From ANIMAL PEOPLE, December 1996:
Steve Hindi’s case has many points of legal
interest for animal rights activists. I believe contemptof-court
may be the new weapon of choice for district
attorneys in efforts to jail protesters.
Activists may encounter a contempt charge in
either a civil or criminal context. Contempt is a sanction
for disobedience of a court order, such as an
injunction or temporary restraining order, or for “disrespectful”
courtroom behavior. The alleged disrespect
may include any behavior that the judge feels is disorderly,
but is most often a refusal to leave the courtroom,
to stop talking, or to answer a question when
ordered to so so by the judge.
Contempt is classified as either “direct” or
“indirect.” Direct contempt takes place in the presence
of the judge; indirect contempt occurs anywhere else.
Courts may punish direct contempt on the spot. In
either kind of contempt case, however, the defendant is
entitled to present a defense to the charge. This requires
that the defendant must be notified in advance that a
hearing is to take place, and must have sufficient time
to hire counsel and prepare a defense.
If you are charged with contempt, you will
either be told about it in court, or be served with a hearing
notice. You always have the right to an attorney in
contempt proceedings, but in most jurisdictions you do
not have a right to a jury trial.
Whether you have a right to a hearing before a
different judge, or must appear before the same judge
already presiding in your case, depends upon local law.
In cases of direct contempt, it is likely that the judge in
your case will decide the matter. However, you may
want to request on the record that the hearing be held
before another judge, whom you feel may be more
impartial. This could strengthen your chance an appeal.
Defenses against contempt include lack of disrespectful
intent; being unaware of the injunction or
TRO that you are alleged to have violated; physical
inability to comply with the court order; that you never
received notice of the hearing or were unable to attend
the hearing for a good reason; and/or that you misunderstood
an imprecisely worded court order.
The charge of contempt of court exists in both
the state and federal systems. You are most likely to
encounter it in a courtroom, but may face contempt
charges in other situations. For example, if you are
subpoenaed to appear before a grand jury and you
refuse to attend or to answer questions, you may be
cited for contempt. People have been jailed for contempt,
for instance, for refusing to testify before grand
juries about arsons and laboratory break-ins allegedly
carried out by animal rights activists.
Certain administrative agencies are also given
the power to cite contempt. The punishment varies
from jurisdiction to jurisdiction.
[Lawrence Weiss, of Santa Rosa, California]
|
<urn:uuid:8df8ead6-c69d-4e23-8ccb-02e3507981a8>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://newspaper.animalpeopleforum.org/1996/12/01/contempt-of-court-by-lawrence-e-weiss-attorney-at-law/
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|
Tundra Biome Animals And Plants
Vast expanses of treeless tundra.
Tundra biome animals and plants. Polar bear caribou arctic fox arctic hare snowy owl arctic. The tundra is a very fragile environment. Tundra is a biome where low temperatures and short growing seasons result in sparse tree cover on land.
Animals in the tundra are also adapted to extreme conditions and they take advantage of the temporary explosion of plant and insect life in the short growing season. To the left you can see an Arctic Fox. The musk oxen manage.
But some animals like the caribou or musk oxen can eat the lichens and other plants. The Tundras Animals and Plants. Animal adaptations in the tundra biome animals have many adaptations to survive in this harsh environment.
Just as fur traps air and acts as an insulator in animals hairy outgrowths on plants keeps their temperature more moderate and prevents freezing. Grasses cushion plants and low shrubs. Caribou moss reindeer moss is seen growing abundantly in the alpine tundra.
Its extremely low temperatures and short growing seasons do not allow for much plant life. The musk ox will move further to find these sources of food than to find a mate. Wolves ermine arctic shrew dall sheep reindeer mosquitoes and black flies.
This is why the polar bears are very fit for this crazy climate of Barrow Alaska. Animals that live in the tundra have certain adaptations that allow them to survive the extreme temperatures and conditions. Animals of the Tundra.
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- German Shorthaired Pointer Puppies Cincinnati Ohio
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<urn:uuid:4d8cf2b4-40a8-4e8f-925d-72d0a333fdde>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://coolwildlifewallpaper.pages.dev/tundra-biome-animals-and-plants
|
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|
en
| 0.87017
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The Federal Energy Management Program (FEMP) provides streamlined, updated operations and maintenance (O&M) guidelines for the following water-using equipment:
- Toilets and urinals
- Faucets and showerheads
- Landscape and irrigation equipment
- Commercial kitchen equipment
- Vehicle wash facilities
This page provides agencies with high-level information on what to assess, how often to assess, and action items for each equipment type with the goal of providing useful tips on how to maintain and operate water equipment efficiently to save water and prolong the equipment life.
This information is intended for O&M managers, technical staff, and resource (energy, water, or environmental) managers as it applies to water-using systems and equipment typically found in federal facilities. These guidelines are not designed to replace or supersede manufacturer guidelines or specifications.
General Operations and Maintenance
O&M is a cost-effective way to ensure reliability, safety, and water efficiency. Inadequate maintenance of water-using systems or equipment can lead to unnecessary leaks and losses and premature equipment failure.
The following guidelines identify actions that should be completed on scheduled intervals. Unplanned actions that can take place daily are another aspect of effective maintenance. These actions include:
- Regularly inspecting water-using systems and individual pieces of equipment; verifying systems are operating and performing correctly
- Reporting and repairing all leaks, and encouraging all building occupants to contact building management or maintenance staff to report leaks, running flush valves, dripping faucets, and broken or misaligned irrigation equipment
- Reporting and repairing all damaged equipment. Examples of common damaged equipment include (but are not limited to) broken or misaligned sprinkler heads, malfunctioning faucet and flushometer sensors, broken flush valves, and altered showerheads. Identify these problems during routine inspections and encourage users and occupants to alert building management or maintenance staff if they observe damaged equipment
- Operating and maintaining equipment according to manufacturer guidelines.
Operations and Maintenance Guidelines
The tables below offer O&M guidelines for the water-using equipment. The tables list information by:
- Equipment/schedule: identifies the specific item or part being addressed
- Frequency: lists the recommended time intervals for the maintenance action
- Assess: describes the action to be taken by O&M managers, technical staff, and resource (energy, water, environmental) managers to assess the equipment
- Action items: describes the actions to be completed when problems are identified.
Toilets and Urinals
Faucets and Showerheads
Landscape and Irrigation Equipment
|Scheduling||At the start of the irrigation season and at major changes in weather patterns||Review irrigation schedule to determine the time of day and days per week for each zone.||Verify that the irrigation schedule is appropriate for climate, soil conditions, plant materials, and season. Irrigate during non-windy and low-sun periods to decrease evaporation; early mornings are typically the least windy.|
Change the watering schedule based on changing weather conditions and as part of regular, periodic maintenance; consider installing a rain gauge that is tied into the irrigation controller to automatically shut off the irrigation system during a rain event (called a "rain delay").
For flat landscaped areas, water deeply and less frequently rather than lightly and often. Deep, less frequent watering encourages deep roots, resulting in more-drought-tolerant plants.
Irrigate using a "cycle and soak" schedule for steep slopes where surface runoff is likely.
If irrigation is controlled by an advanced weather-based or soil-moisture-based controller, ensure that the system is properly programmed for the location and the specific landscape type.
|Irrigation monitoring||Once a month through the irrigation season||Install an irrigation meter to measure the amount of water applied to the landscape. The meter should be an advanced meter with interval data capability and automatic data logging.||Use this data for system analysis to monitor for system leaks and repair needs and to determine a water budget.|
|Equipment maintenance||Once a month through the irrigation season||Periodically walk the landscape grounds and check for standing water, which may indicate a leak. Submit a work order if required. Ask the grounds manager to check emitter components for broken heads and leaks. Common examples of damaged emitters include broken heads, clogged nozzles, nozzle seal leaks, sunken heads, and tilted and misaligned heads.||Require immediate repair of broken components; adjust components as needed so that they efficiently water the landscape and not the hardscape.|
|Landscape maintenance||Annually||Review the current landscape maintenance practices (aeration, mowing, mulching, amendments, and weeding) and timing. Periodically review all landscape service and maintenance agreements to incorporate a high priority for water efficiency. Consider hiring landscape contractors who focus on water-efficient or climate-appropriate landscaping. Require landscape contractors to report and fix problems.||Aerate turf at the beginning of the irrigation season to introduce oxygen into the soil and encourage deep root growth.|
Alternate turf mowing height between high and low levels and alternate mowing patterns to encourage deep root growth and drought-tolerant turf.
Add mulch to landscaped areas to help reduce evaporation, inhibit weed growth, cool plant root zones, and reduce erosion.
Amend the landscape soil with organic matter 4 to 6 inches deep, which will help to capture stormwater and retain moisture.
Keep landscaped areas weed free; weeds can take up valuable water and nutrients that are needed by the landscape.
For new construction and renovations, design landscapes to feature native and/or adaptive plantings that have low watering requirements. Follow the new construction checklist requirements.
|System pressure||Annually||Verify that irrigation system pressure is within manufacturer specifications once per irrigation season.||Install a pressure-reducing valve if pressure exceeds the manufacturer's specification.|
|Performance measurement||Annually||Review grounds maintenance contracts to determine if water efficiency certification and water use/performance are part of contract requirements.||Require the grounds maintenance staff or contractor to become a U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) WaterSense Certified Irrigation Professional.|
Incorporate a water budget, which can be used as a performance standard for water consumption. Calculate water needs based on the landscape's requirements and use that information to plan an irrigation schedule to meet those needs.
|Irrigation audit||Every 3 years||Contract with a qualified irrigation auditor to perform a system irrigation audit that follows procedures outlined in the Irrigation Association's Certified Landscape Irrigation Auditor Program or equivalent. The result of the audit determines the system's distribution uniformity.||Based on the results of the audit, adjust the irrigation system to increase the distribution uniformity.|
|Education and outreach||Annually||Identify actions to improve occupant awareness and practices.||Provide a clear means for building occupants to report an irrigation leak, broken and misaligned sprinkler heads, and watering during a rain event.|
Encourage grounds maintenance staff to sweep driveways and impervious surfaces rather than spraying them clean.
- To properly operate and maintain landscaping and irrigation systems, a facility should develop a grounds maintenance program that includes training, scheduling, maintenance, and monitoring. If the facility subcontracts grounds maintenance to an outside company, include language in the contract that requires performance criteria for water efficiency and conservation and implementation of the best management practices.
- The "cycle and soak" method breaks up irrigation events into multiple applications of short duration. This gives adequate time for the landscape to absorb the irrigation water. If the installed irrigation controller is not capable of such programming, replace it with advanced control technology.
- Distribution uniformity provides information on how effectively irrigation water is applied to the landscape. This is an important component of the overall system efficiency. The distribution system uniformity reveals whether irrigation is spread evenly over the landscape or if some areas are over- or under-watered. According to the Irrigation Association, a distribution uniformity of greater than 65% is considered acceptable. A low distribution uniformity can reveal misaligned and mismatched heads, required repairs, and distribution system improvements.
Commercial Kitchen Equipment
To properly operate and maintain commercial kitchen equipment (i.e., ice machines, steam cookers, pre-rinse spray valves, food disposals, and dishwashers), a program should be established for each dining facility that includes routine inspection, maintenance and repair, review of operating procedures, and education.
|
<urn:uuid:3cb9a737-3a98-4172-8a0d-d7b31060d633>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.energy.gov/eere/femp/technical-operations-and-maintenance-guidelines-common-water-equipment
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00272.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.9018
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|
EXTENSOGRAPH PROPERTIES OF DOUGH
The extensograph is designed to measure the balance of the elastic and viscous properties of dough. The curve gives a measure of the resistance to extension and the extensibility of the dough. Dough is mixed in the farinograph, rounded, and molded into a cylinder. The cylinder of dough is placed in the extensigraph cradle and allowed to rest. At the end of the rest period the cradle containing the dough is placed in the instrument and the dough is stretched at a constant rate with a hook. The height of the resulting curve is related to the dough’s resistance-to-extension. The distance the dough is stretched before it fails is the extensibility of the dough. Generally for bread making a balance of these two factors is desirable. The procedure calls for stretching the dough after rest times of 45, 90 and 135 minutes.
|
<urn:uuid:b1f3314a-f3cd-47a5-aec3-85e9f0acc5c9>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://researchtoolbox.ndsuresearchpark.com/inventory/165739
|
s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571147.84/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810040253-20220810070253-00473.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.935215
| 185
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|
Although helping out at a stranding can be an incredibly rewarding and positive experience, it can also be distressing and upsetting, regardless of whether the animals have been saved or not.
Memories of such events can be powerful and preoccupying, and your ability to cope effectively may depend on a number of things:
- Your general state of mind at the time of the stranding (you may already be feeling vulnerable or low)
- Previous experience of stressful events (these may either increase your resilience or make you more vulnerable)
- The length and circumstances of the stranding
- Availability of emotional support during and after the stranding
- The degree to which you were able to influence or control what was happening
Everyone’s experience will vary and people will react and respond differently.
It’s not uncommon for some to exhibit symptoms of post-traumatic stress after a stranding and indicators of this may include:
- Unexplained changes in either: mood (e.g. irritability, sense of hopelessness, guilt, feeling low); or behaviour (e.g. avoidance of others, excessive socialising, poor self-care)
- Sleep disturbance (too much/little; nightmares)
- Increased drug use (including alcohol, caffeine, nicotine)
- Not being able to control vivid visual recall of the stranding
- Calling us for a chat; we have a network of very experienced Marine Mammal Medics who can offer support and a listening ear
- Emailing us an account of your experience by reviewing the facts of what happened and giving your feedback on what you felt went well and what didn’t
- Taking time out for personal care, e.g. having a massage or facial
- Having some private personal space to reflect/meditate – but not isolate
- Talking about your experience with others, particularly those who have had the same or similar experiences. Talking to family and friends can be useful. At this time, you might start to talk more freely about how you’re feeling
- Writing poems or stories about your experience
- Looking at photos or videos from the stranding
You may not want to talk about your thoughts and feelings immediately afterwards. This is perfectly normal.
However, if memories of the stranding start to interfere with your daily life we recommend you talk to your GP or contact a professional trained in working with people who have experienced distressing events or trauma. Organisations, like Youthline (0800 376 633), provide free phone and face to face counselling. And if your work is also being affected, it may be possible to seek counselling through the Employees Assistance Programme.
|
<urn:uuid:0ef6136c-3afa-4f1e-83f7-4fab569bd6db>
|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.projectjonah.org.nz/coping-stranding/
|
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|
en
| 0.942819
| 545
| 2.203125
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|
CP violation and lattice matrix elements: a thirty year saga
A very important application of lattice methods for calculating weak matrix elements was initiated almost 30 years ago. A primary focus in there in fact was in the arena of CP violation. Some 25 years later, the lattice results played a significant role in establishing the CKM-paradigm of CP violation leading to a milestone in our understanding of CP and to the nobel prize to Professors Kobayashi and Maskawa. With more precise lattice results and more accurate experimental data there are now hints in fact that that picture may not be complete. The current status of these efforts will be reviewed and their possible impact in light of anticipated experimental results from BELLE II, LHCB etc will be discussed.
|
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|
CC-MAIN-2022-33
|
https://www.kmi.nagoya-u.ac.jp/eng/seminar/810/
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|
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| 0.949439
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|
Not Everyone Is as Lucky as You to Have a Shelter over Their Head during These Trying Times. Find Out More about Homelessness.
We’re a channel for future billionaires, but that doesn’t mean we ignore the real social issues around us in the world. We’ve uncovered some interesting facts about homelessness that bust some common misconceptions and hopefully leave our Aluxers inspired.
Welcome to Alux.com – the place where future billionaires come to get inspired. If you’re not subscribed yet, you’re missing out.
Why waste time reading this long article when you have the resources to switch over to the video version:
With that out of the way, let’s move forward with the article.
Homelessness Isn’t Just a 3rd World Problem
You might think that homelessness is a poverty problem linked to places like India, Bangladesh or Uganda, but the facts say that almost 60% of Americans will spend at least a year of their life BELOW the poverty line. So, according to these facts homelessness affects everyone, from third world to first world.
What is the reason for the growing number of people without homes?
In a country like the US, workers earning minimum wage can’t afford a one-bedroom apartment. On top of that, minimum wage hasn’t kept up with the cost of living. For example, the cost of a two bed-room apartment increased by 41% from 2000 to 2009.
People Aren’t on the Streets Just Because of Money
When you think of people living on the streets it’s easy to think it’s just a case of not having money for housing. But many people who make it onto the streets are there because they are fleeing something even more sinister that makes the streets seem like a better option.
A 2012 study conducted in Minnesota found that almost half of homeless women were on the street because of domestic abuse. Sadly, on the street the violence against women doesn’t stop.
92% of homeless women reported having been physically or sexually assaulted. A quarter of young homeless women had gone back to the abusive relationship because they had nowhere else to go.
Many war-torn countries create refugees fleeing for their safety. When they get to a safer country, they often don’t have papers, personal identity numbers and bank accounts so aren’t able to be part of the normal economy and rent a temporary shelter.
Another reason is natural disasters, according to Homeless World Cup, in a country like Indonesia for example, there are 3 million homeless people. In 2018, there were 857,500 newly displaced people due to natural disasters and violence.
It’s Not All Just a Lawless Society – Each Community Has a Code
Don’t think that living on the streets is just a lawless society. Communities of people form regions and there are definite acceptable codes of conduct to obey if you want to remain welcome there. Ralph Anderson’s article in the Journal of Social Distress and the Homeless explains that “Carelessness with respect to any of these factors can result in victimization.”
Perhaps there is a rule that you only bed down at a certain time, or that you can’t infringe on someone else’s sleeping place. Being part of a community can help with personal security so it’s essential to stick to the code.
Men Are More Likely to Homeless Than Women
It is hard to get exact statistics of street dwelling people in many countries, but in the USA which is well surveyed, individual men make up more than 70% of the homeless population, the rate can be as high as 92% in states like Louisiana.
Cultural Weekly adds, “A factor that can make it difficult to determine true statistics on homelessness broken down my gender is the general inability to track the homeless population.”
Aluxers, don’t forget to subscribe to our channel for daily videos!
Mental Health Issues Are One of the Leading Causes of Homelessness
Many think that drug addiction is what gets people on the streets, but that is often secondary to mental health issues. A third of homeless people have severe mental illness, commonly this includes schizophrenia, severe depression, and bipolar disorder according to research by the Harvard Medical school.
When it comes to drug use, people addicted to drugs and alcohol and who are from a poor background ARE more likely to be at risk to homelessness. However, facts say the root cause of homelessness is mental health and the risk factor for ending up on the street increases exponentially.
Help Is Available – but It’s Often Hard for Homeless People to Adjust To
We know what you’re thinking, there are plenty of shelters available. But imagine you’re in a mentally vulnerable state and you need to share a room or perhaps a hall with a bunch of strangers and just fall in with a routine you have no control over. It’s a tall ask for someone in a good space of mind, it’s especially difficult for someone vulnerable.
The crowds, noise and routine can be difficult to adjust to, and because these types of institutions are often so limited in resources, a one size fits all approach is all that is practical.
Often these people have had experiences with institutions before. A Harvard medical School study found that half of people applying to shelters had been in foster care or a psychiatric hospital before. Again, showing that these people had many struggles long before homelessness.
It Is Not Illegal In Every Country and Criminalizing Homelessness Doesn’t Stop It
If you think you can just put-up signs and say you can’t sleep on the streets, or put spikes on every city surface to prevent people from sitting or sleeping in your city, then think again. Those people don’t just magically become homed because you outlaw them. This just causes further trauma for homeless people. It also puts more strain on the criminal justice system or hospitals as these form temporary housing for many.
Creating safe places for people to transition from sleeping rough to housing is the only way to solve the problem. Cities who are embracing this method are seeing inspiring results. Cities that offer Housing First with lower barriers to entry have greater success in keeping homeless people housed. Once people are housed, they deal with the factors that caused them to become homeless, such as job loss, mental health issues, or addiction.
Homeless Communities Migrate with the Weather to Warmer Coastal Towns
You might have noticed that coastal towns have higher populations of homeless people. This is because they generally have a more temperate climate and are slightly more bearable to sleep on the streets.
Market Watch confirms that nearly half of the homeless people in the USA live in California.
Slums Give Us a False Sense of How Many People Are in Safe Permanent Homes
There isn’t a universal definition of homelessness. The definition varies from country to country.
In many countries there are the “hidden homeless”, which refers to those living in inadequate settlements like slums, squatting in abandoned structures or couch surfers.
For example, Ghana has an urban population of 14 million, 5.5 million of which live in slums. By another countries standards that might mean that over 30% of the population is homeless. In a country like Bulgaria, only 1,370 people were registered as homeless in a 2013 survey, but the real number is probably higher because only people with government-issued IDs who had signed up for support were counted.
Families and Homelessness
According to facts on Familypromise.org a child is born into poverty every 33 seconds globally. That means that homelessness isn’t going anywhere soon. In the USA 2 million American children will fall victim to the home foreclosure crisis in the next two years. One in 5 children in the USA will live in poverty, which is the highest rate in the industrialised world.
Homelessness is a family affair, with homeless families making up 40% of the homeless population according to facts. This is also a really difficult position to start from, with little chance of escaping the homeless cycle.
If you are struggling with poverty and want a solution for it, check out 15 Steps to Force Your Way Out of Poverty.
LGBT Homeless Stats and Facts
Coming out is hard but most people coming out don’t imagine they’d also be homeless! The number of LGBT homeless is staggering. The Prison Policy Initiative confirms that “LGBTQ youth compose 40% of the homeless youth population.”
Despite that frightening statistic, there are no programs to give support to the gay and transgender homeless youth.
One of the leading causes for LGBT homelessness is the rejection of their family. More than 1 in 4 children flee their homes when their family react negatively to the news that they are LGBT.
Added to this, it’s confirmed that gay homeless youth have a higher chance of suffering from major depression compared to heterosexual homeless youth and lesbian homeless women had a higher chance of struggling with PTS syndrome than heterosexual homeless young women.
Accessing Services When You Don’t Have an Address Is Impossible
Aluxers, what if a homeless person was ready to start turning their life around? How easy or difficult would it be for them to get a job?
Pretty da*m hard.
They can’t just get their CV printed at the closest printing shop. What would they say on their CV? Skills… managing to sleep on the hard pavement in the middle of winter with no blanket. Not exactly an employable skill, is it?
And how would a homeless put forward a postal address? They can’t.
So, even the most willing homeless person would encounter challenge, after challenge in trying to get themselves out from where they’ve landed.
Just Providing a House Isn’t the Entire Problem Solved
Being given a house is a wonderful idea, but that’s about as far as it goes. If a person doesn’t have money, or the mental capacity to function well, how will they maintain that house?
Where will they get money for food, or pay their bills?
Housing alone is not enough. People need to be educated, or they need to ensure their mental health is on track. There needs to be follow up, guidance and help to ensure that the person doesn’t fall back into their old habits… and all of that takes time and money.
We highly suggest you watch our video 15 Reasons Why MONEY Doesn’t Solve HOMELESSNESS to find out more facts about the problem. We delve further into this exact point and provide more insight into how money is not all that is needed to solve this drastic problem.
Homelessness Is Not a Bigger Problem, It’s Just More Visible
Aluxers, in 2018, there were 553,000 who identified as “homeless.” That was 15% less than reported in 2007. That figure may sound great, and it is, but according to facts, since 2017 there has been a steady increase of homelessness.
Covid has had a terrible impact on the homeless, which we’ll go into next.
How COVID Has Affected Homelessness
It’s no secret that unemployment has soured, and for a short while, eviction was banned in many cities.
Market Watch has predicted that Covid will cause twice as much homelessness as the Great Recession. They add that the situation will be worse in California, who are already struggling with their homeless. Facts say that there will be an increase of 68% in homelessness in the Golden State, adding an additional 131,400 people to the already swollen numbers.
If you’d like to really learn more about the homeless, be sure to listen to “Those People, The True Character of the Homeless By: Richard Bahr. It’s beautifully written and gives you a far greater insight into “those people”. It’s available for free on Audible, just go to alux.com/freebook.
What is your take on homelessness? We’d love to hear from you.
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<urn:uuid:c7fbe9c6-f749-4d7a-832d-0eda43fe0978>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.alux.com/homeless-epidemic/
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ISBA:- INTERNATIONAL SEABED AUTHORITY
The International Seabed Authority (ISA) is an intergovernmental body situated in Kingston, Jamaica, that was built up to sort out, direct and control all mineral-related exercises in the global seabed zone past the breaking points of national locale, a territory hidden the greater part of the world’s seas. It is an association set up by the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
Following no less than ten preliminary gatherings over the years, the Authority held its first debut meeting in its host nation, Jamaica, on 16 November 1994, the day the Convention came into power. The articles overseeing the Authority have been made “noticing the political and monetary changes, including market-arranged methodologies, influencing the execution” of the Convention. The Authority got its spectator status to the United Nations in October 1996.
Right now, the Authority has 167 individuals and the European Union, made out of all gatherings to the United Nations Convention on the Law of the Sea.
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Location: border between Botswana and Namibia
Area:n275 000 acres (111 288 hectares)
Linyanti Swamp is a wetland biosphere
formed around the Linyanti River that is also known as a Chobe
River. Linyanti Swamp is located on the border between Botswana and
Namibia and covers an area of 900 square kilometers. On a Botswana
site Linyanti Swamp is protected by the Linyanti Wildlife Reserve
that covers an area of 275 000 acres (111 288 hectares). The banks
of the river is lined by tall papyrus plants with forests of marula
tree and giant ebony. Fauna of the Linyanti Swamp include elephants,
crocodiles, leopards, wild dogs, hyenas, lions, zebras, wildebeests
and many other species.
Keep in mind that area of Linyanti Swamp is a malaria infested so take proper medications for prophylaxis of this disease. It is especially true during the rainy season between November and March when humid hot environment breeds malaria mosquitoes. During May to October months when the Dry season comes to the region water level drops and most of the game in the area gather in large hoards around the river ways of the Chobe River.
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Avg. Base Hourly Rate (USD)
The average hourly pay for a Cardiovascular Technician is $22.94
What is the Pay by Experience Level for Cardiovascular Technicians?
An entry-level Cardiovascular Technician with less than 1 year experience can expect to earn an average total compensation (includes tips, bonus, and overtime pay) of $16.41 based on 18 salaries. An early career Cardiovascular Technician with 1-4 years of experience earns an average total compensation of $18.98 based on 49 …Read more
What Do Cardiovascular Technicians Do?
Cardiovascular technicians, also called cardiovascular technologists, provide support to physicians in diagnosing and treating cardiac and peripheral vascular issues. They explain procedures and tests to patients, answering questions and providing additional information as needed; during procedures, they help ensure patients are safe and comfortable. They may also assist with acquiring patient test results and records, recording patient data and maintaining equipment. At all times, …Read more
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Vapin Station Vape Wholesale close to Craftsbury Common 05827 VT
Vapin Station Vape Wholesale in Craftsbury Common 05827 VT . Shop CBD Edibles, e-liquid from leading companies such as Silver Lining Juice Co Made In UK E-liquid, Chef's Recipe eJuice and Zour eLiquids
What You Must Learn About CBD Before Using It on Your Skin?
CBD is the brief kind of Cannabidiol that can be originated from hemp as well as marijuana plants. Both these belong to the cannabis plant family. Tetrahydrocannabinol (THC) and CBD are both primary elements found in marijuana plant, that has numerous wellness benefits.
THC provides customers a "high," while CBD does not offer that blissful effect. That's why CBD is ending up being so preferred and also is utilized in health as well as skincare products. CBD exists in tablets, lotions, drinks, vapors as well as even utilized in salad clothing.
There are no enough study done on CBD benefits, research studies show that CBD is being made use of for centuries now for dealing with different health and wellness conditions like persistent discomfort, sleep problems, stress and anxiety and a lot extra when consumed. When applied topically CBD has been made use of for treating skin disease like dermatitis, psoriasis, sunburn, acne etc.,
cbd skin care as well as various other CBD skin items like, oil, cream as well as balm can be valuable to your skin because of the anti-oxidants and anti-inflammatory residential properties that help in reducing dry skin, redness, rashes, sores or inflamed skin. Researches also reveal that CBD has an all-natural method of safe antibacterial component also.
You can take pleasure in the adhering to benefits by using CBD instilled soap.
Treat Acne: Acne is one of the most usual skin problem encountered by people all around the world. Acne is caused by excess secretion of sebaceous glands. The linolenic acid in CBD oil normalizes this secretion as well as assists treating acne like, whitehead, blackhead, papules and so on,
Creases: CBD infused soaps interacts with the endocannabinoid system in our body and helps reduce the aging process. You can obtain a radiant and also younger skin in a cost-efficient method by utilizing CBD soaps.
Sunburns: when there is too much of exposure to the sunlight, the UV rays damage the DNA in our skin cells. Sunburns are unbearable. With the help of CBD soaps, you need not stress concerning sunburns anymore. CBD oil keeps the skin moist and stops skin from blistering. CBD infused soaps are becoming so prominent for dealing with sunburns.
Moisturizing: as a result of the vital fatty acids like omega 3, 6, as well as 9 CBD soaps supplies you outstanding dermatological benefits as well as aids keep your skin flexible and soft.
Dermatitis & Psoriasis: hemp-based CBD soaps are a lot useful in treating itchy as well as flaky skin disease like eczema, psoriasis and other inflammatory skin problem.
Relieving Discomfort: CBD oil has superb medicine buildings like that of analgesic as well as is a good replacement to various other drugs that have prospective negative effects. When applied rigorously and helps decrease any kind of chronic inflammatory pain, CBD oil permeates via the skin.
There are many business emerging to market CBD items. However, picking the authentic one is a difficult task. Discovering concerning CBD products, you have to likewise recognize exactly how more bonuses to discover the best company.
Genuine firms will certainly be clear to their customers as well as expose info pertaining to, where the plants are expanded, are they legally sourced or not, whether their CBD products were evaluated by third party lab, whether try this out it consists of any type of contaminants, the quantity of CBD and THC that it has.
Allueur is an arising firm to sell CBD items stemmed from organically sourced hemp plants. You can get great top quality CBD skin care products from here.
That's their explanation why CBD is ending up being so popular and is utilized in health and skin care items. CBD is there in pills, lotions, beverages, vapors as well as even utilized in salad dressing.
The linolenic acid in CBD oil stabilizes this secretion as well as aids treating acne like, whitehead, blackhead, papules and so on,
With the assistance of CBD soaps, you need not fret regarding sunburns anymore. CBD oil keeps the skin moist as well as stops skin from blistering.
be sure to submit a prepared reaction to this letter in just 15 Doing work times within the day of receipt describing your corrective steps, such as the dates on which you discontinued the violative labeling, advertising and marketing, sale, and/or distribution of these tobacco solutions and also your plan for maintaining compliance Together with the FD&C Act.
Many things come to intellect if you ask why Fruit Monster eJuice SALT Cookie Butter has the achievements in the market that it does nowadays.
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a single taste with the one of a kind flavor is likely to make you feel like tiny bears are dancing close to in your taste buds!70% Fruit Monster important source eJuice SALT VG Currently, nevertheless, if there is a way Read far more »
The first thing you have to know about tobacco vape juice is that you’re not about to uncover a single capturing the flavor of cigarette smoke. That’s impossible considering that e-liquid isn't made from tobacco and doesn’t melt away. on the other hand, the flavor houses of the world have developed tobacco essences which have been fairly practical. An e-liquid can style very much such as the scent of an unlit cigar, such as.
Django E-liquid by 13th Floor Elevapors is usually a blend of vanilla milk drizzled with caramel and infused with a hint of Kentucky flue cured tobacco. among the top tobacco flavors currently available, Django effectively locate the perfect equilibrium between sweet caramel and vanilla and tobacco.
If you're the sort of vaper that likes your vape to get as near to cigarettes as it could be, then give Gold & Silver Fruit Monster eJuice SALT a shot. you will not be unhappy.
haven't been evaluated by Health Canada or even the FDA. be sure to be accountable with e-liquid and vape equipment, and preserve
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WOW, I guess I’ll start off by saying to this point Fruit Monster eJuice SALT this month, I’ve discovered myself a new girlfriend and her name is Lola. This has not still left my tank considering that we made the tester batch. I literally experienced to help make very small quantities for myself until eventually the big batches of ingredients came in. to generally be genuine buyers wer..
As we develop into accustomed to vaping we then come to feel we can easily be a little bit more daring with our juices. But tobacco flavoured e juice offers a great way to make that transition from using tobacco to vaping.
Blake is the proprietor and creator in the Guide To Vaping blog site. He has expressed his passion for that vaping field by way of his deeply rooted and really educational material.
be sure to Use a fundamental comprehension of the batteries you're applying and how to look after them view it now properly.
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|
Is Marriage a Covenant? A Response to Paul Rhodes Eddy, Part 2
Not sure if I agree or don’t agree. I’d have to re-read this, think about it some more, to be sure.
Aspects of it seem very similar to some other article I blogged about several months ago or Tweeted about. (Hat Tip to Julie Anne of Spiritual Sounding Board who tweeted about this earlier today.)
I would encourage you to click the link to visit this other person’s blog and read the whole thing, because it’s quite long, and I don’t want to copy too much of it on my blog:
- The following is a series responding to Paul Rhodes Eddy’s two part series on marriage and covenant, where Eddy engages (in part) one of this blog’s most popular posts entitled (Link): “Stutzman, Sex, and Secular Marriage.”
….And this is problematic for Eddy, and others, who maintain that marriage is a Biblical “one-flesh covenant” if they mean to say that Biblical marriage is always monogamous. Not only is “Biblical” marriage not necessarily monogamous (Lamech, Esau, Abraham, Moses, Jacob, Gideon, Elkanah, King David, King Solomon, and others had multiple wives), but being of “one flesh” isn’t even unique to marriage.
While it is true that Genesis 2:24 states that one man and one woman shall unite and become one flesh–Paul also states that when a man sleeps with a prostitute, the two have also become one flesh. (I Cor. 6:16)
Obviously, being of “one-flesh” has nothing to do with a covenant of marriage, but with a sexual act.
…I’m not an advocate for polygamy of any kind, and neither am I a critic of monogamy. But if we are looking for “Biblical” marriage, we must admit that polygyny is Biblical. We must also admit that the tradition of marriage has evolved over time since we no longer see polygamy as normative.
You will notice in all the fussing and fighting about marriage, how should Christians define marriage, etc, that celibate single adults are left out entirely. Again.
(Link): Pope Francis Perpetuates Christian Falsehood that One Man, One Woman Married Equals Image of God – (which in effect leading to: ) Teaches Single / Unmarried Do Not Reflect God That Singles Are Sub Human or Only One Half A Person / This Is An Anti Singles View and Is Unbiblical
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TBT's roots lie in the Emotional Freedom Techniques (EFT), an acu-point tapping technique on which much research has been done in recent years. More than one hundred studies conducted by as many as sixty researchers from over ten countries worldwide have demonstrated the effectiveness of EFT in a wide variety of disorders and complaints. Many of these studies have been published in renowned scientific journals.
As an example, I would like to point out the study done by Sebastian B. and Nelms J. in 2016: The Effectiveness of Emotional Freedom Techniques in the Treatment on Posttraumatic Stress Disorder. This meta-study evaluated seven previous studies on EFT, all of which met the strict criteria of the American Psychological Society (APA).
The following result was published: After four to ten sessions with EFT, a large treatment effect was found with regard to symptoms of PTSD.
But TBT is much more than tapping on acupuncture points. An important second element consists of a series of intervention steps borrowed from Neurolinguistic Programming (so called NLP Formats). In order to interrupt post-traumatic reactions to specific life experiences, TBT uses a variety of multi-sensory stimuli besides the haptic-kinaesthetic tapping: visual (figurative imagination in black-and-white/coloured), auditory (modulation of one's own voice/music) and motoric (movement) stimuli.
In the course of the TBT process, the most stressful part of a memory is accessed at least twenty times and exposed to a variety of stimuli. This interferes with the neural encoding of the memory, making it mallable and open to change. TBT deliberately and elegantly puts into use the brain's ability to slightly change the information comprised in a memory each time it is recalled, reprocessed and stored away in the long-term memory. At the end of the TBT Steps, the previously emotionally-coded information has a new coding and is no longer able to trigger a stress response when activated consciously or unconsciously. We don't know for a fact how TBT works, but based on the latest findings in neurobiological research, the above is currently – at least for me – a plausible effect hypothesis for the great results we get with this technique.
These "before and after" pictures were made during one of Rehana Webster's workshops in Pakistan.
In the top picture the dissociated state of the man on the left hand side is clearly visible. He suffered from the consequences of shock and feelings of guilt in connection with his mother's violent death.
The picture below shows his condition immediately after he had been guided through the TBT Steps by his friend, the man next to him. As an interesting aside: both of them are lay men who don't have any training in psychology or medicine.
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One of my newfound PLN members from Hobsonville Point Secondary School in Auckland, New Zealand, Steve Mouldey, Tweeted a page from the introduction of my first book, The Falconer, the other day. It reminded me of a foundational assumption that I started constructing 30 years ago, and still believe in today:
We are not teaching our children, our students, and our co-workers what they really need to know. The lessons aren’t out there on some shelf or Web site. They won’t be found with more money and more programs to push more stuff in more different ways at our kids and our employees. It’s not about computer-to-student ratios, distance learning, high-speed links to the Library of Congress, or lecture podcasts. It’s not a pricey self-help guru claiming that his “new thing” is new, seven cookbook steps to success, or ten simple mileposts to make a million for your company.
Those tools help, but they are the dressing, like ornaments on a Christmas tree. We need to pay attention to the tree itself. Look at the people who invented computers, who designed the Internet, who overcame the Depression, who envisioned the best sellers, who challenged racism, who explored the ocean depths, who built the Panama Canal, who created the management-consulting firms that you hire to tell you how to run your business more efficiently. I want my children and my employees and my co-workers and my friends to exhibit qualities like invention, courage, creativity, insight, design, and vision a lot more than I want them to know the capitals of South America or the sequence of presidents and kings, fractions, computer science, art history, running a cash register, or throwing a football.
In short, I want us to spend more time teaching how to generate and recognize elegant solutions to the many problems facing our world.
Why in our great system of child rearing and primary, secondary, college, graduate, and postgraduate education is there no course of study titled something like Strategies for Becoming Who I Want to Be?
School teams like those at Hobsonville Point are starting to scale this emphasis up from single pilots or one stand-out teacher to entire organizations. Nearly every educator I meet wants to join this movement. What is your school doing to get us there?
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Lipase is the preferred diagnostic marker for acute pancreatitis.
Ambient (8 - 24 degrees Celsius)
Lipase is the preferred diagnostic marker for acute pancreatitis. Lipase activity typically rises within 4-8 hours of onset of pancreatitis, peaks at abot 24 hours and remains elevated for 7 – 14 days. Compared to amylase, lipase displays a higher magnitude and more prolonged rise above the upper reference interval. The increase in serum lipase is not necessarily proportional to the severity of the attack and normalization is not necessarily a sign of resolution.
When lipase is greater than threefold above the upper reference limit, it has high specificity for acute pancreatitis (85 – 100%), however lower increases in lipase activity may be seen in non-pancreatitic conditions such as liver, stomach or intestinal pathologies. Certain drugs such as cholinergics and opiates may elevate serum lipase. Renal disease may also elevate the serum lipase, although it is less affected than amylase.
10 – 70 U/L
Reference ranges updated 18 June 2013 as per SIQAG agreement
Enzymatic, colourimetric assay using 1,2 diglyceride substrate. Beckman Coulter AU5822 series analyser. Beckman Coulter reagents.
$15.60 (Exclusive of GST)
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Dealing With Lump-Sum Orders in Divorce
As well as the legal aspects associated with divorce, such as obtaining a decree nisi, there will usually be financial negotiations which need to be concluded.
If an informal arrangement is not deemed sufficient, it may be necessary to go to court to obtain a financial order, such as a periodic payment order or a lump sum order.
A lump sum order simply requires that one party pays a lump sum of money to the other party and this could be for the benefit of an ex-spouse and/or children.
Contents of this guide
What is a lump sum order in divorce?
As the name suggests, a lump sum order normally requires one of the divorcing parties to pay a lump sum of money to their former spouse.
A lump sum order is commonly used where one party remains in the matrimonial home (often the mother and children), where the property is transferred into their name in exchange for a lump-sum payment to the other spouse.
The payment of a lump sum usually forms part of a divorce settlement, which will be further reaching and involve the separation of more money and assets, such as pensions, savings, debts and maintenance.
Who is entitled to a lump sum order?
When making a lump sum order, courts will generally take into account the needs and financial resources of both parties, to ensure that any such order is as fair as possible.
Section 25 of the Matrimonial Causes Act 1973 lists some of the factors which a court should take into consideration, of which the primary should focus on the welfare of any children under the age of 18, but which also include:
- the income, earning capacity, property and other financial resources which each of the parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future;
- the financial needs, obligations and responsibilities which each of the parties to the marriage has or is likely to have in the foreseeable future;
- the standard of living enjoyed by the family before the breakdown of the marriage; and
- the age of each party to the marriage and the duration of the marriage.
Although there is never an automatic entitlement to a lump sum order, courts will generally try and follow the overarching objective of fairness, whose three principles are set out in the case of Miller v Miller as:
- Needs – eg housing and financial needs
- Compensation – aimed at redressing any significant prospective economic disparity between the parties arising from the way they conducted their marriage (eg if the husband was able to progress in his career while the wife put her career on hold in order to bring up the children)
- Sharing – the starting point for working out how to divide up finances is that any matrimonial assets should be shared out equally (whether these are personal or business assets)
Pros and cons of a lump sum order
Financial orders generally involve either initial transfers of assets (eg lump sum order and ownership of property) or ongoing payments (eg maintenance payments and share of pension payments) – or a mixture of both.
A large enough lump sum order, combined with a clean break order, can effectively end the relationship entirely from a financial perspective.
But the downside is that, if circumstances change for one party (eg they win the lottery), once a clean break order has been made, the other party will generally be unable to make any claim.
How do you obtain a lump sum in divorce?
Sometimes the divorcing couple will be able to reach an agreement as to an acceptable sum themselves (eg through mediation), in which case this just needs to be drawn up into a legal order by a solicitor and sent off to the court to give its stamp of approval.
However, if negotiations are unsuccessful, it may be necessary to apply to the court for a financial order. Court proceedings will ensue and the court will then decide on an acceptable lump sum order and/or a periodical payment order.
Lump-sum payments may be made in a single payment, divided into instalments or arranged as a deferred payment.
Courts cannot make interim lump sum orders – so it can only be obtained after the decree nisi is in place.
Is a lump sum payment in divorce taxable?
In general, financial settlements – including lump-sum payments – are exempt from tax.
The main tax which needs to be considered for divorcing couples is Capital Gains Tax (CGT).
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Grade average or GPA is the median of all grades in a secondary education student’s life. But you likely already realized that you have to increase yours.
Begin with this concept
Begin with this concept because it should be evident that the response to the issue “How can i enhance my GPA?” Your GPA is average in all classes so that you have to achieve higher qualifications in your classes to increase them.
There is no hidden trick to get a stronger GPA there is no’GPA hack.’ you have to acknowledge the reality that hard work is on it’s manner to improving your GPA.
If you are concerned about your GPA and want to look for ups and downs of your GPA then you should use science GPA calculations (after every semester) in your GPA but also it helps you to estimate your GPA.
Calculating GPA manually nowadays has been underrated and there could be doubt of errors but by using an online GPA calculator you don’t have to doubt for precision and accuracy.
Grades are the college achievement master. Like the wage at a work, the baseball batting average or the inventory prices, your grade point average indicates how you do it objectively. And yet, amazingly, there is little excellent news of what learner’s should do to get excellent qualifications in college.
School should be your first priority
The first thing you need to do is to commit yourself to the concept that college is one of the most significant items of your lives at the moment. School is the first thing. It’s more essential than practicing basketball, rather than calling your others, and more important than watching the binge Netflix.
You can’t allow schoolwork and your other non-educational obligations to take back place in your personal lives. If you do, raising your GPA will be unbelievably difficult for you.
Categorize classes where you should improve
Are there courses you don’t generally study for? Prioritize classes where you slack? Do you never plug in your homework, are there any courses? If one of these issues is answered yes, your GPA could likely be raised easily.
Let’s put that 50% of the moment and energy that you might be presently giving these courses. You can transform your grade to 100 percent and increase your GPA entirely.
Don’t miss any class
Be serious about slacking out, make sure you take every lesson seriously. Take every lesson seriously. You may have an A because you just believe it’s dumb.
Make sure you give every subject your complete attention when you are serious about enhancing your your GPA. The number of courses that can be lost in each course and still do well, most learner’s have a reducing budget.
However, each class has about 3 percent of the material if there are 35 class conferences. And that’s 20%, Miss seven. And if you just break off the school before Thanksgiving and the professor takes the test query from that school for the final. Well, for the cost of one class, you really can do great harm to your GPA.
Take notes as Robocop
If you don’t write notes at any of your courses at present, just begin doing. Taking notes can assist you to memorize your courses, highlight significant data and make mention when you study.
You should bring notes in a manner that works for you. If you are a visual student, your notes will help with pictures and diagrams. If you are a read/write student, it might be better to take lengthy, thorough notes. If you’re an auditory learner, you may want to record lessons so that you can spend your time talking to your teacher in the classroom.
The lectures of the teacher shape the majority of the content studied during many initiation lessons in the middle and final stages. So all the teacher tells in the lesson should be written. Do not be too concerned about structure, or forget special “note-taking systems”.
Make up a group study plan
Revising through discussion can bring a great deal of self-discipline. Try to join or form one research group if you have difficulty preparing yourself correctly for this stuff.
The chances are you know certain things your schoolmate do, and you understand certain things you don’t do. Together, you may be responsible and assist each other to succeed in the course stuff.
Many learners enhance with “pupils” or research groups, particularly when their cohorts are faster than they are. Try to gather at least once a week particularly in the class where issue sets or quizzes are available daily. Students can enhance one or more grades when they engage with other learners in a structured manner.
Note down key points and study away from textbook
They don’t want you to break down; they are meant to add lessons and class conversationsations. Purchase all the textbooks and take these suggestions for use: read all content allocated.
When a teacher sends out a section to study at home, read the full text, including opening vignettes, case studies as well as charts and exposures (unless otherwise teacher states not to. You understand the most critical components of the document.
The most critical vocabulary for instance in one of my lessons is that the language is highlighted by the fact that all words and concepts are imported at the edges of all chapters. It may sound unimportant, but your guides to achievement are course curricula.
A program provides you with data on how you are graded and how many particular tasks are worth. You will not be amazed, if you read and comprehend the curriculum, by any tasks or by how much they contribute to your general level.
Talk to your teachers, “Hook up” with the prof
The least-used resources at university and the one that will most probably profit your degree are office hours in individual or electronically. This is the only moment you can get professional or educational one-on-one assistance. Search if and how your professor wishes to meet traditional hours, e-mail, Skype, or even Twitter or Facebook.
When it’s about improving your GPA, your professors are your most precious asset. You will most probably offer it if you let them know about your plans and ask for assistance. Now, it doesn’t always take the form of a free additional loan task, but it may be more helpful if your professor reads the final document before turning in. Tell your professors what you want and ask for assistance they are going to assist you to succeed.
Do ALL of the course assignments
Almost all school courses are examined, and sometimes examinations are the most significant part of your graduation, so it is essential to be a nice test person.
- Each teacher has a testing style, so acquire previous copies or straight consult the professor. Know the kind of issues you are asking and the material you are covering.
- Carefully read questions and schedule your answers. Take the moment to read all directions and schedule a plan at the start of the exam.
- Pace yourself, so that you have plenty of time to finish all of them. And you know the v-section of questions so that the most important questions can be completed first if the time goes out.
- Don’t be shy ask questions. If you don’t know or need to clarify the query, contact the teacher. Don’t wait to take the exam back and find your question answered incorrectly. Asking questions can be frightening, but it is better to ask questions and gain inside knowledge than to rest and remain ignorant if you don’t comprehend a notion, idea or issue. Make sure you ask questions when you have difficulty and stop until you comprehend the present subject.
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MIAMI (CBSMiami) – South Florida's connection to the JFK assassination, the death of Trayvon Martin, and a bizarre sea creature caught off Miami Beach all were popular stories on CBSMiami.com in 2013.
-Exclusive: JFK Assassination Witness Speaks For 1st Time: When President John Fitzgerald Kennedy was cut down by an assassin, a chain of events began that included the murder of a police officer, the capture of the alleged presidential assassin, and the murder of the assassin. In the 50 years since the Kennedy assassination, a Dallas police officer who was in the middle of the chaos that enveloped the city in the hours and days that followed the murder never shared his story about what he saw, heard and did, until he spoke exclusively to CBSMiami.com about the pandemonium.
-Rachel Jeantel On Trayvon Martin Friendship: "He Never Judged Me": Rachel Jeantel, Trayvon Martin's good friends opened up about her friendship with Trayvon Martin, calling him a good and true friend. This after her testimony at the murder trial of George Zimmerman.
-Bizarre Sea Creature Caught Off Miami Beach: A rarely seen sea creature that normally lives at the depths of the ocean was snagged off the coast of Miami Beach.
-Alleged Killer Posts Picture Of Dead Wife On Facebook: A grisly murder scene in South Miami ended up on Facebook after the alleged killer posted a picture of his dead wife on the social networking site Facebook.
-HHS Secretary Sebelius Visits South Florida To Meet With Healthcare Navigators: In the wake of the troubled healthcare.gov website launch, HHS Secretary Kathleen Sebelius came to Miami to meet with "navigators" who are helping the public get signed up for coverage.
-FAU Professor In "Jesus Stomping" Incident Placed On Administrative Leave: A professor at Florida Atlantic University was placed on administrative leave after a student claimed he was unfairly suspended from class for not writing the word "Jesus" on a piece of paper and stomping on it as part of a class exercise.
-Police: Pimp Forced Girl To Tattoo Eyelids With His Name: A Miami pimp named "Suave" allegedly forced a 13-year-old runaway to tattoo his street name on her eyelids after she threatened to leave him.
-FAU Student Claims He Was Suspended For Refusing To Step On Jesus: A student at Florida Atlantic University said he was unfairly suspended from his Intercultural Communications class because he refused to step on Jesus. The professor asked students to write the word "Jesus" on a piece of paper, fold it up, and step on it. The student, a deeply religious Mormonwas offended and refused to participate in the exercise.
-Gun Stores Seeing A Run On Ammunition: Ammunition sellers and manufacturers saw a major run on bullets and said they couldn't keep their shelves stocked due to terrorist attacks and the gun control.
-Exclusive Look At Urban Beach Week Security Measures: The Miami Beach Police Department shared their heightened security plans ahead of Urban Beach Week over Memorial Day Weekend on South Beach. The goal was to avoid chaos, like the incident that occurred two years ago when officers shot and killed a man they claim was driving erratically on Collins Avenue.
for more features.
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New Records Available To Search This Findmypast Friday
Over 455,000 new records are available to search this Findmypast Friday, including;
Northamptonshire Baptisms contains over 14,000 transcripts of original baptism records and covers 34 parishes across the East Midlands county. These records have been transcribed by the Northamptonshire Family History Society from parish registers found at the Northamptonshire Record Office and cover the years 1559 through to 1901
The level of detail found each transcript may vary although most will include a combination of your ancestor’s baptism date, baptism place, the names of both parent’s, document reference, page and entry number.
The Northampton General Hospital was founded in 1744 by Dr James Stonhouse and supported by local benefactors who paid for patient’s treatments through subscriptions. Today, the Northampton General Hospital is still providing healthcare as part of the NHS Trust.
This collection consists of over 126,000 transcripts of original admission registers held by the Northamptonshire record office. These transcripts will not only allow you to discover whether your ancestors were admitted to the hospital, but also when they were admitted, why they were admitted and the year they were discharged. Most records will also reveal the nature of your ancestor’s ailment and the outcome of their treatment.
Over 54,000 records covering more than 1,800 counties have been added to our collection of United States marriage records including substantial updates from Alabama, California, Florida, Georgia, Kentucky, North Carolina, Ohio and Tennessee. Released in partnership with FamilySearch international, these new additions mark the latest phase of efforts to create the single largest online collection of U.S. marriage records in history.
Each record include transcripts and images of the original documents that list marriage date, the names of the bride and groom, birthplace, birth date, age, residence as well as fathers’ and mothers’ names. The entire collection now contains over 168 million records and continues to grow.
Warwickshire Monumental Inscriptions is an index containing over 201,000 transcripts. Each record will list your ancestor’s birth year, death year and the location of the monument.
Over 60,000 articles and 10 new titles have been added to the Periodical Source Index this month. PERSI enables you to easily locate key information about people and places through millions of entries from thousands of historical, genealogical and ethnic publications.
PERSI provides access to articles, photos, and other material you might not find using traditional search methods. This can help to build the historical context around your personal research, and the world your ancestors lived in.
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Forget space time – TagSpace is the new dimension. Here’s why.
Every organisation wants to use social media to create and own a community these days. Its easy to see why – owning a community is a natural extension of the old approach to communication, based around owning and controlling the channel.
The problem is that the future doesn’t lie in channel, because channels are now free, available to everyone and therefore increasingly controlled by individuals rather than organisations. The future lies in developing competencies in Content, Conversation and Community and of these three the Community part is the hardest place to access – simply because the essence of a successful community is that is is owned by its members. What we are seeing now is individuals forming communities to manage their interaction with organisations, rather than individuals being managed by organisations within owned communities.
I think the Community opportunity lies in hosting and managing conversation areas based around a strategy of differentiating tags – creating TagSpace if you will. This builds on the practice now becoming familiar within twitter whereby the community will attach a #tag to a subject as a way of allowing people engage with a discrete conversation – for example #davos or #davos09 last week. Suppose you devise a tag which you will use to generate content and conversation around your organisation or brand. This tag has to be sufficiently unusual that it won’t overlap with other tags. For example it could be XxxTalk (where xxx is the brand name, or shortened version thereof). Interestingly, because no-one is really doing this at the moment, the NameTalk tag is relatively unpopulated for most brands or organisations – but you can see a situation in the future where this tag becomes valuable real estate hence something you need to establish a presence within quickly.
You can then promote the fact that anyone who wants to talk to, or about, you or share something relevant should tag their content in this way – whatever means of input they are using (twitter, blog etc). The promise is that you will be watching this tag, using the conventional search tools, and responding where appropriate. You may also want to use this tag as your twitter name and create a blog platform / content hub under its banner.
In this way you can start to host a conversation and establish an information sharing community relevant to your organisation. The community doesn’t live in any one place, it lives across all current and future social networks (a powerful thought) and of course it is not something that you exclusively own or control – that is its point. Your ownership over it will be entirely dependent on the value you add through the relevancy and credibility of your contribution. And while you don’t own it, it probably gives you about as much control or influence as you are ever likely to achieve over community of independent individuals.
Furthermore, it has the advantage of making the conversational area of your digital space much easier to monitor and engage with. It helps manage difficult issues, because ‘good social behaviour’ will determine that any issues should be raised first with this TagSpace (and potentially resolved by yourself or the community) before pushing it wider. “Talk to the tag” you might say. And it will also allow you to engage a much wider community in developing your brand or solving problems – ultimately saving you money (as Dell are finding through their initiatives to get their customers talking to each other to solve issues or develop new products).
I think it is actually a no-brainer and I am going to be encouraging as many organisations as possible to adopt this approach.
And to practice what I preach I hereby propose the tag ‘tagspace’ (or #tagspace for twitter) as the tag to drive conversation around.
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Mollet del Vallès, Spain– Pomalive, a mixture of olive and pomegranate extract, may help improve high cholesterol levels from dyslipidemia. That’s the finding from a andomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled study conducted at the University Hospital La Paz in Madrid. Pomalive is a patent pending combination of standardized polyphenols.
Intake of Pomalive for a two-month period significantly reduced plasma triglycerides. It also decreased LDL cholesterol and elevated good HDL cholesterol. There were no adverse effects in the older adults studied.
According to the researchers, the described improvements in the plasma lipid profiles of dyslipidemic patients could improve endothelial dysfunction, arterial prehypertension and hypertension.
Experts also note the need for natural solutions. Statins drugs are widely used to improve lipid profiles. However, nearly 10% of patients experience adverse effects.
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I am using vim 8.2 in terminal with mouse support (mouse=a) and trying to define a custom mapping for <C-LeftMouse>. The mapping itself works but the problem is that vim stops setting cursor position at the mouse click with Ctrl button pressed.
Specifically, I map <C-LeftMouse> to a command that adds the word under cursor to the search history and highlights it. After clicking, the cursor position will not change and the highlighted word will be one at the old cursor position. So, I have to first do <LeftMouse> click to change the cursor position and then <C-LeftMouse> to execute my command with the new position.
I tried mapping my command to <C-LeftRelease> but in that case <C-LeftMouse> is kept mapped to the default action ("CTRL-]") which leads to jumping to a tag if it is found.
I thought about writing a function to position the cursor and execute my custom command but I am afraid it may be not trivial (I would like also to be able to click to a different window, as in the default behavior).
Is there a way to keep vim positioning the cursor automatically after assigning commands to mouse events?
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Belize ~ Investments, LLC and Personal Guarantees
Posted: Tuesday August 27, 2019. 9:08 a.m. CST.
The views expressed in this article are those of the author and not necessarily those of Breaking Belize News.
This article was written by Richard Harrison, Belizean investor in production and service companies in Belize. He holds an MBA from Lancaster University.
By Richard Harrison: Belize needs more investment, savings and consumption.
The basic formula for calculating GDP is: y = c + i + e + g, where y = GDP, c = consumer expenditure, i = industrial investment, e = excess of exports over imports and g = government expenditure.
Countries only develop as quickly as these components of the economy are encouraged, facilitated and realized.
Investment is the main of these components, because it is what creates goods and services and generates wealth, which was once profitable.
However, investments are impossible without savings⦠and without value if the goods and services are not âconsumedâ.
Investments, savings and consumption can be both domestic and foreign⦠and both must be encouraged, facilitated and realized.
National investments are as important as foreign investments⦠.probably even more⦠.because most of the wealth generated by domestic investments remains in the countryâ¦. While the profits from foreign investments are taken out of the country by the people who pay dividends on those investments.
The growth of tourism within a country creates an artificial “home consumption”, since much of what is consumed locally is not consumed by the citizens and residents of the country. It does not reflect the true capacity of the internal market to consume goods and services⦠the disposable incomes of citizens and residents are artificially âamplifiedâ. But⦠as with electronic amplification, an unbalanced balancer and speakers will only create ânoiseâ⦠not good quality âmusicâ.
Belize’s laws and policies currently allow COMMERCIAL BANKS (all of which are foreign owned and controlled) to require personal guarantees from their borrowers … almost in all cases … even though the country recognizes and offers investors the right to ” operate LIMITED LIABILITY COMPANIES.
A limited liability company (LLC) is a hybrid business entity with certain characteristics of both a corporation and a partnership or sole proprietorship (depending on the number of owners). An LLC, although a business entity, is a type of unincorporated association and is not a corporation. The main feature that an LLC shares with a corporation is limited liability, and the main feature that it shares with a partnership is the availability of income tax. It is often more flexible than a corporation and is well suited for sole proprietorship businesses.
An investor pays to form a limited liability company as a vehicle of a business unit⦠and can form various LLCs if the entrepreneur has multiple businesses that operate separately. As long as the bank has the level of unencumbered collateral within the LLC to support the investment (banks will normally lend up to 70% of the forced sale value of a secured asset) … it should not be necessary to force the investor to sign a personal guarantee⦠which in so doing endangers all of the investor’s assets, including his house and personal effects. Taking personal guarantees on every investment is the laziest and most destructive way to manage risk⦠it discourages entrepreneurship.
While personal guarantees are required in most cases to be able to make loans for investments⦠..many potential investments are avoided⦠..because no entrepreneur is willing to risk his own family homeâ¦. To do so an investment.
Belize’s laws and policies that seek to encourage, facilitate, and effect investment must be urgently reviewed and revised … in order for the LLC to function as it is supposed to.
There are many investors in Belize⦠who may have invested in a business formula that was viable 10 to 30 years ago⦠and whose viability may now be in jeopardy due to changing market conditions and laws and government policies over the years. Many of these investors sit around doing nothing … because Belize’s financial system prevents them from doing business … and forces them to honor commitments made at the time of funding … behaving as if they did not know the market, the legal and political changes that have taken place⦠and they have these people by their testicles, having signed PERSONAL GUARANTEES.
These investors may have other assets to start other viable businesses⦠..with a business formula that is relevant for today⦠.but they remain inactive⦠.because then they risk losing EVERYTHING if they do not ultimately cannot solve the challenges. they are facing with one of the particular investments.
Belize does not have too many entrepreneurs⦠so each is vitally important⦠and none should be permanently stuck in the investment arena⦠due to project failure or failure. another⦠and we should all see entrepreneurs’ mistakes as learning tools⦠not as justification for their crucifixion.
Belizeans must DEMAND urgent changes in our banking and investment laws and policies⦠..to unleash the ability of entrepreneurs to create new viable investments using LLC without the risk of PERSONAL GUARANTEE and potential loss of their very home⦠⦠So that, if they fail in a particular investment⦠which should not be the end of the world, as is currently the case⦠they should be able to move on with their lives⦠if possible to revive their struggling businesses⦠and create new new business formulas that would be viable given today’s markets, laws and policies.
Discover elize’s most visited news site ~ We offer fully customizable and flexible digital marketing packages. Your content is delivered instantly to thousands of users at home and abroad! Contact us at [email protected] or call us at 501-601-0315.
© 2019, BreakingBelizeNews.com. This article is the copyright of Breaking Belize News. Written permission must be obtained before reprinting in online or print media. REPRINTING CONTENT WITHOUT AUTHORIZATION AND / OR PAYMENT IS THEFT AND PUNISHED BY LAW.
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ONE OF THE MOST COMMON INJURIES SEEN IN BOTH PROFESSIONAL AND RECREATIONAL SPORT.
HIGH RATE OF INJURY RECURRENCE.
A CHALLENGE TO TREAT FOR BOTH THE PRACTITIONER AND PATIENT.
SIGNS AND SYMPTOMS
We have all seen those videos of footballers and track athletes that suddenly pull up grabbing the back of their thigh. This is the dreaded hamstring strain: a sudden pain or feeling of tearing or popping that will stop you in your tracks and prevent you from continuing your sport. The level of damage and recovery times required are graded as shown below.
NOTE: THESE TIMELINES CAN CHANGE ACCORDING TO THE INDIVIDUAL. IF YOU HAVE SUFFERED PREVIOUS HAMSTRING STRAINS FOR EXAMPLE, YOUR RECOVERY MAY BE LONGER. A MORE DETAILED PROGNOSIS WILL BE PROVIDED WHEN YOU SEEK A PROFESSIONAL OPINION.
Grade 1: this involves the smallest amount of damage. There will be a few muscle fibres torn leading to some pain and sensitivity over the area. You will be able to walk but may feel some tightness or stiffness in the back of the leg preventing you from taking a long stride. There is often discomfort as you attempt to load the hamstring with any resistance and the muscle feels too vulnerable to run on. Recovery time ranges from 4-8 weeks +.
Grade 2: a larger number of muscle fibres are torn. This leads to increased pain, difficulty walking, bruising around the site of injury and weakness. There will be tenderness on palpation and crutches may be needed for a few days as the damaged tissue slowly settles. Recovery time ranges from 8-12 weeks +.
Grade 3: this can often affect the muscle belly as well as the tendon and will cause significant bruising and pain. At the more severe end there can be a complete rupture (Grade 4). There will be significant weakness into the muscle, often an inability to bend the leg and crutches will be needed to offload the effected limb. Recovery time can range from 6 months + and in more severe cases may need surgical intervention.[/vc_column_text][divider line_type=”No Line” custom_height=”60″][split_line_heading]
AM I AT RISK OF A HAMSTRING STRAIN?
There is constant debate about the risk factors involved in hamstring strains but there are common findings that I see in those that suffer with this injury and many of them are factors that you can change:
1: Previous hamstring injury: studies have highlighted this to be the most significant risk factor for a recurrent hamstring strain. In my opinion this is most likely to be due to suboptimal recovery/ rehabilitation following the initial injury. As a result, a weakness remains in the previously effected area and neuromuscular patterning (the system through which nerves and muscles interact) can alter leading to a reduced ability for the hamstring to tolerate imposed loads. The answer: don’t take a short cut with your recovery.
2: Hamstring weakness or an imbalance in quadriceps to hamstring strength ratio: Your hamstrings must work really hard to control the hip and lower leg as we accelerate or decelerate so if you think of how many times you do this during a game of football for example, it makes sense to condition this area to cope with such loads.
Additionally, the hamstrings work closely with your thigh muscles (quadriceps). As your leg swings through when you run the hamstrings will lengthen as they contract (eccentric muscle activation) as the prepare the foot to hit the floor and the quadriceps must relax. If the hamstrings are much weaker than the quadriceps then an imbalance in forces can lead to injury.
3: Poor hamstring flexibility vs strength and control: there is conflicting results in research on this point but based on my experience I look for a balance between strength and length and this can be very dependent on the sport you do. You may be very strong in your hamstrings and like to play football or rugby. But if you lack the length to extend your leg when reaching to kick a ball then risk of tears will increase. Alternatively, you may be a dancer or gymnast and have excellent hamstring length but an ability to control that hamstring as you extend it in a split leap or jump is imperative.
4: Increased age: unfortunately we can’t control this one but often as we get older we dedicate less time to the strength work in the gym in favour for a game of tennis at the weekend or a kick around with a ball with friends and family. In turn this renders us more vulnerable to injury as the muscular and neuromuscular system are not conditioned for the stresses imposed. Our tissues also take longer to heal and are less elastic.
5: Muscle fatigue: fatigue effects a muscles ability to cope with load leading to increased risk of injury. Injuries most commonly will be seen towards the end of a game.
6: Acceleration/ deceleration or change of direction: as mentioned above, a hamstring strain most commonly occurs at the second stage of the swing phase as the hamstrings are at their greatest length and as they generate maximum tension.
7: Lower back pathology: control around the lumbar spine and pelvis will influence hamstring length, activation and control. It is important to be aware of proximal/ trunk control in hamstring rehabilitation.
8: Poor technique or poor training programme: weakness, lack of flexibility and poor movement control can all result in poor technique when running, sprinting, kicking etc. Combine this with repetition then the hamstring becomes strained. Highlighting these problem areas early is key to reduce injury.
I HAVE INJURED MY HAMSTRING. WHAT DO I DO NOW?
We have come across the acronyms RICE and PRICE for early stage management of soft tissue injuries but there is a new one being shared around and not only is it my favourite but it has come at the perfect time for me to apply it this hamstring strain blog.
Immediately after the injury avoid further damage and apply some P.E.A.C.E
P rotect the area by offloading it and/ or restricting activities. The emphasis here is on modified rest NOT complete rest. Allow bleeding to settle and allow biology to do its thing.
E levate the area by placing the limb higher than the heart if possible. This will help promote fluid flow.
A void taking anti inflammatories. Inflammation is a necessary stage for tissue healing that leads to optimal regeneration of the damaged tissue. Taking anti inflammatories can potentially interrupt this and delay recovery. Ice is also considered to interrupt this process hence why it is also missed in this new model.
C ompress the area. This is a topic of debate but applying compression with a bandage around the site can help reduce swelling and maintain function.
E ducate this is where I and other healthcare professionals come in. Understanding what damage has occurred and what is required to recover is essential. There is no magic treatment and no one has the capabilities to beat biology so be aware of what your treatment will involve and what YOU need to do to return to sport.
A few days later you can add some L.O.V.E
L oad damaged tissue heals progressively according to the loads applied to it so exercise and movement is necessary to stimulate the formation of new bonds within the muscle fibres as they repair. Listen to your symptoms and gradually increase the load.
O ptimism your brain has an incredible power over your recovery and rehabilitation. Fear, depression and catastrophising over the problem can severely limit your recovery. Stay positive and focus on what you need to do to get back fighting fit.
V asuclarization returning to cardiovascular exercise in a pain free fashion can be started as early as day 2 or 3 post injury (depending on the severity of your injury). You may not be able to run, but a session on a bike will still help boost circulation and mood as well as maintaining neuromuscular activation. Focus on the things you can do and not what you can’t.
E xercise as you have seen from most the above points exercise is very important for your recovery. It will restore range of movement, strength, control and proprioception. Pain is used as a guide to change the type of exercise, load applied, frequency and intensity.
SO IN SUMMARY……….
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By: Annika Barnett, MD
The personal statement is one of the most important components of a medical school application. Realistically, most applicants look similar on paper. Many applicants have taken many of the same classes and boast stellar grades, MCAT scores and a myriad of extracurricular activities. Your personal statement serves as a great opportunity to stand out and make an impact on the medical school admissions committee.
Many applicants do not know where to start when writing a personal statement. It is an open-ended essay, and this freedom can be either liberating or debilitating. Don’t get intimidated by the open-ended nature of the personal statement. Use the following tips to structure a personal statement that not only captures the admission committee’s attention but effectively represents who you are as a person and applicant.
Tell a Story
Your personal statement should give the reader a glimpse of who you are on a deeper level than your test scores and grades. The best way to convey this is to tell a personal anecdote.
For example, my medical school personal statement began with the story of how I decided to become a doctor after having a memorable experience at my pediatrician’s office. This not only piqued the reader’s interest but also offered a more personal touch to the essay. Additionally, many of my interviewers referenced my anecdote, which facilitated a more comfortable interview experience.
Tell your story. Why did you decide to go into the medical field? Did a specific event or person inspire you to pursue medicine? Your story is what makes you unique and it helps differentiate your application from others.
Your personal statement offers the opportunity to be transparent to the admissions committee. If you have any weaknesses in your application, you may want to address them briefly in your personal statement. Use caution in putting a lot of emphasis on weaknesses in your application, but you may benefit from explaining any unique challenges or hardships that you may have encountered.
Avoid repeating information that is clearly communicated elsewhere in your application. Your personal statement is not the place to discuss your academic accolades or list your extracurricular activities. You CV will speak for itself.
Make it Personal
The personal statement is your opportunity to communicate to the admissions committee details that may not be apparent elsewhere in your application. Emphasize personal character traits and values that will make you a great doctor. For example, if you are compassionate, give an example of how you have displayed compassion and how it will help you in a future career in medicine.
The best doctors are well rounded and possess not only medical knowledge, but have soft skills necessary to provide effective care to patients. Highlighting these skills will let the admission committee know that you are more than just a good student able to retain facts. In addition, you will also show that you recognize the importance of having more than medical knowledge to be a great doctor.
Learn More: Personal Statement
Have a Vision
A powerful way to conclude your personal statement is to include your vision of how you see yourself impacting the medical field in the future. You may not know the specific subspecialty that you will ultimately pursue, but you can describe where you see yourself in medical field after medical training. Do you think you will have an interest in research and plan to advance medical knowledge through academic pursuits? Do you have an interest in global health or want to improve access to healthcare to underserved populations? Use your personal statement to emphasize your overall goals as a physician in the future and describe how you plan to push the field forward.
Don’t let the medical school personal statement intimidate you. While writing your personal statement, view it as an opportunity to make your application stand out. Use the above tips as a starting point to construct a personal statement that is both memorable and effective in strengthening your application.
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Maywood Academy Library
SUMMER READING June 6 – August 6, 2022
Los Angeles Public Library Summer Reading Program
"There are so many ways to express yourself! We invite you to use your voice this summer in your own creative way—art, poetry, music, dance, writing, photography, cooking, gardening, community activism, even skateboarding!"
Every book has the potential to help us learn and grow as individuals. As we use our imagination to create the images of the story in our mind, we awaking parts of our brains that might have been resting.
Time to find a book, check it out, and spend some time reading. Your brain will thank you!
You can request this on their preference sheets. Read the full description below and click the button Library practice application to apply.
Library Practice is -
College and career readiness:
- Customer service/workforce development – completing clerical tasks for librarian, office staff and counselors
- Preparation for entry-level library clerkship with LAPL: understanding the operation and organization of a library.
- literacy skills (Fiction)
- numeracy skills (Non--fiction)
- Trouble shoot technology problems – hardware and software (blog, library website/online course, apps (flipgrid for book reviews, nearpod for class lessons))
- Use information effectively to accomplish a specific purpose
- Using digital library to access information, develop research skills by evaluating so evaluate information and its sources critically
- Online courses – Career Exploration & Courses on Everfi
- Personal management skills to complete weekly tasks such as cleaning and organizing shelf assignments, and completion of online self-paced courses.
- Take responsibility for decision and actions and accept consequences of decisions and actions.
- Maintaining professional interactions with staff and students.
Creating an inviting culture in the library:
- Assisting with preparing of library events like Banned Book week, Book Tasting, Guest Authors, and Reading Competitions
- Assisting with keeping library organized which help keep the library open and accessible for patrons
- Provides a student’s prospect and voice when developing events for students and deciding on book collection development.
Developing a spirit of service learning:
- Being of assistance to staff as needed.
- Working as a team to complete tasks.
- Being a part of the community and promoting the importance of reading, not only on campus but also at Nueva Vista Elementary school by reading to the students during BIC.
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There is no one way to structure a deal, but there are certain things to consider before you decide to structure a deal. Generally speaking, a deal is broken down into two parts. The first part is called the contract, which includes all the information that the two parties need to know about the deal. The second part is the agreement, which includes the terms of the deal.
In simple terms: deal structuring is the process of analyzing and structuring a deal in such a way that the client will get the deal they want at the price they want to pay. The structuring of deals is a critical process for any deal. The process itself consists of three essential components: the negotiation process, a risk management process, and a structuring process. Many of these processes are unique to particular industries or sectors, and it is important the structuring team of a deal is aware of its role and the process it will follow.
The first and most important thing to understand about structuring is that there are two competing considerations in any transaction: liquidity and valuation. Liquidity occurs when you have the need to sell, but you do not have the funds available to do so. Valuation occurs when you have the funds available to buy, but you do not know whether or not you are able to sell. It is often said that a good structure allows the buyer to achieve liquidity while retaining the maximum valuation.
A deal structuring is a crucial step in any contract. The key is to get the basic structure of the deal correctly and then there’s the follow-up, which is to make sure that the deal is delivered in the way that it was meant to be. The role of deal structuring is to help to put a structure.
Importance of Deal Structuring
When is deal structuring important? It is important when there is a high degree of uncertainty, risk, or possible loss. In these cases, the parties must structure the deal to reduce the risk in order to move forward with the deal.
Structuring a deal can be a complex process, especially if you’re new to the industry. If you’re not sure where to begin, our deal structuring services can help you structure your deal to meet your needs. Our team will work closely with you to understand your business, your industry, and your goals. We’ll use that information to design an effective structure for your deal.
When Should You Seek Deal Structuring Services Instead of General Advice?
It’s a matter of fact that deal structuring services are needed in many cases. These are services that can help firms to achieve more than they can alone. When you’re about to make a big decision, like buying a house or starting a business, you may seek advice from the experts. An accountant might help you make the most of your tax returns, and a lawyer could help you draft contracts. When it comes to your money, it can be tempting to get a second opinion from a financial advisor.
Also, mergers and acquisitions have become a critical part of corporate strategy. The purpose of M&A is to increase a company’s profitability by combining the resources and capabilities of two or more companies. Deal structure is the way in which the parties design the terms of a transaction. The deal structure is critical to the success of the deal.
How do We Work
When you’re an entrepreneur, you’re used to being in control. You know how to build a business, or at least you think you do. But when it comes to financing, you’re not in control. The bank or the investor has the power to say yes or no.
Our team is responsible for reviewing, analyzing, and negotiating complex transaction documents. We are committed to providing the most efficient and effective deal structuring services for our clients.
We provide structure to your deal in order to ensure that it closes on time and on budget. We work with you to design the most efficient deal structure possible, taking into account your investor requirements, the size of the deal, and the stage of the company. Our goal is to minimize the amount of time your team spends on the nitty-gritty details and maximize the amount of time they have to manage the bigger picture issues.
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Since mid-February 2020, a post that begins with some version of the text “last evening dining out with friends, one of their uncles, who’s graduated with a master’s degree and who worked in Shenzhen Hospital … sent him the following notes on Coronavirus for Guidance,” has been copy-pasted and re-shared widely across social media.
Though he does not appear to be the author of the original claim, a user named Peter Lee Goodchild posted an iteration of the claim that has garnered, at the time of this reporting, over 370,000 shares on Facebook.
The new coronavirus, which has spread globallly and causes a disease now known as COVID-19, was originally discovered in Wuhan, China, in late 2019. As such, many of the claims in this “important announcement” assert things that science lacks the data to verify. In other cases, the post conflates facts about coronaviruses as a broad classification (responsible for diseases ranging from the common cold to SARS) with the specific, newly discovered coronavirus. At times, the post repeats long-debunked medical urban legends. Most problematic, however, is the post’s promotion of a fatally flawed method to determine if you have COVID-19 as opposed to a regular cold. When the post makes factually accurate statements, their relevance to the current coronavirus outbreak is unclear.
Here, we go through each of the assertions point by point.
Is runny nose, phlegm associated with the coronavirus?
Points one and two assert the ability to differentiate the “common cold” from “coronavirus pneumonia” — interpreted here as COVID-19 — based on the presence or absence of mucus or phlegm, which is also known as sputum, during coughing. While Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) data collected so far indicate that most cases of COVID-19 do not usually involve phlegm production during coughing, it is hardly the case that no cases involve it. “Less commonly reported symptoms [of COVID-19] include sputum production,” the CDC states on a page of clinical instructions about the disease. That fact makes this assertion incorrect and potentially dangerous.
Is the coronavirus “heat resistant”?
It is unclear what a “heat resistant” virus would look like, as virtually any virus exposed to high enough temperatures for a long enough time is likely to be inactivated or destroyed. As previously mentioned, no studies have specifically addressed the heat tolerance of the coronavirus. Several studies dating back to the 1980s have sought to address this kind of question, however. The biggest take-away from these studies is that TWO factors — both temperature and humidity — are the biggest variables to consider.
Generally speaking, coronaviruses as a group will survive for longer periods of time in the environment at cooler temperatures. While lower temperatures enhance survival in nearly all cases in all coronaviruses, the role of humidity has been harder to pin down. Preliminary studies on the novel coronavirus that causes COVID-19, some of which have not yet been peer reviewed, suggest that the virus survives longer at lower temperatures and higher humidities in the lab. The role of humidity on transmission between humans is less clear, with at least one early study suggesting that high humidity reduces the transmission of COVID-19. The World Health Organization (WHO), states that “the COVID-19 virus can be transmitted in ALL AREAS, including areas with hot and humid weather.” In short, the fact that it might be warm out is not a reliable indicator of the risk of transmission.
Is it true that the coronavirus “hates the sun”?
Different viruses react to solar radiation differently. Comparatively speaking, coronaviruses as a group are more susceptible to inactivation from ultraviolet radiation than other groups of viruses, like adenoviruses. This does not mean that coronaviruses will die at the first exposure to sun, so it is unclear how this bit of trivia provides actionable information for people concerned about the coronavirus.
Can viral particles released during a sneeze reach 10 feet?
When an infected person sneezes, viruses can spread through the air, usually attached to bits of mucus or other bodily fluids. The distance those particles travel depends on their size. It is unclear how the author of the post arrived at the 10-feet figure for the coronavirus. Studies on upper respiratory tract infections (URTI) like COVID-19 indicate that sneeze particles that spread this form of disease are necessarily on the large side, and therefore travel only about 3 feet. Regardless, it is unclear how any of this information is directly relevant to the COVID-19 outbreak specifically.
Will the coronavirus survive longer on metal surfaces?
Generally speaking, it is true that the type of surface can affect the survival of a virus, and that metal surfaces are more hospitable for them. This does not mean that non-metal surfaces are necessarily safer to touch. A 2015 study found that pathogenic human coronavirus 229E remained infectious after at least five days on a range of surfaces, including ceramic tiles, glass, silicone rubber, and stainless steel.
On March 11, 2020, researchers published a paper in the New England Journal of Medicine that addressed the survival of the new coronavirus specifically, finding it survived for days on some surfaces:
We found that viable [COVID-19] virus could be detected in aerosols up to 3 hours post aerosolization, up to 4 hours on copper, up to 24 hours on cardboard and up to 2-3 days on plastic and stainless steel.
Should “liquids with ice” be avoided?
That hydration helps your body fight disease is not controversial. The notion that ice or cold liquids can cause or exacerbate health conditions, however, is a long-held medical urban legend with no scientific support. A 2014 review of the health effects of cold temperatures and URTIs concluded that, “No evidence was found in the literature to support any relationship between ingestion of cold drinks and food and URTI.”
Should we drink water, wash hands frequently, and gargle?
For the most part, this final bit of advice is not controversial. Hydration, as well as frequent and thorough hand-washing, are a major part of the prevention methods highlighted by health organizations like the CDC and WHO. The WHO has stated that “there is no evidence that using mouthwash will protect you from infection with the new coronavirus,” however.
Are the “symptoms” of the coronavirus listed accurate?
The final section of the viral post describes in absolute terms the symptoms and progression of COVID-19. Like many of the assertions made above, this betrays a false level of confidence in what we know about the disease. As described in a study conducted by National Health Service researchers in China just weeks after the outbreak, “There are currently few studies that define the pathophysiological characteristics of COVID-19, and there is great uncertainty regarding its mechanism of spread.” While the symptoms described in the post are consistent with the symptoms of COVID-19, they are also symptoms that can be associated with several other upper respiratory tract infections.
As far as viral posts about the coronavirus go, this one amplifies questionable and unverified claims about the virus, its progression, and its diagnosis. These claims, when not completely incorrect, rarely provide actionable information on preventing the spread of the coronavirus. Especially when compared to a re-shared Facebook story sourced from the uncle of somebody’s friend, agencies like the CDC or the WHO are better sources of reliable, up-to-date, and accurate information about the new coronavirus.
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Christianity is not a good old-time religion--safe and nostalgic. Instead, it is the most radical concept of our world that, if we choose to accept it, may cause us to be torn apart and painfully reshaped. It's authentic, relevant, and capable of standing up to every part of modern civilization.
In a collection of thoughtful musings about the Word of God, lifelong Christian Eric Ribbens explores key lessons in the Bible while sharing creative retellings of each story that encourage others to reason together with God, question the meaning behind the stories, and then embrace opportunities for learning. Each musing begins with a quote extracted from a Bible verse relevant to the speaker, and is followed by questions for discussion and contemplation that invite each of us to reflect on God's presence in our lives.
Eddies of His Breath is a collection of biblical reflections that builds on stories from the Bible and then encourages heartfelt discussion and contemplation about God's influence and His lessons that still apply in today's world.
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By Vargha Taefi
I am a financial adviser, aged 29. I live in Melbourne with my wife. We are surrounded by great friends, fabulous food and coffee. We enjoy all the buzz and life of this vibrant city.
My situation looks good from the outside. And it is, except there is no getting around the pain that runs through my life, a pain caused by the fact that I can't see or be with my mother, Fariba Kamalabadi.
My mother, who is innocent of any crime, has been held in Iranian prisons since May 14, 2008, because of her religion. She is a member of the Baha'i faith. She is serving a 20-year sentence, and this week marks the fifth year since her arrest.
A mother of three, she is an educational psychologist. She is also one of seven people - five men and two women - who served as the ad hoc leadership group for Iran's biggest non-Muslim religious minority, the Baha'i, numbering 300,000.
Her religious belief commits her to obey the law not to be involved in partisan political activity. In fact, as I witnessed it growing up, her life has been one of service to others. But instead of being publicly praised, she has become the target of vicious persecution by the Iranian authorities.
In May 2008, she and her colleagues, the oldest of whom is now 80, were arrested in co-ordinated dawn raids on their homes in Tehran.
For more than four months my mother was held in solitary confinement. In 2010, after 2½ years of detention, during which the seven were physically mistreated, they were charged with baseless accusations of espionage, insulting Islamic sanctities, crimes against national security, and ''spreading corruption on earth''. Any one of these charges can result in the death sentence in Iran.
During the time of their trial, they were denied access to their lawyer, Nobel laureate Shirin Ebadi. The prison authorities allowed only a few visits from their families. Then, after being subjected to a sham trial, the most shocking news was announced - each was sentenced to a 20-year prison term. There was international outrage but they are still locked up.
My mother is being held in Evin Prison. She was previously in Rajaei Shahr and Qarchak prisons until condemnation of the extremely harsh conditions by international media and governments led to her transfer.
During her captivity she has been confined to a 2x2-metre shared cell. There is hardly any light entering. There is no bed. She sleeps on the floor, even during the extremely cold winters which worsen her sciatica. Her colleague who shares the same cell, Mrs Mahvash Sabet, 60, recently suffered a broken hip owing to poor diet, low calcium and no sunshine.
To keep her mind sharp, my mother reads and re-reads the rare books she gets access to, remembers all her family - their phone numbers and important dates and occasions - and studies English with her fellow prisoners. She often composes and memorises poems, and recites them to family members during brief visits.
For three weeks in 2009, American journalist Roxana Saberi shared a cell with my mother and Mrs Sabet.
After her release, Saberi said in an interview: ''Fariba and Mahvash were two of the women prisoners I met in Evin who inspired me the most. They showed me what it means to be selfless, to care more about one's community and beliefs than about oneself.''
At the time of my mother's arrest, I was out of Iran on my honeymoon. I had left Iran a few years earlier to pursue the university education I had been banned from obtaining by the Iranian government because of my religion. My parents have never been able to meet my wife, nor were they able to attend my wedding in May 2008, which was just under two weeks before my mother's arrest, because their passports were confiscated.
As a child I grew up seeing agents of Iran's Ministry of Intelligence and plain-clothes agents raiding our home and loading trucks with our belongings: books, photos, tapes and CDs, cash, jewellery, telephones.
On several occasions they took one of my parents with them as well. In response to our calls for justice and pleas for our human rights, we were told: ''Human rights are for humans, not you.''
For a very long time my nightmare has not been of the past but of slowly losing memories of my mother.
I reassure myself that in the absence of my mother, at least her loving company can be bestowed on inmates who do not have their own mothers or sisters with them. I often imagine how I would love to buy her scented hand lotions and perfume and flowers.
In my mind, I plan on spoiling and treating her like we do with my wife's parents. I sometimes imagine the day of her release and the travels we will do together. At important times in my life, I seek her advice in silence, imagining what she would say and how she would encourage and support me.
On rare precious occasions when she is allowed to phone, within those painfully short two-minute conversations, we speak in tones of assurance and safety, conveying love and asking each other ordinary questions.
I miss my mother and it still hurts. But I am so proud she has lived up to her beliefs, has helped others in jail and has remained strong in her faith. On Mother's Day I pay tribute to her.
Vargha Taefi is the Melbourne-based son of one of the seven imprisoned Baha'i leaders.
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Unlike inheritance law in most of the United States and non-Hispanic parts of the world, inheritance law in Puerto Rico is significantly restrictive. The purpose of this restriction is mainly addressed at protecting the family, particularly the children.
With this in mind and as originally developed in the Spanish (meaning from Spain) tradition, children are more important when dealing with inheritance issues.
If this reality is ignored, heirs of non-residents of Puerto Rico can find themselves hugely disappointed when they try to claim any rights based on wills executed outside of Puerto Rico.
Nolla, Palou & Casellas, LLC helps navigate the inheritance law waters for property owners who do not reside in Puerto Rico, and also help heirs who have inherited property or other assets and need help with the transfer of this rights.
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The OIG released a report on March 3, 2014, “Adverse Events in Skilled Nursing Facilities: National Incidence among Medicare Beneficiaries,” that examines the national incidence rate, preventability, and cost of adverse events in skilled nursing facilities (SNFs). This report is an outgrowth of a series of studies about hospital adverse events. For purposes of this report, the OIG defined an adverse event as harm to a patient or resident as a result of medical care in a health care setting that resulted in a prolonged SNF stay or hospitalization (including emergency room visit), permanent harm, life-sustaining intervention, or death. Based on a small sample of individuals discharged from hospitals to SNFs with SNF stays that ended in August 2011 (a total of 653 Medicare beneficiaries), the OIG estimates that 22% of Medicare beneficiaries experienced adverse events during their SNF stays and 11% of Medicare beneficiaries experienced temporary harm events during their SNF stays. The OIG’s physician reviewers determined, based on review of the patients’ medical record, that 59% of these adverse events and temporary harm events were clearly or likely preventable. More than half of the residents who experienced harm were rehospitalized, with an estimated Medicare cost of $208 million in August 2011. This equates to $2.8 billion spent on hospital treatment for harm caused in SNFs in FY 2011 (or roughly 2% of inpatient hospital spending).
The OIG observes that the preventable nature of many of the events it identified indicates an opportunity for SNFs to significantly reduce the incidence of resident harm events. To that end, the OIG recommends that the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality (AHRQ) and CMS raise awareness of nursing home safety and reduce resident harm through methods the agencies previously used to promote hospital safety. For instance, OIG recommends that the agencies collaborate to create and promote a list of potentially reportable nursing home events to help nursing home staff better recognize and reduce harm (but AHRQ and CMS should specify that they do not require external nursing home reporting of these events). Likewise, the OIG recommends that AHRQ and CMS encourage nursing homes to report adverse events to Patient Safety Organizations. CMS also should include potential events and information about resident harm in future guidance to nursing homes on the development of Quality Assurance and Performance Improvement (QAPI) programs pursuant to the ACA. Finally, the OIG recommends that CMS instruct state agency nursing home surveyors to review facility practices intended to identify and reduce adverse events. AHRQ and CMS concurred with the OIG’s recommendations.
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– ‘ No , we dont wanna see anymore tourist spots. Please take us to World Peace Pagoda’ . Madhushree told the guide driver .
This was the inception of our visit to the World peace Pagoda at Pokhara. Local sight seeing at Pokhara normally covers the places which may not be very interesting considering the natural beauty that Pokhara has to offer .
We went to Gupteswar Mahadev cave , Devi falls , Tibetan refugee village and others, however our homework and help of lonely planet focused us on World Peace Pagoda .The sky was overcast . Although diffused lighting is best for a photographer but planning a visit with a 2 year old son is a bad idea and we definitely realised it later.
There are several ways by which one can reach the World Peace Pagoda or Shanti Stupa . We took the safest way . The tourist car dropped us at the base of the stairs and the guide instructed us to walk up the stairs .
Balanced on a narrow ridge high above Phewa Tal, the brilliant-white World Peace Pagoda was constructed by Nipponzan Myohoji clan monk Morioka Sonin ( Buddhist monk from Japanese origin) with support from local supporters . The entire initiative was led by Nichidatsu Fujii, the founder of Nipponzan Myohoji clan of Buddhism who is famously known as the initiator of constructing Peace Pagodas across the world. During the construction phase there had been many disruptions from Nepal Government and it was not officially passed by Nepal Govt till 1992 and in October 1999 it was formally inaugurated .
Shanti Stupa in Pokhara is the first world peace Pagoda in Nepal where the only other being the one in Lumbini . Its one of the main tourist attractions of Pokhara at 1100 mtrs above sea level.
The cab driver placed us at somewhere around 900 mtrs above sea level. The balance had to be climbed up by stairs. We reached there climbing almost 200 stairs – wish we had known this when we started . While climbing up, at every landing one gets amazing view of the valley around. By the time we reached the entrance, we were totally breathless from climbing the stairs and the amazing view it provided us. A proud father wants to mention here that the 2 year old Tugga for once didn’t ask to lift him up and rather insisted that he climbs the stair on his own. We didn’t allow him is a different story altogether .
Situated at 1100 metres above sea level, the Pagoda is 115 feet tall and 344 feet in diameter and one of the major tourist attractions of Pokhara. It has got two tiers for tourists and religious people to circumambulate and the second tier consists of 4 statues of Buddha gifted as souvenirs from Japan , Sri Lanka , China and Lumbini Nepal .
The weather god was not on our side that evening, otherwise the place which is an attraction for its view of the Annapurna range of Himalayas disappointed us . It was overcast sky and we did not manage to get any view of the range. Clouds looming in thick and fast, we had to abruptly end the visit at World Peace Pagoda as Tugga was also getting cranky .
It then started . Small insignificant drops of rains which looked ominous . We rushed out and by the time we were out of the World peace Pagoda the drops were large and with bigger density . The cover for the camera bag became the temporary cover for Tugga and we rushed . Dilemma was to undertake the journey down or wait for sometime . Easier was to wait for sometime so that the rain subsides . We entered the Cafe at the entrance of World Peace Pagoda.
I don’t remember the name of the cafe but I remember the 1 hour that we spent there . I do remember the smiling lady who owns the cafe – who was once a school teacher in a nearby school in the hills . I remember the view of rains on Phewa lake . I remember the random design the raindrops created on Phewa Lake like a child playing on his own. .
I remember the taste of the hot chocolate and the sandwich ( although they sell beer but we had to take the journey down ) . I distinctly remember the tourist from London who was making everyone in the cafe sign a local picture post card in their own national language. After loads of pictures here and there ( I didn’t want to stop ). We wanted to freeze the memory with the 3 of us together in a frame . I meet the globe trotting couple Lance And Hazel . Lance was kind enough to capture 3 of us together .
With no signs of rain stopping, we had to take the call . So it was a non stop run with the camera bag cover acting as Tugga’s cover and Madhushree carrying my camera bag . The first taste of adventure between the father and son , where I constantly kept on telling him to hold the cover tightly as I rushed down the stairs and he sensed that it was no nonsense time and obediently listened to me.
We reached our cab safely and that was good bye to the World Peace Pagoda . I complained that the weather god was not on our behalf but I realised later that rainfall is also his way of letting one know that there are moments to cherish beyond sunrise and sunset . Yes I enjoyed an hour of beautiful rainfall at 1100 metres with my two most loved ones around and World Peace Pagoda at the backdrop and Phewa Lake giving us company from far.
Tips for travelers and photographers –
1. On the Internet you will read everywhere that there have been reports of mugging on the trekking route so its better to be careful while taking that route . However while climbing the stairs its absolutely safe.
2. Wide Lens is the key here, so carrying a wide lens for your camera is absolutely necessary .
3. No matter what, spend some time at the cafe at the foothills of the World Peace Pagoda Pokhara – enjoy the experience.
4. Wishing you all the luck for either Sunshine or sunset as we couldn’t catch either.
5. Your travel gears and outfit should be keeping in mind the physical activities involved.
Wanna explore more Nepal through my camera ? – Here you go
Thamel – A Shoppers Paradise (read it here)
Swayambhunath – An afternoon spent (read it here)
5 places you must visit in Kathmandu with your camera (read it here)
Pin it for future reference
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As you are driving to work this morning or driving home tonight, take a look around and notice everyone you are sharing the road with. There is a great chance 3 or 4 people you can see don’t have insurance. If they make a mistake and get in an accident with you, injuring you, they probably aren’t going to be able to pay you for their actions.
One in Seven Georgia Motorists Uninsured
No one really knows exactly how many people are on the road uninsured. It’s not like you have to have a special license plate if you don’t have insurance. But there are ways to extrapolate estimates out of traffic ticket numbers.
Pennsylvania based Insurance Research Council did just that and found that in Georgia, about 16% of drivers are uninsured.
That means there’s a good chance if you are involved in a car accident it’s going to be with someone that doesn’t have insurance. So how do you get paid?
Get Paid with Uninsured Drivers
The problem of uninsured or under insured drivers has been around since the invention of the automobile. Because of that, systems have been created to help people when they are injured by drivers that have no car insurance.
But, as you might imagine, the systems in place to help people injured by uninsured motorists are complicated. Before I even get into the potential claim resources I want to encourage you to talk to a personal injury lawyer (more specifically, I want to encourage you to talk to us). We deal with these systems every day. We know their shortcomings and their loopholes. We know how to use these systems to your advantage.
With that being said, let’s get to the systems.
PIP – Personal Injury Protection
Personal injury protection is a system set up by car insurance companies so that you can insure yourself against uninsured drivers. It’s an add on to your own insurance policy where your insurance company agrees to pay you up to your policy limits for medical bills, hospital bills, and funeral expenses up to your policy limits. Some policies also include allowances for lost wages.
If you don’t have personal injury protection you should get it. Think about whether the extra insurance premium is worth it when you are driving on the highway the next time. One out of every six cars you see is an uninsured motorist (you are the seventh).
UM/IM – Uninsured and Under Insured Motorist Coverage
UM/IM is an add on coverage you can get with your policy too. It’s different than PIP though. It only covers out of pocket expenses you incurred because of the accident.
In most cases this is the amount of your deductible. But it can also apply to other expenses you pay that your insurance company wouldn’t usually cover but that the at fault driver would pick up if they had insurance.
Once again, this is an add on policy for you. This insurance covers, as the name implies, repairs to your car up to the total value of the car, excluding the deductible.
So, for example, if you get in an accident and your car is totaled, this insurance would pay you for the value of your car, minus the deductible, if the other driver didn’t have car insurance.
It’s Complicated – Get Help
If it sounds complicated it’s because it is. And let’s be honest, even your own insurance company isn’t looking out for you. If you are in an accident with a driver that isn’t insured and they are on the hook for it, they are going to do their best to pay you as little as possible. It’s just the nature of the insurance business.
Why chance losing thousands of dollars? Call us today to set up an appointment to come and talk to us.
Tyler Moffitt is a Georgia personal injury lawyer with Moffitt Law, LLC. Offices in Lagrange Georgia and Columbus Georgia
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“Conversion Is Our Goal,” Come, Follow Me—For Individuals and Families: Old Testament 2022 (2021)
“Conversion Is Our Goal,” Come, Follow Me—For Individuals and Families: 2022
The aim of all gospel learning and teaching is to deepen our conversion to Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ and help us become more like Them. For this reason, when we study the gospel, we’re not just looking for new information; we want to become a “new creature” (2 Corinthians 5:17). This means relying on Heavenly Father and Jesus Christ to help us change our hearts, our views, our actions, and our very natures.
But the kind of gospel learning that strengthens our faith and leads to the miracle of conversion doesn’t happen all at once. It extends beyond a classroom into our hearts and homes. It requires consistent, daily efforts to understand and live the gospel. Gospel learning that leads to true conversion requires the influence of the Holy Ghost.
The Holy Ghost guides us to the truth and bears witness of that truth (see John 16:13). He enlightens our minds, quickens our understandings, and touches our hearts with revelation from God, the source of all truth. The Holy Ghost purifies our hearts. He inspires in us a desire to live by truth, and He whispers to us ways to do this. Truly, “the Holy Ghost … shall teach [us] all things” (John 14:26).
For these reasons, in our efforts to live, learn, and teach the gospel, we should first and foremost seek the companionship of the Spirit. This goal should govern our choices and guide our thoughts and actions. We should seek after whatever invites the influence of the Spirit and reject whatever drives that influence away—for we know that if we can be worthy of the presence of the Holy Ghost, we can also be worthy to live in the presence of Heavenly Father and His Son, Jesus Christ.
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Indian Journal of Science and Technology
Year: 2016, Volume: 9, Issue: 17, Pages: 1-8
Ganesh D. Puri* and D. Haritha
*Author of Corresponding: Ganesh D. Puri CSE, KL University Vaddeswaram, Guntur Dist, Andhra Pradesh India; [email protected]
Background/Objectives: The sources of big data are social media, enterprise data, unstructured data, sensor and clickstream data. The objective is to integrate this variety of data at one platform for processing the big data and find privacy concerns. Methods: The privacy concerns are raised due to unauthorized data extraction, collection and sharing information about user. For integrating and processing of big data; different tools and techniques are available. Findings: General framework for privacy preserving is discussed. Advancements in the big data analytics methods have posed different challenges in front of user. Due to large volume and variety of big data many organizations cannot process the data and needs to outsource it. While sharing such data for processing; there is need to apply proper privacy preserving measures. Application/Improvements: Privacy preserving techniques have applications in electronic health record processing, government surveys, outsourcing enterprise data for processing.
Keywords: Big Data, Big Data Analytics, Privacy Concerns, Privacy Preserving Methods
Subscribe now for latest articles and news.
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In advance of a Department of Transportation proposal to mandate fee refunds when inflight Wi-Fi “doesn’t work,” NetForecast is launching a new service to independently and proactively monitor passenger Wi-Fi experience quality—enabling airlines to identify and correct Wi-Fi performance issues.
The service, QMap® Inflight Internet Experience Monitoring, continuously measures the passenger Wi-Fi experience from personal electronic devices, and reports on end-to-end network experience quality in near real-time.
The service notifies airlines when the passenger experience degrades below pre-determined thresholds, and locates problem areas along the network path within the aircraft Wi-Fi network, between the aircraft and the ground station, and beyond that to intermediate networks and network destinations.
End-to-end monitoring is important because the quality of a passenger’s Wi-Fi experience depends on the aggregated quality of service delivered by all elements along the network path. NetForecast’s QMap service is calibrated to reflect realistic performance expectations for each network technology (e.g., geosynchronous satellite, cellular, low earth orbit satellite, etc.).
According to Rebecca Wetzel, NetForecast President: “As members of the Airline Passenger Experience Association’s Connectivity Working Group, we collaborated with the industry to create a specification that provides guidance for measuring and assessing passenger inflight Wi-Fi experience quality. We are excited to put that industry guidance to work with our new QMap service to empower airlines to deliver the best possible experience to their Wi-Fi connected passengers.”
NetForecast is a privately held, woman-owned company headquartered in Charlottesville VA. It is an independent provider of internet performance measurement and data usage accuracy audit solutions. NetForecast customers provide Internet service to over 60 percent of US broadband Internet subscribers.
Featured image credited to NetForecast
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Burma Continues Detention of Nobel-Winning Activist
STEVE INSKEEP, host:
One person imprisoned in the Southeast Asian nation of Myanmar is a Nobel Prize winner. Reports from that country, formerly known as Burma, say that she will remain in custody for another year. Aung San Suu Kyi has spent roughly 10 of the last 15 years in prison or under house arrest after the military refused to accept her party's landslide victory in elections in 1990. NPR's Southeast Asian correspondent Michael Sullivan reports.
MICHAEL SULLIVAN reporting:
Sources in the government and in Aung San Suu Kyi's own National League for Democracy say she was visited by government officials at her home over the weekend and informed of the military's decision. The visit came on the day her previous yearlong detention was set to expire. Aung Zaw, a Burmese exile who edits the magazine Irrawaddy in neighboring Thailand, says the move comes as no surprise but is disappointing nonetheless.
Mr. AUNG ZAW (Editor, Irrawaddy): It will be quite risky for the military regime to release Aung San Suu Kyi at this time because the government itself is very shaky, and also she's remained very, very popular, and it could become a very uncontrollable situation for the government, because a lot of people will go and see her. I think a lot of people, they very much admire her, and I'm sure that it could create quite a chaotic situation.
SULLIVAN: Some say a chaotic or at least bizarre situation already exists. Earlier this month, the military leadership abruptly announced it would move the capital from Yangon, or Rangoon, to a new location deep inside the country's interior. No reason was given for the move. Some analysts suggest the regime is worried about a possible attack from the United States. Others say the move was ordered based on the advice of astrologers. Irrawaddy magazine editor Aung Zaw says the regime is now in trouble, riven by divisions within and by rising discontent on the streets. David Steinberg, director of Asian studies at Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service, isn't convinced.
Mr. DAVID STEINBERG (Georgetown University's School of Foreign Service): The country is in a dire state, but a dire state does not mean that it is going to collapse. It's a country that has managed, through the sale of gas to Thailand, through remittances from abroad, managed to keep alive, but that does not mean that the plight of the people has been improved. In fact, it has, I think, deteriorated, but deterioration of living standards does not necessarily mean that the regime is going to collapse.
SULLIVAN: The US and some European countries have imposed economic sanctions on Myanmar in an effort to convince the country's military leaders to loosen their grip on power. Myanmar's Southeast Asian neighbors have advocated a policy of constructive engagement. Neither has yielded results, nor the release of one of the world's best-known political prisoners. Irrawaddy editor Aung Zaw argues that the international community needs to speak with one voice.
Mr. ZAW: There has been a division in the international community, and there have to be, I think, consistent policies, particularly in Asia, China and India and the other Western nations who want to see change in Burma. They have to convince them. Otherwise, I think Burma policy is going nowhere, is--they have no direction at all.
SULLIVAN: Georgetown University's David Steinberg is a critic of sanctions. He argues they only serve to make a xenophobic, paranoid regime even more so and more resistant to change.
Mr. STEINBERG: First, we've got to tone down the rhetoric as we have tried in a bit to do in North Korea. The idea of calling these people thugs, rogue states, failed states and so forth is ineffective. It just creates antagonisms that are unnecessary. What we need is, I think, a quiet, higher-level dialogue on these issues with the idea saying that if you do--make certain reforms, then we will take specific actions. But that doesn't mean that these people are going to listen, but it is better than anything we're doing at the moment.
SULLIVAN: In the meantime, Nobel Peace Prize winner Aung San Suu Kyi will remain in detention in her home, denied access to outside visitors and denied even telephone contact with the outside world. Michael Sullivan, NPR News, Hanoi.
INSKEEP: You're listening to MORNING EDITION from NPR News. Transcript provided by NPR, Copyright NPR.
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International student enrollment numbers appear to be on the rebound following the decline caused by the COVID-19 pandemic and unwelcoming political rhetoric, according to multiple sources.
While the annual Open Doors Report on International Education released this week reports that enrollment of new international students dropped by nearly 46 percent between the 2019-2020 and 2020-2021 academic years, other sources recently published data suggesting the numbers may actually be returning to pre-pandemic levels.
This fall, enrollment of new international students increased by 68 percent, and the total number of enrolled foreign students increased by 4 percent compared to fall 2020, according to the Institute of International Education’s 2021 Fall International Student Enrollment Snapshot.
Meanwhile, the Common App reports that applications from prospective foreign students increased 19 percent for 2020-2021 and 13 percent for 2019-2020.
Before the pandemic, colleges and universities were already experiencing a continuous drop in international student enrollment. Experts say the Trump administration’s anti-immigrant stance was a major contributor to the decline.
To view more data on international student enrollment, visit opendoorsdata.org.
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Over the next few weeks, Amuse will be joining Rugby World Cup winner Will Greenwood as he makes his way to the North Pole. The competitive sportsman and broadcaster isn’t submitting himself to -45C temperatures and severe physical and mental endurance for the sake of it; he joins a crack team of explorers to raise money for Borne, a charity that aims to identify the causes of premature birth to save lives, prevent disability and create lifelong health for mothers and babies.
In this first episode, Greenwood’s private preparation for the trek is put on hold when explorer and environmentalist David de Rothschild shows up at Will’s home to offer him some super-solid last-minute advice. Ever wondered why burrowing down into your sleeping bag whilst trying to catch some kip on the North Pole is a bad idea? No idea what a capillary shunt is? Realised that you’ve never previously considered the importance of attaching rope to your zipper fly? David—the youngest British person ever to reach both geographical poles—is on hand to get Will up to speed. To donate: https://www.borne.org.uk/
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What is the LinkSquare AI Platform?
The LinkSquare spectrometer is a smart handheld spectrometer that will be a unique addition to the spectroscopy industry for its significant innovation in performance, cost, and size. Not only the device itself, we have a powerful machine learning algorithm that make sense of spectral data. You can experience the basics of our machine learning algorithm.
The AI Platform provides a DIY applet creation tool by analyzing the samples of each item, distinguishing spectral features, defining spectral identity, creating a database, and making an applet that can be downloaded and viewed as an applet in the LinkSquare app.
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A moderate to large tree, attaining 40 to 60 m in height and 1 to 2 m in stem diameter. It has a straight slender trunk, circular in cross-section. The bark on the lower part of the trunk is dark grey-brown in colour, fibrous and fissured. Typical smooth gum type bark occurs on branches and the uppermost part of the trunk.
Blackbutt is found in coastal regions from southern New South Wales to Maryborough, Queensland.
The heartwood is pale brown with a faint tinge of pink when freshly cut. Sometimes the sapwood is indistinguishable from the heartwood but usually it is slightly paler in colour.
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How do stablecoins differ from other cryptoassets?
Stablecoins are a kind of cryptoasset that are intended to maintain a stable value over time, for instance by tracking the price of a national currency such as the US dollar. For a more comprehensive overview of the structure of different types of stablecoins, see D. Bullmann et al. (2019), “In search for stability in crypto-assets: are stablecoins the solution?”, Occasional Paper Series, No. 230, European Central Bank. They therefore differ from many other cryptoassets, which do not have stabilisation mechanisms. Instead, their values fluctuate freely.
The value of stablecoins is generally backed by a reserve that can consist of different assets and they can thus be called collateralised stablecoins. The collateral can be financial assets such as commercial paper, bank deposits in one or several national currencies or even other cryptoassets.
There are also algorithmic stablecoins, also called non-collateralised stablecoins, which do not have a reserve of assets that fully equals the value of the issued coins. Instead, an algorithm adjusts the price based on supply and demand, keeping a stable level over time. In short, when the price rises, new stablecoins are created to increase the number of stablecoins in circulation, which has the purpose of reducing the price. When the price falls, the number of stablecoins is reduced – they are repurchased and destroyed. This process can be more or less automated. For example, it might be that part of the process, such as the creation and destruction of coins, is not automated.
Stablecoins can also be a combination of the versions described above, for instance a collateralised stablecoin but with certain features from algorithmic stablecoins. This staff memo focuses mainly on collateralised stablecoins.
Three of the largest stablecoins that exist today – USD Tether (USDT), USD Coin (USDC) and Binance USD (BUSD) – are intended to maintain a 1-to-1 relationship with the US dollar. These are examples of collateralised stablecoins.
Like other cryptoassets, stablecoins too have grown in popularity in the past few years, resulting in growth in their market value. They now make up a sizeable share of the total market for cryptoassets. The market value of USDT, USDC and BUSD currently equals approximately one tenth of the total market value of cryptoassets (see Figure 5). Unlike other cryptoassets like Bitcoin and Ethereum, the increase in market value is not due to price increases, but to an increase in the number of issued stablecoins. This also means that the asset reserves for these stablecoins have increased in size.
The overall market value of euro-pegged stablecoins, including EUR Tether, is relatively low thus far. There is currently no major stablecoin pegged to the Swedish krona.
Many stablecoins are available for anyone to buy at various trading venues and can be kept in crypto wallets. There are however examples of stablecoins which, at least for now, are only intended for institutional investors. One is JP Morgan’s JPM Coin, which is fixed at 1 to 1 to the US dollar. JPM Coin is used for immediate payments between accounts at JP Morgan. E. Mitchell (2021), “What is JPM Coin and How Do You Buy It?”, 10 January 2021, Bitcoin Market Journal.
The term ‘stablecoins’ might be misleading
In order for the value of stablecoins to be stable, it is essential that the assets backing them are liquid and stable in value. Another condition is that the size of the reserve must equal issued stable coins; that is, when new stablecoins are created, new reserve assets must increase correspondingly. When stablecoin holders instead redeem their stablecoins, these must be destroyed and the reserve assets be reduced correspondingly. FSB (2022), “Assessment of Risks to Financial Stability from Crypto-Assets”, February 2022, Financial Stability Board.
The largest stablecoin, USD Tether, has a reserve that largely consists of short-maturity assets such as commercial paper (see Figure 6). Commercial paper is a type of unsecured asset that could lose value. It could mean that the assets in the reserve no longer suffice to equal issued stablecoins. In that case, they cannot thus be redeemed at the value expected by holders.
The company behind the stablecoin USD Tether was ordered to pay a fine of USD 41 million by an American authority in the autumn of 2021, due to their claim that Tether had been fully backed by assets in traditional currency. CFTC (2021), “CFTC Orders Tether and Bitfinex to Pay Fines Totaling $42.5 Million”, Release Number 8450-21, 15 October 2021, Commodity Futures Trading Commission. It emerged, however, that the reserve assets had not always equalled the number of issued stablecoins and that the reserve included various types of unsecured receivables. Also, the reserve assets had been partly held with unregulated entities or in other jurisdictions and not been subject to regular review. On the whole, these factors could have lead to inability for Tether holders to redeem their stablecoins at the intended value of one dollar.
As the reserve for stablecoins often consists of more traditional financial assets, such as bank deposits or various kinds of financial assets, this also tightens the connection between stablecoins and the financial system as a whole. If a situation emerges in which numerous stablecoin holders want to exchange their stablecoins at the same time for national currency, for instance because they have lost confidence in the stablecoin maintaining its value, the assets in the reserve might need to be sold off or redeemed rapidly. This could in turn cause shocks, such as price corrections, on the markets where the reserve assets are invested and problems for the entities that issue the assets.
There are examples of times when stablecoins have not lived up to their designation. During May 2022, holders of a relatively large algorithmic stablecoin, TerraUSD, sold large volumes during a few days’ time. R. Nieva (2022) and A. Sethi (2022), “Why Crypto Cratered: 5 Things You Need To Know”, 14 May 2022, BuzzFeed News. Different factors are believed to have caused this, but altogether this resulted in the algorithm not being able to uphold TerraUSD’s promised value of one dollar. Instead, the price of TerraUSD collapsed, to circa 15 cent at the lowest on May 13. In conjunction with the drop in TerraUSD, also other stablecoins were affected, also those who are not algorithmic. One example is USD Tether, which dropped by around five per cent at most from the promised value of one dollar and also met demands for redemption from holders. However, the price of USD Tether has thereafter approached one dollar again. Other cryptoassets were also affected by the events. An earlier example of an unstable stablecoin is the case of the small stablecoin, IRON, which dropped rapidly in price during 2021. This was because IRON’s reserve consisted of around a quarter of another cryptoasset, which saw its value drop to zero. At that time, the price of IRON dropped from a value of around USD 1 to 75 cents in the space of a couple of days. The Crypto Ecosystem and Financial Stability Challenges. Chapter in the Global Financial Stability Report, October 2021, International Monetary Fund. Because IRON was a relatively small stablecoin, the drop in price did not have any major implications.
Altogether, these cases illustrate that stablecoins not necessarily are stable. It also shows that it may be difficult to maintain a stable price for a stablecoin if the value of the assets in the reserve is unstable or if their value do not fully correspond to the number of issued stablecoins.
The larger a stablecoin and its asset reserve, the more pronounced the risks. For stablecoins held and used by people worldwide – global stablecoins – the risks could have particularly heavy consequences for both stablecoin holders and the rest of the financial system, because they can spread throughout different economies. G7 Working Group on Stablecoins (2019), “Investigating the impact of global stablecoins”, October 2019, Group of Seven, International Monetary Fund and Bank for International Settlements.
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By Nils Lenke, VP & GM, Apps
“Are we there yet?” It’s a phrase most parents have heard during road trips with our kids because, let’s face it: car rides can be boring. With autonomous driving on the horizon, this feeling may even eventually extend to the “driver” as their once-active role in the journey transforms.
But rarely have you ever heard a child ask, “Is it over yet?” when enjoying something exciting like a roller coaster or theme park ride. That got us thinking: what if we could turn a car ride into an experience like that? In this blog, we will explore a few steps on the road towards that goal, some of which are already happening today, and some which may need a couple of years to come to fruition.
Step 1: Make the environment around the car accessible to the people in the car.
There is lots going on around the car, and the scene is ever-changing. If only you knew more about all there is to see! Well, what if your car could tell you? Cerence Tour Guide makes that happen by bringing professional, fun information about landmarks and sites directly into the car. We can even make the experience interactive, too, with Cerence Look, which Daimler recently rolled out in their new S-Class as Mercedes-Benz Travel Knowledge. The trick is to have a “digital twin” of the outside environment in the cloud and use it to make all that information accessible via the connected car.
Step 2: Make more use of the windows (and screens).
Today, the windows of a car serve a fairly singular purpose: enabling us to see what is around us. But what if we could give them a bigger role in the driving experience by, for example, overlaying them with additional information and content? Imagine if we were to do this as an augmented reality (AR) overlay, showing information on what you see, or showing how the same scene looked 100 or 200 years ago, maybe during a famous civil war battle or the like? Of course, you can also use the ever-bigger in-car touchscreen for this, combining the feed of a front-facing camera with AR, like we demonstrated in Berlin back in 2019. Adding some fitting background noises – horses, battle cries, etc. if we think of that civil war site example – via the impressive audio systems many cars have these days further extends the immersive experience.
Step 3: Make the car interior and the seat more active.
Car seats are more than just things to sit in, even today: with embedded heating, ventilation, and massage functions, and together with other interior features like ambient lighting, they help drivers relax or be refreshed, and can often be triggered by voice commands like “I’m tired” or “I’m stressed.”
Now imagine if these same features – ambient lighting, AC, seat ventilation, etc. – could be integrated with a multimedia tour. Say our (fictitious) civil war battle happened in winter: brace yourself, the AC and the ventilation will make us suffer the same pains! This brings a whole new level of multi-sensory experience.
There are many ways the car’s seats can play a bigger role. We recently did a project with the Smart Textile slab of DFKI (Germany’s leading AI Research Institute) to explore some more concepts. Participants in a user focus group were really creative and came up with lots of ideas:
One of the most interesting was to embed actuators into the seat that allow it to change its form and “nudge” the user to pay attention to a certain direction, for example:
The DFKI team built a working prototype of this feature, combining it with another one: embedding sensors that detect when somebody grabs into the seat, maybe when they feel uncomfortable.
These types of innovations can help make sure we don’t miss anything – and will also help us understand if the experience is at times a little too immersive!
Step 4: Supercharge the environment.
Interacting with the environment, as we saw in step one, is great, but what if we could enhance that experience further? Technologies like 5G will improve localization of cars (beyond what GPS can do) and enable a lot more V2X (Vehicle-to-X) functions. So, what if there were things waiting outside that “fire off” right in the moment the car drives by? Like animated scenes, special billboards, lightening of buildings, sound effects, and lots more. Certain areas could essentially be set up to be the “theatre” for our multimedia tour. Or the whole city can be such an area – and driving will never be boring again!
It’s hard to say when this whole vision will become a reality, but I am sure driving a car – or, as we see increasing levels of autonomous, being driven by a car - in 10 years will be an entirely different experience than what it is today. Some of the technologies mentioned here will certainly play a role in that, and I couldn’t be more excited to see them come to life. To learn more, visit www.cerence.com/cerence-products/cloud-services, and keep up with us on LinkedIn.
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As a security feature for protecting your phone, two-factor authentication is a blessing, but as an obstacle to parental control or phone monitoring, a real pain in the neck. Not quite a lot of hacking tools can let you bypass two-factor authentication, and the ones that do can are like a needle in a haystack.
We know there are times when two-factor authentication can prove a problem more than a solution. And there’s so much noise in the space about how to bypass it, but it can be hard to separate the truth from false claims. Especially if you don’t have ample time and money to spare for the investigation.
We’ve got you covered, though. In this guide, we’ll tell you all you need to know about two-factor authentication. You’ll get to learn how it works and how it can be bypassed. We’ll also share some of the best apps that can get the job done for you.
Let’s dive in!
How 2-Factor Authentication Changed the Game in the Spyware Market?
Not long ago, hackers needed to figure out just the Apple credentials of an iPhone to gain remote access to it. As a recent article on Forbes puts it, “… with the rise of sophisticated hacking techniques, passwords alone can no longer protect against unauthorized access and security attacks.”
But today, hackers are often running into an extra layer of security that makes it nearly impossible to install spyware on an iPhone remotely. “By adding extra layers of security to a user’s login process and requiring they enter two or more pieces of evidence (e.g., factors) to prove they are who they say they are, multifactor authentication is a great method for boosting protection against everyday threats like credential stuffing, phishing attacks, and account takeovers,” the article continues.
So, what exactly is two-factor authentication?
What Is 2FA and How Does it Work?
Two-factor authentication, also known as two-step verification or dual-factor authentication, is a relatively new security feature on all iPhones. It adds an extra means of authentication besides login credentials, hence the name two-factor authentication.
When set up, anytime there’s a login attempt, a text message with a code is sent to the registered mobile number or trusted iOS device to confirm that the login is being made by the real account owner.
The phone number or iOS device needs to be active, though, and the owner needs to obtain the code and enter it on the login page.
It can be activated or deactivated at will, but it’s usually active by default in newer iPhones. Old phone models that still don’t have it yet are constantly bombarded by Apple notifications to do so.
Also, 2FA can be applied to certain login attempts and not others – for instance, you can activate it for iCloud logins but not for iTunes logins.
Once it’s activated, it’s nearly impossible to log in to an account successfully without using the confirmation code.
Is it Possible to Spy on an iPhone With Two-Factor Authentication?
When 2FA was released, it put a whole lot of spy apps out of business. Many old spy apps could not cope with the complexity of the new feature, placing the burden on users to always provide the confirmation codes.
However, some apps do let you spy on an iPhone with 2-factor authentication, but they’re a high-tech rarity.
Most spy apps simply don’t have the technological edge to cut through 2FA. Many claim so but rely on cheesy steps that decrease the chances of keeping the log in a secret. They may ask you to create a new iCloud account with 2FA deactivated for the target phone’s iCloud backup. But one can only imagine the series of changes and mix-ups that will bring on the target phone.
However, some leading spy apps have used this challenge to prove once again why they’re always leading the pack. They use highly sophisticated technologies to bypass both login credential requirements and 2FA.
Top 3 iPhone Spy Apps that Work With Two-Factor Authentication
Some spy apps were quick to adapt and gave users an easy way to beat 2FA. These are the leaders in the space with proven track records.
mSpy is famed for its unrivaled collection of phone tracking features and broad compatibility. It lets you deploy state-of-the-art tracking functionalities on just about any iPhone, whether it has 2FA or not.
It has multiple installation modes, each suited to specific tracking needs but also designed to bypass 2FA on iPhone. Whichever installation you choose, 2FA will not be a problem for you with mSpy.
There’s the iCloud installation option that gives you access to your target phone’s iCloud backup files. But you’ll need to go through 2FA just once. Once the first attempt is successful, you’ll be able to log into their iCloud anytime, anywhere, without ever having to face 2FA again.
You also have the jailbreak method, which is even better if you want wider access to your target’s data. Not only can you bypass 2FA with this, but you can also access categories of data not uploaded during iCloud backups.
eyeZy is another top-of-the-line spy app that comes with multiple installation options, including those for bypassing 2FA. Whichever one you choose, you’re guaranteed a fast, seamless installation.
You can set up either the iCloud backup tracking or jailbreak tracking. Once done, you’ll be able to access your target’s phone data anytime, anywhere, without ever worrying about two-factor authentication for Apple ID.
Did You Know: eyeZy uses AI to analyze your target’s data and provide you with personalized insights.
With XNSPY, you get both remote monitoring and remote control features. As such, you can do a whole lot more when you choose XNSPY as a phone spy app that works with two-factor authentication. It works on both old and new iOS devices, but you may be required to jailbreak much older devices to set up the app.
Once you set up the app, you’ll have access to your target’s calls, texts, social media, browser data, location data, and lots more.
Plus, you’ll enjoy reliable technical support round the clock to unravel any situation impeding your tracking campaign.
However, not everything is perfect with this app. XNSPY is one of the more expensive phone spy apps on the market. So if you’re on a budget, this may not be the right app for you.
How to Install a Spy App on a Phone with 2FA?
With our recommended spy apps, you can easily spy on any phone whether it has 2FA or not, regardless of your tech background.
For this guide, we’ll be using mSpy, but all our recommended apps have a simple, straightforward installation process. Here’s how it usually goes:
For the non-jailbreak process:
- Create your mSpy account, then choose a suitable subscription plan for iPhone monitoring with 2FA.
- Set up mSpy on your phone, following instructions from your confirmation mail.
- Enter your target’s iCloud credentials on your user dashboard. You’ll need to get the 2FA code, but this one time.
- And that’s it. You can now log into your dashboard anytime, anywhere to check up on your target’s iCloud updates. In addition, you won’t ever need to go through 2FA when logging into their iCloud again.
For the jailbreak method:
- Grab your target’s phone for a moment and download a jailbreaking app like Cydia. These apps allow you to download apps not available on the App Store.
- Get your mSpy account – choose the jailbreak version.
- Follow the instructions in your confirmation email to set up the app. You’ll be downloading and installing mSpy directly on your target’s phone using Cydia or any jailbreaking app.
- That’s it. You can hop on your mSpy dashboard anytime, anywhere to check on your target’s phone data without ever having to pass through 2FA.
2FA is designed to provide an extra layer of security for phones, but they don’t have to prevent you from tracking your loved ones to keep them out of trouble. Learning how to use an iPhone spy app that works with two-factor authentication can prove handy in a variety of situations.
Not all spy apps let you learn how to spy on an iPhone with 2-factor authentication, but we’ve done all the grunt work to find the right ones. Our recommended apps have a simple, straightforward installation process that lets you check up on your target’s iPhone activities anytime, anywhere, without having to worry about 2FA.
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A safe work environment is one of the most important factors affecting employee happiness and productivity.
Most of us spend a huge amount of our time in the workplace and laws have been enacted to ensure health and safety risks are minimised as much as possible. It is the employers’ obligation to satisfy the legal requirements.
In this article, we’ll look at effective approaches to managing some of the more common workplace hazards.
Table of Contents
Workers who are required to perform repetitive movements, or who tackle heavy-duty tasks without proper assistive devices, are at risk of suffering musculoskeletal injuries. This type of injury commonly afflicts the back, forearms, wrists, hands, neck, and shoulders. Workplace safety strategy:
Safety hazards can be anything that could lead to injury, illness, or death. Typically this includes objects or environments that could cause injuries, spills, trips, and falls, such as untidy cables and cords, and machinery that a worker might accidentally sustain injuries from. Working at heights is also considered hazardous. Workplace safety strategy:
Biological hazards relate to injury or disease that can come from working with animals, people, poisonous plants, or contaminated objects. These types of hazards are commonplace in hospitals, daycare centres, laboratories, and agricultural facilities. Workplace safety strategy:
Workers can be exposed to chemical hazards if the workplace deals with the preparation or handling of chemicals. This includes cleaning products, paint, pesticides, gases such as carbon monoxide and helium, flammable items such as fuels, oils, and welding fumes.
Workplace safety strategy:
A work organisation hazard is a workplace environment that causes stress. This can include unfair workloads, poor employee relationships, sexual harassment, violence, lack of work flexibility, lack of respect in the workplace, and employees feeling like they have no control or say about work-related matters. Workplace safety strategy:
Reducing or eliminating workplace hazards might sound like a costly exercise for a business owner, but it is, without doubt, a worthwhile investment. Absenteeism is reduced when there are fewer hazards, work-related illnesses, injuries, and stresses.
Litigation also becomes an expensive probability when workplace hazards are ignored.
Employees are the lifeblood of any business. And healthy, safe employees are happier, more focused and more productive.
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So, examine the laminates first and in case you realize that there are numerous damages, then you need to instantly make contact with the provider. Several makers of laminated wood floors now lay forward that ammonia be utilized to be a cleaner for the floors of theirs. You won't have the extra pressure of worrying whether the young children are going to spill a thing and destroy the carpet. Laminate floors resist most stain causing chemicals and in addition, their UV resistance is also quite high.
Images about Laminate Floor Backing
No 2 boards of reliable hardwoods are going to be precisely the same mainly because of the all-natural graining as well as flaws in the wood, though the patterns inside laminates are repeated over and over. Many homeowners pick laminate since it is among the most durable sorts of flooring readily available currently available. Additionally, Pergo has now turned into the leading seller of flooring in the world, so you realize it is trusted worldwide.
About Laminate Flooring HowStuffWorks
You will find laminate floors which look as well as feel just like a hardwood flooring, but these are a little costly. Furthermore, the next time round we assume that they could use a unique supplier. Pergo is a the leader within both design and laminate technology. Laminates are usually designed to digest a fair amount of wear and tear and this is the reason offices and commercial establishments usually opt for the high-pressure or premium quality laminates.
Wood Flooring 101: Solid v. Engineered v. Laminate u2014 Grand Rapids
Laminate Flooring With Attached Padded Underlayment
How to Install a Floating Laminate Floor
The Ultimate Guide to Laminate Flooring Underlayment
Underlayments for Laminate Floors
Layers of Laminate Flooring ServiceWhale
Laminate Flooring Structure – Wood and Beyond Blog
How to Install Laminate Flooring
High and Medium Density Fiberboard and Wood Floors BuildDirect® Blog
How to Install Laminate Flooring Cheap Flooring Guide 2019
Pergo Pro Composed Oak 12-mm Thick Waterproof Wood Plank 7.48-in W
Engineered Flooring Vs Laminate Flooring: Everything You Need To
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A super fun Thanksgiving craft to do while the kids are off school or for a fun activity to do on Thanksgiving Day while you’re taking a break from cooking.
Hand & Footprint Thanksgiving Turkeys
What You Need:
Brown, orange, red, green, purple and yellow paint
6 paper plates
Little hands and feet
- Put each color of paint on a paper plate.
- Dip little foot into brown paint then press the foot onto the center of the paper.
- Wipe off and wash the paint off the little foot.
- Next, dip a slightly closed open hand into yellow paint and press the hand onto the paper by the heel of the brown footprint to make the turkey’s feathers.
- Then, dip a slightly closed open hand into red paint and press the hand onto the paper by the heel and next to the yellow hand print.
- Repeat until you have used all the colors and the turkey has feathers around the heel of the brown footprint.
- Dip the thumb into the red paint and press the thumb onto the center of the footprint to make the wobble.
- Glue on the eyes above the wobble.
- Set aside to dry.
- Wash little hands.
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Atmospheric models used for weather prediction and future climate projections rely on land models to calculate surface boundary conditions. Observations of near‐surface states and fluxes made at flux measurement sites provide valuable data with which to assess the quality of simulated lower boundary conditions. A previous assessment of the Community Land Model version 4.5 using data from the Niwot Ridge Subalpine Forest AmeriFlux tower showed that simulated latent heat fluxes could be improved by adjusting a parameter describing the maximum leaf wetted area, but biases in midday sensible heat flux and nighttime momentum flux were generally not reduced by model parameter perturbations. These biases are related to the model’s lack of heat storage in vegetation biomass. A biomass heat capacity is parameterized in Community Land Model version 5 with measurable quantities such as canopy height, diameter at breast height, and tree number density. After implementing a parameterization describing the heat transfer between the forest biomass and the canopy air space, the biases in the mean midday sensible heat and mean nighttime momentum fluxes at Niwot Ridge are reduced from 47 to 13 W/m2 and from 0.12 to −0.03 m/s, respectively. The bias in the mean nighttime canopy air temperature was reduced from −5.9 to 0.4 °C. Additional simulations at other flux tower sites demonstrate a consistent reduction in midday sensible heat flux, a lower ratio of the sum of sensible and latent heat flux to net radiation, and an increase in nighttime canopy temperatures.
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The human nose is millions of times more sensitive than previously thought, suggests new research, but wine tasters may struggle to find the vocabulary to take advantage.
Team leader Andreas Keller says even the one trillion figure could be an understatement
Experiments by researchers the Rockefeller University in the US found that humans are capable of detecting at least one trillion smells.
To obtain that number, a group of volunteers were asked to distinguish between different solutions containing different combinations of 128 odour molecules.
The findings mark a significant jump from the generally accepted figure of 10,000 odour mixtures, which has long been considered too low.
‘We have more sensitivity in our sense of smell than for which we give ourselves credit,’ said team leader Andreas Keller. ‘We just don’t pay attention to it and don’t use it in everyday life.’
The study adds complexity to notions of sensory perception and could have implications for wine tasters’ ability to understand subtle changes in the glass.
But, some wine experts argue narrow vocabulary still is a potential barrier to applying the new research.
‘One can train one’s sense of smell and possibly improve it, but the challenge is putting it into words,’ said Richard Bampfield MW, who runs regular wine education classes. ‘The issue as a wine taster is can you describe what you’re smelling?’
He added that those learning about wine shouldn’t become obsessed with counting the number of aromas they can detect. ‘Don’t be alarmed if you can’t smell a trillion smells.’
The Rockefeller research is published in the March issue of Science journal.
Written by Chris Mercer
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Ernest Miller Hemingway (July 21, 1899 – July 2, 1961) was an American author and journalist.
His economical and understated style had a strong influence on 20th-century fiction, while his life of adventure and his public image influenced later generations. Hemingway produced most of his work between the mid-1920s and the mid-1950s, and won the Nobel Prize in Literature in 1954.
Nuggets of Wisdom:
You can’t get away from yourself by moving from one place to another–The Sun Also Rises
Let him think that I am more man than I am and I will be so–The Old Man and The Sea
There is nothing else than now. There is neither yesterday, certainly, nor is there any tomorrow. How old must you be before you know that? There is only now, and if now is only two days, then two days is your life and everything in it will be in proportion. This is how you live a life in two days. And if you stop complaining and asking for what you never will get, you will have a good life. A good life is not measured by any biblical span.–For Whom the Bell Tolls
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The problem started when a Muslim opened a private school not far from him. Unable to face healthy competition, he used unhealthy means to close down the school of Pervez Masih. He falsely accused Pervez Masih of disgracing the prophet Mohammed. He was able to stage this tragedy of jealousy and falsehood with the help of his two Muslim students.
Pervez Masih was arrested without enquiry, and beaten by police. The members of his family were threatened. "The Bar Council of Sialkot has announced that any lawyer taking up the case of Pervez Masih would be killed." There are threats from the militant groups to those who would try to help Pervez Masih and his family in any way.
There were twenty Christian and about six hundred Muslim families in the village where the incident happened. Out of fear, most of the Christians have moved to other places. The atmosphere is intense and volatile around that area.
A journalist from Agency France Press (AFP) interviewed Pervez Masih in the cell where he is confined. Pervez Masih showed the journalist the cuts and bruises on his body that resulted from the police beating. "Even if they free me, some fanatic will kill me. My whole life is ruined as well as that of my family, he said. I am worried about my younger sister Rani, who is still unmarried. I am worried about my father who has lived most of his life in extreme poverty, selling eggs and cleaning houses." The police "beat me with rifle butts and kicked me. I almost lost consciousness. They said I should recite the first tenet of Islam. I refused. They blind folded me and lowered my trousers and said
2... They would circumcise me and make me Muslim, he said through tears." He is under fear in his cell because of the constant threats from the Muslim inmates of the prison and the jail authorities. This happened in April.
Situation for minorities is deteriorating in Pakistan also due to the continuous pressures to run the country like the Talibans do in Afghanistan, a neighbouring country that has lately shocked the world by destroying the beauty of the relics of the Buddha resting in the caves of history. Moreover, the Talibans have introduced extremely repressive laws for women.
The Deoband Conference in Peshawar in the first week of April that was attended by about one million Muslims demanded to convert Pakistan into a state like that of Afghanistan. In the middle of April there was a conference of Lashkar-e-Tayyaba, an organization of fundamentalists, near Lahore that was attended by around 200, 000 Muslims. They also demanded to convert Pakistan into a complete Muslim state. They condemned the Christian schools in Pakistan on the ground they kill the Islamic spirit of their students. They planned to open more Muslim schools to prepare young students to wage holy wars against infidels. All non-Muslims, including Christians and Jews, are infidels for fanatics.
As I have mentioned in my previous letters, the blasphemy laws are time bombs that have been tied to the bodies of the minorities of Pakistan. The remote control of these time bombs is in the hands of the fanatic Muslims of Pakistan who have been misusing them since their introduction by Zia-ul-Haq. Your honour knows that he was a military dictator, who introduced these laws to tighten his control over Pakistan.
Under the blasphemy laws, Christians as well as Ahmadis have been arrested without inquiries. The accused of the blasphemy laws are not granted bail. Inside the jails, they are tortured by the inmates as well as by the authorities.
The accused are not allowed to hire non-Muslim lawyers. Even Muslim lawyers do not want to represent these cases because of their fear of fundamentalists. The worst part is that the only penalty for such crimes is death. Moreover, there is no punishment for false accusers. This encourages the abuse of the blasphemy laws. The judges are also afraid of hearing such cases, particularly after a judge was killed because he freed Salamat Masih, a Christian boy of twelve years, who was accused of writing against the prophet Mohammed. The Christian boy was illiterate.
Acquittal of the accused under the blasphemy laws is not acquittal in the real sense because fundamentalists either kill them or they have to run away from Pakistan after their acquittals. Even the families of these accused are never free from danger.
The blasphemy laws have divided further the already divided nation. This division does not help the country. Rather, it hampers the growth of nationalism, security and prosperity. Moreover, these laws are vague and discriminatory. Considering the constant misuse of the blasphemy laws and the thick atmosphere of bigotry and terror that these laws have created, I would request your honour to take a bold step to repeal these laws. I would be pleased to send a copy of the monograph that I have prepared to support this stand.
3... My cardinal purpose here is to present a portrait of the mental and physical anguishes of the minorities, particularly of the Christians of Pakistan. I am sure your honour is also aware of these anguishes. That is why your honour has often tried to improve
the human rights situation in Pakistan. I would like to repeat that the blasphemy laws have created an atmosphere of terror for the minorities in Pakistan. The result of this atmosphere is violence, revenge and attacks on Shanti Nagar, Khanewal, churches and false accusations.
The BBC News of May 19 has "estimated that hundreds of people are currently being detained on blasphemy charges, and minority religious groups complain the law is used to persecute them. Under the current system, if someone is accused of blasphemy, the police have to make an arrest without investigation."
Just in few months of 2001, several Christians have been implicated in the blasphemy laws. The list includes Amjad and Arif, two Christian boys from Jhang. They were given life imprisonment in March under section 295/B. In January, eight Christian evangelists, including Rev. Yousif Masih were arrested for showing a film about Jesus in a Christian locality in Jacobabad. Last year, Justice Nazir Akhtar, a Lahore High Court judge, declared that those who are accused under the blasphemy laws should be killed on the spot by Muslims under their religious obligation. He added that there was no need for legal proceedings for blasphemers. These remarks by a High Court judge were published in the news media of Pakistan.
I would like to bring to your attention that Christians, about 14 million, are not more than 3 percent in Pakistan. Moreover, they are poor and scattered throughout Pakistan. To break the blasphemy laws is like inviting death for them and their families. Bishop John Joseph was personally involved with the cases involving blasphemy laws. He repeatedly said both in the media and personally to politicians that these laws are used to settle personal scores. He sacrificed his life to persuade the establishment to repeal these laws. Amnesty International, an independent and respectable body of human rights activists, in their July 1994 Report notes that "hostility towards religious minority groups appeared in many cases to be compounded by personal enmity, professional or economic rivalry or a desire to gain political advantage." Asama Jehangir, a prominent Muslim from Pakistan, says that the blasphemy laws are "misused to create anarchy in the already complex society of Pakistan. She gives the examples of several extra-judicial murders as manifestations of the general atmosphere of intolerance that is being fomented by these laws."
According to fact finding committee of the Christian Liberation Front, the accusations against Pervez Masih are based on business jealousy. It is a crime against humanity to involve innocent citizens, particularly when they are from minority groups, in blasphemy laws which stipulate a mandatory death sentence, and close all the doors for fair trials according to international standards.
Your honour can make it possible for the case of Pervez
4... Masih to be heard objectively and without any religious bias. I would request your honour to see that the life of Pervez Masih remains safe inside the jail and after his acquittal, and those police officers who tortured him are identified and brought to justice immediately. This noble gesture would indicate to the world that you honour is genuinely interested in stopping the violations of human rights and in safeguarding minorities.
Humanity needs your humane measures to save the lives of innocent citizens who have been made a target of the religious hatred that has been fomented by the blasphemy laws.
Stephen Gill (Canada)
Pakistan embassy at ottowa.
All selective press.
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The SETPOL Framework:
Settlements and polities
Artist’s conception of the Cothon, the military harbor of Carthage
v. 1-31-17, 15995 words
This is IROWS Working Paper #116 available at https://irows.ucr.edu/papers/irows116/irows116.htm
Institute for Research on World-Systems, University of California Riverside
*Thanks to Andrew Jorgenson and Thomas Hall for help in developing the ideas in this article.
This article presents the interdisciplinary framework developed by the SetPol Working Research Group at the University of California-Riverside for studying sociocultural evolution of complexity and hierarchy by comparing world-systems. By focusing on the population sizes of settlements and the territorial sizes of polities we can pinpoint those periods in which the scale of sociocultural systems were significantly changing based on relatively simple and knowable quantitative criteria. Human social organization and interaction networks have expanded over the long run, but in the medium-run there have been cycles of rise and fall and occasional upward sweeps and collapses. It is the upward sweeps that account for the long-term upward trends toward larger cities and polities, and so specifying when and where the upward sweeps occurred and examining their causes will help to explain the long-term trend.
This project should include all the local, regional and intercontinental human interaction networks, including both nomadic and sedentary world-systems, though in practice it is necessary to limit ourselves to those regions in which fairly reliable and frequent estimates of the quantitative sizes of largest polities and settlements are available. We focus on the territorial sizes of polities and the population sizes of settlements because these are relatively easily ascertainable quantitative indicators of system size and complexity and they allow us to differentiate between cycles and upsweeps. We need to have an interval scale metric in order to tell the difference between small and large changes. When human sociocultural systems are studied over long periods of time we usually find cyclical processes of population growth and decline, the rise and fall of large and strong polities, etc. Our research needs to be able to tell the difference between a “normal” upswing or downswing in which a feature of sociocultural organization is fluctuating around an equilibrium level and a acale change event of growth or decline that is larger than the “normal” fluctuations. We focus on the largest settlements and polities in each region rather than on individual settlements or polities. The size of the largest settlement or polity are understood to be characteristics of each regional world-system that vary over time. We identify those instances in which there have been large increases or decreases in these system-wide characteristics.
A very long debate has waxed and waned over how to best bound sociocultural systems in time and space for purposes of explaining the emergence of complexity and hierarchy in human societies (e.g. Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997; Mann 1986; Tilly 1984; Wallerstein 1974). Our theoretical approach is what we call institutional materialism: an interdisciplinary approach that combines focusing on the historical emergence and development of humanly constructed institutions (language, kinship, production technology, states, money, markets, etc.) and the changing ways that humans interact with their biological and physical environment. This theoretical framework deploys what has been called the comparative world-systems approach to spatially and temporally bounding human sociocultural systems. Rather than comparing societies with one another, we compare systems of interacting human polities (or interpolity systems) and these are empirically bounded in space and time as interaction networks—multilateral regularized exchanges of materials, obligations, threats, ideas and information.
World-systems experience oscillations of expansion and contraction, with occasional large expansions that bring formerly separate regional systems into systemic intercourse with one another. These waves of expanded integration, now called globalization, have, in the last two centuries, created a single linked intercontinental political-economy in which all national societies are strongly connected. But all earlier regional interaction networks also experienced expansions and contractions of trade. Archaeological studies of obsidian and shell exchange show these oscillations even among very small-scale polities in many regions (e.g. Chase-Dunn and Mann 1998).
As Tilly (1984) has emphasized, societies (defined as communities that share a common language and culture) are messy entities when we consider interaction networks. Many of the networks in which households are deeply involved are local, while many other important interactions strongly link the inhabitants of many different societies to one another. The world-systems perspective has argued that societies are subsystems within a larger system, and that in order to understand historical development we must focus on the larger system as a whole. Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) have developed a nested network approach for spatially bounding world-systems that enables the comparison of the modern global system with earlier, smaller regional world-systems. They contend that the world-system rather than single polities is the most important unit of analysis for explaining long-term social change because interpolity conflict and cooperation are very important sources of the selection pressures that cause sociocultural development. In this essay we explain this nested network approach to spatially bounding world-systems and we propose a practical research design for studying the emergence of larger and larger interaction networks that uses expanding network as the unit of analysis.
One problem with regional analysis is the effort to define regions in terms of homogenous sociocultural attributes. Thus, comparative civilizationists have mainly focused on the main cultural characteristics that are embodied in religions or institutionalized world-views and have tended to construct lists of such culturally defined civilizations that then become the “cases” for the study of social change (e.g. Toynbee 1947-57). The problem here is that most interactive sociocultural systems are multicultural, and religious ideologies interact with one another, both diffusing attributes to one another and reactively developing distinctions. So the effort to spatially bound systems based on religious beliefs or other ideological characteristics does not produce regions that are autonomous from one another.
The “culture area” approach developed by geographer Carl Sauer and used widely by ethnographers and archaeologists tries to define regions as areas with homogenous contiguous characteristics (e.g. Wissler 1927). The culture area project gathered and coded valuable information on all sorts of cultural attributes such as languages, architectural styles, technologies of production, and kinship structures, and used these to designate bounded and adjacent “culture areas.”
A major problem with both the civilizationist and the cultural area approaches is the assumption that homogeneity is a good approach to spatially bounding social systems for purposes of explaining social change. Heterogeneity rather than homogeneity has long been an important aspect of human social systems because different kinds of groups often complement one another and interaction often produces differentiation rather than similarity. The effort to bound systems as homogeneous regions obscures this important fact. Spatial distributions of homogeneous characteristics do not bound separate social systems. Examples in which social heterogeneity was produced by interaction include core/periphery differentiation, urban/rural, and sedentary/nomadic systems. Owen Lattimore’s (1940) classic, Inner Asian Frontiers of China, shows how Central Asian diversified foragers evolved to become specialized steppe pastoralists because of their interactions with farmers along the ecological boundary between steppe and loess. The farmer/pastoralist interaction was a powerful source of social change among Bronze and Iron Age societies for millennia (e.g. Barfield 1989). And the interaction between farmers and fishing populations led to the emergence of maritime polities that specialized in naval power and sea-borne trade such as Dilmun (Bahrein) in the Arabian/Persian Gulf (Tosi 1986), perhaps the first semiperipheral capitalist city-state carrying goods between the Indus Valley civilization and Mesopotamia in the Bronze Age. Bounding regions based on homogenous attributes completely ignores important interactions among different kinds of societies.
Anthropologists and geographers have
developed complicated multidimensional approaches that examine distributions of
many spatial characteristics statistically (e.g.
Another important point is worth making regarding the relationship between natural ecological regions (biomes) and human interaction networks. Biomes are regions that are defined on the basis of soil type, climate, characteristic plants and animals, etc. The relationship between human social structures and the natural world is obviously important, as stressed by cultural ecologists. Comparative research has demonstrated that empires are more likely to expand into regions that are ecologically similar to the home region, and so they are more likely to be wide than to be tall (to expand in the East/West plane rather than North/South (Turchin, Adams and Hall 2006). Cultural ecology stresses the important ways in which local ecological factors conditioned sociocultural institutions and modes of living. This has been an especially compelling perspective for understanding small-scale systems in which people were mainly interacting with adjacent neighbors not very far away. But this kind of local ecological determinism is much less compelling when world-systems get larger because long-distance interaction networks and the development of larger scale technologies enable people to impose socially constructed logics on local ecologies and to convert biomes into “anthroms” – regions in which the ecology has been radically altered by the intervention of humans (Ellis et al 2010). Some social evolutionists have interpreted this to mean that social institutions have become progressively less ecologically constrained (Lenski, Lenski, and Nolan 1995). But what has happened instead is that the spatial scale of ecological constraints has grown to the point where they are operating globally rather than locally (Chase-Dunn and Hall 2006).
Spatially Bounding World-Systems
The world-systems perspective
originally emerged as a theoretical approach for explaining the expansion and
deepening of the modern Europe-centered system as it engulfed the globe over
the past 500 years (Arrighi 1994; Chase-Dunn 1998; Wallerstein 1974). The idea
of a core/periphery hierarchy composed of “advanced,” economically developed,
and powerful states dominating and exploiting “less developed” peripheral
regions has been a central concept in the world-systems perspective. In the
last two decades the world-systems approach has been extended to the analysis
of earlier interpolity systems. Andre Gunder Frank and Barry Gills (1993) have
argued that the contemporary world system is a continuation of a 5000-year old
system that emerged with the first states and cities in
The comparative world-systems perspective is designed to be general enough to allow comparisons between quite different systems. Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) defined world-systems as important networks of interaction that impinge upon a local society and condition social reproduction and social change. They note that different kinds of interaction often have distinct spatial characteristics and degrees of importance in different kinds of systems. And they hold that the question of the nature and degree of systemic interaction between two locales is prior to the question of core/periphery relations. Indeed, they make the existence of core/periphery relations an empirical question in each case, rather than an assumed characteristic of all world-systems.
Part of Chase-Dunn and Hall’s claim that world-system networks are the most important unit analysis for explaining sociocultural development is based on the hypothesis of semiperipheral development. Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997, Chapter 5) contend that semiperipheral regions within core/periphery hierarchies have been fertile locations for the implementation of new technologies of power, and that semiperipheral polities have played and continue to play important roles in the transformation of world-systems. Of course semiperipherality is a relational concept that depends on the nature of the larger system. Semiperipheral marcher chiefdoms were often the agents of the formation of larger paramount chiefdomships by conquest (Kirch 1984) and semiperipheral marcher states have frequently been the founders of large core-wide empires that accounted for upsweeps in polity size. Semiperipheral capitalist city-states in the interstices between tributary states and empires were agents of commodification that expanded trade networks in the Bronze and Iron Ages, and more recently. The phenomenon of semiperipheral development is the main force behind the movement in space of the cutting edge of complexity and hierarchy in human social change. It has mainly been societies out on the edge of older core regions that rewire the networks and expand the polities.
Spatially bounding world-systems must necessarily proceed from a locale-centric beginning rather than from a whole-system focus. This is because all human societies, even nomadic hunter-gatherers, interact importantly with neighboring societies. Thus, if we consider all indirect interactions to be of systemic importance (even very indirect ones) then there has been a single, global world-system since humankind spread to all the continents. But interaction networks, while they always linked polities that were near to one another, have not always been global in the sense that actions in one region had important and relatively quick effects on very distant regions. When transportation and communication occurred only over short distances world-systems were small. Thus the word “world” refers to the network of interactions that impinge on any focal locale.
It is necessary to use the notion of “fall-off” of effects over space (Renfrew 1977) to bound the networks of interaction that importantly impinge upon any point of origin. The world-system of which any locality is a part includes those peoples whose actions in production, communication, warfare, alliance, and trade have a large and interactive impact on that locality.
method of bounding systems is “place-centric.” It is also important to
distinguish between endogenous systemic interaction processes and exogenous
impacts that may change a system, but are not part of that system. Sweet
potatoes somehow got from South America to the
Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) note that in most intersocietal systems there are several important networks with different spatial scales that impinge upon any particular locale:
Information Networks (INs)
Prestige Goods Networks (PGNs)
Political/Military Networks (PMNs) and
Bulk Goods Networks (BGNs).
The largest networks are those in which information and ideas travel. Information is light and it travels a long way, even in systems based on down-the-line interaction. These are termed Information Networks (INs). A usually somewhat smaller interaction network is based on the exchange of prestige goods or luxuries that have a high value/weight ratio. Such goods travel far, even in down-the-line systems. These are called Prestige Goods Networks (PGNs). The next largest interaction net is composed of polities that are allying or making war with one another. These are called Political/Military Networks (PMNs). And the smallest networks are those based on a division of labor in the production of basic everyday necessities such a food and raw materials. These are Bulk Goods Networks (BGNs). Figure 1 illustrates how these interaction networks are spatially related in most world-systems.
World-systems vary in the degree to which these different kinds of interaction are systemic – have important impacts on local sociocultural reproduction and social change. In all systems the Bulk Goods Network (BGN) and the Political-Military Network (PMN) are systemic. But the Prestige Goods Network varies across systems in both the ways it may be systemic and the extent to which it is important for sociocultural reproduction and social change. And the same may be said of the Information Network (IN).
Immanuel Wallerstein (1974) defined core/periphery relations in the modern world-system in terms of a hierarchical division of labor in the production of necessities between different polities or regions. This is the BGN. In world-system comparative perspective the BGN may or may not be hierarchical in the sense of unequal exchange in different systems, but it is always systemic because it is important for reproducing local households and communities. Political-military interactions among polities (alliances and warfare) may or may not correspond spatially with the Bulk Goods Network, though the assumption that polities do not trade or intermarry with their traditional enemies is often false.
Anthropologists have long noticed
the importance of prestige goods when they are used by elites to reward
subalterns and to control marriage (Sahlins 1972 ; Eckholm and Friedman 1982
; Peregrine 1992 ) And Jane Schneider (1991 ) claimed that, contra Wallerstein, prestige goods flows
across the Silk Roads had played an important role in the development of the
core regions of Eurasia as well. Mary
Helms (1988) has emphasized the importance of exotic ideas as well as goods in
the emergence of theocratic chiefdoms and early states. A study of a very small world-system in
Figure 1: Nested Interaction Networks
The first question for any locale concerns the nature and spatial characteristics of its links with the above four interaction nets. This is prior to any consideration of core/periphery relation because one region must be linked to another by systemic interaction in order for a consideration of whether or not interpolity relations involve exploitation or domination is relevant. The spatial characteristics of these networks clearly depend on the costs of transportation and communications, and whether or not interaction is only with neighbors or there are regularized long-distance trade journeys being made. But these factors affect all kinds of interaction and so the relative size of networks is expected to approximate what is shown in Figure 1. Fall-off in the PMN generally occurs after two or three indirect links. Suppose polity X is fighting and allying with its immediate neighbors and sometimes with the immediate neighbors of its neighbors. So its direct links extend to the neighbors of the neighbors. But how many indirect links will involve actions that will importantly affect this original polity? The number of indirect links that bound a PMN is usually either two or three. As polities get larger and interactions occur over greater distances, each indirect link extends much farther across space. But the point of important fall-off will usually be after either two or three indirect links.
2: Chronograph of the Emergence of the
Using this conceptual apparatus, we can construct spatio-temporal chronographs for how the social structures and interaction networks of human populations changed their spatial scales to eventuate in the single global political economy of today. Figure 2 uses PMNs as the unit of analysis to show how what David Wilkinson (1987) calls “Central Civilization,” a PMN that was formed when the Mesopotamian and Egyptian PMNs merged in about 1500 BCE and which eventually incorporated all the other PMNs into itself to become the contemporary global interstate system. The timing of mergers and expansions depicted in Figure 2 are based on Wilkinson’s careful reading of world history to determine when the regions specified began to make war and alliances with one another. This kind of chronograph could be constructed for other regions using the same kinds of historical evidence, and this would be a huge contribution to our knowledge of the expansion of socio-cultural systems.
World-System Cycles: Rise-and-Fall and Oscillations
Comparative research reveals that all world-systems exhibit cyclical processes of change. There are two major cyclical phenomena: the rise and fall of large polities, and oscillations in the spatial extent and intensity of trade networks. “Rise and fall” corresponds to changes in the centralization of political/military power in a set of polities. It is a question of the relative size and distribution of power across a set of interacting polities.
All world-systems in which there are
hierarchical polities experience a cycle in which relatively larger polities
grow in power and size and then decline. This applies to interchiefdom systems
as well as interstate systems, to systems composed of empires, and to the
modern rise and fall of hegemonic core powers (e.g.,
Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) contend that the causal processes of rise and fall differ to some extent depending on the predominant mode of accumulation. One big difference between the rise and fall of empires and the rise and fall of modern hegemons is in the degree of centralization achieved within the core. Tributary systems alternate back and forth between a structure of multiple and competing core states on the one hand, and core-wide (or nearly core-wide) empires on the other. The modern interstate system experiences the rise and fall of hegemons, but these never take over the other core states to form a core-wide empire. This is because the modern hegemons have pursued a capitalist, rather than a tributary, form of accumulation.
Analogously, rise and fall works
somewhat differently in interchiefdom systems because the institutions that
facilitate the extraction of resources from distant groups are not as developed
in chiefdom systems. David G. Anderson’s (1994) study of the rise and fall of
Mississippian chiefdoms in the Savannah River valley provides an excellent and
comprehensive review of the anthropological literature about what
Chiefs relied more on hierarchical kinship relations, control of ritual hierarchies, and control of prestige goods imports than did the rulers of true states. These chiefly techniques of power are all highly dependent on normative integration and ideological consensus. States developed specialized organizations for extracting resources that chiefdoms lacked—standing armies and bureaucracies. And states and empires in the tributary world-systems were more dependent on the projection of armed force over great distances than modern hegemonic core states have been. The development of commodity production and mechanisms of financial control, as well as further development of bureaucratic techniques of power, have allowed modern hegemons to extract resources from far-away places with much less overhead cost.
The development of techniques of power has made core/periphery relations ever more important for competition among core powers and has altered the way in which the rise-and-fall process works in other respects. Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997, Chapter. 6) argue that population growth, degradation of natural resources, and changes in productive technology and social structure, have generated sociocultural development that is marked by cycles and occasional upsweeps. This is because any world-system varies around an equilibrium as a result of both internal instabilities and environmental fluctuations. Occasionally, on one of the upswings, a system solves its problems in a new way that allows for substantial expansion. The point is to explain expansions, qualitative transformations of systemic logics, and collapses by studying whole world-systems over time and by comparing these to one another.
The multiscalar regional method of bounding world-systems as nested interaction networks outlined above is complimentary with a multiscalar temporal analysis of the kind suggested by Fernand Braudel’s work. Temporal depth, the longue durée, needs to be combined with analyses of short-run and middle-run processes to fully understand social change.
A strong case for the very longue durée is made by Jared Diamond’s (1997) study of the long-term consequences of original differences in zoological and botanical wealth or “natural capital.” The geographical distribution of those species that could be easily and usefully domesticated (combined with the relative ease of latitudinal vs. longitudinal diffusion) explains a huge portion of the variation in which world-systems expanded and incorporated other world-systems.
The diagram in Figure 3 depicts the
coming together of the East Asian and the West Asian/Mediterranean systems.
Both the PGNs and the PMNs are shown, as are the oscillations
and rise and fall sequences. The larger PGNs
linked intermittently and then joined. The PMNs
were joined briefly by the Mongol conquerors, and then more permanently when
the Europeans and Americans established Asian treaty ports. The pink area of
Figure 3 depicts the same
It should be noted that the
depiction in Figure 3 of the spatial boundaries of the PMNs and the PGNs is
only an approximation. Another rough depiction of expanding, contracting and
eventually merging is contained in Chase-Dunn and Hall’s (1998) study of
Figure 3: The Eastern and Western PMNs and PGNs
The following section describes the proposed structure and format for a geo-chronological dataset that focuses on the religious, trade, conquest, demographic, political, climate change and epidemiological aspects of settlements and polities in four world regional PMNs and the Central PMN over the past six millennia. The main purpose of this dataset is to enable the determination of the main causes of systemic integration and disintegration.
and Settlements in World Interaction Networks (PSWIN) dataset will be
established and maintained by the Settlements and Polities Research Working
Group at the Institute for Research on World-Systems (IROWS) at the University
of California-Riverside in collaboration with colleagues at other universities.
This data set will be made available for public usage. The dataset will link with the World
Historical Dataverse at the University of
The proposed data set will use CSV data files that
will be stored on the IROWS web site at the
The PSWIN data set will include historical quantitative estimates of several demographic, political, climate and epidemiological characteristics of settlements and polities. The characteristics will be grouped into several world regional PMNs. Additional world regions can be added if quantitative estimates of the main variables are located. An effort will be made to use the same or similar metrics across world regions, but in some cases this may not be possible.
World Regional PMNs and the Central Political-Military Network
world regional PMNs and the expanding Central PMN will be initially studied:
Each of the
world regional PMNs mentioned is understood in world-systemic terms as
including populations that were importantly interacting. So, for example,
Mesopotamia includes the Susiana Plain in
The SetPol Project
The SetPol project is constructing a multidisciplinary theoretical research program to test hypotheses about the causes of changes in city and empire sizes from the second millennium BCE to the present in order to shed light on the contemporary and near future global situation. The project is inventorying explanations of scale changes from anthropology, sociology and political science and is developing and populating templates for a graph database that will allow the use of geographical and network analyses for studying interactions among cities and empires. This database structure makes it possible to test causal propositions and models derived from the comparative evolutionary world-systems perspective, geopolitics and human ecology -- theoretical perspectives that have been developed by sociologists, anthropologists and political scientists—and constructs a multidisciplinary sociohistorical theoretical research program. The quantitative graph database includes the territorial sizes of states and empires (polities), the population sizes of cities and polities, interaction links and climate change in ten world regions over the past 3500 years. The project also spatially bounds whole interaction networks by estimating changes in the boundaries and intensities of human interactions of several kinds: everyday necessities, the trade of high value goods, the interactions of fighting and allying polities and the diffusion of ideas and genetic materials. SetPol codes the power configurations (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, etc.) of interstate systems and the world-system positions of settlements and polities (core, semiperiphery and periphery) within regional interaction networks. Causal propositions will be tested using five different units of analysis: individual cities and polities, networks of interacting cities and polities and spatially constant regions and the whole Earth as a single context for studying the causes of changes in urban and polity scales. A research team from archaeology, anthropology, geography, history, political science, sociology, ecology and climatology will carry out this first two-year phase. The multidisciplinary theoretical research program that will be developed will come primarily from anthropology, sociology, political science and geography, but participation by climatologists, historians, computer scientists and ecologists will contribute to the production of an improved database that allows for the use of geographical and network research methods.
The long-standing upward trends in the sizes of cities and polities is well known, but still in dispute are the long-term, proximate and contextual causes of these trends. The SetPol project improves upon and extends existing quantitative compilations of estimates of the sizes of cities and polities to identify those instances in ten world regions in which upsweeps in polity and city sizes have occurred, and will empirically examine the human and natural factors that have been hypothesized to be the causes of these instances of scale change. The project also identifies instances of collapse in the sizes of polities and cities and studies their causes. The project also develops accurate approximations of the growth and intensity of interaction networks that have constituted economic and political globalization since the late Bronze Age. The project employs both standard comparative methods and recently developed geographical and network approaches to data analysis that use both GIS spatial analysis and formal network methods. This contributes to the scientific understanding of the causes of the emergence of complexity and hierarchy in human societies and deepens our understanding of sociocultural evolutionary processes.
The SetPol project uses both quantitative estimates of population sizes of the largest cities in world regions and estimates of the territorial sizes of largest states and empires to study the causes of changes in the scale of human institutions. Upsweeps are instances in which the largest settlement or polity in a region significantly increases in size for the first time. The project also uses spatially constant world regions as well as spatially changing whole interaction networks (world-systems) as units of analysis. This multidisciplinary research is organized around the territorial sizes of polities and the population sizes of cities because these are relatively easily ascertainable quantitative indicators of system size and complexity. Interval scale metrics are needed in order to tell the difference between small and large changes in scale. When human sociocultural systems are studied over long periods of time cyclical processes of population growth and decline, the rise and fall of large and strong polities, are empirically evident. This project will employ a systematic method of differentiating between a “normal” upswing or downswing in which the scale of sociocultural organization is fluctuating around an equilibrium level and an event of growth or decline that is significantly greater than the normal fluctuations (see Figure 1). Focusing on the largest cities and polities in each region rather than on individual cities or polities makes these cycles of upswings, downswings, upsweeps and collapses visible. Are the forces and conditions that cause upsweeps simply larger than those that cause upswings, or are different factors involved? Or do they combine in different ways? And are the causes of upsweeps the same as the causes of collapses but in reverse? The project uses upswings, upsweeps, downswings, downsweeps and collapses of city and polity sizes as dependent variables to be explained. This project studies city and polity sizes in ten world regions from 1500 BCE until 2010 CE.
Figure 1. Types of Medium-term Scale Change in the Largest Cities and Polities
SetPol builds on and improves earlier data compendia and uses the upgraded data to more accurately identify upsweep and collapse events (Inoue et al 2012 and Inoue et al 2015). An example of results obtained using the territorial sizes of the largest polities in Europe and East Asia is shown in Figure 2.
Figure 2: Sizes of largest polities in Europe and East Asia (square megameters): 1500 BCE- 2010CE
Figure 2 shows the sizes of the largest states and empires in Europe and East Asia since 1500 BCE. Both regions show the overall long-term trend toward greater polity sizes and also the sequences of shorter-term fluctuations. When we look at Europe’s trajectory vis a vis East Asia in Figure 2 we can see that the rise of the Han Empire in China began earlier than the rise of the large Macedonian and Roman empires in Europe and the decline began earlier in East Asia than it did in Europe. China did it first, followed not long after by Europe. The European peak then last rather longer than did the Chinese peak. This was what many have observed as the unusually long tenure of the Roman Empire. Then Europe went into a long slump while Tang China recovered. So these waves of empire formation were partly, but not entirely, synchronous, and Walter Scheidel’s (2009) idea of the first great divergence is supported. But the apparent divergence was partly due to the earlier start of East Asia. The later rise of Europe began in the 15th century, contrary to Andre Gunder Frank’s (1998,2014) contention that the great divergence that was the rise of Europe was a late and conjunctural event. Qing China also got very large but ended up only half as large, in terms of territorial size, as the British Empire.
The main multidisciplinary theoretical thrust of SetPol is based on a scope of comparison that comes from anthropology, archaeology and world history. This scope is combined with competing explanations of scale changes that come from ecology, sociology, history and political science, especially international relations theory. Sociology gave birth to the world-system perspective (Wallerstein 1974), which posits the existence of a hierarchical Europe-centered interstate system that emerged in the long sixteenth century CE in which some polities (those in the core) exploit and dominate others (the semiperiphery and the periphery). SETPOL will utilize an anthropological and world historical framework to compare small, regional and global world-systems over the past 3500 years (Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997; Chase-Dunn and Lerro 2014). .
Political scientists focus on political institutions and on international relations, especially regarding power dynamics among competing states, institutions of diplomacy and arms races. International relations theory focuses on geopolitics as a struggle for power in which military capabilities and warfare are central components. Geopolitics is most often understood as a multiplayer game in which territorial strategies are an important element, in means and ends, of power struggles. Most international relations theorists focus on the interstate system that emerged in Europe after being institutionally defined by the treaty of Westphalia in 1648 CE. SETPOL uses an anthropological and world historical framework to examine the nature of interstate systems since the emergence of early states in Mesopotamia and Egypt.
Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) contended that world-systems, defined as interaction networks with consequential effects for local social structures, are the most important unit of analysis for explaining large-scale social change. The evolutionary world-systems perspective allows comparisons between whole interaction networks that are different in size, period and location. They point out that different kinds of interaction have distinct spatial characteristics and degrees of importance in different kinds of world-systems. Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) employ a place-centric approach that bounds spatial networks by asking what reproduces or changes the social structures of a designated locality. Always important are low value per unit of weight food and other everyday raw materials (bulk goods) that form a network that is usually spatially smaller than the network of political/military interaction. And there are even larger networks formed by exchanges of information and prestige goods that may be consequential for local social structures. Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) also turn the issue of core/periphery hierarchies into an empirical question rather than a definitional assumption. The evolutionary comparative world-systems approach allows for the possibility that world-systems might exist that do not have core/periphery hierarchies, and indeed the small-scale system in indigenous Northern California studied by Chase-Dunn and Mann (1998) had very limited interpolity domination and exploitation. Core/periphery hierarchies emerge and evolve, along with other types of inequality, as the capabilities of some polities to extract resources from distant peoples develop.
Most state-based world-systems are organized as hierarchical interstate systems in which core polities and cities exploit and dominate non-core peoples. Power is organized in different ways in different systems and so what semiperipherality is in any system depends on what coreness and peripherality are. These are relational concepts. But it is possible to identify these world-system positions in very different kinds of systems based on common characteristics that are associated with them such as population density, geographical location, and differences in modes of accumulation (foraging, pastoralism, horticulture, agriculture, scale of irrigation, industrialization). Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997) describe a phenomenon they call “semiperipheral development.” This involves the observation that peoples and polities that are semiperipheral vis a vis the larger world-system of which they are a part are more likely to implement technological and organizational forms that facilitate upward mobility and/or that change the developmental logic of world-systems. One variety of this phenomenon involves semiperipheral marcher states that conquer older core regions to produce an upsweep in polity size. Another variety involves semiperipheral capitalist city-states that are agents of commodification—the expansion and deepening of trade networks. Increasing trade and production for exchange facilitates provides a fertile context for the emergence of larger cities and larger polities.
There are several possible processes that might account for the phenomenon of semiperipheral development. Randall Collins (1999) has argued that the phenomenon of marcher states conquering other states to make larger empires is due to the “marcher state advantage.” Being out on the edge of a core region of competing states allows more maneuverability because it is not necessary to defend the rear. This geopolitical advantage allows military resources to be concentrated on vulnerable neighbors. Peter Turchin (2003) has argued that the relevant process is one in which group solidarity is enhanced by being on a “metaethnic frontier” in which the clash of contending cultures produces strong cohesion and cooperation within a frontier polity, allowing it to perform great feats. Carroll Quigley (1961) distilled a somewhat similar theory from the works of Arnold Toynbee. Another factor affecting within-group solidarity is the different degrees of internal stratification usually found in premodern systems between the core and the semiperiphery. Core societies develop old, crusty and bloated elites who rely on mercenaries and “foreigners” as subalterns, while semiperipheral leaders are often charismatic individuals who identify with their soldiers and citizens (and vice versa). Less inequality within a polity often means greater group solidarity and this may be an important part of the semiperipheral advantage. Ibn Khaldun’s (1958) model of nomadic barbarians conquering decrepit old civilizations has been an inspiration to some of this thinking. And the tie with internal inequality may also be linked with waves of population growth and unrest within polities – the so-called “secular cycle” (Goldstone 1991; Turchin and Nefadov 2009).
Hub theories of innovation have been popular among world historians (e.g. McNeill and McNeill 2003; Christian 2004) and human ecologists (Hawley 1950). These hold that new ideas and institutions emerge in central settlements where information crossroads are located. Mixing and recombination of ideas and information leads to the emergence of new formulations. Recent studies have shown evidence that information exchange, innovations, and political, economic and social activities increase exponentially with city size (Ortman et al. 2014; Ortman et al. 2015).
Esther Boserup (1965) developed a demographic theory that focuses on population growth and population pressure as the master variables behind social change. Technological change was explained as an adaptation to population density nearing or exceeding the carrying capacity of the environment under a given technological regime. Cultural ecology and population pressure have important implications for sociocultural development when they are combined with the idea of social and ecological circumscription proposed by Robert Carneiro (1978). Carneiro explained the social organizational ruptures that produced the first states in terms of population pressure in a geographic situation in which outmigration was impossible or very costly. Under these conditions people stay and fight rather than migrating. High levels of warfare killed off population and reduced population pressures. Some systems got caught in a vicious cycle in which warfare operated as a demographic regulator (e.g. Kirch 1991). But in other systems people became tired of warfare and allowed the emergence of elites who organized larger polities that regulated conflict and resource allocation (property). The elements of population pressure, intensification of production, ecological degradation, technological change, conflict, and circumscription are combined in different ways by different theorists, but these are the main ingredients that comprise most of the explanations of long run cultural evolution by archaeologists and many anthropologists (e.g., Johnson and Earle 1987; see also Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997: Chapter 6).
SetPol’s main dependent variables are changes in the scale of polities and cities. Individual polities and cities will be studied, and the sizes of the largest of these within regions and interaction networks will be studied as characteristics of the region or the network. As mentioned above this project will divide the indicators of scale change into upswings, upsweeps, downswings, downsweeps, surges and collapses (Inoue et al 2012). Though these are all based on the sizes of largest cities and polities, timing and the way in which the unit of analysis is employed (regions vs different kinds of networks) will affect the identification of these scale changes. The main independent variables that will be studied are: the world-system positions of polities and cities (core-semiperiphery-periphery), the power configurations of interstate systems (unipolar, bipolar, multipolar, etc.) (Wilkinson 2003), changes in the intensity of warfare, network node centrality, the centralization of whole networks (graph centrality); climate change, and environmental degradation. The project will also examine the extent to which changes in the sizes of cities are associated with changes in the sizes polities. In addition to focusing on the largest cities or polities in each region or network, the project will also compute and study the size distributions of largest cities and polities. Urban geographers have long theorized about the causes and consequences of city size distributions. Our comparison of largest polities in East Asia, Europe and the Central Political/Military Network enable us to ascertain how the size distributions have changed over time and how these may be related with scale changes and possible inter-regional synchronies.
The SetPol theoretical research program is developing and testing an integrated synthetic model of the long-term causes of human sociocultural evolution – specifically the growth of cities and polities, but also increasing structural complexity and hierarchy in human polities and world-systems. The integrated model combines the iteration model produced by Chase-Dunn and Hall (1997: Chapter 6; Chase-Dunn and Lerro 2014: Figure 2.5 on page 27) with the structural demographic model developed by Jack Goldstone (1991) and elaborated and formalized by Peter Turchin and Sergey Nefadov (2009). This multilevel model includes processes that operate within settlements and polities, especially demographic growth, population pressure, growing inequalities, social movements and state failure, with processes that operate between polities (warfare, interpolity trade, semiperipheral development, etc.) and climate change and epidemic diseases.
The Comparative Framework
SetPol studies expanding and contracting interaction networks among human polities and settlements as both units of analysis and as causal contexts of scale changes in the sizes of cities and empires. Human interaction networks have expanded and intensified over the long run (globalization), but in the medium-run there have been cycles of network expansion and contraction.
The best way to spatially bound human social systems is an old question that continues to generate heated disputes among social scientists. Michael Mann (1986) notes that different important kinds of interaction have different spatial scales, and so the notion that societies have single spatial boundaries is usually incorrect and causes much misunderstanding. Many regionalists define regions in terms of homogenous attributes, either natural or social. Comparative civilizationists have tended to focus on the core cultural characteristics that are embodied in religions or world-views and have constructed lists of such culturally defined civilizations that then become the “cases” for the study of social change (e.g. Melko and Leighton 1987). Another approach that defines regions as areas with homogenous characteristics is the “culture area” approach developed by Alfred L. Kroeber and his colleagues (e.g. Wissler 1927; Kroeber 1944). This project gathered valuable information on all sorts of cultural attributes such as languages, architectural styles, technologies of production, and kinship structures, and used these to designate bounded and adjacent “culture areas” that have been widely used to organize studies of indigenous peoples (e.g. Sturtevant 1978-2007, the Smithsonian Handbook of North American Indians).
A major problem with both the civilizationist and the cultural area traditions is the assumption that homogeneity is a good approach to bounding whole social systems. Heterogeneity rather than homogeneity has long been an important aspect of human social systems because different kinds of groups often complement one another and interaction often produces co-evolution and differentiation. The effort to bound systems as homogeneous regions obscures this important fact. Spatial distributions of homogeneous characteristics do not bound separate social systems. Indeed, social heterogeneity is often produced by interaction, as in the cases of core/periphery differentiation, urban/rural, and sedentary/nomadic systems. Even sophisticated approaches that examine distributions of spatial characteristics statistically must make quite arbitrary choices in order to specify regional boundaries (Burton, Moore, Whiting and Romney 1996).
David Wilkinson (2003) has made a strong case for studying civilizations as networks of allying and fighting polities and he has produced a chronograph of the expansion of the interstate system that emerged when the Mesopotamian and Egyptian systems became linked around 1500 BCE (Wilkinson 1987). Many world-systems scholars have contended that trade networks are the best unit of analysis for spatially bounding whole systems (Abu-Lughod 1989; Beaujard 2005, 2010). Immanuel Wallerstein (1995; 2011 ) contends that a hierarchical core/periphery division of labor, especially the one that emerged with Europe as its core in the long 16th century CE, is the best way to spatially bound a world-system. And several eminent scholars have claimed that there has been a single global (Earth-wide) system for millennia (Lenski 2005; Frank and Gills 1994; Modelski 2003; Modelski, Devezas and Thompson 2008, and Chew 2001, 2007). The SetPol project operationalizes all these units of analysis and pits them against one another regarding their relevance for explaining scale changes of polities and cities. We also have convened a workshop to more completely and accurately specify the changes in trade and PMN network boundaries since 1500 BCE (Chase-Dunn et al 2015a). And we also use constant regions to make comparisons so that it is possible to compare the results with what we find when we use spatially-bounded networks.
Figure 3: Ten world regions for studying the emergence of large cities and polities
These boundaries have been chosen in order to facilitate the comparative study of the emergence of largest cities and polities over the past 3500 years. The regional boundaries shown are mainly matters of convenience. All cities and polities are geocoded so that different regional configurations can easily be used by other researchers. These regions have been chosen in order to construct a data compendium that will include information on all the areas of the Earth where humans have lived in large numbers. The regions specified in Figure 3 are mainly based on our knowledge of where large cities and empires emerged in the period we are studying. But we have also considered the social science literature that has hypothesized comparisons and connections among regions in our designation of regions. We are well aware of the issue of Eurocentrism in social science and the obvious point that “Europe” is not a continent, but is rather a promontory of Eurasia (Lewis and Wigen 1997). Social science itself has been constructed around comparisons between East and West and so an important way to scientifically address the issues of comparison and connections is to use some of the categories that have been constructed in the past to see whether alleged differences (or similarities) are supported or contradicted by quantitative data.
Admittedly some of the bounding decisions we have made are somewhat arbitrary. We included the Caribbean with South America rather than with North and Central America because migrants from South America mainly peopled it. We made a great effort to have only ten world regions rather than some larger number of regions in order to keep our data gathering structure from becoming too complicated. But it should be recalled that all of the settlements and polities we study are geocoded, so if other researchers want to reconfigure regions in a different way they easily can.
Using world regions designated in this way allows us to address the important issues raised by world historians and civilizationists who compare regions (e.g. Pomeranz 2000; Scheidel 2009, Wong 1997; Morris 2010, Frank 1998). The SetPol project is also be able to compare the use of these spatially constant regions with what we find when we use expanding networks (e.g. Chase-Dunn et al 2015b). The proposed operationalization of network boundaries is based on a propositional inventory of statements by social scientists about when smaller networks expanded, merged and when larger networks engulfed smaller ones (e.g. Beaujard 2005; 2010; Wilkinson 1992a; 1992b, 1993). The project uses data on trade networks, historical accounts of warfare and diplomacy and studies of the diffusion of plants, animals, and technologies and ideas to evaluate the claims made by scholars about interaction networks and the timing of their expansions.
For purposes of comparing the timing of changes in city and polity sizes across different world regions it is important to have accurate absolute chronologies for the regions being compared in order to examine issues of priority and synchrony. Unfortunately there is still considerable disagreement about the absolute dating for Mesopotamia before 1500 BCE. Mario Liverani (2014: 9-16) explains why estimates of absolute dates are so uncertain. Relative dates of events needed for estimating polity and city sizes are based on “king lists.” Thus an event, such as a conquest, is said to have occurred in the third year of the reign of King X. Considerable effort has been made to figure out the correspondences between different kings’ lists in Mesopotamia and their correspondence with Egyptian king lists, which are more continuous. These are then converted in to calendar years by ascertaining their relationships with astronomical events such as eclipses. Unfortunately there is a period after the fall of the Babylonian empire in which king lists are missing for Mesopotamia, and there is disagreement about the timing of astronomical events. Thus the length in years of the occluded period is in dispute, and this results in so-called, short, medium and long chronologies for the period before the Late Bronze Age, with an error of as much as 100 years. Absolute dating is needed in order to compare the timing of scale changes across world regions. It matters whether or not the city of Ur was sacked in 2004 BCE, and thus is eliminated from the list of large cities and large polities in 2000 BCE, or in some other year 50 years earlier or later. Liverani (2014: 15) is satisfied to use the middle chronology for Mesopotamia and the surrounding regions, but he is not trying to compare the timing of changes in the Ancient Near East with other world regions. The SetPol project uses the middle chronology, while being careful to determine which chronology has been used in the sources from which estimates are coded. It is important to be chary regarding temporal comparisons among regions before 1500 BCE.
The SetPol goal is to achieve a minimum temporal resolution of every twenty-five years because the project is studying middle-run growth/decline phases of polities and cities. Archaeological evidence of the areal sizes of settlements and hearth counts can be used to estimate settlement sizes, but the limitation here is often temporal resolution. Studies that rely on radiocarbon dating and archaeological phase periodization often do not achieve a level of temporal resolution that would make settlement growth/decline phases visible (e.g. Ortman, Cabaniss, Sturm and Bettancourt 2014). When temporal resolution is poorer than every 100 years it is likely that some of the cycles of growth and decline will be missed. In the first phase of our project we will focus on regions for which both documentary and archaeological evidence are available, and since this phase begins with 1500 BCE we do not need to worry about the issue of absolute dates when comparing world regions.
Improving of estimates of the population sizes of settlements and the territorial sizes of polities is an endless task, but much has been accomplished. The long term intent of the SETPOL project is to include all the towns and cities with 10,0000 or more people and all the polities with .01 or larger square megameters of territory in the ten world regions from 4000 BCE to 2010 CE. But in the exploratory phase of the project (the first two years) the project will prioritize by focusing on upgrading existing data sets that include the ten largest cities and polities in each of the world regions at 25-year intervals since 1500 BCE.
Improving estimates of the territorial sizes of polities
Determining scale shifts requires real metric (interval-level) estimates, not just periodizations of growth and decline. The territorial sizes of polities are difficult to estimate from archaeological evidence alone (see Smith and Montiel 2001). What the SETPOL project wants to know is the size of the area over which a central power exercises a degree of control that allows for the appropriation of important resources (taxes and tribute). The ability to extract resources falls off with distance from the center in all polities, and controlling larger and larger territories requires the invention of new transportation, communications and organizational technologies [what Michael Mann (1986) has called “techniques of power”]. Military technologies and bureaucracies are important institutional inventions that make possible the extraction of resources over great distances, but so are new ideologies and new technologies of communication (Innis 1950).
Estimating the territorial sizes of states and empires has been based on the use of published historical atlases and historical accounts. Premodern states and empires often had fuzzy boundaries. Bounding polities is based primarily on knowledge about who conquered which city, and whether or not, and for how long, tribute was paid to the conquering polity. Sometimes it is difficult to tell whether or not tribute is asymmetrical or symmetrical exchange. Only asymmetrical (unequal) exchange signifies a tributary imperial relationship. Otherwise it is just trade and does not signify an extractive relationship.
The pioneer coder of the territorial sizes of polities is Rein Taagepera (1978a, 1978b, 1979, and 1997). The SETPOL project builds upon Taagepera’s monumental work and uses his methods. Taagepera used Atlases and historical descriptions of events to estimate the territorial sizes of states and empires. This project will improve upon his estimates by using Atlases that had not been published when Taagepera did his work (e.g. Schwartzberg (1992). The project will also use online sources such as the University of Sydney Timemap Project. The values produced from these tertiary sources will be checked with regional experts (see Data Management section).The SETPOL polity data template utilizes Taagepera’s method of coding the year in which polity sizes change, usually as a result of conquests, and will designate area in square megameters as Taagepera did. It will also include a standardized identification code for each separate polity, fields for alternative names of the polity, geocodes for the location of the capital city and estimates of the population size of the polity.
Improving estimates of the population sizes of cities and territorial sizes of states and empires
SETPOL is developing a template for coding characteristics of individual cities that include estimates of the size of the built up area as well as estimates of the population size. The city template also includes unique identifiers for each city, fields for alternative names of the city and the geocode of the city center. For the location identification, the geo URI scheme is applied. The data are structured in the three dimensions—each city has sets of variables, and each of these variables has varying value ranges and time intervals. The variables and their definitions are being developed in collaboration with the SESHAT project team in order to avoid redundancies in collecting data. A template for polities for coding similar variables is also being constructed.
Making accurate estimations of the population sizes of both contemporary and early urbanized areas involves several complicated problems. Daniel Pasciuti (Pasciuti 2003; Pasciuti and Chase-Dunn 2003) has proposed a measurement error model for estimating the sizes of settlements based on the literature in archaeology, demography and urban geography. The SETPOL project defines a settlement as a spatially contiguous built-up area. This is the best operationalization for comparing the sizes of settlements across different polities and cultures because it ignores the complicated issues of governance boundaries (e.g. municipal districts, etc). But it still has some problems. Most cultures have nucleated settlements in which residential areas surround a monumental, governmental or commercial center. In such cases it is fairly easy to spatially bound a contiguous built up area based on the declining spatial density of human constructions. But other cultures space residences out rather than concentrating them near a central place (e.g. many of the settlements in the prehistoric American Southwest such as Chaco Canyon). In such cases it is necessary to choose a standard radius from the center in order to make comparisons of population sizes over time or across cultures.
Existing compilations of city sizes rely primarily on:
1. Tertius Chandler 1987 Four Thousand Years of Urban Growth: The Edwin Mellen Press
2. George Modelski 2003 World Cities: –3000 to 2000. Washington, DC: Faros 2000
3. Ian Morris 2013 The Measure of Civilization. Princeton, NJ: Princeton University Press.
Tertius Chandler’s (1987) compendium is still the most comprehensive study of large cities, but substantial improvements were made in George Modelski’s (2003) compendium. Ian Morris also provides estimates of the largest cities in his book on measuring the development of Eastern and Western civilizations (Morris 2013). The SETPOL project will improve upon existing city size compilations by collaborating with other projects and incorporating data sets produced by others. The proposed city template includes both the calendar year in which the size of a city is known to have rapidly changed (e.g. the example of the sack of Ur mentioned above) as well as interpolated estimates for the standardized years used by Chandler and Modelski.
This project will contribute to the scientific understanding of the emergence of complexity and hierarchy in human societies. The long-term upsweep of the scale of cities and polities is widely known, but heated debates still rage regarding the proximate and contextual causes of these trends. While certain human and natural factors have been famously hypothesized to be the causes of instances of these scale changes, empirical testing of hypothetical causes has been daunted by the limited comprehensiveness, accuracy, and verifiability of extant data sets on the scale changes. So SETPOL will improve the testability of causal hypotheses by generating a data set that is better in these regards. SETPOL will also contribute to the accurate delineation of the spatial boundaries of trade and political/military interaction networks as they merged and engulfed one another to constitute the contemporary global system of today. The project will use not only well-established methods for organizing and analyzing data, but also a graph data structure that will allow the combination of GIS with formal network analysis. The project will increase the legibility of the complex spatial processes that led to the emergence of the increasingly global society of today.
Multidisciplinary Character of the Project
The SETPOL database will use standardized geographical network protocols in order to make the data freely available for use by scholars from different disciplines. The framework of comparison is anthropological and world historical. The hypotheses to be tested come from causal models proposed by political scientists, anthropologists and sociologists, especially those who are informed by multidisciplinary perspectives such as geopolitics, human ecology, and the comparative evolutionary world-systems approach. The SETPOL project emphasizes cooperative multidisciplinary exploration of the pathways by which scale changes have occurred in cities and polities. The project will coordinate and collaborate with other multidisciplinary consortia that are currently compiling relevant data. The project will further develop a multidisciplinary theoretical research program by engaging scholars from different disciplines at the levels of empirical measurement and the development and testing of causal models. The SETPOL project produces articles, monographs and infograms that are intended for a broad multidisciplinary audience.
The project's intellectual impact lies in the development of a more holistic multidisciplinary approach to understanding the connections between climate change, demographic expansion and contraction and the size and complexity of human social organization. By confirming or disconfirming the accuracy of contending scientific models of the development of complexity and hierarchy in human societies, the project will help scholars, educators and policy-makers to grasp the main patterns of historical sociocultural evolution. Such understanding matters for societal responses to major challenges of the 21st century: climate change, ecological degradation, population density, the emergence of global city regions, the rise and fall of hegemonic core powers, and transitions from a unipolar to a multipolar geopolitical structure. The project will also allow provide fresh evidence on the comparisons of similarities and differences across world regions with important implications for explanations of uneven East/West development – issues that have been totemic and fundamental in the development of social sciences since the eighteenth century. The project will have important implications regarding the understanding of past systemic resilience and collapse, and these will have significant implications for the future. The SETPOL project will develop undergraduate and graduate-level courses and research projects to train students to do multidisciplinary research and particularly to develop infographic presentations for teaching scholars and the general public.
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We use the term “polity” to generally denote a spatially-bounded realm of sovereign authority such as a band, tribe, chiefdom, state or empire. The term “settlement” includes camps, hamlets, villages, towns and cities. Settlements are spatially bounded for comparative purposes as the contiguous built-up area.
This project is being implemented by the Settlements and Polities (SetPol) Research
Working Group at the
World-systems are defined as being composed of those human settlements and polities within a region that are importantly interacting with one another (Chase-Dunn and Hall 1997).
Our empirical inventories of quantitatively identified upsweep and collapse “events” in four world regions and the expanding Central Political/Military Interaction network are specified in Inoue et al 2012 and Inoue et al 2015.
Some social scientists erroneously assume that GIS data structures are restricted to the mapping of attributes that are stationary in space and that GIS is useless for studying things that move. Geographers have developed GIS techniques based on vectors for mapping prevailing winds, but also for studying migration (Tobler 1995; n.d.).
Down-the-line exchange is when goods or ideas are passed from group to group and there are few long-distance trade expeditions.
PMNs are interpolity systems of warfare and alliance. This is the same idea as “:international systems” as it is used by Political Scientists who study international relations.
In the comparative civilizations literature what we call core-wide empires are termed “universal empires.”
Wilkinson (1997) says of his “power polarity” scheme at the most centralized end, where one state encompasses the whole system, is the universal state (Toynbee) or empire (Quigley); next to it is hegemony (or "unipolarity with hegemony"), where a single great power or superpower, with influence to match its capability, oversees a number of subject states which retain internal autonomy; next to that is the condition of unipolarity (more precisely, unipolarity without hegemony), where a single great power, lacking the influence to match its capability, rests among a collection of non-subject non-tributary states; nearer the decentralized end come configurations with two, three, or more great powers: bipolarity, tripolarity, multipolarity; and most decentralized, with many ministates and no great powers, is nonpolarity.
We distinguish between an “upswing,” which is any upturn in a growth/decline sequence, and an “upsweep”, which goes to a level that is more than 1/3 higher than the average of three prior peaks (Inoue et al 2012).
Walter Scheidel (2009) contends that there were two great divergences between China and the West. The one that occurred in the 18th and 19th centuries has received a lot of attention from Kenneth Pomeranz (2000), who named it “the great divergence”. Scheidel (2009) notes that there was an earlier great divergence between China and the West. Both the Roman and the Han empires managed to bring huge territories under a single authority, but after they declined different things happened in the West and the East. In the East the decline of the Han was followed, after a rather short interval, by the rise of the Tang dynasty, which was nearly as large as the Han dynasty had been. In the West, after the fall of Rome another empire of a similar huge size, uniting the entire Mediterranean littoral, never rose again. This was Scheidel’s first great divergence.
A larger overview of theoretical approaches to explaining the causes of urban and polity cycles and scale changes (Chase-Dunn and Inoue 2011) includes very general functionalist learning theories of sociocultural evolution from biologists and ecologists, including complexity theories, multilevel selection and panarchy.
This project uses Common Era (CE) and Before Common Era (BCE) to indicate calendar years.
Use of the word “evolution” still requires explanation. We mean long-term patterned change in social structures, especially the development of complex divisions of labor and hierarchy. We do not mean biological evolution, which is a very different topic, and neither do we mean “progress,” a normative notion that is unnecessary for the scientific study of social change.
Studying changes in the population sizes of largest cities is a useful window on polities, but it does not capture overall changes in the population sizes of polities (studied most recently by Turchin and Nefadov (2009) and neither does it reflect important changes in the distribution of city sizes studied by many urban geographers (e.g. Rozman 1973).
Gilbert Rozman’s (1973) illuminating comparison of the development of Japanese and Chinese urban systems shows that the emergence of an integrated city system with middle-sized cities performing regional functions occurred much faster but later, in Japan than it did in China, because the Japanese were able to benefit from knowing about the Chinese experience.
The idea of the Central Political/Military Network (PMN) is derived from David Wilkinson’s (1987) definition of “Central Civilization.” It spatially bounds a system in terms of a set of allying and fighting polities. The Central PMN is the interstate system that was created when the Mesopotamian and Egyptian interstate networks became directly connected with one another in about 1500 BCE. The Central PMN expanded in waves until it came to encompass the whole Earth in the 19th century CE. Because it was an expanding system, its spatial boundaries changed over time. This project will examine Wilkinson’s decisions about when and where the Central PMN expanded.
For example polities specializing in pastoralism emerged from the interaction of nomadic hunter-gatherers with farmers (Lattimore 1940)
We are indebted to those prodigious coders who made quantitative comparative studies of settlements and polities possible: Tertius Chandler, Rein Taagepera and George Modelski.
Of course territorial size is only a rough indicator of the power of a polity because areas are not equally significant with regard to their ability to supply resources. A desert empire may be large but weak. But this rough indicator is quantitatively measureable in different world regions over long periods of time, so it is valuable for comparative historical research.
Estimating the area within a polity has gotten much easier. We use “daftlogic” to calculate the areas within a polygon (Daftlogic n.d.).
Coding the total populations of polities will make it possible to examine the relationship between urban population growth/decline and the population growth/decline of the larger polity of which the cities are a part. Our project will collaborate with Seshat on this and other variables.
The Geo URI scheme is a Web-based map annotation system using URI (a Uniform Resource Identifier) that allows the representation independently of any Web resources (or specific URL). The Geo URI scheme identifies geographic location in a two- or three-dimensional coordinate reference system.
The study by Ortman et al (2014) contends that population density usually increases with the areal sizes of settlements.
This corresponds to what the United Nations methodology calls “urban area” (UN 2011).
Roland Fletcher (n.d. personal communication) has also gathered estimates of the sizes of important cities by reading widely about individual cities and coding all the estimates he could find. Fletcher’s data are different from the others in that he includes all the estimates he could find without editing and without collapsing estimates temporally. The others try to guess the sizes of cities at long intervals, whereas Fletcher presents the exact years to which the estimates that he has found apply. We will incorporate Fletcher’s estimates into the project city data set. The SETPOL project will also collaborate with ARVE in Lausanne, Switzerland and with the Open History Project.
Michael E. Smith (2005) provides city size estimates for Late Postclassic Mesoamerica (1200-1520 CE) but it is not possible to count cycles and sweeps because changes in city sizes over this time period are not known. Charlotte Ann Smith (2002) has estimates over time for largest Mesoamerican cities, but the temporal resolution is not fine enough to see cycles and sweeps. The Ortman et al 2014 study of settlement sizes in the valley of Mexico also has temporal resolution based on archaeological phases that are too widely spaced for the study of cycles and sweeps.
This issue was investigated in a workshop on the spatial bounding of world-systems (see Chase-Dunn, Wilkinson, Anderson, Inoue and Denemark 2016).
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The Hobbit, by J. R. R. Tolken, is the prelude to The Lord of the Rings. It is the story of a hobbit named Bilbo Baggins, who lives in the land of Middle Earth. He does not like to go on adventures, but is persuaded by a band of dwarfs and a wizard named Gandalf, to go on an adventure. They go to the lonely mountain to fight the dragon Smaug, in order to win the dwarves back their gold and homeland. Along the way, he must face danger such as Bilbo has never known before.
There are many hidden messages in the Hobbit, many of them Christian messages with relationships to characters in the Bible, or similar as to those in the Bible. There are so many Christian themes in the book, and lessons to learn, that it is very hard to remember them all.
A very prominent Christian theme in the book is the relationship of Bible characters to main characters in the book. One example is Gandalf. He is like Jesus or God the Father, leading the group of dwarves and Bilbo, either presently with them, or helping them behind the scenes. He is a wizard who uses magic in his actions and in his wise words. He is always doing what is good for the dwarves and the hobbit even if they don’t like it. He always has a reason for everything, even if you, the dwarves and Bilbo, or anyone else in the book doesn’t understand it. He is just like Jesus in the sense that he was always there when the dwarves needed help or to be saved. Gandalf could also be viewed as Moses leading the Jews out of Egypt, and towards the Promised Land. In this case of course, he is leading the dwarves back to their homeland by the lonely Mountain, and freeing them from the state they were in of being dispersed all over Middle Earth.
Another good example is Gollum. He has been separated from the outside world for so long that he has become less than man, so he is the example of a lost soul. Just like a lost soul or a person who has lost contact with God, and doesn’t live accordingly like a child of God would. Gollum has lost contact with the outside world, so he has very few human qualities acting more like an animal. He uses the deep, dark cave that he lives in to shelter himself from the world above, just as a lost soul shelters himself willingly from God.
A comparison that I found interesting is a good look at gold. Gold is almost like the devil. It tempts people, just like it did to Thorirn in the book. Greed filled him, even though he did eventually turn back to the good side. Gold can corrupt people by filling people with greed, even if they are a good person. The devil does the same thing by tricking, corrupting, and using people just like gold or money can. This is truly an interesting afterthought.
Thorirn demonstrates free will. Thorirn is the leader of Bilbo and the band of dwarves that is going to fight the dragon. Thorirn is brave, heroic, and true. However, when Throrin gets into the Lonely Mountain, and finds the ancient treasure room of his grandfather, he is astonished but not overwhelmed by the power of the gold. When Elves and the Lake men try to claim their rightful fair, Thorirn refuses to give them any. He is overcome with greed, and the power of all that gold comes over him. After a huge battle against a common enemy, he is mortally wounded, he repents on his deathbed, and becomes what he was, a heroic warrior. This is just like free will; even if you have sinned, you can always come back to God.
Then of course there is the evil dragon Smaug. He is most relative to being like the devil. He is very crafty, and can very easily trick you if you are not careful. He is very strong, and very confident in himself. Even if you are aware that he might try and trick you, he might still get you. Sneaky is the one word that describes him. You can almost never catch him unawares.
Another comparison to the Bible is the Dwarves journey to the Lonely Mountain, which is just like Moses leading the Israelites out of Egypt from slavery, to the Promised Land, their homeland. The dwarfs’ homeland is the mountain. Just like Moses and the Israelites had to pass through the Red Sea, Bilbo and the dwarfs had to pass through Mirkwood, which was almost more dangerous than crossing the Red Sea. Smaug is the people of Jericho that were in the Promised Land that needed to be defeated to live there. Similarly, just like the dwarfs had to defeat Smaug to live in the mountain. The goblins, just like the Egyptians pursued the Israelites, pursued the dwarfs, elves, and lake men who were at the mountain, but the dwarfs and their allies defeated them to win back the mountain, just like the Israelites had to defeat the Egyptians to escape Egypt.
A good lesson to learn in this book is one expressed by Gandalf. He states that the best way to fight evil is with small acts of kindness. This works because every time you do something right or good, you strengthen your guardian angel. But every time you do something bad, it weakens your guardian angel. In other words, we need to not only do what is right because it is right, but we need to do what’s right to help our guardian angel out.
J. R. R. Tolken wrote a great book series in the Hobbit and the Lord of the Rings; it will always be one of my top books. He was a very Christian person, and a devout Roman Catholic. He wrote a good book series; correction, a great book series, being highly commemorated and remembered for these great works of Literature.
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https://sabafamily.net/joshua/2013/02/the-hobbit/
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| 0.982223
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Google Scholar -- One More Book-Related Tool from the Internet Giant
By Michael Stillman
In the past, we have taken a look at some of Google's services that relate to books, whether selling, collecting, or using for research. There is Google Book Search, the program which looks to eventually place every book not protected by an enforced copyright online for all to read. Booksellers and book buyers may be more interested in Google Product Search, successor to Froogle, that lets you post books for sale. Here's another book-related service from the online powerhouse: Google Scholar. If what you want does not show up in Google's standard internet search, nor Google Book Search, here is one more venue to try.
Naturally, Google scholar searches for "scholarly" types of works. You won't find a copy of Paris Hilton: The Naked Truth here, no matter how hard you try. It just isn't there. Nor will you find much of anything from the New York Post or National Enquirer. What you will find is the ever-popular Study of Free and Occluded Particulate Organic Matter in Soils by Solid State. This one comes from everyone's favorite magazine, the Australian Journal of Soil Research.
Now that I've convinced you there is nothing you would ever want to find in Google Scholar, let's hold back on the reins for a moment. Certainly Google's description of the type of material included is not designed to generate excitement: "peer-reviewed papers, theses, books, abstracts and articles, from academic publishers, professional societies, preprint repositories, universities and other scholarly organizations." Nevertheless, there is much more here than occluded particulate organic matter. In fact, the elegant Miss Paris Hilton shows up 390 times in Google Scholar. Well, not quite that many times. Some matches for "Paris Hilton" actually refer to her family's hotel in the capital of France. Nonetheless, she shows up many times, of course in a quite scholarly way. For example, an article from the University of Illinois Law Review concerning First Amendment free speech rights mentions her appearance at the Billboard Music Awards when her co-star (but not any more) Nicole Richie exclaimed "F..." As you might expect, Miss Hilton's famous video comes up in scholarly articles about subjects such as the internet and peer-to-peer networks. My favorite is a comment from a George Mason University School of Law research paper that cites Miss Hilton to disprove the old saw that "you can never be too rich." So you see, Miss Hilton is the topic of much intellectual discussion. You no longer have to feel guilty about following her "career."
You will also find much of the more traditional scholarly topics covered in Google Scholar, from the latest in scientific discoveries to the oldest of historical accounts. I did a search for "Richard Mentor Johnson," the obscure American Vice-President who served under the not-so-famous himself President, Martin Van Buren, from 1837-41. Johnson supposedly killed the great Indian Chief Tecumseh in battle, which was enough to get him elected Veep 30 years later. Johnson was an oddball. He had two children with his slave, acceptable enough in the day, but then treated her respectfully and the children as legitimate, not so acceptable. He was dumped from the ticket in 1840, no great loss to him since Van Buren was defeated anyway. A search for Johnson finds 30 matches. Among them is a 2002 doctoral thesis from the University of Massachusetts, which studies miscegenation at the time, and Johnson's breaking all of the rules and customs by living openly with his family. Where else can you find this in depth look at Johnson and his times? Probably nowhere. Google Scholar opens the doors to a new level of information virtually unobtainable before.
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<urn:uuid:19d308a3-dfc8-4ec5-8449-21a347d02d70>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.rarebookhub.com/articles/541
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| 0.961916
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