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Self-esteem is the opinion we have of ourselves. When we have healthy self-esteem, we tend to feel positive about ourselves and about life in general. It makes us able to deal with life’s ups and downs better .
When our self-esteem is low, we tend to see ourselves and our life in a more negative and critical light. We also feel less able to take on the challenges life throws at us .
Low self-esteem often begins in childhood. Teachers, friends, siblings, parents, and even the media send us messages about ourselves, both positive and negative. For some reason, negative messages are the ones more likely to stay with us. Stress and difficult life events, such as serious illness or a bereavement, can also have a negative impact on self-esteem .
Common signs of low self-esteem ;
- Self- criticism- “I’m not good enough“
- Self-blame- “It’s my fault that they cheated on me“
- Self-doubt- “If my friends really knew who I was, they wouldn’t like me“
- Ignoring, or discounting praise, successes, and strengths- “I only won because the others weren’t very good today“
- Focusing on criticisms, mistakes, or weaknesses- “That guy said I should smile more when accepting a prize“
Feelings/symptoms; sadness, anxiety, guilt, shame, frustration, anger, fatigue, tension, nausea, or insomnia
Behaviours; self-consciousness, shyness, difficulty making decisions, perfectionism, difficulty being assertive, not looking after yourself, worrying about what other people think of you, trying too hard to please others, or social withdrawal
Some people find that their self-esteem varies during their menstrual cycle . If you tend to feel particularly tearful, irritable, or low (depressed) on a cyclical basis, it can be an indication that you have low self-esteem…
The great news is that low self-esteem is highly responsive to esteem-building activities- either as an individual, or with the help of a friend, or therapist . This is because all of these negative thoughts/ behaviours are based on ‘opinions’, and not ‘facts’ about ourselves . This means that it is possible to change these opinions- and happily, it is surprisingly easy to do so! Please see the tips & tricks section for more details…
Managing hormone-related low self-esteem:
Try a hormone-balancing diet– As outlined in this blog, a vegetable-based ‘anti-inflammatory’ diet can significantly improve all hormone-related symptoms. We highlight a few of the key steps that are especially relevant for those suffering from low mood/ self-esteem, below;
Try nutritional supplements– A 2016 clinical research review , shows that various minerals are associated with low mood/ self-esteem, especially; Co- enzyme Q10 ; omega 3 fatty acids (found in fish and some seed oils) ; Magnesium ; and B-vitamins .
Research also shows that Vitex Agnus Castus (200-500 mg of extract daily) can be beneficial for hormone-related low mood/ self-esteem. Note: Vitex Agnus Castus is not suitable for those who are under 18; using hormonal medication (or devices); are pregnant, trying to conceive, or breast-feeding; or have a pituitary problem.
– Avoid alcohol– As a depressant, alcohol can only make a low mood worse- and excessive use can cause depression, and make suicidal thoughts more likely .
– Eat oily foods (unsaturated fats)– A type of oil found in fish (try linseed/flax-seed oil if you are vegetarian) contains omega 3 oils, which have been found to reduce the risk of low mood/ self-esteem in some clinical research studies, (although research on this relationship is limited and mixed) . We think it’s worth trying to see if this improves your mood – after all, eating some fish or flax-seed oil is not likely to harm your health and wellbeing. Please let us know how it goes…
Exercise regularly– Regular exercise, particularly aerobic exercise, may help you combat stress and release tension. It also encourages your brain to release serotonin, which can improve your mood .
Research has shown that regular exercise, (more specifically cardio-respiratory fitness), and a healthy BMI (Body Mass Index), significantly reduces the risk of menstrual cycle-related health issues, including low mood/ self-esteem .
Boosting self-esteem- Cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT) is one of the most effective treatments for building self-esteem, and is often available on the NHS.
CBT helps you to understand how your problems, thoughts, feelings and behaviour affect each other. It can also help you to question your negative and anxious thoughts, to improve the way you see yourself, and reduce damaging internal thought processes. CBT usually involves meeting with a specially trained and accredited therapist for a one-hour session every week for 10-12 weeks .
In the UK, help is available if you feel you need support to start seeing yourself in a more positive light :
- Talking therapies, such as counselling or cognitive behavioural therapy (CBT), can help. Your GP can explain the different types and tell you what’s available in your area. Read more about the different types of therapy.
- You can refer yourself for talking therapies in some areas. Check whether you can refer yourself to your local psychological therapies (IAPT) service.
- You can also pay privately for talking therapies – find the right therapist for you.
- Hear Dr Williams’ podcast about tackling unhelpful thinking.
- Visit healthtalk.org to hear young people talking about their experiences of low self-esteem.
Reduce stress hormones- Research shows that Mindfulness-based Cognitive Behavioural Therapy (MCBT) is highly effective in reducing menstrual cycle-related low mood, self-esteem, anxiety, and other symptoms .
Mindfulness works by focusing your awareness on the present moment and by acknowledging and accepting certain feelings. Being mindful can teach you how to overcome negative thoughts – for example, being able to challenge hopeless feelings.
You may find relaxation and breathing exercises helpful, or you may prefer activities such as yoga or pilates to help you unwind- recent research found that, in adults with mild-to-moderate major depression, an 8-week hatha yoga intervention resulted in statistically and clinically significant reductions in depression severity .
- NHS information on raising self-esteem; http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/mentalhealth/Pages/Dealingwithlowself-esteem.aspx
- Building self-esteem booklet £2.75- Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre- https://www.octc.co.uk/product/booklets/building-self-esteem
Page last reviewed and updated: June 2018
1. NHS. (2017) Raising low self-esteem. [ONLINE] Available at: http://www.nhs.uk/Livewell/mentalhealth/Pages/Dealingwithlowself-esteem.aspx. [Accessed 26 July 2017].
2. Jenkins, H & Fennell, M. (2004) Building Self-Esteem Oxford Cognitive Therapy Centre (available for £2.75 here- https://www.octc.co.uk/product/booklets/building-self-esteem)
3. Brock R, Rowse G, Slade P. (2016) Relationships between paranoid thinking, self-esteem and the menstrual cycle. Arch Womens Ment Health Apr;19(2):271-9. doi: 10.1007/s00737-015-0558-4
4. Du J, Zhu M, Bao H, Li B, Dong Y, Xiao C, Zhang GY, Henter I, Rudorfer M, Vitiello B. (2016) The Role of Nutrients in Protecting Mitochondrial Function and Neurotransmitter Signaling: Implications for the Treatment of Depression, PTSD, and Suicidal Behaviors. Crit Rev Food Sci Nutr Nov 17;56(15):2560-2578. Review. PubMed PMID: 25365455; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC4417658
5. Maes M, Mihaylova I, Kubera M, Uytterhoeven M, Vrydags N, Bosmans E. (2009) ‘Lower plasma Coenzyme Q10 in depression: a marker for treatment resistance and chronic fatigue in depression and a risk factor to cardiovascular disorder in that illness’. Neuro Endocrinol Lett. 2009a;30:462–469
6. Sublette ME, Hibbeln JR, Galfalvy H, Oquendo MA, Mann JJ. (2006) ‘Omega-3 polyunsaturated essential fatty acid status as a predictor of future suicide risk’ Am J Psychiatry. 163:1100–1102
7. Sinclair AJ, Begg D, Mathai M, Weisinger RS. (2007) ‘Omega 3 fatty acids and the brain: review of studies in depression’ Asia Pac J Clin Nutr 16(Suppl 1):391–397
8. Cheungpasitporn W, Thongprayoon C, Mao MA, Srivali N, Ungprasert P, Varothai N, Sanguankeo A, Kittanamongkolchai W, Erickson SB. (2015) Hypomagnesaemia linked to depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Intern Med J. Apr;45(4):436-40. doi: 10.1111/imj.12682. Review. PubMed PMID: 25827510
9. Rajizadeh A, Mozaffari-Khosravi H, Yassini-Ardakani M, Dehghani A. (2017) ‘Effect of magnesium supplementation on depression status in depressed patients with magnesium deficiency: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial’. Nutrition Mar;35:56-60. doi: 10.1016/j.nut.2016.10.014. Epub 2016 Nov 9. PubMed PMID: 28241991.
10. Sánchez-Villegas A, Doreste J, Schlatter J, Pla J, Bes-Rastrollo M, Martínez-González MA. (2009) ‘Association between folate, vitamin B(6) and vitamin B(12) intake and depression in the SUN cohort study’. J Hum Nutr Diet Apr;22(2):122-33. doi: 10.1111/j.1365-277X.2008.00931.x. Epub 2009 Jan 16. PubMed PMID: 19175490
11. Atmaca, M., Kumru, S., & Tezcan, E. (2003) ‘Fluoxetine versus Vitex Agnus Castus extract in the treatment of Premenstrual Dysphoric Disorder’ Human Psychopharmacology 18(3): 191-5. PubMed PMID 12672170
12. Boden JM, Fergusson DM. (2011) ‘Alcohol and depression’ Addiction May;106(5):906-14. doi: 10.1111/j.1360-0443.2010.03351.x. Epub 2011 Mar 7. Review. PubMed PMID: 21382111
13. Grosso G, Galvano F, Marventano S, Malaguarnera M, Bucolo C, Drago F, Caraci F. (2014) Omega-3 fatty acids and depression: scientific evidence and biological mechanisms. Oxid Med Cell Longev. 313570. doi: 10.1155/2014/313570. Epub 2014 Mar 18. Review. PubMed PMID: 24757497; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC3976923
14. Appleton KM, Sallis HM, Perry R, Ness AR, Churchill R. (2015) ‘Omega-3 fatty acids for depression in adult’ Cochrane Database Syst Rev Nov 5;(11):CD004692. doi: 10.1002/14651858.CD004692.pub4. Review. PubMed PMID: 26537796; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5321518
15. Haghighi ES, Jahromi MK, Daryano Osh F. (2015) ‘Relationship between cardiorespiratory fitness, habitual physical activity, body mass index and premenstrual symptoms in collegiate students’ J Sports Med Phys Fitness Jun;55(6):663-7. PubMed PMID: 26205766
16. Panahi F, Faramarzi M. (2016) ‘The Effects of Mindfulness-Based Cognitive Therapy on Depression and Anxiety in Women with Premenstrual Syndrome’ Depress Res Treat. 9816481. doi: 10.1155/2016/9816481. Epub 2016 Nov 29. PubMed PMID: 28025621; PubMed Central PMCID: PMC5153465
17. Gotink, R. A., Chu, P., Busschbach, J. J. V., Benson, H., Fricchione, G. L., & Hunink, M. G. M. (2015). Standardised Mindfulness-Based Interventions in Healthcare: An Overview of Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of RCTs. PLoS ONE, 10(4), e0124344. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0124344
18. Prathikanti, S., Rivera, R., Cochran, A., Tungol, J. G., Fayazmanesh, N., & Weinmann, E. (2017). Treating major depression with yoga: A prospective, randomized, controlled pilot trial. PLoS ONE, 12(3), e0173869. http://doi.org/10.1371/journal.pone.0173869 | <urn:uuid:5f80a66b-9114-4638-b96e-1633f024779b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.menstrual-matters.com/tips-and-tricks/self-esteem/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571222.74/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810222056-20220811012056-00676.warc.gz | en | 0.843329 | 3,076 | 3.25 | 3 |
Orbital Forcing on Continental Depositional System–Lacustrine and Fluvial Cyclicity in the Devonian of East Greenland
- P. L. de Boer2 and
- D. G. Smith3
Published Online: 29 APR 2009
Copyright © 1994 The International Association of Sedimentologists
Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences
How to Cite
Olsen, H. (1994) Orbital Forcing on Continental Depositional System–Lacustrine and Fluvial Cyclicity in the Devonian of East Greenland, in Orbital Forcing and Cyclic Sequences (eds P. L. de Boer and D. G. Smith), Blackwell Publishing Ltd., Oxford, UK. doi: 10.1002/9781444304039.ch26
Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Published Online: 29 APR 2009
- Published Print: 28 JAN 1994
Print ISBN: 9780632037360
Online ISBN: 9781444304039
- Orbital forcing on continental depositional systems - lacustrine and fluvial cyclicity, East Greenland;
- Andersson land formation;
- Wimans Bjerg formation;
- laminated siltstones and brecciated to massive mudstones;
- contractions of ephemeral lakes;
- precession and eccentricity cycles
Remarkable cyclicity in a lacustrine succession, the Wimans Bjerg Formation in the Devonian basin in East Greenland, has previously been pointed out by Nicholson & Friend. The present study of the Wimans Bjerg Formation has been carried out to outline the processes leading to the cyclicity.
The Wimans Bjerg Formation is composed of two facies, laminated siltstones and brecciated to massive mudstones, and exhibits a pronounced cyclicity. Individual cycles average 3.6 m in thickness and consist of a unit dominated by laminated siltstones and a unit exclusively composed of brecciated/massive mudstones. A higher order cyclicity is also observed in the variation in thickness of the laminated siltstone units. These mega-cycles are 18.7 m thick on average.
The Wimans Bjerg Formation is interpreted in terms of a playa environment. The brecciated/massive mudstones indicate periods of exposed playa mudflat conditions. The laminated siltstone beds reflect the existence of ephemeral lakes on the playa mudflat.
The cyclicity indicates regular variations in environmental conditions between periods with frequent ephemeral lake expansions and contractions and periods exclusively characterized by playa mudflats. The higher order of cyclicity indicates long-term variations in the periods of punctuated ephemeral lake conditions.
In this paper a comparison is made between the playa lake cyclicity of the Wimans Bjerg Formation, and the cyclicity of the slightly older fluvial Andersson Land Formation in the East Greenland basin. Both units indicate a ratio of mega-cycle thickness to cycle thickness in the order of 5.1–5.2. The cyclic variations may in both cases be explained by cyclic variations in precipitation and could reflect orbital forcing of climate, i.e. astronomical periods of 17.0–20.1 ka and 94.9 ka, controlled by precession and eccentricity cycles. | <urn:uuid:048d35e7-e797-4aef-b397-c54f918a9935> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1002/9781444304039.ch26/summary?globalMessage=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00219-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.828391 | 686 | 2.5 | 2 |
The management of patients with IBD requires evaluation with objective tools, both at the time of diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease, to determine the location, extension, activity and severity of inflammatory lesions, as well as, the potential existence of complications. Whereas endoscopy is a well-established and uniformly performed diagnostic examination, the implementation of radiologic techniques for assessment of IBD is still heterogeneous; variations in technical aspects and the degrees of experience and preferences exist across countries in Europe. ECCO and ESGAR scientific societies jointly elaborated a consensus to establish standards for imaging in IBD using magnetic resonance imaging, computed tomography, ultrasonography, and including also other radiologic procedures such as conventional radiology or nuclear medicine examinations for different clinical situations that include general principles, upper GI tract, colon and rectum, perineum, liver and biliary tract, emergency situation, and the postoperative setting. The statements and general recommendations of this consensus are based on the highest level of evidence available, but significant gaps remain in certain areas such as the comparison of diagnostic accuracy between different techniques, the value for therapeutic monitoring, and the prognostic implications of particular findings.
Objective of the consensus and methodology
The idiopathic inflammatory bowel diseases (IBD) comprise two types of chronic intestinal disorders: Crohn's disease (CD) and ulcerative colitis (UC). Accumulating evidence suggests that IBD results from an inappropriate inflammatory response to intestinal microbes in a genetically susceptible host. The management of patients with IBD requires evaluation with objective tools, both at the time of diagnosis and throughout the course of the disease, to determine the location, extension, activity and severity of inflammatory lesions, as well as, the potential existence of complications. This information is crucial to select appropriate therapeutic strategies in a particular patient, and has prognostic implications.
Whereas endoscopy is a well-established and uniformly performed diagnostic examination, the implementation of radiologic techniques for assessment of IBD is still heterogeneous; variations in technical aspects and the degrees of experience and preferences exist across countries in Europe. This reality led to the recognition among members of ECCO and ESGAR scientific societies that practical guidance for the use or cross-sectional imaging in IBD is needed, and that convergence of knowledge in the fields of IBD and radiology was necessary to provide the best evidence-based recommendations. This joint ECCO–ESGAR project was started on 2010, and developed during 2011 and 2012 to generate a consensus on imaging in IBD. The consensus organizing committee was made up by three members of ESGAR (AL, JS, ST) and three members of ECCO (YB, JP, WR) providing a broad national diversity.
The aim of the project was to establish standards for imaging in IBD using magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), computed tomography (CT), ultrasonography (US), and including also other radiologic procedures such as conventional radiology or nuclear medicine examinations, but not endoscopy, although considerations on the relative value of endoscopy and radiology in different clinical settings are provided in the consensus.
The strategy to develop the consensus involved 5 steps:
The consensus organizing committee identified 7 main topics on the use of imaging in IBD that included:
Overview. General principles. Technical aspects. Scores. Radiation safety.
Upper GI tract (including esophagus, stomach, duodenum) & small bowel.
Colon and rectum, CD and UC including severe colitis.
Perineum including anus, genital tract.
Liver and biliary tract.
Emergency situation (acutely ill patients to be treated/investigated within 24 h).
Special situations: postoperative setting, cancer surveillance, and ileoanal pouch.
Uniform questions were addressed for each topic, taking into consideration the procedures available; patient acceptance, tolerability, complications; costs in Europe; definitions of elementary abnormalities, value for diagnosis, value for detection of inflammation (activity) and bowel damages; value for detection of complications, value for therapeutic monitoring and prognostication; information needed for the gastroenterologist, and positioning of imaging techniques in a diagnostic algorithm. A working group was created for each topic composed of gastroenterologists (ECCO members) and radiologists (ESGAR members). Participants were asked to answer the questions based on evidence from the literature as well as their experience.
ECCO participants were selected by the Guidelines' Committee of ECCO (GuiCom) among responders to an open call (see acknowledgements and www.ecco-ibd) on the basis of their publication record and a personal statement. ESGAR participants were selected by the governing Board of the society.
The working groups performed a systematic literature search of their topic with the appropriate key words using Medline/Pubmed and the Cochrane database, as well as their own files. The evidence level (EL) was graded according to the 2011 review of the Oxford Centre for Evidence Based Medicine.1
Revised statements on their topic were then written by the Chairs, based on answers from their working party, as well as the literature evidence and were circulated first among their working group and then among all participants.
All working groups met in Vienna on January 2012 to approve the final version of each statement. Technically this was done by projecting the statements and revising them on screen until a consensus was reached. Consensus was defined as agreement by > 80% of participants, termed a Consensus Statement and numbered for convenience in the document. Two members of the European Association of Nuclear Medicine (JM-C, AS) were integrated as participants in the consensus project at this stage.
The final document on each topic was written by the Chairs in conjunction with their working party. Consensus statements in bold are followed by comments on the evidence and opinion. Statements are intended to be read in context with qualifying comments and not read in isolation. The final text was edited for consistency of style by Andrea Laghi and Julián Panés before being circulated and approved by the participants.
General principles. Technical aspects. Radiation safety
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2A
Radiological imaging techniques are complementary to endoscopic assessment. Cross-sectional imaging offers the opportunity to detect and stage inflammatory, obstructive and fistulizing CD and is fundamental at first diagnosis to stage disease and to monitor follow-up [EL 1].
The diagnosis IBD is based on a combination of endoscopic, histological, radiological, and/or biochemical investigations as a single gold standard is missing.2 For suspected IBD, ileocolonoscopy and biopsies from the terminal ileum as well as from each colonic segment are the first line procedures to establish the diagnosis.2 CD may affect segments of the small bowel beyond the reach of ileocolonoscopy, may hamper the advance of the scope due to strictures or may be complicated by extra-mural lesions of the intestine or in the perineal region (including fistulas and abscesses) not amenable to endoscopic visualization. Thus, cross-sectional imaging techniques are an important adjunct to endoscopic assessment, to allow a complete and sensitive staging of the small bowel and perineum with the unique advantage to assess mural and extramural disease.3
The applications of cross-sectional imaging techniques in IBD are manifold. In cases of suspected CD cross-sectional imaging of the small bowel is recommended to detect, stage and classify disease behavior.2,3 In established CD it assists to select treatment, to assess response and to quantify tissue damage.3,4 In perianal fistulizing CD it complements the examination under anesthesia by an experienced surgeon. In suspected UC with a discontinuous endoscopic appearance of colonic inflammation cross-sectional imaging should be considered to exclude small bowel inflammation indicating the differential diagnosis with CD.2
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2B
US is a well-tolerated and radiation-free imaging technique, particularly for the terminal ileum and the colon. Examinations are impaired by gas-filled bowel and by large body habitus [EL 2].
US is also a technique to guide interventional procedures (e.g., abscess drainage) [EL 2].
US is non-invasive, does not impart ionizing radiation, and is well tolerated and accepted by patients. Bowel examination may be hampered by air, the volume of which may be reduced by recommending the patient to fast at least 6 h before the examination. The use of laxative and non-flatulent preparations is not required before routine abdominal ultrasound.5
Specific preparations with the oral administration of intraluminal contrast can improve image quality and diagnostic accuracy.6 Oral intake is generally better accepted by patients than techniques using small bowel intubation, and non-absorbable fluid should be used to reduce the volume needed.6
US for IBD requires high-frequency (5–17 MHz) linear array probes to increase spatial resolution and to allow adequate assessment of bowel diameter and of the recognizable 5-layer wall pattern.7 A systematic approach to search for intestinal wall abnormalities is recommended including four scanning positions in the upper and lower, right and left abdominal quadrants. The ileocecal region, sigmoid and often ascending and descending colon are adequately visualized in most patients. The proximal ileum and jejunum can be difficult to assess due to multiple overlying bowel loops and deep pelvic location, whereas the study of transverse colon is challenging because of its variable anatomy, and the rectum for accessibility.
Ultrasound is a validated technique to guide interventional procedures. For example percutaneous or transrectal abscess drainage under sonographic guidance has a high technical success rate of 96%.10,–12 Moreover, ultrasound can be useful to detect and drain pyogenic liver abscess.11,13 and is also suitable to guide insertion of intravenous lines, particularly in pediatric patients.14
Demonstration and communication of the extent of abnormality and comparison between studies at clinical/radiology/nuclear medicine conference are generally easier with other imaging modalities, such as CT and MRI.
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2C
CT of the abdomen and pelvis in order to assess the small intestine and colon requires luminal distension, and intravenous contrast administration. Radiation exposure is the major limitation. CT can be used to guide interventional procedures (e.g. abscess drainage) [EL 2].
CT of the small intestine and colon is performed using a multidetector-row scanner able to cover the required anatomical region within a single breath-hold. Rapid image acquisition minimizes motion and peristaltic artifacts. Imaging protocol includes thin detector collimation and slice thickness (in order to benefit from multiplanar reformats).15,–17
The use of intravenous injection of contrast medium is important for the assessment of bowel wall enhancement pattern and mesenteric vessels.16,18,19 Bowel distension is a fundamental requisite for any imaging method of the small intestine, since collapsed bowel loops can either hide lesions or simulate pathological wall thickenings.20,–22 Luminal distension can be achieved with enteric contrast agents, either positive or neutral. Neutral contrast agents, which possess X-ray attenuation similar to water, are preferred for most of the clinical indications.23,–25 To minimize absorption, water is usually mixed with high molecular size compounds which do not alter water density and taste, such as polyethylene glycol (PEG), mannitol, sugar alcohols or sorbitol. Positive contrast agents are usually a mixture of barium sulfate (1–2%) or iodinated contrast agents (2–3%). In IBDs positive enteral agents are preferred for the evaluation of perforations or fistulas.26,27
Enteric contrast agents can be administered orally (CT enterography) or injected through a naso-jejunal tube (CT enteroclysis). CT enterography is faster, less demanding for radiologists and has superior patient acceptance compared with enteroclysis. CT enterography provides good distension of mid-terminal ileum, but offers limited distention of the jejunum.25 Diagnostic performances are similar in CD, although CT enteroclysis has higher specificity, but also a slightly higher radiation burden because of the additional exposure associated with naso-jejunal tube placement under fluoroscopy guidance.25
Radiation exposure is the major limitation of CT, particularly in patients undergoing repeated examinations.28,29 The use of new dose reduction techniques, like adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction, should be recommended especially in younger patients.28,29
CT is also useful to guide interventional procedures such as percutaneous drainage of intraabdominal abscess or pyogenic liver abscess.11 Although use of surgery remains common in such patients, radiologically (CT) guided nonsurgical therapy is of increasing importance.30,–34
Magnetic resonance imaging
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2D
MRI of the small bowel and colon requires fast imaging techniques and luminal distension [EL 2].
MR enterography/enteroclysis has similar diagnostic accuracy and similar indications to CT, but with the major advantage of not imparting ionizing radiation [EL 1].
MRI of the small bowel and colon requires fast sequences, able to acquire T1- and T2-weighted images within a single breath hold, and limiting motion and peristaltic artifacts.20,–21 The use of intravenous injection of contrast medium is mandatory for the assessment of bowel wall enhancement pattern and mesenteric vessels.
Diffusion-weighted imaging is feasible in UC and CD, even without bowel preparation, and has utility for detecting colonic inflammation.35,36 The inclusion of small bowel motility evaluation may increase lesion detection rate compared with static MRE alone.37,38
Similarly to CT, enteric contrast agents can be administered orally (MR enterography) or injected through a naso-jejunal tube (MR enteroclysis).39 Enteric contrast agents can be classified according to the action on the signal intensity of bowel lumen into positive, negative and biphasic agents. The use of positive agents has been largely abandoned, and currently both biphasic and negative contrast agents are widely used.40 Biphasic contrast agents include several non-absorbable iso-osmolar solutions [poly-ethylene glycol or mannitol solutions], which produce a negative effect on T1-weighted and a positive effect on T2-weighted images (“water-like” effect), providing satisfactory dilation of the small bowel without side effects, excluding mild laxation. Negative contrast agents, made of a superparamagnetic non-absorbable solution of iron oxide particles, markedly reduce the signal of the intestinal lumen, both on T1 and T2 weighted images (“black lumen” effect).41,–44
Pelvic MRI using high resolution T2-weighted images and contrast-enhanced T1-weighted images is the imaging modality of choice for the evaluation of perianal disease, fistula, and adjacent abscesses; it is superior to anal endosonography, CT or surgical evaluation for showing disease extent.45,46
Nuclear medicine techniques
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2E
NM procedures especially WBC scintigraphy are an alternative to cross-sectional imaging for evaluation of disease activity and extension in specific situations [EL 2].
Radiation exposure is the major limitation of NM procedures [EL 2].
PET/CT with FDG is poorly specific for inflammation and for assessing disease activity [EL 3].
Scintigraphy with radiolabeled leukocytes (WBC) is useful in the diagnosis of IBD, and in particular to evaluate disease extension and activity.49,–58 A normal scan makes the presence of active IBD very unlikely.49,–58 WBC scintigraphy explores the whole intestine in a single image and with relatively low radiation exposure (2–4 mSv/exam)59 so may be particularly suited to the investigation of children.53,60
WBC scintigraphy has demonstrable utility in the follow-up and for evaluating response to treatment, particularly in patients with UC.50,52 After surgery, it can be used to differentiate between disease relapse and fibrotic tissue.61,62
In some countries WBC scintigraphy is substituted with the anti-granulocyte monoclonal antibody scintigraphy. However, the latter showed lower sensitivity and specificity than labeled leucocyte scintigraphy for evaluation of IBD.49
Barium contrast radiology
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2F
Small bowel follow-through and enteroclysis have high accuracy for mucosal abnormality and are widely available. They are less able to detect extramural complications and are contraindicated in high grade obstruction and perforation. Radiation exposure is a major limitation [EL 2].
Barium contrast examinations are long established for small bowel evaluation and are in widespread use66 using either SBFT or SBE techniques. SBFT may be augmented by pneumocolon to produce double contrast imaging.67 SBE is inherently more invasive with tube placement resulting in a higher radiation exposure compared with SBFT.68 Although the radiation exposure for barium studies is lower than for CT, it is nevertheless a significant exposure for adults69 and children70 particularly where repeated examinations are performed. Moreover, excessive fluoroscopy time and number of abdominal radiographs can result in actual doses that are equivalent to CT.70 Both techniques have acceptable accuracy in the depiction of strictures and ulceration related to CD compared with other techniques71,–73 and to date have acted as a benchmark for comparison with other modalities.47 Direct comparison indicates superiority of SBFT over SBE for detection of mucosal detail and fistula.74 Extramural complications including internal fistulas may be identified75 but other extramural complications such as abscess are not reliably demonstrated compared with other modalities.76 Wide availability and low cost are advantages but barium is contraindicated in high-grade obstruction and bowel perforation, which limits the role of this modality in patients with acute presentation. While other imaging modalities have advantages, SBFT remains an acceptable method of small bowel assessment where access to other techniques is limited.
Plain film radiology
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2G
Plain films have a role in the assessment of specific emergency cases [EL 3].
Plain abdominal radiographs have been routinely used in the assessment of patients with IBD for many years. However the status of plain film radiography in the triage of patients with the acute abdomen is diminishing in favor of US and CT77 particularly with the development of low dose CT techniques.78,79 Data on the accuracy of plain films is limited to small series. Furthermore conclusions are conflicting both in terms of accuracy for assessment of the distribution and severity of colitis (by assessment of the extent of fecal residue, dilatation and wall thickening)80,–82 and for locating and defining the etiology of small bowel obstruction (by detection of small bowel dilatation).83,–85 Plain abdominal and chest radiographs may detect perforation but cannot determine the cause and have a lower sensitivity than CT for abscess and intra-abdominal free gas.86,–88
Plain films have no role in the routine assessment of non-emergency clinical presentations due to their failure to adequately assess the distribution or activity of disease. Where out of hours access to other imaging modalities services is limited, plain films can help direct clinical decision-making in the acute setting. However where findings are equivocal, other more accurate imaging modalities should be used, in particular where radiographs fail to demonstrate abnormalities in a patient with high clinical suspicion of an acute abdominal complication related to known IBD.
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2H
High radiation exposure and earlier age of exposure both increase the risk of radiation-induced cancer [EL 2].
Independent predictors of increased radiation exposure in IBD patients are: diagnosis of CD, need of steroids, IBD related surgery, increasing severity, upper gastrointestinal tract involvement, the first year following diagnosis and young age of disease onset [EL 2].
Repeated CT examinations, particularly in children and young patients, may expose those individuals to an increased life-time radiation-induced cancer risk.89,90 The chronically progressive nature of IBD which results in intestinal damage, hospitalizations, surgery and the screening for infections or disease complications determines higher levels of annual and total diagnostic radiation exposure particularly due to use of CT in patients with CD and UC.91 Patients with CD have a higher cumulative radiation exposure than patients with UC.92 According to a recent meta-analysis the pooled prevalence of IBD patients receiving potentially harmful levels of radiation (defined as ≥ 50 mili-Sieverts, mSv), was 8.8% (11.1% and 2% for CD and UC, respectively). IBD-related surgery and corticosteroid use were significant risk factors with pooled adjusted odds ratios of 5.4 (95% CI 2.6–11.2) and 2.4 (95% CI 1.7–3.4) respectively.93 Other factors noted to be associated with a high cumulative effective dose were age < 17 years at diagnosis, the first year after diagnosis, upper gastrointestinal tract disease, penetrating disease, use of infliximab and multiple surgeries.17,94
In clinical practice the appropriateness of CT use should be scrutinized, particularly in young patients and when alternative modalities with acceptable accuracy are available.90
Low-dose CT examinations (< 2 mSv) are now possible due to the development of new techniques based on adaptive statistical iterative reconstruction method. Iterative methods allow significant radiation dose reduction without sacrificing image quality as compared with filtered back projection alone.15,29,95
Availability of techniques
ECCO–ESGAR statement 2I
CT, US and SBFT are generally more available and less expensive than MRI and scintigraphy [EL 4].
Availability of equipments and expertise of interpreting personnel are generally greater for CT, US and SBFT in comparison with MRI and WBC scintigraphy. The major limitation of WBC scintigraphy is the limited availability.
Upper GI tract & small bowel
Techniques for examination of upper GI and small bowel
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3A
SBE, SBFT, US, CT, MRI and WBC scintigraphy are able to detect signs of Crohn's disease [EL 1].
US, CT, and MRI have a high and comparable diagnostic accuracy at the initial presentation of terminal ileal CD [EL 1].
SBE and SBFT have an acceptable accuracy for mucosal disease but are less accurate for mural disease and extramural complications [EL 3].
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3B
US, CT, MRI and WBC scintigraphy can be used to assess disease activity in Crohn's disease of the terminal ileum [EL 1].
MRI, CT and WBC scintigraphy are able to explore the entire length of the small bowel whereas US has a more limited coverage [EL 4].
Small bowel enteroclysis (SBE) and small bowel follow-through (SBFT)
Historically, SBE and SBFT examinations have been the standard radiologic approaches used to assess patients with suspected or established CD. Radiologic findings include irregular thickening and alteration of the circular folds, narrowing of the bowel lumen with presence of ulcerations, loop adhesions or separation because of wall thickening and mesenteric inflammatory infiltration.96
SBE has been shown to be highly accurate, with 95% sensitivity and 96.5% specificity in diagnosing small bowel disease using MR enteroclysis as reference standard.97 In severe cases of CD with clinical suspicion of septic complications such as abdominal mass or fever, the accuracy of SBE for detecting internal fistulas and intra-abdominal abscesses, was 80.3% against a reference standard of intraoperative findings.75
Some investigators have compared SBFT with SBE studies and reported comparable results.98 In a prospective study, it was concluded that SBFT is safer, preferred by patients, and is less likely to miss gastroduodenal disease compared to SBE. A normal SBFT obviated the need to perform SBE.74 However, other researches have suggested that SBE is more accurate than SBFT at detecting early mucosal lesions.99,–100 Both methods provide only limited and indirect information in regard to the state of the bowel wall and extraluminal extension of CD. Although barium imaging manages to accurately detect the location and extension of CD, it is not as accurate as other radiologic imaging modalities in providing information on extraluminal manifestations.76,101
US diagnosis of CD relies on several features, but primarily on the detection of increased bowel wall thickness, which is considered the most common and constant US finding in CD.102 The importance of this sign for the accuracy of US diagnosis of CD has been evaluated in several studies and sensitivities of 75–94% with specificities of 67–100% have been reported.103,–105 In a meta-analysis of seven prospective and appropriately designed studies (five case control and two cohort studies), it was shown that when > 3 mm cut-off level was applied for abnormality in wall thickness, the sensitivity and specificity of US in the diagnosis of CD were 88 and 93%, while when a cut-off level of > 4 mm was used, sensitivity was 75% and specificity 97%.106 In a recent systematic review,36 the overall per-patient sensitivity of US for the diagnosis of CD was 85% (95% CI 83–87%). Overall per patient specificity derived from studies reporting this metric was 98% (95% CI 95–99%).
The use of intraluminal orally administered contrast agents, such as iso-osmolar polyethylene glycol solution at a dose ranging from 500 to 800 ml, has also been proposed to better define CD. While the use of intraluminal contrast appears to reduce intraobserver variability and increase sensitivity in defining disease extension, location and intestinal complications in patients with established CD, its value in the early diagnosis of CD has not been proven.107,108
The accuracy of CT (either CT enteroclysis or CT enterography) for diagnosing CD in patients with a suspected diagnosis has been investigated in several prospective studies. A good correlation has been shown between CT and histopathology results in regard to inflammatory changes (Spearman's r = 0.7, P < 0.0001), but no details were provided for signs of fibrostenosis.109 CT variables associated with inflammation were mucosal enhancement, wall thickness, comb sign, and presence of enlarged lymph nodes (P values 0.04, 0.04, < 0.0001, and 0.016, respectively). Solem et al. reported the results of a prospective, blinded randomized controlled trial that compared the utility of four primary small-bowel imaging modalities: CT, ileocolonoscopy, capsule endoscopy (SBCE) and SBFT as diagnostic tools for CD. The researchers aimed to administer all four tests to 41 patients with known or suspected small-bowel CD over a 4-day period.73 Of the 41 patients enrolled, only 26 underwent all four tests. Sensitivity was not significantly different between the techniques (83% for SBCE, 67% for CT and ileocolonoscopy, and 50% for SBFT). Specificity was significantly lower in SBCE (53%) than in all other tests (100%, P < 0.05 for all). The authors concluded that a combination of at least two diagnostic techniques (preferably ileocolonoscopy plus CT) should be implemented as first-line diagnostic assessment of small-bowel CD. In addition small bowel radiological imaging, preferably using CT or MRI, is needed prior to SBCE because of the high frequency of asymptomatic stenosis in suspected or known CD patients, risking capsule retention, and because these techniques can also detect extraluminal complications.73,110,111
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI allows for an accurate assessment of the small bowel without radiation exposure, making this imaging tool ideally suited to the CD population given their age and need for repeated imaging.
MRI changes associated with the presence of inflammation include wall thickening, wall hyper-enhancement after injection of MRI contrast medium, presence of wall edema, and presence of ulcers, as well as extramural changes such as presence of comb sign, fat stranding and enlarged lymph nodes.112 A systematic review reported per-patient sensitivity and specificity of MRI for the diagnosis of CD as 78% (95% CI 67–84%) and 85% (95% CI 76–90%) respectively.36
The use of radiolabeled WBC scintigraphy provides information about the presence of an inflammatory process in the small and large bowel as well as its extent.58 Leucocytes are labeled in vitro using 99mTc-HMPAO or 111In-oxine, and the technique entails a low radiation exposure. 99mTc-HMPAO is the first option due to the highest availability and lower radiation burden.113 The accumulation of labeled leukocytes identifies the presence of active disease within the bowel or other complications such as fistulae or abscess.56,57,114
FDG-PET/CT might be used for early therapy follow-up particularly in non-complicated IBD eligible for biological treatment. Nevertheless, while preliminary literature data suggest that PET/CT with FDG has a clinical value in adults and pediatric patients, there is at present not enough evidence to support its use in clinical practice.49,63,64,115
Comparison of SBE, SBFT, US, CT, MRI and scintigraphy
In a recent study, SBFT, CT and MRI were compared and appeared to be equally accurate in the identification of active inflammation in the small intestine. Although the sensitivity values of CT (89%) and MRI (83%) were slightly higher than those of SBFT (67%–72%) with regard to active terminal ileitis, these differences were not significant.76
A meta-analysis comparing the accuracies of US, MRI, scintigraphy, CT, and PET for diagnosis in patients with suspected or known IBD, mainly CD,47 showed that mean sensitivity estimates for the diagnosis of IBD on a per-patient basis were high and not significantly different among the imaging modalities (90%, 93%, 88%, and 84% for US, MRI, WBC scintigraphy, and CT, respectively). Mean per-patient specificity estimates were 96% for US, 93% for MRI, 85% for leucocyte scintigraphy, and 95% for CT; the only significant difference in values was that between scintigraphy and US (P = 0.009). Mean per-bowel-segment sensitivity estimates were lower: 74% for US, 70% for MRI, 77% for WBC scintigraphy, and 67% for CT. Mean per-bowel-segment specificity estimates were 93% for US, 94% for MRI, 90% for WBC scintigraphy, and 90% for CT. CT proved to be significantly less sensitive and specific compared with WBC scintigraphy (P = 0.006) and MRI (P = 0.037). There were no studies selected in which the accuracy of PET for the diagnosis of IBD was assessed. The authors concluded that no significant differences in diagnostic accuracy among US, CT, MRI and WBC scintigraphy were observed.
Assessment of stenotic lesions
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3C
US, CT and MRI and SBE / SBFT have a high sensitivity and specificity for the diagnosis of stenosis affecting the small bowel [EL 2].
Diagnostic accuracy of MRI and CT for stenosis is based on the use of luminal contrast. In partially obstructing stenosis, enteroclysis may provide higher sensitivity than enterography [EL 2].
Cross-sectional imaging using CT, US, MRI [EL 2] and WBC scintigraphy [EL 3] may assist in differentiating between predominantly inflammatory or fibrotic strictures [EL 5].
The definition of a stenosis may be relatively simple for an endoscopist who can record the inability or difficulty to advance the endoscope through a narrowing of the bowel lumen. Unfortunately, such an assessment is not the same for imaging and the definition of stenosis has varied in different studies. Stenosis is usually defined as a thickening of the bowel wall with a narrowing of the small bowel lumen, and some definitions include also the presence of the dilation above of the narrowing.2,116 Others rank bowel stenosis as high grade (80%–100% narrowing of normal lumen), intermediate (60%–80%), low grade (50%–60%) and absent (0–50%).117
SBFT and SBE show a low albeit significant correlation with surgical findings in identifying the number, localization, and extension of stenosis. These examinations may identify small bowel obstruction, but cannot depict the cause, indicating additional diagnostic work up often based on MRI or CT.2 In addition they have a considerably lower sensitivity for the detection of small bowel and extraluminal complications compared to CT or MRI.73,109,116,118
In experienced hands, bowel US is an accurate technique for detection of small bowel stenosis, especially high grade stenosis that may be candidates for surgery.116 Based on the pooled data of three studies using surgery as reference standard, the sensitivity of US was 79% and specificity was 92%.36
Use of oral contrast agents can improve the accuracy of US in detecting the presence and number of small-bowel stenoses (sensitivity increased from 74% to 89% in one study),116 but it is generally not necessary in patients with symptomatic obstruction.
In two studies comparing CT with ileocolonoscopy and capsule endoscopy, the sensitivity of CT for the detection of stenoses was 92% and specificity 100%.73,111 Two additional studies using endoscopy and surgery as a reference standard119,120 reported a sensitivity of 85% and 90%, respectively and both a specificity of 100%.
Direct comparison of CT and MRI for diagnosis of stenosis in a study with 44 patients showed also a similar sensitivity (85% vs. 92%) and specificity (100% vs. 90%).119 Pooled results of seven studies with adequate reference standard (endoscopy and/or surgery), showed that the sensitivity of MRI for diagnosis of stenosis was 89% and specificity 94%.36 Better distension was achieved with MR enteroclysis than with MR enterography resulting in a higher sensitivity (100 versus 86%, respectively) and specificity (100% versus 93%) for detecting stenosis, though the difference was not significant.39
Over and above diagnosing the presence of a stenosis, determining the relative inflammatory and fibrous component of a stenosis may be helpful for guiding therapy.
The perfusion of the intestinal wall involved in CD can effectively be studied with CEUS Dynamic evaluation of the bowel wall enhancement using CEUS can be performed with high temporal resolution and has been reported to correlate with the inflammatory activity in the intestinal wall in some studies,122 although not in others.123
In a study evaluating CT classification of lesion type using histopathology of surgical specimens as reference standard,109 it was shown that wall thickness, parietal enhancement, comb's sign and the presence of enlarged lymph nodes were correlated with the presence of inflammatory lesions, and it was only the presence of a stenosis that was associated with fibrotic changes in the intestinal wall. The study did not provide any means to differentiate between inflammatory and fibrous components of a stenotic lesion. Another study that compared CT findings with histology stated that small bowel stenoses, without CT findings of inflammation do not predict the presence of fibrosis. Therefore, CT criteria cannot be used to predict the presence of fibrous component in a stenotic lesion.124
A recent study evaluated the value of MRI findings in small bowel CD in correlation with 52 surgical pathology specimens.118 The MRI signs significantly associated with the presence of fibrosis were wall thickness, T2 hyperintensity, comb sign and fistula. However, these findings were not reproduced in another study, in which no correlation was found between wall thickness and T2 hyper intensity with fibrosis, although in that study a layered enhancement pattern was common in fibrostenotic segments.125 Overall, in contrast with well-established MRI criteria for determining presence and severity of inflammation no validated criteria have been established to reliably determine the fibrotic component of stenotic small bowel lesions based on MRI.
Assessment of penetrating lesions
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3D
US, CT, and MRI have a high accuracy for the assessment of penetrating complications (i.e., fistula, abscess) [EL 1] and for monitoring disease progression [EL 4].
For deep-seated fistulas MRI and CT are preferable to US [EL 4].
US and CT are widely available and facilitate early abscess drainage [EL 4].
WBC scintigraphy may provide useful information when cross sectional imaging is inconclusive for detecting abscesses [EL 3].
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3E
MRI demonstrates high agreement with conventional radiology (i.e. SBE and SBFT) and CT for the diagnosis of superficial and transmural abnormalities. MRI is superior to conventional radiology for assessing the extramural manifestations, and has the advantage over CT of avoiding radiation exposure [EL 2].
At the time of diagnosis 15.5% of patients with CD have penetrating lesions (fistulas, phlegmons or abscesses).126 In a systematic review, pooled results of four US studies for the diagnosis of fistulizing lesions, using surgery (in three studies) and barium studies, surgery, or/and colonoscopy (in one study) as reference standard, showed a sensitivity of 74% and specificity of 95%.36 The largest study, using surgery as reference standard, included 128 patients with 119 internal fistulas. US showed a sensitivity of 71% and specificity of 96%.75 In this study, US and SBE had the same accuracy for the detection of internal fistulas (85%). Using the combination of US and SBE, and also considering the presence of fistulae when revealed by at least one method, the sensitivity in diagnosing this complication rose to 90%. The addition of oral contrast agents, does not improve the accuracy of US for the detection of internal fistulas.108 US may be used for detection of extramural complications of CD, although if CT or MRI is available, they are preferable for the detection of intra-abdominal fistulas.2
The sensitivity of CT for the diagnosis of fistulas has been reported in a systematic review. This showed that, based on the pooled results of five studies with surgery and endoscopy as reference standard, the sensitivity was 70% and specificity 97%.36 Two studies although not meeting the selection criteria of this systematic review, used surgical findings as the reference standard and reported higher accuracies for diagnosis of fistulas. In one of these studies including 44 patients, the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT for the detection of small bowel fistula were 77.8%, 86.8%, and 85.1%, respectively.109 The other study included 36 patients, the presence or absence of a fistula was correctly determined by CT in 94%.127
The key role of cross-sectional imaging for assessment of penetrating complications of CD is demonstrated in a retrospective study including 56 patients, showing that in half of the patients with penetrating complications of CD, there was no suspicion of a fistula or abscess at pre-CT clinical assessments, with 79% of these patients subsequently receiving new medical therapy or undergoing surgical or percutaneous intervention based on the detection of penetrating CD on CT.128
MRI is highly accurate for the detection of abscesses, fistulae and inflammatory infiltrates in CD.129,130 Pooled results of four studies with adequate reference standard (endoscopy and/or surgery) showed a sensitivity of MRI for the diagnosis of fistulas of 76% and specificity of 96%.36 Other studies on MRI for diagnosing intra-abdominal fistulas have been published,76,118,131,–133 but only one used surgical findings as the reference standard.118 Detection of small-bowel fistula by MRI had a sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of 88%, 93%, and 91%, respectively, but the authors did not differentiate between abscess and fistula.118 MRI actually appears to be the most efficient tool to detect intra-abdominal fistulas, and CT and MRI are the recommended techniques for detection of extramural complications of CD.2
A WBC scintigraphy has no indication for the diagnosis and characterization of fistulae.
Pooled results in a systematic review of three US studies for the diagnosis of abscesses using surgery as a reference standard reported a sensitivity of 84% and a specificity of 93%, although US accuracy has been reported to be highly related to disease location in CD.36 In clinical practice, if an intra-abdominal abscess or deep-seated fistula is suspected, US should be used only if CT or MRI is not available or in children in whom other methods are less feasible.
CT and US showed an overall high and comparable accuracy in the detection of intra-abdominal abscesses, although CT showed a slightly greater positive predictive value than US. CT has been reported to determine the exact location and extent of an abscess with great reliability. Only two studies had surgery as reference standard for detection of extra-enteric lesions on CT,75,109. One study showed that for the detection of intra-abdominal abscesses the sensitivity, specificity, and accuracy of CT compared with surgical findings were 85.7%, 87.5%, and 87.2%, respectively.75 In another prospective study, intra-abdominal abscesses were found intra-operatively in 22 patients and sensitivity of CT for the diagnosis of abscesses was 85% and specificity 95%.109 Because of its accuracy, ability to detect penetrating complications of CD, and high availability, CT is in clinical practice the most useful imaging modality to detect intra-abdominal abscesses in CD.
Only three studies used surgery as the reference standard to assess the accuracy of MRI in detection of an abscess.76,118,132 Sensitivity ranged from 86% to 100% and specificity from 93% to 100%. These studies were limited because two included fewer than five patients with intra-abdominal abscess76,131 and the third did not differentiate abscess from fistula.134 Pooling the results of these three studies showed a sensitivity of MRI for the detection of abscesses of 86% and a specificity of 93%.36 The access to MRI remains limited in some countries and image acquisition and analysis still takes longer than for CT (although recent developments have decreased the image acquisition time to 15–30 min). These reasons may limit the use of MRI as a first line examination to detect intra-abdominal abscess in CD.
Labeled leukocyte scintigraphy can help in the localization of abscesses when the other methods have been inconclusive.
Upper GI lesions
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3F
Contrast studies or cross sectional imaging can be used to detect upper GI strictures [EL 4].
The prevalence of CD involving the upper gastrointestinal (GI) tract is low compared with ileal and colonic disease. Approximately 10%–15% of patients have associated upper GI lesions.135 Esophageal CD has been shown to affect the distal third of the esophagus alone in 80%, the middle and lower third in 15%, and the entire esophagus in 5%.
Data on imaging in esophageal CD is sparse and sizeable series are lacking, with essentially absent data for the stomach. Cross sectional imaging may reveal ulcers or strictures in oesophageal CD but superficial lesions are difficult to detect, underscoring the importance of endoscopy in the diagnosis of oesophageal CD. Endoscopy with tissue biopsy is useful to exclude other common esophageal disorders. The most commonly described findings on endoscopy include aphthous ulcers, superficial erosions, and late stage development of stricture and cobblestoning of the mucosa.136
One study discussed inflammatory conditions of the esophagus137 where diagnosis was made with endoscopy, barium studies, CT scan and a biopsy. Recently, the presence of an esophagobronchial fistula formation in a patient with CD was described in a case report.138 The authors indicated barium swallow as the initial test of choice to identify esophagobronchial fistulae.
Global bowel damage
New tools, such as the Lémann score, have been proposed and are in the process of validation. This score measures damage resulting from inflammatory, stenosing or penetrating lesions, as well as that resulting from permanent loss of intestine after surgery4 The score would allow measuring the cumulative bowel damage at a specific time in a patient's history, measuring the progression of bowel damage over time in cohorts of patients and in clinical trials. It would facilitate identification of patients with CD at high (or low) risk of rapid damage progression, and compare the effects of treatment strategies on the progression of bowel damage.
Monitoring therapeutic responses
ECCO–ESGAR statement 3G
Cross sectional imaging, in particular MRI, can be used for monitoring therapeutic response. However, there is a delayed timeline as compared to clinical or endoscopic changes [EL 3].
Mucosal healing has been associated with sustained clinical remission, and reduced rates of hospitalization and surgery. CD is a transmural process, so full-thickness small bowel healing or remodeling could be important end points. However, only few studies have explored how radiologic parameters of active inflammation change over time during medical therapy.
A prospective study was carried out on 15 patients with CD, using small intestine contrast ultrasound (SICUS) to assess changes caused by anti-inflammatory treatment and its relationship with the clinical and biological response.139 The parameters were measured before and after 6-month anti-inflammatory treatment. In 13 patients the slope of the enhancement curve and the area under the enhancement curve were significantly lower after anti-inflammatory treatment (P < 0.05) with a significant correlation with the Crohn's disease activity index (CDAI) score (= 0.85, P < 0.05). However, changes in US findings were not compared with another objective measure of lesion severity, namely endoscopy.
Another prospective study was carried out on 24 consecutive patients with CD, using US to assess changes induced by anti-TNF therapy and its relationship with the clinical and biological response.140 The parameters were measured one week prior to the induction treatment and two weeks after. The anti-TNF therapy caused a significant reduction in the thickness of the bowel wall (P = 0.005) and Doppler flow (P = 0.02), leading to the disappearance of US changes in 50% of the patients. However, sonographic normality was only achieved in five out of 17 (29%) patients with a clinical and biological response, and could not differentiate between those with and without clinical and biological response (P = 0.27). This study also lacked an established gold standard for assessment of mucosal healing. Although the overall data seems promising, US is not ready to be used in clinical practice for assessment of therapeutic responses.
A recent retrospective study of 63 patients with CD who underwent CT before and at variable time lengths after initiation of infliximab showed that resolution of lesions can be centripetal (from the ends inward) and that up to 25% of patients who respond to treatment have complete normalization of what was abnormal small bowel.141 Poor to fair correlation was found between CT features of response and improved clinical symptoms (kappa 0.26), improved endoscopic appearance (kappa 0.07), and reduction of CRP (kappa 0.30). When comparing responders (complete and partial) with nonresponders, only the presence of “comb sign” on the index CT was predictive of radiologic response (P = 0.024).
Magnetic resonance imaging
Various studies have shown responsiveness of MRI lesions or indexes to therapeutic interventions. A study in 18 patients prospectively assessed the effect of 6 month adalimumab treatment with moderate-severe stricturing ileal CD.142 Before and 6 months after the beginning of adalimumab treatment, patients underwent ileocolonoscopy and MRE. MRE activity index was of 7.11 ± 1.18 and 5.1 ± 2.22, respectively. Improvement in inflammatory parameters was observed both in relation to the MRE activity index (P = 0.003) and the SES-CD score (P = 0.0005), compared with 6 months before. Authors conclude that MRE activity index could be helpful for assessment of healing of inflammatory lesions.
Positron emission tomography
CD strictures usually represent a continuum of active inflammation, muscular hypertrophy, and fibrosis: all are present, in varying degrees, in any particular stricture.109 Most strictures (defined as luminal narrowing with prestenotic dilation) will have some imaging findings of inflammation, but these imaging findings do not correlate with reversibility of the stricture. Combined PET–CT enterography may overcome this weakness because poor uptake of the PET tracer FDG may predict failure of medical therapy.143 Although a study of inflammatory and fibrotic strictures demonstrated a range of FDG uptake, patients with predominant fibrosis had lower FDG uptake.144
Colon and rectum, CD and UC excluding cancer
Most studies employing US, MRI and/or CT for assessment of IBD activity included CD patients with small bowel rather than colonic disease. Moreover, not all studies describe disease location, activity and severity. Different designs, samples (often small) and technical aspects confound observed differences between techniques. In the present section, only studies comparing imaging findings to a reliable reference standard (endoscopy and/or surgery) in patients with both suspected and established IBD are considered.
Diagnosis of colonic inflammation
ECCO–ESGAR statement 4A
MRI, CT and US imaging are an adjunct to endoscopy for diagnosis of colonic IBD. MRI and CT have higher sensitivity for examining locations difficult to access by US [EL 2].
ECCO–ESGAR statement 4B
The performance of imaging depends on the type of colitis and severity [EL 1].
Transabdominal US and MRI have a high accuracy for assessing the activity and severity of Crohn' s colitis [EL:1b, RG:A]; the performance in UC is less clear and the role of CT for distinguishing quiescent from active colonic IBD is currently not defined.
White blood cell scintigraphy can detect colon inflammation and can be used as an additional technique [EL 2].
The accuracy of cross-sectional imaging techniques for the assessment of disease activity and severity is high, and sufficient to guide clinical decisions in the majority of clinical circumstances. Direct and indirect comparisons of the relative accuracy of US, CT and MRI for diagnosis of disease activity and severity both in UC and in CD show that the techniques provide similar sensitivities and specificities overall. 47,146,–156 However, accuracy of each technique may vary depending on the location of the colonic segments being analyzed.152,–155
The role of US to assess activity has been most extensively investigated for small bowel CD. When considering colonic CD, US is most accurate in the sigmoid/descending colon, followed by the caecum/ascending, and transverse colon, while accuracy for rectal disease is poor.151,158
A systematic review of 6 studies investigating US for assessment of ileo-colonic CD found sensitivities ranging from 63% to 100% and specificities from 77% to 100%.106 A study using a heterogeneous case mix (48 CD, 23 UC, 3 unclassified colitis, 44 controls),156 reported high sensitivity, specificity and accuracy for high resolution sonography when assessing CD activity (per-patient basis: 94%, 67% and 93%; per-segment basis: 80%, 67% and 80%, respectively). It has been suggested that contrast-enhanced Doppler US may assess CD inflammatory activity within colonic strictures impassable by endoscopy.159,–161 A comparable accuracy was shown by CEUS and Doppler US, although correlation with CDAI was strongest for CEUS than for US.8 Several studies found significant correlations in CD severity between US (using wall thickness) and colonoscopy,8,9,116,132,153,162,–165 barium contrast132,169 CT/MRI, surgery or histology.8,151
Some studies reported good correlations between various clinical and endoscopic activity indices and severity of colonic lesions as assessed by hydrocolonic sonography,68 but these findings have not always been reproduced; other studies found weak or no correlation between CD severity as assessed by US and several clinical and hematochemical parameters of inflammation.116,132,145,151,153,155,164
Because UC involves the mucosa continuously from the rectum, colonoscopy with biopsy is the reference standard for assessment of disease extent, activity, and severity. Nevertheless, in experienced hands, US is an alternative, particularly in patients not requiring biopsy and/or with severe comorbidities. In 4 studies assessing the diagnostic accuracy of US (74 patients), sensitivities ranged from 48% to 100% and specificities from 82% to 90%.166 Current evidence indicates that in UC diagnostic accuracy of US is also related to disease site, as sensitivity is high for sigmoid/descending colonic disease (reaching 97%),151 but low for rectal disease.167 The utility of US for assessing activity has been assessed in a study including 38 IBD patients (12 UC) and 6 controls,155 the mean colonic wall thickness was 3.2 mm in both CD and UC, being higher in moderately (n = 46; P < 0.001) or severely inflamed bowel (n = 20; P < 0.001) compared to normal segments (n = 58). However, these studies frequently depend on specifically experienced sonographers and may not be generalizable.
The diagnostic utility of CT in CD colitis was investigated in 3 studies including 85 patients.119,168,169 Sensitivity and specificity for activity ranged from 60% to 90% and from 90% to 100%, respectively. Lowest sensitivity was achieved when luminal contrast was omitted.119 One study compared CT-colonography and high-resolution video-endoscopy168; the colonic wall thickness on CT correlated with the presence of ulceration (r = 0.69, P < 0.01), active CD (r = 0.81, P = 0.001), pseudopolyps (r = 0.72, P = 0.01) and fistulae (r = 0.77, P = 0.002) at endoscopy. Increased vascularity correlated with mucosal inflammation (r = 0.72, P < 0.01) while no correlation was found between CDAI and any CT finding.168 A role for CT colonography (virtual colonoscopy) has been proposed to assess postoperative recurrence, although the observed false negative rate supports continued use of colonoscopy,170 unless strictures are impassable.
Few studies have investigated CT to assess UC, finding an overall sensitivity of 74% when using CT enterography to detect colonic inflammation.171,172 Although preliminary studies in small samples173,174 report good correlation between disease extent by colonoscopy and PET/CT (κ 55%; P = 0.02), further studies are needed. A study of CT in 21 patients,168 found loss of haustration, a rigid bowel wall, and bowel thickness were moderately correlated with UC severity (r = 0.612). Overall, the limited available data using CT or CT colonography in UC does not demonstrate adequate diagnostic performance175,176 and colonoscopy remains the reference standard. Indications for CT are currently restricted to patients with impassable stenoses or severe comorbidities where colonoscopy is contraindicated.176
Magnetic resonance imaging
MRI may provide useful information in colonic CD, including wall thickening, presence of ulcers, depth of mural penetration, edema, loss of haustration, polyps, and extraluminal findings/complications, although mild disease may not be detected.150 13 studies investigated colitis activity using an appropriate reference standard.133,146,148,–150,152,154,157,169,177,–181 Per-patient analysis133,152,157,178,–180 found high sensitivity and specificity, ranging from 78% to 100% and from 46% to 100%, respectively. On a per-segment analysis,146,148,–150,154,166,169,177,181 sensitivity and specificity ranged from 55 to 87% and from 84% to 98% respectively.166 The sensitivity and specificity of MRI were investigated in 8 studies using colonoscopy as reference standard.146,148,–150,166,179,–181 Overall, good correlation was found between endoscopic severity and MRI findings, which was higher with luminal distension.148,166,181 Significant correlation was observed between MRI and endoscopic activity indices in 5/6 studies (ranging from r = 0.34 to r = 0.85).148,149,153,179,–181 In 3 of these, an MRI activity index significantly correlated with the endoscopic activity index, including both qualitative148 and quantitative indices.149,150 In 4 studies describing a segmental analysis,148,–150,179 768 segments were analyzed, of which 230 were active (29%). High correlation between endoscopic activity and MRI (P < 0.001) was reported.148,149,179 All studies found no or very weak correlation between MRI findings and both clinical and endoscopic indices of inflammation or alterations in biomarkers.117,131,133,150,153,177,179,180 However, a total MRI score (MR-score-T) did correlate with both a simplified endoscopic activity score (r = 0.539, P < 0.001) and with the CDAI (r = 0.367; P < 0.004).148 Overall, MRI may be useful to assess CD colitis after incomplete colonoscopy, in patients not requiring biopsy, or those with severe co-morbidities, and where extraluminal complications are suspected.117,131,133,146,148,–150,177,–181
Findings of initial studies suggesting that MRI may be valuable for assessment of UC,182,183 were later substantiated in larger studies.184,–188 Indeed, various studies reported higher sensitivity for MRI in UC (58.8%–68%) than CD (31.6%–40%).146,189 In a larger study,148 the accuracy of diffusion-weighted (DWI) MRI for colitis was also greater in UC (n = 35) than CD (n = 61) (P < 0.003). A segmental MRI score (MR-score-S) > 1 had a sensitivity and specificity of 89% and 86% when compared with endoscopic assessment of inflammation (AUC 0.920, P < 0.0001). For CD, a MR-score-S > 2 detected inflammation with a sensitivity and specificity of 58% and 84% (AUC = 0.779, P < 0.0001). MRI performs better in moderate-to-severe UC190 than in mild disease.
Scintigraphy with radiolabeled leucocytes is a valid option to cross-sectional imaging to demonstrate disease activity in CD. A normal scan makes very unlikely the presence of active disease with high accuracy.51,56,191
Diagnosis of colonic complications
ECCO–ESGAR statement 4C
US, CT, and MRI are useful for detection of penetrating complications of the colon, although accuracy of these techniques for this type of lesions is less well defined than for assessment of colonic inflammatory changes [EL 2].
This section is devoted to complications mostly related to colonic CD, including fistula, abscesses and stenosis. Only studies reporting results for colonic lesions and with an adequate reference standard (i.e. endoscopy and/or surgery) are considered.
Three studies investigating US for diagnosis of fistulizing complications75,132,192 found sensitivities ranging from 71% to 87%, with specificities ranging from 90% to 100%. Only one study investigating CT for diagnosis of fistulas used an adequate reference standard, finding sensitivity and specificity of 68% and 91% respectively.75 The diagnostic utility of MRI for intraabdominal colonic fistulas was determined in three studies,131,–133 reporting sensitivities between 71% and 100%, and specificities from 92% to 100%. In the only study reporting results separately for colonic and small bowel segments, similar sensitivity, specificity and overall accuracy were found for all segments.131
Various studies have compared the performance of different cross-sectional imaging modalities. The diagnostic accuracy of CT and US for diagnosis of intra-abdominal fistulas complicating CD was similar in a study using a surgical reference standard: sensitivity and specificity were 68% and 91% for CT compared with 87% and 91% respectively for US.75 In another study using a combination of endoscopy, barium studies, CT, and surgery as reference standard, 17 cases with enteroenteric fistulas were identified.132 US and MRI detected 14 (82%) and 12 (70%) fistulas respectively. Specificity and accuracy were 100% and 90% for US versus 92% and 80% for MRI.
The value of US for the detection of abscesses was assessed in three studies using a surgical reference standard,75,131,192 finding sensitivities ranging from 81% to 100%, with specificities of 92% to 94%. One study found that intra-abdominal abscesses were correctly detected in 9/9 patients and excluded in 22/24 patients (sensitivity 100%, specificity 92%).192 The higher accuracy reported in this study may be due, at least partly, to patient selection by excluding cases with lesions in anatomic areas that are difficult to assess by US, in particular the stomach, the deep pelvis, and the rectum.
The value of CT to detect intra-abdominal abscesses in patients with CD colitis was investigated by two studies from the same group75,162 showing sensitivities of 86 to 100% and specificities of 95 to 100%. Two similar studies using MRI131,179 found sensitivities of 75% and 86%, and specificities of 91% and 93%.
A comparison of US and CT75 found that abscesses were correctly detected in similar proportions (US 91%, CT 86%), although overall accuracy was higher for CT (92%) than for US (87%) because of US false-positives. Both methods missed only deep abscesses: five by US in the entire series (three interloop, one mesenteric, and one appendicular) and three by CT (two interloop and one mesenteric). The combination of CT and US did not significantly improve the diagnostic accuracy overall.
Detection of stenosis
ECCO–ESGAR statement 4D
Contrast enema or cross sectional imaging can be used to diagnose and assess colonic strictures and accuracy is improved with colonic distension [EL 2].
Two studies found that US had high diagnostic accuracy for detection of small bowel and colonic stenosis,192,193 with sensitivities of 75% and 100%, and specificities of 93% and 90%. In the single study reporting small bowel and colonic findings separately, US sensitivity was not significantly affected by the site of stenosis.193
None of the four studies investigating the utility of CT for assessment of stenosis, and using an appropriate reference standard, provided data regarding colonic stenoses.73,111,120,152 Based on the high accuracy of CT for detecting small bowel stenosis (sensitivity 85% to 93%, specificity 100%) it is plausible that CT may be useful for similar colonic lesions.
At the time of writing, there is no direct comparison of cross sectional imaging techniques for diagnosis of colonic strictures.
Limitations of selected studies
Studies using a surgical reference standard will have a spectrum bias towards more severe intestinal complications in CD, and likely overestimate diagnostic sensitivity, due to the presence of more severe lesions, and diagnostic specificity due to a higher prevalence of lesions in the operated population.
Comparisons of diagnostic accuracy are also limited by different diagnostic thresholds and criteria across studies; standard definitions for individual complications from a radiologic perspective for each of the available techniques are elusive. Such definitions would facilitate comparisons across studies and overall conclusions. Some recent progress has been made in this regard for US and CT; standard definitions are currently being developed for MRI.
Value for therapeutic monitoring
ECCO–ESGAR statement 4E
MRI is accurate for therapeutic monitoring in colonic Crohn's disease [EL 2]; the accuracy of other modalities is not well defined.
Mucosal healing has emerged as an important treatment goal for patients with inflammatory bowel disease. Various studies have assessed the value of cross sectional imaging techniques for therapeutic monitoring in CD, using US,108,167,195 and CT,196 although the terminal ileum was also assessed in these studies, and results are not reported separately for colonic disease.
The utility of US for assessing activity and drug response has been compared with colonoscopy,108,167,195 with high concordance (weighted κ between 0.76 and 0.90). US may also provide prognostic information; moderate/severe US scores at 3 months were associated with increased endoscopic activity at 15 months (OR 5.2; 95% CI 1.6–17.6 and OR 9.1; 95% CI 2.5–33.5, respectively).167
The value of CT was assessed in a retrospective North American study including 63 patients with CD receiving infliximab.196 Of 105 lesions, 21 (20%) were colonic. Poor to fair correlation was found between CTE features of response and improved clinical symptoms (kappa 0.26), improved endoscopic appearance (kappa 0.07), and reduction of CRP (kappa 0.30). When comparing responders (complete and partial) with nonresponders, only the presence of “comb sign” on the index CTE was predictive of radiologic response (P = 0.024).196 Preliminary results of ongoing studies show that MRI has a high accuracy for monitoring therapeutic responses using endoscopy as a reference standard, in terms of responsiveness and reliability.
Perineum including anus, genital tract
Assessment of perianal disease
ECCO–ESGAR statement 5A
MRI is the most accurate diagnostic imaging test for perianal CD with accuracy surpassing examination under anesthesia, and is recommended during the initial diagnosis unless there is a need for immediate drainage of sepsis [EL 1].
Endosonography (with or without hydrogen peroxide) is superior to clinical examination and is an alternative to MRI [EL 2].
The diagnosis and classification of perianal disease are often reached using a combination of both clinical and imaging findings. Examination under anesthesia (EUA) in the hands of an experienced surgeon has been considered the gold standard in the assessment of perianal CD as it provides opportunity for both full staging and treatment such as drainage of sepsis and placement of non-cutting setons.197 Many comparative studies have been performed evaluating US and MRI in the diagnosis of perianal CD fistulae,198,–209 pouchitis and urogenital complications. Both US (with and without hydrogen peroxide) and MRI are able to identify and classify fistulous tracts with good accuracy. The diagnostic accuracy of MRI ranges from 80 to 100% in most reported studies. The diagnostic accuracy of endoanal US (EUS) is variable and in general ranges from 50 to 100%. In general endoanal probes are utilized, although studies using alternative approaches such as transperineal have reported high sensitivity.210
Schwartz et al.,46 in a prospective blinded study comparing EUA, MRI and EUS demonstrated a diagnostic accuracy of 91%, 87% and 91% respectively with 100% accuracy when any 2 of the tests were combined. A larger prospective clinical trial comparing preoperative digital rectal examination, US and body-coil MRI showed MRI to be superior to US for abscess detection, which in turn was superior to clinical examination (85%, 75% and 33% sensitivity respectively). Good data exists demonstrating that MRI may correctly change surgical management in patients with perianal CD.198,211 Given its non-invasive nature, MRI should precede simple diagnostic EUA unless there is a need for immediate drainage of sepsis. Although endoscopic US has been found to have high diagnostic accuracy,46 its use may be limited by luminal stenoses and transvaginal and transperineal US techniques may be more useful in this instance.212
The perianal disease activity index (PDAI)214 is a clinical scoring system which has been used and validated in clinical studies both at diagnosis and to measure treatment response. CDAI measures intestinal and extraintestinal manifestations of CD and as such is not accurate in assessment of perianal disease specifically.215 The fistula drainage assessment has been used in several clinical trials of medical therapy,216,–219 but is very much investigator dependent and has not been validated in large studies. A single retrospective study has evaluated the PDAI scoring system, where high scores predicted short term surgical outcome, but this has not since been validated.220 MRI classifications of fistula severity have been proposed such as the system published by Van Assche et al.,221 but have limited use so far outside formal clinical trials.
There is no single widely accepted and validated severity clinical scoring system for perianal fistula in CD. Both the PDAI and fistula drainage assessment may be used to measure fistula activity in clinical trials.
ECCO–ESGAR statement 5B
Undetected or untreated fistulae extensions and abscesses are the major cause of treatment failure. Imaging, particularly using MRI, is highly accurate in detecting such complications and for treatment planning [EL 1].
Full and accurate staging of perianal fistulae complicating CD is essential for therapeutic planning and ultimately achieving optimal clinical outcomes. Data suggest that the finding of rectal inflammation and or stenosis has prognostic implications and is relevant in determining the treatment approach. Rectal inflammation often indicates the presence of complex fistulae and associated complications such as abscesses.2 Often endoscopic examination of the rectum and colon is needed to determine the presence of macroscopic inflammation and/or anal stenosis and is useful for planning treatment of perianal CD.
Undiagnosed extensions and abscesses are the major cause of recurrent disease after attempted surgical cure.199 Furthermore, full knowledge of the presence of these complicating abscesses and extensions is required before appropriate deployment of medical therapy, particularly with anti-TNF.222
Good evidence is available to inform use of investigations for staging and detection of complications prior to therapy. Notably two prospective and blinded studies have evaluated the effect of preoperative MRI on clinical outcome after surgical treatment for perianal fistula disease.198,199 Both studies showed that MRI revealed additional and clinically relevant information to the surgeon performing EUA. Recurrence rates after fistula surgery are improved if the findings of preoperative MRI are used to inform the surgical approach. US also has high reported accuracy for detecting complications of perianal CD46,223,–225 and may also be useful in treatment planning, particularly in non-recurrent disease. Use of US may be restricted due to patient discomfort, and the field of view is less than external coil MRI. Comparative prospective data using a robust outcome based reference standard suggests that MRI is superior to US for detecting complicating abscesses226 and in general use is preferred in CD, especially in recurrent or suspected complex disease.
Assessment of therapeutic responses in perianal disease
ECCO–ESGAR statement 5C
MRI and endosonography are both superior to simple clinical evaluation at assessing treatment response, particularly for detecting residual abscesses, and either should be considered prior to significant changes in, or cessation of, surgical or medical therapy [EL 2].
The definition for fistula healing in the literature is varied, and there is no consensus on when a first or definitive evaluation of fistula healing should be performed.215 The PDAI214 has been validated in patients undergoing treatment with antibiotics and azathioprine and has been used as a secondary end point for infliximab trial for the closure of perianal fistulae.214 Subsequent trials on biologics and immunomodulators have used physical examination using gentle finger compression to assess whether drainage occurred to define a primary end point of > 50% reduction in the number of draining fistulae on two or more consecutive study visits.218,222,227 There are no studies to compare the reproducibility of this method to that of the PDAI.
MRI is increasingly used to assess fistula healing, particularly during medical therapies.221,228,229 Various MRI classifications have been proposed, including the Van Assche score221 which considers the number of fistulae, localization, extensions, T2 hyperintensity, abscesses and rectal involvement. Changes in contrast enhancement have also been proposed as a means to monitor fistula activity.208
There is no consensus on when the first or definitive evaluation of fistula healing should be performed. It has been shown that fistulae may reopen after cessation of therapy and studies using MRI findings as a more stringent endpoint of deep fistula healing suggest that MRI221,222,229 and endoanal US224,230 may be useful for identification of fistulae that show external closure but retain an internal fistula tract. This suggests that imaging assessment of deep healing is superior to simple clinical evaluation, although long-term comparative studies are lacking. Direct comparisons between MRI and endoanal ultrasound are also lacking although use of MRI is more clinically widespread.
ECCO–ESGAR statement 5D
In urogenital CD, clinical examination, EUA, MRI, CT and ultrasound may all be used. Contrast studies have a diminishing role [EL 4].
Many imaging modalities including MRI, fluoroscopy, CT and US may be employed for diagnosis of urogenital complications such as entero-vaginal and entero-vesical fistulae. There remains a lack of controlled data in this field with little evidence to recommend one technique over another. Small series report successful use of MRI in detecting pouch related complications such as fistula and leaks.213
US and MRI are superior to clinical examination in classifying fistulae and their findings should inform final classification. Clinical examination should be supplemented with imaging and/or EUA for full and accurate fistula classification.
ECCO–ESGAR statement 5E
The role of imaging in anorectal stricturing or carcinomatous transformation is limited to staging of confirmed disease and assessing the severity of known stricture [EL 4].
Confirmation of CD related anorectal malignancy should be made using established clinical, endoscopic and histopathological criteria [EL 4].
Long term complications of perianal CD include the development of luminal stenosis and anal carcinoma. The limited available evidence suggests that imaging is insensitive for diagnosis of carcinoma,231,–233 and use is limited to staging of confirmed disease. Confirmation of carcinomatous transformation in the context of chronic CD related fistulation should be made using established clinical and histopathological criteria. Both MRI and US have been used in the context of staging anal cancer although the larger anatomical coverage afforded by MRI suggests that it should be used as first line.234 Clinical evaluation and conventional endoscopic techniques remain first line for detection luminal stenosis.
Liver and biliary tract
Non-invasive radiological techniques
ECCO–ESGAR statement 6A
Ultrasound is the first-line non-invasive imaging procedure in the work up of elevated liver enzymes and to differentiate intra- from extra-hepatic cholestasis [EL 1].
Magnetic resonance cholangiopancreatography (MRCP) should be considered in patients with unexplained cholestasis if ultrasound and laboratory results are non-diagnostic [EL 1].
Endoscopic ultrasound (EUS) is an alternative to MRCP for evaluation of distal biliary tract obstruction [EL 2].
Elevated liver or cholestatic enzymes in IBD should be further investigated.235 If drug induced liver toxicity is unlikely, primary sclerosing cholangitis (PSC) should be considered. Other hepatobiliary diseases more frequently observed in IBD than in normal controls including non-alcoholic fatty liver, non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, gallstone disease, reactivation of hepatitis B, primary biliary cirrhosis and liver cirrhosis should also be considered.
US is usually the initial diagnostic step to exclude intra- and extrahepatic cholestasis or lesions within the liver as US is sensitive and specific, relatively inexpensive and non-invasive.236,–238 CT is associated with radiation exposure, is highly specific and has moderate sensitivity for the detection of bile duct narrowing and choledocholithiasis.239 ERCP has been considered to be the gold standard for imaging of the biliary tract. However, because of potential complications it should be restricted to selected cases. MRCP has been shown to be a safe alternative to ERCP in many cases and has similar sensitivity and specificity in detecting bile duct abnormalities.240,241
EUS is equivalent to MRCP in detecting common bile duct abnormalities.242,–244 In endoscopic units with good experience with this method, EUS may therefore be used instead of MRCP for detection of bile duct stones and other lesions that cause extrahepatic obstruction. Therefore, when the requirement of intervention is unclear, MRCP or EUS should be performed first, in order to avoid ERCP.245,246
Endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography
ECCO–ESGAR statement 6B
Diagnostic endoscopic retrograde cholangiopancreatography (ERCP) should be reserved for highly selected cases in patients with normal high quality MRCP, but high suspicion for PSC, when cytology is required or in patients with contraindications for MRI due to high complication rate [EL 2].
ERCP should also be reserved for patients where a therapeutic procedure is anticipated such as stenting or balloon dilatation [EL 2].
For many years ERCP has been considered to be the gold standard to detect PSC. In recent years many studies have confirmed that MRCP has similar diagnostic value as ERCP in detecting PSC.241,247,–249 Sensitivity for detection of small duct PSC may be slightly higher in ERCP even though MRCP is almost as accurate as ERCP.241,248 Recent meta-analysis shows that MRCP has excellent accuracy (area under the curve of 0.91) in the diagnosis of PSC which supports that initial MRCP with negative results followed by ERCP would be a cost-effective approach to diagnosing PSC.241 MRCP should therefore be first line procedure and ERCP should be restricted for highly selected cases. Differentiating benign strictures in PSC from cholangiocarcinoma is still a diagnostic challenge.246 In a prospective study for evaluation of bile duct strictures comparing ERCP, MRCP, CT and EUS, sensitivity and specificity relating to bile duct strictures for diagnosis of malignancies are 85%/75% for ERCP, 85%/71% for MRCP, 77%/63% for CT and 79%/62% for EUS.250 However, ERCP may be associated with significant complications such as bleeding after sphincterotomy in 2%, pancreatitis in 3–5%, cholangitis in 1% and procedure related mortality in about 0.4%.251,–253 ERCP should therefore be restricted to cases with extrahepatic obstruction with need for endoscopic intervention, when intraductal ultrasound, histology or cytology is required.254,–259 Other reasons to perform ERCP may be contraindications for MRI. Patients with established PSC should undergo regular screening in order to detect abnormalities of the biliary tract suspicious for hepatobiliary malignancies in particular cholangiocarcinoma. First line diagnostic procedures to follow up patients with PSC are ultrasound and MRCP.260 Bile duct strictures and progressive marked dilatations in patients with PSC are suspicious for cholangiocarcinoma and should be further investigated with ERCP for cytology, histology and eventually intraductal US.257,258
Ultrasound-guided liver biopsy
ECCO–ESGAR statement 6C
Ultrasound guided liver biopsy should be considered for diagnosis of small duct PSC and other liver diseases in patients with otherwise unexplained intrahepatic cholestasis, normal high quality MRCP or ERCP and inconclusive laboratory work up [EL 3].
In patients with otherwise unexplained intrahepatic cholestasis, normal high quality MRCP or ERCP and a negative AMA test a liver biopsy should be considered for diagnosis of small duct PSC and other liver diseases. Patients with small duct PSC have biochemical and histological features compatible with PSC while having a normal cholangiogram.260,261 In a large multicenter trial small duct PSC was associated with IBD in about 80%.262 78% of these patients had UC, 21% had CD. Small duct PSC appears to be a distinct form of hepatobiliary disorders in IBD patients which can only by diagnosed by histopathological features and with better prognosis than PSC.263,–265
ECCO–ESGAR statement 7A
Diagnosis and management of gastrointestinal hemorrhage remain a domain of endoscopy. If the bleeding cannot be located by endoscopy CT or catheter angiography should be performed, unless the patient requires immediate surgery [EL 1].
Gastrointestinal bleeding is a common cause for hospital admission that results in significant morbidity for patients affected by IBD. Identifying the source of bleeding can be difficult since many patients bleed intermittently or stop bleeding spontaneously. With the continued advances in endoscopic technology, colonoscopy and gastroduodenoscopy have become not only diagnostic but also a useful therapeutic tools in the management of acute gastrointestinal bleeding (GIB) in stable patients. Despite the lack of IBD specific studies, colonoscopy performed within the first 24 h of admission may result in a definitive diagnosis in up to 96% of patients.266,267
After standard endoscopy, in the setting of obscure gastrointestinal bleeding double balloon enteroscopy (DBE) might be the initial test to perform.268 According to a recent metanalysis DBE seems to have similar diagnostic performances as capsule endoscopy (CE), with the main advantage to be also an interventional procedure.269
CE is superior to push enteroscopy for diagnosing clinically significant small bowel pathology in patients with occult gastrointestinal bleeding; a recent metaanalysis reported the yield for CE and push enteroscopy of 63% and 28% respectively.270
Diagnosis and management of acute gastrointestinal hemorrhage in IBD patients have been mainly investigated in retrospective studies and case series.
The most recent study included 123 patients with gastrointestinal hemorrhage of obscure origin that was investigated with capsule endoscopy (CE) in combination with multidetector CT. The study showed integrating the procedures improved the diagnosis, but that for CD lesions, CE was superior to CT in diagnostic value.271
Despite the lack of IBD specific studies on the value of CT in acute gastrointestinal bleeding, a recent prospective study evaluated the accuracy of this technique for detection and localization of acute massive gastrointestinal bleeding, using angiography as reference standard, showing that overall patient-based accuracy for detection of acute GI bleeding was 88.5%.272
ECCO–ESGAR statement 7B
In acute, severe colitis a plain abdominal radiograph is an acceptable first study to detect toxic megacolon defined by a mid transverse colonic dilation > 5.5 cm. In equivocal or selected cases CT could be used as the primary imaging modality to screen for complications (e.g. perforation, abscess, thrombosis, ischemia) that require emergency surgery. Toxic megacolon is also predicted by the extent of small bowel and gastric distension in most patients with severe colitis [EL 3].
Toxic megacolon represents a serious complication of mainly inflammatory or infectious conditions of the colon, commonly associated with IBD, i.e., UC or ileocolonic CD.273
Diagnosis is made by clinical evaluation for systemic toxicity and imaging studies. Detection of colonic dilatation greater than 5.5 cm by means of plain abdominal X-ray is still the most established radiological criterion of toxic megacolon. However, other radiological signs, such as increased small bowel gas, persistent small bowel distension and distension of the stomach, mucosal islands, colonic dilatation and colonic deep ulceration, may predict the failure of medical therapy in patients with severe colitis, together with a higher risk of developing toxic megacolon and the need for colectomy.274,–278
Small case series showed that in patients with toxic megacolon, CT scan and transabdominal intestinal ultrasound may be promising alternatives providing additional information.279,280 In particular, CT scan is potentially an important tool in the diagnosis of abdominal complications including toxic megacolon, perforation or ascending pylephlebitis. A study observed that among 18 patients with toxic megacolon (4 with underlying UC) in 4 CT scan found abdominal complications missed clinically and on plain abdominal films.279 However, larger clinical studies are warranted to assess the diagnostic benefit of radiological studies in the assessment of toxic megacolon.
Acute abdominal pain
ECCO–ESGAR statement 7C
Abdominal ultrasound and plain X-ray should be considered in all patients with acute abdominal pain and established IBD. CT should be considered in patients with suspected perforation and negative or inconclusive first line studies [EL 2].
Spontaneous free perforation is a rare but often serious event in the clinical course of CD, and may be a result of severe inflammatory lesions or a superimposed malignant process, i.e., adenocarcinoma or lymphoma. It is estimated that approximately 1–15% of patients with CD will present with a free perforation initially or eventually in their disease course.281,282
The early diagnosis of this condition is an important determinant of survival. A study by Hattori et al. including 10 CD patients with free perforations showed that CT scan was significantly more sensitive than plain radiography for detecting free air in the abdomen at the time of perforation.283 However, a retrospective review of CT scans enrolling 76 patients with various diseases (including 5 CD patients) with proven alimentary tract perforation showed that CT scan yielded 65 true-positive and 11 false-negative cases, including 1 CD patient with mesenteric phlegmon and obstruction and concluded that CT is a valuable method for intestinal perforation but with a sensitivity of 85.5%.284
It should be taken into account that frequently in CD patients, intestinal perforation presents as a peri-intestinal abscess that may be detected by cross sectional imaging methods such as US, MRI or CT. A recent systematic review showed that in this context the three techniques have a high accuracy for identification of fistulas, abscesses and stenosis (sensitivities and specificities > 0.80), although US has false positive results for abscesses.36
ECCO–ESGAR statement 7D
Acute postoperative complications in IBD patients (e.g. anastomotic leaks, abscesses, intestinal intussusception, mesenteric vein thrombosis, obstruction) should be initially investigated by CT or ultrasound followed by immediate CT if negative or equivocal. Fluoroscopic studies are also effective for assessing anastomotic leaks, in particular distal anastomotic leaks [EL 4].
Anastomotic leaks after intestinal surgery may be easily diagnosed on clinical grounds due to their characteristic presentation in the post operative period. However, sometimes this complication has no definitive signs and symptoms, and correct and prompt diagnosis by the radiologist is necessary for successful management.
Although few studies have been designed to assess the detection of these complications in CD patients, most of the available data is derived from the surgical literature.285
A prospective database of two colorectal surgeons carried out over a 10-year period, showed that anastomotic leaks are frequently diagnosed late in the postoperative period and often after initial hospital discharge. In this study CT scan was the preferred diagnostic modality when imaging is required.286
On the other hand, other studies showed that most postoperative CT features overlap between patients with and without clinically important anastomotic leaks and that CT studies performed on patients shortly after abdominal surgery are not definitive. A negative CT study does not rule out postoperative lower gastrointestinal tract leak.287,288
Ileal-pouch-anal anastomosis (IPAA) surgery preserves fecal continence for improved quality of life in patients who require proctocolectomy for treatment of intractable IBD. The main acute complication of IPAA includes anastomotic leak and abscesses. Leaks from the blind end of the pouch and the pouch-anal anastomosis often result in pelvic abscesses.
The detection of this complication is possible using transrectal and transperineal US, although usually CT or MRI scanning is required to delineate the full extent of the complication and guide drainage.289,290 In this regard, pelvic abscess associated with anastomotic leak in patients with IPAA can be drained using either transanal or CT-guided approach. Both are equally effective although there is a risk of fistula induction at the drainage site after a CT-guided drainage.291
Special situations not emergencies: postsurgery, cancer surveillance, ileoanal pouch
ECCO–ESGAR statement 8A
US, CT, MRI, SBFT and WBC scintigraphy detect recurrence of CD after ileocolonic resection and are complementary to endoscopy [EL 2].
US, CT, MRI, SBFT and WBC scintigraphy can be useful as a follow-up method in patients after small bowel surgery [EL 2].
Recurrence of CD after surgical intervention is a diagnostically and therapeutically challenging condition. Several imaging modalities are available to reliably diagnose post surgical recurrence including US, SICUS, SBFT, CT enteroclysis or enterography including virtual colonoscopy, MRI enteroclysis or MRI enterography, SBCE and WBC scintigraphy.
Several authors had formerly emphasized the value of abdominal US in the postoperative follow-up and confirmed the observation of the bowel wall thickening as an indicator for recurrence.292,–295 SICUS has shown an excellent correlation with the endoscopic Rutgeerts' score (P = 0.0001; r = 0.67) reaching 87.5% accuracy for detecting CD recurrence296 and is considered to be superior to standard abdominal US in detecting postoperative CD recurrence after ileocecal resection.297 Bowel wall thickening was defined by thickness of more than 3.5 mm. SICUS prediction of recurrence was found to be correct in 100% of cases and confirmed by endoscopy297 These results were confirmed in two additional studies298,299 who determined sensitivity, specificity, positive and negative predictive values to be 61.5% (95% IC: 41 79%), 96% (95% IC: 78 100%), 94%, and 71%, respectively.
SBFT should only be used if cross-sectional imaging techniques are not available or very specific clinical questions apply. SBFT or enteroclysis is able to visualize the presence, extent and pattern of CD recurrence after ileo-colonic resection, although providing a radiation exposure to the patient.300
CT enterography or enteroclysis is an alternative to endoscopy for assessing postoperative recurrence of CD activity.301 Evidence for the value of CT enterography has also been shown.302 CT colonography has been tested for assessing the postoperative recurrence of CD with inconclusive results due to false negative findings. It does however represent an alternative to conventional colonoscopy in noncompliant postsurgical patients with a rigid stenosis which does not allow passage of the endoscope.170
MRI enteroclysis or enterography may be an alternative to endoscopy as a diagnostic tool in post-surgical recurrence evaluation in CD patients.142,303 Similar to the endoscopic Rutgeerts' score for assessing post-surgical recurrence, one study showed an objective evaluation using an MRI based index of activity and severity for post-surgical recurrence. This score achieved a high correlation with the endoscopic index allowing differentiation between mild and severe lesions304 and predicting the risk of clinical post-surgical recurrence in CD patients.305
Although the Rutgeerts' score has been used to evaluate the efficacy of several drugs, there is lack of information whether mural healing changes seen by cross-sectional imaging techniques are in parallel to the endoscopical mucosal healing.
Scintigraphy with 99mTc-HMPAO or 111 In-oxide labeled leucocytes (or white blood cells WBC scintigraphy) has been reported as an alternative non-invasive technique for the detection of recurrence of intestinal inflammation in CD patients.306,–309 It is able to provide information about the localization, extent and severity of a disease recurrence. Limitations of WBC scintigraphy are its relatively low specificity due to the high frequency of false positive findings.300 Investigations on the usefulness of WBC scintigraphy in assessing the early postoperative recurrence of CD are sparse62,140
Evaluation of the ileoanal pouch
ECCO–ESGAR statement 8B
Either Pelvic MRI or CT is recommended in suspicion of ileoanal pouch septic complications [EL3b; RG C] or CD of the pouch [EL 4].
Pouchography can assess functional disorders, pouch strictures, afferent limb syndrome, pouch fistulae and pouch leakage [EL 3].
Ileo-anal (IA) pouch is a well-established option for patients who require surgery for UC. Despite excellent functional results the short and long-term outcomes of IPAA are determined by the occurrence of complications. These may be directly related to the performed surgery or occur over the long-term. Immediate postsurgical complications include leakage, abscess formation, pelvic sepsis and fistula formation. More chronic disorders following IPAA are pouchitis, cuffitis, irritable pouch syndrome, pouch stricture, pouch sinus, afferent loop syndrome or small bowel obstruction.310 Recurrence of CD may occur within the pouch. Following surgery, up to 40% of patients have a single episode of pouchitis311 within 12 months, a nonspecific inflammatory condition at the ileal pouch reservoir, whereas 19% to 5% experience intermittent episodes and chronic pouchitis.312,–314 In addition to pouch endoscopy, diagnostic imaging modalities are essential to help distinguish inflammatory from non-inflammatory conditions and to identify extraluminal complications which require immediate interventions.
Therefore, cross-sectional imaging modalities such as CT- and MRE and MRI of the pelvis are key imaging modalities.
Functional assessment of mechanical disorders related to the pouch such as pouch stricture, afferent loop syndrome and obstruction can be successfully addressed with functional radiographic techniques such as pouchography and defecography. The choice of the most appropriate imaging modality depends on the clinically suspected disorder, local expertise and availability. Inflammatory and infectious complications are best addressed with CT and MRI.315,316
Pelvic MRI can be used to assess recurrence of CD of pouch. Pelvic CT and MRI showed high accuracy for detecting IA inflammatory complications. Further larger series are needed to confirm their utility and determine whether cross sectional techniques may be helpful for differentiating pouchitis from CD recurrence.
Barium-enhanced radiography (pouchography) is accepted for diagnosis of inflammatory complications of IA pouch as well as for non-inflammatory conditions.
Despite a limited number of studies assessing the postoperative outcome of IPAA with these techniques, both CT and MRI are advocated to be useful in detecting mural inflammatory changes. In one study315 mural and extramural inflammatory lesions were found in 7 of 9 patients with clinical suspicion of complicated ileoanal pouch confirmed by histology. From these 7 patients, 2 had normal mucosa at endoscopy. In another study a sensitivity of 78% and specificity of 96% for detecting ileoanal pouch complications (fistula, abscess or pouchitis) were observed; CT had a higher sensitivity than pouchography for the detection of inflammatory IPAA complications because extraluminal complications cannot readily be assessed with pouchography.316 It is important to emphasize that transmural inflammation of the pouch detected on imaging is not necessarily due to CD, as it can also be seen in chronic pouchitis. It has been suggested that asymmetric pouchitis may indicate ischemia in contrast to CD of the pouch or chronic pouchitis.317 Transmural disease and wall thickening in the setting of IPAA are not pathognomonic of CD. Transmural inflammation shown by imaging or histopathology can be seen in both CD and chronic antibiotic-refractory pouchitis.318
A correlation of CT, MRI, pouch endoscopy and retrograde pouchography findings with the clinical outcome found a reasonable accuracy for diagnosis of strictures, fistulas, sinuses and pouch leaks with all methods.213 CT had the lowest accuracy for small bowel strictures (74%), and MRI for pouch sinuses (68%). A combination of 2 imaging tests increased the accuracy of diagnosis to 100%.
The afferent limb syndrome, defined as the obstruction of afferent bowel loop at the junction of the pouch, can be diagnosed by imaging techniques290; barium enema or CT enterography can be used for the diagnosis of inflammatory or fibrostenotic CD of the pouch. Finally, it is important to emphasize that transabdominal ultrasonography is poor at evaluating IA pouch complications due to their typically deep location in the pelvis and inherent difficulty in visualization.
ECCO–ESGAR statement 8D
CT colonography or virtual colonoscopy is not an alternative to colonoscopy in patients with proven IBD for assessment of neoplastic lesions. However, it is useful to detect cancer in clinical situations where colonoscopy cannot be performed (e.g. strictures) [EL 2].
There is no evidence that virtual colonoscopy by CT or MRI may be of utility for surveillance of colorectal cancer in patients with CD or UC. Considering the underlying inflammatory changes of the intestinal wall leading to permanent abnormalities such as pseudopolyps, and the fact that a significant portion of dysplastic lesions are flat at endoscopy, it is conceivable that with current cross-sectional imaging techniques both the number of false positive diagnosis and the miss-rate for these lesions would be high. Therefore, follow-up by periodical endoscopy including chromoendoscopy is recommended for screening of dysplasia at least for UC.319,–321 There are no specific trials for CD but epidemiological data suggest that patients with CD colitis have similar incidences of colorectal cancer as of patients with UC.322,323 Therefore, in CD colitis a similar cancer surveillance algorithm should be applied.
In patients with CD the risk for small bowel adenocarcinoma is increased with a relative risk up to 159.324,–326 Cumulative risks of 0.2% at 10 years and 2.2% at 25 years for CD patients with small bowel disease at diagnosis have been observed.147,327
Implementation of recommendations
The statements and general recommendations of this consensus are based on the highest level of evidence available, but significant gaps remain in certain areas such as the comparison of diagnostic accuracy between different techniques, the value for therapeutic monitoring, and the prognostic implications of particular findings.
Local expertise may have a significant influence on the accuracy, and this is an additional factor to take into consideration, although implementation of the techniques that have shown the best diagnostic accuracy by properly designed studies using reference standard (evidence levels 1 and 2), should be procured in every IBD reference center.
Finally, the costs incurred by different techniques have not been considered for every patient situation. These costs are highly variable between European countries, which makes it difficult to factor this aspect into the recommendations. Judicious considerations integrating the available evidence, patient condition and costs are essential for the best use of imaging techniques in IBD.
The following ECCO–ESGAR National Representatives participated in the review process of this consensus: Belgium: Bart Op de Beek; Germany: Torsten Kucharzik; Hungary: Peter Lakatos; Israel: Iris Dotan; Selwyn Odes; Italy: Anna Kohn; Mario Cottone; Netherlands: Herma Fidder; Portugal: Jose Venancio; Spain: Fernando Gomollon Garcia; Sweden: Hans Strid; Turkey: Aykut Celik; UK: Peter Wylie; Andrew Slater. | <urn:uuid:d818f129-d04f-4747-8ce3-67c2d485af24> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://academic.oup.com/ecco-jcc/article/7/7/556/406563/Imaging-techniques-for-assessment-of-inflammatory | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00171-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.928001 | 21,472 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Dr. Vibhuti Rana, PhD says... The facts and information mentioned below pertaining to mercury poisoning and yeast infections and other problems it can create is medically correct.
Mercury poisoning is a direct cause of chronic yeast infections, especially for those of you who can't seem to get rid of it. The general line of thought is yeast multiplies in the presence of excess metals. The yeast cell binds and absorbs its own weight in mercury and prevents it from entering the blood stream. What the yeast can't deal with, or use in the construction of its biofilm, is either disposed of through the colon or poisons you as methyl mercury.
When methyl mercury poisons you, it passes through the entire intestinal wall. The body's macrophages and master antioxidant glutathione try to clean up and detoxify this on-going mess. At some point they get weakened, depleted, and worn out. Your yeast infection and other health issues gradually get worse and worse.
At Michael Biamonte's health clinic, testing the mercury levels
in his patients with various illnesses, Michael found that 84% of his
patients with Candida had elevated mercury levels. The exact same number
held for patients with parasites. 86% of his patients with Epstein Barr
Virus also had elevated mercury levels. For those with chemical sensitivities and chronic urinary tract infections, 85% and 82% had elevated mercury levels, respectively. The levels in most of the other conditions were much lower.
Dr. J. Trowbridge has written in his book "The Yeast Syndrome," that some doctors specializing in Candida treatment have discussed with him that they have discovered clinically that 98% of their patients with chronic Candida also had mercury toxicity
Dr. Mark Sircus of Brazil, explains how mercury dental fillings promote the growth of Candida:
“Mercury vapors from dental fillings play havoc on the body through a host of means, the least of which is to feed the bacteria, fungi, and yeasts that thrive on mercury. Mercury will promote the growth of Candida, though as it absorbs the mercury, it thereby protects the system to a certain extent from its toxicity – until they are saturated then they begin to re-release the mercury in organic form.”
“Mercury fed Candida becomes more and more virulent and eventually penetrates the intestinal walls and invades the cells. These fungal microorganisms become quite at home in the cell, and can easily be considered a principle characteristic of cancer”.
Dr. Sircus could be right because this published study in 2012 found that Candida yeast was 67% more prevalent among patients with amalgam fillings.
Dr. Scott Fogle from Portland Oregon, tackles the question of which comes first, Candida or mercury:
“It is very difficult to say which came first, the yeast buildup or the low-level mercury toxicity. The most prevalent theory is that low-level mercury toxicity causes some degree of suppression of the immune system, making it easier for the yeast to proliferate in the human body. This process is especially true in the gastrointestinal tract and in the vaginas of particularly sensitive women.”
Dr. Atmika Paudel, PhD says...
Mercury overload and build up is different than mercury poisoning. While mercury poisoning is the acute condition caused by a large intake of mercury, mercury overload and build up is chronic and exposure to low level of mercury over a period of time, which frequently goes undiagnosed due to ‘not high’ level of mercury that the diagnostic tests detect. The daily exposure of low dose mercury leads to accumulation of mercury in the body further causing several manifestations that we are not aware of. Not many scientific studies have been reported that correlate the mercury accumulation and Candida overgrowth, however, a report mentions that mercury is harmful to the gut bacteria (1); and maybe this depletion of the gut bacteria increases Candida colonization. Although there are studies which show that Candida biofilm are resistant to heavy metals including mercury (2), and heavy metals are absorbed by Candida biofilms (3), no study has clearly shown the growth promotion of Candida in the presence of mercury.
1. Summers et al., Mercury released from dental "silver" fillings provokes an increase in mercury- and antibiotic-resistant bacteria in oral and intestinal floras of primates. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. 1993 Apr;37(4):825-34.
2. Harrison et al., . FEMS Microbiol Ecol. 2006 Mar;55(3):479-91. Metal resistance in Candida biofilms. https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/16466387/
3. Rodríguez et al., Biosorption of Heavy Metals by Candida albicans. Advances in Bioremediation and Phytoremediation. Naofumi Shiomi, IntechOpen,72454.
An article in the November issue of the New England Journal of Medicine, 2002, talks about mercury levels being directly associated with the risk of myocardial infarction (heart attacks), and that this partially offset the protective effects of DHA derived from eating fish.
The New England Journal of Medicine editorialized: "The notion that methyl mercury contributes to cardiovascular disease is certainly a testable hypothesis and one that warrants further testing."
Mercury catalyzes oxidation in important parts of your body, the worst areas being the membranes around and inside the cells. It sticks to the sulfhydryl groups present on the membranes and destroys the essential fatty acids that your body can't replace. It also destroys the phospholipids that hold the membrane together.
It oxidizes the cellular proteins that hold the cell together keeping things like your DNA in place. It kicks out the appropriate metal from the enzyme receptor sites and renders these sites inactive.
The significance of the above two paragraphs has a lot to do with cell to cell communication and the immune system. Your cells talk to one another and relay information so they all work together as a whole system. When cells are in danger, for instance, they send out cytokines, which are like hormone signals asking for help from the immune system. If mercury has damaged the outer membrane, it will be unable to send out the required signal for help. Viruses, bad bacteria, and yeast have a field day because the cells are defenseless by themselves.
If this is not enough, Dr. Mark Lustberg of the University of Maryland School of Medicine, and Ellen Silbergeld of Johns Hopkins University, compared data gathered from the 2000 U.S. census and the massive Third National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey.
From this data and survey, they estimated that 29 million people in the US had high levels, 20 mcg/dL or higher of lead in their bodies. Death rates of those in the study were also examined. The results turned out to be a little disturbing.
Lustberg and Silbergeld also found that blood lead levels ranging from as little as "20 to 29 mcg per dL were associated with a 39% increase in mortality from all causes. These low levels also were associated with a 46% increase in mortality from cardiovascular diseases, and a whopping 68% increase in mortality due to cancer".
Furthermore, even lower blood lead levels "measuring from 10 to 19 mcg/dL were associated with a significant 17% increase in mortality from all causes and 46% rise` in mortality from cancer, when compared with blood lead levels less than 10 mcg/dL".
Why is lead relevant to mercury poisoning and yeast infections? Because quite often lead also comes back high in the test results of those with high mercury levels and there are no safe lead levels. I also see high levels of antimony but I am not sure how antimony and yeast could be connected at the moment.
Dr. Atmika Paudel, PhD says...
I would like to add on few points here about the problems caused by mercury accumulation in the body apart from yeast infection. Mercury accumulation leads to inflammation and autoimmune disorders (1). Association of mercury accumulation with several enzyme and hormone levels in body has been reported. Among the hormones, mostly affected ones were the thyroid hormone and adrenocortical levels in the body (2,3). In summary, mercury overload in the body causes several damages to the body including the immune system as well as vital hormones and enzymes required for the body.
1. Pollard et al., Mercury-induced inflammation and autoimmunity. Biochim Biophys Acta Gen Subj. 2019 Dec;1863(12):129299.
2. Wada et al., Suppressed adrenocortical responses and thyroid hormone levels in birds near a mercury-contaminated river. Environmental science & technology. 2009;43(15):6031–8.
3. Afrifa J et al., Variation in thyroid hormone levels is associated with elevated blood mercury levels among artisanal small-scale miners in Ghana. PLoS ONE 2018,13(8): e0203335.
Recently the Environmental Protection Agency said, "One in every six women of childbearing age has enough mercury in their bloodstream to cause neurological damage to their unborn children."
Mercury accumulation levels in females are 2:1 over males. It accumulates in the central nervous system, the endocrine system, and every major organ, as well as the body at large.
Mercury poisoning disrupts the pituitary, thyroid, hypocampus and adrenal gland. These disruptions help bring on fatigue, mind fog, short term memory loss, concentration problems, headaches and people can lose their sense of balance. Women can develop early menopause and endometriosis from loss of proper hormone regulation.
Hormones are especially important for women when it comes to chronic yeast infections because Candida yeast is dependent on estrogen. If mercury is altering your natural hormone balance and estrogen is to high, it is extremely hard to get rid of vaginal yeast.
If you have constant yeast infections or Candida you must look into the mercury connection. When the yeast cell becomes saturated or has absorbed all it can, roughly its own weight, it disposes of the rest as methyl mercury and this can be absorbed into your body.
It is a vicious circle that can go on forever if you do not remove the mercury while treating yourself for Candida.
According to WHO, “exposure mainly occurs through consumption of fish and shellfish contaminated with methylmercury and through worker inhalation of elemental mercury vapours during industrial processes. Cooking does not eliminate mercury.” (1)
Yeasts flourish in the host body by building biofilms around themselves. This shield of biofilm is fortified by iron and heavy metals such as mercury and lead. It is shown that high levels of mercury and lead impair the immune function of neutrophils, which otherwise release hypochlorous acid to penetrate and kill the Candida and bacterial pathogens. (2)
Interestingly, many of the symptoms of yeast infections resemble those of heavy metal poisoning. These include nausea, diarrhea, dysbiosis, digestive disorders, fatigue, hormonal imbalance, allergies, sinus, ear-aches, etc. Mercurial overload in body lead to other problems such as Hashimoto’s, Graves disease, and other autoimmune diseases. (3) A 2007 report published by Clifton states that the global burden of mercury is increasing by 1.5% every year and mercury is the third most toxic metal in the world. (4)
In vivo, the inorganic form like mercury changes to organic forms like methyl mercury, which is highly toxic and is associated with nervous system damage in adults and impaired neurological development in infants and children. The GI tract absorbs approximately 95% of ingested methylmercury where it can then enter the red blood cells and the brain by binding covalently to glutathione and cysteine protein groups. (5)
1. World Health Organization. Mercury and Health. March 2017. https://www.who.int/news-room/fact-sheets/detail/mercury-and-health
2. The hidden Candida-Mercury link | Study: forgotten amino acid beats Anti-Candida drugs https://oradix.com/candida-mercury/
3. Mercury Overload: What It Is & How It Affects Your Health. Amy Myers MD. August 5th, 2019 https://www.amymyersmd.com/2017/10/mercury-overload-affects-health/
4. Jack C. Clifton, Mercury Exposure and Public Health, Pediatric Clinics of North America, 54 (2) 2007, 237.e1-237.e45,
5. Rice KM, Walker EM Jr, Wu M, Gillette C, Blough ER. Environmental mercury and its toxic effects. J Prev Med Public Health. 2014;47(2):74–83. doi:10.3961/jpmph.2014.47.2.74.
You can take a look at the mercury poisoning symptoms page to see if this might be a problem for you.
You can learn how to do mercury testing here
if you want to verify that this is a problem for you.
On this webpage I have outlined how to safely treat yourself for mercury poisoning or other high metal levels. The good thing is, you can treat yourself for the candida yeast infection at the same time and I do suggest you do it this way.
Do you have any questions about mercury poisoning, other heavy metals, or yeast infections in general? Ask your question here or contact us using the contact page of this website. It is also always a good idea to talk to your doctor as well.
Click below to see questions from other visitors to this page...
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12-15″ x 18-24″ Vinca (Catharanthus) are perennial herbs with large, up to 2″ across, colorful flowers. They are nearly ever-blooming and are of easy culture. Blush has pink flowers with a deep reddish pink center. The real trick with these plants is to keep them well fertilized. When happy and well fed these Vinca will be covered with blooms. Shear back leggay plants and fertilize to get more compact plants. Plant in full sun to light shade and give moderate watering.
NOTE: Vinca can and will self sow in the garden.
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Open PGP Encryption
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Open PGP is used by banks, financial institutions, healthcare organizations and other highly regulated industries to protect their most sensitive files.
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A comprehensive Open PGP Key Manager is provided in GoAnywhere MFT.
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Your child may be so excited to begin kindergarten, or perhaps a little anxious about making the transition to elementary school. Rest assured Yorkshire Academy wins students over on day one by providing a fun and enriching environment taught by experienced and nurturing teachers.
Our lower elementary program in Houston features top-notch kindergarten classes that to build a foundation for more advanced grades. Find out more about attending kindergarten at Yorkshire Academy.
- Small Group Language Rotation
- Christmas Play
- 100th Day Dress Up Celebration
- Witches’ Stew
- Mentos Rocket Launch
- Social Studies Patriotic Evening
- Splash Day
- Kindergarten Graduation
“Kindergarten is where structure really begins, but in a hands-on, loving environment. We practice concepts in small groups and are able to gear lessons to each child, all while the students think they are playing. We may be little, but our growth in kindergarten is mighty!”
—Angela Rivero, kindergarten teacher
Carrying Out Our Mission Statement
All Yorkshire Academy kindergarten programs and instructors adhere to one overarching mission: to provide a secure environment that fosters a positive self-image. Our team of compassionate teachers strives to reach this mission through a curriculum that promotes developing social and cognitive skills early, setting your child up for success.
Utilizing a Comprehensive Kindergarten Curriculum
The Kindergarten curriculum at Yorkshire Academy is specially designed to set your child up for success for first grade and beyond. With input from our experienced teachers, we’ve formulated a curriculum that builds a strong foundation.
- Saxon Math: Recognizing numbers; identifying patterns; sorting and classifying; counting by 1s, 2s, 5s, and 10s; understanding monetary amounts; adding and subtracting; symmetry; and much more
- Language: Journal writing, reading comprehension, identifying story elements, differentiating the parts of speech, using home readers
- Science: Understanding the basics of magnetism, simple machines, habitats, plant life, the solar system, and health and nutrition
- Social Studies: Recognizing historical figures such as presidents, Benjamin Franklin, and Martin Luther King Jr, map reading, U.S. and Texas symbol recognition, learning about different holiday and cultural traditions
Moving Beyond Math and Science
At Yorkshire Academy, we know it takes more than just math, language arts, social studies, and science classes to develop a well-rounded education. In addition to our core curriculum, we also offer a variety of enrichment classes to help your student gain a deeper understanding of the world around them. We offer Spanish lessons for students in all grades, as well as art, music, library, computer, social emotional learning, and physical education. We take pride in building a curriculum that leaves no box unchecked!
“I have taught at Yorkshire Academy for 30 years because it feels like family. From the time you walk on campus you can feel the love and acceptance for all. The Kindergarten kiddos greet me each day with smiles, excitement, and a curiosity to learn. You can’t get any luckier than that! From the time they burst in the door they want to know ‘What do we get to do today?’ I can answer this question by creating a safe and happy place to learn that is filled with special friends, fun and engaging activities and plenty of opportunities to grow.”
—Teresa Burnsides, kindergarten teacher
The Kindergarten Experience
School should be much more than a place where your student goes to memorize facts. Instead, it should be a place where your child can dig in and explore the world around them. Our kindergarten teachers focus on hands-on engaging lessons, never forgetting that these kiddos are in kindergarten. Whether students are shooting off Mentos rockets, dressing up like they’re 100 years old (for 100th day of school), or sharing their country’s traditions, kindergarteners get to feel what it’s like to attend a school that is all about them. In addition to two field trips during your child’s kindergarten year, there are many special activities such as holiday parties, the Christmas musical, the 100th day of school, Mother Goose, the Talent Show, and much more.
Before and After School Care
Yorkshire Academy offers both a before and after school care program called Safecare. As partners with our working families, Yorkshire’s goal is to offer flexibility. There is an option for just before school care and an option for just after school care or both. Students enrolled in the program may be dropped off as early as 7:00 a.m. and picked up as late as 6:00 p.m. during the school year.
Homework Club from 3:00–4:00 p.m. is available for students enrolled in our elementary Aftercare program. Of course, Yorkshire Academy also offers its Memorial Afterschool Program (MAP), which includes afterschool classes such as chess, piano, tennis, art, Tae Kwon Do, soccer and more.
Contact Us or Schedule a Tour Today!
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Sports correspondent & historian
The current XXII Commonwealth Games in Birmingham looks set to be amongst the most successful for the New Zealand team.
The team is looking to surpass the 17 gold medals won at the 1990 Commonwealth Games in Auckland.
The current edition of the Commonwealth Games, with 5000 plus athletes from 72 countries, has come a long way since the first (then) Empire Games in Canada 92 years ago.
Held in Hamilton, in the Canadian province of Ontario, the 1930 British Empire Games attracted just 11 countries, who competed in six sports.
The hosts were joined by England, Australia, Bermuda, British Guiana, Ireland, Newfoundland, Scotland, South Africa, Wales and New Zealand.
Athletics was the mainstay of the Hamilton Commonwealth Games, with swimming, diving, boxing, lawn bowls, rowing and wrestling, completing the program of events.
New Zealand, Australia, Canada, England, Scotland and Wales are the only countries to have competed at all 22 Empire/Commonwealth Games.
A little known statistic from the inaugural Empire Games, is that New Zealand won one more medal than our neighbours from over the ditch.
The Kiwi representatives returned home with three gold, four silver and two bronze, while Australia mustered three gold, four silver and one bronze, to finish behind New Zealand on the medal tally.
New Zealand champion long distance runner Jack Savidan outstayed his rivals to win the six mile race on the grass track, with Stan Lay also providing joy for the Kiwi team with success in the javelin.
Rowing provided the third New Zealand gold medal, with the coxed four standing on top of the podium.
It’s interesting to note that rowing provided eight members of the 22 person New Zealand team.
One of the true legends of New Zealand sport first grabbed international headlines at the 1934 Empire Games held in London.
Jack Lovelock, who would go on to Olympic gold medal glory, won the glamour one mile on the track.
A big contingent of New Zealanders crossed the Tasman for the 1938 Empire Games in Sydney, returning home with five gold medallions.
Cecil Matthews took out the three and six mile double, with Pat Boot winning the 800 yards.
Bowls provided two further gold medals with victory in the pairs and fours competition.
A 12 year gap due to WW2, brought the Empire Games to Auckland in 1950, which was by far the country’s biggest ever sporting event.
A medal count of 10 gold, 21 silver and 20 bronze medals set the bar for future New Zealand Commonwealth Games competition.
The star of the 1950 Empire Games was the legendary Yvette Williams, who won the women's long jump.
Her winning leap smashed the national, Empire Games and British Empire records.
Williams would go on to Olympic glory in 1952 and was crowned New Zealand Sports Person of the Year in 1950 and 1952.
There was a change of names in 1954, to the British Empire and Commonwealth Games, followed by the British Commonwealth Games in 1970, and a final readjustment to the Commonwealth Games title in 1978.
The Commonwealth Games in the 21st century covers a wide spectrum of competing nations - from the vast land masses of Canada, India, South Africa and Australia with hundreds of athletes, to specks on the map of the world, with a handful of entries.
Commonly known as the ‘Friendly Games’ they give sporting minnows from tiny Commonwealth nations, lifetime memories, in rubbing shoulders with a myriad of the greats of world sport.
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Posts Tagged ‘Loyalist’
Peter Force was a 19th-century politician, newspaper editor, archivist, and historian.
Born near the Passaic Falls in New Jersey, to William and Sarah (Ferguson) Force.
His greatest achievement came as a collector and editor of historical documents. He published Tracts and Other Papers, Relating Principally to the Origin, Settlement, and Progress of the Colonies in North America.
His American Archives was a collection of the most important documents of the American Revolution, 1774–1776. 9 volumes were published between 1837 and 1853. Force’s lifelong desire to establish an American national library finally came to fruition in 1867 when Congress purchased his own collection of original documents for $100,000 to found the Library of Congress.
Force died January 23, 1868 at the age of 77. His son, Manning Force, was an officer during the American Civil War.
(source – wikipedia – Peter Force)
To the readers of the Upstate New York Genealogy Blog;
I have a personal story abut this collection that goes back many years in my own genealogy research. My mother’s direct line 4th great grandparents were Seth Chase and Sarah (MILK) CHASE, of Little White Creek (Cambridge District, Albany County, New York.)
Seth CHASE was a Loyalist, a Quaker, and a Tavern Keeper in Little White Creek. His home/tavern was immediately the first farm north of the Battle of Bennington battlefield in the town of Hoosick, Rensselaer County. His house still exists and I have been all through it through the courtesy of the present owners. It is located on Cobble Hill Road south of the hamlet of White Creek adjacent to the town of Hoosick border.
About 25 or so years ago I was at the library in Cornell University and I came across a transcription description of Seth’s arrest in 1776 by the Americans, and being excited did not cite the exact reference. All I remembered when I went back later was that it was in a large book which was part of a multi-volume set. See boys and girls, cite your sources!
Well it turns out that Cornell has since put their set of this collection of transcribed manuscript records in their Kroch Rare Books and Manuscripts Department. Earlier today I was in discussion with another researcher friend, Deanna Smith, and I was reminded of this collection so set about locating it in today’s wonderful digital world.
Found it! Thanks to WorldCat.org I found the title “American Archives” by Peter Force, and then wonder of wonders, the whole collection is digitized and online at the University of Northern Illinois.
What follows is just a snippet from the manuscript testimony of the two men that gave evidence against Seth CHASE:
The Deposition of Captain Isaac Peabody, of lawful age, being duly sworn, saith: That on Sunday morning, the 13th instant, he returned to the house of Seth Chase, in Little White Creek. I asked Mr. Chase if he had seen any of our Kinderhook friends the night past. He answered, no. I told him I wanted to see Mr. Hughs, the man we discoursed with last night in the road. He then told me Mr. Hough told him the discourse he had with us, and that Mr. Hough knew no more of the plan than what he had communicated to him. I asked him if he had for certain that Burgoyne with his Army was coming round the lakes? ….
The page further saith, that the people of Arlington had made such preparations for their march, that they could not forego it without being discovered; therefore, would march to-night. Mr. Chase then said, the people of White Creek are secure, they would not march till further order from Colonel Man. He likewise said, that Colonel Man had twelve fat oxen for the purpose of victualling the friends of Government on their march to join the King’s Army. And others had several more cattle for the same purpose. I then asked him to direct me to a plan whereby our Kinderhook friends could get safe to the King’s Army.
He then told me that Colonel Man had given countersigns at two places, and if these countersigns could be conveyed to your friends, they can pass safe, and get all intelligence necessary. He then spoke to his wife to bring him a paper, on which she immediately came to us and takes a paper out of her bosom and gave it to her husband, and he handed it to me, saying, Now I give you my life. I took the paper and read it to be this: “At Landlord Northrop’s the countersign is Tryon; and at Jacob Lansing’s Ferry, the countersign is Burgoyne.” I told him for fear I should make a mistake in these countersigns, I would write them down. Then wrote them down. He then said that upon giving these countersigns out at these two places, we could be secreted, have provisions, or be helped on our way, or any thing we desired to forward.
He further said, that Simon Covill was a good friend to Government, and that I might not be afraid of him; he further said, that his house was a place where Colonel Man’s page came for entertainment, and to bring news to the friends to Government.
Bennington, October 14, 1776.
Seth was arrested and put in jail for 14 days in Albany, then with many other prisoners was marched to Exeter, New Hampshire, to be banished to stay within the gaol limits of the town of Exeter for one year. At the end of the year he was allowed to return to his home and he also was allowed to keep his property.
As I said, I have been in that house where this event happened and I have this image burned in my mind of my fifth great grandmother pulling the secret password code out of her bosom.
Damn, I love history!
I encourage you all to search through these marvelous original documents that are online. There is just a world of exciting finds to be made!
Visit our main website at www.unyg.com
Was your Revolutionary War Ancestor a Patriot or Loyalist?
Up until now it has been my opinion that most men of fighting age during the Revolutionary War took one side or the other. Of course I would have presumed that there might be a few exceptions, but I’m talking about the masses here.
Well to my amazement I came across a posting on the New Jersey rootsweb mail list, of a message that was posted by a very nice lady in Delaware regarding this subject. OK – so you are thinking “What does this have to do with Upstate New York Genealogy”?
Well if it is true, and I suspect that there will likely be a broad variance of opinions by many historians, then it will be something for Upstate New York researchers as well as historians and genealogists everywhere.
The best way to present this is to show you my correspondence with the original writer. (She has kindly given me permission to do so.)
[to] Delaware Dolores,
Reading the New Jersey mail list I just came across a posting of your reply to a another person about revolutionary war ancestors and read with amazement the following statement:
Even if “able bodied,” only about one man in eight was actually a Patriot soldier in 1776, at the highpoint of the War — then only half that percentage in the War’s later years. These are estimates made in The Beards’ New Basic History of the United States.
I would like your permission to use that quote in a Blog on my website and perhaps to toss it out to the Rev War and some other mail lists.
It just about floored me! I just presumed (not a good thing to do) that ALL men of fighting age either served on one side or the other.
I have always used this thought when researching a rev war era family. If the Beard’s statement proves correct, and I am of no opinion either way, then I think it will help family history researchers of all stripe.
Thank you for posting it, I must purchase a copy of Beard’s, can’t believe I don’t have one already.
Delaware Dolores responds:
I have the 1960 version of the book. It sounds as if the 1944 version would be just as good, for the Revolutionary War years. The 1944 book (without the New in the title) is by Charles and Mary Beard. Then the son, William (Ph.D.) added to his parents’ research, particularly by portraying the 1944-60 time period.
I was paraphrasing below, but the basic facts come from page 121. On page 117, it tells of how “hundreds of militiamen insisted on quitting as soon as their terms of service were over, no matter how grave the danger to the American cause and despite the pleas of their officers.”
This reality caused Gen. Washington to repeatedly beg the Congress to fund a regular Army, until they finally agreed to grant extra pay to officers and long-term soldiers in the final years of the War. It seems that a movie I’ve seen shows how delayed this support was.
To be fair, the Beards’ “one in 8″ estimates refer to numbers serving at a given time, rather than the bottom-line totals who at least served one brief term.
I live west of Dover Del. but am from South Jersey. I’m on a committee planning a 2-day Revolutionary War-focused event in Greenwich NJ, for Sept. 27 and 28. I belong to one Revo. List already, and believe I posted that same info on there.
Why not just add me to the general Blog? I’d then like to get on all known Revo-focused lists with an announcement about Sept. 27 and 28 — not only as a festival to possibly attend, but conceivably participate in, via reenactments, drama, dance, music, or artisan demo/sales.
Dolores may be reached at:
So let’s toss this out to readers of the Upstate New York Genealogy Blog.
What is your opinion? Are we searching for military records in Patriot and Loyalist collections everywhere with only a slim margin of success?
Visit our main website at www.unyg.com | <urn:uuid:c7e95119-6a73-432e-8e3d-507fa1dfc311> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.unyg.com/blog/index.php/tag/loyalist/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00306-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.971666 | 2,223 | 2.21875 | 2 |
The Cardinals, early balladeers that few remember, recorded 12 singles for Atlantic Records (their only label) between 1951 and 1957. They debuted with "Shouldn't I Know," a willowy ballad featuring a prominent lead guitar, tight harmonies, and a deep bass; lead Ernie Warren impressed listeners at the fade by holding a long note in breathtaking fashion. One of the bird groups, the Cardinals formed in their hometown, Baltimore, MD, in 1946, a year before a more famous bird group from Baltimore, the Orioles. Originally they were the Mellotones. The lineup was Warren, Donald Johnson, Meredith Brothers, Leon Hardy, and guitarist Sam Aydelotte, who also sang. They did the Baltimore bar scene for years, imitating all the ballad and modern harmony groups including the Ink Spots. A recording opportunity came in 1951 when a representative from Atlantic Records inked them after a talent search audition.
Atlantic renamed them the Cardinals to avoid confusion with another Mellotones group that recorded for Columbia Records. The first single "Shouldn't I Know" (1951) mimicked the Orioles' sound; it rode into the R&B Top Ten and took the fellows on tours at big-city venues with other star R&B artists. A second single "I'll Always Love You," a 1951 release, didn't do as well but wasn't a total flop either. They followed with "Wheel of Fortune," a song from their first recording session. It wasn't a scheduled release; Atlantic took advantage of four pop releases of "Wheel..." at the same time by Sunny Gale, Bobby Wayne, Kay Starr, and the Bell Sisters; all cracked the pop Top Ten except Gale's which nailed down the number 13 spot. The Cardinals competed with Dinah Washington for R&B honors and managed a number six R&B showing. Uncle Sam drafted Warren who was replaced by Leander Tarver for the fourth single "The Bump" b/w "She Rocks." James Brown (not "Mr. Please, Please") replaced Tarver who left for unknown reasons; Warren, on a leave, participated in the next session which included six Cardinals. The septet recorded "You Are My Only Love" (1953) and "Under a Blanket of Blue" (1954); both flopped, Atlantic lost interest in recording and promoting the group; that interest didn't return until Warren's service duty ended and he rejoined full-time early in 1954. A new recording session resulted in the Chuck Willis-penned "The Door Is Still Open to My Heart" (1955); the slow ballad with the grumbling bass and smooth harmonies, punctuated by a sax break, became their biggest record. The lineup was now Warren, Johnny Douglas, Brothers, Hardy, and Johnson.
The gigs picked up and the Cardinals toured extensively on shows sponsored by Alan Freed, Buddy Johnson, and others. They appeared with the Ravens, the Moonglows, the Nutmegs, Chuck Berry, Dinah Washington and other stars. They hit the Midwest many times. In Cleveland, OH, they played the Circle Theater two or three times, and once did a show at the Uptown in bright orange suits, sharing the bill with Luther Bond & the Emeralds, Arthur Prysock, Tiny Grimes, and others. Atlantic issued six more singles that didn't do well, though a couple are considered classics. The interest in the Cardinals' singing style was waning. About the time Atlantic dropped the final Cardinals single "One Love" (1957), the group had splintered. Warren formed another group before reuniting the originals with different members. The new guys hung in until the early '60s before breaking up for good. Atlantic thought a lot of the group -- they recorded 36 sides, though only 24 were released via 12 singles. The 36 singles have not been released as an album. ~ Andrew Hamilton, Rovi | <urn:uuid:a944b4fa-fcdf-41a4-b347-316b2f53757c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mtv.com/artists/cardinals/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00064-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966918 | 809 | 1.90625 | 2 |
PART 2After ABC’s “friend” quickly left, ABC started over again by using another piece of cedar. He re-drew the pattern, and started carving the bowl all over again. So, by the time that I arrived, ABC had completely re-carved his project, sanded it, and had applied 2 coats of stain as shown here. We reviewed this carving, and I explained that his techniques were excellent for a first carving project. He has followed the grain of the wood very well, and there are no signs of any problems w...
I have noticed several enquiries and comments on Lumberjocks regarding the use of a microwave oven for the purpose of drying green wood, so I want to pass along a description of a recent event that happened to someone I know. For this posting, I will refer to this person as “ABC” (A Bowl Carver), and I will let you assume that ABC is male. As a bit of background, ABC was injured in an automobile accident, and as part of his rehabilitation process I am currently teaching him how to carve. S...
A common technique when turning wood is to turn a green piece of wood, then store it in a brown paper bag until it is dry. The paper bag lets the wood dry slowly and uniformly, this reduces cracking and splitting. The problems are: How long to store it? When is it dry? You cannot see it in the bag and commonly available moisture gauges only measure the surface of the wood. I’m not sure how unique this is but I’ve found that by including a remote humidity sensor in the paper bag...
Last fall, my wife saw a post on Freecycle about an ash tree that had been taken down in a neighboring town. No pictures but they said it was pretty big. I jumped on it, and was lucky enough to be the first one to respond. We drove there and WOW, hit the motherload! Two large log sections, over 2 feet in diameter, one 15 feet long, one 8 feet long, both perfectly straight with almost no branches or knots and no rot. I’d been eyeing a small sawmill that’s only a mile from my hou...
As most of you know it is usually a good thing to have a happy wife. Well I am just finishing up a few projects that are helping to make my wife a little happier. Some of you know I have a basement workshop, I keep some of my wood though upstairs in the garage (same place my wife parks everyday). Well the wood was getting a bit out of hand. Note my sheet goods on the far right side. One of my drying piles. So a few weeks ago I tackled the sheet goods side. I got rid of a few ...
Hey to all you LJs, Consideration #1 I thought that I would start a series on drying green domestic burl wood. With burl wood the end grain is going every direction and is under more internal pressure thus making it want to self destruct. Green burls or straight grain have two places where water finds its home. Inside the cells and outside the cells, this is called bound water (inside the cells) and free water (outside the cell walls). Free water is easier to escape than the bound wa...
Hello !I’ll be cutting down my 25 year old Wisteria real soon and I’m not really sure what the best way to dry it before using it. In the garage, outside under my covered shed or in the basement in the heating room? There is a lot of wood for several walking sticks and the main trunk is approximately 4ft long and 5” to 6a” thick. Should I take the bark off before drying or after ? I hope someone ca help me. Thank you, Ken
I was cleaning up part of my workshop this week and I came across a piece of maple that I had cut and set aside on May 26, 2012. Since it has been in my workshop since then, I would have expected it to be well on its way to drying, but it has other ideas. Yes, the weather here has been very rainy and damp, but I did not expect to see this type of result. I thought that I must have had the wrong date, but I normally mark the end of each piece as I cut it. Right date, wrong result. It is ...
It has been a good week in the shop and that is always a good thing. I have been experimenting with puzzles this whole weekend as I have a request to make one. I played around for a day or so and have pretty much the entire puzzle I was asked to make done but need to make a frame. I want to thank Carl at Scrollsawvideo.com for posting his video on making jigsaw puzzles. The process he uses is very easy and my sample piece I decided to make came out great. If you watch his video you wi...
Since it has been, and is predicted to be, hot as a kiln in the Northeast, I thought I might take advantage of it and dry some rough cut, green lumber. I sealed up the ends fairly well. Using it for a segmented bowl, so I’m not to worried if it checks a little. Good idea? Bad idea? We’ll see… And I also set out some mint tea to brew. My wife and son drink it straight. I prefer mine with a little sugar and Bourbon.
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Jonas Salk (October 28, 1914 - June 23, 1995) was an American physician and researcher, best known as the inventor of the first polio vaccine (the eponymous Salk vaccine). He was born in New York City to a Russian-Jewish immigrant family and died in La Jolla, California. During his life he worked in New York, Michigan, Pittsburgh and La Jolla. In his later career, Salk devoted much energy to developing an AIDS vaccine.
Unlike some scientists who sought wealth or fame accompanying their innovations, Salk stated "Who owns my polio vaccine? The people! Could you patent the sun?". | <urn:uuid:06c953e8-73a4-4abe-8852-051b83cd69ce> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.mysticgames.com/famouspeople/JonasSalk.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281151.11/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00112-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.989589 | 128 | 2.421875 | 2 |
A heat strip is a length of resistance wire that makes heat when voltage is applied. Exactly the same as the wires in a toaster. It is very simple and inexpensive to make but it is also very inefficient. It works at any temperature outside.
A heat pump is like an air conditioner system in reverse. It sucks whatever heat is in the air outside and brings it in. It uses a compressor and coils. It is much more complicated and expensive than a heat strip but it is also much more efficient. But doesn't work very well below about 40 degrees. The bonus of a heat pump is that it will also work as an air conditioner system so less total parts.
Heat pump systems will have a heat strip in it so that when it gets real cold outside and the heat pump will no longer work, the heat strip turns on and you have heat again. Albeit at greater energy costs. | <urn:uuid:d74029f5-2bc1-4e58-8802-e72009882585> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.forestriverforums.com/forums/f113/heat-strip-56145.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721355.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00013-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969102 | 184 | 3.03125 | 3 |
With high rates of diabetes and high blood pressure, African-Americans have an increased risk of organ failure, making them the largest group of minorities in need of an organ transplant.
The Clark County Circuit Clerk’s Trust For Life, the Winchester Black History and Heritage Committee and First Baptist Church sponsored Generations of Hope Saturday evening to spread awareness of organ donation among Winchester’s minority communities.
Along with entertainment from the First Baptist Church choir and youth dancers, the evening offered participants an opportunity to ask questions about organ donation and end-of-life decisions.
Pastors, attorneys, funeral directors and medical professionals were present to answer questions and debunk myths about organ donation.
Rebekah Grimm shared the story of her grandmother, a proud organ donor.
Debra Hampton, a kidney transplant recipient, shared information about kidney disease signs and symptoms. Hampton received her kidney transplant 10 years ago, and encouraged others to register as organ donors. Continue reading
You have the power to SAVE Lives
We are asking you to register as an organ, eye and tissue donor today.
To ensure donation happens, please share your decision with your family. At stake is the legacy you wish to leave. | <urn:uuid:30846b2b-b8c1-4ec1-bfe3-ff3f09235550> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://donatelife-organdonation.blogspot.com/2016/09/generations-of-hope-sheds-light-on.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929797 | 242 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Deer can be a big problem in certain areas of Lake County, but you can plant more than just juniper and oleander. The selection is better than you may think. Just remember deer resistant doesn’t mean deer proof. Young deer, starving deer, or just plain contrary deer will try anything. It is highly recommended that all new plantings be treated wih a deer repellent. We can also apply repellant at the nursery. | <urn:uuid:8fecdfc0-5e69-4bcf-a75d-ea9bdddd8631> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://stargardens.biz/tanyas-tips/deer-resistant-plants/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.950654 | 94 | 1.570313 | 2 |
Monarchy of the United Kingdom
|Queen of the United Kingdom|
|Queen Elizabeth II
since 6 February 1952
|Heir apparent||Charles, Prince of Wales|
|This article is part of a series on the
politics and government of
the United Kingdom
|United Kingdom portal|
The monarchy of the United Kingdom, commonly referred to as the British monarchy, is the constitutional monarchy of the United Kingdom, its dependencies and its overseas territories. The monarch's title is "King" (male) or "Queen" (female). The current monarch and head of state, Queen Elizabeth II, ascended the throne on the death of her father, King George VI, on 6 February 1952.
The monarch and his or her immediate family undertake various official, ceremonial, diplomatic and representational duties. As the monarchy is constitutional, the monarch is limited to non-partisan functions such as bestowing honours and appointing the Prime Minister. The monarch is, by tradition, commander-in-chief of the British Armed Forces. Though the ultimate formal executive authority over the government of the United Kingdom is still by and through the monarch's royal prerogative, these powers may only be used according to laws enacted in Parliament and, in practice, within the constraints of convention and precedent.
The British monarchy traces its origins from the petty kingdoms of early medieval Scotland and Anglo-Saxon England, which consolidated into the kingdoms of England and Scotland by the 10th century AD. In 1066, the last crowned Anglo-Saxon monarch, Harold II, was defeated and killed during the Norman conquest of England and the English monarchy passed to the Normans' victorious leader, William the Conqueror, and his descendants.
From 1603, when the Scottish monarch King James VI inherited the English throne as James I, both the English and Scottish kingdoms were ruled by a single sovereign. From 1649 to 1660, the tradition of monarchy was broken by the republican Commonwealth of England, which followed the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. The Act of Settlement 1701, which is still in force, excluded Roman Catholics, or those who marry Catholics, from succession to the English throne. In 1707, the kingdoms of England and Scotland were merged to create the Kingdom of Great Britain, and in 1801, the Kingdom of Ireland joined to create the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The British monarch became nominal head of the vast British Empire, which covered a quarter of the world's surface at its greatest extent in 1921.
In the 1920s, five-sixths of Ireland seceded from the Union as the Irish Free State, and the Balfour Declaration recognised the evolution of the dominions of the empire into separate, self-governing countries within a Commonwealth of Nations. After the Second World War, the vast majority of British colonies and territories became independent, effectively bringing the empire to an end. George VI and his successor, Elizabeth II, adopted the title Head of the Commonwealth as a symbol of the free association of its independent member states.
The United Kingdom and fifteen other Commonwealth monarchies that share the same person as their monarch are called Commonwealth realms. The terms British monarchy and British monarch are frequently still employed in reference to the shared individual and institution; however, each country is sovereign and independent of the others, and the monarch has a different, specific, and official national title and style for each realm.
- 1 Constitutional role
- 2 History
- 3 Religious role
- 4 Succession
- 5 Finances
- 6 Residences
- 7 Style
- 8 Arms
- 9 See also
- 10 Notes
- 11 References
- 12 External links
In the uncodified Constitution of the United Kingdom, the Monarch (otherwise referred to as the Sovereign or "His/Her Majesty", abbreviated H.M.) is the Head of State. Oaths of allegiance are made to the Queen and her lawful successors. "God Save the Queen" (or "God Save the King") is the British national anthem, and the monarch appears on postage stamps, coins and banknotes.
The Monarch takes little direct part in Government. The decisions to exercise sovereign powers are delegated from the Monarch, either by statute or by convention, to Ministers or officers of the Crown, or other public bodies, exclusive of the Monarch personally. Thus the acts of state done in the name of the Crown, such as Crown Appointments, even if personally performed by the Monarch, such as the Queen's Speech and the State Opening of Parliament, depend upon decisions made elsewhere:
- Legislative power is exercised by the Queen-in-Parliament, by and with the advice and consent of Parliament, the House of Lords and the House of Commons.
- Executive power is exercised by Her Majesty's Government, which comprises Ministers, primarily the Prime Minister and the Cabinet, which is technically a committee of the Privy Council. They have the direction of the Armed Forces of the Crown, the Civil Service and other Crown Servants such as the Diplomatic and Secret Services (the Queen receives certain foreign intelligence reports before the Prime Minister does).
- Judicial power is vested in the Judiciary, who by constitution and statute have judicial independence of the Government.
- The Church of England, of which the Monarch is the head, has its own legislative, judicial and executive structures.
- Powers independent of government are legally granted to other public bodies by statute or Statutory Instrument such as an Order in Council, Royal Commission or otherwise.
The Sovereign's role as a constitutional monarch is largely limited to non-partisan functions, such as granting honours. This role has been recognised since the 19th century. The constitutional writer Walter Bagehot identified the monarchy in 1867 as the "dignified part" rather than the "efficient part" of government.
Appointment of the Prime Minister
Whenever necessary, the Monarch is responsible for appointing a new Prime Minister (who by convention appoints and may dismiss every other Minister of the Crown, and thereby constitutes and controls the government). In accordance with unwritten constitutional conventions, the Sovereign must appoint an individual who commands the support of the House of Commons, usually the leader of the party or coalition that has a majority in that House. The Prime Minister takes office by attending the Monarch in private audience, and after "kissing hands" that appointment is immediately effective without any other formality or instrument.
In a hung parliament where no party or coalition holds a majority, the monarch has an increased degree of latitude in choosing the individual likely to command the most support, though it would usually be the leader of the largest party. Since 1945, there have only been two hung parliaments. The first followed the February 1974 general election when Harold Wilson was appointed Prime Minister after Edward Heath resigned following his failure to form a coalition. Although Wilson's Labour Party did not have a majority, they were the largest party. The second followed the May 2010 general election, in which the Conservatives (the largest party) and Liberal Democrats (the third largest party) agreed to form the first coalition government since World War II.
Dissolution of Parliament
In 1950 the King's Private Secretary writing pseudonymously to The Times newspaper asserted a constitutional convention: according to the Lascelles Principles, if a minority government asked to dissolve Parliament to call an early election to strengthen its position, the monarch could refuse, and would do so under three conditions. When Prime Minister Wilson requested a dissolution late in 1974, the Queen granted his request as Heath had already failed to form a coalition. The resulting general election gave Wilson a small majority. The monarch could in theory unilaterally dismiss a Prime Minister, but a Prime Minister's term now comes to an end only by electoral defeat, death, or resignation. The last monarch to remove a Prime Minister was William IV, who dismissed Lord Melbourne in 1834. The Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011 removed the monarch's authority to dissolve Parliament; the Act specifically retained the monarch's power of prorogation however, which is a regular feature of the parliamentary calendar.
Some of the government's executive authority is theoretically and nominally vested in the Sovereign and is known as the royal prerogative. The monarch acts within the constraints of convention and precedent, exercising prerogative only on the advice of ministers responsible to Parliament, often through the Prime Minister or Privy Council. In practice, prerogative powers are exercised only on the Prime Minister's advice – the Prime Minister, and not the Sovereign, has control. The monarch holds a weekly audience with the Prime Minister. No records of these audiences are taken and the proceedings remain fully confidential. The monarch may express his or her views, but, as a constitutional ruler, must ultimately accept the decisions of the Prime Minister and the Cabinet (providing they command the support of the House). In Bagehot's words: "the Sovereign has, under a constitutional monarchy ... three rights – the right to be consulted, the right to encourage, the right to warn."
Although the Royal Prerogative is extensive and parliamentary approval is not formally required for its exercise, it is limited. Many Crown prerogatives have fallen out of use or have been permanently transferred to Parliament. For example, the monarch cannot impose and collect new taxes; such an action requires the authorisation of an Act of Parliament. According to a parliamentary report, "The Crown cannot invent new prerogative powers", and Parliament can override any prerogative power by passing legislation.
The Royal Prerogative includes the powers to appoint and dismiss ministers, regulate the civil service, issue passports, declare war, make peace, direct the actions of the military, and negotiate and ratify treaties, alliances, and international agreements. However, a treaty cannot alter the domestic laws of the United Kingdom; an Act of Parliament is necessary in such cases. The monarch is commander-in-chief of the Armed Forces (the Royal Navy, the British Army, and the Royal Air Force), accredits British High Commissioners and ambassadors, and receives diplomats from foreign states.
It is the prerogative of the monarch to summon and prorogue Parliament. Each parliamentary session begins with the monarch's summons. The new parliamentary session is marked by the State Opening of Parliament, during which the Sovereign reads the Speech from the throne in the Chamber of the House of Lords, outlining the Government's legislative agenda. Prorogation usually occurs about one year after a session begins, and formally concludes the session. Dissolution ends a parliamentary term, and is followed by a general election for all seats in the House of Commons. A general election is normally held five years after the previous one under the Fixed-term Parliaments Act 2011, but can be held sooner if the Prime Minister loses a motion of confidence, or if two-thirds of the members of the House of Commons vote to hold an early election.
Before a bill passed by the legislative Houses can become law, the royal assent (the monarch's approval) is required. In theory, assent can either be granted (making the bill law) or withheld (vetoing the bill), but since 1707 assent has always been granted.
The monarch has a similar relationship with the devolved governments of Scotland, Wales, and Northern Ireland. The Sovereign appoints the First Minister of Scotland on the nomination of the Scottish Parliament, and the First Minister of Wales on the nomination of the National Assembly for Wales. In Scottish matters, the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Scottish Government. However, as devolution is more limited in Wales, in Welsh matters the Sovereign acts on the advice of the Prime Minister and Cabinet of the United Kingdom. The Sovereign can veto any law passed by the Northern Ireland Assembly, if it is deemed unconstitutional by the Secretary of State for Northern Ireland.
The Sovereign is deemed the "fount of justice"; although the Sovereign does not personally rule in judicial cases, judicial functions are performed in his or her name. For instance, prosecutions are brought on the monarch's behalf, and courts derive their authority from the Crown. The common law holds that the Sovereign "can do no wrong"; the monarch cannot be prosecuted for criminal offences. The Crown Proceedings Act 1947 allows civil lawsuits against the Crown in its public capacity (that is, lawsuits against the government), but not lawsuits against the monarch personally. The Sovereign exercises the "prerogative of mercy", which is used to pardon convicted offenders or reduce sentences.
The monarch is the "fount of honour", the source of all honours and dignities in the United Kingdom. The Crown creates all peerages, appoints members of the orders of chivalry, grants knighthoods and awards other honours. Although peerages and most other honours are granted on the advice of the Prime Minister, some honours are within the personal gift of the Sovereign, and are not granted on ministerial advice. The monarch alone appoints members of the Order of the Garter, the Order of the Thistle, the Royal Victorian Order and the Order of Merit.
Following Viking raids and settlement in the ninth century, the Anglo-Saxon kingdom of Wessex emerged as the dominant English kingdom. Alfred the Great secured Wessex, achieved dominance over western Mercia, and assumed the title "King of the English". His grandson Æthelstan was the first king to rule over a unitary kingdom roughly corresponding to the present borders of England, though its constituent parts retained strong regional identities. The 11th century saw England become more stable, despite a number of wars with the Danes, which resulted in a Danish monarchy for one generation. The conquest of England in 1066 by William, Duke of Normandy, was crucial in terms of both political and social change. The new monarch continued the centralisation of power begun in the Anglo-Saxon period, while the Feudal System continued to develop.
William was succeeded by two of his sons: William II, then Henry I. Henry made a controversial decision to name his daughter Matilda (his only surviving child) as his heir. Following Henry's death in 1135, one of William I's grandsons, Stephen, laid claim to the throne and took power with the support of most of the barons. Matilda challenged his reign; as a result, England descended into a period of disorder known as the Anarchy. Stephen maintained a precarious hold on power, but agreed to a compromise under which Matilda's son Henry would succeed him. Henry accordingly became the first Angevin king of England and the first monarch of the Plantagenet dynasty as Henry II in 1154.
The reigns of most of the Angevin monarchs were marred by civil strife and conflicts between the monarch and the nobility. Henry II faced rebellions from his own sons, the future monarchs Richard I and John. Nevertheless, Henry managed to expand his kingdom, forming what is retrospectively known as the Angevin Empire. Upon Henry's death, his elder son Richard succeeded to the throne; he was absent from England for most of his reign, as he left to fight in the Crusades. He was killed besieging a castle, and John succeeded him.
John's reign was marked by conflict with the barons, particularly over the limits of royal power. In 1215, the barons coerced the king into issuing Magna Carta (Latin for "Great Charter") to guarantee the rights and liberties of the nobility. Soon afterwards, further disagreements plunged England into a civil war known as the First Barons' War. The war came to an abrupt end after John died in 1216, leaving the Crown to his nine-year-old son Henry III. Later in Henry's reign, Simon de Montfort led the barons in another rebellion, beginning the Second Barons' War. The war ended in a clear royalist victory and in the death of many rebels, but not before the king had agreed to summon a parliament in 1265.
The next monarch, Edward Longshanks, was far more successful in maintaining royal power and responsible for the conquest of Wales. He attempted to establish English domination of Scotland. However, gains in Scotland were reversed during the reign of his successor, Edward II, who also faced conflict with the nobility. In 1311, Edward II was forced to relinquish many of his powers to a committee of baronial "ordainers"; however, military victories helped him regain control in 1322. Nevertheless, in 1327, Edward was deposed by his wife Isabella. His 14-year-old son became Edward III. Edward III claimed the French Crown, setting off the Hundred Years' War between England and France.
His campaigns conquered much French territory, but by 1374, all the gains had been lost. Edward's reign was also marked by the further development of Parliament, which came to be divided into two Houses. In 1377, Edward III died, leaving the Crown to his 10-year-old grandson Richard II. Like many of his predecessors, Richard II conflicted with the nobles by attempting to concentrate power in his own hands. In 1399, while he was campaigning in Ireland, his cousin Henry Bolingbroke seized power. Richard was deposed, imprisoned, and eventually murdered, probably by starvation, and Henry became king as Henry IV.
Henry IV was the grandson of Edward III and the son of John of Gaunt, Duke of Lancaster; hence, his dynasty was known as the House of Lancaster. For most of his reign, Henry IV was forced to fight off plots and rebellions; his success was partly due to the military skill of his son, the future Henry V. Henry V's own reign, which began in 1413, was largely free from domestic strife, leaving the king free to pursue the Hundred Years' War in France. Although he was victorious, his sudden death in 1422 left his infant son Henry VI on the throne and gave the French an opportunity to overthrow English rule.
The unpopularity of Henry VI's counsellors and his belligerent consort, Margaret of Anjou, as well as his own ineffectual leadership, led to the weakening of the House of Lancaster. The Lancastrians faced a challenge from the House of York, so called because its head, a descendant of Edward III, was Richard, Duke of York. Although the Duke of York died in battle in 1460, his eldest son, Edward IV, led the Yorkists to victory in 1461. The Wars of the Roses, nevertheless, continued intermittently during his reign and those of his son Edward V and brother Richard III. Edward V disappeared, presumably murdered by Richard. Ultimately, the conflict culminated in success for the Lancastrian branch led by Henry Tudor, in 1485, when Richard III was killed in the Battle of Bosworth Field.
Now King Henry VII, he neutralised the remaining Yorkist forces, partly by marrying Elizabeth of York, a Yorkist heir. Through skill and ability, Henry re-established absolute supremacy in the realm, and the conflicts with the nobility that had plagued previous monarchs came to an end. The reign of the second Tudor king, Henry VIII, was one of great political change. Religious upheaval and disputes with the Pope led the monarch to break from the Roman Catholic Church and to establish the Church of England (the Anglican Church).
Wales – which had been conquered centuries earlier, but had remained a separate dominion – was annexed to England under the Laws in Wales Acts 1535 and 1542. Henry VIII's son and successor, the young Edward VI, continued with further religious reforms, but his early death in 1553 precipitated a succession crisis. He was wary of allowing his Catholic elder half-sister Mary I to succeed, and therefore drew up a will designating Lady Jane Grey as his heiress. Jane's reign, however, lasted only nine days; with tremendous popular support, Mary deposed her and declared herself the lawful sovereign. Mary I married Philip of Spain, who was declared king and co-ruler, pursued disastrous wars in France, and attempted to return England to Roman Catholicism, burning Protestants at the stake as heretics in the process. Upon her death in 1558, the pair were succeeded by her Protestant half-sister Elizabeth I. England returned to Protestantism and continued its growth into a major world power by building its navy and exploring the New World.
In Scotland, as in England, monarchies emerged after the withdrawal of the Roman empire from Britain in the early fifth century. The three groups that lived in Scotland at this time were the Picts in the north east, the Britons in the south, including the Kingdom of Strathclyde, and the Gaels or Scotti (who would later give their name to Scotland), of the Irish petty kingdom of Dál Riata in the west. Kenneth MacAlpin is traditionally viewed as the first king of a united Scotland (known as Scotia to writers in Latin, or Alba to the Scots). The expansion of Scottish dominions continued over the next two centuries, as other territories such as Strathclyde were absorbed.
Early Scottish monarchs did not inherit the Crown directly; instead the custom of tanistry was followed, where the monarchy alternated between different branches of the House of Alpin. As a result, however, the rival dynastic lines clashed, often violently. From 942 to 1005, seven consecutive monarchs were either murdered or killed in battle. In 1005, Malcolm II ascended the throne having killed many rivals. He continued to ruthlessly eliminate opposition, and when he died in 1034 he was succeeded by his grandson, Duncan I, instead of a cousin, as had been usual. In 1040, Duncan suffered defeat in battle at the hands of Macbeth, who was killed himself in 1057 by Duncan's son Malcolm. The following year, after killing Macbeth's stepson Lulach, Malcolm ascended the throne as Malcolm III.
With a further series of battles and deposings, five of Malcolm's sons as well as one of his brothers successively became king. Eventually, the Crown came to his youngest son, David I. David was succeeded by his grandsons Malcolm IV, and then by William the Lion, the longest-reigning King of Scots before the Union of the Crowns. William participated in a rebellion against King Henry II of England but when the rebellion failed, William was captured by the English. In exchange for his release, William was forced to acknowledge Henry as his feudal overlord. The English King Richard I agreed to terminate the arrangement in 1189, in return for a large sum of money needed for the Crusades. William died in 1214, and was succeeded by his son Alexander II. Alexander II, as well as his successor Alexander III, attempted to take over the Western Isles, which were still under the overlordship of Norway. During the reign of Alexander III, Norway launched an unsuccessful invasion of Scotland; the ensuing Treaty of Perth recognised Scottish control of the Western Isles and other disputed areas.
Alexander III's unexpected death in a riding accident in 1286 precipitated a major succession crisis. Scottish leaders appealed to King Edward I of England for help in determining who was the rightful heir. Edward chose Alexander's three-year-old Norwegian granddaughter, Margaret. On her way to Scotland in 1290, however, Margaret died at sea, and Edward was again asked to adjudicate between 13 rival claimants to the throne. A court was set up and after two years of deliberation, it pronounced John Balliol to be king. However, Edward proceeded to treat Balliol as a vassal, and tried to exert influence over Scotland. In 1295, when Balliol renounced his allegiance to England, Edward I invaded. During the first ten years of the ensuing Wars of Scottish Independence, Scotland had no monarch, until Robert the Bruce declared himself king in 1306.
Robert's efforts to control Scotland culminated in success, and Scottish independence was acknowledged in 1328. However, only one year later, Robert died and was succeeded by his five-year-old son, David II. On the pretext of restoring John Balliol's rightful heir, Edward Balliol, the English again invaded in 1332. During the next four years, Balliol was crowned, deposed, restored, deposed, restored, and deposed until he eventually settled in England, and David remained king for the next 35 years.
David II died childless in 1371 and was succeeded by his nephew Robert II of the House of Stuart. The reigns of both Robert II and his successor, Robert III, were marked by a general decline in royal power. When Robert III died in 1406, regents had to rule the country; the monarch, Robert III's son James I, had been taken captive by the English. Having paid a large ransom, James returned to Scotland in 1424; to restore his authority, he used ruthless measures, including the execution of several of his enemies. He was assassinated by a group of nobles. James II continued his father's policies by subduing influential noblemen but he was killed in an accident at the age of thirty, and a council of regents again assumed power. James III was defeated in a battle against rebellious Scottish earls in 1488, leading to another boy-king: James IV.
In 1513 James IV launched an invasion of England, attempting to take advantage of the absence of the English King Henry VIII. His forces met with disaster at Flodden Field; the King, many senior noblemen, and hundreds of soldiers were killed. As his son and successor, James V, was an infant, the government was again taken over by regents. James V led another disastrous war with the English in 1542, and his death in the same year left the Crown in the hands of his six-day-old daughter, Mary I. Once again, a regency was established.
Mary, a Roman Catholic, reigned during a period of great religious upheaval in Scotland. As a result of the efforts of reformers such as John Knox, a Protestant ascendancy was established. Mary caused alarm by marrying her Catholic cousin, Lord Darnley, in 1565. After Lord Darnley's assassination in 1567, Mary contracted an even more unpopular marriage with the Earl of Bothwell, who was widely suspected of Darnley's murder. The nobility rebelled against the Queen, forcing her to abdicate. She fled to England, and the Crown went to her infant son James VI, who was brought up as a Protestant. Mary was imprisoned and later executed by the English queen Elizabeth I.
Personal union and republican phase
Elizabeth I's death in 1603 ended Tudor rule in England. Since she had no children, she was succeeded by the Scottish monarch James VI, who was the great-grandson of Henry VIII's older sister and hence Elizabeth's first cousin twice removed. James VI ruled in England as James I after what was known as the "Union of the Crowns". Although England and Scotland were in personal union under one monarch – James I became the first monarch to style himself "King of Great Britain" in 1604 – they remained two separate kingdoms. James I's successor, Charles I, experienced frequent conflicts with the English Parliament related to the issue of royal and parliamentary powers, especially the power to impose taxes. He provoked opposition by ruling without Parliament from 1629 to 1640, unilaterally levying taxes and adopting controversial religious policies (many of which were offensive to the Scottish Presbyterians and the English Puritans). His attempt to enforce Anglicanism led to organised rebellion in Scotland (the "Bishops' Wars") and ignited the Wars of the Three Kingdoms. In 1642, the conflict between the King and English Parliament reached its climax and the English Civil War began.
The Civil War culminated in the execution of the king in 1649, the overthrow of the English monarchy, and the establishment of the Commonwealth of England. Charles I's son, Charles II, was proclaimed King of Great Britain in Scotland, but he was forced to flee abroad after he invaded England and was defeated at the Battle of Worcester. In 1653, Oliver Cromwell, the most prominent military and political leader in the nation, seized power and declared himself Lord Protector (effectively becoming a military dictator, but refusing the title of king). Cromwell ruled until his death in 1658, when he was succeeded by his son Richard. The new Lord Protector had little interest in governing; he soon resigned. The lack of clear leadership led to civil and military unrest, and for a popular desire to restore the monarchy. In 1660, the monarchy was restored and Charles II returned to Britain.
Charles II's reign was marked by the development of the first modern political parties in England. Charles had no legitimate children, and was due to be succeeded by his Roman Catholic brother, James, Duke of York. A parliamentary effort to exclude James from the line of succession arose; the "Petitioners", who supported exclusion, became the Whig Party, whereas the "Abhorrers", who opposed exclusion, became the Tory Party. The Exclusion Bill failed; on several occasions, Charles II dissolved Parliament because he feared that the bill might pass. After the dissolution of the Parliament of 1681, Charles ruled without a Parliament until his death in 1685. When James succeeded Charles, he pursued a policy of offering religious tolerance to Roman Catholics, thereby drawing the ire of many of his Protestant subjects. Many opposed James's decisions to maintain a large standing army, to appoint Roman Catholics to high political and military offices, and to imprison Church of England clerics who challenged his policies. As a result, a group of Protestants known as the Immortal Seven invited James II's daughter Mary and her husband William III of Orange to depose the king. William obliged, arriving in England on 5 November 1688 to great public support. Faced with the defection of many of his Protestant officials, James fled the realm and William and Mary (rather than James II's Catholic son) were declared joint Sovereigns of England, Scotland and Ireland.
James's overthrow, known as the Glorious Revolution, was one of the most important events in the long evolution of parliamentary power. The Bill of Rights 1689 affirmed parliamentary supremacy, and declared that the English people held certain rights, including the freedom from taxes imposed without parliamentary consent. The Bill of Rights required future monarchs to be Protestants, and provided that, after any children of William and Mary, Mary's sister Anne would inherit the Crown. Mary died childless in 1694, leaving William as the sole monarch. By 1700, a political crisis arose, as all of Anne's children had died, leaving her as the only individual left in the line of succession. Parliament was afraid that the former James II or his supporters, known as Jacobites, might attempt to reclaim the throne. Parliament passed the Act of Settlement 1701, which excluded James and his Catholic relations from the succession and made William's nearest Protestant relations, the family of Sophia, Electress of Hanover, next in line to the throne after his sister-in-law Anne. Soon after the passage of the Act, William III died, leaving the Crown to Anne.
After the 1707 Acts of Union
After Anne's accession, the problem of the succession re-emerged. The Scottish Parliament, infuriated that the English Parliament did not consult them on the choice of Sophia's family as the next heirs, passed the Act of Security 1704, threatening to end the personal union between England and Scotland. The Parliament of England retaliated with the Alien Act 1705, threatening to devastate the Scottish economy by restricting trade. The Scottish and English parliaments negotiated the Acts of Union 1707, under which England and Scotland were united into a single Kingdom of Great Britain, with succession under the rules prescribed by the Act of Settlement.
In 1714, Queen Anne was succeeded by her second cousin, and Sophia's son, George I, Elector of Hanover, who consolidated his position by defeating Jacobite rebellions in 1715 and 1719. The new monarch was less active in government than many of his British predecessors, but retained control over his German kingdoms, with which Britain was now in personal union. Power shifted towards George's ministers, especially to Sir Robert Walpole, who is often considered the first British prime minister, although the title was not then in use. The next monarch, George II, witnessed the final end of the Jacobite threat in 1746, when the Catholic Stuarts were completely defeated. During the long reign of his grandson, George III, Britain's American colonies were lost, the former colonies having formed the United States of America, but British influence elsewhere in the world continued to grow, and the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland was created by the Acts of Union 1800.
From 1811 to 1820, George III suffered a severe bout of what is now believed to be porphyria, an illness rendering him incapable of ruling. His son, the future George IV, ruled in his stead as Prince Regent. During the Regency and his own reign, the power of the monarchy declined, and by the time of his successor, William IV, the monarch was no longer able to effectively interfere with parliamentary power. In 1834, William dismissed the Whig Prime Minister, William Lamb, 2nd Viscount Melbourne, and appointed a Tory, Sir Robert Peel. In the ensuing elections, however, Peel lost. The king had no choice but to recall Lord Melbourne. During William IV's reign, the Reform Act 1832, which reformed parliamentary representation, was passed. Together with others passed later in the century, the Act led to an expansion of the electoral franchise and the rise of the House of Commons as the most important branch of Parliament.
The final transition to a constitutional monarchy was made during the long reign of William IV's successor, Victoria. As a woman, Victoria could not rule Hanover, which only permitted succession in the male line, so the personal union of the United Kingdom and Hanover came to an end. The Victorian era was marked by great cultural change, technological progress, and the establishment of the United Kingdom as one of the world's foremost powers. In recognition of British rule over India, Victoria was declared Empress of India in 1876. However, her reign was also marked by increased support for the republican movement, due in part to Victoria's permanent mourning and lengthy period of seclusion following the death of her husband in 1861.
Victoria's son, Edward VII, became the first monarch of the House of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha in 1901. In 1917, the next monarch, George V, changed "Saxe-Coburg and Gotha" to "Windsor" in response to the anti-German sympathies aroused by the First World War. George V's reign was marked by the separation of Ireland into Northern Ireland, which remained a part of the United Kingdom, and the Irish Free State, an independent nation, in 1922.
During the twentieth century, the Commonwealth of Nations evolved from the British Empire. Prior to 1926, the British Crown reigned over the British Empire collectively; the Dominions and Crown Colonies were subordinate to the United Kingdom. The Balfour Declaration of 1926 gave complete self-government to the Dominions, effectively creating a system whereby a single monarch operated independently in each separate Dominion. The concept was solidified by the Statute of Westminster 1931, which has been likened to "a treaty among the Commonwealth countries".
The monarchy thus ceased to be an exclusively British institution, although it is often still referred to as "British" for legal and historical reasons and for convenience. The monarch became separately monarch of the United Kingdom, monarch of Canada, monarch of Australia, and so forth. The independent states within the Commonwealth would share the same monarch in a relationship likened to a personal union.
George V's death in 1936 was followed by the accession of Edward VIII, who caused a public scandal by announcing his desire to marry the divorced American Wallis Simpson, even though the Church of England opposed the remarriage of divorcées. Accordingly, Edward announced his intention to abdicate; the Parliaments of the United Kingdom and of other Commonwealth countries granted his request. Edward VIII and any children by his new wife were excluded from the line of succession, and the Crown went to his brother, George VI. George served as a rallying figure for the British people during World War II, making morale-boosting visits to the troops as well as to munitions factories and to areas bombed by Nazi Germany. In June 1948 George VI relinquished the title Emperor of India, although remaining head of state of the Dominion of India.
At first, every member of the Commonwealth retained the same monarch as the United Kingdom, but when the Dominion of India became a republic in 1950, it would no longer share in a common monarchy. Instead, the British monarch was acknowledged as "Head of the Commonwealth" in all Commonwealth member states, whether they were realms or republics. The position is purely ceremonial, and is not inherited by the British monarch as of right but is vested in an individual chosen by the Commonwealth heads of government. Member states of the Commonwealth that share the same person as monarch are known as Commonwealth realms.
Monarchy in Ireland
In 1155 the only English pope, Adrian IV, authorised King Henry II of England to take possession of Ireland as a feudal territory nominally under papal overlordship. The pope wanted the English monarch to annex Ireland and bring the Irish church into line with Rome, despite this process already underway in Ireland by 1155. An all-island kingship of Ireland had been created in 854 by Máel Sechnaill mac Máele Ruanaid. His last successor was Ruaidrí Ua Conchobair, who had become King of Ireland in early 1166, and exiled Diarmait Mac Murchada, King of Leinster. Diarmait asked Henry II for help, gaining a group of Anglo-Norman aristocrats and adventurers, led by Richard de Clare, 2nd Earl of Pembroke, to help him regain his throne. Diarmait and his Anglo-Norman allies succeeded and he became King of Leinster again. De Clare married Diarmait's daughter, and when Diarmait died in 1171, de Clare became King of Leinster. Henry was afraid that de Clare would make Ireland a rival Norman kingdom, so he took advantage of the papal bull and invaded, forcing de Clare and the other Anglo-Norman aristocrats in Ireland and the major Irish kings and lords to recognise him as their overlord. English lords came close to colonising the entire island, but a Gaelic resurgence from the 1260s resulted in the island divided between Gaelic-Irish and Anglo-Irish lords by 1400. Many of the latter became completely Gaelicised, and did not recognise England's kings except perhaps nominally. Some, such as Manus O'Donnell and Conn O'Neill, 1st Earl of Tyrone, were kings themselves.
By 1541, King Henry VIII of England had broken with the Church of Rome and declared himself Supreme Head of the Church of England. The pope's grant of Ireland to the English monarch became invalid, so Henry summoned a meeting of the Irish Parliament to change his title from Lord of Ireland to King of Ireland. However much of the island was beyond English control, resulting in the extended Tudor conquest of Ireland that only made the Kingdom of Ireland a reality in 1603, at the conclusion of the Nine Years' War (Ireland). Nevertheless, Ireland retained its own parliament, becoming an independent state in 1642-1649 (Confederate Ireland), and again in 1688-91. Only warfare such as the Williamite War in Ireland and subsequent occupation enabled the English crown from 1692, and successive British states from 1707, to retain the country.
In 1800, as a result of the Irish Rebellion of 1798, the Act of Union merged the kingdom of Great Britain and the kingdom of Ireland into the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Ireland. The whole island of Ireland continued to be a part of the United Kingdom until 1922, when what is now the Republic of Ireland won independence as the Irish Free State, a separate Dominion within the Commonwealth. The Irish Free State was renamed Éire (or "Ireland") in 1937, and in 1949 declared itself a republic, left the Commonwealth and severed all ties with the monarchy. Northern Ireland remained within the Union. In 1927, the United Kingdom changed its name to the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland, while the monarch's style for the next twenty years became "of Great Britain, Ireland and the British Dominions beyond the Seas, King, Defender of the Faith, Emperor of India".
In the 1990s, Republicanism in the United Kingdom grew, partly on account of negative publicity associated with the Royal Family (for instance, immediately following the death of Diana, Princess of Wales). However, recent polls show that around 70–80% of the British public support the continuation of the monarchy.
The sovereign is the Supreme Governor of the established Church of England. Archbishops and bishops are appointed by the monarch, on the advice of the Prime Minister, who chooses the appointee from a list of nominees prepared by a Church Commission. The Crown's role in the Church of England is titular; the most senior clergyman, the Archbishop of Canterbury, is the spiritual leader of the Church and of the worldwide Anglican Communion. The monarch takes an oath to preserve Church of Scotland and he or she holds the power to appoint the Lord High Commissioner to the Church's General Assembly, but otherwise plays no part in its governance, and enjoys no powers over it. The Sovereign plays no formal role in the disestablished Church in Wales or Church of Ireland.
The relationship between the Commonwealth realms is such that any change to the laws governing succession to the shared throne requires the unanimous consent of all the realms. Succession is governed by statutes such as the Bill of Rights 1689, the Act of Settlement 1701 and the Acts of Union 1707. The rules of succession may only be changed by an Act of Parliament; it is not possible for an individual to renounce his or her right of succession. The Act of Settlement restricts the succession to the legitimate Protestant descendants of Sophia of Hanover (1630–1714), a granddaughter of James I.
Upon the death of a sovereign, his or her heir immediately and automatically succeeds (hence the phrase "The king is dead, long live the king!"), and the accession of the new sovereign is publicly proclaimed by an Accession Council that meets at St James's Palace. Upon their accession, a new sovereign is required by law to make and subscribe several oaths: the Accession Declaration as first required by the Bill of Rights, and an oath that they will "maintain and preserve" the Church of Scotland settlement as required by the Act of Union. The monarch is usually crowned in Westminster Abbey, normally by the Archbishop of Canterbury. A coronation is not necessary for a sovereign to reign; indeed, the ceremony usually takes place many months after accession to allow sufficient time for its preparation and for a period of mourning.
After an individual ascends the throne, he or she reigns until death. The only voluntary abdication, that of Edward VIII, had to be authorised by a special Act of Parliament, His Majesty's Declaration of Abdication Act 1936. The last monarch involuntarily removed from power was James VII and II, who fled into exile in 1688 during the Glorious Revolution.
Restrictions by gender and religion
Succession was largely governed by male-preference cognatic primogeniture, under which sons inherit before daughters, and elder children inherit before younger ones of the same gender. The Prime Minister of the United Kingdom, David Cameron, announced at the Commonwealth Heads of Government Meeting 2011 that all 16 Commonwealth realms, including the United Kingdom, had agreed to abolish the gender-preference rule for anyone born after the date of the meeting, 28 October 2011. They also agreed that future monarchs would no longer be prohibited from marrying a Roman Catholic – a law which dated from the Act of Settlement 1701. However, since the monarch is also the Supreme Governor of the Church of England, the law which prohibits a Roman Catholic from acceding to the throne remains. The necessary UK legislation making the changes received the royal assent on 25 April 2013 and was brought into force in March 2015 after the equivalent legislation was approved in all the other Commonwealth realms.
Only individuals who are Protestants may inherit the Crown. Roman Catholics are prohibited from succeeding. An individual thus disabled from inheriting the Crown is deemed "naturally dead" for succession purposes, and the disqualification does not extend to the individual's legitimate descendants.
The Regency Acts allow for regencies in the event of a monarch who is a minor or who is physically or mentally incapacitated. When a regency is necessary, the next qualified individual in the line of succession automatically becomes regent, unless they themselves are a minor or incapacitated. Special provisions were made for Queen Elizabeth II by the Regency Act 1953, which stated that the Duke of Edinburgh (the Queen's husband) could act as regent in these circumstances.
During a temporary physical infirmity or an absence from the kingdom, the sovereign may temporarily delegate some of his or her functions to Counsellors of State, the monarch's spouse and the first four adults in the line of succession. The present Counsellors of State are: the Duke of Edinburgh, the Prince of Wales, the Duke of Cambridge, Prince Harry and the Duke of York.
Until 1760 the monarch met all official expenses from hereditary revenues, which included the profits of the Crown Estate (the royal property portfolio). King George III agreed to surrender the hereditary revenues of the Crown in return for the Civil List, and this arrangement persisted until 2012. An annual Property Services Grant-in-aid paid for the upkeep of the royal residences, and an annual Royal Travel Grant-in-Aid paid for travel. The Civil List covered most expenses, including those for staffing, state visits, public engagements, and official entertainment. Its size was fixed by Parliament every 10 years; any money saved was carried forward to the next 10-year period. From 2012 until 2020, the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid are to be replaced with a single Sovereign Grant, which will be set at 15% of the revenues generated by the Crown Estate.
The Crown Estate is one of the largest property owners in the United Kingdom, with holdings of £7.3 billion in 2011. It is held in trust, and cannot be sold or owned by the Sovereign in a private capacity. In modern times, the profits surrendered from the Crown Estate to the Treasury have exceeded the Civil List and Grants-in-Aid. For example, the Crown Estate produced £200 million in the financial year 2007–8, whereas reported parliamentary funding for the monarch was £40 million during the same period.
Like the Crown Estate, the land and assets of the Duchy of Lancaster, a property portfolio valued at £383 million in 2011, are held in trust. The revenues of the Duchy form part of the Privy Purse, and are used for expenses not borne by the parliamentary grants. The Duchy of Cornwall is a similar estate held in trust to meet the expenses of the monarch's eldest son. The Royal Collection, which includes artworks and the Crown Jewels, is not owned by the Sovereign personally and is held in trust, as are the occupied palaces in the United Kingdom such as Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle.
The sovereign is subject to indirect taxes such as value-added tax, and since 1993 the Queen has paid income tax and capital gains tax on personal income. Parliamentary grants to the Sovereign are not treated as income as they are solely for official expenditure. Republicans estimate that the real cost of the monarchy, including security and potential income not claimed by the state, such as profits from the duchies of Lancaster and Cornwall and rent of Buckingham Palace and Windsor Castle, is £334 million a year.
Estimates of the Queen's wealth vary, depending on whether assets owned by her personally or held in trust for the nation are included. Forbes magazine estimated her wealth at US$450 million in 2010, but no official figure is available. In 1993, the Lord Chamberlain said estimates of £100 million were "grossly overstated". Jock Colville, who was her former private secretary and a director of her bank, Coutts, estimated her wealth in 1971 at £2 million (the equivalent of about £25 million today).
The Sovereign's official residence in London is Buckingham Palace. It is the site of most state banquets, investitures, royal christenings and other ceremonies. Another official residence is Windsor Castle, the largest occupied castle in the world, which is used principally at weekends, Easter and during Royal Ascot, an annual race meeting that is part of the social calendar. The Sovereign's official residence in Scotland is the Palace of Holyroodhouse in Edinburgh. The monarch stays at Holyrood for at least one week each year, and when visiting Scotland on state occasions.
Historically, the Palace of Westminster and the Tower of London were the main residences of the English Sovereign until Henry VIII acquired the Palace of Whitehall. Whitehall was destroyed by fire in 1698, leading to a shift to St James's Palace. Although replaced as the monarch's primary London residence by Buckingham Palace in 1837, St James's is still the senior palace and remains the ceremonial Royal residence. For example, foreign ambassadors are accredited to the Court of St James's, and the Palace is the site of the meeting of the Accession Council. It is also used by other members of the Royal Family.
Other residences include Clarence House and Kensington Palace. The palaces belong to the Crown; they are held in trust for future rulers, and cannot be sold by the monarch. Sandringham House in Norfolk and Balmoral Castle in Aberdeenshire are privately owned by the Queen.
The present Sovereign's full style and title is "Elizabeth the Second, by the Grace of God, of the United Kingdom of Great Britain and Northern Ireland and of Her other Realms and Territories Queen, Head of the Commonwealth, Defender of the Faith". The title "Head of the Commonwealth" is held by the Queen personally, and is not vested in the British Crown. Pope Leo X first granted the title "Defender of the Faith" to King Henry VIII in 1521, rewarding him for his support of the Papacy during the early years of the Protestant Reformation, particularly for his book the Defence of the Seven Sacraments. After Henry broke from the Roman Church, Pope Paul III revoked the grant, but Parliament passed a law authorising its continued use.
The Sovereign is known as "His Majesty" or "Her Majesty". The form "Britannic Majesty" appears in international treaties and on passports to differentiate the British monarch from foreign rulers. The monarch chooses his or her regnal name, not necessarily his or her first name – King George VI, King Edward VII and Queen Victoria did not use their first names.
If only one monarch has used a particular name, no ordinal is used; for example, Queen Victoria is not known as "Victoria I", and ordinals are not used for English monarchs who reigned before the Norman conquest of England. The question of whether numbering for British monarchs is based on previous English or Scottish monarchs was raised in 1953 when Scottish nationalists challenged the Queen's use of "Elizabeth II", on the grounds that there had never been an "Elizabeth I" in Scotland. In MacCormick v Lord Advocate, the Scottish Court of Session ruled against the plaintiffs, finding that the Queen's title was a matter of her own choice and prerogative. The Home Secretary told the House of Commons that monarchs since the Acts of Union had consistently used the higher of the English and Scottish ordinals, which in the applicable four cases has been the English ordinal. The Prime Minister confirmed this practice, but noted that "neither The Queen nor her advisers could seek to bind their successors". Future monarchs will apply this policy.
Traditionally, the signature of the monarch includes their regnal name but not ordinal, followed by the letter R, which stands for rex or regina (Latin for king and queen, respectively). The present monarch's signature is "Elizabeth R". From 1877 until 1948 reigning monarchs added the letter I to their signatures, for imperator or imperatrix (emperor or empress in Latin), from their status as Emperor or Empress of India. For example, Queen Victoria signed as "Victoria RI" from 1877.
The Royal coat of arms of the United Kingdom are "Quarterly, I and IV Gules three lions passant guardant in pale Or [for England]; II Or a lion rampant within a double tressure flory-counter-flory Gules [for Scotland]; III Azure a harp Or stringed Argent [for Ireland]". The supporters are the Lion and the Unicorn; the motto is "Dieu et mon droit" (French: "God and my Right"). Surrounding the shield is a representation of a Garter bearing the motto of the Chivalric order of the same name; "Honi soit qui mal y pense". (Old French: "Shame be to him who thinks evil of it"). In Scotland, the monarch uses an alternative form of the arms in which quarters I and IV represent Scotland, II England, and III Ireland. The mottoes are "In Defens" (an abbreviated form of the Scots "In My Defens God Me Defend") and the motto of the Order of the Thistle; "Nemo me impune lacessit". (Latin: "No-one provokes me with impunity"); the supporters are the unicorn and lion, who support both the escutcheon and lances, from which fly the flags of Scotland and England.
The monarch's official flag in the United Kingdom is the Royal Standard, which depicts the Royal Arms in banner form. It is flown only from buildings, vessels and vehicles in which the Sovereign is present. The Royal Standard is never flown at half-mast because there is always a sovereign: when one dies, his or her successor becomes the sovereign instantly.
When the monarch is not in residence, the Union Flag is flown at Buckingham Palace, Windsor Castle and Sandringham House, whereas in Scotland the Royal Standard of Scotland is flown at Holyrood Palace and Balmoral Castle.
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By Brooke Geery
Not every child in Vermont has the chance to go skiing or snowboarding, but Pico Mountain’s school program aims to change that. Since 2016, the resort has worked with area schools to bring groups of students from kindergarten through 8th grade to the mountain to experience the sports, part of the resort’s Play Forever pledge.
Pico Ski and Snowboard school manager Andy Haskell went through a similar program himself in the 1970s and has been obsessed with skiing ever since. His office is decorated with thank you drawings sent by the students, and he beams with pride when talking about the program, through which thousands have passed.
“A couple years ago when we were doing this, there were 150 kids that would come all at once. It was a madhouse,” he said. “They were just out there on the rope tow, and it was great, so much fun. The bottom line for this is, I don’t particularly care how many skills they pick up, I want to hook ‘em!”
Every student participating in the program receives rentals, six hour and a half lessons, and a pass good for 12 days on snow. The cost for each student is $99, and that is covered by the schools.
“We’ve known for many, many years that it is not a money maker for us,” Haskell said, “but exposing local children to what we do here, that may not normally get that opportunity, is so important. Statistics show that when you start children skiing when they’re in kindergarten, the likelihood of them sticking with it is so much higher than even if you start kids in 7th or 8th grade.”
Of the six schools taking part in the program this season, none has embraced it quite as wholeheartedly as Orwell Village School. The K-8 establishment initially brought its entire student body — nearly 120 kids. Unfortunately, Covid-19 shut down the program mid-season in 2019/20, it took a pandemic pause in 2020/21 and for 2021/22 it has been scaled back so that only one school group of 50 children can participate at a time. Orwell has shifted its approach, bringing students in two groups — grades 4-6 on one day and grades 3, 7 and 8 on another.
Orwell program director and school board member Peter Stone said the program is a hit with nearly everyone.
“Out of the whole school, there might have been 15 kids that could go skiing, and because of the program now you have all these other kids that can go. We had a family of four students that didn’t ski because their parents didn’t ski, but now that the kids started skiing, and their parents have figured it out so they can take their kids other days,” Stone said.
Initially, the funding for the program in Orwell was thanks to a local mom who loved to ski so much herself, she wanted to let every child in on the fun. She raised money with other town residents to make it happen. It was such a success, the school took over, and now there is enough money allotted in the school’s budget to not just cover the cost of the program, but bussing every student to Pico, as well.
The program doesn’t just benefit the kids, but the parents, too, Stone explained.
“For parents who haven’t been skiing before, it can be daunting to take their kids up to the mountain because they just don’t know what it’s about. Even though (Pico) is very helpful, it’s still a lot for someone who’ve never done it. Many parents have volunteered to help and then they are also able to see what skiing is all about. We have had some parents that went up and took the training and became instructors for Pico. Some of them kept going after the program ended and would teach classes on other weekends.”
This season, Pico Mountain can accommodate and instruct 50 students at a time in morning and afternoon sessions on Mondays, Thursdays and Fridays.
Haskell’s just glad to have the program back this season and is hopeful it will return to the participation levels seen in the early days.
“I certainly plan on expanding in the future when the world gets back to somewhat normal. Hopefully we’ll have more staff to bring in on it, because it is a very popular program,” he said.
The biggest reward for Haskell is witnessing the kids on the hill. The thank you letters they receive afterwards are a bonus.
“We had a letter that came in five or six years ago, from a girl Anika, about how discovering skiing has changed her life,” he said. “A bunch of us still have it. It gets really deep; the emotion you can get out of these kids. It’s a neat thing, especially these days when it seems like every other kid doesn’t have a two-parent family and they need some sort of structure. So coming here, and learning this, they really grab ahold of it.” | <urn:uuid:d981a326-7cfa-488c-a25c-fd6fc3e4013f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mountaintimes.info/pico-school-program-gives-kids-the-gift-of-skiing-and-snowboarding/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.983024 | 1,081 | 1.570313 | 2 |
To those curious about a career in teaching: Being a teacher requires a certain type of personality. I think I have the teacher personality. For one thing, I am most happy in a job where I feel I am making a difference. I believe I am making a difference so therefore I enjoy teaching. I also believe the teachers around me are trying to make a difference. Are you thinking about teaching? Do you want to make a difference with your job? If so, read on.
If you are looking at a teaching career and thinking: “Wow, teaching looks secure financially, maybe I’ll go get my credential.” You’re somewhat deluded. There is talk of pulic schools as they are becoming something altogether different in the coming years. But even if it was secure, all the security in the world will not get you through. Only vision and passion can guide you through this demanding profession.
At present there are discussions going on all across our great land about how to make cuts in the classroom. The money just isn’t there any more. It is possible classes will go from 30:1 to 40 or even 50:1 some predict. The resolve of teachers now in the profession will be tested, there is no doubt about that. The people in school now to become teachers should be excited about the career but also realistic that it could years before we ever see hiring like we have seen in the past. The backlog of teachers who are out of work grows every day. These people will be needing jobs when education gets robust again. Don’t let it sway you however if you have a vision to teach. Our civilization will always need intelligent and passionate individuals to teach its youth. It may not have the best pay or conditions but teaching will always have the reward of helping children to grow.
Therein lays the secret of why to become a teacher. A visionary teacher will make it through these tough financial times by putting kids first. If you are new or old or medium or whatever, you can be an excellent teacher if you want to. To those who have the intelligence and passion, I applaud your decision to teach. Go for it. | <urn:uuid:3e6080a6-aebe-4a1c-a054-c9c32894ffa7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.dynamitelessonplan.com/why-teach/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00171-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973622 | 443 | 1.921875 | 2 |
WASHINGTON -- The U.S. Postal Rate Commission agreed yesterday to raise the cost of mailing a first-class letter to 29 cents, a 4-cent increase, clearing the way for higher rates to go into effect next month.
The independent commission pared a penny off a 30-cent rate that the U.S. Postal Service had requested last March. It also authorized use of a 27-cent stamp on most envelopes provided by utilities, department stores, insurance companies and similar firms for paying bills.
The rate for postcards, now 15 cents, is scheduled to rise to 19 cents -- also a penny lower than the Postal Service had requested.
Postal Rate Commission Chairman George W. Haley said the rate increases, the first since 1988, were designed to impose a heavier burden on third-class "junk" mailers, reversing the trend of rate increases in recent years.
Compared with the 16 percent rate increase on first-class mail, the commission approved increases of 25 percent on third-class or bulk mail and 22 percent on second-class items such as newspapers and magazines.
"The most important part of this is our effort to restore an equitable balance between the two biggest classes of mail -- first and third class," Mr. Haley said at a news briefing. "There has been a trend toward increasing the burden on first class and lessening it on third class. We have tried to arrest that trend."
Direct-marketing executives complained that the higher third-class rates would put some companies out of business.
"It's a devastating thing," said Richard Barton, executive vice president of the Direct Marketing Association, which represents mail marketers. "The backbone of the entire catalog industry is ,, getting hit with a horrendous increase."
Mr. Barton said oversized fashion catalogs would face a 35 percent increase in their postal rates on top of a 25 percent increase imposed less than three years ago.
"I think it's going to push some marginal catalogs right up against the wall, and put some of them right out of business," he said.
But consumer advocate Ralph Nader said first-class postal customers had subsidized third-class mail "for too long." In an interview with the Knight-Ridder News Service, Mr. Nader said business rates should be raised, first-class rates frozen and expenses cut at the Postal Service.
Although the Postal Service's board of governors has the power to reject recommendations of the commission, whose members are appointed by the president, it has done so only once in the past 10 years. The commission's advice generally is accepted by the Postal Service, and both Mr. Haley and Postmaster General Anthony Frank said they thought yesterday's proposal would be no exception.
Mr. Frank, who said he expected that the higher rates would go into effect Feb. 3, ridiculed the commission's decision to settle for 29 cents, calling it "a kind of populist push [that] saves the average family $2 a year."
Mr. Frank criticized as confusing the proposed 27-cent discount rate for consumers who use business-reply envelopes for paying bills. Such courtesy envelopes contain bar codes and an extra four-digit zip code that make their processing easier.
Mr. Haley said the commission adopted that feature to let consumers share in the benefits of cost-saving advances in automation, as business users have done. He denied that purchasing 27-cent and 29-cent stamps would be awkward, noting that most consumers make bulk purchases of stamps.
He estimated the new rates would produce additional revenue of $6.2 billion a year, bringing Postal Service income in fiscal 1992 to $48 billion. The commission is required by law to enable the Postal Service to break even on expenses, he said.
Asked why the commission had not attempted to cut Postal Service operating costs instead of raising rates, Mr. Haley replied: "We on the commission are not managers. We are not in a position to micro-manage the agency."
Mr. Haley said he did not expect the Postal Service to reject the 29-cent rate or put it into effect under protest while asking the commission to reconsider. | <urn:uuid:2ff433f9-cba4-41a9-9ff8-d20f80518452> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://articles.baltimoresun.com/1991-01-05/news/1991005005_1_postal-rate-commission-postal-service-third-class | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284411.66/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00460-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.964127 | 843 | 1.632813 | 2 |
When you believe of health insurance, the first thing that almost certainly concerns brain is Medicare. Medicare may be the government-sponsored health insurance plan for people 65 and older with certain disabilities. Nearly 50% of usa citizens get their health insurance by means of their employers. Nevertheless, the government has also create health exchanges in which folks and family members can join person and loved ones plans. Numerous health trade plans offer subsidies for your monthly premiums, which means you may qualify to obtain an affordable plan. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Secure Guru Assist Or Read On >>>
When you find yourself contemplating a health insurance policy, keep in mind that the advantages of coverage go beyond the cost of a prescription. Normally, health insurance covers doctors’ visits and follow-ups, prescription drugs, and health-related tests. Most health insurance policies will consist of optional rewards, such as replacement of earnings while you are undergoing treatment. But what if you become ill? In that scenario, health insurance is your best guess. You’ll have comfort knowing that you will be lined for any medical expenditures, even when you aren’t sensation well.
A health insurance plan is really a essential expense that shields your economic balance in instances of crisis or illness. The procedure commences using an software. The insurance provider might require different healthcare assessments, dependent around the age from the applicant and also the type of plan he or she selects. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Pick-Up Professional Aid Or Please Read On >>> Once the terms and circumstances happen to be finalized, the policy is issued. You will find waiting around periods, deductibles, and co-payments for health insurance.
You will find numerous different kinds of health insurance plans. You can select a plan using a reduced monthly premium, but bear in mind that these plans often have higher co-pays or greater prescription costs. If you’re comparatively wholesome and rarely require medical care, a low month to month premium plan could be fantastic. However, for those who have serious healthcare circumstances, you could want to improve to some more expensive plan. So, how can you decide which plan is right to suit your needs?
Exactly Where Can I Purchase Cost-effective Health Insurance – Buy Health Insurance CT
If you are utilized full-time by a large employer, you could qualify for a health plan that is inexpensive. Large employers need to adjust to the Affordable Care Act employer mandate, a lot of offer health plans that are fairly priced for his or her full-time staff. If you’re the one individual within your household, premiums could be greater, but you should still have the ability to locate inexpensive coverage. You can also try to find insurance subsidies provided by the Marketplace.
Premium tax credits make health coverage much more inexpensive for middle-income consumers. This credit score is calculated because the difference between benchmark premiums along with a certain proportion of earnings. For those who make among 300 and 400 per cent of the federal poverty line, the premium tax credit rating applies in a charge of 9.86 percent. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Pick Up Specialised Advice Or Otherwise Continue Reading >>> It handles the rest of the price of the plan in case your earnings is lower than 400 per cent of the poverty level. You can get premium tax credits for as much as 5 years, which can help make protection affordable for middle-income consumers.
The 2017 tax invoice repealed the person mandate penalty, which resulted in fewer individuals signing up for backed health care. Undoing these tax cuts would free up money for extending premium tax credits to higher incomes and improving these accessible for lower incomes. Additionally, most discussions about how to create the person marketplace more inexpensive tend to target on premiums in the individual marketplace. Although it is correct that premiums in the person industry are generally higher than in other marketplaces, the big boost in premiums in 2017 strengthened this assumption.
The ACA mandates that insurers supply a plain-language SBC to shoppers. However, numerous shoppers may still not be capable of pay for this sort of a plan. This really is identified as the “family glitch” and is estimated to have an effect on 2 to 4 million people. Although this is a substantial issue, it will continue to expand till a lot more People in america get health insurance protection. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Find Specialist Advise Or Read On >>> The good news is these efforts are aiding the most folks, and they are already getting a positive impact on the Affordable Care Act.
The Best Way To Select The Most Effective Health Insurance
If you are looking for the very best health insurance, you could have several questions. The health care industry can be complicated, and you also can truly feel overcome by the numerous choices available. Thankfully, there are numerous resources to assist you navigate the marketplace and discover the greatest health insurance plan for you. In the following paragraphs, we will include a few of the most crucial concerns that customers ought to inquire prior to they buy a health insurance plan. We will look at A.M. Best Rating, S&P Ranking, BBB Rating, number of plans supplied, personal out-of-pocket expense, mobile app and more.
Buy Health Insurance – Buy Health Insurance CT
You might have heard about the Special Enrollment Period, which is a time when individuals can enroll in health insurance. It occurs once a year, from November 1 to January 31. This really is your only opportunity to purchase health insurance. However, certain life events may qualify you for a Special Enrollment Period that allows you to change your protection or obtain a cheaper 1. Listed below are some of the benefits of Special Enrollment Intervals and how you are able to use them to your advantage.
The government’s Health Insurance Market does not consist of every plan, which means you might discover a cheaper plan elsewhere. Nevertheless, it’s well worth checking out other options. For example, if you don’t have an employer-sponsored plan, you’ll be able to visit eHealth to compare big protection plans and qualify for premium tax credits. Additionally, you will find several state marketplaces that allow you to compare plans side by side, and also you can shop directly with health insurance companies. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Request Specialist Service Or Please Read On >>>
Additionally, there are private exchanges where you are able to shop to the proper plan. Buying by means of an association or an online health insurance brokerage allows you to take advantage of group rates or other discounts. Whilst buying from an association might not be ideal, you may discover a group rate that works better for you personally. You could even qualify for subsidies, also called premium tax credits. By shopping around, you might save cash on health insurance, and you are going to be better off in the long run.
When choosing a health insurance plan, be sure to acquire the aid of the licensed insurance agent. These agents can guide you by means of the entire process of buying health insurance. Furthermore to evaluating various health insurance plans, they can also help you navigate the industry and negotiate with health insurance carriers on your behalf. And they’re free to work with you, so there’s no risk of scams and exploitation of one’s personal details. You are able to also use the federal government’s Locate Local Aid tool to discover a marketplace-trained private insurance broker within your area.
Exactly Where Can I Buy Budget Health Insurance
If you are trying to find cheap health insurance, consider a budget health plan. This type of plan will cover the prices of the most common out-of-pocket expenses, this sort of as routine doctor visits. The downside is that aggressive brokers make these plans a lot more attractive. Consumer advocacy groups and state regulators have criticized these brokers for trying to make their products more appealing. Here are some things to consider when selecting a budget health insurance plan. The best choice might not be the cheapest. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Obtain Guru Advice Or Otherwise Read On >>>
Budget plans may be found at many companies. Aetna Inc., Cigna Corp., Humana Inc., and UnitedHealth Group Inc. offer these plans. Additionally, you will find many smaller companies offering these types of plans. You could not have heard of all these companies, but a few are making waves with budget health insurance. It really is well worth checking them out. You’ll be surprised at what you’ll be able to locate!
Another advantage of budget health insurance is the price. While it is great for those on a budget, you are going to have to settle to get a limited selection of treatment. This means you will have to pay for additional fees that could total as much as virtually EUR 300 per year. Plus, there’s a steep deductible of EUR 385 a 12 months. Also, you could only be capable of select remedy at a select few hospitals in the Netherlands. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Get Professional Aid Or Read On >>> You could also have to spend more time traveling to a non-contracted hospital and spend a portion in the monthly bill your self.
When you have a health condition that is considered high-risk, budget insurance could be a excellent financial choice. Numerous in the complaints about high-risk insurance companies are not applicable to budget health insurance subsidiaries. Choosing the cheapest compulsory health insurance premiums is crucial for your budget, but consider the insurers’ claim settlement policies, customer service, and the quantity of protection provided. The cheaper the premium, the better. And don’t forget to compare the protection. >>> Buy Health Insurance CT – Pick-Up Qualified Aid. | <urn:uuid:3a85789c-11ee-4ffb-8833-75b8c11e43a8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.insurancebythepros.com/faq-01/buy-health-insurance-ct-health-insurance-f-a-q/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570741.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808001418-20220808031418-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.957348 | 1,967 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Gettysburg College may be the latest school to criminalize unsolicited hugging, but it wasn’t the first. That distinction belongs to Antioch College, which made national headlines in the early 1990s when it first introduced its Sexual Offense Prevention Policy. Both policies have the exact same definition of consent: “Consent is defined as the act of willingly and verbally agreeing to engage in specific sexual conduct.”
Antioch, however, apparently feels that a simple definition is not enough; rather, its students need explicit examples of how the policy might apply in everyday situations:
- “[G]rinding on the dance floor is not consent for further sexual activity.”
- “[M]oans are not consent.”
- “A person cannot give consent while sleeping.” (Really, consciousness is an element of consent? Well I’ll be.)
And just in case you were wondering, “[t]hese requirements for consent do not restrict with whom the sexual activity may occur, the type of sexual activity that occurs, the props/toys/tools that are used, the number of persons involved, the gender(s) or gender expressions of persons involved.” You have to love the specificity here—“Tools”? “The number of persons involved”? I guess the folks at Antioch wanted to make crystal clear that the chainsaw-wielding orgy is totally okay—just as long as everyone gives specific verbal consent.
Jokes aside, the real point here is that this policy, like Gettysburg’s, infantilizes students by treating them as incapable of making even the most basic judgments about sexual interactions. And by its sheer silliness, it dangerously makes light of a truly serious subject matter. When your sexual offense policy is the butt of late-night television jokes, how seriously will people take claims of “sexual offense” on your campus? Policies like this jeopardize the claims of students who have actually been the victim of a sexual offense, as well as the futures of other students for engaging in innocent behaviors. It is a lose-lose situation for students at these institutions, and it needs to change. | <urn:uuid:e6f320a8-15d0-4c85-9930-e310c2db076f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.thefire.org/antioch-college-where-it-all-began/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.944703 | 457 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Under the Affordable Care Act, states may apply for federal funding to provide “Health Homes” to Medicaid eligible participants with chronic illnesses. Missouri’s “Health Homes” initiative is examining the “MO HealthNet Primary Care Health Home Initiative” to see if the initiative will be able to achieve high quality primary care, be cost-effective, increase available resources at primary care practice sites, and improve care coordination to result in improved patient outcomes.
According to the “Provider Bulletin” published on June 13th, by the Missouri Department of Social Services (DSS), the MO HealthNet Primary Care Health Home Initiative is making progress. The Health Home has many of the same characteristics of the Patient-Centered Medical Home (PCMH) but is customized to meet the specific needs of low-income patients with chronic medical conditions.
Currently, the Health Home Initiative is under review by CMS and right now DSS is seeking Primary Care Practice Sites comprised of licensed physicians collaborating with other licensed healthcare professionals including nurse practitioners and physician assistants to serve as Health Homes for MO HealthNet participants. Applications are due July 11, 2011.
DSS will require reports such as monthly narrative practice reports, monthly clinical quality indicator reports using clinical data within the Practice’s patient registry or a third-party data repository, periodic submission of Health Home Implementation quotient survey scores, and other reports as specified by DSS.
Go to http://dss.mo.gov/mhd/providers/pdf/bulletin33-44_2011jun13.pdf to view the Bulletin with further information. | <urn:uuid:fb705e7f-efce-42dc-b17b-cfd23dc63e83> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://telemedicinenews.blogspot.com/2011/07/states-health-home-initiative.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280587.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00556-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.92277 | 328 | 1.703125 | 2 |
THE SHA RECIPES TO LIVE LONGER AND BETTER
- Ficha Técnica
- Derechos eBook:
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Compartir: 6 dispositivos permitidos.
Food plays an essential role in our physical and mental health. This cookbook explains how integral nutrition is able to strengthen not only our vitality and well-being but also our body?s cleansing and self-healing abilities and how it can help slow the aging process as well. This type of nutrition consists of eating grains, legumes, vegetables, fruits, seeds, nuts and seaweed with an emphasis on wholegrain, fresh, organic, balanced, local and seasonal products.
This cookbook is a collection of delicious recipes to help you prepare starters, main courses, desserts, cocktails and juices, in addition to containing other recipes that are specifically focused on cleansing the body, lowering cholesterol levels, losing weight, and boosting energy. As a bonus, the cookbook includes some of the healthiest dishes found in international gastronomy from experts from around the world.
Cooking, pleasure and health all brought to you by SHA, one of the most prestigious and pioneering international wellness clinics of the world. | <urn:uuid:455369e5-a74f-46bf-90de-50313a0526c6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.altair.es/es/ebook/the-sha-recipes-to-live-longer-and-better_E0002611944 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719215.16/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00199-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.86698 | 257 | 1.539063 | 2 |
A Japan Air Self-Defense Force F-2 fighter jet takes off during the U.S-Japan biennial joint bilateral field-training exercise Keen Sword 2013 at Misawa air base in Aomori prefecture on Nov. 5, 2012. Reuters
Angry Skies: Japanese Jets Scramble as Tensions With China Escalate -- Time
Rival territorial claims see worrying rise in antagonistic air and sea maneuvers
The skies over Okinawa are often perilous, with sudden squalls complicating air traffic over this subtropical Japanese outpost. In recent months, the treacherous airspace has gotten even busier, with Japanese fighter jets based in Naha, the capital of Okinawa prefecture, scrambling in record numbers as tensions between China and Japan spiral over a scattering of disputed islands. The uninhabited outcroppings in the East China Sea, called the Senkaku in Japanese and the Diaoyu in Chinese, are currently administered by Japan but China maintains historic claims to them.
Read more ....
More News On Border Tensions Continuing Between China And Japan
Two Chinese ships enter disputed waters: Japan -- FOX News/AFP
Japan Boosts Security Near Isles in China Dispute -- AP
China warns Japan against stationing workers on disputed isles -- Reuters
China urges U.S. to abide by neutrality on Diaoyu islands -- Xinhuanet
Does China Have a Good Case in Territorial Disputes? -- China Digital Times | <urn:uuid:1b00a710-671f-44c2-bc20-9675e1550128> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://warnewsupdates.blogspot.com/2013/09/border-tensions-continue-between-china.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00571-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.872039 | 294 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Philosophy of Sport
Sports can be traced way back—even before Babe Ruth⚾️ batted in his first free throw in the third Super Bowl—to ancient history. All the way back to ancient Greece, when Socrates constructed his “ideal city” in The Republic, ensuring rigorous and universal physical education was a huge part of it. He called it “gymnastics” 🤸🏿♀️, though, and honestly, he was probably right; the ideal city is just everyone being Simone Biles.
First and foremost, philosophy of sport tries to figure out what sports even are. Everyone seems to agree that a bunch of guys running around with a ball means sports. But, what about cheerleading? Is it the physical exertion that makes something a sport? What about chess? Is strategy and competition what makes something a sport? Does the fact that the yo-yo emoji 🪀 is right smack dab in the middle of the other sportsball emojis indicate that yo-yoing is a sport? (It’s a well-known philosophical truth that emojis are really the ultimate decider in cases like this.) If you ask any cheerleaders, and even some chess players, there’s a pretty good chance that they have some pretty strong feelings about these kinds of things. There are so many questions to ask whether it regards youth sports, how many teams to root for, or what it really means to be ethical in entertainment sports. These topics only break the surface as to what the philosophy of sport could take a stance 🤺 on. So, whether you play, yo-yo, or just want to sit on the sidelines, philosophy of sport can get everyone in on the action.
The real importance of sports
- The real importance of sports
- Interview with Magnus in Sportacus’ Airship
- Youth Sports as a Development Zone
- Sports Can Start Meaningful Conversations
What is Sport?
The Sports EthicistsListen
Questions to Think About
What makes something a sport?
Is violence entertaining? If so, is this morally right?
Is there a right or wrong way to be a sports fan?
What makes sports fair?
Is competition a good thing?
Are sports about character development or entertainment?
Dr. Drew Hyland
Dr. Jeffrey Fry
“Drew, Chris, Will and John” by cplong11 is licensed with CC BY-NC-SA 2.0. To view a copy of this license, visit https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-nc-sa/2.0/. https://www.flickr.com/photos/45298653@N00/5621606563 | <urn:uuid:650680e9-43dd-4098-8b50-6d3a14963a90> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://philosophyoutreachproject.azurewebsites.net/philosophy-of-sport/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.928975 | 612 | 2.625 | 3 |
Jeson Mor (English: "Nine Horses") is a two-player strategy board game from Mongolia. It is considered a chess variant. The game is played on a 9×9 checkered gameboard. Each player has nine chess knights initially lined up on the players' first. A player wins by being first to occupy the central square (square e5) with a knight, and then leave that square.
A 9×9 square checkered board is used. Alternatively, an 8×8 square grid can be used with pieces played on the intersection points. Each player has a set of nine chess knights in their own color.
Players decide who is White, who is Black, and who moves first. Players alternate turns. Knights are initially set up on each player's first. | <urn:uuid:d047287b-622f-4a2f-ae81-290345e7f92e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://db0nus869y26v.cloudfront.net/en/Jeson_Mor | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571502.25/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811194507-20220811224507-00074.warc.gz | en | 0.936065 | 262 | 1.664063 | 2 |
Batman characters | The Joker
Next to nothing is known about Batman's greatest enemy, except that he operated as an enforcer/hitman for various crime bosses before becoming the "Clown Prince of Crime." The Joker first encountered Batman during a botched robbery at the Ace Chemical Factory. He escaped by leaping into a drainage vat of chemical waste, but later discovered the toxins bleached his skin chalk white, dyed his hair fluorescent green, and stretched his lips into a hideous, permanent red grin. It's not hard to understand why such a transformation snapped his already unstable mind.
The Joker's methods are simple: gain pleasure in breaking every law and moral stature known to man. More importantly, he makes the crime funnier by playing a game of cat and mouse with Batman. Joker views every crime, infliction of pain, and murder as the ultimate joke -- mocking Batman. Joker's trademarks are his razor sharp playing cards and the laughing gas Smilex, a chemical that infects his victims with the same ghastly grin as his own.
The Joker is a supervillain and the archenemy of Batman. He was first introduced in Batman #1 (Spring 1940) and has remained consistently popular. The Joker is a master criminal with a clown-like appearance. Initially portrayed as a violent sociopath who murders people for his own amusement, the Joker later in the 1940s began to be written as a goofy trickster-thief. That characterization continued through the late-1950s and 1960s before the character became again depicted as a vicious, calculating and psychopathic killer. The Joker has been responsible for numerous tragedies in Batman's life, including the paralysis of Barbara Gordon (Batgirl/Oracle) and the murders of Jason Todd (the second Robin) and Jim Gordon's second wife Sarah Essen.
Interpretations of the Joker in other media include Cesar Romero's in the 1960s Batman television series, Jack Nicholson's in Tim Burton's Batman, and Mark Hamill's in Batman: The Animated Series and other DC Animated Universe shows. Wizard magazine listed him the #1 villian of all time in 2006. As played by Nicholson, The Joker ranks #45 in the American Film Institute's list of the top 50 film villains of all time. Heath Ledger signed to play the Joker in July 2006, for director Christopher Nolan's Batman Begins sequel, The Dark Knight and won a posthumous Oscar for his performance. He was also achieved the rank of the 8th Greatest Comic Book Character of All Time list, which was released by Empire (noteably being the highest ranked villain character on the list), as well as being the fifth Greatest Comic Book Character Ever in Wizard Magazine's 200 Greatest Comic Book Characters of all Time list, once again being the highest ranked villain on the list.
The Jokers Powers and abilities
The Joker commits crimes with countless "comedic" weapons (such as razor-sharp playing cards, acid flowers, cyanide pies and lethal electric joy buzzers) and Joker Venom, a deadly poison that infects his victims with a ghoulish rictus grin as they die while laughing uncontrollably. This venom comes in many forms, from gas to darts to liquid poison, and has been his primary calling card from his first appearance till the present; he is immune to it. The Joker is also very skilled in the fields of chemistry, genetics, and nuclear engineering. In a miniseries featuring Tim Drake, the third Robin, he kidnaps a computer genius, admitting that he doesn't know much about computers. In future issues, he is shown as very computer literate.
The Joker has moderate skill in hand to hand combat. Over the years it has been shown that although Batman is stronger, the Joker is faster and more agile. The Joker has been known to be able to hold his own in hand-to-hand combat against Batman, however every time he is subdued by Batman, it is through physical force. However, the Joker has proven to be very skilled in the area of martial arts as well, this being proven when beating the batman once in a fight without "cheating". However, this skill in fighting can also be questioned, due to different artists having different reincarnations of the Joker. In some cases, he is so weak, that Batman can take him down with a single punch, whilst in other cases, he has proven to be more than a match for the Dark Knight.
The Joker has cheated death numerous times, even in seemingly inescapable and lethal situations. Though he has been seen caught in explosions, been shot repeatedly, dropped from heights, electrocuted, etc, the Joker always manages to return fully alive and unscathed to wreak havoc again.
Over several decades there have been a variety of depictions and possibilities regarding the Joker's apparent insanity, of which the following are a sampling:
Grant Morrison's graphic novel Arkham Asylum suggests that the Joker's mental state is in fact a previously unprecedented form of "super-sanity," a form of ultra-sensory perception. It also suggests that he has no true personality of his own, that on any given day he can be a harmless clown or a vicious killer, depending on which would benefit him the most (thus explaining the two very different interpretations of the character that have developed over the decades; see below). Later, during the Knightfall saga, after Scarecrow, Cornelius Stirk, and the Joker team up and kidnap the mayor of Gotham City, Scarecrow turns on the Joker and uses his fear gas to see what Joker is afraid of. To Scarecrow's surprise, the gas has no effect on Joker, who in turn beats him with a chair. In Morrison's JLA title, the Martian Manhunter rewires his own brain in order to think like the Joker, and later briefly rewires the Joker's brain to create momentary sanity. In those few moments, the Joker realizes that he had to reevaluate his life and seemed to regret his various murders. He is returned to his usual self soon afterward.
Various DC Comics Who's Who publications state that due to his level of insanity, at times the Joker manifests a degree of superhuman strength. In an alternate depiction of the Joker called Elseworlds: Distant Fires, the Joker is rendered sane by a nuclear war that deprives all super beings of their powers. In Batman: Legends of the Dark Knight #145, the Joker became sane when Batman put him in one of Ra's al Ghul's Lazarus Pits after being shot, a reversal of the insanity which may come after experiencing such rejuvenation. However, the sanity, like the more commonplace insanity, was only temporary, and soon the Joker was back to his normal self. It is to be noted that during the brief moments of sanity, Joker expresses regret for all the sins and crimes that he has committed and has begged for forgiveness.
The character is sometimes portrayed as having a heightened sense of self-awareness that other characters do not, such as being aware of being in a comic book. This fourth wall awareness also seems to carry over to Batman: The Animated Series. The Joker is the only character to talk directly into the "camera" (such as in Joker's Wild, where he says "Don't try this at home, kids!" before lassowing a passing truck and using it to swing him over the fence of Arkham Asylum), and can be heard whistling his own theme music in the episode adaptation of the comic Mad Love. In the Marvel vs DC crossover, he also demonstrates knowledge of the first Batman/Spider-Man crossover even though that story's events did not occur in the canonical history of either the Marvel or DC universe. | <urn:uuid:d5681e20-f6a5-4b72-a972-db384995feea> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cartoonwatcher.com/batman/batman-characters/character-joker.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00540-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978667 | 1,567 | 1.742188 | 2 |
Moses was the prophet God sent to deliver the people of Israel from captivity in Egypt.
Moses, though an Israelite was raised in the Egyptian palace after being dumped at the river bank by his parent and picked up by pharaoh’s daughter who raised him as her own son.
He grew up to witness the injustice being faced by the Israelites in this foreign land and committed murder against the Egyptian side in an attempt to defend some Israelites. This caused him to flee Egypt in fear of his life.
He was later called upon by God to be a prophet and messenger that will convey his messages and deliver his people from captivity.
“Now the man Moses was very humble, more than any man who was on the face of the earth”
Arguably Israel’s greatest prophet, Moses left behind one of the strongest legacies in the Bible. As God’s anointed leader, he led the people from Egypt to the Promised Land, appointed priests and judges, created a place of worship, delivered God’s law, wrote the first five books of the Bible, and frequently interceded on behalf of the people. With this exceptional résumé, it’s easy to envy a character like Moses.
Who wouldn’t want to accomplish so much?
For Moses, though, the road to each accomplishment included a great many difficult and rocky places as it twisted and turned. After becoming a fugitive from Pharaoh’s court, Moses scratched out a living in the desert of Midian as a shepherd for forty years (Exodus 3).
Once commissioned by God, Moses then risked his life by bringing bad news and judgment to Pharaoh (Exodus 4–12). And though God gave him the task of confronting Pharaoh, Moses lacked natural speaking ability and needed to rely on his brother, Aaron, to be his mouthpiece (see Exodus 4:10).
Securing the freedom of the Hebrew people led to more difficulty for Moses. Instead of being heralded as a hero, he became the object of the Israelites’ complaints and rebellion (see examples in Exodus 15–17; Numbers 14, 16).
In spite of all his illustrious achievements as God’s appointed leader, Moses was not perfect. As a consequence for Moses’ disobedience (Numbers 20), God did not allow him to cross into the land. Instead, God graciously allowed Moses to view the Promised Land that God had reserved for His people (Deuteronomy 34).
Moses’ life illustrated that the price of leadership is often loneliness.
During the difficult times of leading the people through the wilderness, Moses faced opposition from those who should have been his closest allies. Leadership is difficult and lonely work. What leaders need to experience your support? | <urn:uuid:958a40c9-aee5-45c4-b67a-394b16a0a4b3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://who.sulhazan.com/reply/59/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00078.warc.gz | en | 0.979407 | 579 | 3.734375 | 4 |
Britons lack knowledge of Bible: survey
By Harpreet Bhal
LONDON (Reuters Life!) - Knowledge of the Bible is in decline in Britain, with fewer than one in 20 people able to name all Ten Commandments and youngsters viewing the Christian holy book as "old fashioned," a survey said on Sunday.
Forty percent did not know that the tradition of exchanging Christmas presents originated from the story of the Wise Men bringing gifts for the infant Jesus, while 60 percent could not name anything about the Good Samaritan, the Durham University study found.
Youngsters were particularly disillusioned, telling researchers that the Bible was "old fashioned," "irrelevant" and for "Dot Cottons" -- a reference to the church-going EastEnders' character, the National Biblical Literacy Survey 2009 showed.
"It is the first recognition of something which we all knew in our gut. We knew it was there but we weren't exactly willing to face up to it," said Rev Brian D. Brown, a visiting fellow at St.John's College in Durham University.
One respondent to the survey said David and Goliath was the name of a ship while another thought Daniel, who survived being thrown into the lions' den, was "The Lion King."
Brown said the survey showed the need to push for greater religious education among young people as knowledge of the Bible among the under-45 age group was in decline.
"We have got to recognize that it (the Bible) is the foundation of our society, upon which our whole culture has been based," he told Reuters. "To understand it and to live in it you do need an understanding of the Bible."
Atheists, however, were not unduly worried about the decline in the Bible's popularity. Continued... | <urn:uuid:400036ef-a134-40b7-a566-7e2bf652dcf2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ca.reuters.com/article/lifestyleNews/idCATRE56A30S20090711 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00085-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.976878 | 366 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Sentences using the word alehouse. University students, word game players, and those who would like to gain additional insight into the meaning of words may find this page particularly useful. The lines of text below use alehouse in a sentence, and provide visitors a sentence for alehouse.
- Full many a hero of the alehouse, anciently amenable to leg-and-foot imprisonment in the grip of the parish, has presented as respectable an air. (10)
- In all essential things we and the Gilliards cut very much the same figure in the alehouse kitchen. (2)
- The young moon outside shone very clearly over Pont-sur-Sambre, and down upon the alehouse where all we pedlars were abed. (2)
Glad you visited this page with a sentence for alehouse. Perhaps also see a sentence for aisle and ways to use algy in a sentence. Now that you’ve seen how to use alehouse in a sentence hope you might explore the rest of this educational reference site Sentencefor.com to see many other example sentences which provide word usage information. | <urn:uuid:0a6b0548-39a1-4356-b08d-df0b44ca54b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://sentencefor.com/alehouse/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280872.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94827 | 235 | 2.375 | 2 |
These network installation instructions are for RTG Bills Version 2.17 and above.
RTG Bills and RTG Timer are compatible with any local area network (LAN) that supports Windows PCs.
You can use the built-in networking of Windows, which is an example of a peer-to-peer network. On such a network, each PC can read and write to the hard disks on the other PCs, if you give them permission to do so.
You can also use RTG Bills and RTG Timer on a network consisting of a file server and workstations. The file server can run Windows Server, Linux, or any other network operating system that supports Windows PCs as workstations. On such a network, each PC can read and write to the hard disks on the file server, if you give them permission to do so.
The distinction between a file server and a workstation has to do with the role it plays. The hardware itself could be the same - an ordinary PC - although typical file servers are a heavy-duty version of the standard PC, designed for greater speed and higher reliability.
The RTG Bills program files and the RTG Bills data files do not have to be in the same directory (or folder). The installation program lets you choose separate locations for the programs and the data.
On a peer-to-peer network, choose one PC on which to install RTG Bills and its data files. RTG Bills may work a little faster on the PC where the data files are located, so if it will be used on one PC more than the others, choose that PC. The other PCs must be able to read and write to the directory where the RTG Bills data files will be installed. This PC is, in effect, your file server.
If you have an actual file server, you should install the RTG Bills program files on the PCs and the RTG Bills data files on the file server. Set the permissions on the network so that any user who will use RTG Bills can read and write to the directory on the file server where the RTG Bills data files will be installed.
Normally, the installation program puts the program files in this location (the Program Location):
or C:\Program Files (x86)\Rtgbills
Some files are also installed in the Windows system directory.
Where to put the data files depends on the type of network, so we will discuss the two possibilities separately below.
Note: Do not install RTG Timer at this time. The data files for RTG Timer must be in a different location for each user, as explained in the section Where to install RTG Timer below.
The installation program will ask you where you want to store the RTG Bills data files (the Data Location). The "standard" location is this (for Windows 10, 8, 7, and Vista):
Do not use this directory, which is not shared over the network. Instead, choose a shared location, perhaps in the "public" directory. For example:
If other PCs on the network will also need RTG Bills, make sure that this PC is "sharing" the Data Location. In other words, other PCs must have permission to read and change the files in that directory. In effect, this PC will be the server for other PCs on the network.
Learn more: How to Specify the Network Data Location
If you have a file server, create a data directory on the server for RTG Bills. Name the directory Rtgbills. However, do not start the installation program on the file server. Instead, you will start the installation program on a workstation.
Set the permissions on the data directory so that other PCs can read and change the files.
Let's suppose that you created the directory Rtgbills somewhere on the server's hard disk, and you set that directory to be shared over the network. The workstations can refer to this directory as \\MyServer\Rtgbills, where you must replace MyServer with the actual name of your file server.
Now start the installation program on a workstation. When you are asked for the Program Location, you should use the standard directory,
or C:\Program Files (x86)\Rtgbills
However, when you are asked for the Data Location, enter the path to the shared directory on the file server,
When the installation is complete, the program files will be on the PC and the data files will be on the server. However, some files are also installed in the local Windows system directory of the PC.
Learn more: How to Specify the Network Data Location
At this point you should be able to start RTG Bills on this PC. Try it to be sure it works.
If you are upgrading RTG Bills and you do not see your clients and matters, it means that you specified the wrong Data Location.
RTG Bills never overwrites existing data, but it will install an empty database if there is no data in the Data Location. Find your data, uninstall RTG Bills, and install it again with the correct Data Location.
Some installations of RTG Bills use it on one PC. If there are other users, they use RTG Timer instead.
However, RTG Bills is a fully multi-user program. That means it can be used by several people at the same time. Why would you want to do that? Here are a few reasons:
If you don't need to use RTG Bills on another PC, skip the rest of this section.
At this point we assume you want to use RTG Bills on another PC in addition to the one you just set up.
Go to the second PC and open File Explorer. Click Network in the left-hand column. Double-click the computer acting as the file server. Verify that you can see the directory where you installed the RTG Bills data files on the file server. We'll assume it is named \\MyServer\Rtgbills. Even if you have a peer-to-peer network, that first PC is, in effect, your file server.
Now start the installation program on this PC. When you are asked for the Program Location, use the standard location for the programs:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Rtgbills
Use \\MyServer\Rtgbills for the Data Location.
Test the installation by starting RTG Bills from the second PC.
Do more people need RTG Bills? Just repeat this process.
RTG provides additional features and bug fixes as updates. Updates are downloaded and installed over the Internet.
Because updates can change program files, you need administrator privileges to install them. This means that you must right-click the RTG Bills icon and choose Run as administrator to start RTG Bills whenever you want to install an update.
In RTG Bills, choose File > Update > Yes to start RTG Update. Click Check The Internet For Updates to see a list of available updates.
Because the RTG Bills programs are installed separately on each PC, you must install the updates separately on each PC as well.
You may occasionally see multi-user conflicts. For example, when one user edits a matter, a portion of the database is locked. That prevents another user from editing the same matter. The program will detect this situation and display a message saying that the matter may be in use.
Certain operations cannot be performed by two people at the same moment, such as printing bills. Here again, the program will detect the conflict and tell you about it. Once the bills have been sent to Windows for printing, even though they may not have finished printing yet, the program is free to print again.
RTG Timer is used to enter fees and expenses. That's all it does, so it is simpler to use than RTG Bills. Also, RTG Timer has a stopwatch so each timekeeper can time their work as they do it.
In a typical small firm, an assistant or bookkeeper uses RTG Bills to enter new clients and matters, enter payments received from clients, and print bills and reports. That person does not need RTG Timer.
If that person enters all the fees and expenses for the firm, then RTG Timer is not required. Fees and expenses can be entered directly into RTG Bills.
However, any timekeeper who wants to time work as it is performed needs RTG Timer. We also recommend that anyone who will enter fees and expenses, and nothing more, should use RTG Timer instead of RTG Bills.
You are not limited in the number of users who can install RTG Bills or RTG Timer, assuming they all share the same RTG Bills database. However, you need a separate timekeeper license for each timekeeper you want to see in RTG Timer. Each timekeeper license comes with a unique timekeeper key, which you enter into RTG Bills (Edit > Timekeepers). Each timekeeper who has a timekeeper key entered into RTG Bills will appear in the list of timekeepers when you start RTG Timer.
When you buy RTG Bills and RTG Timer, you get one timekeeper key. This key is always the same.
RTG Timer can get shared information (clients, matters, timekeepers, and codes) from the RTG Bills database. You just have to tell Timer the directory (on the network) that contains Bills (which was \\MyServer\Rtgbills in our previous examples). We'll see how to do this later.
The fees and expenses you enter into RTG Timer are stored in its private database. When you decide those transactions are complete, you release them, which copies them into the RTG Bills database. Now they are visible in RTG Bills, where they can be modified, billed, etc.
We have found this arrangement faster and more reliable than having each timekeeper enter fees and expenses directly into a shared database.
It is also possible to copy the clients, matters, timekeepers, and codes from RTG Bills into the private RTG Timer database. Then RTG Timer will work when it is not connected to RTG Bills over a network. Examples would be a notebook PC when you are out of the office, a home PC, or an office PC that is not connected to a network. This situation is called standalone or remote operation.
For standalone operation, you can use a USB flash drive to transfer data between RTG Bills and RTG Timer. RTG Bills will write the clients, matters, timekeepers, and codes onto the flash drive. RTG Timer will read that information from the flash drive into its private database.
Fees and expenses entered into RTG Timer can be written to a flash drive when they are released. RTG Bills can read the transactions from the flash drive into the RTG Bills database.
Of course, if you use RTG Bills and RTG Timer on networked computers, you should not use a flash drive to transfer data between the two programs. A network connection is faster and more reliable.
See RTG Timer: Standalone Operation for setup instructions.
You should install RTG Timer program files in the standard location on each PC:
C:\Program Files (x86)\Rtgbills
You must install RTG Timer data files in a separate directory for each RTG Timer user. We suggest you accomplish this in one of two ways:
The advantage of Method 1 is that you can use RTG Timer even if the server is not working. However, to do that, you must copy the clients, matters, timekeepers, and codes from RTG Bills to RTG Timer before the problem arises. That's what File > Import RTG Bills Data > Copy From RTG Bills does in RTG Timer. Then, if the network is not available, RTG Timer can switch automatically from using the RTG Bills database to using the local RTG Timer database.
The advantage of Method 2 is that all the databases are on the server, so if you back up the server, you are assured of having a backup of the RTG Timer data that has not yet been released to RTG Bills. If you use Method 1, you can set up File > Backup to back up the RTG Timer data to the server, but then each Timer user has to remember to do the backup regularly.
Recommendation: Use Method 1 on a peer-to-peer network and Method 2 if you have a file server.
It is possible to have two people share a PC. Perhaps Joan uses the PC on Monday and Wednesday, while John uses it on Tuesday and Thursday. Each user should have a separate Windows login name.
If you use Method 1, then you will have to specify two different data directories on the local PC, one for each user. You might use subdirectories of the standard data location. For example, you might use:
If you use Method 2, you must also have separate directories for each user, but they are on the file server instead of the local hard disk.
Perhaps the easiest way to set this up properly is to temporarily make the user an Administrator for the PC. Then install RTG Timer, using the standard program location and the user's unique data location. Finally, change the user back to an ordinary user if they should not be an Administrator.
There are two settings in RTG Timer that tell it where to find the data it needs. The first setting is the location of the RTG Timer data files, which is set during installation.
The other setting is the location of the RTG Bills database, which you can set as follows:
By design, RTG Timer stores fees and expenses in a private database. It does not write these transactions into the RTG Bills database. This is always true, even on a network.
When a person using RTG Timer has entered transactions and would like to bill them, it is necessary to release the transactions. RTG Timer has a button labeled Release for this purpose, or you can use the menu choice
File > Release Items
When RTG Timer releases fee and expense transactions, they are written directly into the RTG Bills database.
However, RTG Timer also allows remote or standalone operation when RTG Timer does not have access to the RTG Bills database. In this situation, RTG Timer writes the transactions into a file when you release them. You need to copy that file, timer.xfr, into a directory where RTG Bills can read it.
For example, you can set RTG Timer to release the transactions to a flash drive. The transactions are written to the file timer.xfr on the flash drive. Take the flash drive to the RTG Bills computer and plug it in. Then either copy the file timer.xfr to the Desktop, or set RTG Bills to read the transactions directly from the flash drive. The setting that determines where RTG Bills looks for the file is here:
Setup > Timer
Click the Desktop button to enter the full path to the user's Desktop.
After RTG Timer releases fee and expense transactions, they can be read by RTG Bills. When you start RTG Bills, it will see the RTG Timer transactions and offer to read them. If RTG Bills is already started, read the transactions by choosing File > Read Items from the menu.
If you release transactions from RTG Timer but RTG Bills cannot find them, then either RTG Timer wrote them in the wrong place or RTG Bills is looking for them in the wrong place.
First start RTG Timer and choose Setup > Other. Click the Release tab. Here you will see the folder where RTG Timer wrote the transactions. If the transactions were written to the hard disk on this computer and RTG Bills is installed on a different computer, with no network connection, copy the file timer.xfr to a flash drive and take it to the RTG Bills computer. Copy the file to the Desktop.
Start RTG Bills. If it does not offer to read the transactions as it starts, choose Setup > Timer. Here you will see the folder where RTG Bills is looking for the transactions. Click the Desktop button, then click Close. Choose File > Read Items to read the transactions.
After you successfully transfer the file timer.xfr from the RTG Timer computer to the RTG Bills computer, you must delete it on the RTG Timer computer. Otherwise, the next time RTG Timer releases transactions, they are added to that file, and you will get duplicates when you send the file to RTG Bills. | <urn:uuid:fc2e16fa-7690-4f3f-b6ae-e05111c734f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.rtgsoftware.com/net.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573193.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818094131-20220818124131-00473.warc.gz | en | 0.912875 | 3,607 | 2.328125 | 2 |
Museums and Heritage
Welcome to the online home of Lancaster’s Museums, its History and its Heritage –
Places where the past becomes part of a thriving future
Click on the image above to head over to the list of ‘Lancaster City Museums’. These are the museums operating around the city which are owned and run by Lancaster City Council.
Click on the image above to head over to the list of Other Museums located around Lancaster. These Museums will either be independently owned or run by Lancashire County Council.
Click on the image above to learn more about Lancaster’s fantastic History and Heritage, from its historic buildings to its stunning parkland. | <urn:uuid:a5c29d11-a8d9-4954-bcef-552504923e6b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://visitlancaster.org.uk/history-and-heritage/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.964259 | 145 | 1.585938 | 2 |
On the surface, there’s as little reason as ever to feel hopeful about the U.S. budget.
Republican lawmakers again are insisting that President Barack Obama will have to give them something to get renewed borrowing authority, heralding another summer showdown over the debt ceiling.
The Democratic-led Senate and the Republican-led House of Representatives are in a standoff on how to go about reconciling their separate budget proposals. (That’s right, how to negotiate. Senate leaders want to go straight into a traditional conference, where proposals approved in each chamber are debated until there is a compromise. House leaders are holding out for a “framework” agreement that would commit both sides to achieving broad goals, such as aggregate spending cuts.)
But don’t despair too much – at least not yet. American politicians have the luxury of a little time to sort out their budget mess because the deficit – which not so long ago represented one of the scarier threats facing the global economy – is closing remarkably rapidly.
In all likelihood, the Congressional Budget Office on Tuesday, when it releases its latest projections, will revise its outlook to show the U.S. government is on track to narrow its budget shortfall to at least 4 per cent of gross domestic product within a couple of years.
That still would be on the bloated side, but within striking distance of a deficit-to-GDP ratio of 3 per cent that economists generally say is manageable. After sliding into the red from a surplus in 2001, when the U.S. recorded a small budget deficit, Washington has recorded a deficit of less than 3 per cent of GDP only once, in 2007.
The Treasury on Friday said the U.S. recorded a budget surplus of almost $113-billion (U.S.) in April, nearly double the surplus of a year earlier. This was primarily a revenue phenomenon, as receipts were 27.6 per cent higher last month than in April, 2012. Spending was 13.1 per cent higher.
Wall Street economists last week were lowering the budget estimates ahead of the CBO revisions. Jim O’Sullivan at High Frequency Economics now projects a deficit in the current fiscal year of $750-billion, or 4.7 per cent of GDP, and $575-billion in the fiscal year ending Sept. 30, 2014, or 3.4 per cent of GDP. Barclays Capital also sees a $750-billion shortfall in 2013, but is less optimistic about 2014, predicting a $650-billion deficit that would equal 3.9 per cent of GDP.
While spending growth has slowed, it is revenue that is driving the U.S. fiscal turnaround. The politicians have the Federal Reserve to thank. The primary aim of the Fed’s ultralow interest rates and bond-buying program is to stoke the stock market. It is working, and increased stock prices mean increased revenue for the Treasury from taxes on capital gains. More people also are working. The result is receipts from individual taxes so far this fiscal year that are 20 per cent higher than over the same period a year ago. Revenue for taxes on corporate profit is running 21 per cent higher than at the same point in 2012.
The faster-than-expected narrowing of the U.S. deficit hasn’t really crept into the budget narrative in Washington. Politicians still are presenting the budget debate as if the country is on the edge of a precipice.
That’s because the U.S. political system needs a crisis to spur action. The crisis could come – unless changes are made to federal health and pension programs, the U.S. budget deficit will explode again in a decade or so. But for now, the danger appears to have passed.Report Typo/Error | <urn:uuid:eb19d9e0-b593-412b-84f9-dc0d2baf770b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theglobeandmail.com/report-on-business/economy/economy-lab/us-slowly-edging-away-from-budget-precipice/article11874315/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283008.19/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00087-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952972 | 770 | 1.960938 | 2 |
Chris at Highly Allochthonous has tagged the entire geoblogosphere with this meme.
Here's what it is about:
Imagine: YOU are asked to assign a half-dozen-or-so books as required reading for ALL science majors at a college as part of their 4-year degree; NOT technical or text books, but other works, old or new, touching upon the nature of science, philosophy, thought, or methodology in a way that a practicing scientist might gain from.
Listed below are books that I would recommend. They made me think hard and long about science and its impact on people and society at large.
1. For Geology majors: The Map That Changed the World by Simon Winchester. One of those heroic stories where the reader starts rooting for a happy ending. This is the story of William Smith who in the 1790's embarked single handedly on a two decade old effort to create a geological map of England and against what seemed as hopeless odds succeeded. And oh... formalized the study of geology in the process.
2. The Limits of Science, The Threat and the Glory by Sir Peter Medawar. No one explained the nature, benefits and limits of science better than Peter Medawar. Immaculate prose, rigorous logic and sparkling wit. David Pyke in an introduction to his book writes:
Sir Peter Medawar was three great men. He was a great scientist, a man of great courage - and a great writer.
A lot to learn from his writings.
3) The Selfish Gene by Richard Dawkins. How can you major in science without reading this? A book on evolution that inverts our traditional view of life and leaves us a little bewildered but enthralled.
4) The Atheist and the Holy City by George Klein. Not very well know but has some of my favorite essays on science and scientists. Worth reading even if just for one essay, Are Scientists Creative? Klein is a well know cancer biologist and there are several other gems on science and human nature in this book.
5) Life Cycles by John Tyler Bonner. I love this little book. Organisms are life cycles and it is these life cycles that have been elaborated through evolution to form the diverse and complex biosphere. The book has the feel of a personal memoir, a "career in science" kind of a book, but manages to pack an intellectual punch as well.
I like Chris's choice of Paradigms Lost. But since he has covered it I won't add it to my list though I do recommend it as well. | <urn:uuid:9d0f7f38-a4f2-4601-9351-67418204b77d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://suvratk.blogspot.com/2009/02/science-books-for-science-majors.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280364.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00026-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.958268 | 532 | 2.046875 | 2 |
Microinsurance is becoming a hot topic among insurers and reinsurers looking for new sources of revenue and new markets to enter. It’s an opportunity the size of which hasn’t been seen by the insurance industry for many years but there are some key points to remember when it comes to introducing microfinance products in developing nations.
Just recently Guy Carpenter CEO of International Operations Henry Keeling said that the microinsurance market opportunity could amount to $5 trillion. That’s a huge market (an estimated 4 billion of the poorest people in the world) of untapped potential customers for insurers, and that many new insurance policies equals a massive market for reinsurers to back up those schemes.
However, stories like this (from India’s Business Standard) highlight the issues with bringing products as inherently complicated as insurance to developing countries. The policies must be transparent and there must be no room for confusion of the customers. In this situation farmers in India aren’t being paid out to because they had two insurance policies. One a weather insurance policy and the other a crop insurance policy they were given when they took out a microfinance loan. This shouldn’t happen.
Entering into the microinsurance market needs to be done carefully. Insurers need to ensure they work closely with local agents and representatives so that education about the products and their benefits are available to potential customers. As simple as an index-linked weather policy is to understand (eg. if it rains X amount you get X in payment) if the farmers you sell it to aren’t aware they could invalidate it by holding a second policy on the same plot of land then it is a pointless endeavour.
The point of microinsurance is that it is not just a great market opportunity but it is also doing social good in the areas where it is sold. Many schemes are doing this but it seems some are not adhering to the really important principles of transparency, simplicity and education. Microinsurance can be a catalyst for growth in developing nations; by offering some protection for their livelihood you encourage development, understanding of finance and a regular income, these are really important points and we mustn’t forget them
Subscribe for free and receive weekly Artemis email updates
Sign up for our regular free email newsletter and ensure you never miss any of the news from Artemis. | <urn:uuid:cb28f309-48e9-4dbe-a322-523eb7245bf6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.artemis.bm/blog/2010/09/16/make-microinsurance-transparent-and-easy-to-understand/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280791.35/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00355-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.957811 | 482 | 1.617188 | 2 |
Where is the Lum Village?
The Lum Village lies hidden in the Lower Dzongu region in North Sikkim. Existing about 50 km away from the bustling town of Gangtok, Lum remains a completely secluded destination. The Dzongu Region is a declared reserve of ‘The Lepcha Tribe’ and one needs special permission to enter here.
Previously, Lum Village had been actively involved in initiatives such as ‘Shodhyatra’ and ‘Organic Fairs’. It lay on the route of the 34th Shodhyatra organized by SRISTI Foundation, one of our collaborators. Inspired by the success and beauty of hosting a group of people in the village and sharing the knowledge, the former Pradhan of the village Tsering Lepcha grew an interest in making his village more sustainable in the travel industry by establishing stays. SRISTI Organization and NotOnMap came together to guide and educate these communities to become entrepreneurs in the travel vertical.
Just a single interaction made the intention of Lum People evident: to improve tourism in their locality.
Their dedication and efforts inspired us, and we helped by boosting their confidence in becoming entrepreneurs and running self-sustainable homestays.
We worked from the grassroots level, introduced our concepts, and guided them to redesign their rooms according to tourist requirements. We encouraged them to make use of the locally procured materials, mainly bamboo as it was available in abundance. We provided them guidelines for design and sustainable measures such as cleanliness drive, dustbin installations, developing benches and plantation by the road. In no time, we had helped them open up a café, a library, and an organic shop in the hot spot of the village.
Since the COVID-19 pandemic, we have successfully guided them in sustaining themselves by selling local produce and maintaining revenue generation with our NotOnMart Initiative. | <urn:uuid:522674ca-aeb5-4cd3-9486-51e4bf012f3d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://notonmap.com/impact/sikkimimpact | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.967142 | 404 | 1.820313 | 2 |
- TO DO
- SEE ALSO
- SOURCE AVAILABILITY
cpan - easily interact with CPAN from the command line
# with arguments and no switches, installs specified modules cpan module_name [ module_name ... ] # with switches, installs modules with extra behavior cpan [-cfimt] module_name [ module_name ... ] # without arguments, starts CPAN.pm shell cpan # without arguments, but some switches cpan [-ahrvACDLO]
This script provides a command interface (not a shell) to CPAN. At the moment it uses CPAN.pm to do the work, but it is not a one-shot command runner for CPAN.pm.
These options are mutually exclusive, and the script processes them in this order: [hvCAar]. Once the script finds one, it ignores the others, and then exits after it finishes the task. The script ignores any other command line options.
Creates the CPAN.pm autobundle with CPAN::Shell->autobundle.
- -A module [ module ... ]
Shows the primary maintainers for the specified modules
- -C module [ module ... ]
Changesfiles for the specified modules
- -D module [ module ... ]
Show the module details. This prints one line for each out-of-date module (meaning, modules locally installed but have newer versions on CPAN). Each line has three columns: module name, local version, and CPAN version.
List the modules by the specified authors.
Prints a help message.
Show the out-of-date modules.
Recompiles dynamically loaded modules with CPAN::Shell->recompile.
Print the script version and CPAN.pm version.
These options are mutually exclusive, and the script processes them in alphabetical order. It only processes the first one it finds.
Runs a `make clean` in the specified module's directories.
Forces the specified action, when it normally would have failed.
Installed the specified modules.
Makes the specified modules.
Runs a `make test` on the specified modules.
# print a help message cpan -h # print the version numbers cpan -v # create an autobundle cpan -a # recompile modules cpan -r # install modules ( sole -i is optional ) cpan -i Netscape::Booksmarks Business::ISBN # force install modules ( must use -i ) cpan -fi CGI::Minimal URI
* none noted
Most behaviour, including environment variables and configuration, comes directly from CPAN.pm.
This source is part of a SourceForge project which always has the latest sources in CVS, as well as all of the previous releases.
If, for some reason, I disappear from the world, one of the other members of the project can shepherd this module appropriately.
Japheth Cleaver added the bits to allow a forced install (-f).
Jim Brandt suggest and provided the initial implementation for the up-to-date and Changes features.
Adam Kennedy pointed out that exit() causes problems on Windows where this script ends up with a .bat extension
brian d foy,
Copyright (c) 2001-2006, brian d foy, All Rights Reserved.
You may redistribute this under the same terms as Perl itself. | <urn:uuid:1f7babe2-fc4e-42b6-9386-230549d3cce6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://metacpan.org/pod/release/ANDK/CPAN-1.9204/scripts/cpan | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00566-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.671384 | 711 | 2.125 | 2 |
Relying On Those Measurement Tools
By Jack Browne, MWRF Technical Director
Losing a hard disk can be devastating, especially when all those files are gone without a trace or a backup system. As with many electronic tools, we come to rely on laptop computers, cellular telephones, and PDAs so much that they are often taken for granted. In the world of RF and microwave engineering, the same can be said of test equipment. In the laboratory, it provides invaluable insights into a new design or prototype. On the production floor, it decides what can ship and what needs rework. RF/microwave test equipment is a critical part of any company hoping to succeed in this industry.
Radar measurements can be among the most challenging of RF/microwave measurements because they involve pulsed signals. Unlike standard CW signals, radar signals must be gated to be appreciated, since they rely on timing as well as frequency and modulation. The test tools are not standard, but must have the capability of gating these pulsed signals while capturing phase and modulation information, and displaying information in the time domain. Many of the challenges of performing accurate pulsed RF radar measurements are detailed in a new White Paper from Agilent Technologies (www.agilent.com) called "Perfecting Pulsed RF Radar Measurements," included in the August 2007 issue of Microwaves & RF and also available from the Microwaves & RF website at www.mwrf.com/Article/ArticleID/16402/16402.html.
The Agilent-sponsored white paper describes the differences between pulsed RF radar signals and other RF/microwave signals, and explains why some test equipment falls short when trying to characterize pulsed RF radar signals. The white paper also details two types of test instruments, notably the P-Series peak power meters (and its associated power sensors) and the PSA Series spectrum analyzers, with digital intermediate-frequency (IF) filters, built-in Fast Fourier Transform (FFT) and software-aided vector-signal-analysis (VSA) capabilities, and how these two types of instruments can speed and simply measurements on pulsed RF radar waveforms. The white paper is free, either in the magazine or on the web site. Don't pass up the chance for a free education.
| Free Brochure Provides Overview of 3GPP LTE |
A full-color, 20-page technical brochure offers an overview of the Third Generation Partnership Program (3GPP) Long Term Evolution (LTE) wireless communications format and how measurement solutions from Agilent Technologies can meet the needs of LTE device and components testing. The literature includes coverage of LTE technology, a discussion of the physical layer, and detailed information on designing LTE systems and circuits. It also explains how to generate the test signals needed to evaluate these designs, and how to perform LTE signal analysis and the types of test equipment needed. The brochure (download number 5989-6331EN) is available for free download from the link at: http://cp.literature.agilent.com/litweb/pdf/5989-6331EN.pdf
70th ARFTG Microwave Measurement Symposium
November 27-30, 2007
Tempe Mission Palms Hotel
2007 Asia-Pacific Microwave Conference
December 11-14, 2007
Grand Hyatt Erawan Hotel
2008 IEEE Radio and Wireless Symposium (with WAMICON)
January 22-24, 2008
2008 IEEE International Solid-State Circuits Conference (ISSCC)
February 3-7, 2008
San Francisco Marriot Hotel
San Francisco, CA | <urn:uuid:da88777a-7600-4dd2-b086-1dbe6be17871> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mwrf.com/markets/august-13-2007-measurement-solutions-series-newsletter | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886575 | 762 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Listen button instructions
Using Readspeaker webReader
ReadSpeaker webReader lets you listen to the text content on a website being read aloud. This may help you better understand information, and you can listen to it anywhere and at any time. You don’t have to download anything.
How does it work?
Listen to the Content
Simply click the Listen button to listen to the content of the page you are on:
An audio player appears (see image below). Then webReader starts reading the text of the web page out loud.
In the player, you can:
- Pause/restart the reading (click on the Green arrow)
- Stop the reading (click on the Red square)
- Use the skip buttons (click on the double arrows) to rewind or forward the audio
- Adjust the volume (click on the icon of a loudspeaker)
- Adjust the reading speed (click on the icon of a clock)
- Close the player (click on the Cross)
webReader pop-up windows
Some of webReaders features, such as Text Mode and Enlarged Text and Translation, will open a pop-up window. All webReader pop-up windows have a play button for listening to the content shown. You can play, pause, or stop the audio, alter the text formatting, adjust the reading speed and maximize the window size for easier and undistracted reading.
More features (these are not essential)
Features for Selected Text
To use extra features, select a word, phrase or phrases. Then select the desired feature from the pop-up menu that appears next to the selected text.
Read selected text
To listen to any part of a text, select the text. Then click the Listen button from the pop-up menu.
To look up a word in the dictionary, select the word. Then click the Dictionary button from the pop-up menu. A pop-up window will open, showing the dictionary entry for the selected word. This feature works best if only one word is selected.
To translate any part of a text, select the text. Then click the Translation button from the pop-up menu. A language picker will appear, where you can select the language you need. The translation will be shown in a pop-up window.
Use the Features in the Toolbar
Click the ‘expand button’ (three bars in the left hand corner of the Listen button) to open the toolbar. The toolbar (see image below) has many useful features which are explained below.
Pop-up Control Panel
Access key: Modifier + C
During audio playback, you will sometimes see a pop-up control panel. This lets you pause/play the audio and toggle the automatic scrolling of the page (on/off). This pop-up control panel will show when the webReader player is out of sight and/or when automatic scrolling is off.
webReader can be activated, i.e. focus can be set on the Listen button, with the access key “K”. The access key “L” will set focus on the player and also start the reading. Many of the webReader tools and features also have a dedicated access key.
Access keys are activated with modifier keys. These differ depending on your browser and the operating system you use (see list of modifier keys for different environments here: https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Access_key).
Inside the player and toolbar (i.e. when you have set focus on the player), tab/shift+tab can be used to navigate, and the enter key can be used to activate a certain button or option.
- Put focus on Listen button: Modifier + K
- Put focus on player and start the reading: Modifier + L
- Open/close toolbar: Modifier + 1
The access keys for the individual features are mentioned in the respective sections below. For some features the access keys may only function if the toolbar is opened first.
Access key: Modifier + S
Click to personalise webReader according to your preferences. A pop-up window will open. Here you can adjust certain settings. Read about each setting below. Your personalised settings are saved between sessions.
From the settings window, you can change the following:
Text Highlighting On/Off
Choose to have the text highlighting feature on (enabled) or off.
Choose what type of highlighting you would like. The different options are:
- Word and sentence
- Sentence only
- Word only
- No highlighting
Choose the colour that will be used for highlighting words as they are read. Or you can choose to underline instead.
Choose the colour that will be used for highlighting sentences as they are read. Or you can choose to underline instead.
Choose the colour for the highlighted text.
Toggle automatic scrolling (on/off). When activated, the page will automatically scroll down to follow the highlighted text. This setting can also be toggled from the pop-up control panel, which will show when automatic scrolling is turned off.
Pop-up Menu for Selected Text
Turn on or off the pop-up menu that appears when text is selected.
Close pop-up menu for selected text
If you want the pop-up menu to close automatically, choose that option. Then set the number of seconds the pop-up menu should show.
Would you prefer the pop-up menu to remain visible until you either make a choice from the menu or select other content on the page? If so, choose the option “Do not close”.
Restore Default Settings
Restore all settings to default (i.e. as they were originally).
Read on Hover
Access key: Modifier + H
Click the button to activate or turn off this feature. A green dot on the button will show that it is working. When activated, webReader will start reading a paragraph when the cursor points to it. This allows you to listen to a paragraph you want to read, without having to select it first and click the Listen button. You simply hover over it.
Access key: Modifier + E
Click the button to activate or turn off this feature. A green dot on the button will show that it is working. When activated, webReader will display the sentence being read at the bottom of the page, with a larger font size and simultaneous text highlighting. You can play, pause or stop the audio, and increase or decrease the size of the text.
Access key: Modifier + V
This tool opens a pop-up window with the current page in a text oriented version. Images are also shown if they have a text associated with them. Click the play button to listen to the page content in text mode. You can play, pause, or stop the audio, alter the text formatting, adjust the reading speed and maximize the window size for easier and undistracted reading.
Access key: Modifier + M
This tool dims the screen except for a highlighted area that follows the mouse cursor, or the finger on touch devices. This makes it easier to focus on smaller portions of text at a time. To turn the page mask off, hit the escape key, or click the cross on the right edge of the page mask.
To enter (or exit) keyboard navigation mode when page mask is showing, hit the space key. A small keyboard icon will show just above the focus area when the keyboard navigation mode is working. When active, arrow keys can be used to move the focus area (or shift key + arrow key for faster movement). Plus and minus keys will change the size of the focus area.
Access key: Modifier + D
Click to download an mp3 file with an audio version of the web page or selected text.
Access key: Modifier + I
The help page gives you more information about the different tools in ReadSpeaker webReader. To learn more about ReadSpeaker, please visit www.readspeaker.com
Any visuals described in this help tool refer to the standard ReadSpeaker skin implementation of webReader and might not apply if the webReader tool has been given a customised skin. | <urn:uuid:a11eab76-3904-4368-9c57-2480ee68510e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dementiacreatives.org.uk/listen-button-instructions-2/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.8327 | 1,760 | 2.375 | 2 |
Today the National Education Union publishes the results of a poll of parents of school-age children in England, conducted by Deltapoll, which shows:
- Voting intention (excluding "would not vote" and "don't know"): Labour 38% (+1), Conservatives 33% (+1), Liberal Democrats 11% (-2), The Brexit Party 9% (-), UKIP 4% (-) and Greens 4 (-1). Changes w/ 11-13 Nov.
- When asked to choose the two or three most important issues in this election, education came third at 28%. This is a rise of 2% since the same question was put two weeks ago. The top issues remain the NHS (55%) and EU/Brexit (29%).
The poll of parents was conducted between Thursday 22 to Sunday 25 November, at a time when the major parties were gaining media coverage for the launch of their manifestos - Liberal Democrats on 20 November, Labour on 21 November, and the Conservatives on 24 November - although the bulk of their education policies were already in the public domain. In this climate, the poll found that:
- 38% of respondents have seen Labour talking about education. This compares with 27% for the Conservatives, 16% for the Liberal Democrats, 8% for The Brexit Party, and 4% apiece for UKIP and the Greens.
- 26% were most impressed by Labour's policies, with 16% saying they were most impressed by the Conservatives, Liberal Democrats 10%, The Brexit Party 5%, UKIP 2% and the Greens 3%.
The poll also invited parents to comment on specific issues:
- 54% thought that funding for state schools in their area was insufficient, with 32% saying sufficient and 14% don't know.
- 78% agree that child poverty is a big issue in Britain today, with 14% saying not a very big issue and just 3% seeing it as no issue at all.
Commenting on the findings of the parent poll, Dr Mary Bousted, joint general secretary of the National Education Union, said:
"This election is about much more than Brexit, as demonstrated by this poll of parents. Education is cutting through, with parents now ranking it almost as important as Brexit."
“Parents know that, even after Conservative pledges are taken into account, 83% of schools will still have lower per-pupil funding in April 2020 than they did in 2015 in real terms."
"Just days ago, a poll of NEU members found that child poverty and its visibility in schools has grown since 2015. Teachers described its harrowing effects. We said that child poverty is a scourge, and it is quite clear parents agree with us."
"The importance of education is growing in this election. Parents, alongside teachers, head teachers and support staff, know that if you value education then you must vote for education."
The poll of 1000 parents of school-age children in England was commissioned by the National Education Union and conducted by Deltapoll between 22-25 November. The related data is attached as a pdf.
The 11-13 November poll data is available here.
The NEU's teacher poll about child poverty was published on 23 November, and is available here. | <urn:uuid:8b13e305-7e4d-4b9c-afaf-0bb79baa6dd3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://neu.org.uk/press-releases/neu-parents-poll | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.977411 | 669 | 1.789063 | 2 |
The following is an excerpt from The Carbon Free Home: 36 Remodeling Projects to Help Kick the Fossil-Fuel Habit by Stephen & Rebekah Hren. It has been adapted for the Web.
Evaporative Cooling Box
Project Time: Afternoon.
Cost: Inexpensive ($5–50, depending on materials used).
Energy Saved: High. Can be high if used to replace an electric refrigerator. Can also quickly be made during camping trips or blackouts when no other refrigeration is available.
Ease of Use: Medium. Food temperature will be uneven, and in summertime the box will be considerably warmer than a mechanical refrigerator, resulting in quicker spoilage.
Maintenance Level: High. Pan must be kept filled with water. If kept outside, animal intrusion is a concern. The water will eventually degrade the wood and metal in the structure. If used for long periods of time, the covering cloth will need to be laundered regularly and will eventually degrade.
Skill Levels: Carpentry: Basic.
Materials: A large pan, wood or bamboo for shelving and basic framing, clean cloth or burlap, screen, nails or screws, old bike tires, staples.
Tools: Hammer or drill, saw, scissors, stapler.
Easily the most adaptable of all food-cooling contraptions is an evaporative cooler. Taking advantage of the fact that as water evaporates it draws heat out of the air, this type of cooler can be constructed in a variety of ways from the slapdash to the sturdy. The basic premise is to keep food in the shade and covered with, but not touching, a wet cloth. The cloth is kept wet through capillary action by having its edges hang in a pan of water. The pan of water also helps keep away ants and roaches. The breezier the location, the better, as this will increase the evaporation rate and keep the temperature down.
Traditional evaporative coolers. This is the basic principle of the zeer pot, commonly used in West Africa for keeping fruits and vegetables fresh. In the zeer pot, a smaller clay pot fits inside a larger one. The gap between the two pots is filled with sand and then with water on a regular basis (usually once or twice a day). Fruit, veggies, and leftovers are placed in the smaller pot, which is covered with a lid or cloth. The water in between the pots slowly evaporates, keeping the food cool. Another example is the coolgardie safe, an evaporative cooler that was quite common in Australia at the beginning of the twentieth century. Both these systems work best in drier climates.
Impromptu coolers. The simplest method of creating an evaporative cooler is with found objects around the house. It would be easy to combine a couple of garden pots of different sizes and some sand to make an effective small cooler similar to the zeer pot. Be forewarned that some ceramic garden pots have lead in the glaze, which could potentially spread to any stored food.
Building the box. For longer-term use or for more space, building a screened box with scrap wood or bamboo with a functioning door could be a big help. The principles are similar. The food sits on shelves above a pan of water covered with cloth. This can be kept in the home, out of the sun in a breezy location. The basic structure should look like figure 5.4.
A basic box frame is built, of any size and with the desired shelf arrangement; shelves should be made of slats or other material to promote air circulation and maintain even temperature and humidity. The two sides, top, and back can be kept bug-free by stapling on screen, as the cloth alone is usually not completely effective in keeping out flies and other bugs. Note that ungalvanized screen will rust relatively rapidly, so use stainless steel or nylon.
The door. The door is made separately. Crossbracing will help ensure durability. Staple the screen to the door. Hinge the door on the top of the cooler, or leave it disconnected and hold it in place with rotating pieces of wood or rubber hoops made from cut-up strips of spent bike tires. The door can be left free of cloth. A flap of additional cloth can be left on the top of the evaporative cooler to cover the door when it is closed.
Variations on the theme. There could be many impromptu variations on this theme, based on one’s resources, needs, and time. It’s important to remember to take the simple steps for food storage described in the beginning of this chapter, because generally speaking an evaporative cooler will reduce the interior temperature only by about 15 degrees F (8 degrees C) compared to the ambient air temperature. Often this is well above the desired constant 40 degrees F (4 degrees C) of conventional refrigerators. Nevertheless, as the graph in the introduction relates, even a 15- degree F reduction will help inhibit the populations of fast-growing mesophilic bacteria that can spoil food quickly.
Image courtesy of EnergyBulletin.net. | <urn:uuid:29a7299e-dc49-4bd1-ba94-2e7f517e18d7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.chelseagreen.com/blogs/project-evaporative-cooler-box-draft/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00568-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936583 | 1,058 | 2.5 | 2 |
Restorative circles have transformative power: They can create community where none existed before. They can connect students to each other and to the rest of the school community in meaningful ways. They can create safe, welcoming spaces to build trust and hone our skills. They can help us take on thorny issues, from discipline problems and conflict to implicit bias and inequity.
See our 28-page pdf booklet GETTING TO KNOW YOU for a wide range of activities will help you use social and emotional learning strategies to get the year off to a good start. Also check out the stand-alone introductory and community-building activities below from the TeachableMoment section of our website.
We hope you and your students have a great year!
Summer camp is in session at our PAZ after-school program at PS 214 in the Bronx. And our campers are on a mission to change the world!
The news of the police shootings in Dallas on July 6 was still unfolding Friday morning, as I was getting ready to co-facilitate a restorative circle with colleagues at Morningside Center. The circle was to prepare us for the 5-day professional development training we’d be doing with educators over the summer — a new version of our training that includes material on “celebrating identity” and “standing up to oppression.” Extremely relevant, it turned out, in the context of the week’s events.
It was the first time we’d be together after wrapping up a busy school year, in which we’d expanded our restorative practices work exponentially. And it was the last time we’d be together before starting down this path of introducing restorative circles materials that help to celebrate the richness of identities in our school communities while addressing prejudice, stereotyping, and discrimination, and exploring ways to stand up to oppression. Facilitating a session on implicit bias and interrupting the school-to-prison pipeline would be another first for us at this summer’s training. We had our work cut out for us.
We are seeking to fill a data entry position for our PAZ (Peace from A-Z) After-School Programs. Morningside Center for Teaching Social Responsibility operates three after-school programs that strengthen the social and emotional competencies of some 560 students from grades K-8.
Morningside Center is looking for talented educators to help us carry out our work in NYC schools! If you are an experienced educator with a commitment to social and emotional learning, we urge you to apply.
Bronx high school students in a community-building circle.
Photo © Carolina Kroon
Dear Morningside Center friends,
Our staff developers have been working intensively all year with tens of thousands of students, teachers, and principals. And do they have stories to tell! Stories of young people who, given the chance, seize the opportunity to open up, to connect, to learn. Stories of dedicated teachers and principals who, amid all the pressures and deadlines, are willing to try something new and difficult (like restorative circles) if it will help their students and improve their schools.
I’m writing to share some stories from our schools, and to thank you for helping to make this work possible through your support for Morningside Center. Please donate now so that you can make more good things happen in the year to come! Your contribution will help us strengthen our programs and create new ones to meet the needs of young people and their schools.
Leaders of a network of after-school programs in Nashville wanted to find out what it would take to get kids engaged in STEM. They believe they've found an answer after making a site visit - all the way to our PAZ After-School Program at PS 214 elementary school in the Bronx.
- A kindergartner in Tennessee who is Latino was told by classmates that he would be deported and trapped behind a wall. Now he asks his teacher every day, “Is the wall here yet?”
This piece originally appeared in Education Week.
A few weeks ago the New York Times ran a story I found so disturbing that I had to use some of the cool-down strategies from my organization's "social and emotional learning" curricula before I could think clearly about it. (My organization, Morningside Center for Teaching Social Responsibility, works with public schools to foster SEL.)
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- Trump inaugurated, women & allies march January 22, 2017
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Social & Emotional Learning
- Building Community, Post-Election: The Power of Kindness November 18, 2016
- Building Community, Post-Election: Sharing our Values November 18, 2016
- Election Emotions: Sharing & Community-Building November 9, 2016
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- Ask the KeeperAnswers to your questions about restorative practices in schools.
- In the CircleStaff developer Marieke van Woerkom’s blog on circles and restorative practices
- SEL TipsSEL strategies for solving classroom challenges.
- Stories and VoicesWritings from teachers, students & our staff | <urn:uuid:95542699-685d-4f4b-96cd-13d3dbb0b008> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://morningsidecenter.org/blog?page=2 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00345-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946714 | 1,116 | 2.828125 | 3 |
- Data Controller: the legal person which determines the purposes and means of the Processing of Personal Data.
- Personal Data: any information relating to an identified or identifiable natural person, in particular by reference to an identifier such as a name, an identification number, location data, an online identifier or to one or more factors specific to the physical, physiological, genetic, mental, economic, cultural or social identity of that natural person.
- Processing: any operation or set of operations which is performed on personal data or on sets of personal data, whether or not by automated means, such as collection, recording, organisation, structuring, storage, adaptation or alteration, retrieval, consultation, use, disclosure by transmission, dissemination or otherwise making available, alignment or combination, restriction, erasure or destruction.
- Regulation: Regulation (UE) 2016/679 of April 27, 2016.
- Services: request of contacts, request of information for ordering issues, submissions of papers, signing up to the newsletter or leaving a comment, through filling in the form on the Website.
- SIPLR: is Stockholm IP Law Review, the Data Controller.
- Users: users of the Website.
- Website: this website of Stockholm IP Law Review.
The Data Controller of the Processing of Personal Data is Stockholm IP Law Review, with legal seat in Stockholm, Sweden .
Any Users’ request related to the Processing carried out by SIPLR concerning the Personal Data, also in relation to the exercise of the Rights according to the following article 7, shall be addressed to SIPLR via e-mail to the following address: email@example.com.
Processing purposes and legal basis for processing of Personal Data
SIPLR collects and process Personal Data for the following purposes:
- Offering the Services to the Users.
Processing of Personal Data for the purpose indicated under lit. b) is necessary for the fulfilment of the requested Services and it is based on the
free, specific, informed and unequivocal consent of the User. The potential refusal of the Client to provide the consent for the processing will impede the fulfilment of the requested Services;
- Allowing the possibility to receive the newsletter and/or invitations to initiatives organized by SIPRL, on an occasional basis.
This Processing is based on the free consent of the Client and it isn’t necessary for the fulfilment of the Services. The potential refusal of the Client to provide the consent will only impede the Client to receive the newsletter and/or the invitations to initiatives organized by SIPLR.
Means of collection
SIPLR collects the Personal Data through the following means of collections:
- Personal data automatically collected by the Website through the Cookies;
- Personal Data provided by the Users, by filling in the forms on the Website to request the Services
- Personal Data expressly provided by the Users to SIPLR through offline means, such as via e-mail or mail or phone calls.
Categories of recipients of Personal Data
Personal Data may be disclosed and communicated for the purposes indicated in the aforementioned article 3 to: Members of the Board of Directors, members of the Editorial Boards, IT services providers.
Personal Data are not communicated outside of the European Union.
Personal Data retention period
Personal Data are stored by the Data Controller for the time strictly necessary to achieve the purposes for which the Personal Data are collected, as indicated in the aforementioned article 3.
In particular, the Data Controller stores the Personal Data for the entire time necessary to fulfil the activities connected with the requested Services, save the right to withdraw the consent as indicated in the following article 7 lit. a), for a maximum period of 24 months since the collection of consent or, if subsequent, the date of the last interaction between the User and SIPLR (for instance the exchange of correspondence or the attendance to initiatives organized by the review).
In any case, the Data Controller is authorized to retain all or part of the Personal Data in relation to the aforementioned Processing, for the maximum period of 10 years since the last activity performed in favour of the User to fulfil the Services, only to the extent of the information required to fulfil legal or fiscal obligations and for the possible assessment, exercise and defence of its rights before judicial authorities.
Once these retention periods have expired, the Data Controller will carry out the automatic erasure of Personal Data collected; otherwise it will transform them into anonymous form irreversibly.
- with reference to the Processing, withdraw the consent at any time, and the withdrawal of consent shall not affect the lawfulness of the previous Processing, by sending an e-mail to the controller (art. 7 Regulation);
- obtain access to the Personal Data and to the information on the Processing and any possible copy in electronic form (art. 15 Regulation);
- ask for rectification and/or integration of Personal Data, without undue delay (art. 16 Regulation);
- where specific grounds apply (for example unlawful data process, withdraw of consent, absence of purposes for Processing) ask the erasure of Personal Data, without undue delay (art. 17 Regulation);
- where specific grounds apply (for example inaccuracy of Personal Data, Processing is unlawful, exercise of legal claims) ask the restriction of Personal Data, without undue delay (art. 18 Regulation);
- in case of Processing through automated means, receive its Personal Data in a readable common format and, consequently, exercise its so called right to Personal Data Portability and transmit those data to a third party (art. 20 Regulation);
- in any case, oppose the Processing of Personal Data, by sending an e-mail to the Data Controller ( art. 21 Regulation);
- be informed by the controller without undue delay of possible Personal Data breach or unauthorized access by third parties to the controller’s systems where Personal Data where stored (c.d. data breach – art. 34 Regulation);
- Filing a complaint to the supervisory authority in the EU Member State of his habitual residence, place of work or place of the alleged infringement of its rights (art. 77 Regulation). | <urn:uuid:d610f06c-7e94-4111-9826-7641eb371713> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://stockholmiplawreview.com/privacy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571284.54/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811103305-20220811133305-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.902875 | 1,337 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Greece's cost of borrowing has risen sharply this week thanks to a return to political uncertainty and fears that next year's draft budget will not be approved by the country's international creditors.
While nowhere near the dizzyingly high levels that sent the country to ask for an international bailout in 2010, yields on 10-year sovereign Greek debt hit 6.284 percent on Wednesday—the highest level since August 13. Yields remained elevated on Thursday at 6.123 percent. According to Bank of America Merrill Lynch, Greek bonds have gained around 44 percent over the last year, making them the top performer out of all global equity and bond classes.
In addition, spreads on Greek five-year credit default swaps (CDS) continued widening, suggesting a fall in perceptions of the country's credit worthiness. On Wednesday, spreads widened by 15 basis points or 3.2 percent, making Greek CDS one of the day's weakest sovereign performers, according to Markit.
Investors are concerned that politicians will fail to agree on a new president to replace Karolos Papoulias in March. This could trigger early elections—a regular occurrence in Greece—and cause the current coalition government to collapse.
In turn, this could jeopardize Greece's progress in making economic reforms, on which continued assistance from the "Troika" of international organizations in charge of Greece's 240 billion euro bailout—the European Central Bank, the European Commission and the International Monetary Fund is contingent. Currently, Greece hopes to graduate from its loan program in 2016 without further assistance—just as Ireland and Portugal did this year. | <urn:uuid:a01857d8-4966-4e0b-8641-7a83fb66a164> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cnbc.com/2014/09/25/political-fears-ruin-greeces-market-honeymoon.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00508-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946986 | 324 | 2.0625 | 2 |
Let it breathe
After three months of the winter blues a lawn can be in need of a wee bit of TLC to bring it back to picture-perfect. In most cases, that just means an hour or two of work and changing your mowing habits.
Regular foot traffic or driving cars over grass, compacts the soil beneath. This makes it harder for water, nutrients and air to filter down to the roots, leading to thin stunted growth or dead patches. The simple way to solve compaction is through aeration or coring. For smaller areas, push a garden fork into the soil at 5cm intervals and rock it back and forth. For a larger lawn, hire a spiked lawn aerator or powered coring machine. Once complete, you can rake in a coarse washed river sand or fine top-dressing mix to fill the holes created. Alternatively, do nothing and let the holes fill in over time.
Kill the competition
More than just an eyesore, weeds can outcompete grass, robbing it of water and nutrients. The best treatment is preventative - keep your lawn well fed and watered and it will smother most weeds. If weeds have taken hold, treat them before they make more seeds. At the very least, pull off or mow flowers as they appear. You should also be prepared for a long battle. Weed seeds and bulbs already in the soil will come up but, with vigilance and prompt persistence, you will win.
Hand weeding - Slow but effective and chemical-free. It's important to get all of the roots and any bulbs and, once removed, avoid shaking or disturbing the weed to prevent the spread of seeds or bulbs. Toss the weeds straight into a bucket and then into your green waste bin. Don't compost. Wear gloves as some are spiny or have mildly caustic sap.
Selective weedkillers will kill all non-grassy plants (lawn weeds) without damaging the grass itself as long as you follow the dosage directions exactly. Apply via a watering can or sprayer. If you spray, be aware of spray drift. Help to minimise the risk by applying it when there's no breeze, using low pressure and a coarse rather than fine spray, and holding the nozzle close to the weed.
Hose-on lawn weeders (sold as weed-and-feed mixes) are another way to apply a selective herbicide. However, spray drift is a danger with these and you must be careful when spraying near trees, shrubs and flowers. Granular formulations of weed-and-feed products eliminate the spray drift problem. Apply using either a hand-held or push spreader. These tools distribute seeds or granular products evenly.
All sprayers create some fine mist, which can drift onto wanted plants. Only use when weather is calm.
Buffalo grass is sensitive to many weedkillers. If your lawn is 'Sir Walter', 'Palmetto', 'Sapphire' or old-style itchy buffalo, use a buffalo-safe formulation. This will be stated on the packet. If you're not sure of your lawn type, use a buffalo-safe formulation anyway.
Feed your lawn
If you do nothing else to your lawn in spring, then feed it. Whatever type of lawn fertiliser you choose, always apply at the rate directed as over-application is not just a pointless waste of money, it's polluting and can damage your soil.
Lawn food choices:
- Standard granular lawn food: Cheap and very fast-acting but not long lasting. It needs to be reapplied about every six weeks from spring to autumn. Good choice if you apply at the rate directed.
- Organic lawn food: More expensive but assists with maintenance of quality of soil and its organisms. Not usually as strong as granular fertiliser (unless "enriched" with non-organic content).
- Slow or controlled-release fertiliser: Fairly expensive, but a single dose can last up to three months. Releases nutrients slowly at a rate that can be taken up by the grass. Apply evenly at correct rate using a fertiliser spreader, available from nurseries.
Once considered an annual must-do, top-dressing is now done infrequently and lightly after aeration or coring or, more commonly, to level out a lawn by filling in dips. Routine top-dressing is unnecessary. Around a week beforehand, spread a lawn fertiliser and water in well. The day before, mow the lawn lightly. Use only a special purpose top-dressing mix. For small spots, you can buy it bagged, but for bigger jobs order in bulk. Apply top-dressing thinly and evenly so plenty of grass remains visible, then rub it in with the flat back of a nail-rake or use a soil spreader. Avoid crusting by not top-dressing if rain is likely and not watering straight after spreading. Water only when new growth is obvious and advanced.
Remove thatch (a layer of dead grass and runners) with a rake or hired scarifier before top- dressing. The result looks awful, but the lawn quickly recovers. | <urn:uuid:fe5b3abe-cc62-409f-a12d-fe2f974e61f1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.bhg.com.au/lawn-care-checklist | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00465.warc.gz | en | 0.923585 | 1,094 | 2.640625 | 3 |
|Range of values|
The purpose of these data is to manage the location and filenames of the approximately 3,920 kilometers of raw bathymetry files collected using a Systems Engineering and Assessment (SEA) Ltd. SWATHplus-M interferometric sonar within the Vineyard Sound survey area.
Are there legal restrictions on access or use of the data?
Use_Constraints:Public domain data from the U.S. Government are freely redistributable with proper metadata and source attribution. Please recognize the U.S. Geological Survey (USGS) as the source of this information.
Neither the U.S. Government, the Department of the Interior, nor the USGS, nor any of their employees, contractors, or subcontractors, make any warranty, express or implied, nor assume any legal liability or responsibility for the accuracy, completeness, or usefulness of any information, apparatus, product, or process disclosed, nor represent that its use would not infringe on privately owned rights. The act of distribution shall not constitute any such warranty, and no responsibility is assumed by the USGS in the use of these data or related materials. Any use of trade, product, or firm names is for descriptive purposes only and does not imply endorsement by the U.S. Government.
|Data format:||Survey tracklines for SWATHplus bathymetric data collected offshore of Massachusetts within Vineyard Sound and associated metadata. in format SHP (version ArcGIS 9.3) ESRI polyline shapefile Size: 65.6|
|Media you can order:||DVD-ROM (Density 4.75 Gbytes) (format UDF)|
This zip file contains data available in Environmental Systems Research Institute (ESRI) shapefile format. The user must have software capable of uncompressing the WinZip file and displaying the shapefile. In lieu of ArcView or ArcGIS, the user may utilize another GIS application package capable of importing the data. A free data viewer, ArcExplorer, capable of displaying the data is available from ESRI at www.esri.com. | <urn:uuid:5324d778-4f61-4eaf-986c-a155b7cdc6ee> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cmgds.marine.usgs.gov/catalog/whcmsc/open_file_report/ofr2012-1006/VS_BathymetryTracklines.shp.faq.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570793.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808092125-20220808122125-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.819263 | 521 | 1.78125 | 2 |
Martin Luther King Jr. and Michael Scott should rarely appear in the same sentence together. Despite Michael Scott's fictional existence, he serves a point: both he and Martin Luther King Jr. were leaders, albeit very different leaders. In business, the way a manager leads affects the way his business operates. Micromanagement may be appropriate in limited cases, but striving toward becoming a true leader should be the ultimate goal.
Micromanagers are intense scrutinizers. The smallest detail can hold the greatest importance to a micromanager, much to the chagrin of the employees. In general, micromanagers do not fully trust the staff or employees. They constantly question employee actions, closely monitor every employee move and practically dictate every employee task. Micromanagers may be effective in a training capacity -- they can help new employees learn the ropes or train employees for new tasks -- but the style should only be used in limited cases and where appropriate.
Leaders are the polar opposite of micromanagers. While a leader may call an employee's actions into question and will necessarily need to closely scrutinize some of an employee's duties, the leader has faith in the workforce and the ability to inspire and gather a following. While there are many leadership styles, effective managers know how to strike a strong balance between managing themselves, their employees and their network.
Leadership Styles: Hersey and Blanchard
Behaviorists, psychologists and social scientists have long analyzed leaders and leadership styles. For example, in 1977, Hersey and Blanchard identified four leadership styles: telling, selling, participating and delegating. Telling is akin to micromanagement; the manager issues mandates for the employees and generally views subordinates as incapable. The selling manager seeks to encourage his staff and coach them. Participating managers utilize hands-on and shared responsibility. Delegating leaders identify problem areas and mete out responsibility to handle the areas to the group.
Becoming a leader is more than choosing a certain style and sticking with it. For some leaders, it may take years to fully mature and emerge as an authority in an organization. Leaders must understand their own limitations and the limitations of their employees. Leadership style should be an integration of the manager's own personality and the needs of the organization.
- George Doyle/Stockbyte/Getty Images | <urn:uuid:db49d1d7-fd8f-4c7f-89c3-5aef2f076691> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://smallbusiness.chron.com/leadership-vs-micromanagement-18417.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00340-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940894 | 468 | 2.953125 | 3 |
We are thrilled to share a new paper describing a novel approach to interfere with global microRNA activity in cells and in living animals without affecting miRNA biogenesis or miRNA abundance. You can read the paper on eLife or on bioRxiv, where it was initially posted as a preprint.
At the core of this work is a peptide (T6B) previously generated by Gunter Meister and Tom Tuschl that binds to Argonaute proteins and prevents the assembly of a functional miRISC complex, thus effectively blocking miRNA-mediated gene repression without impairing miRNA biogenesis.
To explore the consequences of miRNA-inhibition in vivo, we have generated a novel genetically engineered mouse strain that expresses the T6B peptide fused to YFP in a doxycycline-inducible manner. By crossing it with an appropriate rtTA expressing strain it is possible to block miRNA function in a tissue-restricted and temporally controlled manner.
The effect is fully reversible, and miRNA biogenesis (or endogenous siRNA function) are not affected. The entity of de-repression of predicted miRNA targets is roughly proportional to the corresponding miRNA family abundance.
Each “bubble” in the plot above is a set of predicted targets of a miRNA family. On the x axis we plotted the average log2 fold change compared to the background(reported as z-score) and on the y-axis is the miRNA family abundance. Using this novel mouse strain we show that although miRNA-mediated repression is required during embryonic development, in many adult tissues it seems largely dispensable under homeostatic conditions, and becomes essential only in after acute damage and during regeneration.
A notable exception is represented by the skeletal muscle and the heart, where even under physiologic conditions T6B induction results in tissue degeneration and death.
We have a ton of follow-up experiments planned and we hope our colleagues interested in the biology of miRNAs will find it useful. As always, the mouse strain will be freely available through @jacksonlab as soon as we have completed the donation process.
Dr. Gaspare La Rocca deserves a special mention as he was the main driver of this project. He came up with the idea, performed—together with Bryan King—most of the key experiments, and persisted through many ups and downs during the past few years. | <urn:uuid:22205bd3-ec63-4024-8546-c2b0c3d4935d> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://venturalaboratory.com/2021/06/04/on-the-role-of-mirnas-in-adult-tissues/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572043.2/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814143522-20220814173522-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.950825 | 497 | 2.40625 | 2 |
1. The Journeys Map
Geography plays a huge role in the series, so understanding the layout of Martin's word is essential. With the Journeys map, you can track each characters' respective travels throughout the book (and it only tracks the travels of that one book — no spoilers here!). Best of all, you can pinpoint all the places where these characters' paths intersect and intertwine.
2. The Integrated Character Glossary
Let's be real: sometimes it can be hard to keep track of who's who in ASOIAF: every single character in the series (no matter how minor their role) has a long and detailed and dubiously consequential history. Plus, we all know that George R. R. Martin has a tendency to elevate seemingly minor characters into extremely important characters.
Basically, you need to pay attention to everyone and everything about them.
That's why the integrated character glossary is amazingly helpful. Hold your finger over any character's name (literally, any character) and you'll get a quick description of that character, their house and allegiances, and any other important info you may need. Plus, the app includes an index that will take you back to the first mention of the character.
3. The Map & Summary Featured With Each Chapter Heading
Each chapter in ASOIAF is told from a different point of view, which can make it incredibly challenging to keep track of everyone's' whereabouts. But in the enhanced ebooks, each chapter heading includes a map with the location of the character narrating that section. Double tap the map to receive a summary of that character's past in the book.
4. The Detailed Annotations
You might stumble across some crown icons in the text of the enhanced ebooks. If you tap that icon, an annotation will pop up. But these aren't your professor's annotations. It might be a fun piece of trivia about the series, a valuable piece of information about the ASOIAF universe, a real world tie-in, or a quote from George R. R. Martin that expands upon the reading.
5. The Interactive Maps
Location, location, location! You only have to watch the HBO show's opening once to realize that place is a crucial element in ASOIAF. This enhanced book features some extremely detailed interactive maps that allow readers to zoom in and out. If you're a fantasy map junkie like me, you'll be absolutely fascinated by all of the places you can discover.
6. The Illustrations
Throughout the text, you'll be treated to some seriously stunning color illustrations. The enhanced editions also feature custom typography and all new covers. I mean, seriously, the work speaks for itself.
7. The Audio Clips
Certain key passages in the novel are supplemented with clips from the audiobook, narrated by Roy Dotrice. Talk about an immersive reading experience...
8. The House Lineage Family Trees
Lineage is crucial (and often dangerous) in ASOIAF. Keep up with it all the descendants, marriages, and deaths (and marriages quickly followed by death) with the help of these interactive family trees.
9. House Sigils
The interactive version features a gallery of every single house's sigil, which is a real visual treat — and an opportunity to supplement your Game of Thrones knowledge.
A Game of Thrones: Enhanced Edition ($8.99) is available now, exclusively on iBooks for iPhone, iPad, and Mac.
Images: HBO, Screenshots from Game of Thrones by George R.R. Martin Enhanced Edition (9), Apple
FYI, Bustle may receive a portion of sales from products purchased from this article. | <urn:uuid:2858039e-7a3d-4bc4-97b0-ca0246a6b2d3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.bustle.com/articles/186538-this-interactive-game-of-thrones-book-is-the-guide-to-westeros-you-never-knew-you-needed | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00512-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.929981 | 760 | 1.828125 | 2 |
Dutch pot dealers beware! Thought your neighbour couldn’t tell the difference between pine and pot? Not anymore. Authorities are handing out marijuana scratch and sniff cards to an estimated 15,000 homes in Rotterdam and The Hague, the Telegraaf, a Dutch daily newspaper, reports.
The point of the cards is to help residents detect the drug’s smell, allowing them to notify authorities if they suspect neighbours of growing more than the amount tolerated by police (five plants per household for personal use).
Growing marijuana and purchasing it outside of the designated zones (coffee shops) is illegal in the Netherlands, and Dutch officials estimate that there are about 40,000 marijuana grow-ops inside of homes and buildings across the country.
The cards are 20 centimetres by 10 centimetres and release a marijuana-like scent when scratched. Also included on the cards is information on what to watch out for and who to call if a cannabis plantation has been discovered.
Other signs your neighbour might be a pot dealer, according to police:
1. Closed curtains
2. Strange electrical connections
3. Buzzing ventilators
– Article from The National Post. | <urn:uuid:2bd98137-dd59-4c46-873b-f3e8efe73732> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.cannabisculture.com/content/2010/11/09/dutch-police-distribute-scratch-and-sniff-marijuana-cards | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00300-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.936815 | 241 | 1.601563 | 2 |
What is a carer?
A carer is a person of any age, adult or child, who provides unpaid support to a partner, child, relative or friend who couldn't manage to live independently or whose health or wellbeing would deteriorate without this help. This could be due to frailty, disability or serious health condition, mental ill health or substance misuse.
Did you know?
That 1.2 million carers spend over 50 hours caring for others, this equates to a full time workforce larger than the entire NHS. Carers are estimated to save the UK economy £119 billion a year in care costs, more than the entire NHS budget and equivalent to £18,473 per year for every carer in the UK.
On this page you will be able to find a range of resources which the Royal College of General Practitioners has developed to help GPs and primary healthcare staff in their support of people with caring responsibilities.
The RCGP’s Supporting Carers programme closed on 31 March 2015. For further information about the RCGP’s work on supporting carers in general practice please contact firstname.lastname@example.org.
Commissioning for Carers Principles
The RCGP, NHS England and NHS Improving Quality have launched ten high-level principles and a self-assessment questionnaire to support commissioners to invest in carers based on effective approaches that have been identified from the evidence summits. The principles are underpinned by ways of identifying and supporting carers at a population level to help them provide better care and to stay well themselves, thereby contributing to better lives for those needing care as well as more effective use of NHS resources.
Commissioning for Carers Principles
Commitment to Carers Event 5 December 2014
On Friday 5 December 2014, the RCGP, NHS England and NHS Improving Quality launched a suite of resources designed to help healthcare professionals and commissioners to support carers at the NHS England Commitment to Carers year on event.
These resources include the Carers Commissioning Support Principles and the RCGP Caring for Carers Hub. Additionally the event will reflect on progress that has been made over the past year in making sure that carers are recognised, valued and supported.
Caring for Carers Hub
The RCGP, with funding from the Department of Health (DH), has developed the Caring for Carers Hub which will provide information for primary care staff about how to help carers focus on their own health and wellbeing, whilst looking after someone else.
The Hub will contain generic national information but will primarily be a platform for CCGs to add information about local services, support groups and resources to support carers in the local area. Content of the Hub has been developed in collaboration with RCGP stakeholders and has utilised the RCGP's networks of clinicians with an expertise in supporting carers. We would like to hear from CCGs or localities who would like their own free Caring for Carers Hub. If you would like to work together to develop a Hub for your locality you can register your interest by emailing email@example.com or phoning 020 3188 7633.
Demonstration of the Bedfordshire CFC Pilot Hub
Watch the video here.
GP Champions for Carers
RCGP had a number of GP Champions based around England who were able to offer in-depth knowledge and expertise in supporting and identifying carers.
Carers Evidence Summits
The RCGP partnered with NHS England and NHS Improving Quality to run four Carers Evidence Summits in July 2014. As part of these events we searched for examples of good practice, what is working well for carers, from across England. These care studies are now available to view on the NHS Improving Quality website.
Access the examples of good practice
Supporting Carers eLearning Programme
Supporting Carers in General Practice eLearning
This module provides six interactive educational sessions designed for health and social care professionals, each taking around 20 minutes to complete. The module will provide information and guidance for GPs and other community healthcare professionals to enable them to build carer involvement and support into their everyday practice.
Taking Action to Support Carers in Practice Teams
The RCGP has produced a successful practice training DVD, and due to this success an eLearning module has been developed, with the DVD being used as a basis. It is designed to focus on supporting carers from a practice perspective, and as such it may be used as group training for practice teams as well as by individuals.
Access carer e-Learning modules
Training DVD for GPs and practice teams
This resource enables training on supporting carers to be fitted around work and other commitments by providing an interactive experience that can be used within practice team meetings. The DVD won highly commended in the 2013 BMA Medical Book Awards' digital and online resources category, and there are over 2000 copies already in use.
Please contact firstname.lastname@example.org providing your name and address for a copy of the DVD.
Commissioning for Carers Guide
The RCGP Commissioning for Carers Guidance is aimed at supporting Health and Social Care Commissioners and was developed in collaboration with Department of Health and other key stakeholders of the programme, with input from various commissioning, clinical and non-clinical leads. The document contains examples of best practice across the country and is aimed to influence and guide commissioners to support commissioning for carers. The interactive PDF and a user guide are available to download below.
The Commissioning for Carers guide [PDF]
How to use the guide [PDF]
Involving and Supporting Carers and Families
This educational framework will help programme directors, trainers and other educators develop their own carer-related training, such as tutorials, workshops, courses and other learning resources about carers. It contains recommended key messages and themes, together with case illustrations and other practical information.
Involving and Supporting Carers and Families [PDF]
How GP practices can improve carer identification and support
RCGP invited applications from general practices around the country to describe their journeys towards improved carer identification and support. This report collates the information provided by these exemplar practices. A number of common themes emerged, together with some innovative ideas and practical guidance on ways that practices can improve the services that they offer to their carers.
Summary report [PDF]
Further resources to help support carers | <urn:uuid:992e3371-8073-43c1-82c2-7f7129c2dca4> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rcgp.org.uk/clinical-and-research/a-to-z-clinical-resources/carers-support.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.948517 | 1,323 | 3.234375 | 3 |
If you are interested in learning how to build and design websites, Hyper Text Markup Language (HTML) is a great place to start. This project-based tutorial series will introduce you to HTML and its methods by building a personal website using our demonstration site (below) as a model. Once you learn the basics, you will know how change the website's design and add personalized content. No prior coding experience is necessary to follow along the chapters in this book.
HTML is the standard markup language used to display documents in a web browser. First developed by Tim Berners Lee in 1990 while working at the European Organization for Nuclear Research (CERN), HTML was one of the key innovative technologies used to publish the world's first website on August 6, 1991. Thanks to a restoration project by CERN, you can now revisit the original website. Since that time, HTML has been significantly updated and expanded but its basic purpose to format and structure web pages remains the same.
In this book, you'll learn how to create and customize a website using common HTML tags and techniques. After finishing this book, you'll have a site ready to deploy to the cloud.
This open book is licensed under a Creative Commons License (CC BY-NC-SA). You can download How To Build a Website with HTML ebook for free in PDF format (27.1 MB).
Table of Contents
How To Set Up Your HTML Project
How To View the Source Code of an HTML Document
How To Use and Understand HTML Elements
How To Use Inline-level and Block-level Elements in HTML
How To Nest HTML Elements
How To Use HTML Attributes
How To Add Images To Your Webpage Using HTML
How To Add Hyperlinks in HTML
How To Use a <div>, the HTML Content Division Element
How To Modify the Color of HTML Elements
How To Set Up Your HTML Website Project
How To Add an HTML <head> Element To Your Webpage
How To Add a Favicon to Your Website with HTML
How To Style the HTML <body> Element
Creating the Top Section of Your Homepage With HTML
How To Add a Background Image to the Top Section of Your Webpage With HTML
How To Add a Styled Profile Image To Your Webpage With HTML
How To Add and Style a Title To Your Webpage With HTML
How To Create and Link To Additional Website Pages With HTML
How To Center or Align Text and Images on Your Webpage with HTML
How To Create the Body of Your Homepage With HTML
How To Add a Footer To Your Webpage With HTML | <urn:uuid:8f0241fd-0519-4e1c-a865-4a7f06909a15> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dbooks.org/how-to-build-a-website-with-html-1735831700/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572908.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817122626-20220817152626-00069.warc.gz | en | 0.779519 | 648 | 3.640625 | 4 |
cedar street October 2010
This months Green Drinks will be at Cedar Street on 208 4th Street Downtown Austin (http://cedarstreetaustin.com/)Date: Friday October 15Time: 5:00-7:00 pm (or later)This month we are going to do some things other cities are doing at green drinks (greendrinks.org). We will have about 20 minutes of guided discussion followed by open networking and games!...
FREE DRINKS: A definite possibilityWe are working with 360 Vodka, to arrange another round of complimentary drinks. Last month they reserved 100 free drinks, and we didn't finish them...I know Austin Green Drinkers can do better! 360 Vodka emphasizes sustainability in their business model. See: http://www.vodka360.com/green.php for information on their sustainability efforts.
GUIDED DISCUSSION: Austin green energy developmentMitch Jacobson of the Austin Clean Energy Incubator (CEI) will lead a discussion on stimulating the Austin economy through the development of green technology. The University of Texas CEI gives young clean energy companies the resources they need to succeed and grow into self-sustaining entities that contribute jobs to Austin and intellectual capital to the world see: http://www.ati.utexas.edu/cei2.htm | <urn:uuid:852a56e1-4d16-441a-bcf3-ee7e48816953> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://greendrinksaustin.blogspot.com/2010/10/cedar-street-october-2010.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00532-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897044 | 278 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Occupational medicine training program surveys.
Hegmann-K; Barrier-P; Moser-R Jr.
J Occup Med 1993 Aug; 35(8):768-775
A survey was begun of occupational medicine (OM) training program directors and trainees to characterize criteria for admission to each program, levels of satisfaction with applications to the program, difficulties experienced in funding the positions, the interaction of the program with medical students, the extent of the opportunities present to teach OM to primary care residents, trainee demographics, time the trainees spent studying OM in medical school, the primary experience which caused the trainees to enter this particular field of study, the residence training other than OM which was offered, and the certification and eligibilities of trainees. Several facts emerged which may explain the shortage of OM specialists. These included insufficient teaching of OM to medical students and even less to primary care residents in the United States, limited residency funding, lack of role models, multiple and varying requirements for admission to programs, and biases against preventive medicine. There was a continued trend toward increased awareness of the need and increased opportunity for study of OM. The number of OM residents has been increasing, reaching 129.6% over the levels in the prior decade.
JOCMA7; NIOSH-Publication; NIOSH-Grant; Training; Education; Occupational-health-programs; Job-stress; Occupational-health-nursing; Occupational-medicine; Qualitative-analysis; Occupational-safety-programs
Rocky MT Ctr/occupa/envir Hlth University of Utah D F C M, Room BC 106 Salt Lake City, Utah 84132
Journal of Occupational Medicine
University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah | <urn:uuid:0100d331-7bc7-4222-a43d-133b36556b0c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cdc.gov/niosh/nioshtic-2/00216292.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00408-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.910846 | 362 | 2.046875 | 2 |
What Resolutions Are Minnesota, Wisconsin Residents Making For 2021?
It is that time of year! The start of a fresh year always brings about the best versions of ourselves. We want to eat better, get out more and be more financially savvy.
2020 was obviously quite the year but that didn't stop Minnesota and Wisconsin residents from making a New Year's resolution. Now, we know just what those resolutions are.
Zippia.com released a new study, naming the most popular New Year's resolution by state. To come to the conclusion of the study, the website looked at Google Trends to see just what we were searching for ahead of the first of the year.
So what are those in Minnesota banking on for 2021? According to the study, many Minnesotans are going to seek therapy for the new year. As for Wisconsin residents, they are just looking to go on a vacation! That probably didn't happen too much in 2020 due to the pandemic.
This is definitely an interesting study! I think there is always a handful of resolutions we all aim to accomplish each year and these don't vary too much from that list. The most popular resolutions that come to mind are eating better, working out more and saving more money.
It is also pretty fun to see what other states are trying to accomplish in 2021. For example, states in the west want to date again in 2021. Other resolutions include getting better sleep each night, reading more books and meeting new people.
All of these sound like great goals to accomplish. Let's hope 2021 is a better year for all! | <urn:uuid:b846d36f-60ac-40d4-9c60-55b025d44e76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://b105country.com/resolutions-minnesota-wisconsin-residents-2021/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573399.40/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818185216-20220818215216-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.978055 | 325 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Application of Environmental Technology Management (ETM) to Automobile Exhaust Emission Reduction
MetadataShow full item record
Vehicle emissions, arising from incomplete fuel combustion and reactions between N2 and O2 leading to NOX, have detrimental effects on human health and environment quality. Engine exhaust contains a variety of regulated components, such as hydrocarbons, CO, nitrogen oxides (NOX), and particulate matter (PM). Government environmental agencies have been continuously establishing regulations for automobile manufacturers to reduce these emissions. Lean-burn engines operate with an excess of oxygen, which makes the reduction of NOX, challenging, with a coincident challenge for diesel engines being PM. Diesel particulate filters have been successfully employed to reduce PM. NOX storage and reduction (NSR) catalysts and selective catalytic reduction (SCR) catalysts are two promising technologies used to mitigate NOX emissions. A diesel oxidation catalyst (DOC) is usually placed upstream of these to reduce hydrocarbons and CO emissions and oxidize NO to NO2, which leads to improved performance over these catalysts. In this study, the performance of DOCs and NSR catalysts, individually and in series, has been investigated as a function of temperature, gas composition, catalyst length, and catalyst configuration. The catalytic oxidation of CO, hydrocarbons, and NO, both individually and in mixtures with NO2, was investigated over a monolith-supported DOC. The data clearly show mutual inhibition effects between these species. Addition of each gas to the inlet gas mixture caused an increase in the light-off temperatures of the other species, mainly due to site adsorption competition. CO was less affected by other species because its light-off temperatures began prior to those of NOX and other hydrocarbons, and it is likely the primary surface species poisoning the active sites at low temperature. Hydrogen production via hydrocarbon steam reforming and water gas shift reactions was also investigated over a DOC during steady-state and cycling conditions (to mimic NSR catalyst operation) along the catalyst length. C3H6 and dodecane steam reforming started at 375 and 450°C, respectively, whereas the water gas shift reaction started at 225°C, and proceeded further than hydrocarbon steam reforming in terms of H2 production. It should be mentioned that H2 production via the hydrocarbon steam reforming and water gas shift reactions during cycling experiments, was higher than that observed during steady-state experiments. According to temperature programmed oxidation experiments performed after steam reforming, the better performance during cyclic operation is because less coke was deposited compared to that with steady-state experiments. Experiments were also performed over a NSR catalyst. The evaluations included testing the performance as a function of NOX source, NO or NO2, testing different regeneration protocols, and evaluating different reducing agents (hydrocarbons, H2, or CO). For NO and NO2 as the NOX source, the trapping and reduction performance was better when NO2 was used at all operating temperatures except 300ºC, likely due to high NO oxidation activity and rapid trapping of NO2 at 300ºC. Numerous reasons were provided to explain the improved performance with NO2 at other tested temperatures. The foremost reason though, is treating the monolith as an integral reactor. With NO2 as the NOX source, NO2 can be readily trapped at the very inlet and along the catalyst length, resulting in a higher trapping amount. Along the same concept, the released NOX from the inlet of the catalyst has more residence time and contact with downstream Pt sites, but more importantly more interaction between reductant and stored NOX. In the second set of experiments, different regeneration protocols were used. Different regeneration times, 4, 8 and 16 seconds with 4, 2, and 1% H2 as the reductant amounts, and constant lean times were evaluated. The data clearly show an improvement with longer regeneration times in both NOX trapping and overall reduction performance at all temperatures except 500°C, where the more significant NOX release resulted in an overall decrease in NOX conversion with increasing regeneration time. The improved performance at the lower temperatures is due to more extensive nitrate/nitrite decomposition with longer regeneration times, thus leading to more extensive surface cleaning. The performance of the NSR catalyst was also investigated using hydrocarbons, H2, or CO as reducing agents. H2 was found the best at T ≤ 250°C, where the decreased performance with CO and hydrocarbons was due to Pt site poisoning at 200°C and as a result of slow kinetics at 250°C. CO and hydrocarbons, however, proved to regenerate the catalyst as efficiently as H2 at T ≥ 300°C. Hydrogen production via steam reforming experiments can not explain the improved performance with hydrocarbons, since propylene steam reforming occurred at 375°C, with only a small amount of H2 generated, and dodecane or m-xylene reforming did not occur below 450°C. TPR data show that propylene started to activate as low as 217°C and the complete reduction of NO by propylene was achieved at 287°C. For surface chemisorbed NOX species, propylene was observed to reduce these species at T > 200°C, with high rates by 264°C, with this activity eventually leading to comparable performance with either CO or H2 at similar temperatures during NOX cycling experiments. The performance of two different hybrid DOC+NSR systems was also investigated. In the first configuration, a DOC and NSR catalyst were placed in series while in the other configuration, the DOC and NSR catalysts were divided into two equal volumes and placed in series (DOC + NSR + DOC + NSR). Overall, the data show an increase in the NOX performance with the split configuration at all temperatures tested, with small changes at 200°C due to poisoning effects of Pt and Ba sites by CO and hydrocarbons being significant. The improved performance with the split configuration was related to further NO oxidation occurring over the 2nd DOC, more H2 formed from steam reforming and WGS reactions, and reduced inhibition of the WGS reaction by hydrocarbons.
Cite this version of the work
Meshari Al-Harbi (2010). Application of Environmental Technology Management (ETM) to Automobile Exhaust Emission Reduction. UWSpace. http://hdl.handle.net/10012/5633 | <urn:uuid:d39df249-6827-4fb0-95c2-c52336937dd8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://uwspace.uwaterloo.ca/handle/10012/5633 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.956024 | 1,333 | 2.875 | 3 |
However, in a minority of cases oesophageal candidiasis may occur without oral involvement . Invasive candidiasis is seen in more immunocompromised patients, in particular those with central venous catheters, prolonged antimicrobial usage or intensive care unit admission. Oral and oesophageal candidiasis are clinical diagnoses (category IV recommendation). Oral and oesophageal candidiasis are clinical diagnoses, and microbiological confirmation is not advised due to the likelihood of positive cultures in the absence of clinical disease. Candida cultures should be
Lenvatinib purchase requested only for studies of resistance in individuals not responding to standard therapy. C. krusei is always fluconazole-resistant, and may be cross-resistant to itraconazole and ketoconazole. C. glabrata BVD-523 datasheet sensitivity is more variable with many strains showing fluconazole resistance . Susceptibility
testing is recommended for patients with clinical disease from whom these species are isolated and for cases in which there is a slow response to therapy or development of candidiasis despite azole therapy for some other reason. Oesophageal candidiasis can be diagnosed clinically if oropharyngeal candidiasis is present (category IV recommendation). Endoscopy should reveal white patches. The main value of endoscopy is to exclude other causes of oesophageal symptoms that fantofarone may be present with or without oesophageal candidiasis or obtain samples for susceptibility testing if response to therapy is not detected. Azoles and topical treatment are equally effective at treating oropharyngeal candidiasis but azole therapy is associated with a lower risk of relapse (category Ib recommendation). Azoles are the mainstay of treatment for HIV-seropositive patients with oral or oesophageal candidiasis. Topical nystatin or amphotericin are of little benefit for oesophageal candidiasis,
and although as effective as azoles for oropharyngeal candidiasis, are associated with slower clearance of yeast from the mouth and a higher relapse rate . Fluconazole (50–100 mg/day), ketoconazole (200 mg bd) and itraconazole (200 mg od) are the most commonly selected orally absorbable systemic azoles, and all have efficacy against oropharyngeal candidiasis when prescribed for 7–14 days [11–16]. Fluconazole is most often recommended. Itraconazole may be used in select cases when fluconazole resistance has been demonstrated. Ketoconazole is mainly of historical interest. Studies have suggested greater efficacy with fluconazole and oral solution of itraconazole than with ketoconazole or itraconazole tablets [11,16,17]. Both fluconazole and itraconazole have demonstrated efficacy in the treatment of oesophageal candidiasis with fluconazole providing greater short-term response . | <urn:uuid:22885288-3c15-474f-9a57-e75e1e1c7942> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://pde-inhibitors.com/however-in-a-minority-of-cases-oesophageal-candidiasis-may-occur | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570868.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808152744-20220808182744-00070.warc.gz | en | 0.887846 | 629 | 2.375 | 2 |
Thursday, February 28, 2013
It turned out to be a fulfillment of a prophecy for the Maori’s at the Ruaihona Marae in Te Teko, Bay of Plenty, New Zealand when a delegation from the Ahmadiyya Muslim community visited their Marae on Saturday, February 2.
Approximately 40 members of the community led by the National President New Zealand Mr Mohammad Iqbal took a 4 hour journey from Auckland to present the elders of the village with copies of the Holy Qur’an translated into Te Reo Maori, and three other booklets translated into Te Reo Maori.
The delegation received the traditional Maori welcome known as powhiri organised by the Maori elders of the Marae. The protocols involved the ‘Karanga’, which is a unique form of female oratory in which one of the women from the tribe extends a cultural expression to the first calls of welcome. At this stage the delegation walked across the Marae grounds and entered the Wharenui. This phase of the protocol involved the ‘whaikorero’ where formal speeches were made by the host speaker who welcomed the delegates and offered their hospitality. At the end of his speech, a traditional song known as the ‘waiata’ was sung by the Maori hosts. The hosts were also represented by the first Maori Ahmadi Muslim, Matthew Abu Bakr Howell and his wife Vicky Howell who were part of the welcoming committee.
In response to the opening address by the Maori elder, the National President Mr Mohammed Iqbal spoke briefly in Maori and reverted to English to outline the purpose of the visit and extraordinary significance of the visit. He said this was also the first time that the waqf e nau children, who have been dedicated to serve humanity, have had the opportunity of a formal welcome on a Marae in NZ.
The significance of the visit was highlighted during the discussion when the village elders acknowledged a prophecy of their Maori Prophet TeKooti who had prophesized that the people of the Peace Prophet from the East will come to their Marae with his message. In this regards, the Peace Prophet is none other than the Holy Prophet (May the blessings of Allah be upon him) and this message was the Holy Qur’an.
The National President of the Jama’at, Mr Mohammed Iqbal concluded his address by thanking the hosts. Members of the Jama’at than recited a nazm in line with the Maori protocols.
Consistent with the Maori cultural protocol, a monetary gift known as ‘Koha’ was offered by Mr Mohammed Iqbal which was graciously accepted by Mr Howell on behalf of the village elders.
At the conclusion of the ceremony, the two groups shook hands and performed the ‘Hongi’ (pressing of noses) signifying the sharing of the breath of life and hence coming together of the Maori tribe and the Ahmadiyya community. The delegation was then invited to a shared lunch in the mess hall.
Following lunch, the group was invited by the tribal elders to perform a joint Dhur and Asr salat in their Wharenui. This was a significant shift from their protocol as other religions are not offered the opportunity to pray in their sacred house. The offering of prayers inside the Wharenuisignified the acceptance of Ahmadiyya Muslim Community as being part of their tribe.
Prior to the departure, as part of the farewell protocol, the tribal elders relayed the respect and acceptance of the Ahmadiyya community, opening up their doors for future visits. The central missionary, Mr Shafiq ur Rehman thanked the hosts for their hospitality and love. He drew parallels of the teachings of the Holy Prophet’s (saw) teachings and what was demonstrated by the hosts; of being filled with goodness and doing good deeds. The tribal missionary, Mr Rangi promised to provide Te Kooti’s reference regarding the coming of the peace prophet.
More New Zealand articles
Tuesday, January 24, 2017 Tuesday, January 24, 2017 Friday, January 20, 2017 | <urn:uuid:a7a3f550-e122-4cd6-ac7f-dac6de670b77> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.indianweekender.co.nz/Pages/ArticleDetails/7/3607/New-Zealand/Historic-visit-to-Maori-village-fulfills-prophecy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285315.77/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00574-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.979267 | 855 | 1.726563 | 2 |
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We are a primary care practice that offers immigration, telemedicine, and medical marijuana. Call us to book your appointment today. | <urn:uuid:bf768014-f669-4f4b-a0d1-40c9117a27cf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mediclinicstampa.com/services/weight-loss | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572063.65/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814173832-20220814203832-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.937433 | 581 | 1.601563 | 2 |
Elizabeth and Mary Linley were both professional singers. They were daughters of the composer, Tom Linley the elder, and sisters of the most distinguished musician in the family, the composer and friend of Mozart, Tom Linley the younger. Elizabeth (seen here standing) later married the playwright, Richard Brinsley Sheridan. This painting is more about their characters than their singing careers. They have sought out this secluded woody bank not just in order to practise, but because of their instinctive love of wild places. To love Nature was regarded in the eighteenth century as a virtue in itself and as a symptom of 'natural' fine feelings: the same feelings that lead these sisters to love each other. They exhibit what their contemporaries called 'sensibility'. Though wearing silk gowns of the latest fashion, the sisters seem to blend with their woodland setting. Gainsborough echoes the colours of the landscape and even its rough texture in the painting of the costumes. Coarse grasses grow over Mary's dress almost as if they were being stitched into its design. More than anything it is Gainsborough's handling which lends the image its remarkable organic unity. He was famous for using long-handled brushes and for working up every part of the painting together. The brush-strokes are long, loose and capricious, more like the free shading of a rapid pen sketch than a finished painting. | <urn:uuid:d4fc05f4-6c0e-42aa-9fda-d30f6e3db449> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://prints.dulwichpicturegallery.org.uk/collections/bestsellers/products/pod443721 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.983874 | 284 | 2.53125 | 3 |
As its title denotes, this is an exhibition of things made to flatter and delight a French royal court, and since so many of the artists are Flemish or Italian, it is French patronage rather than national origin that distinguishes this collection.
When shown in the Grand Palais, in Paris, earlier this year, it was called “France 1500 entre Moyen Age et Renaissance” to focus on the major historic transition underway in that century. By the year 1500, the secular ideals of the Roman Republic had already been reborn in Italy, bankers were becoming more important than landowners, France was uniting into a nation state and Martin Luther was a teenager. Although Humanism and Italian mannerism would soon define French taste, the court of Charles VIII still savored that sweet medieval dream of a divine order with the Madonna’s family at the top, the extended royal family one notch down, and beautiful angels floating freely in between.
Most spectacular are the tapestries. Unfortunately, the two great unicorn cycles of that era did not leave New York or Paris for this exhibition, but the flaming red legs of the Narcissus from Boston are just as charming, while the power and glory of the “Three Stags” and a scene from the Trojan War contrast with the later, more decorative pieces shown in the tapestry exhibition at the museum two years ago. The Middle Ages seem most enchanting just as they were coming to a close.
The six life-size stone statues are great as well, though clearly a little closer to earth and further from heaven than figures done three centuries earlier. Individual personalities emerge from the faces of each statue of the Virgin, and struggle to emerge from the crowd scenes in tapestries, paintings and stained glass.
Portrait paintings, like the miniature by a follower of Nicolas Froment, did not yet express an individualized personality the way Germans, like Dürer, or Italians, like Carpaccio, were doing at that time. (Since it was finished in France, Leonardo’s half-smiling “Mona Lisa” would have been perfect for this exhibition; alas, we got a somewhat lesser Leonardo—but a Leonardo nonetheless—instead.)
A few printed books are included to remind us that Gutenberg’s revolution was in full swing, while the hand-painted book was dying out with a flourish, as demonstrated by Jean Fouquet and his successors, all with the amazing ability to create a rich, entertaining world within such eye-straining dimensions. Some of them, like Colombe’s “Hours of Anne of France,” seem designed for spiritual education, but other scenes, like Bourdichon’s “David and Bathsheba,” offer the same kind of sophisticated enjoyment that Persian princes of that time might have expected from a Shahnameh.
There is great historical interest in the reliquary for the heart of Anne of Brittany, the wealthiest lady of her time and the wife of both Charles VIII and Louis XII (with the contents of the golden vessel dumped during the French Revolution), but the real heart of the exhibition are the ten paintings by Jean Hey (1475-1505), which is probably the largest exhibition this Netherlandish artist will ever have. Not all of these works are at the same transcendent level as the “Annunciation” from the Art Institute’s own collection, but his portrait of Francis de Chateaubriand from the Glasgow Museum could be a special exhibition all by itself, as it seems to trumpet both French national spirit and Flemish piety in the same brisk, sunny outdoor setting that Monet would celebrate four centuries later.
This is the kind of blockbuster exhibition that’s been rather scarce lately. Objects were borrowed from almost fifty institutions and private lenders, and many, like Pierre Sala’s “Little Book of Love,” are famous enough to be all over the internet. A better survey of this time and place is likely not possible.
As a footnote, I also wonder if a collection of objects as beautiful and profound could possibly be gathered from the visual arts of our much richer, better educated, and more populous eras. Paris was the largest city in Europe at that time, yet still it had fewer people than now live in Rockford, Illinois. (Chris Miller)
Through May 30 at the Art Institute of Chicago, 111 South Michigan. | <urn:uuid:f5a8331e-81ee-4060-89f9-c2099065fcde> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://art.newcity.com/2011/03/14/review-kings-queens-and-courtiers-art-in-early-renaissance-franceart-institute-of-chicago/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00540-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968387 | 912 | 2.203125 | 2 |
Well-known local watercolor artist Ken Turney died peacefully at home on the morning of May 21, 2009. He was 97 and had just completed his memoir, The Life & Times of Watercolor Artist Ken Turney.
Born in Greensburg, Penn., on June 22, 1911 to Marcellus R. and Jennie E. Turney, he first studied art at Greensburg High School, then pursued a course of art and architecture at Carnegie Mellon Institute and the University of Pittsburgh. He married Dorothy V. Smith, now deceased, on Jan. 1, 1940 and served in the U.S. Navy from 1943 until he was honorably discharged in 1945 as a Gunner's Mate 2nd Class.
The child of two creative and talented parents, Ken then went on to a 27-year career in fashion display in Youngstown, Ohio., 20 of those years with C. Livingston & Sons. But his love of sailing led to a second career in sailboat design and sales - Ken T. Sailboats, Inc. of Boardman, Ohio - from 1973 to 1979. He was an active member of Pymatuning Yacht Club and founded Pymatuning Sailing Club in Jamestown, Penn.
Richard Kenneth Turney
After wintering on Sanibel in 1978, he moved to Southwest Florida - Tropicana Park in Fort Myers - where he began his third career as a watercolor artist. He had many one-man shows locally as well as being part of numerous exhibitions at the Cape Coral Art Studio, the Merrick Fine Art Gallery in New Brighton, Penn., the Fort Myers Beach Art Association and BIG Arts on Sanibel. He was a member of the Florida Watercolor Society, BIG Arts, Lee County Alliance of the Arts, the Naples Art Association, the Sanibel-Captiva Art League, and the Fort Myers Beach Art Association which, in 2007, honored Ken with a retrospective of his work for his 95th birthday.
As president of the Art Council of Southwest Florida, Ken founded the Winners' Circle, a biennial exhibit of award-winning artwork by members of the Art Council. This past December, at age 97, Ken was honored at the 13th Winners' Circle exhibit in Phillips Gallery on Sanibel.
While maintaining his independence in many ways and his enthusiasm as an artist, he remained active, astute to current events, sharp, smart, articulate and kind to the end. Over the years he contributed often to the News-Press Opinion page and could be quite outspoken on politics and other matters that concerned him.
Sanibel artist Carol Rosenberg knew Ken for more than 20 years. "Ken was a wonderful asset to the local art community," she said. "After he relocated here, he jumped right in to participate - not only in shows but, more importantly, in the workings of both the San-Cap Art League and the Beach Art Association. For many, many years Ken always pitched in and helped the Art League in several ways. He made signs, racks for matted paintings and even parked his van on McGregor and San Carlos so that off-island artists entering our past shows on Captiva could drop off their paintings which Ken would then transport to the exhibit. His paintings, which he always numbered, were on view in the Jacaranda Restaurant on Sanibel for more than 25 years.
"He was a wonderful model for any artist - always very positive, always creating, never getting 'lazy.' And he was very orderly - unlike many of us; he always documented his work, the price, where it was sold and to whom, etc."
"I am sorry to hear about Ken Turney," former San-Cap Art League president Naomi Campbell wrote from New York, her base of operations and where she is now teaching at the Art Students League. "He was always such an integral part of the League when I was president - ever so effervescent about life and his work. He forged a business out of his skills and vision that always fed from his strong association with the area and his involvement with the art organizations around - in particular, the Sanibel-Captiva Art League. While I was on the island and serving as president in the early '90s, I remember he used to like to address me as 'Madame La Presidente.'
"It was always a pleasure to see Ken show up at the group paint-outs," she continued, "and his feistiness and warmth in his work and his life is something I have taken away with me to New York in my life and work here. He will be missed. I am sorry to hear he has passed away, but very pleased to have known this man who exemplified the classic artist that history recounts - feisty and working until the very end!"
"I had only been with the Islander a short time," writer Anne Bellew said, "when I wrote a column dealing with seasonal traffic on Sanibel. Ken liked it and sent me the first 'fan' letter I'd ever received! We've been acquaintances/friends ever since, and I was honored when he asked me to help him with the first draft of his memoir."
In describing his life as an artist Ken said, "...it released a lifelong need to make beautiful, durable works and share my enjoyment with others. Happily this has been the case with many folks who now own one or more of my over 2,200 original watercolor paintings."
Survivors include his daughters - Pamela Richards of Bedford, Mass. and Marda Jan Gracey and her husband, Doug, of Palm Coast, Fla.; four grandsons - David Richards of Vermont and his wife, Katie, Scott Dyer of Palm Coast and his wife, Kristina, Eric Dyer of Colorado, and Kyle Dyer of Palm Coast; two great grand-daughters - Madeline Richards of Vermont and Evey Dyer of Palm Coast; a nephew - Ron Turney of Alabaster, Ala.; and a sister-in-law - Georgia Turney of Jeannette, Penn.
A private service will be held in Greensburg with interment at St. Clair Cemetery. A celebration of Ken's life in Southwest Florida will be scheduled for a later date. Memorial donations may be made to the Fort Myers Beach Art Association Scholarship Fund, Post Office Box 2359, Fort Myers Beach 33932, or to the The Hunger Relief Fund - Southwest Florida Community Foundation, 8260 College Parkway-Suite 101, Fort Myers 33919.
For information on available artwork or Ken's memoir, contact firstname.lastname@example.org | <urn:uuid:b0b5067a-85ca-4825-80a5-f55816da3401> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.captivacurrent.com/page/content.detail/id/500937/Richard-Kenneth-Turney.html?nav=5052 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00494-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.981319 | 1,351 | 1.5 | 2 |
Storing passwords: are you doing it right?
Almost all web applications involve user authentication at some point, and many use the good old “password” as the primary approach to check if you really are who you claim to be.
This burdens developers with the important responsibility of having to store and process passwords in a secure way. Even if the app you’re protecting is not anything important (say, a silly online game), if your server is hacked and your users’ passwords are stolen, that could have dire consequences — imagine if someone uses the same password for their online banking! (Yes, many people are that stupid.) So let’s see the various approaches that can be taken here…
Plain, unencrypted passwords
No, no, no! Even if you’re not collecting any valuable private data. Re-read the last paragraph.
Passwords encrypted with a secret key
So you could encrypt the password database with DES, AES, or whatever encryption algorithm. In case a hacker gets it, all they will take is a bunch of gibberish that’s worthless without the key. Right?
Well, this option is a bit better than the above one, that’s for sure. It can limit the damage if the data leak is contained to the password database (such as with an SQL injection attack). But you’d still have to store the secret key somewhere, and your server has to be able to access it. So if an attacker can gain privileged access to the server, then they can get the secret key too… game over.
Passwords processed with a hash function
This is a bit better than the above, but still insecure. However, plain hashing is probably still the single most common way passwords are stored in non-enterprise applications. That’s probably because in many programming languages, it’s the easiest way for a programmer who is lazy (or pressed by looming deadlines) to add at least some security. For example, MySQL lets you easily apply the popular MD5 and SHA1 hash functions to a string.
Hashing is different than encryption. It’s more like fingerprinting. A cryptographic hash function can perform a one-way mathematical transformation of your password. You get a fixed-length piece of data that you store in your database. It’s impossible to recover the original password from that. However, it is possible to calculate the hashes of two text values, and verify if they are the same. In this way, you can check if the user has entered the correct password when you don’t even know it! You just compare the hashes.
What’s the problem here? Well, if an attacker gets the hashes, they can simply try to get the passwords by “brute force” (trying every possible combination of letters, numbers, etc. until they hit a match or give up). Modern hardware is fast enough to make this feasible, and attackers can also come “pre-armed” with a ready-made table of millions of common passwords and their corresponding hashes. Additionally, you can look at the hashes to see if two users have the same password, or if one person used the same password on two different websites — this gives important clues to the attackers.
Slow, salted hash
There are two tactics that, together, help prevent cracking of hash values. The first one is to repeat the hash function — you calculate the hash, then the hash of the hash, and so on, hundreds of times. That makes it slower to calculate the hashed value. When a user logs in, a slowdown of a tenth of a second is not going to be noticed. But when cracking a hash, you have to test billions and billions of possible values, so the same slowdown could be enough to prevent bad guys from getting the password.
In addition, there is this thing called a salt — in a typical implementation, for each user, a random, non-secret string would be generated and appended to the password before hashing it. Then the non-encrypted salt is stored together with the hash.
What’s the point of this? Well, the same password with a different salt would generate a different hash. You can no longer tell if two users have the same password just by looking at the hashes. You can no longer come with a table of common passwords/hashes prepared in advance.
Here is a sample user table where the password is simply hashed with the SHA1 algorithm:
These four users obviously have the same password, and by looking up the hash in a “rainbow table” readily available online, you can find out in less than a minute that the password is “pizza”.
So let’s “salt” this pizza. See what happens? Same password, much more difficult to steal:
This is nothing new
And you know what? All these considerations were described more than thirty years ago in a four-page paper dealing with password security on UNIX systems (R. Morris & K. Thompson 1979, “Password Security: A Case History“, Communications of the ACM, Volume 22, Issue 11). These are supposed to be standard security practices, but often they are not followed, even by large and knowledgeable providers like Adobe.
PHP implementation: long due
Since I primarily work with PHP, I am pleased to note that since 2013, when PHP 5.5.0 was released, there is a simplified way to work with safe password hashes that satisfy all the above conditions. The new password_hash and password_verify functions use a safe algorithm. Their default options are secure enough – no extra keys to provide, no fancy settings to configure.
PHP developers (like me) have no excuse not to use these functions. (Well, to be honest, they have one – some web hosting providers still haven’t upgraded to php 5.5 – but that makes it all the more important to be careful about the hosting that you choose!) | <urn:uuid:e42ce974-ccd1-4daa-828e-72204d80fbea> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bossakov.eu/storing-passwords-are-you-doing-it-right/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.909269 | 1,563 | 2.96875 | 3 |
28 kids killed by their guardians. 28 adults, our neighbors, who could look their children in the eye and beat them, starve them... who are these monsters?
I shudder and turn away from seemignly intractable evil to peruse some other statistics:
We Americans kill more of our own kids than do our civilized neighbors:
Source: We Can Do Better, report of the Every Child Matters Education Fund, 2009, p. 8
What makes those other democracies such safer places for kids than America?
Among other things, teen pregnancy, violent crime, imprisonment, and poverty rates are much lower in these countries. Further, their social policies in support of families are much greater and typically include child care, universal health insurance, paid parental leave, visiting nurses, and more—all things which together can prevent child abuse and neglect in the first place.
The U.S. invests only modestly in similar preventive measures compared to the needs of the most vulnerable families. This serious social policy lapse creates an environment where child abuse and neglect are common—where preventable maltreatment fatalities are inevitable [We Can Do Better, 2009].
The Every Child Matters folks also chart children in poverty by state. From 2001 to 2008, the number of South Dakota children in poverty increased 50%. Our ranking nationwide in keeping kids out of poverty slipped from 17th to 34th.
Hmm... didn't I hear somewhere that 70% of Republicans think South Dakota is headed in the right direction? Four more years, Mr. Daugaard? | <urn:uuid:591c97d9-6aa6-4e2e-ba54-9772d9d6971f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://madvilletimes.blogspot.com/2009/10/more-south-dakota-children-facing-abuse.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00046-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.946522 | 311 | 1.859375 | 2 |
Using anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids to relieve pain can increase the chances of developing chronic pain, researchers from McGill University and colleagues in Italy said. Their research raises questions about the traditional practices used to relieve pain. Normal recovery from a traumatic injury includes inflammation, and preventing inflammation with medication can lead to pain that is difficult to treat.
“For many decades, treating pain with anti-inflammatory medications has been standard medical practice. But we have found that this short-term fix can lead to long-term problems,” says Jeffrey Mogill, a professor in the McGill University Department of Psychology and chair of E. B. Taylor in Pain Studies.
The difference between people who get better and those who don’t
In the study published in Translational Medicine SciencesThe researchers examined pain mechanisms in both humans and mice. They found that neutrophils – a type of white blood cell that helps the body fight infection – play a key role in treating pain.
When analyzing the genes of people with low back pain, we observed active changes in the genes over time in people whose pain had disappeared. Changes in blood cell activity and activity seem to be the most important factor, particularly in cells called neutrophils,” says Luda Diachenko, MD, professor in the School of Medicine, College of Dentistry, and Canada Chair for Research Excellence in Human Pain Genetics.
Inflammation plays a major role in treating pain
Neutrophils dominate the early stages of inflammation and pave the way for tissue damage repair. Inflammation happens for a reason, and it seems dangerous to interfere with it,” says Professor Mogill, who is also a member of the Allan Edwards Center for Pain Research with Professor Dyachenko.
Experimental blocking of neutrophils in mice prolonged pain for up to ten times the normal duration. Treating pain with anti-inflammatory drugs and steroids such as dexamethasone and diclofenac produces the same result, although they were effective against pain early on.
these The findings are also supported by a separate analysis of 500,000 people in the UK that showed those taking anti-inflammatory drugs to treat their pain were more likely to develop pain two to ten years later, an effect not seen in people taking acetaminophen or anti-inflammatories. – Antidepressants.
Rethinking standard medical treatment for acute pain
Our findings suggest that it is time to reconsider the way we treat acute pain. “Fortunately, the pain can be eliminated by other methods that do not involve interfering with inflammation,” says Massimo Allegri, MD, a physician at the Policlinico of Monza Hospital in Italy and Ensemble Hospital de la Côte in Switzerland.
“We discovered that the resolution of pain is actually an active biological process,” says Professor Dyachenko. These findings should be followed up by clinical trials that directly compare anti-inflammatory drugs with other pain relievers that relieve aches and pains but do not disrupt inflammation.”
About McGill University
Founded in Montreal, Quebec, in 1821, McGill University is the best MD university in Canada. McGill has been consistently ranked as one of the top universities, both nationally and internationally. It is a world-renowned institution of higher education with research activities covering three campuses, 11 colleges, 13 vocational schools, 300 study programs and more than 39,000 students, including more than 10,400 graduate students. McGill attracts students from more than 150 countries around the world, and its 12,000 international students make up 30% of the student body. More than half of McGill’s students claim that their first language is not English, including nearly 20% of our students who say French is their first language. | <urn:uuid:8fc0165a-8ac5-4ea4-bc61-d8425b8c4ea6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://icqedu.com/cbmicwh0dhbzoi8vd3d3lm1jz2lsbc5jys9uzxdzcm9vbs9jagfubmvscy9uzxdzl2rpc2nvdmvyes1yzxzlywxzlwjsb2nraw5nlwluzmxhbw1hdglvbi1tyxktbgvhzc1jahjvbmljlxbhaw4tmzm5ntmy0geaoc5 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571234.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811042804-20220811072804-00073.warc.gz | en | 0.954263 | 782 | 3.40625 | 3 |
Item description for The Flesh of God by Steve Kellmeyer...
Overview Kellmeyer invites readers to study the Infancy Narratives and examine everything scripture has to say concerning the birth of Christ. Best of all, this study provides hands on examples of doing typology--the method of Scripture study used by Christians for over a thousand years.
Publishers Description Study the Infancy Narratives Examine everything Scripture has to say concerning the birth of Christ The first two chapters of Matthew and the first two chapters of Luke are called the "infancy narratives." Together, these four chapters tell the entire Advent and Christmas story. They also form the basis for literally dozens of Church teachings and practices: why the Mass is structured the way it is, why we use incense, why Catholic Bibles are longer than those used by some other Christians, and much, much more Best of all, this study provides hands on examples of doing typology - the method of Scripture study used by Christians for over a thousand years. You will be amazed at how easy it is Two Scripture studies in one book The once-a-week Bible study: Section I provides seven individual sessions designed for people who are unable to devote time to daily Scripture study. Parents can also use the sessions in this section as a guide for weekly family Scripture study during the Advent and Christmas seasons. The daily Bible study: Section II provides twenty-two sessions for Advent and ten sessions for Christmas. Given the busy nature of these seasons, the five to six session per week format allows some flexibility in those weeks when a day or two is unintentionally missed. You won't "fall behind" simply because you missed a day Since both Section I and Section II cover essentially the same material, two people, each using a different study schedule, can still maintain real harmony in their joint study of Scripture.
Citations And Professional Reviews The Flesh of God by Steve Kellmeyer has been reviewed by professional book reviewers and journalists at the following establishments -
Ingram Advance - 01/01/2005 page 127
Promise Angels is dedicated to bringing you great books at great prices. Whether you read for entertainment, to learn, or for literacy - you will find what you want at promiseangels.com!
Studio: Bridegroom Press
Est. Packaging Dimensions: Length: 8.5" Width: 5.5" Height: 0.3" Weight: 0.38 lbs.
Release Date Aug 1, 2004
Publisher Bridegroom Press
ISBN 0971812802 ISBN13 9780971812802 | <urn:uuid:2277d019-1fca-40ba-8496-f91230a69f47> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.promiseangels.com/steve-kellmeyer/the-flesh-of-god/SKU/124539 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00490-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.912039 | 517 | 1.960938 | 2 |
The Five Great Rice Meals of Japan
About Japanese Food includes the traditional foods of Japan. | Food in Japan
– tag –
【What is Kakigoori?】 Kakigoori (かき氷), also known as Japanese shaved ice, is a Japanese sweet made of shaved ice and syrup, frequently condensed milk, as a sweetener. Locals made it by shaving ice into small pieces and sprinkling syr... | <urn:uuid:23b03332-c3d3-45a4-a4a9-8b3be9d4c903> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://foodinjapan.org/tag/%E6%B0%B7/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572221.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816060335-20220816090335-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.804179 | 153 | 1.828125 | 2 |
290 pages, year of publication: 2011
price: 34.00 €
Macroeconomic relationships explain the aggregate behaviour of economic agents - individuals and firms - for various levels of income, assets, liquidity, interest rates, relative prices, and other economic variables. This textbook Introductory Macroeconomics
aims to help you understand recent developments in Macroeconomics using graphic analysis and basic calculus. We will study the stylised facts of business cycle fluctuations, economic growth and unemployment, trade theory and trade policy. Furthermore, we will discuss what light modern macroeconomics can shed on these facts; and finally evaluate the scope for policy to improve macroeconomic performance.
The topics covered are: aggregate demand and aggregate supply, consumption and investment, the determinants of long-run economic growth, money growth and inflation, unemployment; economic pathologies such as persistent unemployment and high inflation, the cyclical behaviour of the economy, the influence of monetary and fiscal policy and the impacts of international trade in an open economy. | <urn:uuid:83de4f3e-fe70-4c88-a1b4-8ad47b3e1659> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://logos-verlag.de/cgi-bin/engbuchmid?isbn=2786&lng=eng&id= | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571869.23/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813021048-20220813051048-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.857092 | 228 | 3.296875 | 3 |
<BR> Local school enrollment down, school board told
School enrollment, the DARE program and the school district music program were all topics presented to the school board this week
District Superintendent Gary Peterson announced for the second consecutive month that student enrollment is down by about 40 from last year's figures standing at 3,160 students as of March 2. If this drop in enrollment continues to hold through the year it could cost the district up to $200,000 on next year's budget. Adjustments in the average enrollment won't be made until May, so budgeting projections will continue based on last year's figures.
District music program is upbeat
Jan Boles along with Rocky Miner representing the district's music committee, announced that the music program in Crook County schools is gaining momentum. Currently they are discussing curriculum and developing a district calendar in an effort to keep from overlapping student programs. Miner said that the group is looking at setting up a more consistent K-12 music program which eliminates conflicting programs. A new curriculum would give the younger students an opportunity to learn the basics of music education so that by the time they reach high school, they will all be at the same level. Boles indicated that they will be offering beginning band at the grade school level.
Federal view of DARE has impact
Dennis Kostelecky reported that the DARE program in Crook County has been put on hold, due to the decision of the federal government to not allow the use of Safe and Drug Free School and Community (Title IV) dollars to fund the program any longer.
According to Kostelecky, the program came under fire after research projects suggested that the program was not meeting expectations. Kostelecky said that the national research leans towards the positive benefits of officer interaction, but does not cite DARE as an effective method for preventing substance abuse or delinquency.
Although a new program is under development by the federal government and is being tested randomly at select communities, funding for the DARE probably will not be offered at the national level again for some time. In the meantime, funding for the continuation of Crook County's DARE program will have to be discussed at the local level. | <urn:uuid:9f4471c9-9d05-4bb9-95b2-4e6ddae16804> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://portlandtribune.com/component/content/article?id=189135 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719453.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00230-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970944 | 448 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Riviera Maya weather has much in common with Cancun and Cozumel simply because it lies between those two popular Mexican destinations.
This resort-filled stretch of the Caribbean coast of Mexico begins just south of Cancun and stretches even further south past Cozumel.
Two of Riviera Maya’s most popular attractions are Playa del Carmen and Tulum. Playa del Carmen is known for its great shopping and dining district on Fifth Avenue and Tulum is known for its Mayan ruins.
Like Cancun and Cozumel, Playa del Carmen weather is hot during the summer and very wet during the rainy season.
The best times to go there take careful planning with weather in mind.
Average high temperatures reach 90 degrees Fahrenheit or higher during the months of May through August, according to historical records for the area.
Riviera Maya weather in January and December is coolest when average highs hover around 83 degrees.
Average low temperatures, which take place mainly at night, range from the high 60s in the winter to the low to mid 70s during the summer.
Seawater temperatures usually fall between the average highs and the average lows for air temperatures.
That means the water will be comfortable for swimming most months of the year except for mornings during the winter.
Speaking from experience, trade winds will bring the wind chill factor down and could make winter swimming uncomfortable on some days during the winter.
Rain is a big factor for the Riviera Maya area especially during the peak months of the Caribbean hurricane season.
Total rainfall may reach as high as 10 inches a month in September and October and five inches or more in August and November.
The total number of days it rains reaches 15 in September and October and 13 in August.
The months with the lowest levels of rain are January through April with less than three inches apiece.
Best and Worst Times to Go
The best months to go to Riviera Maya are March and April for a combination of warm temperatures and low rainfall.
May and July are the second best options. Temperatures will be warmer but rainfall will be somewhat higher.
The worst times to go clearly are September and October followed by August and November.
That said, no one can predict the weather with 100 percent accuracy. But a little planning does help.
Anyone who plans to go to Riviera Maya during months with high amounts of rain, especially during the hurricane season, should consider buying travel insurance.
We have many More Caribbean Vacation Information, Travel Review and Attractions Articles Now Available. | <urn:uuid:1db740ea-2193-411e-bfcc-f16c2f61e0e8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.007aj.com/riviera-maya-weather-best-and-worst-months-to-go/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00431-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96531 | 526 | 1.5625 | 2 |
In real-life situations, quantities and their rate of change depend on more than one variable. For example, the rabbit population, though it may be represented by a single number, depends on the size of predator populations and the availability of food. In order to represent and study such complicated problems we need to use more than one dependent variable and more than one equation. Systems of differential equations are the tools to use. As with the first-order differential equations, the techniques for studying systems fall into the following three categories: analytic, qualitative, and numeric. | <urn:uuid:d11c5ba5-4896-4975-86bf-c54e45af4eb6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.papertrell.com/apps/preview/The-Handy-Math-Answer-Book/Handy%20Answer%20book/What-are-systems-of-differential-equations/001137022/content/SC/52cb00f082fad14abfa5c2e0_default.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.940104 | 111 | 3.109375 | 3 |
PRINCETON — Tourists in Mercer County are shelling out their cash and credit cards.
According to a study commissioned by the Princeton Regional Chamber of Commerce, tourists spent a record-setting $1.9 billion in the Mercer County region in 2013.
“It is a significant set of findings about the growth in jobs and economic activity and income for residents of Mercer County,” chamber Chairman John P. Thurber said at Thursday’s Mercer County freeholder meeting. “It also demonstrates that there is even more opportunity ahead.”
According to the study conducted by Brian Tyrell, professor of Hospitality and Tourism Management Studies at The Richard Stockton College of New Jersey, tourism expenditures grew 4.6 percent from 2012.
“Not only a record high, but of note back to above our pre-recession levels,” chamber Vice President Adam Perle said at the meeting, adding the Princeton region is growing faster than the state. “That’s a level of recovery that has been faster than the national average when it comes to tourism.”
The study focused on Mercer County plus a few municipalities in Somerset and Middlesex counties that are associated with the Princeton brand.
A breakdown of money spent by tourists, included $528 million food and beverage, $345 million on shopping, $403 million in transportation-related expenses, such as the Trenton-Mercer Airport, $302 million in travel accommodations and hotels, and $336 million on recreation and entertainment (Mercer County parks and the arts and heritage culture.)
The largest gains were in recreation and entertainment (9.4 percent), shopping (5.6 percent) and food and beverage (5.5 percent).
“If you asked me to predict our largest increase for 2014, I would imagine transportation would be it,” Perle said. “Part of the reason why transportation didn’t grow year over year is because we had to close the airport.”
The study also showed the tourism industry employed 35,800 workers in 2013, a growth of 3.1 percent from the previous year.
“If the current pace continues, the Princeton region will have erased by years end, all the losses in tourism employment associated with the recession,” the study states.
Lodging decreased slightly in 2013, a drop from $6.6 million to $6.4 million.
Perle stated the reason for the decrease was that one of the largest hotels in the region — Crowne Plaza Princeton in Plainsboro — was closed and underwent major renovation in 2013.
Thurber, who is also vice president of public affairs at Thomas Edison State College, said there is untapped potential for the region, especially in the capital city.
“Those of us who have a commitment in Trenton and know the historic sites that are here and that don’t get as many visitors as they should,” he said. “There are opportunities to connect the attractions that are successful in parts of the county with those that are perhaps less utilized, less visited.”
Trenton Mayor Eric Jackson met last week with the Princeton Regional Chamber of Commerce to discuss some of the opportunities.
“Mercer County is rich with potential strategic partners such as our friends at the Princeton Regional Chamber of Commerce,” said Michael Walker, spokesman for the Jackson administration. “Therefore, Mayor Jackson is always seeking to collaborate with people and organizations who are interested in helping him better utilize Trenton’s competitive strengths.”
Chamber President and CEO Peter Crowley is excited about the heritage tourism in Trenton, but feels more visitors should come to the capital city.
“In that discussion with Mayor Jackson, there is clearly a large number of tourists that go to Washington Crossing State Park and then jump over one of the most historic parts of the United States, which is of course the Battle of Trenton, up to the Princeton region.
Freeholder Sam Frisby — a Trenton resident — highlighted the need at Thursday’s meeting to connect staple events in the county as well.
“We had the Special Olympics here and the same week the Special Olympics was here, you had Art All Night,” Frisby said. “There was no real link from Special Olympics — people were here in the region with all of the planes that flew in — to Art All Night to say, ‘This is an event that is gaining a lot of steam, thousands of people attended and you might be interested in going.’”
The Jackson administration said the city is still a magnet for many successful events.
“With regard to tourism, Trenton continues to enjoy such brilliant successes such as Art All Night, the Trenton Punk Rock Flea Market, the city’s first-ever Pork Roll Festival and the African American Cultural Festival, which kicks off tomorrow in Cadwalader Park,” Jackson said. “These events have attracted tens of thousands of people to our iconic city, which makes Trenton a formidable player in New Jersey’s and the region’s tourism industry.”
After delivering the results of the study, the chamber asked the freeholder board for $40,000 in funding to commission a branding study to see who’s visiting and what attractions they are visiting, and to create a smartphone application of all of the sites in the area.
The freeholders said they would discuss the funding request with the county’s administration to see what they would be able provide. | <urn:uuid:bf851f32-159d-483b-a952-3610d01bcadc> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.trentonian.com/general-news/20140815/tourists-spend-a-record-setting-19b-in-the-mercer-county-region | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281424.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00328-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.961004 | 1,148 | 1.554688 | 2 |
Patellofemoral pain (PFP) frequently affects the female population causing diffuse anterior or retropatellar pain exacerbated by functional activities, such as going up and down stairs. PFP has as its main characteristic the multifactorial cause resulting from kinematic changes in the proximal, local and distal regions of the knee. Because of the multifactorial context of this disorder, several factors in different joints may be interacting with each other and influencing their development, making it difficult to determine exactly how these interactions occur and how they may lead to the subsequent development of PFP. In addition, these interactions have a great influence on the coordination and variability of the movement performed by these individuals. The main line of study undertaken to understand DFP is biomechanical studies. However, the use of traditional biomechanical analyzes (eg, biomechanical analyzes of specific lower limb joint behavior), as in most studies in this area, provides important but limited information, not exploring how movement is coordinated and interacts between two or more body segments. An analysis that stands out by presenting this characteristic is the approach of dynamic systems. The analysis of dynamic systems is characterized by investigating the interaction between body segments / joints and their contribution to a movement / injury mechanism, rather than investigating the behavior of the parts separately, which is usually done by traditional biomechanical analysis. Given the potential contribution of this analysis to the understanding of PFP, the overall objective of this project is to investigate whether women with PFP exhibit changes in the coupling angles, variability and coordination of the lower limb and trunk compared to asymptomatic women and whether these changes are related with pain and patellofemoral stress. We will select women with and without PFP, who will be oriented to go up and down a 7-step staircase inserted in an experimental set up consisting of nine infrared cameras for kinematic capture of the trunk, hip, knee and foot. Firstly, the individual will arrive at the laboratory and perform 5 stair climbs and descents. On another day, participants will return to the laboratory and undergo an overload protocol prior to data collection in order to exacerbate pain in individuals with PFP. This protocol consists of 15 ascents and descents using a backpack with a load equivalent to 35% of the body mass of each participant.
News published in Agência FAPESP Newsletter about the scholarship: | <urn:uuid:237557e9-8ded-47e3-8ad4-03ef0f281972> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://bv.fapesp.br/en/bolsas/176945/study-of-coupling-angle-variability-and-coordination-of-the-trunk-and-lower-limb-of-woment-with-and/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00267.warc.gz | en | 0.937295 | 485 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Presentation on theme: "Hazards Associated with Commercial Cooking Operations Presentation to AIRM Technical Session B. Bourke BSc MSc F.I.FireE."— Presentation transcript:
Hazards Associated with Commercial Cooking Operations Presentation to AIRM Technical Session B. Bourke BSc MSc F.I.FireE.
??? + hotel
Vilnius Shopping Mall (2009)
Understanding the Hazards Multidimensional Human Factor, catering staff, building management. (concerned with providing good food) Food preparation area, range tops, (concerned with food hygiene) Ventilation Equipment Maintenance (called in when something doesnt work) These people are working with heat and may not be aware of the risks, for example of not maintaining equipment.
What can be seen in a restaurant ….What cannot be seen
What you do not see
Development of Wet Chemical Innovation in commercial food preparation techniques e.g. Vegetable cooking oils. Energy efficient appliances. Leading to; Increased fire losses, failure of BC dry chemical. In Nov 1994 UL launched UL300 Fire Testing of Fire Extinguishing Systems for Protection of Restaurant Cooking Areas UL300 considers Cooking Appliance Design Cooking agent ignition characteristics Worst case scenarios Plenum Hood and Duct (existing standard )
Classification of Fire BS 7937:2000 Classifies a class F fire as fire in cooking appliance that involves combustible cooking media. (vegetable or animal oils and fats) (Class K in American system) Suitability of extinguishing agent ABC Dry Powder has never been suitable UL fire testing demonstrates BC dry powder is ineffective. EN3Pt considers it hazardous for powder and CO2 fire extinguishers to be used on class F fires.
Suitability of Fire Fighting Equipment
Incompatibility of Agents What is wrong here? Cooking Range Class F Fire fighting equipment Class ABC & B
Suitability of Fire Fighting Equipment Fire Blankets Fire test described in BS:EN 1869:1997 allows a 2 min pre burn. However, the gas supply is isolated when the fuel ignites at approx 350 to 370 (AIT) Blanket is positioned and left in place for 17 mins. Many reports of fire blankets not working possibly because the fire point would be in excess of 370 c or intervention has not been immediate Germany has banned the use of fire blankets in commercial cooking operations. Reported 70,000 fires in a 5 year period. (Both commercial and domestic)
Origin and development of standards video
Origin and Development of Standards (Commercial cooking operations) First considered by NFPA in 1946 (this was mainly as a result of fire losses in the newly emerging fast food industry) This first standard became NFPA 96 (which has undergone many revisions over the years the latest being 2013) Wet chemical extinguishing systems first considered by NFPA in 1983 this became NFPA17A( NFPA17 Dry Chemical) When specifying it is the norm to quote NFPA96/17A
Standards NFPA 96:Standard for Ventilation Control and fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations 2013 Ed. NFPA 17A:Standard for Wet Chemical Extinguishing Systems 2009 Ed. HVCA:Standard for Kitchen Ventilation Systems DW171 LPS 1223: VdS (Germany) France Portugal Ireland Requirements and testing procedures for LPCB Certification and listing of fixed fire extinguishing systems for catering equipment Testing of kitchen protection equipment. INTEO500763A Artigo 194 No national standard (use international standards) pr EN PT Equipment for commercial kitchens Installation and use of fixed fire suppression pr EN ASHRAE Tests on devices for fire prevention and suppression on hobs.
Guidance LPC/FPARecommendations for fish and chip frying ranges (16A) LPC/FPARecommendations for cooking equipment (16B) NHS EstatesHTM 2025 Pts. 1 to 4 Ventilation in Healthcare premises Building Services Research & information Ass. (BSR1A) LB65/94 Ventilation of Kitchens Association of British Insurers BSRIA Fire Risk Assessment Catering Extract Ventilation HSEMaintenance, examination and testing of local exhaust ventilation HVCATR/17, DW144, TR/19 BS 5588 PT9Code of practice for ventilation and air conditioning ductwork International building Code
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Fire Test Video
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Ansul Range Guard Pyrochem Amerex Buckeye Nobel Wet Chemical Fire Suppression Distributors
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Exhaust System (canopy, filters, ductwork) Cooking Equipment Maintenance Fire Extinguishing System Fire Fighting Equipment Responsibility (rests with owner) Training Components
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Access Panels
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Exhaust System NB Fire Dampers not permitted on exhaust system. Yes on supply air.
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Types of Canopies (hoods)
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Types of Canopies (hoods) Ventilated Ceiling Typical Water Wash Plenums
Fire Protection of Commercial Cooking Operations Shall be designed and installed in accordance with NFPA 96/17A Shall be both automatic and manual Shall comply with UL300 Shall be provided with fuel shut off Shall be provided with system annunciation Shall be installed by a certified installer. Fire Extinguishing System
Myths Associated with Wet Chemical Systems System is stand alone Does not need any interface FalseWet chemical systems are a component of an integrated system (NFPA 96) Very basic fire safety principals are upon discovering a fire raise the alarm where possible isolate power supply prior to fighting the fire Wet chemical systems require annunciation and power isolation
Fire Extinguishing Systems Two Types Single shot Continuous discharge Single shot System comprises of a pre-determined number of agent tank or tanks sufficient to suppress and control a fire in the protected area. Appliance specific nozzle location
Fire Extinguishing Systems Two Types Overlapping Protection Allows for relocation of cooking equipment Non appliance specific
Fire Extinguishing Systems Two Types Continuous Discharge
Fire Extinguishing Systems Two Types Extinguishing Agent Extinguishers shall use agents that saponify, class B shall not be used. Wet chemical (Trade name Ansulex) An aqueous solution of organic or inorganic salts or a combination thereof that forms an extinguishing agent (NFPA17A) Extinguishing Mechanism: When applied results in a rapid spreading of vapour suppressing foam on the fuel surface. The foam extinguishes and secures the flame by forming a barrier between the liquid fuel and oxygen. The cooling effect lowers the temperature (by at least 10 degrees C) and decreases fuel vapour release (NFPA17A) (Saponification?)
Fire Protection of Commercial Operations How it works
Fire Extinguishing Systems Nozzle Placement (Extract)
Fire Extinguishing Systems Detection
Fire Extinguishing Systems Nozzle Placement (Appliance)
Semi Annual Annual 10 Year Maintenance Fire Extinguishing Systems Maintenance VIDEO
Kitchen Fire Protection Wet chemical suitability/ assessment Project KitchenYesNoRemarks Enclosed Opene.g. Theatre style kitchen Ductwork Fire Rated Protectede.g. Via fire rated enclosure No Protection Interfaces Fire Alarm Power source/Gas, Electrical BMS Wet chemical system type One Shot Continuous Discharge Additional Protectione.g. Water mist enclosure
In this project the feature is for a full view of the cooking operation. Commercial cooking operations: Are areas of special fire risk [TGDB] Desirable that kitchen be separated from their associated restaurant by fire resisting construction. (BS5588-6:1991) Building Regulations
Where it is impracticable to comply fully with TGDB – Alternative solutions may be considered Compensating fire safety measures may also be necessary e.g. Enhanced levels of life safety protection Building Regulations
Traditionally fire resisting roller shutters have been used to complete the enclosure of the kitchen in the event of a fire. It was considered this solution was not viable and so innovation has been introduced.
AQ2000 Low Pressure Water Misting System Demonstration
Conclusion: Hazards: The main hazard is the ventilation canopy and extract system (the core safety hazard) Cooking equipment is primarily an ignition source
Other Factors: Poor cleaning of extract system Poor duct design i.e. 90 change in direction, use of screws to secure ductwork rather than welding or liquid seal rivets. Structural construction and conditions for the exhaust ductwork i.e. horizontal ductwork Poor installation
Other Factors: Largely dependent on kitchen working procedures e.g. oil changes in fryers Cooking methods (woks can lead to large flames) Higher cooking temperatures leads to more grease being transferred into vapour. Dependant on temperature of grease and grease residues.
Fire Containment Theory Assumptions: Exhaust system of liquid-tight solidly welded construction, is not heavily contaminated with grease. Exhaust system extracts and drains the maximum amount of grease in order to limit amount of fuel in the ductwork. Exhaust system is regularly cleared. Fire containment is the responsibility of the exhaust system not the fire suppression system (which should be considered an extinguishing system) Grease fire can reach temps of 1260 C Cooking area is enclosed in fire resisting construction
Other Factors A la carte use of standards (mismatch) No electrical interfaces (fire alarm, power isolation) Incorrect fire fighting equipment No training No fire safety management Cooking operation is not code compliant e.g.
Conclusions contd Fires in commercial cooking operations (CCO) is a complex subject Greater fire safety is achieved at the design stage where all parties are consulted and the information is communicated to the builders owners and users. Fire in CCO can be devastating so we should be more pro-active in prevention | <urn:uuid:c2e6fb48-e9d0-4fec-a9b3-6384499af923> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://slideplayer.com/slide/1580820/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281450.93/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00180-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.84311 | 2,004 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Is Africa east of Europe?
As the name suggests, the region includes all of the countries found on the continents of Africa and Europe, as well as the countries that make up the Middle East. The region is generally accepted to include all European nations and all African nations, and extends east to Iran, including Russia.
Why do people come from Africa to Europe?
Illegal immigration from Africa to Europe is significant. Many people from underdeveloped African countries embark on the dangerous journey for Europe, in hopes of a better life. In parts of Africa, particularly North Africa (Morocco, Mauritania, and Libya), trafficking immigrants to Europe has become more lucrative than drug trafficking.
Where is North Africa located in the world?
North Africa is a region encompassing the northern portion of the African continent. There is no singularly accepted scope for the region, and it is sometimes defined as stretching from the Atlantic shores of Mauritania in the west, to Egypt ‘s Suez Canal and the Red Sea in the east.
Which country in Europe is closest to Africa?
Separated by the Gibraltar straight; Spain is the closest European country to Africa.
How many African migrants come to Europe each year?
The BBC reported in 2007 that the International Organization for Migration estimates that around 4.6 million African migrants live in Europe, but that the Migration Policy Institute estimates that between 7 and 8 million illegal migrants from Africa live in the EU. Illegal immigration from Africa to Europe is significant.
How does the north of Africa region work?
How do we work? The North Africa region is characterised as an area of origin, transit and final destination for mixed migration flows from sub-Saharan Africa, West Africa, the Horn of Africa and the Middle East, with some countries of these regions affected by on-going instability and conflict.
Is Africa near Europe?
Africa is the largest of the three great southward projections from the largest landmass of the Earth. Separated from Europe by the Mediterranean Sea, it is joined to Asia at its northeast extremity by the Isthmus of Suez (transected by the Suez Canal), 163 km (101 mi) wide.
Is Africa to the north or south of Europe?
Africa is a continent south of Europe, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. Africa is a continent south of Europe, between the Atlantic Ocean and the Indian Ocean. | <urn:uuid:eb5bbf29-0fa8-488a-9e5e-6133a665ac2c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://chargersgame.org/is-africa-to-the-north-or-south-of-europe/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00477.warc.gz | en | 0.947289 | 496 | 2.921875 | 3 |
How do you use a DWF?
Open the DWF viewer. Select “Edit” from the menu or right-click on the DWF drawing you want to insert into AutoCAD. Choose the “Copy Drawing” option if you are working with 2D material or “Copy Image” if you are copying a 3D drawing. Open AutoCAD and use your mouse’s right-click function to select “Paste.”
How do I convert DWF to DWG?
Open a DWF file, go to “File” > “Save as a copy” or click the “Save as” button on the navigation bar. STEP2. In the open “Save as” window, give the new drawing file a name and from the drop down menu of the “Save as type”, select DWG or DXF format and the CAD version.
How do I open a DWF file in AutoCAD 2020?
To Show or Hide DWF File Geometry
- Click File menu Load Markup Set.
- In the Open Markup DWF dialog box, select a file that contains markups. …
- In the Markup Set Manager, double-click a drawing sheet node to open the original DWG file.
- In the Markup Set Manager, click the View DWF Geometry button to show the DWF geometry.
What is DWF file in AutoCAD?
Design Web Format (DWF) is a file format developed by Autodesk for the efficient distribution and communication of rich design data to anyone who needs to view, review, or print design files. … The AutoCAD file format (. dwfx) is based on ISO/IEC 29500-2:2008 Open Packaging Conventions.
What programs can open a DWF file?
How to Open a DWF File. Autodesk’s AutoCAD and Inventor software, ABViewer from CADSoftTools, and likely many other CAD programs are able to open, create, and edit DWF files. Autodesk has several free ways you can view the file without the need for their AutoCAD software.
What is the difference between DWF and DWG?
DWG is a proprietary, closed format used by Autodesk for its products. … DWF is a format developed by Autodesk to allow efficient sharing of design drawings with colleagues who do not have access to AutoCAD or other design software.
How do I convert DWF to DWG for free?
How to convert DWF files to DWG online?
- Upload DWF-file. Click “Choose File” button to select a dwf file on your computer. DWF file size can be up to 100 Mb.
- Convert DWF to DWG. Click “Convert” button to start conversion.
- Download your DWG. When the conversion process is complete, you can download the DWG file.
Can you convert NWD to DWG?
The main purpose of a Published NWD file is to enable file sharing in a secured/non-editable format. Accordingly, you cannot convert an NWD file into DGN, DWG or any other editable file format.
What is DWF?
DWF stands for Design Web Format, and it’s a type of file that allows you to draw and edit digital designs. A DWF file enables you to communicate design information and content to anyone without the recipient needing to have or understand design software.
How do I convert DWG to DWF?
To Export a Drawing to a DWF File
- Click Output tab Export to DWF/PDF panel Export DWF. Find.
- In the Save as DWF dialog box, select the desired options, enter a file name, and click Save.
Can you import DWF into AutoCAD?
Converting a DWF file in AutoCAD 2017 and later
Create a new drawing in AutoCAD. Use the DWFATTACH command and attach the DWF/DWFx file. Plot or export the drawing to PDF. … When prompted, choose to import the PDF file as AutoCAD geometry.
How do I bind DWF files?
TipTo merge DWF files from multiple locations, use the Search Companion in Windows Explorer to find the desired DWF files. In the selection, right-click the DWF file you want to be listed first in the new DWF file and select Merge.
What does a DWF file look like?
A DWF file is a 2D/3D drawing saved in the Design Web Format (DWF) developed by Autodesk. It contains design data, which includes graphics and text. DWF files are saved in a Zip-compressed format to reduce the size of the file.
How do I open a DWG file?
How to open a AutoCAD drawing
- Click File > Open > Browse.
- Next to the File name box, click the All Visio Files dropdown, and then select AutoCAD Drawing.
- Find the . dwg or . dxf file on your computer, and then double-click it to open it. The AutoCAD file will appear as a new Visio drawing.
Can you edit DWF files?
DWF is paper prints on your computer: you can edit them about as much as you can paper prints. If that’s a contractual agreement, go back to them. If it’s not, you need to contact them and discuss options. | <urn:uuid:1a23aad8-5bad-43ab-a511-9b8ea21d321c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://powerpointmaniac.com/housing-planning/how-do-i-use-dwf-in-autocad-2.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00270.warc.gz | en | 0.864734 | 1,180 | 2.5 | 2 |
Central banks tried to jump start lending last week, as investment banksposted losses on subprime mortgages. Bond insurers disclosed exposure to exotic derivatives, and recession fears grew, though some worried that inflation would flare up.
As we head into the New Year, what is your greatest worry?
"The Federal Reserve, which is totally out of it. They are destroying the currency and driving up inflation, which will result in higher interest rates and a worse economy. We now know the Fed does not understand markets or economics, but is just trying to bail out its friends on Wall Street at the expense of 300 million Americans, nay, of the whole world."
Chief Political Strategist, Stanford Financial Group
"There's enormous political uncertainty and the major impact on investors is taxes. It's possible that 2008 will be the last year we have a 15% capital gains tax rate, 15% dividend rate and 35% top rate. That could impact investors' decisions on stocks."
Chief U.S. Economist, Northern Trust
"That I would be wrong about my forecast. We're going to see extremely weak first-half growth; there's a high probability we'll be in recession and in response the Fed will cut rates 100 more basis points. I see 1.5% GDP growth from 4th quarter to 4th quarter."
|Dow Industrials||13450.65||+ 110.80|
|Dow World Index||298.68||- 0.68|
|10-Yr T-Bonds||4.17||- 0.06|
Easing the Crunch:
The European Central Bank pumped a record half-trillion dollars into money markets to lower short-term money-market rates and jump start lending over the holiday season. The Fed also held the first two of its $20 billion term auction facilities; both generated strong demand, though the second was at a slightly higher rate.
The nation's largest bond insurer, MBIA, disclosed that $8 billion of the $30 billion in mortgage-debt guarantees it issued were in the riskiest collateralized debt obligations. Fitch Ratings Service warned it might lower its rating on MBIA in the next six weeks if the insurer can't find $1 billion in new capital.
"We've been sprinting. We'll be jogging for a while, but we will still be in the market taking risk."
-- Morgan Stanley CEO John Mack, after posting a big loss
Morgan Stanley ms -1.6565562295846943% Morgan Stanley U.S.: NYSE USD42.15 -0.71 -1.6565562295846943% /Date(1484841602912-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 1892350 P/E Ratio 14.575342465753424 Market Cap 80269111128.4308 Dividend Yield 1.8796992481203008% Rev. per Employee 675033 More quote details and news » posted its first quarterly loss -- $3.59 billion, or $3.61 a share -- since going public, on a $9.4 billion write-down on mortgage assets. Morgan is getting a $5 billion capital infusion from a Chinese investment fund. CEO John Mack, who called the losses "embarrassing," said he would forgo his bonus. Bear Stearns posted the first quarterly loss in its history -- $854 million, or $6.90 a share -- on higher than forecast mortgage-related write-downs of $1.9 billion. Other Bear Stearns' executives also said they would forgo bonuses.
Goldman Sachs, gs -0.9774211447351573% Goldman Sachs Group Inc. U.S.: NYSE USD232 -2.29 -0.9774211447351573% /Date(1484841603276-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 489959 P/E Ratio 14.249388753056234 Market Cap 93165178451.4533 Dividend Yield 1.115305422100206% Rev. per Employee 1024780 More quote details and news » largely avoiding the problems in the mortgage- backed-securities market, posted record profits for the fourth quarter of $3.22 billion, or $7.01 a share.
A Measure of Protection:
The Fed issued proposals that would sharply limit some of the dubious lending practices that led to the subprime-mortgage meltdown, but was criticized by both supporters and opponents of tougher rules.
Cash Crunch Reported:
Chrysler faces a serious financial crunch and is trying to sell assets to raise cash a few months after the auto maker was taken private by Cerberus Capital, The Wall Street Journal reported. Chrysler said it has ample liquidity.
Pingdom, a Web monitoring service, released data on how long card Websites were down from Nov. 9 to Dec. 20:
4 hours, 54 min.: MasterCard
45 min.: Discover
14 min.: Visa Europe
9 min.: Diners Club
5 min.: Visa
0 min.: American Express
0 min.: Maestro, a MasterCard debit card
Media Ban Lifted:
The Federal Communications Commission lifted a 32-year ban on cross ownership of newspapers and television stations in the 20 largest media markets, but approved a cap that would limit cable ownership to 30% of the national market.
A Capital Infusion:
Shares of Merrill Lynch rose after a report in The Wall Street Journal that it is in advanced talks with Singapore's state-owned investment agency for a $5 billion capital infusion.
A Fine Mess:
Sallie Mae's slm 4.166666666666667% SLM Corp. U.S.: Nasdaq USD11.5 0.46 4.166666666666667% /Date(1484841598046-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 499963 P/E Ratio 19.689655172413794 Market Cap 4728078762.95975 Dividend Yield 1.8771360073453152% Rev. per Employee 955052 More quote details and news » shares plunged after a contentious conference call with the CEO that left investors unclear about the company's finances and strategy. CEO Albert Lord said SLM is considering an offer of common to raise money, and that it won't consider reinstating the dividend until at least mid-2008.
Odds "n" Ends:
Ingersoll-Rand ir 0.7004148301788955% Ingersoll-Rand PLC U.S.: NYSE USD77.6803 0.5403 0.7004148301788955% /Date(1484841587704-0600)/ Volume (Delayed 15m) : 63684 P/E Ratio 13.47829861111111 Market Cap 19927652692.6691 Dividend Yield 2.060926128679075% Rev. per Employee 299464 More quote details and news » agreed to buy Trane for $10.1 billion.
Loews is spinning off its Lorillard cigarette subsidiary.
The three top banks putting together an SIV bailout fund reportedly abandoned the plan.
President Bush signed into law an energy bill that raises fuel economy standards 40% by 2020. | <urn:uuid:32513ec1-2d38-4ddd-b1b7-d8cb61952ae3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.barrons.com/articles/SB119808734304239875 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00406-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.902708 | 1,532 | 1.765625 | 2 |
WASHINGTON (AP) -- The U.S. trade deficit narrowed sharply in June to its lowest level in more than 3 ½ years. Exports rose to an all-time high and imports declined, signs that economic growth is stronger than previously thought.
The Commerce Department says the June deficit fell 22.4 percent to $34.2 billion. That's the lowest since October 2009 and down from May's imbalance of $44.1 billion, which was revised down.
Exports rose 2.2 percent to $191.2 billion, reflecting more sales of manufactured goods and farm products. Imports dropped 2.5 percent to $225.4 billion. Oil imports declined to the lowest level in more than two years.
The smaller deficit could prompt the government to revise economic growth for the April-June quarter up from its initial estimated annual rate of 1.7 percent. | <urn:uuid:1d5c7b68-23e9-47f4-b6e1-b123eee74e71> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.manufacturing.net/home/news/13229241/us-trade-deficit-narrows-to-342b-in-june | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.97187 | 178 | 1.632813 | 2 |
If you’re a school student who’s already in the middle of composing your first essay, then it’s obvious that you have to be quite careful when writing your own essay. You want to make sure that you compose affordablepapers an essay nicely and that you write it in a means that can give you a hand. To aid you with this, you need to know some ideas on the best way best to write an essay.
The first tip about how to write an essay is to be sure you understand the content which you’re going to write. If you understand the advice before you begin writing, then you will have a better idea of how to arrange your composition and will also have the ability to create a clear outline. You need to think about your subject, so that it may be simpler for you to come up with a composition. Try to have a good look in the subject that you are likely to write. This can enable you in generating an essay you will be proud of.
A great way to compose an essay is to try to be original. Try to think about your personal opinions and place them in the place of your teacher’s or another expert’s opinions. Though this method is a little hard, it is sure to bring out the finest in your article.
Another tip on the best way best to compose an essay is to be certain you are clear and straight forward in what it is that you are attempting to say. Though the topic which you are writing on is very important, you still need to make sure that you are clear about what you are attempting to state. There may be times you will believe you are likely to fall asleepbut it’s vital that you be sure you keep a fantastic rate so as to make certain that you get the absolute most from your own essay.
It is also imperative that you be certain you are as organized as possible. When writing an article, it’s crucial that you be certain everything is properly organized so that you are in a position to acquire the best out of it. It is also essential that you arrange your work so that you could find what you’re looking for readily.
Last, ensure that you locate your laptop when possible. It is possible to use your notebook so as to take down your thoughts as they occur. Since the topic of your essay is extremely important, it is almost always a fantastic idea to be certain you find something that can function as your guide.
So as to make sure that you do not forget to create modifications, it is also imperative that you write down your notes early. Be certain that you are attentive to the topics that you wrote about and in which they can be found. Always remember we have lots of topics you will be writing about, therefore it is essential that you organize them and ensure that they are all in 1 location. Additionally, make sure you have an outline so you know where you wish to choose your own essay.
Lastly, make sure you do not leave any important info from your own essay. This may provide you with the chance to include extra things which you didn’t think of. | <urn:uuid:bbe3825e-be97-409c-9b91-7f0dea351da5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.niccolopaganiniensemble.it/how-to-write-an-essay-vital-tips-for-pupils/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.973313 | 643 | 2.109375 | 2 |
On 30.05.2018 Prof. Dr. Sascha Fahl from the Horst Görtz Institute for IT-Security was a guest at WDR's Lokalzeit Ruhr. He recently won the Heinz Maier Leibniz Prize for his work on the role of people in IT security.
Correct handling of fake news
Especially today, the Internet shapes all areas of our daily life. It is therefore all the more important to deal with possible risks. This also includes dealing with the so-called fake news. Sascha Fahl advises not only to rely on a single source, but also to investigate further and to find out from official press offices or police reports whether they confirm the news. False reports are also repeatedly made with regard to elections in order to convince potential voters. It is equally important to look for alternative sources.
Media competence in schools
Strengthening media competence, especially in schools, makes sense, Fahl said. It is important to make pupils inside conscious, what their acting in the Internet can have for consequences. Cyber attacks, however, will probably be the biggest challenge for users of the Internet. These are not only carried out by larger companies, but also the number of amateurs in the field of cyber attacks is increasing.
General note: In case of using gender-assigning attributes we include all those who consider themselves in this gender regardless of their own biological sex. | <urn:uuid:ccdb0d70-7e89-456a-9942-e735974031b1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hgi.rub.de/en/news/newsarchiv/hgi/prof-dr-sascha-fahl-as-guest-at-lokalzeit-ruhr | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00475.warc.gz | en | 0.960769 | 290 | 2.359375 | 2 |
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Audacity is free, open source software for recording and editing sounds.
Audiamus is a tool for building corpora of linked transcripts and digitised media. [Note: No longer supported by its creator]
- Audiamus is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol.1(2) (December 2007).
Computerized Language Analysis CLAN is an annotation and statistical analysis tool used in the fields of first language acquisition and conversation analysis. It was developed as a part of the CHILDES (Child Language Data Exchange System) project.
- CLAN is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 1(1) (June 2007).
CuPED ('Customizable Presentation of ELAN Documents') is a free tool for Windows and Mac that allows easy conversion of ELAN audio and video annotations into user-friendly HTML. Version 0.3.14 is now available and fixes some bugs and brings all the underlying components up to date. A draft of a users' manual is also now available.
ELAN Multimedia Annotator (MPI) is a free tool for transcribing media and for the creation of complex annotations on video and audio resources.
- ELAN is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol.1(2) (December 2007).
- A very useful guide to using Elan with FLEx is provided by its creators here. and an ELAN template for working with FLEx written by Rosey Billington and Jonathan Moodie is available here.
- A set of ELAN templates by Andrea Berez is available for free download here. There are six templates covering various requirements.
- MPI Nijmegen has also made a template available for up to eight speakers, with tiers for Text, Gloss, Free Translation, Gesture and some more (by default only Text and Free Translation are show). Click here to link to the MPI page for the downloads.
EMU is a collection of software tools for the creation, manipulation and analysis of speech databases.
- EMU is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 2(1) (June 2008).
FieldWorks Language Explorer (FLEx) is the lexical and text tools component of SIL FieldWorks.
- FLEx is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 1(1) (June 2007).
- A useful guide 'Working with ELAN and FLEx together: an ELAN-FLEx-ELAN teaching set' by Tim Gaved and Sophie Salffner is here
Final Cut Pro is a digital video editing software package.
- Final Cut Pro is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 3(1) (June 2009).
FLAC is Free Lossless Audio Codec, an audio format similar to MP3, but lossless, meaning that audio is compressed in FLAC without any loss in quality.
Hakamana Māori keyboard is a computer keyboard enabling easy communication in the Māori language,
Kirrkirr is a research project exploring the use of computer software for automatic transformation of lexical databases ("dictionaries"), aiming at providing innovative information visualization, particularly targeted at indigenous languages.
- Kirrkirr is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 2(1) (June 2008).
Lexique Pro Interactive lexicon viewer (SIL).
- Lexique Pro is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol.1(2) (December 2007).
Lexus is a web-based tool to create and edit lexical databases. [Note: Lexus is no longer supported by its developers]
- Lexus is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 3(2) (December 2009).
Miromaa is a program designed to aid in language preservation, reclamation and dissemination work.
NunaSoft offers software technologies tailored to the needs of specific Indigenous communities.
Phonology Assistant (PA) is a free phonology tool (SIL) that works interactively with the data stored in Toolbox, Fieldworks Language Explorer, and Speech Analyzer.
- PA is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 2(2) (December 2008).
Praat is free software for acoustic analysis.
SayMore is free software for doing initial transcriptions and metadata entry.
TextWrangler is a freeware powerful general purpose text editor which can be used for editing text, cleaning up data, and writing HTML or coding.
Toolbox (The Field Linguist’s Toolbox) Data management, parsing and text analysis (SIL).
- A range of advice about using Toolbox on a Mac can be found in a May 2010 discussion on the RNLD list.
Transcribe! is designed to help musicians transcribe music from recordings and is ideal for ethnomusicologists.
- Transcribe is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 3(2) (December 2009).
Transcriber is a tool for assisting the manual annotation of speech signals. [Note: Transcriber no longer works on recent OS]
Transana is a computer program for transcribing and analyzing large collections of video and audio data.
- Transana is reviewed in Language Documentation and Conservation Vol. 3(2) (December 2009).
TshwaneLex is a software program designed to facilitate the compilation of mono-, bi-, and multilingual dictionaries.
- TshwaneLex is reviewed in Language Documentation & Conservation Vol. 1(1) (June 2007).
WeSay helps non-linguists build a dictionary in their own language. It has various ways to help native speakers to think of words in their language and enter some basic data about them.
Pages with general information about linguistic or ethnographic software
Digital Research Tools: http://digitalresearchtools.pbworks.com/
Wiki listing tools for ethnographic research http://techofresearch.socanth.cam.ac.uk | <urn:uuid:9435e913-f32c-44a0-b61f-7e64da1f68e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.rnld.org/software | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279368.44/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00322-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.861255 | 1,229 | 2.28125 | 2 |
Russia is to start building two new advanced nuclear-powered Borei class submarines before year’s end. Once complete, they will be lurking under the sea with 20 Bulava nuclear intercontinental ballistic missiles each.
One of the submarines may be named Aleksandr Suvorov after one of the most decorated generals of the Russian Empire, a source in the defense industry told the media. Its construction is expected to start on July 28, which is Russian Navy Day.
The second vessel is likely to be named after Mikhail Kutuzov, the iconic Russian general of the Napoleonic Wars. Its keel is to be laid down in November.
The vessels are to be built by the shipbuilder Sevmash in Severodvinsk in the north of Russia.
Both submarines are of the Borei class, the most modern strategic nuclear-powered submarines in the Russian Navy. The lead vessel of the class, Yury Dolgoruky, officially entered service on Thursday, with two of his sister-ships currently afloat and undergoing trials.
The two new vessels are distinct from those three, being of an advanced Borei-A version of the same design. They will carry 20 nuclear ICBMs each, as opposed to 16 on the older submarines. They will also have improved maneuverability and better weapon control systems and will generate less noise.
Russia plans to build five Borei-A submarines. The first of them, Knyaz Vladimir, is already in construction.
Earlier this week Defense Minister Sergey Shoigu said the five ships may be complete by 2018. This would be ahead of the schedule, since the initial plan was to launch the last of the submarines by 2020.
Apart from Borei class submarines, the Navy wants to purchase seven Yasen class attack nuclear powered submarines before 2020. The design is comparable to the US Seawolf class submarine in terms of purpose and characteristics.
The lead ship of the series, Severodvinsk, was launched in 2010, while another submarine, Kazan, is currently under construction. | <urn:uuid:48b91f00-5f89-43cd-a9cf-92a47c95a231> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://fromthetrenchesworldreport.com/russia-to-start-building-2-nuclear-borei-super-subs-in-2013/31122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570765.6/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808031623-20220808061623-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.954593 | 418 | 1.976563 | 2 |
In order to establish the methodology for the preparation of the magnetic recording medium whose properties graded along the head field distribution, an intentional gradient control of coercivity, Hc, in electroless-deposited CoNiP thin films was attempted. Microstructure and Hc of the films changed significantly with the rotational speed of the substrate during deposition. Based upon these results, the gradient control of Hc was achieved by employing a programmed variation of the rotational speed of the substrate during the deposition. It was confirmed that not only "single-gradient" but also "dual-gradient" control of Hc in the direction of film thickness can be realized. This method is expected to be a useful technique for preparing a recording medium with magnetic propterties most suitable for recording system parameters such as head properties.
ASJC Scopus subject areas
- Electronic, Optical and Magnetic Materials
- Renewable Energy, Sustainability and the Environment
- Surfaces, Coatings and Films
- Materials Chemistry | <urn:uuid:e9a9af38-c914-4d7f-81e5-c1202591b2cd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://waseda.pure.elsevier.com/en/publications/gradient-control-of-magnetic-properties-in-electroless-deposited- | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570879.1/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808213349-20220809003349-00466.warc.gz | en | 0.9328 | 211 | 1.976563 | 2 |
This is my second month in CBT, or cognitive behavioral therapy, and I am learning so much about myself on day to day basis. Thanks to my therapist who is very keen on delivering her message as a therapist, and explaining in detail what I need to know.
Last week, I had 2 simple tasks to do, as I was moving out from my appartment and renting it out to a replacement, I had to clean the dishes and pack my clothes into 2 travel bags.
When I write about it now, and read as I go through with my writing, it sounds so simple and not very time consuming. But that was not the case when the task was pending.
After procrastinating for many days, feeling anxious, and eventually breaking down into tears, then falling back into the existential crisis of “why am I even alive”, I finally went, did the dishes, took my clothes, gave the keys and left. It was 1.5 hours job including the transportation and logistics.
She explained about cognitive distortion; a new concept I became familiar with and getting acquainted with, because this really describes how Im perceiving things.
Cognitive distortion in simple words means, after a series of traumas and bad events, your brain simply starts lying to you. Imagine a cup half filled with water and half empty. With cognitive distortion, you will see , oh the cup is half empty, my cup is always half empty, that’s how it is with me, I never get a cup full of water, the person who filled the cup must not like me, I am unwanted here because they didn’t fill my cup, I must leave, I’m lonely. It might be that everyone else had a cup half full half empty, might be a mere coincidence, but because your brain has been trained to magnify, correlate things, and generalize, you just saw things, interpreted them and felt things differently.
This starts with how we see, feel and eventually describe things. One good potion , is to try and minimize the event. Oh, cup half empty, well , let me fill it, or if I cant, let me find someone who can fill it. Maybe they did not notice, maybe there was not enough water and that’s okay. It is just a cup. Minimizing the event, the emotion, and the result.
Basically, it is ok, I just have to do the dishes and put my stuff in a bag. It is not about being homesick, or not adapting, or being tired from this city, and the people, my breakup, the betrayals, me not wanting to be alive at this moment. It is just few simple things that take 1.5 hours from my day including transportation and as a result the procrastination was completely unnecessary.
This is just the beginning of learning how to deal with cognitive distortion, and what it does to my feelings and behavior at certain given moments. It does make me feel more fragile and sensitive to small events, taking things more personally and to heart. But that is the beauty of good therapy, you keep learning about yourself, about the situations, what they are called, how normal it is to have them at a given point in time, and once that is established, gaining more knowledge on what they are and the right tools to deal with them.
I strongly encourage you to read and get familiar with what cognitive distortion is, because the next time it happens with you, you will be at least able to identify, that this is it. And the base of every improvement is a foundation of knowledge and learning as ignorance is our first enemy. All I knew, was that I was extremely fragile in the face of small events, I still am, but now, what differs is that I know what this is, if not all of it, at least the biggest part. And from here, I can train my brain to think next time a small thing makes me feel down, and I keep putting it aside, is this really me? Or is it a distorted reality.
Leaving you with a beautiful undistorted image of a Lebanese village taken by my close friend. | <urn:uuid:a51317fd-b7ab-4248-826e-2b1495318ca8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://loubnaniyati.com/2022/07/17/if-you-procrastinate-get-overwhelmed-from-small-things-this-is-helpful-to-know/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00669.warc.gz | en | 0.978535 | 862 | 1.703125 | 2 |
"Past as Prologue: An Innovation-Diffusion Approach to Additionality"
Journal Article, Climate Policy, volume 7, issue 3, page 230–239
The "additionality" criterion for the Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) (which is key to ensuring that CDM projects lead to real and additional emission reductions) has been a topic of much analysis and discussion. A number of different approaches, including those based on financial, barrier and market-penetration criteria, have been suggested as a test for additionality. A simple test for additionality is proposed that draws on the framework of the diffusion of innovations, especially the risk-profile of adopters of new technologies or innovations. This approach has the potential to streamline the assessment for additionality, although it will require data on the rate of implementation of specific technologies or innovations.
For more information about this publication please contact the ETIP Coordinator at 617-496-5584.
Full text of this publication is available at:
For Academic Citation: | <urn:uuid:802a1fe9-34f9-4ce5-a6c3-60e1bab48604> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://belfercenter.ksg.harvard.edu/publication/17550/past_as_prologue.html?breadcrumb=%2Fexperts%2F154%2Fambuj_d_sagar | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721555.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00180-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.907794 | 211 | 1.65625 | 2 |
adrijana.prokopenko at gmail.com
Mon Jan 25 20:50:02 UTC 2016
Dr. Suneeta Kercood, of Butler University, in collaboration with Dr.
Edward Bell, of the Professional Development and Research Institute on
Blindness, are conducting a research project on Health and Physical
activity of Individuals with Visual Impairments.
The purpose of this research is to help medical and education
professionals understand how to best address the health needs of
people with visual impairments and to provide positive examples to
others with visual challenges.
This survey asks questions to understand the following items.
• What is easy and difficult for you in having a healthy lifestyle
including physical and other health-related activities.
• The kinds of foods you eat and exercise you do and participate in.
• Experiences with doctors, nurses, and other healthcare professionals
• How you perceive yourself, your health, and all your achievements.
Please use the following link to access the survey.
For your participation, you may choose to enter a raffle for a chance
to win a $25 gift card.
If you choose to participate in the research, your responses to the
questions in this survey, and any future studies related to this
project, will be kept confidential. All responses are reported in
aggregate. Your name will not be associated with your responses or
Please feel free to pass this survey link to others who might like to
share their opinions.
Please feel free to contact Dr. Kercood if you have any questions
about this project.
The research team sincerely appreciates your participation.
Dr. Suneeta Kercood
skercood at butler.edu
4600 Sunset Avenue, Indianapolis, IN
Edward C. Bell, Ph.D., CRC, NOMC
Director, Professional Development and Research
Institute on Blindness
Louisiana Tech University
210 Woodard Hall
PO Box 3158
Ruston LA 71272
Office: 318.257.4554 Fax: 318.257.2259 (Fax)
ebell at latech.edu www.pdrib.com
More information about the NOBE-L | <urn:uuid:1259283a-4af0-4f2e-b428-c4e95820ff8f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://nfbnet.org/pipermail/nobe-l_nfbnet.org/2016-January/001961.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.8637 | 523 | 1.679688 | 2 |
There is a growing awareness in the community, industry, and within Council on the benefits of trees in the urban environment (encouraging walking, improving amenity, increasing property values, promoting local biodiversity etc.).
The City’s draft Local Planning Policy 4.10: Streetscapes will see a requirement for street trees on every lot in all new green field developments. In response to this, an updated Tree Species List has been developed to support the objectives of the draft Streetscape Policy (LPP 4.10), and the draft Street and Reserve Tree Policy. The updated list will guide the species selection of trees for use in City public open space and road reserves, as well as commercial developments.
The Tree Species List is now available for public comment. A copy of the List, together with an Frequently Asked Questions sheet has been included in the ‘Document Library’ below.
Submissions on the Tree Species List can be mailed to:
Chief Executive Officer
Locked Bag 1
WANNEROO WA 6946
Please quote reference 6608.
Or emailed to email@example.com, please quote reference 6608.
Comments close 9 February 2017. | <urn:uuid:b61c3188-bee4-4798-8b08-0cd68a1938d7> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.wanneroo.wa.gov.au/consultations/165-tree-species-list | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.893117 | 251 | 2.046875 | 2 |
A cicatrice is a scar, the mark left on your skin when a cut, scrape, or burn has started to heal. If you wipe out on your bike you might end up, weeks later, with a cicatrice on your knee.
It's much more common to use the word scar, but you can also use cicatrice, or cicatrix, as it's also spelled. Often a cicatrice will fade over time, as the initial wound completes the healing process, but sometimes a cicatrice can stick around for the rest of your life as a reminder of your youthful skateboard adventures. Cicatrice comes from the Latin cicatrix, "scar." | <urn:uuid:97dfdac1-d8e5-4315-90db-5deb6d48a714> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.vocabulary.com/dictionary/cicatrice | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280730.27/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00255-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.950117 | 148 | 2.3125 | 2 |
Amber Archive, 2018–ongoing
Created amber, ethically-sourced biological material from
species threatened by human activities, steel and rubber
museum mounts on light table
The Amber Archive is an in-progress project—a genetic ark or "deep archive" of our planet's bio-genetic wealth.
Each created amber nodule contains a fragment of a species threatened by humankind’s transformation of Earth’s ecosystems, preserving a single species's DNA for millennia to come.
Fur, scale, leaf, bone, feather, insect wing—each carries a genetic code which might be used by scientists at the appropriate time—in some far future when habitats and resources are available for de-extinction of potentially lost species.
The Archive is a biodiversity time capsule for a world generations hence, and a potent reminder to us today of what we stand to lose in the Sixth Extinction.
Though a number of fantastic cryobanks at research institutions exist with similar goals, their high tech deep freezers rely on large amounts of electricity. Were a climate event, pandemic or major conflict to disrupt the electrical grid for a long period of time, these DNA samples would be irrevocably lost.
The Amber Archive seeks a more analog and more ancient method of preservation—one that could survive the potential collapse of Western Civilization and carry these genetic treasures into the far future where there may be a culture willing to, once again, make space on our planet for these marvelous others.
Jenny Kendler: The Long Goodbye : MSU Broad Museum : Lansing, MI : Jan. 15 – Jun. 27, 2021 | <urn:uuid:30465050-43e1-4438-8c37-0455b4818e76> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://jennykendler.com/section/480968-Amber%20Archive.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573908.30/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820043108-20220820073108-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.852133 | 343 | 3.046875 | 3 |
US President Donald Trump's ban on federal agencies employing H-1B visa holders will have little impact on India's IT industry, as most software services providers hire local employees to service government customers, according to industry experts. Paul Herzog, an immigration attorney, tweeted on Tuesday that the order on H-1Bs was a “nonbinding recommendation to agencies to prioritise hiring of Americans when contracting, which they largely do anyways due to the plethora of rules and policies the agencies have to follow."
As of September last year, there were an estimated 583,420 H-1B authorised work permit holders in the United States, according to data released by the US immigration agency in June. A Bloomberg analysis of the data showed that just about 2,000 H-1B visa holders were employed by federal agencies. Indian nationals account for over 70% of H-1B recipients, but they are increasingly being sent to work there by American technology companies such as Google and Apple. “It is hard to estimate the exact impact on the Indian IT sector as some of these could be subcontractors to firms retained by the federal agency,” said Poorvi Chothani, managing partner at immigration law firm LawQuest.
This means that if the federal government has a contract with a company, which in turn has subcontracted work to an IT services firm that uses H-1B workers, then it might impact that firm’s contract with the federal contractor, she said. Trump’s decision came after federally owned Tennessee Valley Authority (TVA) said it would outsource 20% of its technology jobs to companies based in foreign countries. Around 200 American workers were to lose their jobs over the next five years due to the decision. French technology major Capgemini, Accenture and CGI had won the contract from TVA, according to TVA’s employees’ union. The companies did not respond to ET’s queries for comment.
Sanjay Jalona, CEO of mid-sized IT firm LTI, said it has been hiring local employees in the US to service corporate clients and has reduced the number of people it sends onsite on work visas. Stocks of IT services companies HCL Technologies (1.96%) and Tech Mahindra (3.07%) ended the day in the red, on a day when the Sensex was up about 2%. HCL provides software and services to the US federal government through partner ImmixGroup. Tech Mahindra, too, works with certain federal agencies. IT industry body Nasscom said Trump’s order appeared to be based on “misinformation and misperceptions.” It said the order was an extension of Trump’s previous rulings on H-1B visas and a move that would hurt US recovery from the Covid-19 pandemic.
“This underscores, and sets a timeline for, the agencies to finalize and publish some of the regulatory measures that have been discussed by the Administration and mentioned again in the June Proclamation. These may include the changes to the definitions of “specialty occupation”, “employer”, and “employer-employee relationship”,” Nasscom said in a statement. The US has a huge shortage of STEM (Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics) skills, which are bridged by workers on non-immigrant visas like H-1B and L-1, it said, adding that there were over 625,000 job vacancy postings for common computer occupations in the country. | <urn:uuid:26dac0a3-8efa-4f48-a66c-d714333451f5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.gadgetsnow.com/tech-news/why-donald-trumps-new-ban-on-h1b-visas-means-little-for-indian-it-industry/articleshow/77364153.cms | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571472.69/warc/CC-MAIN-20220811133823-20220811163823-00675.warc.gz | en | 0.973072 | 728 | 1.625 | 2 |
A £52.4m project to improve traffic congestion on the road from Bradford to Huddersfield is being explored.
The idea is at an early stage, but councillors will be asked to agree to spend £630,000 on feasibility work to assess and explore the options.
It will look at Bradford Road and Huddersfield Road, plus connecting roads to the M62.
Papers of the West Yorkshire Combined Authority – a body of West Yorkshire councils – say: “The A641 Bradford – Brighouse – Huddersfield corridor, including the A644 between Brighouse and M62 J25, is an important manufacturing corridor that forms part of the West Yorkshire Key Route Network.
“The corridor has issues in all locations, including at key junctions – mostly in Brighouse.”
There has already been some pre-feasibility work done which has established the “significant complexity to the transport issues in Brighouse.”
But the authority believes resolving them will “enable the realisation of Brighouse’s economic growth potential and local plan site development in Bradford, Calderdale and Kirklees.”
As part of the A641 project, Calderdale Council needs to work with the neighbouring authorities to gather evidence ahead of a full funding bid. It’s possible it will be done by 2023. | <urn:uuid:8aee1cbc-28d9-46c6-806b-efcfe97efebc> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.examinerlive.co.uk/news/west-yorkshire-news/plans-unveiled-52m-project-cut-13874121 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570977.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809124724-20220809154724-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.940957 | 284 | 1.539063 | 2 |
Perimeter Enters into Data Transfer Agreement with Columbia University
Toronto, Canada: Sept 21, 2015 – Perimeter Medical Imaging, Inc., a developer of real time imaging systems for in-surgery tumour margin assessment, today announced they have reached a data sharing agreement with Columbia University whereby the company and University will share Optical Coherence Tomography (OCT) image data to accelerate research efforts for high resolution tissue imaging.
Perimeter and Columbia University will utilize current research OCT image databases (from separately conducted clinical studies using excised human breast tissue), including OCT data, histopathology and clinical diagnosis. This data sharing agreement represents an attempt to build cohesive data sets and image libraries to support the great potential of OCT as an effective clinical tool for rapid high resolution tissue imaging.
About Columbia University
A leading academic and research university, Columbia University continually seeks to advance the frontiers of knowledge and to foster a campus community deeply engaged in understanding and addressing the complex global issues of our time. Columbia University’s technology transfer office, Columbia Technology Ventures, manages Columbia’s intellectual property portfolio and serves as the university’s gateway for companies and entrepreneurs seeking novel technology solutions. Our core mission is to facilitate the transfer of inventions from academic research to outside organizations for the benefit of society on a local, national, and global basis. For more information on Columbia Technology Ventures, please visit www.techventures.columbia.edu.
About Perimeter Medical Imaging Inc.
Perimeter Medical Imaging develops, patents and commercializes advanced surgical imaging tools that allow surgeons, radiologists and pathologists to better assess microscopic tissue structures during the surgical procedure. Perimeter’s OTIS™ is the only solution that provides clinicians with an ultra-high resolution image of the entire surface of the removed tissue specimen, providing accurate information in real time, enabling better decisions and ultimately reducing the need for follow-on second surgeries. Perimeter is a privately owned Canadian company. For more information, visit www.perimetermed.com.
Paul Weber, President and CEO
Perimeter Medical Imaging Inc.
* CAUTION - OTIS™ is an investigational device limited by Federal (or United States) law to investigational use.
Released September 15, 2015 | <urn:uuid:70a4b95d-900f-4479-88ca-a67c8a117502> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ir.perimetermed.com/news-events/press-releases/detail/11/perimeter-enters-into-data-transfer-agreement-with-columbia | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572163.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815085006-20220815115006-00678.warc.gz | en | 0.903249 | 467 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Microsoft Gets Specific on Windows 2003 Security
- By Scott Bekker
While Microsoft has been promoting the security focus of Windows Server 2003 since delaying the operating system release in 2002 for a code review, Microsoft uncovered some specific security features in the OS for the first time last week.
Newly disclosed security settings and features include details of some of the services that are disabled or running with reduced privilege by default, a Security Configuration Wizard tool that will be available this summer and new documentation for administrators configuring systems and networks for security.
Redmond's promise to lock down Windows Server 2003 out of the box has been one of the promised upgrades of the operating system that has resonated most with users.
The sum of those default lockdown efforts is that more than 20 services that had been enabled by default in Windows 2000 Server will be disabled or run at a lower privilege in Windows Server 2003.
"The biggest example of a service locked down by default is IIS," says Michael Stephenson, lead product manager on Microsoft's Windows server team. "Another example, Telnet runs at a lower privilege and is not installed by default."
Those two high-profile services also use two new accounts that run at a lower privilege than the System Account, thus reducing exposure if they are compromised by an attacker. IIS 6.0 worker processes use a new Network Service Account. Telnet uses a new Local Service Account.
Another default installation change comes with Internet Explorer. While it will install on the server, out-of-the-box functionality will be limited.
Some users might be surprised to learn that a secure installation wizard will be an add-on, delivered a few months after the April 24 general availability of Windows Server 2003.
The gold code of Windows Server 2003 will have a Configure Your Server wizard and will have services locked down by default. "The Secure Configuration Wizard will run on top of [Configure Your Server] to make sure that [for example] that file server is now locked down for the highest level of security," Stephenson says.
Microsoft has settled on a few of the roles that will be included in the Security Configuration Wizard, including Web servers, file servers and directory servers. "What we're really trying to determine now is what some of the multi-purpose server roles will be," Stephenson says.
Microsoft has expended much effort recently in producing security guides to help users secure Windows environments. Recent guides include the Security Operations Guides for Windows 2000 Server and Exchange 2000 Server. The company will continue that effort with three new guides it will make available at the Windows Server 2003 launch. "Securing Windows Server 2003" will provide basic lockdown procedures and ongoing management recommendations. Another guide will direct customers on deploying secure identity management solutions using Windows Server 2003. The third document will provide guidance on deploying PKI solutions for secure VPN and wireless access.
Other features unveiled or reiterated by Microsoft last week:Remote users won't be able to log on with accounts that have blank passwords.
Role-based authorization within applications is being added through a utility called the Authorization Manager.
By default, the system root will be accessible only by the Administrators group. In Windows 2000, the Everyone group had access to the system root.
A VPN quarantine will allow administrators to stop remote users from authenticating if their systems don't adhere to security policies. The quarantine will include downloads and help for users to bring their systems up to organizational standards, so they can log in. Microsoft CIO Rick Devenuti discussed Microsoft's internal deployment of the feature at MEC 2002 in October.
The server operating system will sport a new Microsoft Audit Collection System (MACS). "Today admins have to analyze their security logs on each individual system," Stephenson says. "This tool will allow them to take the logs from all the individual servers in their environment, put it into a centralized database and analyze this information."
Scott Bekker is editor in chief of Redmond Channel Partner magazine. | <urn:uuid:daf256e7-9efc-4447-a8a7-110cb299cf0c> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://mcpmag.com/articles/2003/01/29/microsoft-gets-specific-on-windows-2003-security.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571692.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812105810-20220812135810-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.921475 | 809 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Regional Banks with Free Checking
U.S. Bank and Banner Bank offer free checking, but require a $50 opening account balance. Bank of the West and Pacific West Bank each require opening deposits of $100 to open a new account. PNC, named "U.S. Bank of the Year," in 2010, by "The Banker" magazine, has no minimum balance requirements and no monthly service fees.
According to a 2010 Bankrate survey, 39 out of 50 of the largest credit unions in the country still offer free checking. Navy Federal Credit Union, Federal Credit Union, Police and Fire Federal Credit Union, School's First Federal and United Nations Federal Credit Union all require $1 to open a new account. First Federal Credit Union requires $25. None of these credit unions requires monthly maintenance fees.
Minimum Balance Fees
Bank of America charges $8.95 in monthly maintenance fees if you have less than $1,500 in your account and don't make at least one direct payment from your account each month, as of 2011. Chase Bank charges $12 a month in fees unless you maintain a minimum of $1,500 in your checking account or $5,000 across all Chase deposit accounts. Another way to avoid these fees is to make $500 worth of direct deposits a month. Wells Fargo requires a $1,500 account balance to avoid its $10 monthly fee. BB&T charges $12 unless you maintain a $1,500 checking balance or $6,000 in combined BB&T balances.
Citibank charges $8 per month unless you maintain the specific direct deposit, debit card usage and online bill payment requirements. These requirements vary. Wachovia offers a basic checking account that charges a $10 monthly fee. It doesn't require a minimum account balance, but does charge fees for paper statements and overdraft protection. Most major banks also allow free checking if you do all your banking online and forgo paper statements. | <urn:uuid:53163d88-f341-4e63-add3-b1b2952ea788> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.sapling.com/8306134/banks-offer-checking | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281746.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00288-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.891489 | 400 | 1.539063 | 2 |
By Madis Senner
The following is an excerpt on solitude from Everything Has Karma: Learning to Embrace Our Interconnectedness
Mystics, adepts, pilgrims, monks, yogis and seekers from a variety of faith traditions have found solitude to be a magic elixir that hastened their spiritual evolution and transformation. By breaking the shackles of society they were able to break free and have a growth spurt in their spiritual transformation.
To understand why breaking free from your normal routine can be so transformative remember that in may ways you are influenced and shaped by your friends, your job, the groups that you belong to and more. You think that you free, but at another level you are not. For example, your job gets you think in a certain way—lawyers approach a problem differently than do musicians, or doctors, or social workers… Basically, your job tries to get you to see the world in a certain way.
The cure of solitude provides you with the freedom that can help you change yourself. It can bring a host of benefits:
Reflection. Solitude allows for reflection. Not encumbered by life’s challenges and the demands you can reflect upon your life.
Freedom. Solitude brings freedom to think and do whatever you want, whenever you want. While a vacation can be a period of solitude, solitude is ultimately a vacation from your 9 to 5 self, or who you have become in the material world. You can just “be,” if you want.
Learning. Solitude provides the opportunity to learn about yourself. At some point you will ask yourself, “who am I?”, or “what do I want?”, or “where I am going?” Free from society’s demands life you see yourself in a new light.
Distance. Solitude gives you the chance to see yourself from a distance. Not being enmeshed in life’s daily challenges, you look at things with a clearer perspective. Like a historian who looks back at a period of time after the dust has settled, you see things clearer because you are not bogged down, or overwhelmed by the moment.
Cathartic and Healing. Solitude can bring about a catharsis as you distance yourself from what ails or challenges you; and in the process, heal you.
The Ultimate Vacation. Solitude is the ultimate vacation because you are breaking from the life you have known, no matter for how long.
My Canoe Trip Ritual
Just about every summer in the 1980s and 1990s I would travel to Algonquin Provincial Park in southern Ontario, Canada for a solo canoe trip for a few days. The longest trip I took lasted ten days. Toronto’s population was much smaller then and the Lake District close to Algonquin was just beginning its exponential growth. So there was a greater sense of isolation back then.
To reduce my chances of seeing people, I would try to go in early May. It even snowed lightly one year, on May 2nd. I would also chose routes with long or strenuous portages uphill where I would have to carry my canoe and gear. I felt this would discourage some. I think that the longest I ever went without seeing someone was two and a half days. If I met someone, well, I could not shut up.
Those were grueling, but joyful days. While I would feverishly paddle during the day, it seemed I would frequently stop for a spectacular view, or watch a moose feeding or one blocking a stream ahead of me on my path. I enjoyed the physical regiment, but I had little choice, as I would stay up late watching the campfire. In the morning I would read and reflect, so it would be some time before I began my daily paddle. My favorite read was a collection of short stories by Jack London about the Yukon and the great outdoors, which I brought with me one year. Sometimes if I had a big lake to cross, I might have to wait a few hours in the early afternoon for the wind to die down along the waves it had whipped up.
While there, I was untethered from my life in Manhattan and my Wall Street career. My biggest concerns were the weather and my journey. Often, it was just the joy of being there. My canoe trips were always a cathartic and enlightening experience. No matter what challenges I faced, they melted away the more I paddled. Over the years my trip became a ritual. I knew I was going to go to Algonquin to be purified and healed. The cleansing and healing got better each time.
The last time I went to Algonquin was in October of 2002. I wanted to experience the southern part of the park where I had never been, and felt the fall would have less people traveling this usually busy area. I had left Wall Street and begun meditating a few years earlier. I spent the bulk of my trip on a rock peninsula in a hidden area on a small lake and heard people paddle by, but saw no one while I was there. I did my yoga in the morning and meditated several times during the day. I read a host of books and scripture. In the early evening the loons would wail and the coyotes howled. Most of my time was spent reflecting and thinking about whatever came to my mind.
Looking back at those decades of solo canoe trips with the knowledge I have learned since, it is clear that I had made them a potent ritual. Over time, through continual repetition, I carved my experiences into myself. I had turned my pilgrimage into a ritual; one that could heal me and bring me great joy, as what I experienced each year only got stronger with each successive year. It is with great gratitude and happiness that I look back at my experiences at Algonquin Park.
Take A Vacation From Your Daily Life
You need to find time for solitude in your life. This does not necessarily mean a monastic life. It does mean finding time for breaks, like I had with my solo canoe trips. You need to have periods of solitude if you want to spiritually grow. You have to take a vacation from your daily life.
Solitude can be challenging and bring loneliness. So start slow. Do it for only a few hours the first time. Disconnect from all electronics, don’t talk or visit with others, don’t watch TV or play video games. Just be with yourself or, read a book that helps you reflect, or gain perspective. You need to work the ability to be alone as if it were a muscle. Over time, small steps will become large steps as you are able to spend more and more time in solitude.
Solitude is a vacation from your life; or from whom you have let society turn you into. Solitude allows you detach and explore who you really are. You may be surprised by whom you meet after an extended period of solitude.
In speaking on solitude, psychiatrist and former Oxford professor Anthony Storr notes, in his book Solitude, A Return To The Self:
Removing oneself voluntarily from one’s habitual environment promotes self-understanding and contact with those inner depths of being which elude one in the hurly-burly of day-to-day life… [T]he most profound and healing psychological experiences which individuals encounter take place internally, and are only distantly related, if at all, to interaction with other human beings.
Take inspiration from Henry David Thoreau, who spent two years of relative solitude at Walden Pond in Concord, Massachusetts. He went into the woods because he wanted “to live deliberately, to front only the essential facts of life and see if [he] could learn what it had to teach, and not, when [he] came to die, discover that [he] had not lived.” Speaking of solitude, Thoreau writes that he “never found a companion that was so companionable as solitude.”
As a Naturalist, Thoreau writes in Walden about the flora and the fauna, the changing of the seasons, his neighbors, and surrounding ponds. It is through this simplicity and observation that we see Thoreau grow. He asks why travel to Africa, visit the Nile, go to the Northwest Passage, or the Mississippi if we have ourselves to discover, writing:
Direct your eye right (eyesight) inward, and you’ll find
A thousand regions in your mind
Yet undiscovered. Travel them, and be
Expert in home-cosmography.
Thoreau concludes Walden with an inspiring story that gives hope to all of us, that we too can break free and become who we were meant to be. He begins by saying that there was a story that been going around New England at the time, of how a beautiful bug emerged out of the leaf of a table made of apple wood that had stood in a farmer’s kitchen for sixty years; first in Connecticut, then in Massachusetts.
So an egg planted long ago in a living apple tree that was cut down and became what Thoreau called its “well-seasoned tomb” had finally hatched and broken free. Thoreau asks,
“[w]ho knows what beautiful and winged life, whose egg has been buried for ages under many concentric layers of woodenness in the dead dry life of society?… may unexpectedly come forth from amidst society’s most trivial and handselled furniture, to enjoy its perfect summer life at last!”
Find time for solitude and become who you can be. | <urn:uuid:72a05a9c-b954-4771-94b3-f60c62b941db> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.lifeinthefingerlakes.com/the-empowerment-of-solitude/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573029.81/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817153027-20220817183027-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.975626 | 2,000 | 2.046875 | 2 |
The purpose of this study was to compare energy and macronutrient intakes between adult Mexican Americans, Cuban Americans, mainland Puerto Ricans, and non-Hispanies.
Age-specific mean intakes were estimated based on 24-hour recalls from the Hispanic Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (HHANES) (1982 to 1984) an the Second National Health Survey (NHANES II) (1976 to 1980) and were compred with the use of t tests.
Mexican Americans had higher total fat, saturated fat, and monounsaturated fat intakes than did Puerto Ricans and older Cuban Americans.
Cuban Americans and Puerto Ricans had similar intakes, except for younger Cuban Americans, who had higher total and saturated fat and lower carbohydrate intakes.
Cholesterol intakes among Mexican American men and 60-to 74-year-old women were higher than those among other Hispanic groups.
Carbohydrate and protein intakes were higher among Hispanic groups compared with those among non-Hispanics while total fat intakes were generally lower.
Since macronutrient intakes differ between Hispanic groups, dietary research, recommendations, and interventions should be targeted to each group individually.
Older Puerto Rican and Cuban American adults met population guidelines for reducing chronic disease risk for more macronutrients than any other group.
Mots-clés Pascal : Consommation alimentaire, Comportement alimentaire, Glucide, Lipide, Protéine, Calorie, Adulte, Homme, Origine ethnique, Etats Unis, Amérique du Nord, Amérique, Hispanique
Mots-clés Pascal anglais : Food intake, Feeding behavior, Carbohydrate, Lipids, Proteins, Calorie, Adult, Human, Ethnic origin, United States, North America, America
Notice produite par :
Inist-CNRS - Institut de l'Information Scientifique et Technique
Cote : 95-0319927
Code Inist : 002B29B. Création : 01/03/1996. | <urn:uuid:ab6105e9-4e9c-45ae-a609-46444b0ac9c6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.bdsp.ehesp.fr/Base/105054/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280292.50/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00341-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.873998 | 428 | 2.125 | 2 |
Your pets health is our highest priority
1232 S. General McMullen
Las Palmas Pet Clinic Services
From a six week old puppy to your elderly cat, it is important to provide your pet with yearly vaccinations. Puppies and kittens that are of six weeks of age should start receiving their vaccinations. A series are given two weeks apart until four vaccinations have been administered. Dogs and cats over three months of age are able to get a rabies vaccination, this is required by law. For optimal health, vaccines should be boostered annually.
At Las Palmas Pet Clinic, we take care to provide our clients high quality services personalized for the pet's unique needs. The services we provide range from preventative vaccinations to treatments of major injuries and everything in between. Our staff is professional, courteous and ready to assist you.
We provide a variety of services including:
If you have a flea or tick infestation or want to prevent one, we have several options available. We do flea and tick dips for immediate relief. If monthly prevention is what you need, we have a variety of topical flea and tick treatments. We carry Trifexis, Comfortis and Nexgard. If your pet does have fleas or ticks, there is a good chance they are in your yard and home as well.. To kill fleas and ticks in the environment just speak to one of our technicians to get the product that is right for you.
We provide a wide variety of surgical procedures from the routine spay or neuter to more complex operations. Please call us at 435-7732 if you have any concerns about your pet's health. Every surgical procedure is performed with the utmost care and attention no matter how routine. We are always aware that we are dealing with a member of your family and that is important to us.
If you have any questions please don't hesitate to contact us. Our friendly staff will help find the best services and solutions for you. Call us at 435-7732.
Bad breath is only one of many reasons to have your pet's teeth cleaned. Tarter build-up and gingivitis not only cause pain when eating and chewing but can lead to more serious problems like heart and kidney disorders. If your pet drools more then usual, rubs at their mouth with their paw, cries oput or flinches when touched around the gum or mouth it maybe time for a dental exam.
A lost dog or cat is a pet owners worst nightmare; thousands of pets get lost each year. To help return missing animals to their loving family, Las Palmas Pet Clinic provides microchipping. The procedure is is really quite simple, a small microchip is injected just under your pet's skin between the shoulders. The microchip is then registered to the owner. If the pet were ever to get lost and taken to a pet shelter or veterinary clinic, a scan for a microchip would be done and would reveal a unique number to be traced to the owner. At Las Palmas, we not only implant the microchip in your pet but also register the microchip for the owner's convenience.
X-rays are often an important part of diagnosing problems in pets. At Las Palmas Pet Clinic we are able to perform x-rays and also frequently consult with a board certified veterinary radiologist for the utmost in quality care. | <urn:uuid:47f23ffa-7a85-4143-939d-b4e7da891385> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://www.laspalmaspetclinic.org/Services.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570871.10/warc/CC-MAIN-20220808183040-20220808213040-00271.warc.gz | en | 0.959042 | 703 | 1.75 | 2 |
Food prices are rising due to climate, peak oil and poor economy. Best time to start your city on Victory Gardens. Speech by Lamanda Joy to Great Lakes Bioneers tells how. With intro on food prices in Canada, UK, Australia, USA, clips from WWII garden propaganda. If you eat food, maybe you've noticed groceries costs more and more. Well stock up now, food inflation is just ramping up.
It's not just the extra 200 million mouths to feed on the planet next year. Climate change is already re-arranging your food bill.
In North America, and around the world, one big driver is the record drought in the prime crop production areas of the United States this year. Many meat producers gave up, selling off their herds, temporarily keeping meat prices lower. The current cattle herd is the smallest since 1973. Once that sell-off goes through the supply chain, the high cost of corn and other grains will accelerate meat prices from 5 to 10% higher, according to one Canadian report.
Here is Peter Mansbridge of host of "The National" on Canadian Broadcasting Corporation on December 6, 2012.
"If you are buying extra groceries for the holidays, some experts suggest you also might think about stocking up for the coming year."
Next comes CBC Consumer Affairs reporter Aaron Saltzman [with a report from Canada's premier agricultural university in Guelph, Ontario]:
"According to the University of Guelph's annual food forecast, just about every basic staple will cost more next year. Dairy up as much as 3%; bread up as much as 4%; eggs up as much as 5%; but likely the biggest hike... 'We would expect meat, particularly beef and pork to go up more significantly. We are saying probably as much as 4 and a half to 6%.' The price of pork in particular expected to jump by as much as 10%.
According to the report the main driver behind most of these price increases is climate. The drought across North America this past year was one of the worst in recorded history. Among the hardest hit areas, the Great Plains states in the U.S. - America's bread basket. That drove up grain prices and in turn, the cost of feed and livestock." ...
...For those unwilling to go vegetarian, 'Fill the freezer now, because it's going to get tougher going forward.'
And, he says, if you are wondering how accurate the University's predictions are, last year the forecast was bang on."
FOOD PRICES WAY UP SINCE 2002
Host Peter Mansbridge: "So some predictions there about food prices in the future. What about the prices we've already seen? Here are some numbers to consider. According to statistics Canada, the cost of meat has risen more than 30% in the past decade. Egg prices have risen by 50%. Bakery products are up by nearly 60%. By comparison, fresh vegetables cost about 1% less than 10 years ago."
Don't be thrown off by comforting reports from the United Nations Food and Agricultural Organization. Their early December report says basic food prices fell by 1.5% in November. That was partly caused by a massive drop in the price of sugar.
But as the World Bank reports, food prices are currently "stable" but still very high. In fact, expensive food hovering near the record 2008 levels is the new normal. Unlike the UN, the World Bank food price index finds food prices are 7 percent higher than in 2011. Grains are 12 percent higher already from the previous year.
In the United Kingdom, the November Shop Price Index shows food prices up 4.6% from a year ago. Fresh fruits and vegetables are particularly high, causing what the Guardian newspaper calls "a nutrition recession" in Britain.
A series of reports in the Australian press say food prices there will hit a new record high in 2013. The cost of rice, wheat, pulses, edible oils, sugar and vegetables, are all rising in India.
Bloomberg business finds American meat prices are set to go much higher. Quote from Bloomberg: "The drought in the Midwest and Great Plains drove corn yields to a 17-year low and may last at least through February. U.S. consumers will pay 3 percent to 4 percent more for food next year, a half-percentage point above this year’s expected increase, according to the USDA."
It's not just the drought. A weird bout of summer-like weather in March of 2012 caused many fruit trees to bloom early. The return of cold weather killed off the flowers, leading to a drop of the apple crop by as much as 80% in some regions. The world charity Oxfam has a special report on the impact of extreme weather events on the world food supply.
WHERE IS THE GOOD NEWS?
Wait a minute! Didn't I promise you some good news this week?
Sure, if more people can't afford red meat, their health will improve dramatically. Healthy vegetables are still the most affordable option in most places.
But it gets much better than that. We can quickly and cheaply convert most of our major cities into major food production centers. In this program, you will hear how it happened before. And how local urban food production is making a rapid come-back. The kicker is lots of folks are going for more than just the joy of healthy self-grown food. They come for the new sense of community as well.
Most of us can't afford to just kick-off and head to the country. We need some income, at least to make the transition. So like Havana Cuba, after the Soviet empire died and stopped sending oil, we'll have to feed ourselves where we are.
We are going to the City of Chicago, where the American Victory Garden movement was launched during World War Two. And where it is coming back strong. From the Great Lakes Bioneers conference, we have an excellent recording of Lamanda Joy, founder of the Peterson Garden Project. She'll tell us about the Victory Garden movement, where MILLIONS of novice growers produced mountains of food for the War effort. How a whole nation can transform into local food production in just one year.
That's not just something that happened in the past. Lamanda will tell us how Chicago is organizing once again, to bring back urban food production. Whether you are concerned about economic collapse, climate change, peak oil, or just healthy food - this speech is a message of hope for all of us.
This recording was made by Kelly Pierce of the Chicago Independent Media Center for Radio Ecoshock. Here is Lamanda Joy, speaking November 4th, 2012 to the Great Lakes Bioneers. | <urn:uuid:49b8ec9b-4fa5-45f1-87fc-33d78dc90962> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://energybulletin.net/print/65906 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988722951.82/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183842-00209-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96539 | 1,364 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Discovery, explore "What Scientists Believe". Philosopher of science, Stephen Webster, interviews six scientists in an effort to discover how their beliefs, values and personalities influence the work they choose to do. In the final episode, he talks with Andrew Gosler, a zoologist who has spent decades of his life exploring a wood near Oxford, England, with a particular interest in a little bird called the Great Tit (the photo here is by Luc Viatour). He also talks with Piers Ingram, an applied mathematician who does medical research modeling cell behavior.
Webster accompanied Gosler into the wood in an effort to find out what makes him tick. Gosler said he'd come to zoology from birdwatching as a child. Though he grew up in London, a relative began taking him birding when he was eight, when he discovered that he simply needed to know the names of the birds and flowers he saw around him. This need stayed with him. So now he makes his living by spending time in the woods, finding answers to questions that interest him (such as why the Great Tit's eggs are more speckled in nests lower down the hill, and when it is that Tits put on fat), but he also finds peace and spiritual meaning in the woods. Webster asked him what he'd miss most if he could no longer go there. He said his salary. He'd quit his job before he'd sit at a desk all day.
Which is just where Piers Ingram finds himself. In front of a computer, building computer models of cellular function. He said, among many other things, that he would like to apply his models to organs, or even organisms, but he had a lot more to learn before he could do that. To Ingram, it's not of the essence to connect with what he studies at the organismal level, as it is for Gosler. He probably never was driven to learn the name of everything he saw in the woods, and we don't know whether he finds peace or spiritual meaning in his job. Though, clearly he loves his job.
EO Wilson has said that the problem with modern biologists is that they don't know the difference between moles and voles (moles are how you quantify DNA, aren't they?). And we've told the story here before about the Kawasaki mouse in our lab. Gosler is probably older, and perhaps even a lot older, than Ingram -- and as an organismal biologist, he probably earns significantly less -- but he surely could tell a mole from a vole, and would know that a mouse needs innards to survive. Gosler's overriding questions have to do with conservation and climate change, while Ingram's have to do with finding medical applications for what he learns about cells. One can predict that Ingram would have a greater chance of 'success' than Gosler, because his goals are much more immediate and finite and within his control. Does this make him a better scientist? No, it makes him a more pragmatic one.
Scientists, and of course especially those caught up in the heavily reductionist and grant- and hence productivity-driven world, often scoff at such thoughts. They denigrate the 'organismal' or even 'ecological' thinkers as soft-headed and their work as vague or unimportant -- pasttime rather than real science. From a molecular deterministic point of view, they may be right. More knowledge about mechanism comes, and comes faster, from experimental than observational research, for example, because it's more technical in being more focused on one variable at a time.
But the world is made of whole organisms, and as we stress in Mermaid's Tale, of interactions among cooperating components at all levels from DNA up to the global biosphere. Molecular understanding is not the only kind of understanding. And, because our brains are the result of interactions par excellence, the satisfaction of higher-levels of knowledge is a natural fact, and a part of our evolution and our existence.
So it will be a sad day when there's no longer a place for poetry in science. | <urn:uuid:00427b82-d510-46b1-aca8-836679203f22> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://ecodevoevo.blogspot.com/2010/02/poetry-of-science.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.983413 | 831 | 2.546875 | 3 |
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