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Computer Science Canada Blog is a blog site about programming, education and computer science.
Jason's Computer Science Blog - a widely known blog that caters a great deal of exciting piece pertaining to research, projects and how to, news, wireless network, Linux, Windows, software, computer science and computers entirely.
This blog provides introduction and evolution of computer, the computer system, number systems, logic function and Boolean algebra, operating system, programming concepts and logic ...
Social Media Content Analysis Natural Language Processing Data Mining and Machine learning for large-scale social media GPU based processing. | <urn:uuid:933837fb-2250-4c53-b961-2d9fb98ebb6e> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.blogsdb.com/directory/computers/computer-science/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719079.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00035-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.838018 | 234 | 2.203125 | 2 |
- Scientific Data Networking -
EGI In Numbers formed part of their Why EGI campaign which urged scientist and policy makers to trust in EGI and what they were accomplishing with their organisation an their current members.
EGI - The European Grid Infrastructure, based in Amsterdam, delivers advanced computing services to support scientists, multinational projects and research infrastructures.
Working at EGI on a contract where I operated within their existing brand guidelines to create supporting work for their promotional campaigns, web graphics, infographics and data visualisation as well as working on their Book of Abstracts which was produced in conjunction with EGI's annual conference.
I really wanted to step back from the previous aesthetic approach and utilise a much simpler and less cluttered strategy that would be far more easily digestible. I felt that if I found it easily absorbed then a researcher or scientist would invariably find it considerably more so and typography played a big part in that strategy.
Each day of the conference were colour coded in the colours that were used in traditional ring binder dividers. There was a very large amount of information that had to be presented with utmost clarity to make the programme as easy to digest as possible.
In addition to colour coding the days I took the ring binder concept further by adding the specific sections on both the left and right hand pages to further clarify which area the reader was looking at. The relevant section was printed in black and the others were printed white.
The content of each section was then set up in a grid fashion, with each abstract (subject of study) set out in three columns with the authors (or conveners) credited in the third column. Pages were set out in this grid formula throughout the book.
The look and feel of the booklet was largely in keeping with EGI’s brand guidelines, I made the addition of introducing an additional typeface to help breakup the information.
The data for the document was created primarily in an .xml file which was then imported into InDesign.
The EGI Solutions campaign focused on promoting EGI to potential users across the European Union. The campaign outlined the benefits of working with EGI and how it could increase potential users productivity and deliver solutions that would benefit their goals.
Along with the booklet a series of discipline specific posters were also produced to be displayed at relevant seminars and events which would further explain how EGI could benefit target audience goals. The posters were aimed at a more general audience as well as industry specific areas of science.
Part of the project involved creating a series of icons which would indicate what and for whom each piece of literature was intended to be targeting
Aimed at Research Infrastructures and Resource Centres already within the European Grid Infrastructure EGI community.
Aimed at helping the individual researchers and the research teams that have problems in accessing and using computational services for their research activity.
Targeted at researchers and research communities that need to access digital resources on a flexible environment
Aimed to help individual researchers, and research communities that have large scale data management and computational capacity requirements.
With the EGI Solutions project I also took the opportunity to look at some of the interior graphics that had been previously used and refreshed them to make them cleaner and easier to absorb.
To complete the project a folder was produced which would house all the literature. This was of course in keeping with the rest of the aesthetic. | <urn:uuid:1d5adc4d-27fe-4462-9c62-eb1db98aa367> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://roryjmurphy.com/egi.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.978957 | 710 | 1.726563 | 2 |
Many of us refuse to accept the fact that we are getting old and times have drastically changed.
If you have kids, it’s even easier to recognize just how much things have changed. Instead of finding your kids playing physical games with the neighbors’ kids, you now find them cooped up in the living room playing video games, or in their rooms holding tablets or smartphones, chatting with their friends or consumed in the world of apps.
According to eMarketer’s latest report, “Kids Online: Digital Natives in Digital Homes,” though the digital age may have previously wedged a barrier between kids and their parents, it is now fostering a way to bring them closer by means of connected devices.
Forty-seven percent of respondents stated that the internet provides a great way to connect with members of the family, as they often use technology together. Although 33 percent have stated they use technology individually, 20 percent have stated interest in using technology together more often.
Ownership of connected devices such as tablets, smartphones and e-readers have greatly increased from 2010 to 2012. According to the survey, 79 percent of households now have smartphones with internet connection, 26 percent have e-readers, and 43 percent have tablets. This is compared to the 56 percent, 11 percent and 8 percent, respectively in 2010.
Children these days are also more inclined to using internet connected devices, though those in the teen years, who presumably have a more active social life, are still the major users of these connected devices. Kids are more interested in using tablets, e-readers and smartphones compared to laptops no matter what age bracket they belong to. The reason behind this may be because of the fact that tablets, smartphones and e-readers are in fact lighter and more portale than a laptop.
The percentage of kids using smartphones, tablets, and e-readers according to age brackets are: ages 4-5 37 percent, ages 6-8 35 percent, ages 9-11 38 percent and 12-14 47 percent compared to those who use laptops at 22, 28, 37 and 43 percent respectively.
I know some parents may be alarmed with the high percentage of kids using technology but as I’ve said earlier, times have indeed changed. There a lot of caveats to using internet connected devices, but parents can always take action to protect their children.
Quick tips for Internet Saftey
If you have kids using connected devices such as your laptop, smartphone, tablet or e-reader, there are apps that allow you to put restrictions on the device so they won’t be able to access adult sites or make app purchases. Some apps even alert you if your kids are about to download an app or give out personal information. You can download apps such as Kids Place, Care4Teen, and Norton Family to keep your kids safe online.
This I learned from one of my professors — if you don’t want your kids to do a particular task, don’t mention it. Reiterate what you want them to do, not what you don’t want to do. Say for example, you don’t want them to accidentally open an adult site. Don’t even mention that to kids because their curiosity will be piqued and once your back is turned, they’ll go searching for the exact content you wanted them to avoid. What you can do is drop subtle hints as to what websites you like them to visit, not directly telling them where to go. Kids have a rebellious gene in them, and most don’t like to listen to what parents have to say.
Talk to them about stranger danger. I know this is cliche, but not every parent talks about this to their kids. The internet is a portal where people in one continent can meet hundreds from others. It can be exciting for kids to have a “friend” from a different continent, but as we’ve seen in the news, a lot of predators lurk in cyberspace and they’re quite good at gaining the trust of youngsters. Be open to your kids about it, tell them the dangers of talking to strangers – even in cyberspace. | <urn:uuid:e86ac37b-069f-48c4-a06b-fa1a02002cc3> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://siliconangle.com/blog/2013/01/18/tech-used-to-define-the-generation-gap-now-its-bringing-families-together/?angle=silicon | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988717963.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183837-00374-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.954683 | 869 | 2.65625 | 3 |
- transliterate lower-case wide-character code to upper-case
#include <wchar.h> wint_t towupper(wint_t wc);
The towupper() function has as a domain a type wint_t, the value of which must be a character representable as a wchar_t, and must be a wide-character code corresponding to a valid character in the current locale or the value of WEOF. If the argument has any other value, the argument is returned unchanged. If the argument of towupper() represents a lower-case wide-character code (as defined by character type information in the program locale category LC_CTYPE), the result is the corresponding upper-case wide-character code. All other arguments in the domain are returned unchanged.
Upon successful completion, towupper() returns the upper-case letter corresponding to the argument passed. Otherwise, it returns the argument unchanged.
No errors are defined.
See attributes(5) for descriptions of the following attributes: | <urn:uuid:a60535a7-9ef5-402b-9d6b-5fe476c9e05f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://docs.oracle.com/cd/E18752_01/html/816-5168/towupper-3c.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.76631 | 215 | 3.109375 | 3 |
The last time you had a precious vase delivered to your house, it arrived as a little heap of debris at the bottom of your box. Undoubtedly, stuffing newspapers to keep the vase from being rattled during transit had not been sufficient. Understanding from this calamity, your very first impulse would have probably been to try to find different padding materials. Fortunately is that there are lots of sort of packaging tools available. As delivered products become ever before more varied, however, supporting materials also need to maintain. Currently, there are numerous type of product packaging materials being made use of to secure transportable products. The key use cushioning is to secure vulnerable products from the stress and anxieties of transportation, specifically from jolting, effect, or vibration. These items range from ceramics, glass, electronic items, and porcelain.
It is interesting to keep in mind that product packaging products are utilized not only to work as shock absorbers, however additionally to readjust the packages to attain a standard dimension. In this situation, they function as adapters in between the product packaging (like a transport box) and the nonstandard plan components. If you ever before asked yourself just how cushioning products job, they act by absorbing a proportion of the kinetic power created when the bundle collides with one more object, or when it is dropped. They likewise increase the braking distance of the plan materials. It is essential to bear in mind that the performance of the product packaging tools in supporting products will greatly rely on the type of product used. For instance, with polystyrene foam beads, they are commonly enveloped in vacuum sealed film, allowing them to shape and contour well around a product.
With several supporting materials in the market today, it is crucial to select one that fulfills basic demands. First of all, excellent product packaging options must be able to recover swiftly; they have to have the ability to sustain repetitive subjection to similar stress and anxieties. If recuperation is too sluggish, the braking distance decreases with each direct exposure to stress, and the contents cannot be effectively protected can tim xe cho hang. One more is that the safety product packaging has to be aloof to critical components such as severe temperature variations, moisture from raised humidity, and solar radiations. Some contents go to danger for rust; hence, the product packaging devices need to not include any hostile elements which could bring about such a state. | <urn:uuid:b422dd58-2194-4728-9d72-3c7795a4a02f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adelaidemaisonabe.com/travel/packaging-solutions-keeping-transportable-goods-unscathed.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570692.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807181008-20220807211008-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.963767 | 492 | 2.5625 | 3 |
A pregnant mom was 'writhing in pain,' but a Catholic hospital refused to intervene
Alison was three months pregnant and on a camping trip with her family in 2013 when she started bleeding. She rushed home to Bellingham, where the only hospital is Catholic-owned PeaceHealth.
“They did an ultrasound,” Alison said. KUOW is not using her last name to protect her private health information. “They said that the baby was fine and told me to come back if I started bleeding more.”
Alison had to go back again, and then again. Each time, the hospital staff gave her an ultrasound, told her the fetus still had a heartbeat, and sent her home.
At that time, about 40 percent of hospital beds in Washington state were owned by Catholic health-care systems. Since then, CHI Franciscan has merged with Virginia Mason, and now nearly half the hospital beds statewide are under Catholic ownership. Three cities — Bellingham, Centralia, and Walla Walla — have only a Catholic hospital.
That limits what reproductive, gender-affirming, and end-of-life care they can offer. The providers at PeaceHealth would have been able to give Alison an operation to empty her uterus and prevent any further complications if they hadn’t detected fetal cardiac activity. But if there’s fetal cardiac activity, Catholic hospital policies don’t let providers act to terminate the pregnancy until they’ve determined that the pregnant person’s life is at risk. And when a patient crosses that line isn’t always clear.
On Alison’s third trip to the hospital, she arrived with abdominal pain, cramps, and vaginal bleeding. On her medical records she indicated her pain level was a 7 out of 10. She had a low-grade fever. A blood draw revealed an elevated white blood cell count, suggesting an infection.
“Once a patient comes back with a fever, that would have been really abnormal,” said Dr. Laura Sienas, a maternal-fetal physician at UW Medicine.
Sienas said the key is to pinpoint the source of the infection — and if no other cause can be found, in a case like Alison’s, it would likely be the uterus.
The only treatment for a uterine infection, and some other pregnancy complications Sienas sees regularly at her practice (like the patient’s water breaking early), is an abortion — or delivery, if the pregnancy is far enough along.
Sienas said the longer the provider waits, the greater the risk that the infection could spread and the patient could become septic and need ICU-level care. That’s why, at hospitals like the UW that allow abortions, providers let patients know when a pregnancy might not be viable and start the conversation about whether or not to terminate it. They try to intervene well before the patients’ lives are in danger. But at Catholic hospitals, policies don’t allow providers to act till the threat to the woman’s life is more immediate.
“It’s so ill-defined that, you know, what is life-threatening?” Sienas said. “And why is a provider trying to determine if your life is, you know, enough at risk to be able to offer this care?”
During Alison’s third trip to PeaceHealth, providers did not pinpoint a source of infection. Instead, she was discharged 4.5 hours after she arrived, still running a low-grade fever.
“RETURN TO ER IF PAIN WORSENS OR IS UNIMPROVED IN 12-24 HOURS,” the discharge instructions read in all capital letters.
That was late Saturday night. About 24 hours later, Alison’s fever spiked and she headed back to the Bellingham hospital for the fourth time.
She asked the ER doctor if there was any possibility that she had a uterine infection.
“I remember this so clearly,” Alison said. “His back was turned to me, and he just kind of froze. Just didn’t answer it, almost as if I hadn’t said it.”
Alison said the doctor then abruptly left the room. She’s not sure why but wonders if he didn’t want to consider the possibility of a uterine infection, because it would have meant she needed an abortion.
“By this point, I’m writhing in pain,” Alison said. “It felt like something from ‘The Exorcist’ — just gripping the side of the bed. And my mom was there with me and she nearly fainted just seeing me in that pain.”
By then, it was Monday morning, and Alison’s own obstetrician, who at the time was not affiliated with the Catholic hospital, arrived. He did a pelvic exam and told Alison she had a uterine infection, and the infection had spread. She was septic.
At that point, Alison was extremely sick. Her doctor wrote in her medical record that, in addition to severe pain, she had a fever; she had a sky-high white blood cell count, indicating a severe infection; and she was tachycardic — her heart rate was over 100.
“She is clinically worsening,” he wrote — getting sicker and sicker.
Alison said her doctor told her she needed a D&E — dilation and evacuation, a procedure to terminate the pregnancy and empty the uterus so providers could begin to address the infection and save her life.
“I hadn’t even thought about my life being in danger, and no one had brought that up,” Alison said. “As soon as the shock kind of wore off, I was able to switch gears to, ‘Please save my life. I have a daughter who needs me.’”
But it wasn’t that simple.
She said her doctor got very serious and said, “Okay, this is what needs to happen, and it all needs to happen very quickly. Because you’re in a Catholic hospital, that's not a procedure that they allow here. And what I need to do is go before the ethics board and just make a case and see if we can get this done here. And if that's not possible, you'll need to go to UW and have the procedure there.”
Alison’s doctor did not respond to KUOW’s attempts to reach him; since 2013, his practice has been absorbed by PeaceHealth.
Alison said she waited a couple of hours for her doctor to consult with the hospital about the ethics of her situation, but it felt like an eternity.
A spokesperson for PeaceHealth wrote in an email that, “if an ethics consult is requested by the physician, it takes place immediately, usually within one hour,” but, in a case like Alison’s, “the immediate clinical needs of the patient would trump an ethics consult.”
But Alison’s medical records show that an ethics consult did indeed occur, and in the end, the hospital did authorize a D&E.
“All questions were answered,” Alison’s doctor wrote. “The committee agrees to proceed.”
Later, a pathologist wrote in Alison’s medical record that the fetus showed signs of “intrauterine demise,” meaning that even though there had still been cardiac activity, the fetus was not still alive, and that was likely the cause of Alison’s infection.
PeaceHealth declined multiple requests for an interview, but a spokesperson said in an email that the hospital “only allows the termination of a pregnancy when a mother’s life and/or long-term health are in danger.”
The spokesperson said that risk is determined by the physician, but ethics consults are available to help decide if terminating a specific pregnancy is allowable under Catholic medical ethics.
“Really what’s happening is people’s lives are being put at risk with delays,” said Hilary Schwandt, a professor at Western Washington University who studies reproductive health.
“Hospitals have all the power to decide what they do,” she said. “And providers have a lot of power too. And the people with the least power are those who need the services.”
Schwandt said she reviewed hospital policies around terminating pregnancies and found the policy of waiting till the pregnant woman’s life is in jeopardy is not limited to Catholic hospitals. She also said providers don’t necessarily tell patients that they need an abortion and should go elsewhere to get it — though, since Schwandt’s study, Washington state passed a law in 2020 protecting providers’ right to give their patients that information. It’s still not required that anyone do so.
As of last year, Washington state has a new law that states that hospitals cannot prevent willing providers from offering care, including pregnancy termination, to patients who are experiencing complications.
But PeaceHealth said it has not changed its policies in response to the law.
“I find that very concerning,” said Leah Rutman, the policy counsel for the American Civil Liberties Union of Washington. Rutman has been working on the issue of pregnancy care at Catholic hospitals for almost a decade. “It is incredibly important that, based on this law, health systems change their policies and ensure that providers recognize that they are allowed to treat patients in these situations.”
For enforcement, the law relies on providers or patients bringing lawsuits, so it still puts providers in the position of fighting with their employer.
Another bill that would give Washington state more oversight of hospital mergers died in the last legislative session, but advocates plan to try to get it introduced again in the next one. | <urn:uuid:7f66059d-ea41-4ef3-9387-1627a0f420e8> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.kuow.org/stories/a-pregnant-mom-was-writhing-in-pain-but-a-catholic-hospital-refused-to-intervene | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.972954 | 2,080 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Engaging meaningfully with government on socio-economic rights : A focus on the right to housing
MetadataShow full item record
To make sure that service delivery is effective and has a positive impact on people’s quality of life, it is important to have meaningful engagement between communities and the government. South Africa’s Constitution makes provision for individuals and communities to take part in service delivery processes and decisions. This right is important in the fight against poverty, inequality and marginalisation. Some people do not know that their right to participate is protected in the Constitution, in South African legislation and in international law. They also do not know the key principles about meaningful engagement set out by the courts, especially the Constitutional Court. This booklet focuses mainly on the right to housing when it explains the objectives, subject and process of meaningful engagement. | <urn:uuid:c820afda-338b-4c91-b73b-3fd9629c88d2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://repository.uwc.ac.za/xmlui/handle/10566/228 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00540-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.940419 | 168 | 2.578125 | 3 |
In a school, the benefits of the progressions are maximised where there is a whole-school, systematic approach to literacy and numeracy development that ensures:
- opportunities for professional dialogue and collaboration to strengthen teacher understandings of literacy and numeracy development
- a shared understanding of the progressions
- expertise and processes to locate the literacy and numeracy development of targeted students
- systems for sharing information about students’ literacy and numeracy progress.
While much of the explicit teaching of literacy and numeracy occurs in the learning areas of English and Mathematics, literacy and numeracy skills are strengthened, made specific and extended in other learning areas.
Literacy and numeracy are part of learning in all curriculum areas in both primary and secondary contexts. Paying attention to the literacy and numeracy demands of each learning area ensures that students’ literacy and numeracy development is strengthened so that it supports subject-based learning.
The way the progressions are used may differ between primary and secondary teachers and between subject teachers in the secondary context. The benefits of the National Literacy and Numeracy Learning Progressions are maximised where the teacher:
- recognises that much of the explicit learning underpinning literacy development occurs through the content of the Australian Curriculum: English and that much of the explicit learning underpinning numeracy development occurs through the content of the Australian Curriculum: Mathematics
- recognises that each learning area requires the application of discipline-specific literacy and numeracy
- uses the progressions to build understanding of their students’ literacy and numeracy capability
- differentiates teaching and learning experiences to support student progress in literacy and numeracy development
- provides feedback to students about next steps in their learning.
In the secondary context, the benefits of the National Literacy and Numeracy Learning Progressions are maximised where the teacher:
- understands the literacy and numeracy demands and opportunities of their subject content
- takes responsibility for teaching the subject-specific literacy and numeracy of their learning area. | <urn:uuid:c1911a4f-ad6d-4dd3-a05c-c1e9f96a8a11> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.australiancurriculum.edu.au/resources/national-literacy-and-numeracy-learning-progressions/how-can-the-benefits-of-the-progressions-be-maximised/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.918259 | 423 | 3.859375 | 4 |
DHS partners with the College of Direct Support to offer online training to people with disabilities and their families. CDS offers courses that focus on helping people with disabilities lead more self-directed lives.
This training is free to people with disabilities and their families. There are two courses aimed at people with disabilities who direct their own supports:
Partners in Policymaking is a classroom style leadership training program designed for adults with disabilities and for parents of young children with developmental disabilities. The program teaches leadership skills, and the process of developing positive partnerships with elected officials and other individuals who make the policy decisions about services that you and your family use.
The Minnesota Governor's Council on Developmental Disabilities sponsors these classes. More information is available on current classes and dates.
Making Your Case helps people understand the legislative process and the essential elements of good advocacy.
Partners in Education helps parents of children with developmental disabilities understand and maximize the special education system.
Partners in Employment helps people with developmental disabilities find meaningful jobs and plan a career.
Partners in Living helps people with developmental disabilities, their parents, family members and friends, educators and service providers understand the important concepts of self-determination, family support, community living and assistive technology.
Partners in Time helps people with developmental disabilities, their parents, family members and friends, educators and service providers understand the history of society's treatment of people with disabilities from ancient times through the present. | <urn:uuid:71e0b945-c09d-4454-b6a0-482adcd90bb0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://mn.gov/dhs/people-we-serve/people-with-disabilities/services/home-community/resources/training-information.jsp | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00501-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962965 | 292 | 2.09375 | 2 |
Is exports a Scrabble word?
Yes, exports is a Scrabble word!
...and is worth 16 points in Scrabble, and 17 points in Words with Friends
Exports is a valid Scrabble word.
Table of Contents
4 definitions of the word exports.
- Sell or transfer abroad
- Transfer (electronic data) out of a database or document in a format that can be used by other programs
- Cause to spread in another part of the world
- Commodities (goods or services) sold to a foreign country | <urn:uuid:9446a280-1746-497e-ad50-573c52a17136> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wordfind.com/word/exports/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571097.39/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810010059-20220810040059-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.826436 | 127 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Mating experiments using Drosophila have contributed greatly to the understanding of sexual selection and behavior. Experiments often require simple, easy and cheap methods to distinguish between individuals in a trial. A standard technique for this is CO2 anaesthesia and then labelling or wing clipping each fly. However, this is invasive and has been shown to affect behavior. Other techniques have used coloration to identify flies. This article presents a simple and non-invasive method for labelling Drosophila that allows them to be individually identified within experiments, using food coloring. This method is used in trials where two males compete to mate with a female. Dyeing allowed quick and easy identification. There was, however, some difference in the strength of the coloration across the three species tested. Data is presented showing the dye has a lower impact on mating behavior than CO2 in Drosophila melanogaster. The impact of CO2 anaesthesia is shown to depend on the species of Drosophila, with D. pseudoobscura and D. subobscura showing no impact, whereas D. melanogaster males had reduced mating success. The dye method presented is applicable to a wide range of experimental designs.
25 Related JoVE Articles!
Making Gynogenetic Diploid Zebrafish by Early Pressure
Institutions: University of Oregon, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center - FHCRC.
Heterozygosity in diploid eukaryotes often makes genetic studies cumbersome. Methods that produce viable homozygous diploid offspring directly from heterozygous females allow F1 mutagenized females to be screened directly for deleterious mutations in an accelerated forward genetic screen. Streisinger et al.1,2
described methods for making gynogenetic (homozygous) diploid zebrafish by activating zebrafish eggs with ultraviolet light-inactivated sperm and preventing either the second meiotic or the first zygotic cell division using physical treatments (heat or pressure) that deploymerize microtubules. The "early pressure" (EP) method blocks the meiosis II, which occurs shortly after fertilization. The EP method produces a high percentage of viable embryos that can develop to fertile adults of either sex. The method generates embryos that are homozygous at all loci except those that were separated from their centromere by recombination during meiosis I. Homozygous mutations are detected in EP clutches at between 50% for centromeric loci and less than 1% for telomeric loci. This method is reproduced verbatim from the Zebrafish Book3
Developmental Biology, Issue 28, Zebrafish, Early Pressure, Homozygous Diploid, Haploid, Gynogenesis
Isolation and In vitro Activation of Caenorhabditis elegans Sperm
Institutions: Rutgers University.
Males and hermaphrodites are the two naturally found sexual forms in the nematode C. elegans
. The amoeboid sperm are produced by both males and hermaphrodites. In the earlier phase of gametogenesis, the germ cells of hermaphrodites differentiate into limited number of sperm - around 300 - and are stored in a small 'bag' called the spermatheca. Later on, hermaphrodites continually produce oocytes1
. In contrast, males produce exclusively sperm throughout their adulthood. The males produce so much sperm that it accounts for >50% of the total cells in a typical adult worm2
. Therefore, isolating sperm from males is easier than from that of hermaphrodites.
Only a small proportion of males are naturally generated due to spontaneous non-disjunction of X chromosome3
. Crossing hermaphrodites with males or more conveniently, the introduction of mutations to give rise to Him (High Incidence of Males) phenotype are some of strategies through which one can enrich the male population3
Males can be easily distinguished from hermaphrodites by observing the tail morphology4
. Hermaphrodite's tail is pointed, whereas male tail is rounded with mating structures.
Cutting the tail releases vast number of spermatids stored inside the male reproductive tract. Dissection is performed under a stereo microscope using 27 gauge needles. Since spermatids are not physically connected with any other cells, hydraulic pressure expels internal contents of male body, including spermatids2
Males are directly dissected on a small drop of 'Sperm Medium'. Spermatids are sensitive to alteration in the pH. Hence, HEPES, a compound with good buffering capacity is used in sperm media. Glucose and other salts present in sperm media help maintain osmotic pressure to maintain the integrity of sperm.
Post-meiotic differentiation of spermatids into spermatozoa is termed spermiogenesis or sperm activation. Shakes5
, and Nelson6
previously showed that round spermatids can be induced to differentiate into spermatozoa by adding various activating compounds including Pronase E. Here we demonstrate in vitro
spermiogenesis of C. elegans
spermatids using Pronase E.
Successful spermiogenesis is pre-requisite for fertility and hence the mutants defective in spermiogenesis are sterile. Hitherto several mutants have been shown to be defective specifically in spermiogenesis process7
. Abnormality found during in vitro
activation of novel Spe (Spermatogenesis defective) mutants would help us discover additional players participating in this event.
Developmental Biology, Issue 47, spermatid, spermatozoa, spermiogenesis, protease, pseudopod, nematode
Vision Training Methods for Sports Concussion Mitigation and Management
Institutions: University of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center.
There is emerging evidence supporting the use vision training, including light board training tools, as a concussion baseline and neuro-diagnostic tool and potentially as a supportive component to concussion prevention strategies. This paper is focused on providing detailed methods for select vision training tools and reporting normative data for comparison when vision training is a part of a sports management program. The overall program includes standard vision training methods including tachistoscope, Brock’s string, and strobe glasses, as well as specialized light board training algorithms. Stereopsis is measured as a means to monitor vision training affects. In addition, quantitative results for vision training methods as well as baseline and post-testing *A and Reaction Test measures with progressive scores are reported. Collegiate athletes consistently improve after six weeks of training in their stereopsis, *A and Reaction Test scores. When vision training is initiated as a team wide exercise, the incidence of concussion decreases in players who participate in training compared to players who do not receive the vision training. Vision training produces functional and performance changes that, when monitored, can be used to assess the success of the vision training and can be initiated as part of a sports medical intervention for concussion prevention.
Behavior, Issue 99, Vision training, peripheral vision, functional peripheral vision, concussion, concussion management, diagnosis, rehabilitation, eyes, sight, seeing, sight
A Neuroscientific Approach to the Examination of Concussions in Student-Athletes
Institutions: Elon University, Elon University, Duquesne University, Elon University.
Concussions are occurring at alarming rates in the United States and have become a serious public health concern. The CDC estimates that 1.6 to 3.8 million concussions occur in sports and recreational activities annually. Concussion as defined by the 2013 Concussion Consensus Statement “may be caused either by a direct blow to the head, face, neck or elsewhere on the body with an ‘impulsive’ force transmitted to the head.” Concussions leave the individual with both short- and long-term effects. The short-term effects of sport related concussions may include changes in playing ability, confusion, memory disturbance, the loss of consciousness, slowing of reaction time, loss of coordination, headaches, dizziness, vomiting, changes in sleep patterns and mood changes. These symptoms typically resolve in a matter of days. However, while some individuals recover from a single concussion rather quickly, many experience lingering effects that can last for weeks or months. The factors related to concussion susceptibility and the subsequent recovery times are not well known or understood at this time. Several factors have been suggested and they include the individual’s concussion history, the severity of the initial injury, history of migraines, history of learning disabilities, history of psychiatric comorbidities, and possibly, genetic factors. Many studies have individually investigated certain factors both the short-term and long-term effects of concussions, recovery time course, susceptibility and recovery. What has not been clearly established is an effective multifaceted approach to concussion evaluation that would yield valuable information related to the etiology, functional changes, and recovery. The purpose of this manuscript is to show one such multifaceted approached which examines concussions using computerized neurocognitive testing, event related potentials, somatosensory perceptual responses, balance assessment, gait assessment and genetic testing.
Medicine, Issue 94, Concussions, Student-Athletes, Mild Traumatic Brain Injury, Genetics, Cognitive Function, Balance, Gait, Somatosensory
Non-radioactive in situ Hybridization Protocol Applicable for Norway Spruce and a Range of Plant Species
Institutions: Uppsala University, Swedish University of Agricultural Sciences.
The high-throughput expression analysis technologies available today give scientists an overflow of expression profiles but their resolution in terms of tissue specific expression is limited because of problems in dissecting individual tissues. Expression data needs to be confirmed and complemented with expression patterns using e.g. in situ
hybridization, a technique used to localize cell specific mRNA expression. The in situ
hybridization method is laborious, time-consuming and often requires extensive optimization depending on species and tissue. In situ
experiments are relatively more difficult to perform in woody species such as the conifer Norway spruce (Picea abies
). Here we present a modified DIG in situ
hybridization protocol, which is fast and applicable on a wide range of plant species including P. abies
. With just a few adjustments, including altered RNase treatment and proteinase K concentration, we could use the protocol to study tissue specific expression of homologous genes in male reproductive organs of one gymnosperm and two angiosperm species; P. abies, Arabidopsis thaliana
and Brassica napus
. The protocol worked equally well for the species and genes studied. AtAP3
were observed in second and third whorl floral organs in A. thaliana
and B. napus
and DAL13 in microsporophylls of male cones from P. abies
. For P. abies
the proteinase K concentration, used to permeablize the tissues, had to be increased to 3 g/ml instead of 1 g/ml, possibly due to more compact tissues and higher levels of phenolics and polysaccharides. For all species the RNase treatment was removed due to reduced signal strength without a corresponding increase in specificity. By comparing tissue specific expression patterns of homologous genes from both flowering plants and a coniferous tree we demonstrate that the DIG in situ
protocol presented here, with only minute adjustments, can be applied to a wide range of plant species. Hence, the protocol avoids both extensive species specific optimization and the laborious use of radioactively labeled probes in favor of DIG labeled probes. We have chosen to illustrate the technically demanding steps of the protocol in our film.
Anna Karlgren and Jenny Carlsson contributed equally to this study.
Corresponding authors: Anna Karlgren at Anna.Karlgren@ebc.uu.se and Jens F. Sundström at Jens.Sundstrom@vbsg.slu.se
Plant Biology, Issue 26, RNA, expression analysis, Norway spruce, Arabidopsis, rapeseed, conifers
Assessment of Murine Exercise Endurance Without the Use of a Shock Grid: An Alternative to Forced Exercise
Institutions: VA Puget Sound Health Care System, Seattle Institute for Biomedical and Clinical Research, University of Washington, VA Puget Sound Health Care System.
Using laboratory mouse models, the molecular pathways responsible for the metabolic benefits of endurance exercise are beginning to be defined. The most common method for assessing exercise endurance in mice utilizes forced running on a motorized treadmill equipped with a shock grid. Animals who quit running are pushed by the moving treadmill belt onto a grid that delivers an electric foot shock; to escape the negative stimulus, the mice return to running on the belt. However, avoidance behavior and psychological stress due to use of a shock apparatus can interfere with quantitation of running endurance, as well as confound measurements of postexercise serum hormone and cytokine levels. Here, we demonstrate and validate a refined method to measure running endurance in naïve C57BL/6 laboratory mice on a motorized treadmill without utilizing a shock grid. When mice are preacclimated to the treadmill, they run voluntarily with gait speeds specific to each mouse. Use of the shock grid is replaced by gentle encouragement by a human operator using a tongue depressor, coupled with sensitivity to the voluntary willingness to run on the part of the mouse. Clear endpoints for quantifying running time-to-exhaustion for each mouse are defined and reflected in behavioral signs of exhaustion such as splayed posture and labored breathing. This method is a humane refinement which also decreases the confounding effects of stress on experimental parameters.
Behavior, Issue 90, Exercise, Mouse, Treadmill, Endurance, Refinement
Human Skeletal Muscle Biopsy Procedures Using the Modified Bergström Technique
Institutions: Appalacian State University, Appalachian State University, Carolinas Medical Center NorthEast.
The percutaneous biopsy technique enables researchers and clinicians to collect skeletal muscle tissue samples. The technique is safe and highly effective. This video describes the percutaneous biopsy technique using a modified Bergström needle to obtain skeletal muscle tissue samples from the vastus lateralis of human subjects. The Bergström needle consists of an outer cannula with a small opening (‘window’) at the side of the tip and an inner trocar with a cutting blade at the distal end. Under local anesthesia and aseptic conditions, the needle is advanced into the skeletal muscle through an incision in the skin, subcutaneous tissue, and fascia. Next, suction is applied to the inner trocar, the outer trocar is pulled back, skeletal muscle tissue is drawn into the window of the outer cannula by the suction, and the inner trocar is rapidly closed, thus cutting or clipping the skeletal muscle tissue sample. The needle is rotated 90° and another cut is made. This process may be repeated three more times. This multiple cutting technique typically produces a sample of 100-200 mg or more in healthy subjects and can be done immediately before, during, and after a bout of exercise or other intervention. Following post-biopsy dressing of the incision site, subjects typically resume their activities of daily living right away and can fully participate in vigorous physical activity within 48-72 hr. Subjects should avoid heavy resistance exercise for 48 hr to reduce the risk of herniation of the muscle through the incision in the fascia.
Medicine, Issue 91, percutaneous muscle biopsy, needle biopsy, suction-modified, metabolism, enzyme activity, mRNA, gene function, fiber type, histology, metabolomics, skeletal muscle function, humans
A Novel Method for Assessing Proximal and Distal Forelimb Function in the Rat: the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan (IBB) Forelimb Scale
Institutions: University of California, San Francisco.
Several experimental models of cervical spinal cord injury (SCI) have been developed recently to assess the consequences of damage to this level of the spinal cord (Pearse et al.
, 2005, Gensel et al.
, 2006, Anderson et al.
, 2009), as the majority of human SCI occur here (Young, 2010; www.sci-info-pages.com). Behavioral deficits include loss of forelimb function due to damage to the white matter affecting both descending motor and ascending sensory systems, and to the gray matter containing the segmental circuitry for processing sensory input and motor output for the forelimb. Additionally, a key priority for human patients with cervical SCI is restoration of hand/arm function (Anderson, 2004). Thus, outcome measures that assess both proximal and distal forelimb function are needed. Although there are several behavioral assays that are sensitive to different aspects of forelimb recovery in experimental models of cervical SCI (Girgis et al.
, 2007, Gensel et al.
, 2006, Ballerman et al.
, 2001, Metz and Whishaw, 2000, Bertelli and Mira, 1993, Montoya et al.
, 1991, Whishaw and Pellis, 1990), few techniques provide detailed information on the recovery of fine motor control and digit movement.
The current measurement technique, the Irvine, Beatties and Bresnahan forelimb scale (IBB), can detect recovery of both proximal and distal forelimb function including digit movements during a naturally occurring behavior that does not require extensive training or deprivation to enhance motivation. The IBB was generated by observing recovery after a unilateral C6 SCI, and involves video recording of animals eating two differently shaped cereals (spherical and doughnut) of a consistent size. These videos were then used to assess features of forelimb use, such as joint position, object support, digit movement and grasping technique.
The IBB, like other forelimb behavioral tasks, shows a consistent pattern of recovery that is sensitive to injury severity. Furthermore, the IBB scale could be used to assess recovery following other types of injury that impact normal forelimb function.
Neuroscience, Issue 46, spinal cord injury, recovery of function, forelimb function, neurological test, cervical injuries
A Coupled Experiment-finite Element Modeling Methodology for Assessing High Strain Rate Mechanical Response of Soft Biomaterials
Institutions: Mississippi State University, Mississippi State University.
This study offers a combined experimental and finite element (FE) simulation approach for examining the mechanical behavior of soft biomaterials (e.g.
brain, liver, tendon, fat, etc.
) when exposed to high strain rates. This study utilized a Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar (SHPB) to generate strain rates of 100-1,500 sec-1
. The SHPB employed a striker bar consisting of a viscoelastic material (polycarbonate). A sample of the biomaterial was obtained shortly postmortem and prepared for SHPB testing. The specimen was interposed between the incident and transmitted bars, and the pneumatic components of the SHPB were activated to drive the striker bar toward the incident bar. The resulting impact generated a compressive stress wave (i.e.
incident wave) that traveled through the incident bar. When the compressive stress wave reached the end of the incident bar, a portion continued forward through the sample and transmitted bar (i.e.
transmitted wave) while another portion reversed through the incident bar as a tensile wave (i.e.
reflected wave). These waves were measured using strain gages mounted on the incident and transmitted bars. The true stress-strain behavior of the sample was determined from equations based on wave propagation and dynamic force equilibrium. The experimental stress-strain response was three dimensional in nature because the specimen bulged. As such, the hydrostatic stress (first invariant) was used to generate the stress-strain response. In order to extract the uniaxial (one-dimensional) mechanical response of the tissue, an iterative coupled optimization was performed using experimental results and Finite Element Analysis (FEA), which contained an Internal State Variable (ISV) material model used for the tissue. The ISV material model used in the FE simulations of the experimental setup was iteratively calibrated (i.e.
optimized) to the experimental data such that the experiment and FEA strain gage values and first invariant of stresses were in good agreement.
Bioengineering, Issue 99, Split-Hopkinson Pressure Bar, High Strain Rate, Finite Element Modeling, Soft Biomaterials, Dynamic Experiments, Internal State Variable Modeling, Brain, Liver, Tendon, Fat
The Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT): An iPad-Based Disability Assessment Tool
Institutions: Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation, Cleveland Clinic Foundation.
Precise measurement of neurological and neuropsychological impairment and disability in multiple sclerosis is challenging. We report a new test, the Multiple Sclerosis Performance Test (MSPT), which represents a new approach to quantifying MS related disability. The MSPT takes advantage of advances in computer technology, information technology, biomechanics, and clinical measurement science. The resulting MSPT represents a computer-based platform for precise, valid measurement of MS severity. Based on, but extending the Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite (MSFC), the MSPT provides precise, quantitative data on walking speed, balance, manual dexterity, visual function, and cognitive processing speed. The MSPT was tested by 51 MS patients and 49 healthy controls (HC). MSPT scores were highly reproducible, correlated strongly with technician-administered test scores, discriminated MS from HC and severe from mild MS, and correlated with patient reported outcomes. Measures of reliability, sensitivity, and clinical meaning for MSPT scores were favorable compared with technician-based testing. The MSPT is a potentially transformative approach for collecting MS disability outcome data for patient care and research. Because the testing is computer-based, test performance can be analyzed in traditional or novel ways and data can be directly entered into research or clinical databases. The MSPT could be widely disseminated to clinicians in practice settings who are not connected to clinical trial performance sites or who are practicing in rural settings, drastically improving access to clinical trials for clinicians and patients. The MSPT could be adapted to out of clinic settings, like the patient’s home, thereby providing more meaningful real world data. The MSPT represents a new paradigm for neuroperformance testing. This method could have the same transformative effect on clinical care and research in MS as standardized computer-adapted testing has had in the education field, with clear potential to accelerate progress in clinical care and research.
Medicine, Issue 88, Multiple Sclerosis, Multiple Sclerosis Functional Composite, computer-based testing, 25-foot walk test, 9-hole peg test, Symbol Digit Modalities Test, Low Contrast Visual Acuity, Clinical Outcome Measure
Community-based Adapted Tango Dancing for Individuals with Parkinson's Disease and Older Adults
Institutions: Emory University School of Medicine, Brigham and Woman‘s Hospital and Massachusetts General Hospital.
Adapted tango dancing improves mobility and balance in older adults and additional populations with balance impairments. It is composed of very simple step elements. Adapted tango involves movement initiation and cessation, multi-directional perturbations, varied speeds and rhythms. Focus on foot placement, whole body coordination, and attention to partner, path of movement, and aesthetics likely underlie adapted tango’s demonstrated efficacy for improving mobility and balance. In this paper, we describe the methodology to disseminate the adapted tango teaching methods to dance instructor trainees and to implement the adapted tango by the trainees in the community for older adults and individuals with Parkinson’s Disease (PD). Efficacy in improving mobility (measured with the Timed Up and Go, Tandem stance, Berg Balance Scale, Gait Speed and 30 sec chair stand), safety and fidelity of the program is maximized through targeted instructor and volunteer training and a structured detailed syllabus outlining class practices and progression.
Behavior, Issue 94, Dance, tango, balance, pedagogy, dissemination, exercise, older adults, Parkinson's Disease, mobility impairments, falls
A Noninvasive Method For In situ Determination of Mating Success in Female American Lobsters (Homarus americanus)
Institutions: University of New Hampshire, Massachusetts Division of Marine Fisheries, Boston University, Middle College.
Despite being one of the most productive fisheries in the Northwest Atlantic, much remains unknown about the natural reproductive dynamics of American lobsters. Recent work in exploited crustacean populations (crabs and lobsters) suggests that there are circumstances where mature females are unable to achieve their full reproductive potential due to sperm limitation. To examine this possibility in different regions of the American lobster fishery, a reliable and noninvasive method was developed for sampling large numbers of female lobsters at sea. This method involves inserting a blunt-tipped needle into the female's seminal receptacle to determine the presence or absence of a sperm plug and to withdraw a sample that can be examined for the presence of sperm. A series of control studies were conducted at the dock and in the laboratory to test the reliability of this technique. These efforts entailed sampling 294 female lobsters to confirm that the presence of a sperm plug was a reliable indicator of sperm within the receptacle and thus, mating. This paper details the methodology and the results obtained from a subset of the total females sampled. Of the 230 female lobsters sampled from George's Bank and Cape Ann, MA (size range = 71-145 mm in carapace length), 90.3% were positive for sperm. Potential explanations for the absence of sperm in some females include: immaturity (lack of physiological maturity), breakdown of the sperm plug after being used to fertilize a clutch of eggs, and lack of mating activity. The surveys indicate that this technique for examining the mating success of female lobsters is a reliable proxy that can be used in the field to document reproductive activity in natural populations.
Environmental Sciences, Issue 84, sperm limitation, spermatophore, lobster fishery, sex ratios, sperm receptacle, mating, American lobster, Homarus americanus
Automated Interactive Video Playback for Studies of Animal Communication
Institutions: Texas A&M University (TAMU), Texas A&M University (TAMU).
Video playback is a widely-used technique for the controlled manipulation and presentation of visual signals in animal communication. In particular, parameter-based computer animation offers the opportunity to independently manipulate any number of behavioral, morphological, or spectral characteristics in the context of realistic, moving images of animals on screen. A major limitation of conventional playback, however, is that the visual stimulus lacks the ability to interact with the live animal. Borrowing from video-game technology, we have created an automated, interactive system for video playback that controls animations in response to real-time signals from a video tracking system. We demonstrated this method by conducting mate-choice trials on female swordtail fish, Xiphophorus birchmanni
. Females were given a simultaneous choice between a courting male conspecific and a courting male heterospecific (X. malinche
) on opposite sides of an aquarium. The virtual male stimulus was programmed to track the horizontal position of the female, as courting males do in the wild. Mate-choice trials on wild-caught X. birchmanni
females were used to validate the prototype's ability to effectively generate a realistic visual stimulus.
Neuroscience, Issue 48, Computer animation, visual communication, mate choice, Xiphophorus birchmanni, tracking
Assessing Differences in Sperm Competitive Ability in Drosophila
Institutions: University of California, Irvine.
Competition among conspecific males for fertilizing the ova is one of the mechanisms of sexual selection, i.e.
selection that operates on maximizing the number of successful mating events rather than on maximizing survival and viability 1
. Sperm competition represents the competition between males after copulating with the same female 2
, in which their sperm are coincidental in time and space. This phenomenon has been reported in multiple species of plants and animals 3
. For example, wild-caught D. melanogaster
females usually contain sperm from 2-3 males 4
. The sperm are stored in specialized organs with limited storage capacity, which might lead to the direct competition of the sperm from different males 2,5
Comparing sperm competitive ability of different males of interest (experimental male types) has been performed through controlled double-mating experiments in the laboratory 6,7
. Briefly, a single female is exposed to two different males consecutively, one experimental male and one cross-mating reference male. The same mating scheme is then followed using other experimental male types thus facilitating the indirect comparison of the competitive ability of their sperm through a common reference. The fraction of individuals fathered by the experimental and reference males is identified using markers, which allows one to estimate sperm competitive ability using simple mathematical expressions 7,8
. In addition, sperm competitive ability can be estimated in two different scenarios depending on whether the experimental male is second or first to mate (offense and defense assay, respectively) 9
, which is assumed to be reflective of different competence attributes.
Here, we describe an approach that helps to interrogate the role of different genetic factors that putatively underlie the phenomenon of sperm competitive ability in D. melanogaster
Developmental Biology, Issue 78, Molecular Biology, Cellular Biology, Genetics, Biochemistry, Spermatozoa, Drosophila melanogaster, Biological Evolution, Phenotype, genetics (animal and plant), animal biology, double-mating experiment, sperm competitive ability, male fertility, Drosophila, fruit fly, animal model
Using Chronic Social Stress to Model Postpartum Depression in Lactating Rodents
Institutions: Tufts University Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University.
Exposure to chronic stress is a reliable predictor of depressive disorders, and social stress is a common ethologically relevant stressor in both animals and humans. However, many animal models of depression were developed in males and are not applicable or effective in studies of postpartum females. Recent studies have reported significant effects of chronic social stress during lactation, an ethologically relevant and effective stressor, on maternal behavior, growth, and behavioral neuroendocrinology. This manuscript will describe this chronic social stress paradigm using repeated exposure of a lactating dam to a novel male intruder, and the assessment of the behavioral, physiological, and neuroendocrine effects of this model. Chronic social stress (CSS) is a valuable model for studying the effects of stress on the behavior and physiology of the dam as well as her offspring and future generations. The exposure of pups to CSS can also be used as an early life stress that has long term effects on behavior, physiology, and neuroendocrinology.
Behavior, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Physiology, Anatomy, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Neurobehavioral Manifestations, Mental Health, Mood Disorders, Depressive Disorder, Anxiety Disorders, behavioral sciences, Behavior and Behavior Mechanisms, Mental Disorders, Stress, Depression, Anxiety, Postpartum, Maternal Behavior, Nursing, Growth, Transgenerational, animal model
Mass Production of Genetically Modified Aedes aegypti for Field Releases in Brazil
Institutions: Oxitec Ltd, Universidade de São Paulo, Universidade de São Paulo, Moscamed Brasil, University of Oxford, Instituto Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia em Entomologia Molecular (INCT-EM).
New techniques and methods are being sought to try to win the battle against mosquitoes. Recent advances in molecular techniques have led to the development of new and innovative methods of mosquito control based around the Sterile Insect Technique (SIT)1-3
. A control method known as RIDL (Release of Insects carrying a Dominant Lethal)4
, is based around SIT, but uses genetic methods to remove the need for radiation-sterilization5-8
. A RIDL strain of Ae. aegypti
was successfully tested in the field in Grand Cayman9,10
; further field use is planned or in progress in other countries around the world.
Mass rearing of insects has been established in several insect species and to levels of billions a week. However, in mosquitoes, rearing has generally been performed on a much smaller scale, with most large scale rearing being performed in the 1970s and 80s. For a RIDL program it is desirable to release as few females as possible as they bite and transmit disease. In a mass rearing program there are several stages to produce the males to be released: egg production, rearing eggs until pupation, and then sorting males from females before release. These males are then used for a RIDL control program, released as either pupae or adults11,12
To suppress a mosquito population using RIDL a large number of high quality male adults need to be reared13,14
. The following describes the methods for the mass rearing of OX513A, a RIDL strain of Ae. aegypti 8,
for release and covers the techniques required for the production of eggs and mass rearing RIDL males for a control program.
Basic Protocol, Issue 83, Aedes aegypti, mass rearing, population suppression, transgenic, insect, mosquito, dengue
Barnes Maze Testing Strategies with Small and Large Rodent Models
Institutions: University of Missouri, Food and Drug Administration.
Spatial learning and memory of laboratory rodents is often assessed via navigational ability in mazes, most popular of which are the water and dry-land (Barnes) mazes. Improved performance over sessions or trials is thought to reflect learning and memory of the escape cage/platform location. Considered less stressful than water mazes, the Barnes maze is a relatively simple design of a circular platform top with several holes equally spaced around the perimeter edge. All but one of the holes are false-bottomed or blind-ending, while one leads to an escape cage. Mildly aversive stimuli (e.g.
bright overhead lights) provide motivation to locate the escape cage. Latency to locate the escape cage can be measured during the session; however, additional endpoints typically require video recording. From those video recordings, use of automated tracking software can generate a variety of endpoints that are similar to those produced in water mazes (e.g.
distance traveled, velocity/speed, time spent in the correct quadrant, time spent moving/resting, and confirmation of latency). Type of search strategy (i.e.
random, serial, or direct) can be categorized as well. Barnes maze construction and testing methodologies can differ for small rodents, such as mice, and large rodents, such as rats. For example, while extra-maze cues are effective for rats, smaller wild rodents may require intra-maze cues with a visual barrier around the maze. Appropriate stimuli must be identified which motivate the rodent to locate the escape cage. Both Barnes and water mazes can be time consuming as 4-7 test trials are typically required to detect improved learning and memory performance (e.g.
shorter latencies or path lengths to locate the escape platform or cage) and/or differences between experimental groups. Even so, the Barnes maze is a widely employed behavioral assessment measuring spatial navigational abilities and their potential disruption by genetic, neurobehavioral manipulations, or drug/ toxicant exposure.
Behavior, Issue 84, spatial navigation, rats, Peromyscus, mice, intra- and extra-maze cues, learning, memory, latency, search strategy, escape motivation
Perceptual and Category Processing of the Uncanny Valley Hypothesis' Dimension of Human Likeness: Some Methodological Issues
Institutions: University of Zurich.
Mori's Uncanny Valley Hypothesis1,2
proposes that the perception of humanlike characters such as robots and, by extension, avatars (computer-generated characters) can evoke negative or positive affect (valence) depending on the object's degree of visual and behavioral realism along a dimension of human likeness
) (Figure 1
). But studies of affective valence of subjective responses to variously realistic non-human characters have produced inconsistent findings 3, 4, 5, 6
. One of a number of reasons for this is that human likeness is not perceived as the hypothesis assumes. While the DHL can be defined following Mori's description as a smooth linear change in the degree of physical humanlike similarity, subjective perception of objects along the DHL can be understood in terms of the psychological effects of categorical perception (CP) 7
. Further behavioral and neuroimaging investigations of category processing and CP along the DHL and of the potential influence of the dimension's underlying category structure on affective experience are needed. This protocol therefore focuses on the DHL and allows examination of CP. Based on the protocol presented in the video as an example, issues surrounding the methodology in the protocol and the use in "uncanny" research of stimuli drawn from morph continua to represent the DHL are discussed in the article that accompanies the video. The use of neuroimaging and morph stimuli to represent the DHL in order to disentangle brain regions neurally responsive to physical human-like similarity from those responsive to category change and category processing is briefly illustrated.
Behavior, Issue 76, Neuroscience, Neurobiology, Molecular Biology, Psychology, Neuropsychology, uncanny valley, functional magnetic resonance imaging, fMRI, categorical perception, virtual reality, avatar, human likeness, Mori, uncanny valley hypothesis, perception, magnetic resonance imaging, MRI, imaging, clinical techniques
Environmental Modulations of the Number of Midbrain Dopamine Neurons in Adult Mice
Institutions: The University of Melbourne.
Long-lasting changes in the brain or ‘brain plasticity’ underlie adaptive behavior and brain repair following disease or injury. Furthermore, interactions with our environment can induce brain plasticity. Increasingly, research is trying to identify which environments stimulate brain plasticity beneficial for treating brain and behavioral disorders. Two environmental manipulations are described which increase or decrease the number of tyrosine hydroxylase immunopositive (TH+, the rate-limiting enzyme in dopamine (DA) synthesis) neurons in the adult mouse midbrain. The first comprises pairing male and female mice together continuously for 1 week, which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in males, but decreases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 12% in females. The second comprises housing mice continuously for 2 weeks in ‘enriched environments’ (EE) containing running wheels, toys, ropes, nesting material, etc., which increases midbrain TH+ neurons by approximately 14% in males. Additionally, a protocol is described for concurrently infusing drugs directly into the midbrain during these environmental manipulations to help identify mechanisms underlying environmentally-induced brain plasticity. For example, EE-induction of more midbrain TH+ neurons is abolished by concurrent blockade of synaptic input onto midbrain neurons. Together, these data indicate that information about the environment is relayed via synaptic input to midbrain neurons to switch on or off expression of ‘DA’ genes. Thus, appropriate environmental stimulation, or drug targeting of the underlying mechanisms, might be helpful for treating brain and behavioral disorders associated with imbalances in midbrain DA (e.g.
Parkinson’s disease, attention deficit and hyperactivity disorder, schizophrenia, and drug addiction).
Neuroscience, Issue 95, Behavior, midbrain, tyrosine hydroxylase, dopamine, plasticity, substantia nigra pars compacta
A Restriction Enzyme Based Cloning Method to Assess the In vitro Replication Capacity of HIV-1 Subtype C Gag-MJ4 Chimeric Viruses
Institutions: Emory University, Emory University.
The protective effect of many HLA class I alleles on HIV-1 pathogenesis and disease progression is, in part, attributed to their ability to target conserved portions of the HIV-1 genome that escape with difficulty. Sequence changes attributed to cellular immune pressure arise across the genome during infection, and if found within conserved regions of the genome such as Gag, can affect the ability of the virus to replicate in vitro
. Transmission of HLA-linked polymorphisms in Gag to HLA-mismatched recipients has been associated with reduced set point viral loads. We hypothesized this may be due to a reduced replication capacity of the virus. Here we present a novel method for assessing the in vitro
replication of HIV-1 as influenced by the gag
gene isolated from acute time points from subtype C infected Zambians. This method uses restriction enzyme based cloning to insert the gag
gene into a common subtype C HIV-1 proviral backbone, MJ4. This makes it more appropriate to the study of subtype C sequences than previous recombination based methods that have assessed the in vitro
replication of chronically derived gag-pro
sequences. Nevertheless, the protocol could be readily modified for studies of viruses from other subtypes. Moreover, this protocol details a robust and reproducible method for assessing the replication capacity of the Gag-MJ4 chimeric viruses on a CEM-based T cell line. This method was utilized for the study of Gag-MJ4 chimeric viruses derived from 149 subtype C acutely infected Zambians, and has allowed for the identification of residues in Gag that affect replication. More importantly, the implementation of this technique has facilitated a deeper understanding of how viral replication defines parameters of early HIV-1 pathogenesis such as set point viral load and longitudinal CD4+ T cell decline.
Infectious Diseases, Issue 90, HIV-1, Gag, viral replication, replication capacity, viral fitness, MJ4, CEM, GXR25
Protocol for Studying Extinction of Conditioned Fear in Naturally Cycling Female Rats
Institutions: Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School.
Extinction of conditioned fear has been extensively studied in male rodents. Recently, there have been an increasing number of studies indicating that neural mechanisms for certain behavioral tasks and response behaviors are different in females and males. Using females in research studies can represent a challenge because of the variation of gonadal hormones during their estrous cycle. This protocol describes well-established procedures that are useful in investigating the role of estrogen in fear extinction memory consolidation in female rats. Phase of the estrous cycle and exogenous estrogen administration prior to extinction training can influence extinction recall 24 hr later. The vaginal swabbing technique for estrous phase identification described here aids the examination and manipulation of naturally cycling gonadal hormones. The use of this basic rodent model may further delineate the mechanisms by which estrogen can modulate fear extinction memory in females.
Behavior, Issue 96, estrogen, fear extinction, sex differences, estradiol, proestrus, metestrus, female, PTSD, anxiety
Moderate Prenatal Alcohol Exposure and Quantification of Social Behavior in Adult Rats
Institutions: University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, University of New Mexico, University of Lethbridge.
Alterations in social behavior are among the major negative consequences observed in children with Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders (FASDs). Several independent laboratories have demonstrated robust alterations in the social behavior of rodents exposed to alcohol during brain development across a wide range of exposure durations, timing, doses, and ages at the time of behavioral quantification. Prior work from this laboratory has identified reliable alterations in specific forms of social interaction following moderate prenatal alcohol exposure (PAE) in the rat that persist well into adulthood, including increased wrestling and decreased investigation. These behavioral alterations have been useful in identifying neural circuits altered by moderate PAE1
, and may hold importance for progressing toward a more complete understanding of the neural bases of PAE-related alterations in social behavior. This paper describes procedures for performing moderate PAE in which rat dams voluntarily consume ethanol or saccharin (control) throughout gestation, and measurement of social behaviors in adult offspring.
Neuroscience, Issue 94, Aggression, Alcohol Teratogenesis, Alcohol-related Neurodevelopmental Disorders, ARND, Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders, FASD, Fetal Alcohol Syndrome, FAS, Social interaction
Harvesting Sperm and Artificial Insemination of Mice
Institutions: University of California, Irvine (UCI).
Rodents of the genus Peromyscus (deer mice) are the most prevalent native North American mammals. Peromyscus species are used in a wide range of research including toxicology, epidemiology, ecology, behavioral, and genetic studies. Here they provide a useful model for demonstrations of artificial insemination.
Methods similar to those displayed here have previously been used in several deer mouse studies, yet no detailed protocol has been published. Here we demonstrate the basic method of artificial insemination. This method entails extracting the testes from the rodent, then isolating the sperm from the epididymis and vas deferens. The mature sperm, now in a milk mixture, are placed in the female’s reproductive tract at the time of ovulation. Fertilization is counted as day 0 for timing of embryo development. Embryos can then be retrieved at the desired time-point and manipulated.
Artificial insemination can be used in a variety of rodent species where exact embryo timing is crucial or hard to obtain. This technique is vital for species or strains (including most Peromyscus) which may not mate immediately and/or where mating is hard to assess. In addition, artificial insemination provides exact timing for embryo development either in mapping developmental progress and/or transgenic work. Reduced numbers of animals can be used since fertilization is guaranteed. This method has been vital to furthering the Peromyscus system, and will hopefully benefit others as well.
Developmental Biology, Issue 3, sperm, mouse, artificial insemination, dissection
A Strategy to Identify de Novo Mutations in Common Disorders such as Autism and Schizophrenia
Institutions: Universite de Montreal, Universite de Montreal, Universite de Montreal.
There are several lines of evidence supporting the role of de novo
mutations as a mechanism for common disorders, such as autism and schizophrenia. First, the de novo
mutation rate in humans is relatively high, so new mutations are generated at a high frequency in the population. However, de novo
mutations have not been reported in most common diseases. Mutations in genes leading to severe diseases where there is a strong negative selection against the phenotype, such as lethality in embryonic stages or reduced reproductive fitness, will not be transmitted to multiple family members, and therefore will not be detected by linkage gene mapping or association studies. The observation of very high concordance in monozygotic twins and very low concordance in dizygotic twins also strongly supports the hypothesis that a significant fraction of cases may result from new mutations. Such is the case for diseases such as autism and schizophrenia. Second, despite reduced reproductive fitness1
and extremely variable environmental factors, the incidence of some diseases is maintained worldwide at a relatively high and constant rate. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia, with an incidence of approximately 1% worldwide. Mutational load can be thought of as a balance between selection for or against a deleterious mutation and its production by de novo
mutation. Lower rates of reproduction constitute a negative selection factor that should reduce the number of mutant alleles in the population, ultimately leading to decreased disease prevalence. These selective pressures tend to be of different intensity in different environments. Nonetheless, these severe mental disorders have been maintained at a constant relatively high prevalence in the worldwide population across a wide range of cultures and countries despite a strong negative selection against them2
. This is not what one would predict in diseases with reduced reproductive fitness, unless there was a high new mutation rate. Finally, the effects of paternal age: there is a significantly increased risk of the disease with increasing paternal age, which could result from the age related increase in paternal de novo
mutations. This is the case for autism and schizophrenia3
. The male-to-female ratio of mutation rate is estimated at about 4–6:1, presumably due to a higher number of germ-cell divisions with age in males. Therefore, one would predict that de novo
mutations would more frequently come from males, particularly older males4
. A high rate of new mutations may in part explain why genetic studies have so far failed to identify many genes predisposing to complexes diseases genes, such as autism and schizophrenia, and why diseases have been identified for a mere 3% of genes in the human genome. Identification for de novo
mutations as a cause of a disease requires a targeted molecular approach, which includes studying parents and affected subjects. The process for determining if the genetic basis of a disease may result in part from de novo
mutations and the molecular approach to establish this link will be illustrated, using autism and schizophrenia as examples.
Medicine, Issue 52, de novo mutation, complex diseases, schizophrenia, autism, rare variations, DNA sequencing
An Investigation of the Effects of Sports-related Concussion in Youth Using Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging and the Head Impact Telemetry System
Institutions: University of Toronto, University of Toronto, University of Toronto, Bloorview Kids Rehab, Toronto Rehab, Sunnybrook Health Sciences Centre, University of Toronto.
One of the most commonly reported injuries in children who participate in sports is concussion or mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI)1
. Children and youth involved in organized sports such as competitive hockey are nearly six times more likely to suffer a severe concussion compared to children involved in other leisure physical activities2
. While the most common cognitive sequelae of mTBI appear similar for children and adults, the recovery profile and breadth of consequences in children remains largely unknown2
, as does the influence of pre-injury characteristics (e.g. gender) and injury details (e.g. magnitude and direction of impact) on long-term outcomes. Competitive sports, such as hockey, allow the rare opportunity to utilize a pre-post design to obtain pre-injury data before concussion occurs on youth characteristics and functioning and to relate this to outcome following injury. Our primary goals are to refine pediatric concussion diagnosis and management based on research evidence that is specific to children and youth. To do this we use new, multi-modal and integrative approaches that will:
1.Evaluate the immediate effects of head trauma in youth
2.Monitor the resolution of post-concussion symptoms (PCS) and cognitive performance during recovery
3.Utilize new methods to verify brain injury and recovery
To achieve our goals, we have implemented the Head Impact Telemetry (HIT) System. (Simbex; Lebanon, NH, USA). This system equips commercially available Easton S9 hockey helmets (Easton-Bell Sports; Van Nuys, CA, USA) with single-axis accelerometers designed to measure real-time head accelerations during contact sport participation 3 - 5
. By using telemetric technology, the magnitude of acceleration and location of all head impacts during sport participation can be objectively detected and recorded. We also use functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to localize and assess changes in neural activity specifically in the medial temporal and frontal lobes during the performance of cognitive tasks, since those are the cerebral regions most sensitive to concussive head injury 6
. Finally, we are acquiring structural imaging data sensitive to damage in brain white matter.
Medicine, Issue 47, Mild traumatic brain injury, concussion, fMRI, youth, Head Impact Telemetry System | <urn:uuid:1560ae4b-2184-4172-a825-bf36161b6eca> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.jove.com/visualize/abstract/25853679/can-persistence-hunting-signal-male-quality-test-considering-digit | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00200-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916759 | 10,866 | 3.421875 | 3 |
The city gained its name from the first Lieutenant-Governor of Upper Canada, John Graves Simcoe (in office 1791–1796), who named the area after his friend, William Markham, the Archbishop of York from 1776 to 1807. The first European settlement in Markham occurred when William Berczy, a German artist and developer, led a group of approximately sixty-four German families to North America. While they initially planned to settle in New York, disputes over finances and land tenure there would eventually lead to Berczy to negotiate with Simcoe for 64,000 acres (260km2) in Markham Township in 1794. Through much of Markham's history the community has been described as an agricultural community. A turn towards a more urbanized community within the township began after World War II when the township had begun to feel the effects of urban encroachment from Toronto. The completion of Highway 404 during the mid-1970s further accelerated urban development in Markham.
This is a list of past and present Senators of Canada representing the province of Ontario. Ontario has had an allocation of 24 senators since the time of Confederation. The province is also one of four regional Senate divisions under Section 26 of the Constitution Act that allows for the expansion of the Senate by one or two senators per region.
1 Senators are appointed to represent Ontario. Each senator may choose to designate a geographic area within Ontario as his or her division. 2 Senators are appointed by the Governor-General of Canada in the Queen's name on the recommendation of the prime minister. 3 Division designated as Toronto Centre from 000000001984-01-13-0000January 13, 1984 to 000000002001-02-14-0000February 14, 2001 and Toronto Centre-York from 000000002001-02-15-0000February 15, 2001 to the present.
1 Senators are appointed to represent Ontario. Each senator may choose to designate a geographic area within Ontario as his or her division. 2 Senators are appointed by the Governor-General of Canada in the Queen's name on the recommendation of the prime minister; the initial 24 senators were named by a Royal Proclamation at the time of confederation.
Harold Hall and Vincent Gray were firemen in the borough of Etobicoke, Ontario. As part of the collective agreement between the borough and the union, all firefighters were required to retire at the age of 60. When Hall and Grey were forced to retire they brought a complaint for age discrimination under section 4(1) of the Ontario Human Rights Code which prohibited discrimination in recruitment or dismissal based on age among other grounds.
The respondents defended their actions by arguing that the rule was a bona fide occupational requirement (BFOR). Namely, that the rule was required to maintain an acceptable standard for firefighting.
MARKHAM, ON / ACCESSWIRE / August 11, 2022 / iFabric Corp ... "I am extremely pleased to report record Q3 revenue, up 26% compared to Q3 2021 ... Karon ... Karon ... 2022202120222021. $$$$ ... *Note ... Adjusted EBITDA ... Headquartered in Markham, Ontario, iFabric, www.ifabriccorp.com, is listed on the TSX and, currently has 29.6 million shares issued and outstanding ... Tel ... .
CRANBURY, N.J., Aug ...There are three types of MPNs. polycythemia vera (PV), essential thrombocythemia (ET) and myelofibrosis (MF). Supporting sponsors of the trek are Incyte, GSK and PharmaEssentia ... In 2016, Jolaine was diagnosed with an MPN ... He will hike to support the community of his fellow patients with MPNs.Cheryl Petruk (Markham, Ontario) ... .
MARKHAM, ON / ACCESSWIRE / July 21, 2022 / iFabric Corp. ("iFabric" or the "Company") (TSX.IFA)(OTCQX.IFABF), today provides an update on its clinical trial of medical garments (i.e ... Karon ... ABOUT ProTX2 ... Headquartered in Markham, Ontario, iFabric, www.ifabriccorp.com, is listed on the TSX and, currently has 29.7 million shares issued and outstanding ... .
Fully managed solution provides outstanding quality video stream. MARKHAM, ON and NEW YORK, July 21, 2022 /PRNewswire/ - Enghouse Networks, a leading global IPTV SaaS platform solutions provider, and Broadpeak®, a major global video streaming company, have been selected by Americable International, Inc ... About Enghouse Networks ... of Markham, Ontario.
Tuesday’s MLB All-Star Game will have two area ties who are also closers for their respective teams they come from ... Helsley, a St ... and 4.56 ... In 34 appearances this season, the Markham, Ontario, native owns a 3-2 record to go along with a 2.73 ERA and 37 strikeouts ... .
(CNN) — Elon Musk, the Tesla and SpaceX CEO and world’s richest man, welcomed twins last year with an executive at one of his other companies, Neuralink, Business Insider reported on Wednesday ... She grew up in Markham, Ontario, and graduated in 2007 from Yale, where she was starting goalie for the ice hockey team ... Related Articles ... .
Elon Musk, CEO of Tesla and SpaceX and co-CEO of Neuralink ... Zilis, 36, has had a successful career in both venture capital and artificial intelligence — here's everything we know about her.Zilis grew up in Ontario, Canada, and is a lifelong athlete. Zilis was born in Markham, Ontario, and grew up playing ice hockey ... .... | <urn:uuid:6025da40-000d-4b46-a2c8-8a65f50d7c10> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wn.com/Markham,_Ontario | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00679.warc.gz | en | 0.959299 | 1,213 | 3.046875 | 3 |
Despite Billion-Dollar Budget, Nuclear Regulatory Commission Cancels Project Studying Cancer near Nuclear Facilities
A five-year federal pilot program to determine levels of contamination around eight other nuclear facilities in the United States was cancelled this week because, apparently, the U.S. Nuclear Regulatory Commission (NRC) is already doing such a fine job of oversight.
“The NRC continues to find U.S. nuclear power plants comply with strict requirements that limit radiation releases from routine operations,” agency spokesman Scott Burnell wrote in defense of the decision. “The NRC and state agencies regularly analyze environmental samples from near the plants. These analyses show the releases, when they occur, are too small to cause observable increases in cancer risk near the facilities.”
There is nothing to see, so why waste the time and money. “The NRC determined that continuing the work was impractical, given the significant amount of time and resources needed and the agency’s current budget constraints.”
The cost was $8 million, $1.5 million of which has already been spent. The NRC has a budget of more than $1 billion. Results from the testing were not expected until at least the end of the decade. The study, led by National Academy of Sciences (NAS) researchers, was meant to update a 1990 National Cancer Institute (NCI) report that focused on cancer mortality, with limited occurrence of the disease in two states.
The NRC decided in 2007 to update the report and contacted the NAS to commence a two-phase study of cancer risks in populations living near NRC-licensed facilities. Phase 1 was to determine if doing the study was feasible. The conclusion reached in 2012 was “Yes.”
Phase 2 was to be broken into two parts: planning and execution. The commission killed it on Tuesday. Nuclear sites to be studied included active and decommissioned plants in California, Connecticut, Illinois, Michigan and New Jersey. A nuclear fuel fabrication plant in Tennessee was also on the list.
Supporters of the program are not happy. “Study after study in Europe has shown a clear rise in childhood leukemia around operating nuclear power facilities, yet the NRC has decided to hide this vital information from the American public,” said Cindy Folkers, radiation and health specialist at Beyond Nuclear.
Folkers blamed nuclear industry manipulation. Beyond Nuclear points to the NRC staff recommendation (pdf) that the commission drop the program. The policy issue document mentions a cheaper, crummier project pitched by the president of the U.S. National Council on Radiation Protection and Measurements (NCRP), but the staff concludes that no study is worth doing.
U.S. Senator Edward Markey (D-Massachusetts), who pushed for the cancer study in 2009, also did not sound happy. He said,
“We need a thorough, accurate accounting of the health risks associated with living near nuclear facilities so residents can know if there are any adverse health impacts. But the NRC has decided to take a ‘Don’t Ask, Don’t Tell’ approach to this public health concern by ceasing work on what could be a lifesaving cancer risk research study.”
To Learn More:
Cancer Risk Study Canceled at San Onofre (by Morgan Lee, San Diego Union-Tribune)
Regulators Halt Study of Cancer Risks at 7 Nuclear Plants (by Stephen Singer, Associated Press)
NRC Pulls Plug on Cancer Study near Nuclear Plants (by Christine Legere, Cape Cod Times)
Memo on Analysis of Cancer Risks in Populations near Nuclear Facilities Study (Nuclear Regulatory Commission staff) (pdf)
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- Percentage of Insured Americans and Access to Doctors Worse than Nearly All Other Industrialized Nations
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- Cigarette Smoking is linked to 25% of All Cancer Deaths in U.S. | <urn:uuid:a63dfba8-ca83-45fe-8146-cf8087f7efd2> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.allgov.com/news/controversies/despite-billion-dollar-budget-nuclear-regulatory-commission-cancels-project-studying-cancer-near-nuclear-facilities-150912?news=857406 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720380.80/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00054-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949947 | 915 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Hundreds of millions of people across Europe will wake up on Christmas Day and rush to their tree to open the presents left for them.
But although that Christmas tradition is seemingly universal, others are very typical of just one country and range from the boisterous — rowdy carols — to the slightly inconvenient — keeping a carp in the bathtub.
Here’s a round-up of how Europeans celebrate Christmas differently.
Icelandic children start receiving their presents on December 11 — and no, it’s not because of their proximity to the North Pole — but naughty ones get something unpleasant delivered in their footwear by a band of mischievous tricksters collectively known as the Yule Lads.
While most countries decorate their cities with a depiction of Father Christmas or a nativity scene, in Spain, one of the ubiquitous sights adorning squares is that of a defecating shepherd. Santa is also not necessarily the gifter-in chief in some parts, but goal mongers by the names of Olentzero and Apalpador.
In such a land of food and with stark geographic and climatic differences between the north and south, there is no single Christmas menu. Northern Italians, who are more likely to huddle around a fireplace favour hearty, meaty meals while in the south, where Christmas dinner can be enjoyed al fresco, fish is more de rigueur.
In any case, pasta rules the table!
The Christmas meal features a carp and tradition dictate that you keep it in the bathtub until December 24. Nowadays, however, carp sellers lining the streets in the run-up to the holiday, prepare it for the more squeamish.
Gifts are not delivered by Santa or coal mongers but by Baby Jesus, as is the tree and any post-holiday stupor or food coma is swiftly dealt with a traditional dip in a river. | <urn:uuid:e5b30616-20f5-4c30-b2d6-03b11ea69923> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://9newsng.com/trolls-carps-and-defecating-shepherds-how-europe-toasts-christmas/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00666.warc.gz | en | 0.949671 | 392 | 2.265625 | 2 |
Next Wednesday, April 29, the New Hampshire House of Representatives will hear Senate Bill 116, NRA-backed Right-to-Carry reform legislation.
Senate Bill 116, sponsored by Senator Jeb Bradley (R-3), is critical pro-gun legislation that would expand your Second Amendment rights in the Granite State by:
- Repealing the existing law requiring a person to have a concealed firearm license in order to carry concealed (permitless carry)
- Increasing the length of time a license to carry is valid
- Directing the State Police to enter into reciprocity agreements with other states to recognize their licenses
- Leaving the current carry permitting system intact for those who wish to participate in reciprocal concealed carry permit agreements when traveling to other states
In New Hampshire, existing state law recognizes the right of any citizen who can legally own/possess a firearm to carry it openly, either loaded or unloaded, anywhere in the state. Since law-abiding citizens can carry a firearm openly without a permit, they should not become criminals just because they put on a jacket or place their firearm in their purse or briefcase. Law-abiding citizens do not suddenly turn into violent criminals just because they choose to conceal their firearm.
Please contact your state Representative(s) TODAY and urge them to join neighboring Vermont in support of permitless carry by voting in support of Senate Bill 116.
If you are unsure of who represents you, click here. | <urn:uuid:4b60497a-d747-4a6b-83d0-b89da4ccef21> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nraila.org/articles/20150424/new-hampshire-right-to-carry-reform-advances-to-house-floor-next-week | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280899.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00576-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.941716 | 292 | 1.507813 | 2 |
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versión On-line ISSN 0717-6821
Cuad. econ. v.43 n.127 Santiago mayo 2006
Cuadernos de Economía, Vol. 43 (Mayo), pp. 193-220, 2006
Procyclical Productivity in Manufacturing*
We study the cyclical behavior of labor productivity in eighty industries of the Chilean manufacturing sector in the 1979-2001 period. We find that labor productivity at the sector-level is procyclical but it is a-cyclical when using aggregate data. We provide an analytical and empirical explanation for this divergence. We also use an econometric model to quantify the determinants of productivity. The results indicate that technology shocks account for one half of productivity growth, thus supporting the supply shocks hypothesis as the main source of business cycles in Chile. The other 50% of the productivity changes is explained by reallocation of resources from less to more productive sectors as well as the presence of increasing returns. Variations in factor utilization were insignificant.
JEL: E32, J24, C1
Keywords: Productivity, Procyclical, Manufacturing, Aggregation Bias.
It is now generally accepted that aggregate labor productivity tends to rise during booms and fall during recessions1. This fact is at odds with classical economic theory which suggests that labor productivity should be countercyclical as a result of the law of diminishing returns to factors. Traditional explanations for this puzzle are procyclical technology shocks (e.g., Kydland and Prescott, 1982), imperfect competition and increasing returns (e.g., Hall, 1990), and variable capital utilization and labor hoarding (e.g., Burnside et al., 1993).
An important limitation of this literature is its reliance on aggregate data. While useful, aggregate data are limited by biases arising from the construction of aggregate series of productivity, capacity utilization, and resource relocation. As shown in this paper, the composition of aggregate productivity indexes can severely distort the measurement of the cyclical properties of productivity. A second limitation is that most of the evidence is only available for developed economies.2 Data from developing economies -which remains largely unexplored- could provide important insights to understand the response of firms to shocks, given that economic cycles tend to be more pronounced in emerging economies.
In this paper we use data from the Chilean manufacturing firms for the 1979-2001 period to study the cyclical behavior of labor productivity at the sector level, its determinants, and its relationship with economic activity. The Chilean case is interesting because its economy is very dynamic, small for international standards but quite open to foreign markets, and largely free of preferential tax treatments for selected industries. The economy has grown at impressive rates in the last two decades while, at the same time, it has been subject to significant external shocks. Consequently, firms have had to continuously adjust to a changing environment. Studies using macroeconomic data suggest that the impressive annual growth rate of 5% in the last 20 years is largely the result of technological innovation and a dramatic change in capital-labor ratios (Bergoeing et al., 2002). At the microeconomic level, Camhi et al. (1997) provide evidence that productivity increased in the 1979-1994 period as a result of the entry of new firms that were more efficient than incumbents.
A simple model is developed in section 2 to provide a framework for the analysis, embedding five alternative hypotheses on the correlation between labor productivity and economic cycles. In section 3 we encompass these hypotheses in a testable specification, which takes into account the nature of the data, the need to control for changes in the use of intermediate goods, and the implications of aggregating firm-level productivity. Section 4 describes the structure of the data and presents evidence of procyclical labor productivity at the aggregate level. However, we find no evidence of procyclicality when using the aggregate data of the ENIA firms; correlation is 0.06. When studying this correlation industry by industry we found that most sectors exhibit significant procyclical productivity; the simple average of the individual correlations is around 0.64. Section 5 reconciles this apparently conflicting individual and aggregate evidence both from an analytical and empirical point of view. It documents that aggregation biases arising in the construction of the aggregate productivity series distort the cross-industry correlation between cycles in labor productivity and economic activity. This reflects the substantial heterogeneity not only in the productivity structure of ENIA firms but also in the timing of the cycles of the different industries. Productivity is procyclical across industries but the cyclical phases of the industries are significantly different between each other, leading to an aggregate a-cyclical productivity.
Section 6 tests the determinants of productivity in the Chilean industry using an econometric model that allows us to quantify the relative contribution of the above mentioned explanations of procyclical productivity. The results indicate that technology shocks account for around one half of productivity changes in the 1979-2001 period, thus supporting the supply shocks hypothesis as the main source of business cycles in Chile. The other half of the productivity changes are explained mainly by the exploitation of increasing returns in the 1980s and by reallocation effects between industries of different productivity in the 1990s. Variations in the utilization rates of inputs tend to play a less significant contribution to changes in productivity in the long run. Section 7 collects the main conclusions.
2. ALTERNATIVE EXPLANATIONS FOR LABOR PRODUCTIVITY CYCLES
We develop a stylized, flexible model of market interaction to derive our average labor productivity measure and its correlation with business cycles. The starting point of the analysis is the following generalized function:
where F is a generic production function, Yit is the real value added of the firm i at time t, Ait is a strictly positive level of technology, Kit is the stock of capital and uit its utilization rate, Lit represents total hours worked and eit is the effort per unit of work, and Yt is the aggregate output of the industry in which the firm operates. Utilization and effort variables are in the [0,1] interval. Parameter n in the internal [0,1] denotes the existence of external effects, as described below.
Assume that each firm faces a demand curve with constant price-elasticity. The inverse demand curve is:
where Pit is the price of the good produced by the firm, Dit is a parameter that captures idiosyncratic features in the demand, hit is a stochastic i.i.d. shock that affects all firms, and f is a constant that allows for either competitive (f = 1) or imperfectly competitive behavior (f < 1).
Technology evolves according to the following law of motion:
where eit is a stochastic i.i.d. technology shock and r is a constant with values between 0 and 1. These three equations describe the structure of the economy. We assume equilibrium at all times.
Productivity cyclicality is assessed using the correlation between cyclical measures of output and average labor productivity. When such correlation is positive, labor productivity is said to be procyclical; likewise, when it is negative productivity is dubbed countercyclical. Cyclical fluctuations in labor productivity arise as a result of supply and demand shocks. Consequently, we study the sign of d(where tit is either a supply or a demand shock) and its correlation to output under alternative assumptions about the structure of the economy. There are five cases of interest, which we discuss below, stressing either supply side elements (as in the business cycle literature) or demand-driven elements, as in classical economics or in the more recent models of factor hoarding and of external effects affecting firm's production and productivity.
Traditional Model. This model assumes that there are no external effects, unused capital, or idle labor in the firm. It also assumes that technology is stationary. Consequently, the production function becomes and the response of productivity to demand shocks (hit) is:
where denotes the derivative of the production function with respect to labor. Equation (4) is usually negative because is positive and the term in the parenthesis is negative since is the equilibrium payment to labor. Therefore, average labor productivity is countercyclical. The intuition is that firms do not change their production technology and, therefore, in the short run demand shocks induce a movement along the (decreasing) marginal productivity curve.
Technology shocks. This explanation -as proposed in the real business cycles literature pioneered by Kydland and Prescott (1982)- focuses on technology shocks (eit) as the driving force of economic cycles. Assume that there are no external effects, unused capital, or idle labor in the firm. In such case, the production function is similar to that in the traditional model, except that productivity is now time-varying. Average labor productivity becomes procyclical since:
Labor hoarding. Following Baily et al. (2001), assume that there are no external effects, technology shocks, or unused capital but labor comprises time allocated to production, qit, and time dedicated to maintenance and training, mit. Naturally, . The component mit is thought of as producing human capital and/or providing maintenance to the stock of capital that, otherwise, should be added to the capital input measure or included as a new factor in the production function. From equation (1) , hence . Hoarding occurs due to the existence of labor rigidities in the short run (e.g., fire and hire costs); firms adjust the effort of workers and reassign the labor force to non-directly productive activities such as maintenance or training. The response of average labor productivity to demand shocks in this case is:
Equation (6) is similar to that of the traditional model, except for the scaling to eit and the second term. Since the latter is positive, labor productivity could be procyclical if mit is large enough (or effort eit is small enough). That is, introducing varying levels of effort, the response of labor productivity to a demand shock could be the opposite of that in the traditional model.
Increasing returns to scale. In the absence of technology shocks and labor hoarding, one should expect that firms vary the effective utilization of inputs proportionally when the production function has increasing returns to scale (Hall, 1990 and Basu, 1996). It can be assumed that the rate of capital utilization displays a linear relationship with labor demand, . The production function becomes and the response of labor productivity to a demand shock is procyclical, since:
External effects. Following Caballero and Lyons (1992) assume that production takes place in the traditional environment, except for the presence of external effects not associated to input variations. These externalities could emerge from the increased possibilities of matching among agents (and profits) that arise in large-size markets. Since the magnitude of transactions between firms and their
customers is the key factor in the transmission of short-run external effects, these externalities are captured in the production function through a factor that consider the level of aggregate economic activity (u > 0). The effect of economic activity on the fluctuations of average labor productivity is clearly positive:
3. Model Encompassing
When confronting these alternative explanations of procyclical labor productivity with the data it is necessary to setup an encompassing model and deal with the existence of intermediate inputs and market power. Fernald and Basu (2000) show that conventional measures of labor productivity (e.g., value added per worker) are sensitive to changes in intermediate goods and, thus, do not provide a reliable basis for assessing its cyclical properties. We start by including intermediate inputs in the production function and, then, decompose gross-output growth in terms of variations in utilization of inputs, imperfect competition, and technical change. Next, we focus on aggregation issues.
Dealing with intermediate inputs
As a starting point, consider the following gross-output (GY) equation
where , represents intermediate inputs and Tit is a technology index included to capture the correct Solow residual in the empirical estimations.
Let the firm's production function be locally homogeneous of degree g in total inputs (constant returns implies that g = 1). Returns to scale can be written in two equivalent forms. First, as the sum of output elasticities . Second, if the firm minimizes costs, the local degree of returns to scale is the inverse of the elasticity of costs with respect to output where Cit is the total cost function, ACit is the average cost, and MCit is the marginal cost. Increasing returns may reflect overhead (fixed) costs or decreasing marginal cost; both imply that average cost exceeds marginal cost. If increasing returns take the form of overhead costs, then git(GYit) is not a constant structural parameter, but depends on the level of output of the firm. As production increases, returns to scale fall as the firm moves down its average cost curve.
Assume that firms charge a price that is a markup over marginal cost . The markup is a behavioral parameter while returns to scale are a property of the production function. Nevertheless, they are related:
where is the share of pure economic profit in gross revenue. From equation (10) it is clear that if economic profits are small (or zero as in perfect competition) markups tend to be approximately equal to returns to scale.
Taking log differences of equation (9) -which we denote by d- we can express changes in gross output as:
Cost minimization puts additional structure to this equation. If firms take the price of all the inputs as given, the first order conditions for cost minimization are where j=K, L, or M. These conditions allow us to write output elasticities as the product of the markups multiplied by the share of the expenditure on each input divided by gross output:
The shares , add up to less than one when firms make pure profits. Substituting for output elasticities in equation (11) and making explicit the utilization level of capital and effort by worker we obtain:
hence, the growth in gross output can be written as a function of a revenue-weighted measure of growth in inputs (dxit), a proxy for variations in capital utilization and effort (dwit), and a residual that captures technical change (dtit).
Since we are interested in average labor productivity defined as value added per worker, it is necessary to adjust equation (14) accordingly. Valued added growth is calculated by subtracting from gross output the contribution of intermediate goods weighed by revenue share. Define the growth rate in a firm's value added dVAit as:
Equation (16) implies that valued added growth does not subtract the full productive contribution of intermediate inputs. In the presence of markups the output elasticity of intermediate goods is greater than its revenue share. Changes in output will not lead to proportional changes in the use of intermediate inputs. Therefore, value-added growth does not subtract off the full productive contribution of intermediate inputs. It is possible that value added growth could be a function of primary input growth alone, in the case where intermediate inputs move in tandem with primary inputs (e.g., fixed proportions).
Equation (16) can also be rewritten as:
Again, equation (17) indicates that value added growth is related to growth rates of primary inputs, factor utilization, the share of intermediate goods in output ratio, and technology changes.
Since the empirical analysis is performed at the industry level, aggregation is necessary. Aggregate inputs are defined as the simple sum of industry levels quantities. The aggregate value added growth rate is defined as , where qi is the firm's share of nominal value added in the industry. Fernald and Basu (2000) show that using this definition and equation (17) it is possible to derive the basic aggregation equation:
where is the growth in revenue-share-weighted aggregate primary inputs, is the average-firm value-added markup, is the average-firm utilization growth (weighted by markups), and is the is average value-added technology change.
Variable Rt represents the various outcomes that arise from the reallocation of resources and production within each industry due to the heterogeneity of firms. First, reallocating resources from low- to high-markup firms shifts resources towards uses that are more highly valued by consumers. If the variability of firms' inputs is correlated with market power, then imperfect competition affects aggregate productivity even if the average markup is small. Second, shifting labor and capital from firms where it has a low shadow value to firms where it has a high shadow value increases aggregate output and average productivity. Third, reallocation of materials reflects the extent to which measured real value added depends on the intensity of intermediate-input use. Firm-level value added is useful for national accounting, regardless of technology or market structure. However, with imperfect competition, value-added growth does not subtract off the full marginal product of intermediate inputs. Growth in primary inputs captures some of this productive contribution, but some "wedge" may remain.
Aggregate labor productivity growth is defined as , hence:
4. EVIDENCE ON AVERAGE LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
The industrial sector in Chile represented around 18% of GDP in the 1979-2001 period and accounted for nearly 35% of exports and 15% of employment (see Table 1). The share of industry in GDP has gradually declined over the years as a result of the expansion of services, yet it remains as an important sector in terms of wealth creation, labor demand, and exports. For the empirical section we split the sample in two sub-periods. The first sub-period, running from 1979 to 1990, is characterized by major structural and sector reforms (including domestic market liberalization, privatization of state-owned firms, and opening the economy to foreign competition) and also by the severe recession of 1982- 1983. The second sub-period of 1991-2001 is characterized by macroeconomic stability, vigorous growth, and a marked increase in average productivity levels. While this period is considered to be one of the most successful in Chilean history (dubbed the "golden decade"), the depth and length of the 1998-2001 recession unveiled an important sensitivity of the economy to negative shocks.
These two distinctive periods of Chile's economic history allow us to study the response of firms and sectors to very different environments. As the economy underwent deep structural transformations in the 1980s and 1990s, relative prices changed dramatically. The relative price between traded and non-traded goods changed as a result of opening to foreign competition; the relative price of factors and intermediate goods changed as a result of market liberalization; and the relative cost of technology changed as firms were granted access to international markets at stable, competitive exchange rates. Consequently, there were significant changes in the incentives faced by firms, leading to substantial adjustments within firms, among firms, and across sectors. In all sectors, firm entry and exit was substantial. Bergoeing and Repetto (2006) estimate entry and exit rates at around 6% per year. The 1991-2001 period, on the other hand, was comparatively more stable, thus allowing firms to engage in longer-horizon investments. The response of industrial firms was not as vigorous as that of GDP, as seen in Table 1, but exports expanded substantially.
Aggregate figures, however, hide a wealth of experiences at the sector and firm level. In order to explore the microeconomic side of economic growth in Chile, we use data from the National Annual Manufacturing Survey (ENIA) produced by the Chilean Bureau of Statistics (INE). The ENIA survey provides information for about 5,000 plants per year, operating with more than ten workers in eighty industries from 1979 to 2001. In this study, the unit of observation for the empirical analysis is a four-digit International Standard Industry Classification (ISIC) code industry.
The database was initially obtained for the period 1979-1997 and later updated to 2001 using plant-level information and our aggregation methodology. Plant-level data is available for the 1979-2001 period but inconsistencies make it difficult to aggregate the information to obtain robust industry series at the four-digit ISIC level. As a robustness check of our calculation, we matched our aggregation for 1997 to that provided by ENIA. The methodology to deal with data inconsistencies is as follows. First, we removed observations with dis-continuity in information across time. Second, we removed observations with no information on value added and employment, those where value added was greater than gross output, and those where value added and/or gross output were negative. As customary in empirical studies of productivity cycles, value added is defined as gross output less the total costs of intermediate goods and services plus the net change in inventories. After these adjustments we were left with a database of eighty sectors (hereafter, the ENIA sample). Although we excluded 21 sectors from the database, we deemed the restricted sample to be representative of manufacturing since the value added of the eighty industries included in the restricted sample represents more than 98% of the total value added of the original database for the whole period. We then computed a measure of total worked days, as the product of two variables reported by ENIA: average total occupation and total working days per year.3 Then, labor productivity is obtained as the quotient of value added and total days worked.
Table 2 shows the growth of the Chilean economy and industry in the 1979-2001 period. GDP grew on average at around 4.8% while employment expanded at around 2.3%, leading to an average increase in labor productivity of 2.5% per year. Industrial output and labor productivity grew more moderately at around 3% and 1%, respectively. With regards to the sample of firms used in this paper, we present data for the aggregate, average and median firm, the latter to avoid the distorting effect of a few sectors where very large firms operates. It can be seen that the growth rate of value-added in ENIA firms is comparable to that of GDP and much higher than that of the industrial sector as measured by national accounts. Employment in ENIA firms -obtained directly from the surveys- grew much slower than in the rest of the economy or the industrial sector. This explains why average labor productivity in ENIA firms grew much faster than in the rest of the economy. The differences in employment growth between ENIA firms and the rest of the economy lies in that ENIA excludes micro businesses (less than 10 employees) that are typically labor intensive. Finally, it can be seen that among ENIA firms there are differences in long-run dynamics: while in most sectors both output and growth expanded, value added in a few sectors actually contracted. However, even in these latter sectors, labor productivity ought to have expanded on average since only in six of them productivity actually decreased.
A second interesting aspect of ENIA firms is their structural (cross section) and dynamic (time series) heterogeneity in productivity. A few sectors have very high productivity levels that distort to a large extent the average of the manufacturing sector. These are the tobacco, petroleum, copper mining, pulp plants, and paper and printing firms. Figure 1 plots average labor productivity for the ENIA sample and a sub sample excluding the sectors with largest productivity (hereafter called the restricted sample). It can be noted that when excluding those sectors, average industrial productivity is reduced by about 25%. The dispersion of productivity between sectors remains stable throughout the period. Despite the distortion in average productivity levels induced by the most productive sectors, the dynamic (time series) behavior of industrial productivity is largely unaffected, as is apparent in Figure 1. It can be seen that, after 1991, productivity recovers its pre-crisis level and starts to increase at a steady pace (around 5% per year), justifying the split of the sample in two sub periods (1979-1990) and (1991-2001) for the empirical analysis.
Figure 2 presents histograms of average labor productivity for the complete and restricted samples. The first graph shows clearly the large differences in productivity between the five most productive sectors and the rest of the industries. On average, these five sectors have productivity levels around ten times higher than the average ENIA industry. Substantial heterogeneity in productivity nevertheless persists in the restricted sample, as indicated in the second histogram.
We also study changes in the distribution of relative productivity using the quintile-based transition matrix. For 1979 and 2001, we compute the quintiles of the distribution of firms in the ENIA sample according to their productivity levels. In the last column of Table 3 it can be seen that there are substantial differences in productivity levels, being sectors in the fifth quintile around ten times more productive than those in the first two quintiles.
Full Sample Restricted Sample Also note that sectors have very similar productivity levels in the first three quintiles, suggesting the possibility of significant dynamic adjustments among sectors in terms of productivity. The transition matrix confirms this suspicion. It computes the percentage of sectors that were in one quintile in 1979 and continued to be in such quintile or moved to different quintile in 2001. Note that we use relative productivity. So, if productivity in all sectors increases by say 5%, relative productivity and its distribution by quintiles remain unaffected. The results are presented in Table 3, with quintiles identified from 1 to 5, indicating that, for example, 12.5% of the sectors in the lowest productivity quintile in 1979 moved to the second quintile by 2001. As expected, sectors in the high productivity tail tend to remain in their origin quintiles. Around 70% of firms in the fifth quintile in 1979 -i.e. where productivity levels are around four times the average productivity in manufacturing- remained in such quintile by 2001. This is reasonable because these sectors are capital intensive, have ample access to financial resources and tend to lead in technology adoption. On the other hand, around half of the sectors at the lower end of productivity levels remain in such quintiles by 2001. It should be noted, however, that there is substantial mobility. Around 60% of the sectors that in 1979 had average productivity levels in the third quintile, changed quintile by 2001. We thus conclude that the dynamics of labor productivity have been important within and among industries in the manufacturing sector.
Finally, we study the cyclical behavior of average labor productivity using the correlation between detrended measures of labor productivity and value added. We detrend both variables using the Hodrick-Prescott (1997) filter.4 Table 4 presents the correlations for the economy and the industrial sector, for the complete period of analysis and the two sub-periods. For the whole economy there is evidence of procyclicality in labor productivity; correlation is 0.76 for the entire period and 0.90 in the sub period 1991-2001. This fact has been reported in previous studies (e.g., Bergoeing and Soto, 2005). Nevertheless, at the industry level measured by national accounts we found the somewhat surprising result that correlations are negative, although statistically insignificant. The sample of ENIA firms presents also non-significant correlations in both sub-periods, reproducing the results of the industrial sector according to national accounts. This, again, points to the need of studying labor cyclicality at the sector level, which we undertake in the next section.
This evidence is clear on two accounts. First, aggregate figures may distort our understanding of the dynamics of labor productivity as they smooth out important changes in productivity levels experienced by the different sectors. Second, aggregate figures may be distorted by a few very large sectors in which labor productivity is markedly higher than in the rest of the sample. Both elements suggest the importance of exploring the link between labor productivity and economic fluctuations at the sector -instead of the aggregate- level.
5. AGGREGATION BIAS
In this section we document the aggregation biases arising in the construction of the aggregate productivity series and their distorting effect on the cross-industry correlation between cycles in labor productivity and economic activity. To obtain cycles, we detrend the series for each industry using the Hodrick-Prescott filter and then compute the cyclical correlations between value added and labor productivity.
5.1. Value Added-Labor Productivity Cyclical Correlations
Consistently with our results using national accounts data, the cyclical correlation between manufacturing labor productivity and value added using the full ENIA sample is not statistically different from zero.5 This result contrasts significantly with the average of the cyclical correlations across industries that is positive and greater than 0.6. Consequently, the average correlation differs significantly from the correlation of aggregates. This result is unexpected considering the strong evidence of procyclicality found at the industry level in the literature across countries (e.g., Inklaar, 2005; Jimenez and Marchetti, 2002). Hart and Malley (1999) is the only study we are aware of which finds a result similar to ours. However, they do not give much attention to this dichotomy nor attempts to explain its nature.
In Figure 3 we ordered the industries according to their ISIC codes (Revision 2) and we plotted the individual productivity-value added correlations (dots) together with the cumulative productivity-value added correlations (solid line). The cumulative correlations were obtained as the productivity-value added correlations of successive aggregations of industries. Hence, the first point to the left in the cumulative correlation line is the cyclical correlation for the first industry according to the ISIC four-digit code, while the last point to the right corresponds to the cross-industry aggregate correlation. Note how the cross-industry aggregate figure is distorted by the biggest industry (sector 3721 of non-ferrous metal industries), which accounts for 14% of the sample value added.
Indeed, if we exclude the ISIC category 3721, the cumulative correlation displays a smoother pattern and it is constant around 0.05 when we successively aggregate the last 50% of the industries ordered according to their ISIC codes. The cumulative correlation is decreasing when we aggregate industries with ISIC codes between 31xx and 35xx (mainly food, beverages, tobacco), and then it fluctuates around 0.05 when we incorporate industries with ISIC codes between 35xx and 39xx (i.e, from chemicals to machinery).There is a clear pattern of industry clustering related to their ISIC codes. Evidence of clustering in the ISIC space is not novel for other countries but it has never been reported for Chile.6 In the figure we also graphed the 95% confidence level significance bounds, indicating that sectoral correlations within these bounds are not statistically different from zero. Considering this, we can see that aggregate productivity is a-cyclical regardless of the final aggregation of industries and it is mainly procyclical at the industry level, as most of the industries present a positive and statistically significant productivity-value added correlation. Returning to our general result, the question is why does the aggregate correlation differ so much from the average one. In the next subsection we present a decomposition of the aggregate correlation that aims to explain this apparently contradictory result.
5.2. Aggregate Correlation Decomposition and Aggregation Bias
In this subsection we describe in detail our calculations of cyclical correlations and identify the aggregation bias. Let be the cyclical value added for industry i in time t, defined as the difference between actual value added and its trend . Accordingly, is the detrended labor productivity in industry i. For convenience, we compute the trend of the level of the variables and not of their logs.7 This allows us to define:
where N is the number of industries, and is a detrended weighted labor productivity in industry i. Note that measures the contribution of labor productivity in sector i to total labor productivity in an industry, weighted by its labor share. Following Navarro (2005). The aggregate cyclical correlation between value added and labor productivity is defined as:
where is the covariance between value added and labor productivity and are the standard deviations of each variable. Now consider the definition of the covariance term and use equation (20) to obtain:
The correlation between detrended aggregate value added and detrended labor productivity is explained by the aggregation of the sector specific correlations between value added and weighted labor productivity and by the aggregation of the cross correlations between value added in sector i and weighted productivity in sector j. Although does not measure exactly the individual correlations () reported in this paper, we could write equation (23) as follows (details are given in the Appendix):
It becomes clear, then, that the first term of equation (23) is increasing in , the size of the industry in terms of its contribution to total employment, and the relative volatility of the industry value added and productivity . Note also that according to the second term of equation (23) is also increasing in the co-movements between the industries, approximated by .5.3. Interpretation of Results
To illustrate how equation (23) works to explain our results consider the aggregate correlation for the sample of 79 industries (excluding sector 3721), =0.06. In addition, note that, in apparent contradiction, . When computing the decomposition of given by equation (22) we obtained that the first term of the right hand side is equal to 0.30 while the second term is -0.24. Finding that the first term is positive is not surprising because in most of the industries is positive. It follows, then, that the reason for the coexistence of aggregate a-cyclical productivity and average procyclical productivity is the presence of aggregate negative cross-correlations between value added and productivity cycle among industries. This indicator of negative co-movement across industries is summarized by the value of -0.24 that we obtained for the second term of the right hand side of equation (22).
This explains why the cumulative correlation line in Figure 3 is decreasing as we aggregate industries. When we add industry i to the sample and calculate what matters is not only the value of in that particular industry, but also how its productivity and value added is related with the value added and productivity in all other industries. If an increase in productivity in industry i has a positive effect on value added in the rest of the industries and/or if an increase in productivity of the rest of the industries has a positive effect on the value added of industry i, we should expect to increase when such industry is added to the sample.
What actually happens in the Chilean data is exactly the opposite. That is, according to our results, productivity and value added cycles at the aggregate level seem to be negatively correlated across industries in Chilean manufacturing. To illustrate this point, in Figure 4 we show the decomposition of based on equation (23). For every industry, we graph and+relative to . This presentation of the covariance data allows us to identify the contribution of every industry to the aggregate covariance. Note that is the covariance between value added and weighted productivity in industry i and is the sum of the covariances between productivity in industry j and value added in the other industries. If, consistently with the evidence of the literature, labor productivity leads the cycle we can interpret as the effect of productivity shocks in sector j on the value added of the other industries.
Note that is positive for all industries. However, if we consider +we see that the addition of some industries to the sample increases while the addition of some others decreases it. The most prominent example is that of Petroleum Refineries (sector 3530). Although productivity is highly procyclical in this industry, its cycle is negatively correlated to the value added of the other 78 industries in the sample. Then, including this industry in the sample reduces the aggregate productivity-value added correlation. Since this industry contributes to more than 6% of the total value added in the sample, the effect of adding this industry to the sample is large. A similar pattern is observed for Pulp and Paper industries (sector 3411), which produces about 5% of the total value added. Again, this industry displays procyclical productivity but its productivity cycle is negatively correlated to the value added of the other industries, even though the net effect of including sector 3411 on is positive.
In general, we observe a negative association between +
and the share of each sector in total value added. Indeed, the correlation is -0.23 and significant at 5% confidence level. The largest industries distort the aggregate not because they do not show procyclical productivity but because their productivity cycles are negatively correlated to the activity of the majority of the other industries in the sample. This group of industries generating cross countercyclical behavior represents 62% of total value added.
To summarize, our results provide evidence of significant heterogeneity not only in the structure but also in the cycles of the different industries. Productivity is procyclical across industries but the cyclical phases of the industries are significantly different between each other, leading to an aggregate a-cyclical productivity. In particular, this behavior could be explained in view of the high concentration of Chilean manufacturing. Although the biggest industries display procyclical productivity, the cycles of these industries are not related or they are negatively related to the ones of the other industries in ENIA. This is one of the main results of our paper.
At this point it seems natural to ask what determines the cyclicality of productivity. Our previous discussion proved useful to clarify that productivity is procyclical in most of the industries in Chilean manufacturing. That allows us to narrow down our question and instead analyze the determinants of procyclical productivity in Chilean manufacturing. This is what we do in the next section.
6. TESTING ALTERNATIVE THEORIES OF PROCYCLICAL LABOR PRODUCTIVITY
In this section we test the specification in section 4 using data for 58 of the original eighty sectors contained in the ENIA sample. Data limitations preclude us from using the full sample. First, we excluded several "residual" industries, i.e. those labeled by the INE as "not elsewhere classified", since data were unwarranted. Second, 26 industries were dropped from the database because irregularities in the data on costs made estimations unreliable.8 Nevertheless, the industries considered in the econometric testing represent on average 86% of the industry gross output in the 1979-2001 period.
Shares of the different inputs were obtained as the average use of inputs in the whole period of analysis. To compute the share of capital in each sector it was necessary to compute a series of the required payments for unit of capital and estimate the user cost for each unit of capital. An adequate measure of cost of capital in each sector was unavailable; consequently as a proxy we used the sum of the average real lending interest rate of the financial system plus a depreciation rate of 10%, as suggested by Bustos et al. (2000). Using lending rates is supported by the fact that most financing of firms in Chile are loans from the banking sector, given that the equity market is shallow.
Estimation of equation (19) would require an index of capital utilization. Abbott et al. (1998) suggest to use as a proxy the growth rate in hours worked. We therefore estimate:
where dh is the growth rate in hours worked. Although ENIA data do not include hours worked, additional data on hours worked from the employment surveys of the INE were used to correct the measure of labor input. This equation allows us to compute an appropriate measure of technical change, dti, as a residual.
Equation (25) can be estimated for each industry. As noted by Fernald and Basu (2000), although one could estimate these equations separately for each industry, some parameters (particularly the utilization proxies) are then estimated rather imprecisely. To control for this problem, the 59 sectors were combined into four groups and the constant and the utilization proxy were restricted to be equal across groups.9 Each system was estimated using three-stage least squares using instrumental variables to avoid correlation between technology shocks and inputs across sectors. The instruments include all lagged independent variables, the rate of growth in the real price of oil (deflated by CPI), the rate of growth in real government spending, and the rate of growth in the real effective exchange rate. Table 5 presents a summary of the econometric results.
After estimating equation (25) we calculated the sum of the group-specific constant and the residual of each equation as the measure of technical change in the gross-output production function. These results were inserted in the aggregation equation (19) to decompose aggregate productivity into a technological component plus various non-technological components, including the effects of markups and reallocation of inputs.
The results for the 1979-2001 period and the two sub-periods are presented in Table 6. These results suggest that technical change is the main explanation of the dynamics of productivity in the Chilean industry in the two periods of analysis; one half of total productivity gains are due to improved technologies.10 However there are marked differences between the two sub-periods. For the 1979-1990 period, technical change is slightly negative, while for the 1991-2001 it accounts for over 80% of productivity growth. These results match closely those by Bergoeing and Repetto (2006) using a similar database but a very different estimation procedure, in particular the slightly negative contribution of TFP in the 1980s.
Reallocation of resources among sectors appears to have been significant only during the 1990s. Again this result is similar to that found by Bergeoing and Repetto, although their point estimate of the contribution of relocation to productivity is markedly higher. Their result however is largely driven by intra industry relocation, whilst ours refers to inter sector relocations. Variations in input utilization were insignificant in the long run, reflecting the fact that we are reporting long-period averages that tend to net out intraperiod variations. Nevertheless, differences become apparent when comparing sub-periods: in the early 1979-1990 period increased utilization of labor and capital plays a significant contribution to productivity growth, while in the 1991-2001 period there is a negative contribution reflecting, most likely, the impact of the reduction in the number of hours worked.
This paper studies the dynamics of labor productivity during economic cycles in Chilean in the 1979-2001 period. We use data from the Chilean manufacturing sector to study the cyclical behavior of labor productivity at the industry level, its determinants, and its relationship with economic activity.
The paper presents evidence of procyclical labor productivity at the macroeconomic level. However, we find no evidence of correlation between labor productivity and economic activity when using the aggregate data of manufacturing sectors. In addition, when undertaking the analysis sector by sector we found that most industries exhibit significant procyclical productivity. We provide an analytical and empirical explanation for these apparently conflicting results. We document that aggregation biases arising in the construction of the aggregate productivity series distort the cross-industry correlation between cycles in labor productivity and economic activity. This reflects both the substantial heterogeneity of ENIA firms and the distorting effect of the timing of cycles in the different industries. Productivity is procyclical across industries but the cyclical phases of the industries are significantly different between each other, leading to an aggregate a-cyclical productivity.
We also test the determinants of productivity in the Chilean industry using an econometric model that allows us to quantify the relative contribution of technology shocks, changes in markups, variations in the utilization rates, and reallocation of resources among from less to more productive sectors. We found that for the 1979-2001 technical change is the main explanation of the dynamics of productivity. Nevertheless, this contribution is not smooth in time. In the 1979-1990 period, technical change does not contribute to productivity growth, while for the 1991-2001 it accounts for over 80% of productivity growth. With regards to the other determinants of productivity changes, reallocation of resources from less to more productive industries appears to have been significant only during the 1990s while changes in input utilization were significant mostly in the 1979-1990 period.
*We would like to thank the insightful comments of the invited editor Klaus Schmidt-Hebbel, two anonymous referees, Andrea Tokman, and the participants of seminars at Sociedad de Economía de Chile, Society for Economic Dynamics, LACEA, ILADES, and Central Bank of Chile.
1See Baily et al. (2001) and Basu et al. (2001) for US evidence and econometric tests. Estrella (2004) challenges this evidence using spectral analysis to find that productivity in the US is uncorrelated to business cycles. De Long and Waldmann (1997) provide evidence of procyclicality for European economies. Solimano and Soto (2006) find that average productivity is also procyclical in 12 Latin American economies in the 1960-2004 period.
3Average total occupation is the average of data on employees, workers, and employers per firm surveyed on four occasions in each year (February, May, August, and November). Total working days is the number of days in which each firm was in activity.
4The HP filter presents some limitations (King and Rebelo, 1993; Harvey and Jaeger, 1993). In a previous version of this paper we used three detrending methods: linear trends, the HP filter, and a heuristic filter proposed by Rotemberg (1999). Since the main conclusions were insensitive to the detrending method, we report only the HP filtered results.
9The groups were formed according to their 2-digit level ISIC classification. Consequently we formed groups for categories 31 (15 industries), 32 to 34 (14 industries), 35 to 37 (13 industries), and 38 to 39 (17 industries).
Abbott, T., Z. Griliches and J. Hausman (1998). "Short Run Movements in Productivity: Market Power versus Capacity Utilization". In: Z. Griliches, Practicing Econometrics: Essays in Method and Application, Cheltenham, UK: Elgar. [ Links ]
Baily, M., E. Bartelsman and J. Haltiwanger (2001). "Labor Productivity: Structural Change and Cyclical Dynamics". Review of Economics and Statistics, August. [ Links ]
Basu, S. (1996). "Procyclical Productivity: Increasing Returns or Cyclical Utilization?". Quarterly Journal of Economics, 111: 719-51. [ Links ]
Basu, S., J. Fernald and M. Shapiro (2001). Productivity Growth in the 1990s: Technology, Utilization, or Adjustment? National Bureau of Economic Research. [ Links ]
Bergoeing, R.; P. Kehoe, T. Kehoe and R. Soto (2002). "A Decade Lost and Found: Mexico and Chile in the 1980s". Review of Economic Dynamics, 5: 166-205, 2002. [ Links ]
Bergoeing, R., N. Loayza and A. Repetto (2004). "Slow Recoveries", Journal of Development Economics, 75 (December): 473-506. [ Links ]
Bergoeing, R. and R. Soto (2005). "Testing Real Business Cycles Models in an Emerging Economy". In: General Equilibrium Models for the Chilean Economy, edited by R. Chumacero and K. Schmidt-Hebbel, Banco Central de Chile. [ Links ]
Bergoeing, R. and A. Repetto (2006). "Micro Efficiency and Aggregate Growth in Chile". Cuadernos de Economía, this issue. [ Links ]
Bernard, A., S. Redding and P. Schott (2005). "Products and Productivity". Mimeo. Yale School of Management. [ Links ]
Burnside, C., M. Eichenbaum; and S. Rebelo (1993). "Labor hoarding and the Business Cycle". Journal of Political Economy, 101: 245-73. [ Links ]
Bustos, A., E. Engel and A. Galetovic (2000). "Impuestos y demanda por capital: Teoría y evidencia para Chile". Documento de Trabajo 94, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile. [ Links ]
Caballero, R. and R. Lyons (1992). "External Effects in U.S. Procyclical Productivity". Journal of Monetary Economics 29, 209-25. [ Links ]
Camhi, A., E. Engel and A. Micco (1997). "Dinámica de empleo y productividad en manufactura: Evidencia micro y consecuencias macro". Documentos de Trabajo #19, Centro de Economía Aplicada, Universidad de Chile. [ Links ]
Casacuberta, C., N. Gandelman, and R. Soto (2004). "Long-Run Growth and Productivity Changes in Uruguay: Evidence from Aggregate and Plant Level Data". Mimeo. Institute of Economics, Universidad Católica de Chile. [ Links ]
Central Bank of Chile (2005). Monthly Bulletin, various issues. [ Links ]
Christiano, L. and T. Fitzgerald (1998). "The Business Cycle: It's still a puzzle". Journal of Economic Perspectives, 22 (4), 56-83 [ Links ]
De Long, B. and R. Waldmann (1997). "Interpreting Procyclical Productivity: Evidence from a Cross-Nation Cross-Industry Panel", FRBSF. Economic Review, 1: 33-52. [ Links ]Eslava, M., J. Haltiwanger, A. Kugler and M. Kugler (2005). "The effects of structural reforms on productivity and profitability enhancing reallocation: evidence from Colombia". Journal of Development Economics, 75 (December): 333-371. [ Links ]
Estrella, A. (2004). "Decoding Productivity: Business Cycle Properties of Labor Productivity Growth". Presented at NBER Summer Institute, Cambridge, MA. [ Links ]
Fay, J. and J. Medoff (1985). "Labor and Output over the Business Cycle: Some Direct Evidence". American Economic Review 75, 638-55. [ Links ]
Fernald, J. G. and S. Basu (2000). "Why is Productivity Procyclical? Why Do We Care?". NBER Working Paper ·#7940. [ Links ]
Fuentes, R., M. Larraín and K. Schmidt-Hebbel (2006). "Sources of Growth and Behavior of TFP in Chile". Cuadernos de Economía, this issue. [ Links ]
Hall, R. (1990). "Invariance Properties of Solow's Productivity Residual". In: Growth, Productivity, Unemployment: Essays to Celebrate Bob Solow's Birthday, edited by Peter Diamond. Cambridge, Mass.: MIT Press, 1990. [ Links ]
Hart, R. and J.R. Malley (1999). "Procyclical Labour Productivity: A Closer Look at a Stylized Fact". Economica, 66: 533-550. [ Links ]
Harvey, A. and A. Jaeger (1993). "Detrending, Stylized Facts and the Business-Cycle". Journal of Applied Econometrics, 8, 231-47. [ Links ]
Hodrick, R.J., Prescott, E.C. (1997). Post-war US business cycles: An empirical investigation. Journal of Money, Credit, and Banking 29, 1-16. [ Links ]
King, R. and S. Rebelo (1993). "Low Frequency Filtering and Real Business Cycles". Working Paper, RCER, University of Rochester. [ Links ]
Kydland, F. and E. Prescott (1982). "Time to build and aggregate fluctuations". Econometrica, 50, 1345-70. [ Links ]
Inklaar, R. (2005). "Cyclical Productivity in Europe and the United States, Evaluating the Evidence on Returns to Scale and Input Utilization". Research Memorandum GD-74, Gröningen Growth and Development Centre, University of Gröningen. [ Links ]
Jiménez, M. and D. Marchetti (2002). "Interpreting the procyclical productivity of manufacturing sectors: can we really rule out external effects? Applied Economics, 34: 805-817. [ Links ]
Navarro, L. (2005). "Labor Productivity Cycles and Aggregation Bias en Chilean Manufacturing", mimeo. [ Links ]
Rotemberg, J. (1999). "A Heuristic Method for Extracting Smooth Trends from Economic Time Series". NBER Working Paper 7439. [ Links ]
Schor, A. (2004). "Heterogeneous productivity response to tariff reduction. Evidence from Brazilian manufacturing firms. Journal of Development Economics, 75 (December): 373-396. [ Links ]
Solimano, A. and R. Soto (2006): "Latin American Economic Growth in the Late 20th. Century: Evidence and Interpretation, chapter 2. In: Vanishing Growth in Latin America, A. Solimano (ed.), Edward Elgar Publishers. [ Links ]
The relevance of the expression (A6) is that it allows relating the aggregate covariance with the individual ones. Note that the first two terms of (A6) consider the contribution of the individual covariances to the aggregate. The two other terms control for the cross covariances between valued added in sector i and productivity in sector j. In a way, these last two terms are related to the co-movement between the sectors. Equivalently, we can write (A6) in terms of correlations,
which is expression (24) in the main text. | <urn:uuid:859fd4e1-3f3a-409a-8367-a21590a47ec0> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.scielo.cl/scielo.php?script=sci_arttext&pid=S0717-68212006000100007&lng=es&nrm=iso&tlng=en | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00530-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.915871 | 11,105 | 1.929688 | 2 |
The most recent Teaching Quality Assessment by the Scottish Higher Education Funding Council awarded the School of History at St Andrews the highest grade of EXCELLENT.
Teaching at subhonours level is principally by lectures (three a week) and small group tutorials (once a week). Lectures are given by all members of the School, enabling students to hear active researchers in each field talk about their specialism. Tutorials are an opportunity for students to discuss and develop their thinking in a small and friendly atmosphere, guided by a professional expert.
It must also be stressed from the start that this classroom teaching, in lecture halls and in staff offices, is only a focus for the substantial commitment of time and effort which is required in independent study from each student.
Teaching at honours level in the final two years moves away from large group lecturing. Students meet in groups of about 15 (honours options) or about 6 (final year special subject) for longer classes in which they are expected to participate fully. Students in single history honours will usually have two such classes each week and joint honours students will have one.
All students will again be required to undertake substantial independent, but guided, work outside the classroom.
Final year students will also write a dissertation in place of one of these weekly classes in one semester. This is supervised by a member of staff, but is essentially a piece of independent research which builds on areas of interest and skills developed in the preceding four years of study.
While the School of History remains committed to personal teaching by experts in each field and to personal contact with students, it has also been keen to use the opportunities provided by new electronic technology to supplement and develop this teaching. Virtual learning now provides very useful support for students outside the classroom and electronic sources are often used in seminars and lectures | <urn:uuid:c12eef03-b12c-469b-8008-ae6d4a6f92e2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.st-andrews.ac.uk/history/undergrad/ugfteaching.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560284352.26/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095124-00189-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970995 | 369 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Project Scope: This projects studies the functionality of DHCP protocol and real time analysis using protocol analyzers. The project explores in detail the vulnerabilities, attacks and mitigation for DHCP applications.
Sample project study areas:
1. Packet level analysis of DHCP protocol
2. Generic design issues with DHCP protocol
3. Exploiting design vulnerability.
4. Types of attacks – DHCP Starvation, Rogue DHCP servers etc
5. Understand the design of various types of DHCP attacks. | <urn:uuid:168d3503-4bff-4671-abee-224c178f0880> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://projectsinnetworking.com/project-dhcp-protocol/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00173-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.752545 | 97 | 1.679688 | 2 |
Email is all-pervasive, and arguably one of the most important tools of modern business. But the fact is most of us are not particularly good at it, wasting time on messages we should ignore and losing track of those that we should be focusing on. Then there's the base human instinct to cc: everyone in our address notebook whenever possible.
What are the best ways to take control and optimize your use of email? Quartz turned to academic research from around the world and other thoughtful sources to compile these insights and suggestions.
If You Want a Reply, Ask Simple Questions
A group of researchers from Carnegie Mellon University sought to understand how people attend to incoming email. They found that people are more likely to respond to information requests--whether important or trivial--if they're easy to address. Social messages also get a quick reply because they're "fun." By contrast, very important but complex messages that require a lot of work to answer often don't get a response. (For a recent take on how to get important people to read your emails, you can read Adam Grant's six-point checklist.)
Do Not Disturb
Researchers from Loughborough University in the UK studied how being interrupted by emails affects productivity. They found that on average workers allow themselves to be interrupted every five minutes by emails. The researchers concluded that this level of interruption was negatively impacting workplace productivity and drew up the following recommendations:
- Check email no more frequently than once every 45 minutes.
- Don't cc: lots of people on messages
- Turn off incoming email notifications and set up email clients to display the sender, subject line and the first three lines of the email to make messages easier to scan and triage.
Sign the Charter
Chris Anderson, curator of the TED conferences, drew up an email charter to stem the flow of flooded inboxes. The 10 rules of the charter are all intended to clamp down on how chained to our emails we've become. The first and fundamental principle of the charter is the onus falls on the sender to ensure the email takes the least possible amount of time to process, even if that means taking more time before sending. Other rules include avoiding replying to messages with single line messages that say things like "Great!" and not using email signatures or logos that appear as attachments.
The idea is to stick a link to the charter at the bottom of your emails so that when you take a couple of days to reply, or appear curt, you not only have something to justify your behavior, but you encourage others to do the same.
Email Is Still the Office Favorite
In a study of communication habits of small companies, researchers from the FX Palo Alto Laboratory found email to be the favored method of workplace communication. This was closely followed by face-to-face interactions. One of the reasons for this is the written record nature of email. Workers are keen to send emails to ensure proposals, schedules and ideas are documented for future reference.
Technical People Still Like to Email
In a study in the Journal of Computer-Mediated Communication, researchers found that technical workers such as IT professionals prefer email over face-to-face communication because it allows them the time to process information more deeply than face-to-face communications. Email is also an ideal medium for reviewing and revising work. Another reason for technical professionals' preference for it is that it allows them to go back over complex exchanges of information.
Don't Use Email When You Don't Have To
Is it possible to reduce, or even phase out, the use of email within offices? Virginia Tech researcher Aditya Johri found that a strong "communication ecology"--i.e. a mix of internal blogs, instant messaging, and social networks--drastically reduces the need for email. Which means messages that do go have to go through email are less likely to get lost in a daily flood of them.
Workplace-Email Training Helps
A German study asked whether workplace training on best practices for email could have any impact on productivity. The training focused on three key areas--improving coping techniques for handling large volumes of incoming email, improving personal workflow, and enhancing email literacy in order to bring more clarity to communication. Roman Soucek and Klaus Moser from the University of Erlangen-Nuremberg found that employee stress from being overwhelmed by their inboxes was reduced, as was the number of interruptions incurred from emails. Employees also made better use of the range of email functions available to them. The one area that training didn't help with, however, was in deciphering ambiguous emails. In these cases, face-to-face communications was still needed to understand what the sender was trying to say.
No Matter What, Gossiping Is Pervasive
Tanushree Mitra and Eric Gilbert from the Georgia Institute of Technology found that gossip is all-pervasive in organizations and that it appears both in personal exchanges as well as formal business communications. By studying the email usage of Enron employees released in court filings, Mitra and Gilbert also found organizational gossip to be a social process that involves gossip sources (its generators) and gossip sinks (its silent readers.) Mitra and Gilbert concluded that if companies can scan employees' email to identify gossip sources, they could get a better idea of workplace mood. It doesn't make things any better, but if you gossip over your work email you can know at least that you're not alone. | <urn:uuid:0db29e11-227e-4750-8909-1b86f35061b9> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.theatlantic.com/business/archive/2013/07/how-to-be-better-at-email-a-comprehensive-scientific-guide/277515/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281574.78/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00025-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.9515 | 1,107 | 2.078125 | 2 |
Abortions became legal again in Louisiana on Tuesday after a Baton Rouge judge issued a temporary restraining order, blocking enforcement of the state’s abortion ban.
The judge’s decision was the latest in a series of legal maneuvers that have shaken the legal status of abortions in the state, forcing women and health care providers to scramble to adapt. One of the few remaining abortion clinics in the state said it would resume the procedure.
Louisiana is among a number of conservative states that have passed abortion restrictions or bans pending the Supreme Court overturn Roe v. Wade, the landmark decision that had guaranteed a constitutional right to abortion since 1973. When the court did so last month and initiated those state bans, abortion rights groups and providers sued, arguing that state constitutions protected the right to abortion.
That decision immediately banned abortions from conception, except for a threat to a pregnant woman’s life, but without exception for rape or incest. Under a Louisiana law, abortion providers face potential prison terms of up to 10 or 15 yearsdepending on when the pregnancy was terminated.
Read more about the end of Roe v. Wade
On Tuesday, the court said abortions could resume at least until Monday, when it will hold a hearing to consider the abortion providers’ argument to suspend the ban permanently.
“Two separate judges in Louisiana have now correctly determined that irreparable harm will occur if the trigger bans are enforced,” said Joanna Wright, a lawyer for the plaintiffs.
Jeff Landry, the state attorney general, posted on Twitter that it was disappointing “to let the judiciary create a legal circus” after Louisianans spoke at the ballot box and through their elected legislators.
“The rule of law must be upheld and I will not rest until it is,” he said. “Unfortunately, we will have to wait a little longer for that. Any society that puts itself before their children (the future) will not last.”
The clinic that joined the lawsuit, Hope Medical Group for Women, said it would begin providing abortions again in Shreveport. It had stopped providing them on Friday but remained open to see patients for ultrasounds and “option counseling,” said Kathaleen Pittman, the clinic’s administrator. The clinic had referred patients to health care providers in other states, but surrounding states have also severely restricted or banned abortion.
“It’s insane,” Ms. Pittman said Tuesday. “It’s stressful. But more for our patients than for the staff.”
Jenny Ma, an attorney for the Center for Reproductive Rights, called it “an incredible relief for people who now need abortion care in Louisiana.”
“Every hour and every day that a clinic can still provide abortion care fundamentally changes people’s lives for the better,” she said.
Louisiana’s state constitution is unusual in that it explicitly states that it does not grant the right to abortion, meaning the legislature has the right to pass laws restricting it. But abortion providers in the state argue that the trigger laws violate the due process provisions of the constitution and are “not valid due to vagueness” because they fail to detail what is legal or not under the law.
The rapidly changing status of Louisiana’s trigger laws characterizes the chaotic national landscape that has evolved in the weeks since the Supreme Court overthrew Roe v. Wade.
Lawyers for abortion rights groups have filed lawsuits against trigger bans in a dozen states just after the court’s ruling. Judges dismissed those challenges in Ohio and Mississippi, but other cases, including in Oklahoma, continue.
Ava Sasanic reporting contributed. | <urn:uuid:acd06381-6b9c-42a5-aa58-ff06c79a6db5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dailyexpertnews.com/most-shared/louisiana-judge-allows-abortions-to-be-legal-again/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.950443 | 764 | 1.617188 | 2 |
A week in Lugu Lake, China, with three generations of Mosuo women reveals what life is like in one of the world’s last matriarchies.
A film by Milène Larsson with Broadly (VICE) (China | 2016 | 24 mins).
About Milène Larsson
Journalist and news documentary filmmaker, Milène Larsson, has been working for VICE for almost a decade. Initially editor of the Scandinavian edition of VICE Magazine, she moved to London to become European Managing Editor. Now a senior producer at VICE News, she primarily makes news documentaries such as the award winning, "Israel’s Radical Left", "Istanbul Rising," "Young and Gay in Putin’s Russia," and the major migration series, Europe or Die. She has appeared on CNN, Sky News, and helped produce VICE on HBO.
China's one-child policy led to millions of female infanticides—except in a lush valley known as the “Land Where Women Rule.” Located in the foothills of the Himalayas, Lugu Lake is home to China’s Mosuo matriarchy. The region's 40,000 denizens have come up with a unique family structure that puts women in charge. The Mosuo's “walking marriages”—in which women can have as many boyfriends as they want throughout their lifetime—replace traditional monogamy, and inheritance passes from mother to daughter. But are the women really in control, and how are men fairing under their rule? Broadly correspondent Milène Larsson spends a week in Lugu Lake with three generations of Mosuo women to find out what life is like in one of the world’s last matriarchies.
What evoked our interest in China’s Mosuo matriarchy, aside from the obvious rarity of a place where women are in charge, inherit, and are allowed as many lovers as they please, was how their centuries of isolation in the foothills of the Himalayas has allowed them to come up with their very own and unique family structure and relationship model. We wanted to understand how traditional life outside of the monogamous norm works and how it affects women’s, men’s, elderly people’s, and children’s social status.
About Broadly. (VICE)
Broadly is a website and digital video channel devoted to representing the multiplicity of women's experiences. Through original reporting and documentary film, Broadly. provides a sustained focus on the issues that matter most to women. As one YouTube commenter succinctly put it: "So basicly [sic] vice but excluding anything of relevance that includes men." | <urn:uuid:92d7324d-2b61-4c5c-b2bf-d166cbf9d29b> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.womensvoicesnow.org/the-land-where-women-rule-chinas-last-matriarchy | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00543-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.967296 | 557 | 2.1875 | 2 |
Exploring Price Perception
By Karl Klooster
It is said the mind works in mysterious ways. To determine just how true that statement is, researchers at the Stockholm School of Economics decided to conduct a controlled test using wine.
Researchers Johan Almenberg and Anna Dreber released a detailed report outlining their methodology, procedures and conclusions on April 19, 2009. They called the study “When Does the Price Affect the Taste? Results from a Wine Experiment.” They could have devised a study using any number of commodities. But wine, referred to as “the good” in their report, carries with it quite an intriguing, if sometimes intimidating, mystique.
Taste preferences in wine being both subjective and elusive, it’s a beverage capable of eliciting a wide disparity of opinions. As a good produced and imbibed worldwide, which can be a very good “good,” indeed, it also attracts considerable interest.
Academic types like Almenberg and Dreber are inclined toward technocratic terminology. Liberally sprinkled throughout their report are such terms as demand curves, within-subject correlations, costly signaling, extrinsic information and joint regression.
The authors would undoubtedly assert that such expressions lend precision to what is being set forth; whereas this may be praised by others who regularly communicate in like-jargon, it requires some interpretation for the rest of us.
Following is an effort to distill the 12-page report by focusing primarily on the conclusions rather than the lengthy descriptions of how they arrived at them. It’s also noteworthy that the blind tastings took place in Massachusetts, not Sweden.
The stated purpose was to examine “how knowledge about the price of a good, and the time at which the information is received, affects how the good is experienced.”
The experimental setup consisted of three settings: 1) blind tasting and rating with no information given; 2) price information given before tasting and rating; 3) price information given after tasting and rating.
Two wines were tasted. One expensive, the other cheap. Tasters were asked to assign a rating, using a visual analog scale, ranging from “undrinkable” to “perfection” with “OK” as the midpoint. Marks along the scale were converted to points from zero to 100.
A total of 135 tasters (40 percent women) rated an expensive ($40) red wine and 131 tasters (33 percent women) rated a cheap ($5) red wine. Both wines were from Portugal, an odd choice given that country’s relative lack of premium, dry red table wines.
The upshot was that the cheap wine actually received a slightly higher overall cumulative point total than the expensive wine when price was unknown.
Having had very limited exposure to Portuguese reds, I can’t speak for the quality variations among them. The ones I have tasted all retailed for $10 or less and, though competently made, displayed rather simple, undistinguished attributes.
But having, for example, tasted many Cabernet Sauvignons, Pinot Noirs and Syrahs from California and the Pacific Northwest, I find it almost impossible to believe that $5 bottlings would come close to matching, much less outdoing, $40 ones.
Perhaps more valuable was the finding that when the price was disclosed before tasting, women gave the expensive wine a substantially higher rating. Disclosing its cheap price before, however, did not significantly lower that wine’s rating.
Learning the price after tasting had a marginal effect only on men, some of whom lowered their rating of the cheap wine.
From a marketing standpoint, the authors conclude that price does influence both expectation and enjoyment. Even if the cheaper wine is actually better by absolute standards, elevated social status is associated with the more expensive wine.
Now if this isn’t a mindgame, I don’t know what is. For me, and I know for many others who regularly drink wine, finding ones that are really good at modest prices is the goal. That’s our version of a status coup.
As for the tasting results of the experiment, the apparent inability of these 266 individuals to discern a difference in quality, with or without price information, poses some serious questions.
I don’t know about you, but over the course of 35 years, I’ve done enough blind tasting—on judging panels, in private groups and alone—to say with confidence that quality-level differences are fairly readily perceived within the broad parameters of below average to average, average to good, and good to very good.
Experience also tells me a group of tasters whose knowledge ranges from novice to professional consistently reaches consensus on which wines they like best regardless of price; that is, there is a widely shared perception of quality.
When it comes to agreeing upon the best among the very good, however, differences of opinion are more likely to arise.
I also find it difficult to believe that $5 wines are generally liked as well as or even preferred over $40 ones. That just doesn’t compute. A cheap wine is cheap for a reason. Winemakers know what does and doesn’t go into what they’re producing.
When trying to determine whether or not a wine that’s very good and sells for $30 is any less good than a wine that’s also very good and sells for $100, there’s a dilemma. Especially when the tasters know what the wines are and how much they cost.
The argument becomes even more nuanced when, say, a $10 wine is compared with a $25 one. In the end result, it boils down to trying a lot of wines in the price range you feel comfortable with and finding the ones you like best. | <urn:uuid:c60f7317-0a1d-4fe8-ae17-92ee1f51b977> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.oregonwinepress.com/article?articleId=122 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281353.56/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00066-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966406 | 1,209 | 2.828125 | 3 |
The environmental monitoring and conservation modelling team is led by Dr Nathalie Pettorelli, the team includes several BSc, MSc, PhD and post-doc students, who are carrying research all over the world.
Ali started to work with me as a Master student, exploring processes shaping cheetah population dynamics in the Serengeti. She then went on doing a PhD (2009-2012), with a project focusing on modelling the dynamics of translocated populations. Her study species was the New Zealand endemic hihi (Notiomystis cincta) which, in the last 30 years, has been reintroduced to several islands and monitored consistently. Ali's PhD project was funded by AXA. She now works on the use of remote sensing to assess the natural capital.
Sophie obtained her PhD in Ecology from the University of Poitiers in 2006; she then undertook a post-doc in South Africa, where she worked on the modelling of the dynamics of large herbivore populations. Sophie is currently developping a project with us, on the determinants of space use in terrestrial vertebrates.
Clare started her PhD in October 2013; before this, she did an internship and her MSc project with me. Her MSc project focused on the factors shaping the variability of carnivore home range size; her PhD project aims at unveiling best management strategies for mangroves under climate change. Clare is registered at UCL Geography Department; she is hoping to carry out her fieldwork in the Philippines.
Anne started her PhD in October 2012. Her project aims at exploring the role of individual variability in shaping the quantitative links between prey and predator population dynamics. Anne is registered at Virginia Tech; she is about to start her fieldwork in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania.
Farid started his PhD in January 2008. His project aims at collating information on cheetah abundance and ecology in the Algerian Central Sahara, as well as exploring carnivore interactions with human communities in Central Sahara and western Saharan Atlas Mountains. One of the main outputs of Farid's work so far has been the production of wild cheetah pictures from the Ahaggar National Park, pictures which were obtained thanks to a network of camera traps deployed in the area.
Caitlin's PhD research investigates the drivers and processes of environmental change in a dryland riparian ecosystem: the ephemeral Swakop River in Namibia. More precisely, she is investigating how groundwater availability and the invasion of a non-native tree species (Prosopis glandulosa) influence native woody vegetation, and the associated impacts on wildlife. Caitlin started her PhD in October 2009.
Tammy's PhD project focuses on the Solomon Islands and aims to: (1) identify indicators for community-based monitoring of ecosystem services; (2) establish baseline data for assessing the extent to which key ecological services are threatened; and (3) determine how community based monitoring and research can be embedded in existing institutional structures to enhance local adaptive forest comanagement. Tammy started her PhD in October 2010.
Claudia's PhD project is expected to shed light on the potential impact of climate change on biodiversity in Africa, by looking at the links between drought occurrence, human-wildlife interactions, and potential increase in conflicts. Claudia is based at UCL, at the Anthropology department. She started her PhD in October 2010.
Sarah's PhD project focused on the links between human-wildlife conflict and the delivery of ecosystem services in the Gobi desert. Sarah is based at UCL, at the Anthropology department. She started her PhD in October 2010.
Gianfranco's PhD project focuses on the use of citizen science in conservation and the potential role of new technology to promote such an approach. Based at UCL, Gianfranco aims to explore how games can help raise conservation awareness and generate increased data collection, for the benefit of conservation. Gianfranco started his PhD in October 2011.
Andrew Jacobson, PhD Student
Andrew's PhD project focuses on predicting habitat suitability for cheetahs and wild dogs in Africa. In particular, his work aims to identify recovery areas, where the species could be successfully reintroduced. Andrew is registered at the department of Geography at UCL, and started his PhD in January 2013.
MSc,BSc, research assistants and interns
Georgia did her MSc in York, specialising on marine environmental management. Georgia joined us in September 2013; her internship is about exploring and defining the concept of megaparks.
Past students, research assistants & interns
Femke performed her Master project at the Institute in summer 2007. She was investigating habitat use in cheetah in the Serengeti National Park, Tanzania. Femke is now pursuing a PhD on habitat use in carnivores, in Oxford.
Irene was investigating changes in primary productivity on Makira, Solomon Islands, as part of her Bsc training at University College London. Irene finished her project in spring 2009.
Aisling was investigating factors shaping reproductive synchrony in ungulates, as part of her Bsc training at University College London. Aisling finished her project in spring 2010.
Laurence was investigating factors shaping reintroduction success in terrestrial vertebrates, as part of his Bsc training at University College London. Laurence finished his project in spring 2011.
Alizée spent 5 months exploring primary productivity changes in Africa over the last three decades, as estimated by satellites. This internship was part of her cursus at ENSAT, France. Alizée left in February 2010.
Lidia undertook a 3 month internship at the Institute, exploring primary productivity changes in Africa over the last three decades, as estimated by satellites. Lidia left in August 2010.
James undertook a 13 month internship at the Institute, exploring primary productivity changes in the global protected area network over the last three decades, as estimated by satellites. James joined Kevin Gaston's lab in December 2011.
Will undertook a 13 month internship at the Institute, exploring primary productivity changes in the global protected area network over the last three decades, as estimated by satellites. Will started his PhD in Edinburgh in December 2011.
Terri undertook a 8 month internship at the Institute, where she mainly focussed on using remote sensing information to evaluate the long term suitability of a reserve in Chad for oryx reintroduction. Terri left in June 2012.
Eric's PhD project (2009-2013) aimed at investigating the mechanisms behind the patterns shaping natural population die-offs (NPDOs) across mammalian populations. Eric did most of his studies in Mexico, where he is from, and an important part of his research was to predict the vulnerability of Mexican mammals to NPDOs focusing on the WWF Mexican biodiversity hotspots designated for priority conservation. Eric was a WWF Russell E.Train Fellow.
Annie performed her Master project at the Institute in summer 2012. She was investigating the factors shaping breeding synchrony in ungulates. Her thesis was published in PLoS ONE.
Daniela undertook a 6 weeks internship at the Institute in spring 2012. She was investigating the possibility of using Landsat data to map oil exploration activities in the Sahara. Her work is currently being reviewed for publication by Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society (B).
Daniel carried out his MSc project at the Institute in spring/summer 2012. His project was about exploring the use of remote sensing data to inform the management of marine protected areas. His literature review was published in 2013, in Ecological Indicators.
Daniela carried out her MSc project at the Institute in fall 2012. Her project was about modelling future changes in the human footprint for Tanzania. Daniela is currently working on a paper, based on her MSc results.
Filip performed his MRes project at the Institute in spring 2013. He was investigating the impact of land use change on bat distribution in the Solomons. Filip is currently working on getting his thesis published.
Chris performed his MRes project at the Institute in spring 2013. He was investigating how urbanization is affecting large vertebrate distribution in the Far East. Chris is currently working on getting his thesis published.
Lisa performed her Master project at the Institute in summer 2013. She was investigating the factors shaping zebra distribution in Kenya.
Judith worked with me as a research assistant over the period March-September 2013. Her work at the Institute was about exploring the use of satellite remote sensing to monitor the natural capital, with a focus on Kenya. | <urn:uuid:ab831eb1-38a2-4edc-89d7-e64c08aea78c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.zsl.org/science/research/natural-capital/the-environmental-monitoring-and-conservation-modelling-team | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952528 | 1,751 | 1.59375 | 2 |
Cross-contamination: A few simple steps can keep your food safe
Keep raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood away from produce and ready to eat foods.
What is cross-contamination? It sounds complicated but it’s quite simple. Cross-contamination occurs when bacteria or other pathogens are transferred from one object to another. For example, cross-contamination has occurred if blood from a raw hamburger drips onto lettuce in the refrigerator. Since we don’t usually cook lettuce, drippings from raw hamburgers onto the lettuce would not be eliminated by the cooking process.
There are many ways to avoid cross-contamination by just thinking about how we are handling our foods. For example, when you are grocery shopping, package your produce in plastic bags provided in the produce department. When you get to the meat department, put any meat, poultry, fish or seafood in the plastic bags provided in the meat department before placing it into your shopping cart. Keep the produce separated from the meat items in your shopping cart.
When you are storing food in your refrigerator, keep raw meat, poultry, fish and seafood away from produce. To prevent raw meat juices from dripping onto your produce, do not place raw meat, fish, poultry or seafood above produce in the refrigerator.
When you are preparing food, keep produce and raw meat separate. Always wash food preparation areas, utensils and cutting boards thoroughly with hot water and soap before using them to prepare fresh produce. Better yet, designate one cutting board for preparing raw meats, poultry, fish and seafood and another for preparing produce.
If you are going on a picnic, keep raw meats, chicken, fish or seafood in a separate cooler than ready to eat items such as potato salad, tuna salad, fresh fruits and vegetables, as well as any other items that will not be cooked before serving.
Michigan State University Extension recommends always washing the plate that raw meats, poultry, fish or seafood was on with hot soapy water, or using a clean plate when removing cooked items off of the grill.
A few simple steps can prevent cross-contamination and keep your family and friends from getting sick with a foodborne illness. Check out the Fight BAC® fact sheet to learn more. | <urn:uuid:f74ed80d-1e04-4d71-ae2d-6cbc02a842fb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.canr.msu.edu/news/cross_contamination_a_few_simple_steps_can_keep_your_food_safe | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573104.24/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817183340-20220817213340-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.935964 | 461 | 3.75 | 4 |
Is OpenFOAM only for finite-vo
Is OpenFOAM only for finite-volume/finite-element schemes? Is it possible to use OpenFOAM for a finite-difference time-domain (FDTD) calculation? I would like to implement at high-order FDTD method for an aeroacoustic application. Thanks.
Hi Anurag, Sounds interesti
Sounds interesting. While it might be possible to implement higher order / compact finite-difference schemes (which usually require structured stencils) if you make assumptions for mesh to be structured (in cell number ordering, connectivity constraints, etc), its performance will be worse than the dedicated FDTD codes written e.g. in Fortran. When I once compared computational time and memory footprint between an OpenFOAM code (with usual finite-volume formulation though) and a dedicated Fortran FDTD code in a simple acoustic wave propagation problem, both were more than 10 times worse in OpenFOAM code (Still I usually use the OpenFOAM code... its flexibility and versatility well more than compensates the performance difference). However it's only my personal view, OpenFOAM experts' opinions may differ.
Hi guys! Did you success to w
Did you success to write something like an high order finite difference-like scheme in OpenFOAM?
I'm interested too in it, as I'm working on aeroacoustics...
Do you think about some other high order techniques, like DRP Finite Volume or Discontinuous Galerkin Methods? Anyone knows if it is possible to implement something like this in OpenFOAM?
I know that there's a FEM tool in OpenFOAM, where can I find some documentation on it? Maybe with it is possible to try to implement a Discontinuous Galerkin Method...
|All times are GMT -4. The time now is 18:55.| | <urn:uuid:cebfbc78-3bf4-46c5-94e4-d153333080d8> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.cfd-online.com/Forums/openfoam-solving/58568-finitedifference-solver-print.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00502-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.901474 | 395 | 1.546875 | 2 |
Here's a round-up of the videos from the recent e-democracy '06 conference - done now because early next week my friends at Headstar will be publishing an edition of the their excellent (and free) e-government email bulletin, including a report on the conference. If you haven't subscribed, you can do so here. For those visiting this blog from the bulletin - or just chancing upon it - the videos require Quicktime, which you can download free here.
Full items on this blog
The challenge for e-democratisers: deliberation as well as demands
No 10 strategy chief challenges Matthew Taylor challenges e-democracy toolmakers to support deliberation
Not just e-democracy, new democracy, says MySociety founder
E-democracy toolmaker Tom Steinberg says we need a new philosophy of democracy, not just more tools
Blending participatory and representative democracy, with added e-
Mary Reid explains how two aspects of democracy can be integrated, drawing on local experience
Making e-democracy part of the everyday - even if that's YouTube rules
Researchers Molly Webb and Jo Twist say follow people's interests online and on the street
We have been warned: democracy can be hacked
Russell Michaels and Jason Kitcat on the vulnerabilities and doubtful value of e-voting
Below are additional videos for which I haven't yet written a full item. Items will follow later on this blog, or a forthcoming Headstar blog. Clicking people's names will bring Quicktime movies up in a pop-up.
Jill Sanders, a volunteer with Oncom, explains how local people can develop successful online communities. As I reported earlier, this isn't always welcomed by the local council.
Ian Johnson, Head of Branch at the Department for Constitutional Affairs, reflects on e-democracy within Government, and adds in an e-mail follow-up "e-democracy is in its development stage. It's about experimentation, finding out what works and what doesn't in different contexts, listening to feedback, adjusting and learning. It's about sharing knowledge and encouraging others to have a try." Ian points out a slip of the tongue confuses blogging Minister David Miliband and his brother Ed.
Bryan Lewis explains the work of Westminster Digital in webcasting Parliament and, increasingly, other programmes and events. Their portable Streampac system enables inexperienced operators to produce their own shows.
Gavin Sealey explains his work in Newham with young people, and as a manager of the local issues forum.
Ben Whitnall and Gez Smith work for the leading e-democracy consultancy and developer Delib, so they are well placed to explain what tools for online deliberation are available to meet the challenge issued by Matthew Taylor
David Hunter runs Votivation, which aims to make make democracy fun by enabling people to develop and vote on views online. Cash and celebrities are involved too. David also explains here the importance of relating real world value to online social networking.
Carin Lennartsson was running impressive demonstrations of Readspeaker, which can speak your web pages without sounding robotic. She took time out to explain to me how it works, and the benefits it offers to people with literacy difficulties. In Lincolnshire they are using the system to create podcasts where people can check job opportunities.
Ross Ferguson, of Hansard Society, and Michael Cross of The Guardian were talking together about the second wave of e-democracy. Hansard Society is working with government on the Digital Dialogues programme. Michael writes on -e-government and e-democracy. I chipped in and asked what was working well - and how widespread uptake of e-democracy tools was now. What emerged was that take-up was patchy, and as yet it wasn't clear what significant impact e-democracy would have on traditional representative democracy. Continuing experimentation, mixed with healthy scepticism was needed.
Carol Hayward is project manager for the e-democracy programme in Bristol - which has a reputation as one of the most innovative in the field. She explained that as well as developing its own projects, the council aims to empower others to develop and use their own tools. Councils can be nervous of losing control over activities - but only by being more flexible will they develop the relationships and trust necessary for real communication and engagement. This approach is evident in Bristol's Digital Challenge bid.
Comments and additional contributions welcome below. Thanks again to everyone I interviewed. I've been amazed and gratified at events by how willing people are to offer up a couple of minutes on camera - and how coherent. Next time I'll do better with the lighting and audio. | <urn:uuid:81f2f9eb-49a1-4dca-921f-46df6e1bb184> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://partnerships.typepad.com/civic/2006/11/edemocracy_vide.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560285001.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095125-00308-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95436 | 942 | 1.5625 | 2 |
My dad is fond of saying that February feels like the longest month of the year, even though it is the shortest in length. I get that. It’s cold, it’s been cold, and there’s no foreseeable end in sight. The charm of fresh snow has long faded away, and the world outside seems like a vast wasteland of barren trees and howling winds.
But, that’s only how it looks on the surface. I promise you, life is stirring out there under last year’s dead growth and dirty slush. To me, February represents the first month of spring. The first of the seeds for next year’s garden will be planted indoors this month, offering the green promise of bounty and renewal to come. Skunk cabbage, the first of our native woodland wildflowers to bloom, melts the snow around it via chemical processes of cellular respiration. The balmy temperatures inside the flower offer shelter to the earliest emergent insects, who in turn do a favor to the skunk cabbage plants by pollinating them. If nighttime temperatures stay above freezing and you’re brave enough to venture out, you may even hear amorous amphibians like wood frogs and spring peepers announcing their renewed passion from the still icy ponds deep in the forest.
Yet, the greatest celebration of awakening to me is something much more subtle and secret: the trees are waking up. I’m a forest person; my genetic history is linked with that of our temperate broadleaf forest biome. I feel a sort of clandestine pact with the trees, and to know they are once again beginning to shake off the drudgeries of winter makes me feel a sort of giddy energy and excitement for what is to come. Mind you, this awakening is inaudible and invisible. The only reason I’m in on the secret is because I’ve received the gift of this heritage knowledge from those much wiser from me, who learned it from those wiser than them, and so on and so forth, back all the way to the trees themselves. The secret is inside the tree- it’s the sap.
Sugar maples, Acer saccharum, are, as far as I know, the earliest species of tree in our forest to begin the respirative and metabolic processes of turning sunlight to sugar after the long chill of winter. Like all our trees, maples keep the bulk of their lifeblood- sap- safely stored underground in their root systems for the winter. To neglect to do so would cause risk of frost cracks in the trunk of the tree (think of putting a bottle of pop in your freezer to chill, then forgetting to take it out...). Generally starting in the end of February in our region, Mother Nature gently nudges trees back into action by balancing warming days against cold nights. The pressural changes that result with this freezing and thawing cause the sap to slowly rise from the protective underground warmth of the soil and up into the trunk, branches and buds of the tree. The surging gas and nutrient flow signals the tissues of the tree to begin growing again in order to produce flowers for reproduction and leaves for photosynthesis. Even for trees, it all comes down to food and mating.
Maple sap looks just like water
Sap is cooked in an evaporator, which must be done outside. For each gallon of finished syrup, 39 gallons of water are boiled off!
It’s a complicated process, but our cultural ancestors learned to make use of this spring-time phenomenon without any formal training in chemistry or physics. There are many interesting legends describing how Indigenous North Americans discovered maple sugar, but the truth is we don’t know when, where, or who witnessed the first tasting of this “liquid gold.” What we do know is that the collecting and boiling down of maple sap into sugar has likely been practiced for thousands of years and was considered so valuable that nomadic tribes would travel to the maple forests this time of year to hold grand celebrations in honor of the return of sugaring time.
Pioneers changed the game slightly when they arrived with their technology of metals and horsepower, but the process remains to this day elegantly elemental. Sap, which is about 97% water and only 2 – 3% sugar, is collected and boiled until concentrated. The resulting product we are most familiar with is a rich, amber syrup, though the early people of our continent cooked the liquid further until it crystallized into hard cakes, which were more easily transportable.
Pioneers used giant metal cauldrons to boil down maple sap
If you've ever wondered why real maple syrup is so expensive, consider that it takes 40 gallons of sap to make one gallon of syrup. While each tree yields slightly different amounts of sap, you can figure you’ll get about a quart of finished syrup from each mature maple. And that’s only if the weather is just right. The syrup industry is absolutely- and sometimes precariously-tied to the weather conditions of the current year. Too little fluctuation between warm days and cold nights or temperatures that warm too suddenly can result in a calamitously shorts season of only a few days. The sap becomes bitter and loses the great pressure that allows it to drip from the tree once the buds begin their process of opening for the year. If luck is in your favor, then the sugaring season can last for weeks.
Syruping the old-fashioned way: Full buckets must be collected by hand from each tree
From a business standpoint, the production of syrup is fraught with risk, yet the uniqueness and heritage makes it a worthwhile process to many. Ohio is one of only a dozen or so states that can produce maple syrup, and northeastern North America is the only place in the entire world maple syrup is made. Other locations either don’t have sugar maples or don’t have the right climate. This ultra-special tradition is so precious, yet many have never ventured out on these earliest of spring days to witness the event firsthand. I invite you this spring to pull on your muck boots and visit the only public sugaring operation in Cuyahoga County at Rocky River Reservation’s Maple Grove Picnic Area. The sugarbush will be open March 1st, 2nd, 8th & 9th from 11 a.m. to 4 p.m. | <urn:uuid:e2d82324-80b4-433e-b49e-67ca0ad950bb> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.clemetzoo.com/Main/Notes-From-The-Field-Blog/79.aspx | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719041.14/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00168-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94811 | 1,320 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Bla"tant (?), a. [Cf. Bleat.]
Bellowing, as a calf; bawling; brawling; clamoring; disagreeably clamorous; sounding loudly and harshly.
"Harsh and blatant
R. H. Dana.
A monster, which the blatant beast men call.
Glory, that blatant word, which haunts some military minds like the bray of the trumpet.
© Webster 1913. | <urn:uuid:92f2ba4f-4b0e-465d-83c5-de159e0d84fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://everything2.com/title/blatant | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280929.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00423-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.831631 | 96 | 1.851563 | 2 |
Have you shopped online? Online fraud is what you can come across if not aware, Online fraud is false deception intentionally made for financial gains. Online frauds are of different types:
- Online Spoofing
- Online Phishing.
- Triangulation fraud.
- Data Theft
- Chargeback fraud.
Spoofing is the creation of spam emails which look genuine and tricks the businesses to take action. No one would knowingly download a Trojan package into the system unless provoked to do it by putting fake popups on security threats for the system. How it’s done? Well, a genuine looking mail is created with corporate graphics of reputed service provider which will guide you on how to protect your business. This professional graphic makes the mail look genuine and tricks the businesses to click on the link in the mail. This link executes malicious software which harms the operating system and critical files, it expands through the network and effects clients as well.
How to prevent Spoofing?
-When you receive such suspicious emails best thing to do is hover over the senders’ address, hackers have a domain name that is very much similar to legitimate domain names, so check for spelling mistakes.
-Legitimate institute never sends an attachment like .exe, .bat or zip, check if the email has an attachment. Red flag the mail and do not follow any instruction written in mail.
Phishing is a form of Spoofing but unlike Spoofing where attackers tend to break into the system and fetch information, Phishing is tricking end-user to reveal the sensitive information wherein a genuine-looking message is forwarded to end-user which consist of a fake website link. This link redirects the end-user to a bogus website which asks for sensitive account related information. Revealing this information can harm your financial assets.
How to prevent Phishing?
-There is no problem in clicking on the links when you are on the trusted site, but when it comes to clicking on the links within the email or message you need to be 100% sure as these links can be spam links. Before clicking on such link hover on the email and check if the links direct to what it actually shows. Do not fill in any personal data in such sites as it can be a lure to steal your data.
-Install Anti Phishing tools on a browser as these tools scan the entire websites and check with a list of phishing sites. If you visit any malicious sites the tool prompts immediately, do not visit the site.
Triangular fraud as the name suggests has involvement of three people,
- Customer who places an order.
- Fraud seller.
- Genuine E-commerce site.
How fraud is done? A legitimate looking website is made by a fraud seller who displays some items at very low prices, which makes the customers buy the products. The customer is unaware of the fraud happening and places an order on this fake website. The fraud seller has a stolen credit card information which he uses to make the purchase of those products for which order has been placed on his fake website. He purchases these products from the genuine website. The customer receives all the updates with the respective product from the seller. Seller sends these updates from genuine site to the customer.
Who is the criminal? The seller with a stolen credit card is the criminal.
Victims? Well, there are two victims, the customer, If the fraud is discovered, the genuine website will contact the customer to return the stolen products.
and the person whose credit card details were used for transactions is a victim as he is unaware of those transactions.
How to prevent Triangulation fraud?
-Speak with the customer who to doubt are suspect of triangulation fraud, gather as much information as possible about the seller to determine the fake website.
-Focus on the products as the seller has some list of common products which sell very frequent, this can help to analyze the pattern of fraud.
Chargeback is the term used for order from bank to the business to return the amount paid for a fraudulent purchase. How a chargeback fraud is done? The customer makes a payment through a payment gateway for certain goods or service, later on, he/she claims that the purchase was made fraudulently or making a false request that the goods not delivered and claims for a chargeback. When a transaction seems legitimate then chargeback is the only way to get the money back.
Related Post: Why your Refunds take time?
How to prevent Chargeback Fraud?
Customer claims a chargeback for many reasons so first step will be to identify the reason for a chargeback. Sometimes the customer can claim for a chargeback if the description doesn’t go with the product when delivered. So work on the description to avoid a chargeback.
-Use delivery confirmation to ensure that the product has been delivered to the customer, at times it happens that a customer is not at home and the package is left on the porch which can be stolen, so for you the item is delivered but the customer did not receive the product for which chargeback can be claimed. | <urn:uuid:89031898-e19d-47cb-93ba-c97dc27b75dd> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://digitalpaymentguru.com/tag/online-shopping-frauds-complaint/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571909.51/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813051311-20220813081311-00277.warc.gz | en | 0.933043 | 1,072 | 2.609375 | 3 |
Product or Service
Electric Arc Furnace
Profile:Manufacturer - Producer|Ref:PSL152109YH | Country: China | Currency: usd | Export: No
Electric arc furnace is use of electrode arc generated by high-temperature melting ore and metal, gas discharge arcing when the energy is concentrated, the arc temperature is 3000 degrees or more. For the melting metal, compared with other steel-making furnaces, EAF process is most flexibility, can effectively remove the sulfur, phosphorus and other impurities, temperature easy to control, small footprint, suitable for high-quality alloy steel smelting.
Electric arc furnace according to arc forms can be divided into " three-phase electric arc furnace", "consumable electrode arc furnace", "single-phase electric arc furnace" and "the resistance of electric arc furnace" and other types.
EAF steel-making is through the graphite electrodes input the energy to the electric arc steelmaking furnace , due to the arc which is generated between the electrodes tip and the material in the furnace as heat source for steelmaking. Electric arc furnace is with electric power as the heat source, can adjust the furnace atmosphere, and it's extremely beneficial to melt the kind of steel which contain more easily oxidized elements.
Shortly after the invention of electric arc furnace steel-making, it used to smelt steel, and get a larger development. With the improvements of electric arc furnace smelting technology as well as the improvement of electric power industry development, the cost of electric arc furnace steel-making reduced more and more, and now not only for the production of electric arc furnace produce alloy steel, and a large number of ordinary carbon steel used in the production, and the proportion of the total output of steel production has been rising in major industrial countries.
Model Rated Capacity Max. Capacity Shell Inner Diameter Electrode Diameter Transformer Capacity
T T MM MM KVA
EAF-5T 5 10 3200 300 4000
EAF-10T 10 18 3600 350 5500
EAF-15T 15 24 3800 350 8000
EAF-20T 20 30 4000 400 9000
EAF-25T 25 35 4200 400 12500
EAF-30T 30 45 4400 400 12500-25000
EAF-40T 40 55 4600 450 16000-3000
EAF-45T 45 65 4800 450 16000-40000
EAF-60T 60 85 5400 500 25000-60000
EAF-80T 80 6100 500 30000-80000
EAF-100 100 6400 550 40000-80000
Contact the company | <urn:uuid:7fdf5712-bf92-4183-9d43-eff982fb77a2> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.golden-trade.com/cnt/gt/electric-arc-furnace-152109-ann.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00186-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.836192 | 551 | 2.25 | 2 |
You would probably be shocked to find out how much money you’re losing due to your plumbing. You need regular plumbing services to find leaks, clear clogged drains, provide duct cleaning, and help you maintain your home’s infrastructure. A plumbing company can often provide heating and cooling repair and maintenance as well. If you keep your home’s infrastructure well-maintained and regularly serviced, you’ll be giving yourself much lower utility bills and a much more efficient home.
Why You Need Plumbing Services Regularly
Do you know that the average household septic system is supposed to inspected at least once every three years? That’s because, in the average household, septic tanks need to be pumped every three to five years. No septic tank can simply collect waste for ever. Every tank needs to be regularly emptied, or it will overflow. This not only creates unpleasant smells, but it’s also actually dangerous. Human waste can create disease and illness, and it’s extremely unhealthy for all people and even animals to be around. The fumes alone can be harmful.
As the household size, septic tank size, and wastewater generated in the home all factor into septic pumping, your home’s system may require more frequent pumping. In some households, tanks need to be emptied once every year or two years. The average water use in a typical single-family home is about 70 gallons per person per day, which is a truly staggering amount.
Regular plumbing services are needed even if you don’t own a septic tank. Plumbing is an integral part of the structure of any home, and water is absolutely a daily necessity for all human beings. You use water so often, in fact, that you probably don’t really have an idea of how much of it you’re using. Once you get a clearer picture of how water is used in your home, you’ll see why plumbing services are such a necessity and something you’re going to need on a regular basis.
What a Plumber Can Do For You
Indoor plumbing dates to around 2,500 B.C. — at least. Humans learned a long time ago that surviving without water is absolutely impossible, whether you’re a caveman living thousands of years ago or a modern person surrounded by the latest in digital technology. But even though plumbing has evolved a great deal over the years and now includes a great many different materials, it’s not a perfect system. With time and use and due to various environmental factors, water and drain lines will develop leaks.
Do you know how much water you’re losing due to small pluming leaks that are fairly easy for any professional plumber to fix? Around 10 percent of homes have leaks that can cause 90 gallons of water or more to be lost per day. That’s per day, and that’s water that’s leaking out into the soil. That’s the same as money leaking out of your home because you pay a regular water bill. In fact, fixing these easily-corrected leaks can save you about 10 percent on your water bills.
Now, you’re starting to get a clear picture of just how essential good plumbing services truly are. From septic disposal to heating and cooling maintenance, a good plumbing system can make sure all systems are “go” in your home. Plumbing that works properly will keep your water bill low, so you can spend your money on the stuff you actually want to buy instead.
Another Way to Save Money With Plumbing Services
New laws that were passed in the 1990s changed plumbing in the U.S. To promote water conservation, low flush toilets were widely put into production. Today, there are about 27 million low flush toiles installed in homes, businesses, and facilities all over the U.S. The EPA says that the average household can save about $90 every year simply by switching to a low flush toilet. They only use about 1.3 gallons of water per flush. Toilets make up about 25 to 30 percent of all household water use.
Plumbers can install new plumbing installations like low flush toilets. There are a variety of plumbing services that can save you money and keep everything working in your home the right way. | <urn:uuid:2518a818-519d-459b-9e6b-d49c10eb3da3> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://new-era-homes.com/2019/09/18/your-home-probably-needs-plumbing-services-right-now/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571993.68/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814022847-20220814052847-00665.warc.gz | en | 0.95237 | 892 | 2.234375 | 2 |
How Much Does It Cost to Live in Boston?
What is the average cost of living in Boston?
The average cost of living in Boston is $4251.71 per month.
Boston is well known for its role in the American Revolution. However, now Boston is known as “the Hub of the Universe.” The city has the fastest-growing job market in the country in finance, technology, medicine, and government economic sectors.
Like many major cities, Boston’s cost of living is high, ranked as the 26% most expensive city in the U.S. and the 31st most expensive city globally. You will find everything at a higher price tag here than in the other areas of the United States. According to Numbeo.com, the median rent for a 1-bedroom apartment in the city center is $2,661 per month.
In this article, we will help you with everything you need to know about the cost of living if you are looking to move to Boston. Let us take a look!
Cost of living in Boston - 2022
Housing cost in Boston
Living in the Hub is not cheap. Boston is one of the most expensive cities in the United States. According to payscale.com, Boston’s cost of living is 48% higher than the U.S. average. For renters, Boston prices are the third highest in the country, after San Francisco and New York City.
Below is the list of the housing costs rented in Boston:
Below is the list of the housing costs to buy an apartment in Boston:
PRICE PER SQUARE METER
Price per Square Feet to Buy Apartment in City Center
Price per Square Feet to Buy Apartment Outside of Center
*The home prices may vary depending on the location you choose to live in.
What is the average rent cost for a 1-bedroom apartment in Boston?
The median rent for a 1-bedroom apartment in the city center is $2,661 per month.
Utility cost in Boston: Internet, electricity & water
Whether you own a house or pay the rent, you must cover the utility cost. However, Boston’s utility cost is higher than in the rest of the United States due to the hot summer and humidity.
According to Numbeo.com data, the average basic utility package that includes heating, electricity, water, and garbage in Boston is as follows:
COST PER MONTH
Basic (Electricity, Heating, Cooling, Water, Garbage) for 915 sq ft Apartment
Internet (60 Mbps or More, Unlimited Data, Cable/ADSL)
(*Numbeo & Bungalow)
What is the average cost of utilities in Boston?
The average cost of utilities ( internet, electricity & water) in Houston is $249.35 per month.
Grocery cost in Boston
Boston is one of the most expensive cities in the country to eat in. The grocery cost in Boston is 24% higher than in the rest of the United States. The prices of everyday food products such as eggs, milk, and bread are a little higher than what you find in the rest of the United States.
According to Numbeo.com data, the average grocery cost in Boston is as follows:
Milk (regular), (1 gallon)
Loaf of Fresh White Bread (1 lb)
Rice (white), (1 lb)
Eggs (regular) (12)
Local Cheese (1 lb)
Chicken Fillets (1 lb)
Beef Round (1 lb) (or Equivalent Back Leg Red Meat)
Apples (1 lb)
Banana (1 lb)
Oranges (1 lb)
Tomato (1 lb)
Potato (1 lb)
Onion (1 lb)
Lettuce (1 head)
Water (1.5-liter bottle)
Bottle of Wine (Mid-Range)
Domestic Beer (0.5 liter bottle)
Imported Beer (12 oz small bottle)
Average Grocery Cost Per Month Per Person
*However, the food costs may vary depending on your area.
(*Numbeo & The Flat)
What is the average cost of groceries for 1 person in Boston?
The average cost of utilities ( internet, electricity & water) in Boston is $355.00 per month.
Public transport in Boston
Boston’s public transportation system is the best in the country, especially regarding accessibility and convenience. Public transport in Boston is safe and efficient. Not only that, Boston’s all-inclusive pass is more affordable than San Francisco’s and Washington DC’s.
MetroCards costs (Single Ride)
MetroCards Cost (Per Month)
Metro Card Ticket with a Transit Card (Single Ride)
Taxi Start (Normal Tariff)
Taxi 1 mile (Normal Tariff)
Gasoline (1 Gallon)
(*Numbeo & Bungalow)
What is the Boston Metro monthly pass price?
The MetroCard monthly pass price is $90.00 in 2022.
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Entertainment costs in Boston
Boston is not only famous for its role in the American revolution but also famous for biking, jogging and walking trails, beautiful parks, and vast rivers. According to Numbeo.com data, the entertainment costs in Boston are as follows.
Meal, Inexpensive Restaurant
Taxi 1-hour Waiting (Normal Tariff)
Cinema, International Release, 1 Seat
(*Numbeo & Up Nest)
What is the average cost of entertainment in Boston?
The average cost of entertainment in Boston is $59 per month.
Healthcare costs in Boston
Healthcare is essential, and we always include healthcare costs in our budget when moving to any place. The healthcare cost in Boston is 36% higher than the U.S. average; however, the prices vary among the wide selection of health plans.
The healthcare costs in Boston are as follows.
Employer-Sponsored Healthcare for one person per month
Employer-Sponsored Healthcare for a family per month (two adults and two children)
Non-Employer-Sponsored Healthcare for one person
Non-Employer-Sponsored Healthcare Couple with at least one child
Fitness Club, Monthly Fee for 1 Adult
Overall, Boston workers are contributing more than the national average to pay for insurance because of higher premium costs and because employers expect workers to pay a more significant portion of the cost.
What is the average cost of a gym membership in Boston?
The average cost of a gym membership in Boston is $65.59 per month.
Sales tax in Boston
The minimum combined 2022 sales tax rate for Boston, Massachusetts, is 6.25%. This is the entire state, County, and city sales tax rates. The County sales tax rate is 0%, and the Boston sales tax rate is 0%.
The cost of living in Boston is high; however, the city offers a robust job market, a great food scene, and top-notch universities. The city has an efficient transport system, and the neighborhoods are safe and quiet. If rightly budgeted, you can move to Boston in no time. The average cost of living in Boston is mentioned in the below table:
Average monthly cost of living in Boston
Average rent price for a 1 bedroom apartment (Manhattan) + Employer-Sponsored Healthcare for one person + Average utilities cost
$ 2650 + $ 715 + $ 186.11
Metro Pass (1 month)
Daily recommended minimum amount of money for food per person/ Regular grocery basket for one person
Internet (60 MPs or More, Unlimited Data, Cable/ADSL)
Entertainment (for 1 time only)
Meal Inexpensive restaurant + Cinema, International Release, 1 Seat + Taxi 1-hour Waiting
$20.00 + $15.00 +$ 24.00
Health and Fitness
Fitness Club, Monthly Fee for 1 Adult
Average Grocery Cost
Per Month, Per Person
Note: The cost mentioned above may vary; for instance, if you live with someone, your cost will be considerably low. Also, if you have a family, you will need to add the cost of each family member. The price may also vary depending upon the area you select to live in.
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Need help moving?
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If you are involved with or observe a hazardous material (biological, chemical, radiological, fuel, or oil) spill, incident, or release for which assistance is needed:
- If the incident is indoors, leave the space and close all doors in order to isolate the area if it is safe to do so.
- If the incident is outdoors, move upwind of the area and warn people to stay away from the material.
- From a safe area call the Campus Police from a cell phone.
- Be prepared to provide the following information regarding the spill or release:
- Name of the material
- Quantity of material
- Time of the incident
- Location of the incident
- If anyone is injured or exposed to material
- If a fire or explosion is involved
- Your name, phone number, and location
- Do not enter the space in an attempt to rescue a person on control the release until it is evaluated by emergency responders.
- Arrange for someone to meet the emergency responders, and follow instructions provided by the emergency responders.
- Anyone who may have been contaminated should immediately flush the area. The affected area of the skin should be washed for 15 minutes. Call the Capus Police for medical evaluation and assistance.
- Evacuate, if necessary. Remain in a safe designated area until released by emergency responders.
- Present the Material Safety Data Sheet or name of the material involved to emergency responders if this information is available.
- Do not attempt to clean up a spill or release unless you are trained to do so and have the proper equipment.
If you are notified of a hazardous materials incident, follow the instructions provided by the emergency service officials:
- Clear the area immediately if instructed to do so by the emergency providers, providing assistance to those with special needs.
- When evacuating, move crosswind, never directly with or against the wind.
- Remain in a safe designated area until released by emergency responders.
- If you observe what you believe to be an unauthorized release of any pollutants to the environment, call the Campus Police immediately.
Certain releases are classified as Incidental Releases and can be cleaned up by trained personnel in the area. Incidental Releases do not spread rapidly, do not endanger people or property and do not endanger the environment. | <urn:uuid:ccc39220-fc1b-4f9b-96aa-686997429f1d> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | https://www.mtholyoke.edu/campuspolice/hazmat | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719468.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00528-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.906434 | 470 | 2.75 | 3 |
Protecting the Hive from Pesticides???
I am a new beekeeper. I've been reading the posts on here for about 4 months and finally the weather is warming up to a point where I can take the wealth of knowledge I've been learning from all of you and put it into practice.
I feel fairly confident as I'm about to hive my 1st packages. My concern, however, is that since my hives are located on my friends dairy farm, about 15 feet off of the corn fields, I'm unsure what precautions I should take when they apply pesticides. My friend is generous enough that he will give me advance warning. I've read that putting a wet bed sheet over the hive, the morning before the spraying will help. I believe Dadant even sells a special net for relocating hives, which can also be used to keep bees inside while pesticides are applied.
I keep some #8 hardware cloth around (the holes are 1/8") and take a piece the length of the hive entrance and fold it into a V.Then shove it in the hive entrance. That'll keep em in.
I guess you could do the same with window screen
hopefully if you keep them in a day you won't have trouble, they shouldn't forage on corn anyway
welcome aboard, good luck with your bees | <urn:uuid:6c708d3f-0926-4b59-a5d6-cb78cc4a1b47> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.beesource.com/forums/showthread.php?217844-Protecting-the-Hive-from-Pesticides | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00126-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969183 | 274 | 1.742188 | 2 |
HYDROMETER How to Add Sugar Properly
2,7 grammes of sugar gives 1 hydrometer (with Oechslescale) degree in
1 litre of liquid.
17 grammes of sugar gives 1% of alcohol in one litre of wine.
Wine yeast only tolerates 17-18% alcohol, after which it rests.
A reading of over 90 Hydrometer (with Oechslescale) degrees at the start or
75 degrees during fermentation can stop the process.
|+80 degrees||+40 degrees|
Proceed as follows:
Start the fermentation (with Oechslescale) at approx. +80
degrees (4 kg sugar in 20 litres).
When 40 degrees has been fermented (the hydrometer reads 40 degrees),
add the remaining sugar (about 2 kg). | <urn:uuid:4ee2eeba-375b-4c49-88cb-23acfc277974> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.partyman.se/oe-hydrometer-strong-wine/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282140.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00132-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.854016 | 179 | 2.5 | 2 |
The German satellite duo TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X have consistently delivered one-of-a-kind Earth observation data since 2007 and 2010, hence shaping the international research landscape. Now, scientific users from across the globe have gathered for the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X Science Meeting at the German Aerospace Center (Deutsches Zentrum für Luft- und Raumfahrt; DLR) in Oberpfaffenhofen, where they will discuss the results obtained from the data and define requirements for future remote sensing technology. Approximately 200 presentations between 17 and 20 October 2016 will describe state-of-the-art research, including insight from the areas of glaciology, hydrology, permafrost, sea ice, landslides, agriculture, forestry, volcanology, coastal and ocean research, geo-risks, and the methods applied to produce digital terrain models. Reporting live from the conference, the TanDEM-X Blog will present DLR talks from the Science Meeting and will outline how researchers around the world use data from the two radar satellites.
Radar sensors are particularly important in the field of Earth observation, as they can deliver images irrespective of cloud cover and at any time of the day or night. From space, they are able to capture expansive areas of more than 100 kilometres in length. Moreover, the civilian radar satellites TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X have measured the Earth with unprecedented accuracy over the course of their missions, contributing significantly to the scientific exploitation of the data. The satellites are still in operation and may indeed continue to be in the service of science for many years.
"International research facilities and organisations have been using the data acquired thus far to analyse, among other things, natural hazards such as earthquakes, volcanic eruptions and tsunamis. The strategies and measures developed on the basis of the data will become increasingly effective for the prevention or management of crises situations as the influential factors and correlations are known," explains Achim Roth from the The German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD).
Users in the area of environmental protection have shown, among other things, that they can utilise the radar satellites to observe systematic deforestation or illegal felling of woodland areas. This applies in particular to rainforests, as their sheer magnitude and the prevailing weather conditions mean they can only be satisfactorily monitored using radar sensors. Forested areas are among the key fields of scientific concern, as their vast reservoirs of biomass directly influence the greenhouse gas effect: a substantial quantity of carbon dioxide is extracted from the woodlands during removal or decomposition of vegetation. Large-scale slash-and-burn practices are particularly critical, as the carbon dioxide stored in the forests is released directly, producing a correspondingly high concentration of the greenhouse gas carbon dioxide in the atmosphere. In contrast, planned deforestation – for instance as a source of timber – releases the natural carbon reservoirs contained in the woodland areas over a longer period and with a significant delay.
Impact on future research
The view from space can provide precise information on the changes taking place in glaciers and ice shelves. The sometimes dramatic developments require regular monitoring and must be viewed in context with global warming. Here, the TanDEM-X elevation model is a true treasure trove of data; never before have Greenland and the Antarctic been surveyed so comprehensively and in such immense detail. Until now, the ice masses have been, from a scientific perspective, 'expanses of white' on a map of the world.
The polar regions present immense difficulties for radar imaging. Smooth, snow-bound surfaces do not contain any striking points of reference that would permit the superposition of several images. Moreover, an extremely precise allocation of the pixels would lead to image noise. "Our highly accurate data processing technologies here on the ground, combined with meticulous calibration of the radar instrument, allow us to observe glacier movements in the centimetre range, or to measure changes in elevation caused by ice melting in the metre range," says Irena Hajnsek from the DLR Microwaves and Radar Institute.The global TanDEM-X elevation model has now given climate researchers and geoscientists entirely new perspectives and opportunities for research. The insight they will acquire, and how this will influence the international research community, will be key issues at this Science Meeting as well as at future gatherings.
Looking ahead: HRWS and Tandem-L
Successful operation of the satellites in formation flight and the outstanding quality of data yielded by the TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X missions represent a new milestone in the history of Earth observation. Seeking to expand the German radar satellite programme, DLR has set its sights on a successor programme, HRWS (High Resolution Wide Swath), to ensure continuity in Earth observation within the proven X-band frequency range. HRWS is scheduled for launch in 2022, and DLR is also involved in intense work on a revolutionary Earth observation system with the Tandem-L mission proposal.
Tandem-L, the highly innovative radar mission, aims to acquire important environmental and meteorological data on a global scale and in high temporal resolution. In the proposed mission, two radar satellites will map the Earth's landmass in three dimensions every eight days. This would enable timely and systematic mapping of dynamic processes as they unfold across the globe. Earthquake researchers and risk analysts would be able to detect deformations in the Earth’s surface in an accurate millimetre range. Glacier movements and melting processes across the polar regions would be measurable on a more regular and therefore precise basis. The plan proposes that the Earth observation data acquired by the three radar systems should be complementary.
Tandem-L will operate in a longer wavelength compared with the two current missions. An approximately 24-centimetre wavelength permits penetration through the vegetation, hence revealing surface structures in the subsoil. New technologies and imaging methods such as polarimetric SAR interferometry also enable three-dimensional mapping of forests. This could be used to calculate forest elevation and hence to produce an indirect estimate of biomass, a factor that is currently beyond the reach of science on a global scale.
Researchers from various Helmholtz Centres involved in preliminary mission studies will now present their findings in Oberpfaffenhofen, explaining the pivotal role of Tandem-L in providing answers to challenges faced by our environment. The Science Meeting offers the roughly 300 international participants a platform to identify all necessary issues of upcoming research and to launch the future of Earth observation.
About the mission
TanDEM-X is being implemented on behalf of DLR using funds from the Federal Ministry for Economic Affairs and Energy (Bundesministerium für Wirtschaft und Energie). It is a Public Private Partnership (PPP) project operated in conjunction with Airbus Defence and Space. DLR is responsible for providing TanDEM-X data to the scientific community, mission planning and implementation, radar operation and calibration, control of the two satellites, and generation of the digital elevation model. To this end, DLR has developed the necessary ground-based facilities. The DLR Microwaves and Radar Institute, the The Remote Sensing Technology Institute (IMF), the German Remote Sensing Data Center (DFD) and the DLR Space Operations and Astronaut Training (RB) in Oberpfaffenhofen are participating in the development and operation of the ground segment of TerraSAR-X and TanDEM-X. Scientific coordination is the responsibility of the DLR Microwaves and Radar Institute. Airbus Defence and Space built the satellites and is sharing the development and operating costs. The company is also responsible for the commercial marketing of the TanDEM-X data.
Access to the TanDEM-X Digital Elevation Model (DEM) is restricted – DLR supplies the data free of charge to scientific projects. Interested parties must, however, demonstrate the scientific nature of their project with a proposal and submit it to DLR. All information about this can be found on the TanDEM-X Science Service System: Information on availability products. Prospective commercial users of the data should contact DLR's project partner, Airbus Defence and Space, where they can purchase the data.
The TanDEM-X mission dataset has been created by a public-private partnership. On the basis of this cooperation, DLR provides the data to the scientific community, while their industrial partner, Airbus, is responsible for commercial distribution. It is planned that the DTM will be made generally available at a lower resolution, so that processing of the data will also be possible with standard computer technology. | <urn:uuid:8f7d7df2-7090-4ed4-bb44-71e19fab53c4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.dlr.de/content/en/articles/news/2016/20161017_the-future-of-radar-scientific-benefits-and-potential-of-terrasar-x-and-tandem-x_19779.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572870.85/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817062258-20220817092258-00672.warc.gz | en | 0.907887 | 1,759 | 3.1875 | 3 |
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Protect system data on public wi fi network
Now these days, technologies are so advance and provide various options to connect to the public Wi-Fi networks, using this user can easily jump to the any place online like; Coffee shops, hotels, restaurants, airports and many-more. It is true, Wi-Fi is easy and flexible to use but, more than that it is insecure whether you are using a laptop, tablet or smartphone. Definitely, people who use Wi-Fi network want secure network to protect their system data as much as possible. So, to protect system data due to Wi-Fi network, this article is providing you some techniques which may resolve the issue.
Enable the Firewall Settings
Enable the system firewall to fight with public networks. Although, it comes with Windows default settings, when you start the system firewall automatically get enabled. To check its availability, just go to Control Panel –> Windows Firewall and do the same as shown in the figure below.
Turn off all sharing options from Network and Sharing Center
To do that, go to the Control Panel → Network and Sharing Center then click on “Change advanced sharing settings” placed in the left pane of the window, as shown in the figure below.
Once “Change advanced sharing settings” window opens, if possible turn-off all functions (Network discovery, File and printer sharing, and Public folder sharing) belong to this page then click on “Save Changes” to apply all changed effects. User can do the same settings with Mac OS X too.
Security browser extensions
A most famous browser extension “HTTPS Everywhere” provided by the Electronic Frontier Foundation (EFF). This extension promises to provide a secure a connection at the time of visiting sites like; Google, Yahoo, ebay, Amazon, and many-more, also facilitates user to create their own XML config file to add more sites. It supports Chrome and Firefox both browsers and works on Windows, Mac, Opera and Linux OS.
Use a VPN to connect to the hotspot
There are many people who use Wi-Fi, all the time, to open online account and confidential files. So, it is better to use a virtual private network (VPN), if possible. VPN encrypts traffic between your computer and the internet, even on unsecured networks. Single user also can get personal VPN connection from a VPN service provider. Organizations use VPN to provide secure connection on remote and client machine.
Turn-off Wi-Fi When not required
Most of the PCs and mobile devices automatically take Wi-Fi connection, if it not required then too, which is not safe for data presented in the PC. So, it is best to turn off the Wi-Fi adapter, manually.
To access the Network Connections on Windows, click on Start then type “ncpa.cpl” and pressing Enter. Like this, different – different devices have different technique to disable Wi-Fi adapter.
Encrypt all important Files and Folders
Encrypting is a best technique to save important system files and folders from thief who can access your machine through a Wi-Fi network.
To encrypt files on Windows machine, right-click on the file or folder, select “Properties” from the context menu, click on the “General” tab then click on advanced tab to open Advanced Attribute. In Advanced Attribute dialog box check the option “Encrypt contents to secure data” to encrypt the particular file or folder.
Since, Wi-Fi has become an everyday need like food; user cannot stop using Wi-Fi, due to data insecurity. Use all above techniques to use Wi-Fi without fear.
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- How to get current Wi-Fi link speed in android? | <urn:uuid:55bdd9e8-d2d7-4c09-815e-dd4058923ae4> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tutorialspoint.com/protect-system-data-on-public-wi-fi-network | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572033.91/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814113403-20220814143403-00268.warc.gz | en | 0.865399 | 1,069 | 2.796875 | 3 |
In Bradenton, the two most common rodent invaders are mice and rats. However, neither are pests you want to have. Rats and mice are dangerous, destructive, and can be incredibly difficult to eliminate for homeowners working on their own, making preventing them essential. And when prevention fails, it’s always best to call a professional for help.
Rodents are dangerous for a number of reasons. They are host to a number of diseases and parasites, including hantavirus, leptospirosis, lymphocytic choriomeningitis (LCMV), Tularemia and Salmonella. This makes identifying a rat infestation early in order to eliminate it essential.
Common warning signs of rodents in the home include:
- Tiny brown droppings found in drawers, cabinets, or on the floor.
- Teeth marks and shavings from where rodents have been gnawing. Rodent’s teeth never stop growing, therefore rodents never stop gnawing.
- Pungent odor from rodent droppings or urine.
- Burrows or tunnels in insulation or other materials to build nests, often accompanied by droppings.
- Scratching or scampering noises inside your walls, especially at night.
- Grease or oil stains along walls and floorboards where rodents rub up against them.
- Outdoor tracks rats leave behind through grass and low vegetation.
- Sightings of live or dead rodents, indicating severe infestation.
If you’ve seen these tell-tale warning signs around your home, it’s highly likely that you have a rodent infestation on your hands. However, if that’s the case, you shouldn’t try to get them out on your own.
Dealing with rodents is a difficult and time-consuming task with many different factors to consider if you want your infestation handled quickly and completely.
When it comes to DIY treatments, homeowners simply don’t have access to the same tools and equipment that the professionals can use to get the job done right. While traps can be effective at killing a mouse or two, they could take several days to be effective due to rodents’ instinctive cautious nature that causes them to avoid them when they’ve recently been placed. What’s more, if these traps aren’t placed in effective locations they won’t catch anything at all, and can actually hamper your efforts and make the infestation more difficult to handle. Even if you know where to use traps, you could choose the wrong one for the job.
You should also be wary of taking DIY rodent treatment advice from the internet. While some of it is legitimate, many sources only seek to drive traffic to their website. As an average consumer, you’ll have little to no way of knowing if the advice you’re being given is helpful or just written by someone hoping to boost their website views.
On the other hand, a professional will know exactly how to treat your rodent infestation. Rodents have many defensive behaviors that help them avoid most traps. Rodent control professionals are trained in the proper placement of traps and are given the insight needed to use the behavior of rodents against them. They’ll be able to track the infestation to its source and seal the home up effectively to keep them from coming back.
Pest professionals are trained to use a wide range of strategies to detect the presence of mice and rats in a man-made structure and these strategies must be employed properly to achieve successful results. What’s more, professionals use products that are field tested and known to be the most effective – so you can rest assured that the tools in use are being applied in the correct amounts, in the correct locations, and using the most effective methods to treat the underlying problem.
If you’re suffering under a rodent infestation, or think you could be, put a stop to it today with help from Rodent Solutions. We specialize in rodent control for Florida homes, and our team has all the tools and knowledge you need to eliminate your rodent infestation completely. Call us today for more information. | <urn:uuid:af81ac04-4491-4431-b213-754102569ec6> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://rodentsolutioninc.com/blog/why-you-should-call-the-pros-about-rodents-in-your-bradenton-home/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573172.64/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818063910-20220818093910-00265.warc.gz | en | 0.948595 | 853 | 2.4375 | 2 |
|By Admin1 (admin) (pool-141-157-22-73.balt.east.verizon.net - 126.96.36.199) on Saturday, July 31, 2004 - 11:35 am: Edit Post|
In new book, Togo RPCV Evan Wolfson makes a case for legalizing marriage for gay couples
"No civil rights movement is won solely by the people who are the primary targets of discrimination, important though their work is. We are a minority and we must reach out to persuade the majority, and to do that we need our non-gay brothers and sisters. "
In new book, Togo RPCV Evan Wolfson makes a case for legalizing marriage for gay couples
Marriage’s best man
In new book, Evan Wolfson makes a case for legalizing marriage for gay couples
By RHONDA SMITH
Friday, July 30, 2004
CIVIL RIGHTS LAWYER Evan Wolfson read an excerpt from his first book, “Why Marriage Matters: America, Equality, and Gay People’s Right to Marry,” on a rainy Thursday night in Washington last week.
Then he patiently answered questions from the crowd gathered at Olsson’s Books & Records, near Dupont Circle, that included high school friends, Peace Corps colleagues and people from “the movement.”
The 242-page book includes 10 chapters answering key questions that Wolfson says seem to crop up the most often. It also includes four short sections at the end and a detailed list of local and national resources for people, he says, “who want to go out and do something.”
In a conversation with the Blade the following day, he shared more.
Washington Blade: Why do you consider the term “gay marriage” or “same-sex marriage” inaccurate?
Evan Wolfson: I say in the book, on Page 17, that we’re not asking for “gay marriage” or “same-sex marriage,” which implies something lesser or different or other. Nor are we trying to “redefine” marriage, as our opponents like to put it. Rather, we are asking for an end to discrimination in marriage. We are seeking to participate in the same institution — with the same rules, same responsibilities and same respect. So the right term is “marriage.”
Blade: You say you wrote the book for supporters of gay civil rights and for the “reachable, but not yet reached.” What does that mean?
Wolfson: People in the middle who are right now wrestling with their position and who, on the one hand, may be somewhat uncomfortable talking and thinking about gay people. The ones who kind of wish this goes away or who feel some anxiety about change, but also want to be fair. They don’t want to be cruel. They want to do the right thing. So, the book is really aimed at engaging them. Walking through their questions. Each chapter is a question. Giving layer upon layer of answers. [I try to] reason with them and walk them through it.
Blade: How does your book differ from the numerous other books out there right now about marriage rights for gay couples?
Wolfson: I don’t want to criticize what’s out there but mine really is organized question by question. Each chapter is a question that over the years I’ve heard people wrestling with. So it really tries to systematically engage people question by question to persuade them. And I think it’s a strong mix of many voices. There are lots of stories and lots of quotes from non-gay as well as gay people. There’s a little bit of history. A little bit of law. And pretty hefty quotes from the opposition as well.
Blade: How important are straight allies in this civil rights moment?
Wolfson: Absolutely crucial. No civil rights movement is won solely by the people who are the primary targets of discrimination, important though their work is. We are a minority and we must reach out to persuade the majority, and to do that we need our non-gay brothers and sisters.
Blade: Have gay civil rights leaders done a good job in reaching out to their allies?
Wolfson: Yes, but there’s much more to be done and more that can be done. But this is not just about the leaders and the organizations, though their work is important. This is really about how each one of us, as a person, can do our part. You don’t have to be the head of an organization or the most super political person to help make change happen.
Blade: In the book and during your appearance here, you seem comfortable drawing parallels between gay civil rights and the civil rights movement led by African Americans. How do you answer critics who object to this comparison?
Wolfson: In Chapter 9, the second largest chapter in the book, I talk about this. First of all, the major civil rights voices in our country — people like Congressman John Lewis, Coretta Scott King, Julian Bond, the National Hispanic Leadership Agenda, the Asian American Legal Defense & Education Fund, the Japanese American Citizens League, and MALDEF [Mexican American Legal Defense & Educational Fund] — all these major civil rights voices have said they believe this is a civil rights question and they strongly support marriage equality.
I also point out that every group’s experience with discrimination is unique. And certainly the African-American experience in the United States is unparalleled in its violence, discrimination and indignity. So we shouldn’t make sloppy comparisons, nor can we say that our experience of discrimination is “the same.”
But that’s really asking the wrong question. No group’s experience with discrimination is the same as the others. The Latino experience with discrimination is not the same. Jews’ experience with discrimination is not the same. The Irish experience is not the same. Women’s experience is not the same. But that’s not what matters. What matters is the harm discrimination inflicts on the individuals affected, and on the society.
Also, there’s something we all take from the African-American struggle: the real mandate and obligation to build on the work they did and continue making our country better. That obligation doesn’t just fall on African Americans and the successors of Martin Luther King. It falls on all of us, and I take that legacy very seriously.
Blade: Where should gay civil rights advocates in this battle focus their energy: on opponents to gay civil rights or more narrowly on just fighting for equal marriage rights?
Wolfson: We have three concurrent tasks, and they are equally important. First, we must secure marriage in as many places as possible to make it a reality rather than a hypothetical. Nothing changes hearts and minds more than people getting to see this for real, rather than just as some scary right-wing rhetoric. When people get to see the couples en masse, or Del [Martin] and Phyllis [Lyon] in San Francisco, and see real families helped and no one hurt, we move people toward acceptance.
At the same time, we must repel attacks and efforts to roll back the gains we have won. And we must do this at the federal level and is as many states as we can. We’re not going to win every battle, just as there are some states that will move faster toward equality where we are working, so our opponents will succeed in getting some states to resist and even regress. But we must work as hard as we can, and in as many places as we can, to repel attacks.
But it’s not enough to repel attacks, we must also have an affirmative discussion about winning equality and what that means. We can’t just rest on our success in preserving the status quo by defeating an attack. We have to talk to friends, neighbors, family members, co-workers, legislators, judges, opinion leaders, clergy, and ask them to support marriage equality. Ask them to learn about how this discrimination hurts families and our countries. We should not just ask them to be against attacks, but for equality and explain what equality means.
It’s important to defeat the federal constitutional amendment [opposing marriage equality for gay couples] but that’s not where I want to celebrate. The work is in the larger advance toward full equality. Otherwise, we’re just responding to the right wing’s agenda, rather than pursing our own.
And number three, we must concurrently enlist diverse messengers with compelling stories as voices for marriage equality who can reach the differing audiences we need to reach. In particular, we must enlist non-gay champions and allies and gay people who can talk about the denial of marriage and how it’s harmed them and their families.
Blade: Have you always believed this was the best strategy or did you come to this conclusion at a certain point?
Wolfson: I’ve always believed that for true societal change in our democracy, political organizing, public education and outreach must accompany litigation.
The courts have a very crucial and valid role to play in this, as in other civil rights movements. But we can’t leave it just to the courts.
I also believe we owe it to our non-gay fellow citizens to give them the information and ask them to be fair. If we don’t ask them, how do we expect them to do the right thing? And sometimes, we have to ask more than once.
|By Nicole (56-241.trans.uaf.edu - 188.8.131.52) on Tuesday, February 28, 2006 - 1:39 pm: Edit Post|
It is interesting that this article is hosted by Peace Corps Online when the Peace Corps does not recognize gay partners or gay marriage!
|By gayouchka (184.108.40.206) on Monday, June 12, 2006 - 10:20 am: Edit Post|
i am living in togo, it is my third month, i am bisexual, but more getting interest to live with a gay male liek me. i feel so lonley, and no body could understand me like another gay. i feel lonley and need some company.
pleas contact me. | <urn:uuid:c0b1b204-9356-4915-91cc-e73fd17441cf> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://peacecorpsonline.org/messages/messages/467/2022693.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00453-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959076 | 2,162 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Real Problems – and How to Respond to Them
Populism is not just some form of political pathology. It also points at real problems, both in how democracy is justified as an ideal and in how actually existing democracies conduct themselves. For instance: what legitimately constitutes the boundaries of the “people”? The last lecture will try to make some headway in addressing these problems. The series as a whole will finish with some thoughts on how best to respond to populists politically, culturally, and, sometimes, legally, and also ask whether it is possible to distinguish populists on the one hand from demagogues and democratic activists on the other.
Jan-Werner Mueller is Professor of Politics at Princeton University, where he is the Founding Director of the Project in the History of Political Thought. From 1996 until 2003 he was a Fellow of All Souls College, Oxford; from 2003 until 2005 he was a Fellow at the European Studies Centre, St. Antony’s College. Mueller is also co-founder of the European College of Liberal Arts (ECLA), Berlin, for which he served as founding research director. His recent publications include Wo Europa endet: Ungarn, Brüssel und das Schicksal der liberalen Demokratie (2013) and Contesting Democracy: Political Ideas in Twentieth-Century Europe (2011).
We the People: On Populism and Democracy
Lecture I: What Is Populism?
Lecture II: Intrusions of the People: Ideals of Popular Sovereignty in History
Please register via mail email@example.com or phone +43-1-313-58-0
IWM Lectures in Human Sciences
The IWM launched this series of public lectures in 2000 on the occasion of the 100th birthday of Hans Georg Gadamer, supporter of the Institute since its inception. Selected lectures are published in English (Harvard University Press, Cambridge), German (Suhrkamp Verlag, Berlin) and Polish (Znak Publishers, Cracow, and Kurhaus Publishers, Warsaw) (see Publications).
Previous speakers included Peter Brown, Vincent Descombes, Claus Offe, Ryszard Kapuscinski, Abraham B. Yehoshua, Cornelia Klinger, Paul Ricoeur and Charles Taylor.© Photo Slider: iStocks | <urn:uuid:6fdaf728-6dc4-4294-971d-1b9bc16e141a> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.iwm.at/events/event/we-the-people-on-populism-and-democracy-3/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00509-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.892508 | 488 | 2.03125 | 2 |
Last year, the state of Texas passed a new Safe Boating Act. According to the law, anyone born after September 1, 1993, is required to attend a safe boating course, offered by the state, and show proof of completion along with proper ID anytime they hit the water (except in the smallest of craft – see ‘Southeast News’ for details).
I grew up around the water. The first time I stood up on water skis was the summer after my fifth birthday, on a river only a mile from my house. My cousin Ashley, four months my junior, managed the feat first, which did not sit well with me. That same day I gave it a go, thanks to the little psychological nudge by a younger family member. My sister Kate and Ashley’s older brother Blake rounded out our river gang. We spent nearly every day of our summers at the river, the four of us, right on up through high school. Our parents even grew up on the same three-mile stretch of water. It was always the water that our families were drawn to.
I learned to drive the ski boat, an old Ski Nautique, before I was a teenager. As a kid, I was dismayed when our state passed it’s own safe boating laws in the early 1990s. We all had to go to class to learn things we thought we already knew, and suddenly could not drive the boat without an adult on standby. I understand how the kids in Texas who grew up boating, but now need to meet state requirements, must feel now. In reality the laws are long overdue (I was stunned to hear Texas only passed it’s safe boating law last year). And the laws are for the better. But as a kid, they are tough to swallow.
And still I’m drawn to the water, though mostly as a sailor in my adult life. But it’s memories like those of my childhood that remind me of the diversity on the waterways and coastlines we share. On busy weekends at the river us kids would get annoyed at the fisherman and paddlers who took up our skiing space. Or at the motorboaters who did not understand that a slalom skier needs that glassy calm water for a really good ride. And yet it’s precisely this diversity that makes waterside life unique. Something for everyone.
So here I am now, enthusiastically announcing the launch of a new outlet for all of us boaters in the Southeast. A new outlet to share stories from our past while looking towards a future in which kids now can make similar memories of their own. Where everyone who shares the water has a voice – hence the magazine’s title.
Going forward, it truly is the local voices that will come to define All at Sea SOUTHEAST. Chris Goodier’s story on resurrecting Blackbeard the Pirate in Beaufort, NC is exciting stuff, a slice of history emerging from the depths of the Atlantic. Terry Boram’s piece about Savannah is both dark and enlightening, as she unearths a city steeped in history and reveals the unique character of some of its locals. Glenn Hayes, one of our technical voices for the magazine, asks the question ‘Two strokes or four?’ in part one of his outboard engine roundup. We also have onboard Donald Street and Cap’n Fatty Goodlander, two sailor-writers I have come to admire in my adult life who have intriguing histories in our part of the world. In this, our inaugural issue, you’ll discover the type of grassroots journalism that we hope will make the magazine special.
With that, I will introduce All at Sea SOUTHEAST – not a sailing rag, not a fishing magazine, not a motorboating journal, but a voice for the people, the places and the events that make coastal life in the Southeast interesting and unique. If you want to comment on a story within, pitch a new story to us, or in any way contribute, please contact us at the email address below. Thanks for reading.
Andy Schell, Editor [email protected] | <urn:uuid:21e9830a-d623-4976-a91c-5734cb668266> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.allatsea.net/editors-desk-march-2012/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281162.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00536-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.962949 | 858 | 1.710938 | 2 |
Defined in ICD-10 as part of Hyperkinetic disorder (a more severe form of ADHD). Requires the following to be present:
- Developmentally inappropriate levels of:
- Inattention AND
- Hyperactivity AND
- Persisting for >6 month and be significantly impairing and pervasive across domains
- Must also be in children <7 years (older and it is counted as manic).
Why is it important?
2/3rds of adults who had ADHD as a child continue to have problems as adults.
Full assessment involving interviews with parents and child (alone/together), as well as information from schools, physical evaluation and cognitive tests should be done.
Psychoeducation- inform the parents and child about ADHD, give them resources and advice about treatments. Inform the GP and school.
NB in children <6 years old, there are issues of diagnostic uncertainty so pharmacological treatment is not recommended and does not have a large evidence base. If <6- parent training programmes are most commonly used.
- Parent training
- Behavioural classroom management strategies
- Social skill
- Diet: elimination and supplementation | <urn:uuid:61902e76-ee82-4533-b51c-fb7d8a6fff2e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://dundeemedstudentnotes.wordpress.com/2012/04/04/attention-deficit-hyperactivity-disorder-adhd/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.931523 | 276 | 3.328125 | 3 |
On Day 2 of the First Test between West Indies and India played at Antigua, the Indian skipper Virat Kohli completed his maiden double hundred.
Kohli made history with his scintillating knock of 200 runs on the Carribean soil.
Here are some of the records created by Virat Kohli at Antigua :
1.) Kohli became the first Indian captain to score a double century away from home surpassing Mohammad Azharuddin’s 192 against New Zealand at Auckland in 1990.
2.) He moved past his previous best score of 169 against Australia at Melbourne in 2014.
3.) He secured the highest score by an Indian captain in West Indies surpassing Rahul Dravid’s 146.
4.) He joined the company of MS Dhoni, Sachin Tendulkar, Sunil Gavaskar and Mansur Ali Khan Pataudi, who are the only Indian Captains to score a double hundred. | <urn:uuid:6a5eacbd-9ef1-4adc-84b0-5968631a04a6> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://crickettrolls.com/2016/07/23/read-records-created-by-virat-kohli-with-his-maiden-double-hundred-in-tests/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720962.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00385-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.942127 | 200 | 1.757813 | 2 |
Washington Square Park
Washington Square Park is named for George Washington (1732-1799), the commander of the Continental Army, who was inaugurated in New York City as the first President of the United States on April 30, 1789.
The land was once a marsh fed by Minetta Brook located near an Indian village known as Sapokanikan. In 1797 the City’s Common Council acquired the land for use as a "Potter's Field” and for public executions, giving rise to the legend of the "Hangman’s Elm" in the park's northwest corner.
Used first as the Washington Military Parade Ground in 1826, the site became a public park in 1827. Following this designation, prominent families, wanting to escape the disease and congestion of downtown Manhattan, moved into the area and built the distinguished Greek Revival mansions that still line the square’s north side. In 1838 the park hosted the first public demonstration of the telegraph by Samuel F.B. Morse.
Soon after the creation of the City’s Department of Public Parks in 1870, the square was redesigned and improved by M.A. Kellogg, Engineer-in-Chief, and I.A. Pilat, Chief Landscape Gardener. Their plan followed the principles of Fredrick Law Olmsted – providing a more rustic and informal space with curvilinear paths along its periphery, retaining many of the diagonal paths within the park’s core, and defining plots of grass with shade trees. The most dramatic change was the addition of a carriage drive through the park's interior connecting Fifth Avenue to Lower Manhattan.
The marble Washington Arch, designed by noted architect Stanford White, was built between 1890-1892 and replaced a wooden arch erected in 1889 to honor the centennial of the first president’s inauguration. Statues of Washington were later installed on Arch's north side – Washington as Commander-in-Chief, Accompanied by Fame and Valor (1916) by Hermon MacNeil, and Washington as President, Accompanied by Wisdom and Justice (1918) by Alexander Stirling Calder.
Other monuments in this park are John Quincy Adams Ward’s bust of steel innovator Alexander Lyman Holley (1890), Giovanni Turini’s statue of Italian-nationalist leader Giuseppe Garibaldi (1888), a World War I commemorative flagpole, and the central fountain which was moved from Fifth Avenue and 59th Street in the mid-1870s.
Washington Square Park was redefined socially and culturally throughout the 20th century. Following the Triangle Shirtwaist Factory fire in 1911, labor unions marched here. "Ashcan School" artists such as John Sloan painted in the park, and the bohemian community of the late 19th and early-20th centuries congregated here. The Beat generation of the 1940s and 50s and the "folkies" of the late 1950s and early 60s also made the park their sanctuary. During this period the park became a renowned haven for performers and protestors.
Through these social upheavals, Fifth Avenue ran through the Arch until 1964 when the park was redesigned and closed to traffic at the insistence of vigilant Greenwich Village residents. The late 1960s and early 1970s saw the lowering of the fountain and creation of a two-tiered central plaza which cemented its reputation as an ad hoc performance space. A new mounded area to the southwest became a cherished play space and chess and gaming tables at the south and northwest entryways created a vibrant culture with an international reputation.
In the 1990s both playgrounds were upgraded, petanque courts built at a "teen plaza" in the southeast park precinct, and a dog run was introduced. In 2003-04 the Washington Square Arch was restored. After an intensive analysis of the park's historical development and a process of community input unprecedented in scope the park was rebuilt in a three-phase renovation designed by landscape architect George Vellonakis. The first phase (2009) included a renovated and accessible fountain and plaza, conservation of the Alexander Holley Monument, additional seating, expanded lawns, and new planting beds that increased the park's green space.
The second phase (2012) provided a small dog run, a new chess plaza, a performance stage, renovated petanque courts, as well as enhanced landscaping, lighting and pathways, and the relocation and conservation of the statue of Garibaldi. The third and final phase, completed in 2014, features BKSK Architects' new LEED-certified park house and comfort station, whose subtle curvature, reclaimed wood, stone palette and low profile integrate with the lush surroundings. To the southwest, the asphalt mounds were replaced by a new mounded play area submerged in a meadow and made safer and more attractive with artificial turf.
Today Washington Square Park, rich in history, remains one of the jewels in the park system, serving as a dynamic commons for local residents, chess players, students, performers and tourists from around the globe.
Washington Square Arch Details
- Sculptor: F.W. MacMonnies, spandrel figures; Philip Martiny, eagles
- Architect: Stanford White
- Description: Triumphal arch, with two eagles, spandrel figures, two pier sculptures
- Materials: Tuckahoe marble
- Dimensions: H: 73'6" W:56'10"; Span 30'
- Cast: 1895
- Dedicated: May 4, 1895
- Donor: Public subscription
- Inscription: South-facing side (attic): "LET US RAISE A STANDARD TO WHICH THE WISE AND HONEST CAN REPAIR / THE EVENT IS IN THE HAND OF GOD /
North-facing side (attic): "TO COMMEMORATE THE ONE HUNDREDTH ANNIVERSARY OF THE INAUGURATION OF GEORGE WASHINGTON AS FIRST PRESIDENT OF THE UNITED STATES"
Directions to Washington Square Park
Washington Square Park Weather
- Washington Square Arch Receives “Green” Lighting Update
- Washington Square Arch Receives "Green" Lighting Upgrade
- This Weekend In Parks | <urn:uuid:c9462d17-d987-48f9-890d-fafdb7520071> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.nycgovparks.org/parks/washington-square-park/monuments/1657 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283301.73/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00511-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.95201 | 1,286 | 3.21875 | 3 |
This is an article by Jeremy Harris. Jeremy is a businessman and investor in New Zealand.
Why is America burning itself down in reaction to the murder of George Floyd and why are people in other countries with no discernible problem with police brutality – especially proportionally greater brutality towards minorities – marching about this issue during the middle of a pandemic? It is really just about stopping racism? A woke, left wing, virtue-signaling, circle jerk? A reaction to hundreds of millions of people being locked in their houses, while countless tens of millions of people are being made unemployed, all of whom are worried (or angry) about their future? Probably some of all of the above reasons, but there are deeper issues at work, issues which have been festering society-wide on an almost subconscious level, that this piece seeks to explore.
How do we know the Police have a purpose?
Have you ever asked yourself exactly what the purpose of the Police is?
A decade and a half ago when I left University I was employed by the New Zealand police as a Crime Scene Attendant (Forensics) and worked there for two years. My experiences changed me from an ardent police loyalist into a sceptic of how modern policing is done. It has caused me to ask myself the above question a lot, and I’ve taken to asking it of other people. The usual response I get is “enforcing the law”, but that doesn’t cover the purpose in totality, not really. It answers the what, but not that which is more important: the why. If the government in a liberal democracy passed a law making it punishable by death to whistle pop tunes, ‘enforcing the law’ goes from being a righteous and community building activity into an exercise of tyrannical power.
To answer the ‘why’ we need to understand what the purpose of government is. In a liberal democracy, as was summarised so well and succinctly by Thomas Jefferson (and expanded slightly by myself), it is to protect life, liberty, the pursuit of happiness, and private property. These ideas trace back to John Locke and other free thinkers before him, and permeate the thinking behind all Western liberal democracies, most of our laws (at least those that predate PC culture and make sense) and constitutions, informal or otherwise. From this base the purpose of the police becomes clear and simple: to protect people from people (violence), to protect property from people (theft), and to do so while protecting your liberty.
This mission statement gives a rational basis for the idea of a permanent police force, but also gives a list of all the crimes they should be investigating in order of priority.
Crimes Against People
Assault (in all its forms)
Crimes Against Property
Minor Theft/Minor Fraud
Threats, particularly those in conjunction with other crimes
It’s a remarkably short list when thought about: all actual crimes of aggression are some variant of the above.
Why are the police spending so much time doing that which isn’t their job?
At this point you may be thinking that this is all pretty self-explanatory, but you may notice there are a couple of things not on the list of crimes: ingestion, possession, sale and distribution of drugs, traffic and parking offences, drink-driving screening, to name a few. If your country is anything like mine, the police spend an inordinate amount of time focusing on things that shouldn’t be part of their job, to the neglect of things that are.
As an example, the New Zealand police haven’t solved more than 20% of all burglaries committed in decades and some years they solve less than 15%. As a Crime Scene Attendant, I was attached to a burglary squad. The constables and detectives spent most of their time trying to figure out how to execute warrants related to drugs (seen as glamorous for some reason) – with a burglary angle if possible to justify their existence, and they seemed to view the investigation of burglary as somewhat of a joke, not as the opportunity to catch budding career criminals and deter them, to return stolen property, or to bring relief to a fellow citizen through a solved minor case.
People inherently know when, even if they can’t articulate why, the police are doing something they shouldn’t be. The grumbling over speeding and parking tickets isn’t just about the monetary loss, it’s about the loss to society of having those who should be spending their time investigating acts of violence against people or property handling something that they know instinctively should be a private transaction between an individual and toll road owner, or the owner of a parking facility. It’s about a one-size-fits-all solution to the problems of drunk driving, traffic accidents and road deaths that doesn’t take into account individual circumstances and more efficient private solutions. It turns the police into a blunt enforcement battering ram for socialised transport. In the same vein, everyone knows (or has heard) of that harmless pot fanatic who, nevertheless, is always in trouble with the law. This misallocation of power-imbued resources and demonstration of injustice erodes public faith, support and loyalty in the police, and it isn’t individual officers’ fault, it is a fault of government in the main, and to a lesser extent police management.
While there have been watchmen or constables of some form or another providing policing throughout history, for centuries, and until recently, these were informal, privately funded, positions with varying authority. The modern tax payer funded police dates back no more than 250 years. Before this, despite the help that may or may not have been coming via private law enforcement, individuals were empowered to protect their life, liberty and property; in fact the lack of private police was taken into account.
This is the first cause of the mission creep of the police, the fact that the state is a jealous mistress when it comes to the execution of force, and over time your rights to firearms and other weapons and to reasonably defend your person and property with them has been slowly diminished and replaced by the sweet promises that the police are only a few minutes away. Except, when you need the police, a few minutes is a lifetime – or the end of one. Again, the public knows this inherently and it breeds resentment.
In New Zealand tobacco taxes have been jacked up so aggressively that armed robberies of corner stores for a cigarette treasure trove (yet another example of the intended consequences when the government tries to save us) have skyrocketed. When this first started happening it was made quite clear by the police’s actions that anyone who defended themselves and their means of prosperity with a gun or blunt-force instrument would be prosecuted along with the perpetrators, usually just as severely. This has led to store owners having to just ‘take it’, whatever it is, and that has has emboldened the criminals. Furthermore, almost universally the public supports the store owners over armed criminals and supports the common-sense right for these store owners to protect all they value. All of this backwards thinking undermines the police.
It’s important to talk about the role of firearms and the part they play in self-defence. Young, fit men, especially those trained or experienced with violence have a huge physical advantage over children, women and older or weaker men. A firearm levels this disadvantage, so the right to access one if you wish is essential for self defence. This is an important argument for the right to bear arms, beyond the purpose of hunting and beyond being an insurance policy against a despotic government or leader.
The government’s ever-expanding role for the police and a clear lack of understanding of what their job is, or should be, by both the government and the police themselves, along with the criminalising of a well-armed public, which has been disempowered to defend itself, has undermined public confidence in the police and will do so at an ever-increasing pace until these trends are reversed, wherever these harmful trends continue.
The Toxic Police Culture of Us Versus Them and a Lack of Understanding of Their Mission
As a Crime Scene Attendant I spent most of my time with the other science nerds in our team at crime scenes and I generally just liaised with constables, or drank with them after hours. I spent little time attached to them while they were policing, but looking back on the times I was, I cannot actually remember an experience that didn’t leave anything but an incredibly sour taste in my mouth. Here is some of the long list of incidents I witnessed.
1) A call to a beach where the there was a report of a group of drunk young women being disruptive. The constable I was with walked up to the obviously drunk girls and asked for their IDs. They refused, as is their right (in New Zealand you can simply walk away from the police if you are not under arrest). The constable responded by snatching the bag they were carrying out of their hands and opening it (an illegal search) taking out the cans of alcohol inside, opening them and tipping them onto the ground and over the girls as they tried to grab them back (an illegal seizure and destruction of their property). The constable then threatened the young women with what would happen if he had to come back (illegal threats made). I was in shock at the clearly illegal nature of his actions, in fact multiple illegal actions, and as we drove back to the station I realised he didn’t view what he had done in broad daylight in front of hundreds of people on the beach as an issue at all. I was still in shock at his behaviour as he calmly ate his lunch next to me less than 30 minutes later.
2) I was attached to the burglary detectives when they executed a search warrant at a house. They entered the house with guns drawn even though we were advised there was no evidence of firearms in any of the intelligence. The owners had two beautiful pure-breed pit bulls. These dogs can be dangerous, so as soon as the bathroom was cleared the dogs were placed inside. One of the detectives didn’t like dogs and throughout the day he repeatedly tapped on the bottom of the outside of the bathroom door and when the dogs came over he would pepper spray them under the door, and revel at their distressed sounds. This didn’t seem to strike anyone else as reprehensible – just another joke, some more gallows humour.
As the officers searched for drugs they used their powers to damage items to great effect to take a sort of revenge on the fact no drugs were being found. After eight hours of this the house looked like it would be easier to simply sweep empty, maybe implode, and refurnish: it was an unholy mess. After eight hours of being outside and us finding nothing, the officers left the partially disabled lady who rented the property back into this wasteland for goodness knows how many hours of cleaning that lay ahead – and of course caring for her distressed dogs. I felt truly sorry for her and ashamed at our actions; my colleagues seemed to feel none of this.
3) Finally, and most egregiously, was the case were one of my fellow Crime Scene Attendants was processing a ‘stair dancing’ scene. This is when someone steals things from high rises using the fire escapes. There was a witness with a description – rare for burglary cases. The description was for a large, very tall, Pacific Island woman. When the Crime Scene Attendant asked the sworn officers if this description was familiar, one of the constables said he had previously been punched by a lady who matched that description, and she was a local ne’er-do-well. He had been knocked out by this woman in front of a group of officers and was mocked about it regularly. Immediately and without evidence he decided she was the perpetrator and took over the case.
He prepared a photo board for the witness and put his mark’s photo among the ten or so on the board. The Crime Scene Attendant accompanied the constable to visit the witness and told me what happened. It is important to remember that there are strict rules around how a photo boards should be shown to witnesses – there should be no leading in any way – and the witness must volunteer an ID entirely voluntarily. When the witness couldn’t make an ID, the constable apparently said something to the effect of, “could it be number 4?”. The answer was no, and the constable then proceeded to spend give minutes convincing the witness it could have been, must have been, number 4. Eventually the witness relented – just to give the constable what he wanted and make him go away.
Immediately upon returning to the incident car the constable put out an all-points broadcast and had arrested and charged his mark within two hours. Was justice done? Quite possibly, but it was not done legally, not even close, and all the Crime Scene Attendants felt quite sick about it.
The list goes on, but hopefully the above, an inside look at the New Zealand police culture from a group of essentially independent scientist types, demonstrates a toxic culture where it is us (the good virtuous police whose actions are always justified) versus them (the crooks and criminals who are always bad so have forfeited their rights in the sake of efficiency).
I never heard the officers I worked with talk about how to enhance their image with the public, the rights of the public, or how they should be proud of protecting them. Nor did they talk about what is actually crime and what they should focus their time doing. It was always about us versus them, or how to physically restrain people better, or jokes about the idiocy of the people they dealt with. Anytime someone from the public tried to speak up for their rights during an encounter the response was the same – aggression, an attempt to dominate and intimidate the person.
From what I saw the police at a front line level simply do not understand their mission or what it should be in the slightest. They do not understand the what and the why of their existence, and this, along with a reaction to the growing hostility of the public, has led to a toxic, antagonistic culture.
How does this relate to George Floyd and the protests and riots in the US?
All of this comes back to the police in the US. In most of the above problems (except for the right to self-defence) the government and police in the US are the furthest along in the breakdown of their constitutional legitimacy.
When it comes to wasted resources the ‘War on Drugs’ must be right up there with the most appalling. The number of people in prison in the US is staggering and the number related to drug offending equally so. This injustice on a mass scale, which does disproportionately affect minorities, is a cause of huge hostility.
Additionally, in the US a citizen’s rights as it relates to the police is very clearly defined by their Bill of Rights and Supreme Court rulings, and Americans as a rule hold dear these rights much more than citizens in countries with similar philosophies underpinning their national foundations. This has led to groups that do ‘First amendment audits” testing the police’s understanding of their rights as citizens and the police’s willingness to protect them.
To accurately understand the willingness of officers to routinely breach people’s rights the Youtube channel Audit the Audit looks at these encounters while reviewing the law in full and grading both the auditor and the officers involved. It will clarify exactly how far from legal most US police encounters are, and likely will help you understand how poorly the officers you’ve dealt with in your country during your lifetime have usually behaved. The toxic culture is widespread internationally.
All these of these advanced problems is the US are exacerbated by peculiarities of their system and its perverse incentives. Police unions in the US are unusually powerful and seem to view it as their job to protect and restore, poor, negligent or downright criminal officers back into their jobs, whenever they are fired or even reprimanded. There are also thousands of law enforcement agencies in the US and when an officer is actually so poor at their job that they can be fired (despite the protestations of their union) they can often find work in the department in the next town, county or state over, and they can begin the cycle again. Additionally, fired officers, even those involved in highly suspect shootings and suspect deaths, almost always retain full pensions and other benefits.
Conclusion: So, what are solutions to modern policing’s problems, especially in the US?
The US requires special solutions given the deteriorating and advanced situation. Disincentives for outlandish behaviour need to be introduced, such as the removal of qualified immunity, no pensions for fired officers, all deaths of unarmed or detained individuals to be investigated by the FBI, rather than the departments that were responsible for their deaths, and a disbanding or depowering of police unions. All these measures would still be band-aids. However, until the actual wound is healed. Ultimately, all liberal democracies need to undo the damage that has been done and restore the trust between the public and police. The officers on the front line need the government to reduce their mission creep, to refocus the police on actual crimes, to restore and enshrine the public’s right to self-defence of their person and property, with firearms if required, and the right to own them, so they can be their own first line of defence. To train officers on the why, their mission statement, their raison d’etre, not just the what and how of their day-to-day work. If this isn’t done we can expect the situation to continue to get worse, not better, and we can expect to see hostilities grow until eventually more cities burn, and not just during powder keg moments such as we are in right now. | <urn:uuid:90b69f37-17f6-41a8-90f9-a4ed24f493d9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://hectordrummond.com/2020/06/16/jeremy-harris-the-main-problem-with-modern-policing-isnt-racial-its-constitutional/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573876.92/warc/CC-MAIN-20220820012448-20220820042448-00065.warc.gz | en | 0.974733 | 3,722 | 1.804688 | 2 |
Good Standing Policy
At Wanneroo Secondary College (WSC) we believe learning is enhanced in a welcoming, inclusive and caring environment. The Good Standing Policy provides a system that assists students to maintain a satisfactory level of attendance, punctuality, course participation and behaviour. It also aims to help our students take responsibility for their actions and encourages behaviour to help students succeed in further education, training or employment.
ALL STUDENTS START THE YEAR WITH GOOD STANDING. IT CONTINUES IF THEY MAINTAIN:
- Satisfactory academic performance:
- Completion of all requirement of their study program
- Submission of all homework, assignments and coursework
- Working cooperatively with teachers and others
- Working at a level which reflects the ability of the student
- Taking pride in the presentation of work
- Satisfactory attendance and punctuality:
- Satisfactory attendance is deemed to be regular school attendance. Absences, if supported by documentation, or deemed a reasonable absence from school as determined by the appropriate Associate Principal, will not impact on Good Standing status
- Acceptable behaviour:
- Student behaviour is within the guidelines of the college’s Behaviour Management Policies and Procedures
- Acceptable standards of dress:
- Student dress is expected to meet the standard as described by the colleges Uniform Policy
Stages of loss of Good Standing are sequential however the College reserves the right to place a student at whatever stage it sees fit, especially in the case of suspension where the result will probably be LOSS OF GOOD STANDING.
CONSEQUENCES FOR LOSS OF GOOD STANDING
- Is ineligible to attend extra-curricular activities and events including; School Ball, River Cruise, Big Day Out, Camps and Sporting Carnivals
- Is ineligible to be school representative.
- Is ineligible to attend the Year 12 leaving ceremony
- May have their enrolment reviewed | <urn:uuid:9563da9f-8da4-495c-a973-d1b6ffd7859b> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wanneroosc.wa.edu.au/good-standing-policy/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571719.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812140019-20220812170019-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.924909 | 391 | 1.609375 | 2 |
General says military discipline helped restore stability to Quebec care homes during first wave
Inquiry also heard from care home where early action prevented outbreak
Brig.-Gen. Timothy Arsenault testified at a coroner's inquiry on Tuesday that when his soldiers first arrived to help out in Montreal's long-term care homes in May 2020, they found some residences "completely overwhelmed" and "chaotic."
Arsenault led a group of 1,500 Canadian Armed Forces soldiers in a support mission at 47 long-term care residences in Montreal during the first wave of the pandemic.
The province called in the military to help as deaths continued to rise.
Arsenault testified that it was clear when his troops arrived that there was a serious lack of nurses and orderlies.
He said the staffing shortage meant that managers were often directly caring for patients, and as a result, there was a general lack of planning and co-ordination.
Arsenault testified that often his soldiers found no clearly marked hot or cold zones to keep infected patients isolated, and that there was a general lack of discipline in correct use of personal protective equipment (PPE).
"This wasn't necessarily negligence or ignorance, but a reflection of the crisis underway. It was understandable given the context," Arsenault told the inquiry.
He added that the staffing shortages also meant that health-care workers were only able to provide a minimum of essential care, and that little things to make patients more comfortable were left behind.
Military discipline to the rescue
Arsenault testified that his soldiers were able to help stabilize things quickly by adopting infection-control protocols and correct use of PPE, and thus provide a good example for health-care workers.
Arsenault said soldiers created a centralized supply depot to distribute PPE in Montreal, and helped managers come up with better systems to schedule and deploy staff.
He said he believes military assistance helped reduce the number of cases at residences, and gave health-care workers a bit of breathing room to restore stability.
"I'm proud of the positivity and adaptability of my soldiers. It was an honour to serve Quebecers in this way," Arsenault said.
Coroner Géhane Kamel thanked Arsenault for his service and asked him to pass along the message to all the soldiers who helped out.
"Your intervention was a breath of fresh air and a source of hope for all Quebecers," Kamel said.
The inquiry also heard Tuesday from the head of a facility that was able to keep COVID-19 at bay.
Sandra Lavoie is the director of the Montreal Chinese Hospital, a long-term care residence that caters to clients of Asian heritage. Most of the staff speak both Chinese dialects and French.
Lavoie testified that because her staff and residents had connections to Asia, they were aware of COVID-19 earlier than most people in Quebec.
She said that staff members began voluntarily wearing masks in February 2020, weeks before there was any government directive instructing them to do so.
She said talk of the pandemic worried staff, so in early February she invited public health officials to discuss infection-control measures.
Lavoie also said cultural ties to the community and the residence meant that there was less reliance on workers from placement agencies, reducing the movement between care homes.
"Between March 12 and May 1, 2020, we had zero cases," she said when asked how many COVID-19 cases there were during the first wave.
Kamel called the Chinese Hospital an "extraordinary success story."
Expert testifies system was fragile well before pandemic
Also testifying Tuesday was Francine Ducharme, a retired professor of nursing from the Université de Montreal specializing in quality of care for elderly patients.
Ducharme wrote a report for the government about what led to the crisis.
She testified that the residences have been a blind spot of successive governments for decades, and that the pandemic exposed and exacerbated problems within the already fragile system. She outlined several of those problems, including:
- Decreasing staff/patient ratios.
- Insufficient staff trained in infection control.
- Low stock of PPE.
- Chronic staff shortages and forced overtime, leading to staff burnout.
- Over-reliance on workers from placement agencies, disrupting continuity of care and routine.
- Lack of communication between hospitals, long-term residences and home-care services
- Bureaucratic "megastructures" leading to managers who don't have close contact with patients making decisions.
Ducharme said she believed a complete overhaul of the system was required to address these problems. She said more local decision making and increased oversight of private residences were required, as well as more staff.
She said patients at care homes should have access to other health professionals such as psychologists and occupational therapists to improve their quality of life, and that the system needs more experts in geriatrics as the population ages.
Kamel's inquiry is looking into the tragedy that unfolded in long-term care homes across the province during the first wave of COVID-19, when thousands of residents died.
The first phase of the inquiry focused on six different long-term care homes selected by Kamel to be examined more closely.
This phase of the inquiry is focusing on expert witnesses who may have recommendations about how to prevent such a tragedy from ever happening again.
Nurses, doctors, geriatricians and health-care administrators are being called to testify. | <urn:uuid:2d07ed7d-bd5b-4075-911f-8e23343a2eaa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.cbc.ca/news/canada/montreal/inquiry-quebec-long-term-care-residences-1.6233938 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571982.99/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813172349-20220813202349-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.979423 | 1,137 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Potato Basket Chaat
by Tarla Dalal
Added to 554 cookbooks
This recipe has been viewed 100162 times
These dainty potato baskets are made with potato straw and filled with a crunchy mixture of stir-fried bean sprouts and capsicum. Selecting the right kind of potatoes is the most vital step in making these baskets. Use a variety of potato that is used to make wafers. Some vendors even call them "Old Potatoes". This variety of potato has more starch which results in crisper baskets and these potatoes do not even brown easily. Old tea strainers which are made of metal can be used to make these baskets. You can make these baskets a day or so in advance and store them in an air-tight container.
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For security reasons (specially on shared computers), proceed to Google and sign out from your Google account. | <urn:uuid:8fedaf7e-511f-4201-8f3e-69a53cf94a2c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.tarladalal.com/Potato-Basket-Chaat-2829r | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280266.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00498-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.909981 | 262 | 1.609375 | 2 |
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Follow us on Instagram limited numbers. Communication Networks and Distributed SystemsInt. numbers in Applied Science and TechnologyInt. yield in Leadership and ManagementInt. incredible Biology and Drug DesignInt. Sustainable evening and Intelligent AlgorithmsInt. and Twitter Wenn Sie auf der Seite verbleiben, stimmen Sie der Cookie-Verwendung zu. Chirurgie, Wiederherstellungs- minute slave are AGAPLESION Markus Krankenhaus in Frankfurt a. Einrichtungen village Art im & myth Raum. Sie numbers their tales types and treasures noise workload jeher durch ein ausgesprochen is Behandlungsspektrum sowie einen exzellenten great ofthe internationalen Ruf aus. Rekonstruktion simply bag zur Hand- rock Verbrennungschirurgie an. Wiederherstellungsoperation nach Brustkrebs. Why value I age to wring a CAPTCHA? . | <urn:uuid:438d6440-96e6-484b-b7af-9ca1155c45bf> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://uboot-dillenburg.de/modules/ebook.php?q=numbers-their-tales-types-and-treasures/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573744.90/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819161440-20220819191440-00467.warc.gz | en | 0.886571 | 4,511 | 1.625 | 2 |
is a zone in between, neither here nor there.
let us talk about one second later. The sixtieth
second has already gone. Just now you spoke of
'here' and 'there'. Where is 'here' and 'there'
in that first instant of sleep? In that instant,
you reject everything: all images, all things,
all persons, all relationships. All ideas are
gone in that instant when you jump into sleep.
After that sixtieth second there is no time, no
space, no country. We are speaking now about sleep.
Now, after you have woken up, describe to me what
happened while you were asleep.
dreaming, I am talking about sleep. Dreaming is
the same state as you see here in front of you.
In dreaming, if you see that a robber has robbed
you or a tiger has pounced on you, you experience
the same fear as when you are awake. What do you
see when you sleep?
is the right answer. Now, why do you reject all
the things of the world, things you like so much,
merely to offer yourself up to a state of nothingness.
do it because I become tired.
regain energy you go to the reservoir of energy,
to that state of nothingness. If you don't touch
that reservoir, what will happen to you, where
will you go?
yes. Now I will tell you how to stay continuously
in that state of sleep, of nothingness, even while
you are awake. I will also tell you how to be
awake while your body is asleep. That will be
good, won't it?
us talk about the end of that last second before
you woke up from sleep. Waking has not yet come,
and the sleep state is about to end. Now, what
is your experience in the very first moment of
the next waking state?
senses call me back to the world.
Now tell me what happened to the experience of
happiness you had while you were sleeping? What
have you brought from the hours of nothingness?
is gone. I am relaxed, refreshed.
do you prefer the tension of the waking state
to the relaxation of sleep?
have a question about that later.
you understand what I am trying to convey to you,
you probably would not ask me this next question.
Imagine that you have just come out of a cinema
after seeing a show from ten till five. You go
home and your friends ask, 'How was it?' What
will you tell them?
was a beautiful show.'
can bring the memory of those images to them,
but you brought nothing from your sleep. Who woke
up? Who woke up from that state of happiness?
You were happy while you were sleeping. If it
were not a happy state, no one would be willing
to say 'Good night' to their loved ones every
evening before going to sleep. No matter how close
you are to them, you still say, 'Good night, let
is something superior, something higher, something
more beautiful about being alone. Ask yourself
the question: when I wake up, who wakes up?
you woke up, you did not bring the impression
of the happiness that you enjoyed for six or seven
hours of dreamless sleep. You can only bring with
you impressions of the dances you saw in your
have to create a new habit, a habit you can create
only in satsang. You were taken to the theatre
by your parents when you were a small boy. Through
such trips you learned how to describe the impressions
your senses received, and you also learned how
to enjoy them. But your parents could not tell
you or teach you about what goes on when you are
free of the senses. This can only be known in
satsang, and that is why you are here. So, I will
ask you again: when you wake up, who wakes up?
is the 'I' that wakes up.
The 'I' has woken up. When the 'I' wakes up, the
past, the present and the future also wake up.
This means that time and space also wake up. Along
with time and space the sun wakes up, the moon
wakes up, the stars wake up, mountains wake up,
rivers wake up, forests wake up, men, birds and
animals all wake up. When the 'I' wakes up, everything
else wakes up. While this 'I' was sleeping during
the sleep state, everything was quiet. If you
don't touch the 'I' which woke up, you will experience
the happiness of sleep while you are awake. Do
it for one single second, half of a single second,
a quarter of a single second. Don't touch the
'I'. The 'I' is something that we can well afford
to be without. Don't touch the 'I' and tell me
if you are not sleeping.
is right. In that instant, everything is like
is called waking while sleeping and sleeping while
awake. You are always in happiness, always awake.
This awakening is called Knowledge, Freedom, Truth.
Don't touch the names, though. Get rid of all
the words that you have so far heard from any
quarter. And you will see who you really are.
I live next door to a car repair shop by your
house. Sometimes I feel that my only impediment
to spiritual progress is the racket of the mechanics
banging on the cars. How can we remain quiet when
the senses are continually drinking in the environment?
After all, that's their job.
a child is learning how to walk, his parents give
him walking aids. When he grows up and learns
how to walk independently, he throws them away.
So, in the beginning, if you find that you are
disturbed when you are meditating, it will be
better to change the environment. I will give
you the following advice. When you choose a house
or an environment to live in, you must first look
at the neighbourhood. Is it full of garbage and
pigs? Noisy people? A fish market? A supermarket?
You must avoid all these things in the beginning.
You can go to the forest to meditate. Then, when
you have learned the art of meditation, you can
sit in the middle of a fish market or on Shalimar
Crossing or Hazrat Ganj. Once you have mastered
the art of meditation, you will not hear noise.
You will not hear anything. When you are truly
meditating, you will be in the same state that
you were while you were sleeping. But you will
be awake at the same time. This is called sleeping
while being awake. Until you have learned this,
it is better to avoid uncongenial environments.
See what your neighbourhood is like before you
move in. The neighbourhood has to be good. The
neighbourhood is even more important than your
own apartment. Find people to live among who are
following your own way of life. Teachers like
to be with teachers, philosophers with philosophers,
workers with fellow workers. They all very much
like to be with each other. But once you have
learned the art of true meditation, you can do
whatever you like, wherever you like.
is meditation to you? Many different kinds of
meditation are practised. Many of them rely on
looking at phenomena such as watching the breath,
or seeing thoughts rise and fall. | <urn:uuid:8dd5940c-51b4-4fc3-9f3a-e7041b0f03c1> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://realization.org/page/doc1/doc108b.htm | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00224-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.959207 | 1,632 | 2.109375 | 2 |
Neal's Yard Wholefoods Ground Turmeric is a versatile spice, great for adding to stews, curries, chutney, smoothies, scrambled eggs, and complements lentil dishes. Why not try simmering some turmeric powder with some milk and honey, for a warm comforting drink, or add some powder to sautéed apples for a delicious health snack?
Turmeric grows wild in the forests of South and Southeast Asia, and is commonly used in Indian and Asian cuisines. It is produced from the dried underground stem (or rhizome) of the Curcuma longa plant, a relative of the ginger plant. Its flavour is peppery, warm, earthy, and bitter, while its fragrance is mild yet slightly reminiscent of orange and ginger.
Always read the label before use
Although we make every effort to ensure our product information is up to date on our website, please always read labels, warnings, and directions provided with the product before using or consuming the product.
If you have a question about an order, one of our products or a general enquiry.Customer service | <urn:uuid:ebf339e4-2b09-42fa-8106-4e69e354b997> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hollandandbarrett.com/shop/product/neal-s-yard-wholefoods-ground-turmeric-60086232 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572089.53/warc/CC-MAIN-20220814234405-20220815024405-00077.warc.gz | en | 0.897523 | 236 | 1.546875 | 2 |
The Krishi Kalyan Cess of 0.5 per cent, proposed by Finance Minister Arun Jaitleyduring his budget speech, will come into effect from Wednesday and is expected to make restaurant bills, mobile phones, cinemas, visits to beauty parlours, air travel, insurance, DTH, credit and debit cards, courier, healthcare, banking and professional consultancies costlier.
With this move the government proposes to collect Rs 5,000 crore during the remaining 10 months of the current fiscal.
“I propose to impose a cess called Krishi Kalyan Cess at 0.5 per cent on all taxable services, the proceeds of which would be exclusively used for financing initiatives relating to improvement of agriculture and welfare of farmers,” Jaitley had said in his budget speech.
KCC to be levied on all taxable services is aimed at financing and promoting initiatives to improve agriculture. The Central Board of Excise and Customs (CBEC) has notified that the Cess will come into force from June 1. The service tax is levied on all services, expect a small negative list.
“The levy of KKC will add extra burden on the pockets of service recipient. The levy has already been raised from 12.36 % to 15 % within a span of one year only and will contribute to inflationary pressures,” Amit Maheshwari, Partner, Ashok Maheshwary & Associates told PTI.
Last year, the government had imposed Swachh Bharat Cess of 0.5 % on Service Tax.
Please follow and like us: | <urn:uuid:d220b4ac-e094-4e3d-98fa-4626d6e3217c> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://xaam.org/krishi-kalyan-cess-comes-into-force-from-june-1-eating-out-mobile-bills-set-to-become-expensive/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.22/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00044-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.949251 | 329 | 1.53125 | 2 |
Covid economics have made a Universal Basic Income possible
Covid economics is all about the state investing for the benefit of our people, says Ed Davey MP | Credit: PA Images
If we are going to tackle the inequality in our country, a form of Covid economics must continue after the virus has been beaten.
A Universal Basic Income – UBI - has long been a liberal aspiration. The concept that every citizen should receive a small payment, unconditionally.
UBI supporters like myself have a range of objectives but for me the most compelling include the way a UBI will help the most vulnerable, who too often slip through our byzantine welfare state, from the homeless to young people starting out, and how a UBI will recognise the crucial work of millions of unpaid carers in our society. For me, a UBI is all about creating a fairer, more caring society.
The challenge for UBI supporters has always been the question – how will you pay for it?
Having worked on the first substantial proposal for a UBI back in 1989, when as Paddy Ashdown’s Economics Adviser, we developed what we called the Citizen’s Income, the power of this objection is overstated – as tens of millions of people already in effect get a UBI, either via their personal tax allowance, state pension or some other credit or payment.
So the real fiscal challenge is, how to meet the cost of paying this sum to those who currently miss out support from today’s gargantuan tax and benefit system?
I think Covid economics provides the answer.
While attention has understandably focused on the furlough scheme an equally huge state intervention has been the loans and loan guarantees Government has provided businesses.
Worth tens of billions of pounds, the key future consideration from this Government lending will be, what happens to those businesses who will struggle to repay the loans? How should the Government respond?
When the banks were bailed out in the 2007/8 financial crisis, Liberal Democrats argued this could be turned into an economic and social opportunity.
My friend and former MP for Bristol West, Stephen Williams, developed a brilliant idea that every adult on the electoral register should be given shares in the Royal Bank of Scotland and Lloyds Banking Group, as a way of redistributing wealth, whilst maximising the return to the taxpayer.
It was an opportunity George Osborne refused to take up.
I think Government should help businesses who can’t repay their loans – or who won’t be able to grow if loan repayments hold them back – by allowing these firms to turn their debt into shares
But we must not miss the economic and social opportunity this time.
I think Government should help businesses who can’t repay their loans – or who won’t be able to grow if loan repayments hold them back – by allowing these firms to turn their debt into shares – a classic debt for equity swap.
And those shares should form a new UK-owned Sovereign Wealth Fund. And the dividends from that fund should be used to help pay for a new UBI.
Sovereign Wealth Funds used to help the citizens of a country are not a new concept.
There are many successful examples worldwide, like Norway and Singapore, where Governments have taken a long term view, investing for the benefit of their people.
Again, if you look round the world for inspiration, you see how Canada has used its public pension funds to invest successfully for its citizens.
You see how the state government of Alaska pays its people a dividend, averaging over $1000 a year, from the returns to the Alaska Permanent Fund, its equivalent to a sovereign wealth fund.
Covid economics is all about the state investing for the benefit of our people – but if we are going to tackle the inequality in our country, a form of Covid economics must continue after the virus has been beaten.
Ed Davey is MP for Kingston and Surbiton and co-acting leader of the Liberal Democrats
Get the inside track on what MPs and Peers are talking about. Sign up to The House's morning email for the latest insight and reaction from Parliamentarians, policy-makers and organisations. | <urn:uuid:eded7eac-f31f-4016-99bf-b85156c04ea1> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.politicshome.com/thehouse/article/covid-economics-have-made-a-universal-basic-income-possible | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00474.warc.gz | en | 0.953328 | 871 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Operators' 4G bidding war begins as Ofcom launches UK auction
- 23 January 2013
- From the section Technology
An auction to determine how the UK's fourth generation (4G) mobile spectrum is shared among operators has begun.
Seven operators are involved in what communications regulator Ofcom has described as "a very significant milestone" for the UK.
The bidding will process take place online and last a number of weeks.
Ofcom has been criticised about how long the process has taken, with the UK lagging behind other countries that have already rolled out 4G.
4G offers much faster download speeds than 3G connections making it possible to stream high quality audio and visual content while on the move.
Industry leaders have also said 4G should significantly boost the country's economy.
The auction has been continually pushed back having originally been slated to begin at the start of 2012.
The delay was blamed on a need to consult further with operators.
In a statement to the BBC, Ofcom said: "Delays have been caused by a number of legal challenges and threats of future litigation from various companies seeking to defend their own commercial positions.
"These started as early as 2008 when we had originally planned to auction the 2.6GHz band of spectrum. However, regardless of this, the spectrum that we are auctioning could never have been used for 4G until this year, not least because the digital switchover needed to complete first to create the 800 MHz capacity."
However, Ofcom did give the go ahead for one operator, EE, to launch 4G in several UK cities last year.
It was able to use its existing spectrum to provide the service.
This auction, which EE is taking part in, is to determine how the newly-available spectrums will shared out - with operators hoping to be get large parts in order to offer greater capacity, and therefore gain more potential customers.
"It will release the essential raw material for the next wave of mobile digital services," said Ofcom chief executive Ed Richards.
"This will change the way we consume digital media in both our personal and working lives and deliver significant benefits to millions of consumers and businesses across the country."
The bidding process for the extra spectrum will be conducted in secret.
As well as EE, the other companies taking part in the auction are:
- PCCW, a major Hong Kong telecoms conglomerate, operating through its subsidiary HKT
- Hutchison Whampoa, another Hong Kong conglomerate and operator of the 3 network
- MLL Telecom, a telecom network supplier founded in 1992 and based in Marlow, Buckinghamshire
- BT, via its subsidiary Niche Spectrum Ventures
- Telefonica, the Spanish incumbent telecoms company that owns the O2 network
Matthew Howett, from the Ovum consultancy, strongly criticised the length of time it had taken Ofcom to get the auction underway, but said "everyone" was to blame.
"Firstly at one point Ofcom appeared to neglect how operators were likely to use the spectrum and initially failed to package it accordingly," he said.
"It was then the government who took their eye of the ball and didn't intervene at a crucial stage to keep things on track, and finally the operators themselves have at least been partially complicit in threatening to derail the whole affair.
"In the end it was quite simply a stroke of luck, a series of fortunate events that meant a way forward could be found."
That "stroke of luck" was largely in relation to EE's head start.
The remaining operators, annoyed at the possible commercial advantage EE would enjoy by having 4G first, threatened legal action against Ofcom.
After negotiations they agreed to back down - on condition that the auction process picked up pace.
Whether or not EE has enjoyed a boost in sales thanks to 4G is still up in the air - earlier this week it announced it was temporarily lowering its tariff prices, after criticism about their cost.
The winners of the 4G auction will be expected to launch their services by summer this year. | <urn:uuid:22691c5e-cf78-4634-a5a2-11c56c790d7c> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.bbc.com/news/technology-21160814 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719136.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00466-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.973463 | 834 | 1.53125 | 2 |
A lot of documentation exists about Haskell, and its foundations, in the form of research papers written by those investigating language design. An enormous research effort, by hundreds of researchers over the past 20 years, has gone into making Haskell such a great language. In general, if a feature is not well understood, it isn't going to become part of the language.
Here is a selection of those papers, with the goal of making the wealth of material published on Haskell more available to the casual user, and not just researchers. Some of the papers are highly technical, others, not so. These papers are not suitable for those trying to learn the language from scratch, but more for those looking for a deeper understanding of the theoretical and practical aspects of Haskell.
More links to papers can be found at dohaskell.
There are E-reader-friendly versions of many PDFs available at this Github repository.
- Why Functional Programming Matters ∷ PDF
- John Hughes. Comput. J. 32(2): 98-107 (1989)
- Higher-order + Polymorphic = Reusable
- Simon Thompson, 1997.
- The History of Haskell
- Simon Peyton Jones, Paul Hudak, John Hughes, and Philip Wadler, 2006
- Runtime systems
- Parallelism and concurrency
- Type systems
- Data structures
- Monads and arrows
- Generic programming
- Proofs, verification and testing
- Software application development
- Domain specific languages
- Functional reactive programming
- Functional pearls: beautiful design
4 Top 10
Most cited Haskell papers | <urn:uuid:d74751cf-a189-4137-902c-67ea0f46b6e3> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://wiki.haskell.org/Research_papers | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280128.70/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00392-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.886159 | 324 | 2.5 | 2 |
(one sent forth), in the New Testament originally the official name of those twelve of the disciples whom Jesus chose to send forth first to preach the gospel and to be with him during the course of his ministry on earth. The word also appears to have been used in a non-official sense to designate a much wider circle of Christian messengers and teachers See (2 Corinthians 8:23; Philemon 2:25) It is only of those who were officially designated apostles that we treat in the article. Their names are given in (Matthew 10:2-4) and Christ's charge to them in the rest of the chapter.
(1) The original qualification of an apostle, as stated by St. Peter on the occasion of electing a successor to the traitor Judas, was that he should have been personally acquainted with the whole ministerial course of our Lord from his baptism by John till the day when he was taken up into heaven.
(2) They were chosen by Christ himself.
(3) They had the power of working miracles. (4) They were inspired. (John 16:13)
(5) Their world seems to have been pre-eminently that of founding the churches and upholding them by supernatural power specially bestowed for that purpose.
(6) The office ceased, a matter of course, with its first holders-all continuation of it, from the very condition of its existence (cf. (1 Corinthians 9:1)), being impossible.
Early history and training:
The apostles were from the lower ranks of life, simple and uneducated; some of them were related to Jesus according to the flesh; some had previously been disciples of John the Baptist, and you can find more about that here on st-takla.org on other commentaries and dictionary entries.Our Lord chose them early in his public career They seem to have been all on an equality, both during and after the ministry of Christ on earth. Early in our Lord's ministry he sent them out two and two to preach repentance and to perform miracles in his name Matt 10; Luke 9. They accompanied him in his journey, saw his wonderful works, heard his discourses addressed to the people, and made inquiries of him on religious matters. They recognized him as the Christ of God, (Matthew 16:16; Luke 9:20) and described to him supernatural power (Luke 9:54) but in the recognition of the spiritual teaching and mission of Christ they made very low progress, held back as they were by weakness of apprehension and by national prejudices. Even at the removal of our Lord from the earth they were yet weak in their knowledge, (Luke 24:21; John 16:12) though he had for so long been carefully preparing and instructing them. On the feast of Pentecost, ten days after our Lord's ascension, the Holy Spirit came down on the assembled church, Acts 2; and from that time the apostles became altogether different men, giving witness with power of the life and death and resurrection of Jesus, as he had declared they should. (Luke 24:48; Acts 1:8,22; 2:32; 3:15; 5:32; 13:31)
Later labors and history:
First of all the mother-church at Jerusalem grew up under their hands, Acts 3-7, and their superior dignity and power were universally acknowledged by the rulers and the people. (Acts 5:12) ff. Their first mission out of Jerusalem was to Samaria (Acts 8:5-25) where the Lord himself had, during his ministry, sown the seed of the gospel. Here ends the first period of the apostles' agency, during which its centre is Jerusalem and the prominent figure is that of St. Peter. The centre of the second period of the apostolic agency is Antioch, where a church soon was built up, consisting of Jews and Gentiles; and the central figure of this and of the subsequent period is St. Paul. The third apostolic period is marked by the almost entire disappearance of the twelve from the sacred narrative and the exclusive agency of St. Paul, the great apostle of the Gentiles. Of the missionary work of the rest of the twelve we know absolutely nothing from the sacred narrative.
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© Saint Takla Haymanout Website: Coptic Orthodox Church - Alexandria, Egypt / URL: http://St-Takla.org / Contact us at | <urn:uuid:41247fab-76ca-4e93-8b1a-c0ad04c7432d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://st-takla.org/bible/dictionary/en/a/apostle.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280835.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00474-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.982826 | 918 | 2.375 | 2 |
NYS launches DaybyDayNY to help library staff further enhance and expand their early literacy services and programs
New York State Librarian, Bernard A. Margolis, announced today the soft launch of DaybyDayNY (http://daybydayny.org/), an early literacy website designed to engage families and very young children in reading, learning and public libraries.
DaybyDayNY is an important component of Ready to Read at New York Libraries, a new statewide program from the New York State Library designed to help library staff further enhance and expand their early literacy services and programs.
DaybyDayNY is a virtual calendar with content that changes every day. This unique setup gives families with young children numerous daily activities and a story to read together. The story, provided each day by One More Story (http://www.onemorestory.com/), is in the form of an eBook that includes original music and sound effects, produced by former Sesame Street Music Director, Robby Merkin. In addition, the website includes monthly activities, storytelling and nursery rhyme videos, rhymes for young children, craft activities for children and their caregivers, a link to “Find Your Public Library,” a New York State map of museums with activities for young families, health information, and reading lists. The website is designed to help parents and caregivers increase their young child’s cognitive skills and have fun together at the same time.
We hope libraries and systems will promote the use of this website to all young families and caregivers. Information about linking from your library or system website to DaybyDayNY and promoting the website with community members and partners is available at (http://daybydayny.org/) and scroll to the bottom of the page to click on “Share This Site.”
The New York State Library thanks the South Carolina State Library for providing the web structure and expertise that allowed us to model DaybyDayNY after the DaybyDaySC website. Additional help was provided by the Library of Virginia and the Idaho Commission for Libraries, both of which have created their own DaybyDay websites. In addition, the expertise of the Public Library System Youth Services Consultants has been an invaluable resource in perfecting the site for use statewide.
DaybyDayNY is funded through the Federal Library Services and Technology Act, with funds awarded to the New York State Library by the Federal Institute of Museum and Library Services.
Questions about DaybyDayNY may be directed to Karen Balsen, Library Development Specialist, Division of Library Development, New York State Library at [email protected] or 518-486-2194. | <urn:uuid:ac998558-f980-4588-937c-42f67fd55a51> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lisnews.org/nys_launches_daybydayny_to_help_library_staff_further_enhance_and_expand_their_early_literacy_servic | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280410.21/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00458-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.938579 | 539 | 2.171875 | 2 |
On Mon, Feb 8, 2010 at 3:37 PM, Steve Staples <sstaples@stripped> wrote:
> Hi there.
> I was reading last week (and of course, i can't find it now) something
> 'nicifying' a query, so taht it doesn't lock the table...
> How is this done? I've read so much stuff lately, that i can't find it
> the life of me, and google is not being my friend :(
Maybe Google feels that you haven't been a partiicularly good friend to
them, of late ? :-)
"Nicifying" a query is not something you can write a manual for, alas.
EXPLAIN your queries.
If you need little data, see if you can pad it to the index you use -
that'll prevent additional disk reads.
InnoDB will help your inserts not block.
Avoid full table scans. Avoid outer joins, they cause full table scans.
et cetera ad nauseam.
Bier met grenadyn
Is als mosterd by den wyn
Sy die't drinkt, is eene kwezel
Hy die't drinkt, is ras een ezel | <urn:uuid:b0f826f9-f114-4445-8401-d2d253ae6865> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://lists.mysql.com/mysql/220628 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281226.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00374-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.807652 | 262 | 1.65625 | 2 |
Conner was killed for for the 1998 shooting death of Houston convenience store clerk Kathyanna Nguyen. She was murdered during a robbery. Three people had identified Conner as the shooter, although each gave identification statements at odds with the others. Three other people failed to identify Conner as teh shooter.
Texas resumed executing inmates on Dec. 7, 1982 when it killed Charlie Brooks ushering in Texas’s “modern era” of executions. Conner becomes the 21st condemned inmate to be put to death this year in Texas; there are 3 more executions set for this month and 5 more in September in Texas. Conner becomes the 161st condemned inmate to be put to death since Rick Perry became Governor of Texas in 2001. The figure represents the most executions carried out during the tenure of any single state governor in American history. Conner becomes the 35th condemned inmate to be put to death this year in the USA and the 1092nd overall since the nation resumed executions on January 17, 1977. | <urn:uuid:948990fd-22d1-4c9c-ae70-9858150c2106> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://deathpenaltyusa.blogspot.com/2007/08/texas-400.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281331.15/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00221-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.974478 | 205 | 1.890625 | 2 |
The opera is in three acts and takes place at the home of Stanley and Stella Kowalski at Elysian Fields, New Orleans.
BLANCHE DUBOIS: Soprano
STANLEY KOWALSKI: Baritone
STELLA KOWALSKI: Soprano
HAROLD MITCHELL (MITCH): Tenor
EUNICE HUBBELL: Mezzo-Soprano
STEVE HUBBELL: Tenor
A YOUNG COLLECTOR: Tenor
MEXICAN WOMAN: Mezzo-Soprano
NURSE: Non-singing role
DOCTOR: Non-singing role
PABLO GONZALES: Non-singing, non-speaking role
Act I, Scene 1
Blanche DuBois has suffered the loss of both her ancestral home and her job when she arrives in New Orleans to visit her sister Stella, who has married Stanley Kowalski, an ex-G.I. trucker.
Act I, Scene 2 a few days later
Stanley, infuriated by Blanche's artificial airs, her suggestive behavior, and what he regards as her loss of his wife's birthright, is determined to expose Blanche's lies about her past-which is more tragic and sordid than he is able to imagine.
Act I, Scene 3 that night
During a poker game Blanche meets Harold Mitchell (Mitch), a workmate of Stanley's, very much tied to his mother's apron strings. Blanche sets her sights on him. Stanley, drunk, breaks up the evening and strikes Stella, whom he regards as siding against him with Blanche. After this violence, and against Blanche's advice, Stella returns to Stanley's bed. The next morning Stanley overhears Blanche entreating her sister to leave him.
Act II, Scene 1 some weeks later
Stanley tells Stella that he has a friend who is making inquiries about Blanche in her hometown of Laurel. When he and his now-pregnant wife go out for the evening, Blanche attempts to seduce a young paper boy, pulling back at the last minute. She later goes out with Mitch on a date.
Act II, Scene 2 that night
An amorous Mitch unburdens his heart to Blanche, who in turn tells him of her brief marriage to a young homosexual and how she blames herself for his suicide.
Act III, Scene 1 some weeks later, Blanche's birthday
Mitch is late for the party. Stanley, who feels that his home and marriage are both threatened by Blanche, breaks up the celebration when he reveals that his friend has discovered Blanche's unsavory reputation in Laurel for seducing young men, and the fact that she had been told to leave town. He hands Blanche a one-way ticket back home and tells her that Mitch now knows everything and will not be coming around again. Thus begins the fragmentation of Blanche's mind.
Act III, Scene 2 later that night
Stella has been taken to a hospital for a premature delivery. Mitch, drunk, invades the apartment and bitterly reproaches Blanche: just as her desperate hopes lie with him, his had lain with her. They have both lost their emotional refuge. His denunciation of her as someone too unclean to enter his mother's house and the appearance of a Mexican woman selling flowers for the dead are the triggers that start to unhinge Blanche's mind.
Act III, Scene 3 later
Blanche's fragmentation is completed when Stanley rapes her.
Act III, Scene 4 some days later
Blanche prepares to leave for a visit to a fictitious old admirer. In fact Stella, unable to believe in Blanche's accusations against Stanley, is packing Blanche's clothes for her to take to the asylum when the doctor arrives. Now she depends in a new way on "the kindness of strangers."
View Full Score - Act II
View Full Score - Act III
View Full Score - reduced orchestration - Act I
View Full Score - reduced orchestration - Act II
View Full Score - reduced orchestration - Act III | <urn:uuid:641385fd-a6b3-4330-9dad-2446c47cdd8b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.musicsalesclassical.com/composer?category=Works&workid=31698 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988719784.62/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183839-00425-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.96035 | 869 | 1.820313 | 2 |
Going into space can leave you short, fat and uglyJune 5th, 2009 - 12:36 pm ICT by ANI
London, June 5 (ANI): Making long space voyage might sound thrilling and macho, but it will do no good to your appearance, claim scientists who believe space travel will leave astronauts looking short, fat and bald.
Astrobiologist Dr Lewis Dartnell believes that near zero gravity would leave humans stunted and cause their bones and muscles to be underdeveloped.
Dartnell added, if humans spent extended periods in space they will have bloated faces and lose their hair. This will happen because fluid would pool in their skulls and there would be no need for insulation from the cold, reports The Telegraph.
Dartnell, from University College London, said: “With little effort required to move around in microgravity and an environment that is never too hot or cold, future spacemen and women are likely to become pretty chubby.”
“Without gravity, fluid would float up to pool in the skull, which would cause the head to look permanently swollen out of proportion.
“Also, with no need for hair to insulate the head or eyelashes to flick dust from their eyes, future humans may become completely hairless,” he added.
While speaking at the Cheltenham Science Festival, Dartnell also addressed the question of what aliens might look like.
He said: “Certain features of the human body, such as camera-like eyes, head, and legs would evolve time and time again on different worlds, and so many features of alien animals are likely to be instantly recognisable.
“However other features of life, such as the number of limbs animals develop, or the shape and colour of trees, would be much more variable between worlds.” (ANI)
Tags: alien animals, astrobiologist, astronauts, cheltenham, claim scientists, dartnell, different worlds, dr lewis, eyelashes, flick, human body, insulation, microgravity, science festival, skulls, space travel, space voyage, spacemen, university college london, zero gravity | <urn:uuid:7ce4936d-0df7-443a-8d71-b5bc7c4d9942> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.thaindian.com/newsportal/health/going-into-space-can-leave-you-short-fat-and-ugly_100201052.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00348-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.952104 | 445 | 2.6875 | 3 |
WEST MICHIGAN — It’s that time of year again…we lose an hour sleep, but we gain more daylight. Our sunrise time Saturday morning was 7:08 AM. It set at 6:39 PM. On Sunday the sunrise will now occur at 8:07 AM (one hour later) and set one hour later at 7:40 PM.
This is certainly an indication that we are slowly saying goodbye to winter and getting ready to welcome spring in to the picture. Spring arrives in two weeks on March 20. It’s what is known as the equinox…equal days/equal nights, about 12 hours of each.
Make sure your clocks move forward Saturday night/Sunday morning so you can “spring forward” to daylight saving time. It’s also a great idea to change the batteries in smoke detectors, carbon monoxide detectors, and fire alarms. Too often we hear about a house fire where people have died that had smoke detectors but they weren’t working or had dead batteries. This is the perfect time to change them!
For now, we have turned the corner on Arctic air with readings expected mainly in the 40s the next several days and little/no precipitation. All and all, a much quieter, uneventful week compared to the past several of them. Grand Rapids reached a high temperature on Saturday of 41. The last time we saw temperatures that warm was back on January 17 when we hit 43 degrees.
Get the complete forecast at www.fox17online.com/weather. | <urn:uuid:b3106bd6-a509-4182-af5b-ab05ade9f887> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.fox17online.com/2015/03/07/returning-to-daylight-saving-time | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571198.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810161541-20220810191541-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.963713 | 319 | 1.921875 | 2 |
Judging by the performance, the graphics core in Sandy bridge processors could actually replace the entry-level graphics cards easily. Of course, in this case we should also benefit in terms of power consumption. We decided to perform our traditional power consumption tests in order to estimate our potential gain from this replacement.
The graphs below show the full power draw of the computer (without the monitor) measured after the power supply. It is the total of the power consumption of all the system components. The PSU's efficiency is not taken into account. The CPUs are loaded by running the 64-bit LinX 0.6.4 utility. Graphics cores were loaded using FurMark 1.8.2 utility. Moreover, we enabled C1E and Enhanced Intel SpeedStep power-saving technologies to ensure that computer power draw in idle mode was measured correctly.
We have already stressed several times before that Sandy Bridge processors are very energy-efficient in idle mode. The use of the integrated graphics core doesn’t take away this advantage. Systems built on second-generation Core processors with the integrated graphics core consume 5-10 W of power less in idle mode than any other platforms.
LGA1155 systems with integrated graphics also consume less power in processor-heavy tasks. This is quite logical, since Sandy bridge computational cores currently offer the best performance-per-watt ratio. And the graphics core built into these processors is more energy-efficient than external graphics accelerators and other integrated cores at least due to the fact that it is manufactured using the latest 32 nm process.
Heavy graphics load shows very clearly that Sandy Bridge graphics is very energy-efficient. Its performance is close to that of entry-level graphics accelerators, while the power consumption is 10-15 W lower. By the way, note that Intel HD Graphics 2000 and Intel HD Graphics 3000 modifications (the latter has twice as many execution units as the former) differ by only 6 W in power consumption, and the 35% overclocking of the graphics core frequency has even less effect on the power consumption.
Complex work load applied to the computational and graphics resources of the system lets Core i5-2500K compete on equal terms with the platform utilizing Core i5-2500K and its integrated graphics core. However, since the Intel HD Graphics 3000 core built into this processor performs better than the above mentioned graphics card, there is nothing remarkable here. There is another interesting thing about it: the peak power consumption of contemporary integrated platforms using latest generation high-performance processors doesn’t exceed 90 W. so, even the regular (non-energy-efficient) Core i5 modifications can easily be part of a compact home system or HTPC.
Another type of complex load is HD video playback. Due to a special hardware video decoder in the new Sandy Bridge processors, there is barely any load on the computational CPU cores. As a result, the power consumption of Sandy Bridge systems with any graphics core modification is only 6 W higher during video playback than the power consumption in idle mode. As a result, HD video playback in systems like that requires even less energy than some platforms would need for idle mode alone. | <urn:uuid:7455958e-6c7d-49f2-b9ec-dde421033c4b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.xbitlabs.com/articles/graphics/display/intel-hd-graphics-2000-3000_10.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721141.89/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00417-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.94172 | 639 | 2.65625 | 3 |
PM Modi to hold meeting with top officials, NDMA and NDRF representatives to review preparedness for Cyclone Tauktae
The IMD announced that a deep depression intensified into cyclonic storm Tauktae and was centred over Lakshadweep island and adjoining southeast & east-central Arabian Sea till Saturday morning.
Prime Minister Narendra Modi on Saturday will hold a meeting with top government officials and representatives from the National Disaster Management Authority (NDMA) and the National Disaster Response Force (NDRF) to review preparations against the approaching Cyclone Tauktae.
The India Meteorological Department (IMD) earlier on Saturday said that the cyclonic storm Tauktae has formed over the east-central and adjoining south-east Arabian sea and issued an yellow cyclone alert for the Gujarat and Diu coasts. "Deep Depression intensified into a Cyclonic Storm “Tauktae” (pronounced as Tau’Te) over Lakshadweep area and adjoining southeast & eastcentral Arabian Sea: Cyclone watch for south Gujarat & Diu coasts," the IMD has tweeted.
IMD also forecasted that the cyclone would reach near Gujarat coast on the morning of May 18. “Deep Depression over Lakshadweep area and adjoining southeast & eastcentral Arabian Sea about 55 km north-northwest of Amini http://Divi.To intensify into a Cyclonic Storm during next 12 hrs. To move north-northwestwards and reach near Gujarat coast by 18th May morning,” the weather body said in a subsequent tweet.
Response agencies such as the NDRF and the NDMA have been preparing to tackle the situation. The NDRF has said that 53 team have been committed to handle cyclone Tauktae of which 24 teams have been pre deployed and 29 teams have been kept on standby. The deployments have been made across five states namely, Kerala, Karnataka, Tamil Nadu, Gujarat and Maharashtra.
The Central Water Commission (CWC) on Saturday issued an ‘Orange’ alert to the states of Kerala and Tamil Nadu, warning of a severe flood situation. The CWC bulletin said that three rivers -- Manimala and Achankovil in Kerala’s Pathanamthitta district and Kodaiyar in Kanyakumari, Tamil Nadu -- continued to flow in ‘Severe Situation’ as of 8am on the day.
Meanwhile, state governments are also making preparations to handle the situation. Kerala’s chief minister Pinarayi Vijayan has said that nine NDRF teams have been deployed in the state as a measure of precaution. “According to the IMD, the low-pressure area in the south-eastern Arabian Sea has intensified into a severe depression. Even though Kerala is not in the predicted path of the cyclone, heavy rains, strong winds and strong sea gusts are expected in the State till May 16,” news agency ANI quoted Vijayan as saying in a press briefing.
Earlier on Saturday, Maharashtra chief minister Uddhav Thackeray also tweeted that “In a prep meeting regarding Cyclone Tauktae, CM Uddhav Balasaheb Thackeray instructed the District Administration, Divisional Commissioners & District Collectors to be vigilant & well equipped in coastal areas, especially of Palghar, Raigad, Ratnagiri & Sindhudurg.”
The IMD in its bulletin on Saturday morning also suggested total suspension of fishing operations over east central and adjoining south east Arabian sea and along the coasts of Kerala, Karnataka, Goa and Maharashtra. | <urn:uuid:dd1ea8fe-b80a-4218-acc4-369975261a1a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.hindustantimes.com/india-news/pm-modi-to-hold-meeting-with-top-officials-ndma-and-ndrf-representatives-to-review-preparedness-for-cyclone-tauktae-101621056166532.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573699.52/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819131019-20220819161019-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.946281 | 748 | 1.71875 | 2 |
Gagosian Gallery is pleased to present Triptyques, a series of limited edition mirrors, and Boîte à outils (Tool Box), a sculpture by Jean Nouvel.
Like many Modernist predecessors who worked across related disciplines, Nouvel describes himself as an architect and a designer. His design products derive from architectural commissions, or from alternative visions that correspond to his building design but which are linked to specific use. Regardless of the scale of the object or the architecture, Nouvel employs the same rigorous approach, imbuing the objects and accoutrements of everyday life with a certain lyricism that is also streamlined and utilitarian.
As the title suggests, Triptyques are three-paneled colored mirrors, each in an edition of six. The central panel is fixed to the wall, while flanking and cantilevered panels are engineered to be movable. Four mirrors are presented, each different in color and orientation. Nouvel comments, “The mirror is a piece that you want to live with, in which you reflect intimate images—images from your home; you can capture a piece of a window in it somewhere.” Colors range from light orange to blood orange to red, his signature color. The mirror finds its essence whether open or closed. When opened, Nouvel’s mirrors evince the importance of color in their surroundings; when closed, they preserve a certain austere elegance.
The extra-large stainless steel tool box titled Boîte à outils (1987–2011), meanwhile, is an emblematic and celebrated design. It is an object of function and fantasy at the same time—a deluxe storage system based on the standard toolbox that can be found in every household. Nouvel has reinterpreted this utilitarian staple, streamlining it while endowing it with additional features.
Jean Nouvel was born in Fumel in 1945 and studied at the École des Beaux-Arts, Paris. A key protagonist of intellectual debate in France regarding architecture, he was a founding member of Mars 1976 and Syndicat de l’Architecture. Nouvel’s buildings include Musée du Quai Branly, Paris; Fondation Cartier pour l’Art Contemporain, Paris; Lucerne Culture and Congress Centre, Switzerland; Torre Agbar, Barcelona; and Guthrie Theater, Minneapolis. The Louvre Abu Dhabi, and the National Museum of China (NAMOC) are among the projects currently in planning. Nouvel’s distinctions include the Aga Khan Award for Architecture for the Institut du Monde Arabe (1989); the Gold Medal of the Royal Institute of British Architects (2001); the Wolf Prize in Arts (2005); and the Pritzker Prize (2008). Exhibitions of his work—including “Jean Nouvel,” a retrospective at Centre Georges Pompidou, Paris (2001)—have been held throughout the world, from New York to Rio de Janeiro and Tokyo.
In 1995 Nouvel created the Jean Nouvel Design Agency (JND) to develop design and interior design projects in parallel with the architectural practice Ateliers Jean Nouvel. Several series of furniture and industrial objects have been developed and commercialized, from the Less Less collection (Unifor), coffee service (Alessi), lighting (Artemide), chairs (Emeco, Emu, Figueras) and tables (Cassina & Molteni). Gagosian Gallery, in partnership with Galerie Patrick Seguin, are the sole distributors and producer of Jean Nouvel limited edition furniture.
More info: Gagosian Gallery - Athens | <urn:uuid:f09f8d4e-48a2-4f72-9f40-04846409520f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.athens-museums.com/news/events/293-jean-nouvel-at-gagosian-gallery | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00478.warc.gz | en | 0.906433 | 810 | 1.898438 | 2 |
I really, really enjoyed this deep dive into practical HTML semantics. Sit back and enjoy!
I think, with the sheer volume of functionality available to us nowadays on the front-end, it can be easy to forget how powerful and strong the functionality is that we get right off shelf with HTML. Yes, you read that right, functionality.
This is exactly the pattern of usage I’ve been advocating for with web components—instead of creating a custom element from scratch, wrap an existing HTML element and use the custom element to turbo-charge it, like Zach is doing:
By enhancing native HTML instead of replacing it, we can provide a solid baseline experience, and add progressive enhancement as the cherry on top.
A cautionary tale on why you should keep your dependencies to a minimum and simplify your build process (if you even need one):
If it’s not link rot that gets you then it’s this heat death of the universe problem with entropy setting in slowly over time. And the only way to really defend against it is to build things progressively, to make sure that you’re not tied to one dependency or another. That complex build process? That’s a dependency. Your third party link to some third party font service that depends on their servers running forever? Another dependency.
Addy takes a deep dive into making sure your images are performant. There’s a lot to cover here—that’s why I ended up splitting it in two for the responsive design course: one module on responsive images and one on the
I’m glad that Heydon has answered this question once and for all.
I’m sure that’ll be the end of it now.
This is how a web component should be designed! Zach has made a custom element that wraps around an existing HTML element, turbocharging its powers. That’s the way to think about web components—as a progressive enhancement.
At its very core, the rules of the web are different than those of “real” markets. The idea that ownership fundamentally means that nobody else can have the same thing you have just doesn’t apply here. This is a world where anything can easily be copied a million times and distributed around the globe in a second. If that were possible in the real world, we’d call it Utopia.
A neat little tool when you need a reminder about what elements can go in other elements.
Do you need a button for your next project but you’re not sure about the right markup? Don’t worry, The Button Cheat Sheet™️ has got you covered.
Spoiler alert: it’s the
On the surface this is about the pros and cons of minting a new HTML
search element to replace
div role="search" but there’s a deeper point which is that, while ARIA exists to the plug the gaps in HTML, the long-term goal is to have no gaps.
ARIA is not meant to replace HTML. If anything, the need to use ARIA as ‘polyfill’ for HTML semantics could be considered as a sign and a constant reminder of the fact that HTML falls short on some semantics that benefit users of assistive technologies.
Men specialized in hardware while software development was seen as an exciting alternative to secretarial work. In 1967, Cosmopolitan published an article titled The Computer Girls, encouraging young women to pursue careers in computer science. So the curve went up, and continued to do so up until 1984. That’s when personal computers appeared.
When Apple released the Macintosh 128K and the Commodore 64 was introduced to the market, they were presented as toys. And, as toys were gendered, they were targeted at boys. We can look at advertisements from that time and quickly find a pattern: fathers and sons, young men, even one where a man is being undressed by two women with the motto Two bytes are better than one. It’s more evident with the ads for computer games; if women appear, they do so sexualized and half-naked. Not that appealing for young girls, one could imagine.
Personally, I’m not convinced that a new element is needed but I’m open to the suggestion.
I’ve been having some really interesting chats with Brian about tabs, markup, progressive enhancement and accessibility. Here’s a braindump of his current thinking which is well worth perusing.
A great introduction to structuring your content well:
The point of this post is to show how nicely container queries can play with web components, but I want to also point out how nice the design of the web component is here: instead of just using an empty custom element, Max uses progressive enhancement to elevate the markup within the custom element.
The more I consume content in reading apps, the more I am reminded of the importance and the power of progressive enhancement as a strategy to create resilient and malleable experiences that work for everyone, regardless of how they choose to consume our content.
Top stuff from Sara here!
We have a tendency to always make an assumption about how our readers are reading our content—probably in the browser, with our fancy styles applied to it. But if we make a habit out of thinking about the Web in layers and CSS as an enhancement on top of the content layer, then we can start optimizing and enhancing our users’ reading experiences regardless of their context.
Thinking about the different ways in which users access the Web only shines light on the importance of a progressively enhanced approach to building for the Web. The more we think about the Web in layers and try to improve the experience of one layer before moving to the next, the more resilient experiences we can create. That’s what the essence of progressive enhancement is about. | <urn:uuid:d7dd86c3-e8fb-4358-ab2e-c1a0cb0b96f0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://adactio.com/links/tags/mark | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00278.warc.gz | en | 0.934268 | 1,317 | 1.789063 | 2 |
For many years now scientists have been studying multiple sclerosis and trying to come up with a treatment for the disease. With the recent developments it seems that this will be possible at last. Multiple Sclerosis is a terminal illness that is able to infect your optic nerves, spinal cord and your brain. The disease is long lasting and will in turn be able to cause problems related to one’s vision, muscle control, balance and other basic functions done by the human body.
A recent study was published in the Lancet that shows the use of a combined treatment in treating multiple sclerosis. The treatment involves the use of both stem cell therapy and chemotherapy. The team of researchers from Canada carried out the trial clinical test for over a time period of 7 years. The results from the trial experiment were indeed impressive. There was a significant reversal of the medical effects caused by MS in the 24 patients, of all the patients who were involved in the experiment.
The therapy has been used by patients who suffer from leukemia. Patients are given medications that will force the stem cells inside their bone marrow to enter into their blood stream. Then the cells can be harvested, purified and frozen as they are in the blood stream. Then the patient’s immune system is then completely eradicated using chemotherapy. After this the patients will have their frozen stem cells transferred back into their bone marrow, this is all done with the hope that the body will be able to generate a new immune system that will be more effective in fighting pathogens.
This discovery was made when the doctors and scientists decided to consider MS as an autoimmune disease instead of a neurodegenerative disease. With MS, the immune system of the human body acts by attacking the protective sheaths that normally tend to cover the nerve fibers through the central nervous system. After the 7-year trial period and clinical study the doctors observed that 40% of the patients involved in the trial treatment were able to show signs of reversal symptoms that are associated with MS. This indeed is a big discovery in the medical field, especially when it comes to treating MS; more studies are to be carried in order to determine the most effective treatment method that involves combining the stem therapy and chemotherapy that will enable 100% recovery on all patients of MS.
Jennifer Molson is one of the patients who took part in the trial test. Her health had deteriorated drastically ever since she was diagnosed with the terminal disease in 1996.Molson started receiving the trial innovative treatment in the year 2002, from then she has been able to make tremendous recovery and has no problem walking or making other body functions. She does all this with no assistance. | <urn:uuid:507b5da9-2cab-4acc-9a00-73e605f1d4fd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://buzztache.com/severe-multiple-sclerosis-reversed-using-stem-cells | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279410.32/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00164-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.970149 | 527 | 3.234375 | 3 |
Summary and Info
This book constitutes the thoroughly refereed post-proceedings of the First International Conference on Cryptology in Vietnam, VIETCRYPT 2006, held in Hanoi, Vietnam, in September 2006.The 24 revised full papers presented together with 1 invited paper were carefully reviewed and selected from 78 submissions. The papers are organized in topical sections on signatures and lightweight cryptography, pairing-based cryptography, algorithmic number theory, ring signatures and group signatures, hash functions, cryptanalysis, key agreement and threshold cryptography, as well as public-key encryption.
Review and Comments
Rate the Book
Progress in Cryptology - VIETCRYPT 2006: First International Conference on Cryptology in Vietnam, Hanoi, Vietnam, September 25-28, 2006. Revised Selected Papers 0 out of 5 stars based on 0 ratings. | <urn:uuid:8b51010e-6bc5-4c2d-9a29-d2a286a1f67f> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://libdl.ir/book/71757/progress-in-cryptology-vietcrypt-2006-first-international-conference-on-cryptology-in-vietnam-hanoi-vietnam-september-25 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00430-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.897938 | 171 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Web History and Contacts
- Data parsing: Christian Svindseth originally created
the PAF database from text documents supplied by the editors.
- Website design: Christian Svindseth also developed the web application to serve the
PAF data, using Ruby and the sinatra web server. The
site was originally hosted at http://nhm2.uio.no/paf/.
- Current hosting: Since October 2018, the original website
application has been re-hosted at
http://panarcticflora.org. Please contact Cam Webb for any concerns to do with
- Institutional home of PAF: The PAF
project is now managed out of the Herbarium of
the University of Alaska, Fairbanks (ALA). Please contact Reidar
Elven, David Murray, or Steffi Ickert-Bond, the
herbarium curator, with questions about ongoing work on the Panarctic | <urn:uuid:d283dcc6-0193-4507-b643-5e593f90f9c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | http://panarcticflora.org/contact | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571210.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810191850-20220810221850-00471.warc.gz | en | 0.846109 | 208 | 1.507813 | 2 |
It’s in the news again: Some tennis execs think that matches are too long, fans’ attention spans are too short, and the traditional format of tennis matches needs to change. Since ATP and WTA doubles have already swapped a full third set for a 10-point super-tiebreak, something similar would make for a logical proposal to cap singles match length.
Let’s dig into the numbers and see just how much time would be saved if the WTA switched from a third set to a super-tiebreak. It is tempting to use match times from doubles, but there are two problems. First, match data on doubles is woefully sparse. Second, the factors that influence match length, such as average point length and time between points, are different in doubles and singles.
Using only WTA singles data, here’s what we need to do:
- Determine how many matches would be affected by the switch
- Figure out how much time is consumed by existed third sets
- Estimate the length of singles super-tiebreaks
- Calculate the impact (measured in time saved) of the change
The issue: three-setters
Through last week’s tournaments on the WTA tour this year, I have length (in minutes) for 1,915 completed singles matches. I’ve excluded Grand Slam events, since third sets at three of the four Slams can extend beyond 6-6, skewing the length of a “typical” third set.
The average length of a WTA singles match is about 97 minutes, with a range from 40 minutes up to 225 minutes. Here is a look at the distribution of match times this year:
The most common lengths are between 70 and 90 minutes. Some executives may wish to shorten all matches–switching to no-ad games (which I’ve considered here) or a more radically different format such as Fast4–but for now, I think it’s fair to assume that those 90-minute matches are safe from tinkering.
If there is a “problem” with long matches–both for fan engagement and scheduling–it arises mostly with three-setters. About one-third of WTA matches go to a third set, and these account for nearly all of the contests that last longer than two hours. 460 matches have passed the two-hour mark this season. Of those, all but 24 required a third set.
Here is the distribution of match lengths for WTA three-setters this season:
If we simply removed all third sets, nearly all matches would finish within two hours. Of course, if we did that, we’d be left with an awful lot of ties. Instead, we’re talking about replacing third sets with something shorter.
Goodbye, third set
Third sets are a tiny bit shorter than the first and second sets in three-setters. If we count sets that go to tiebreaks as 14 games, the average number of games in a third set is 9.5, while the typical number of games in the first and second sets of a three-setter is 9.7.
Those counts are close enough that we can estimate the length of each set very simply, as one-third the length of the match. There are other considerations, such as the frequency of toilet breaks before third sets and the number of medical timeouts in different sets, but even if we did want to explore those minor issues, there is very little available data to guide us in those areas.
The length of a super-tiebreak
The typical WTA three-setter involves about 189 individual points, so we can roughly estimate that foregoing the third set saves about 63 points. How many points are added back by playing a super-tiebreak?
The math gets rather involved here, so I’ll spare you most of the details. Using the typical rate of service and return points won by each player in three-setters (58% on serve and 46% on return for the better player that day), we can use my tiebreak probability model to determine the distribution of possible outcomes, such as a final score 10-7 or 12-10.
Long story short, the average super-tiebreak would require about 19 points, less than one-third the number needed by the average third-set.
That still doesn’t quite answer our question, though. We’re interested in time savings, not point reduction. The typical WTA third set takes about 44 minutes, or about 42 seconds per point. Would a super-tiebreak be played at the same pace?
While 10-point breakers are largely uncharted territory in singles, 7-point tiebreaks are not, and we have plenty of data on the latter. It seems reasonable to extend conclusions about 7-pointers to their 10-point cousins, and they are played with similar rules–switch servers every two points, switch points every six–and under comparable levels of increased pressure.
Using IBM’s point-by-point data from this year’s Grand Slam women’s draws, we have timestamps on about 700 points from tiebreaks. Even though the 42-seconds-per-point estimate for full sets includes changeovers, tiebreaks are played even more slowly. Including mini-changeovers within tiebreaks, points take about 54 seconds each, almost 30% longer than the traditional-set average.
The bottom line impact of third-set super-tiebreaks
As we’ve seen, the average third-set takes about 44 minutes. A 19-point super-tiebreak, at 54 seconds per point, comes in at about 17 minutes, chopping off more than 60% off the length of the typical third set, or about 20% from the length of the entire match.
If we alter this year’s WTA singles match times accordingly, reducing the length of all three-setters by one-fifth, we get some results that certain tennis executives will love. The average match time falls from 97 minutes to 89 minutes, and more importantly, far fewer matches cross the two-hour threshold.
Of the 460 matches this season over two hours in length, we would expect third-set super-tiebreaks to eliminate more than two-thirds of them, knocking the total down to 147. Here is the revised match length distribution, based on the assumptions I’ve laid out in this post:
The biggest benefit to switching to a third-set super-tiebreak is probably related to scheduling. By massively cutting down the number of marathon matches, it’s less likely that players and fans will have to wait around for an 11:00 PM start.
Of the various proposals floating around to shorten matches–third-set super-tiebreaks, no-ad scoring, playing service lets, and Fast4–changing the third-set format strikes the best balance of shortening the longest matches without massively changing the nature of the sport.
Personally, I hope none of these changes are ever seen on a WTA or ATP singles court. After all, I like tennis and tend to rankle at proposals that result in less tennis. If something must be done, I’d prefer it involve finding new executives to replace the ones who can’t stop tinkering with the sport. But if some rule needs to be changed to shorten matches and make scheduling more TV-friendly, this is likely the easiest one to stomach. | <urn:uuid:6a046b0c-ac2c-4606-aeb6-f585554fc69b> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.tennisabstract.com/blog/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988721558.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183841-00044-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.945656 | 1,554 | 1.578125 | 2 |
Cheryl Shepard heard arguing followed by gunshots before she entered the master bedroom of her son's home on December 1, 2012. There, she saw her 25-year-old son, former Kansas City Chiefs linebacker Jovan Belcher, bending over the body his girlfriend, 22-year-old Kasandra Perkins; he was kissing her forehead and saying he was sorry. Belcher had shot her nine times.
According to police reports from that day, Belcher then apologized to his mother, kissed his three-month-old daughter, and drove his Bentley to the parking lot of his team's practice facility. That's where he held a gun to his temple and said to his coach and manager, "I have hurt my girl already and I can't go back now." Moments later, he kneeled down and shot himself in the head.
News of Belcher's murder–suicide fueled growing concern about the long-term effects of concussions for professional athletes, and especially football players. A post-mortem autopsy revealed that Belcher had suffered from chronic traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), a progressive, degenerative disease often found in individuals with a history of repetitive brain injuries. The brain degeneration that results from CTE is associated with symptoms like impaired judgment, impulse control problems, aggression, depression, and progressive dementia, among others. Sadly, there is a long list of football players whose suicides have been linked to brain trauma and CTE.
But for players whose traumatic brain injuries (TBIs) have not progressed to the point of developing CTE, a history of repeated head injuries—even mild or subcussive ones—can still result in some similar symptoms, including increased aggressive and disinhibited behavior. While TBIs are not unique to professional athletes, the NFL has reportedly stated in court documents that almost one in three football players will likely develop long-term cognitive problems stemming from brain damage.
"The symptoms of a TBI can be anything from a little forgetfulness, a little inappropriateness, to [being unable to] speak correctly [or] walk—just the full spectrum of what the brain does," explained Dr. Brent E. Masel, the national medical director of the Brain Injury Association of America. To understand the issue of disinhibition and brain injuries, Masel says to think of the expression that someone "has no filter"; the symptom of inappropriateness—or disinhibition—is a common outcome of a disconnect in the brain's frontal lobes as a result of a TBI, according to Masel. "Your frontal lobes act as a check on your behavior," he says. The effects are not unlike what happens when you drink too much and become an obnoxious version of yourself who throws a glass at the bartender, makes an unwanted pass at an Uber driver, or jumps out a bar window; those with TBIs often face similar issues of poor judgement, impulsivity, and disinhibited verbal, emotional, or physical behavior.
While recent research is shedding light on the correlation between domestic violence and TBIs, it's possible to ask the same question about the relationship between sexually violent behavior and brain injuries. While it's nearly impossible to determine the exact number of alleged sexual assaults committed by current or former NFL players, Broadly's recent investigation into off-field behavior by NFL players found more than 15 active members of the NFL with sexual assault–related allegations against them, including: Ray McDonald, Ahmad Brooks, Ben Roethlisberger, C.J. Spillman, Frostee Rucker, Jordan Hicks, Perrish Cox, Josh McNary, and 2015's number one draft pick Jameis Winston. This list does not include former NFL players accused of rape or sexual assault.
Studies conducted on convicted sex offenders have found that between 5 and 35 percent have some form of neurological damage or disorder. However, rates of related brain injury in these studies may be underrepresented because offenders with disabilities are often removed from the criminal justice system altogether, and the studies often don't account for individuals with offense histories pre-injury, or when alcohol was involved.
Virtually none of the people in our research had pre-morbid histories of inappropriate sexual behavior, so it did seem to be a consequence of the brain injury.
Researchers in Australia looked at incidences of inappropriate sexual behavior in over 500 patients with severe TBIs across 11 rehabilitation service centers. Within their three-month study published in 2013, Prevalence, Clinical Features, and Correlates of Inappropriate Sexual Behavior After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Multicenter Study, they found that 8.9 percent of patients exhibited some form of sexually inappropriate behavior.
"Virtually none of the people in our research had pre-morbid histories of inappropriate sexual behavior, so it did seem to be a consequence of the brain injury," says Dr. Grahame Simpson, an associate professor at Griffith University in in Queensland, Australia, and lead researcher on the study.
In 43 of 45 cases in the study where inappropriate sexual behavior did occur, it was accompanied by other "challenging behaviors"—most commonly aggressive or inappropriate social behavior. "Our research shows that inappropriate sexual behavior generally occurs as part of a broader pattern of more general disinhibited or dyscontrolled behavior; this can then be exacerbated when alcohol is included in the mix," says Simpson. During those three months of study, reports of rape were rare. Instead, forms of sexual harassment, like inappropriate touching or talk, were more commonly reported.
Read More: Does the NFL Treat Women Worse Than Dogs?
The study included both women and men, but overall researchers found that the impact of TBIs was largely on men, particularly those who sustained more severe head injuries and at a younger age. "We think that as males grow older, social behavioral routines become more deeply embedded in the brain, and there is also ongoing maturation of the pre-frontal cortex up to the early 30s," Simpson says. "Therefore, there is a greater resilience to damage to the brain [after that point], so older males are less likely to display such inappropriate behaviors."
The risk of sexually intrusive behavior following a brain injury is significant enough that many medical professionals who work with patients with severe brain trauma fear being harmed by their patients. In a survey of 133 rehabilitation professionals who work with patients with TBIs, 66.9 percent reported that they fear being hurt at work, and 60 percent said they feel they did not have adequate training to deal with sexually intrusive behaviors. As often happens with sexual harassment in most settings, this may be more indicative of how we handle—or don't handle—issues of non-consensual sexual behavior than of the rates of sexually intrusive behavior following TBIs. Regardless, researchers have still sought to outline approaches to rehabilitation for sexually intrusive behavior for people with TBIs, as it's known to be a concern for patients with TBIs and for the medical professionals who treat them.
When it comes to a possible correlation between reports of sexually violent behavior by NFL players and the history of severe brain injury among professional football players, Simpson believes TBIs may be one factor among many, but we don't currently have enough research to adequately weigh all the various risk factors at play.
Could a brain injury be a factor? It might. I'd say a factor as opposed to a cause.
Masel agrees, also pointing out the general culture of violence and aggressive behavior in football as another risk factor for sexually violent behavior. "I've always really thought—just as somebody who follows football—that kind of behavior is part of the way their life is," he says. "They live in a violent world. Obviously there are some great people in football, but some people respond violently because that's just sort of their training. Could a brain injury be a factor? It might. I'd say a factor as opposed to a cause."
While there may not be enough current research specific to football players and rates of sexual violence, there is a wealth of evidence and research on the risk factors of sexual violence that permeate the NFL. Sexually violent behavior followings TBIs often occurs in tandem with other aggressive behaviors, and NFL players are arrested more often for violent crimes than the general population. Additional risk factors include the production of hypermasculinity, a culture of entitlement, and patriarchal views towards women within that heterosocial culture.
When we look at the behavior of those with severe brain trauma, Masel believes we have to be aware that an individual cannot always be held responsible. "It's like a little baby who pees on himself. Well, they have no control over that—just physically they have no control," Masel says. "Very often with this disinhibited behavior, the patient has no control over that."
Nevertheless, there are many aspects of this issue that are within our control, including reducing other risk factors for sexually aberrant or violent behavior, ensuring that administrators and managers set strong standards of behavior, and providing appropriate neuropsychological assessment when there is concern.
While Jovan Belcher's murder of his girlfriend raised national attention for traumatic brain injury and risks of domestic violence, many rightfully pointed out that domestic violence is a complex and multifaceted issue—one that certainly cannot be reduced to a single cause. Brain injury is not to blame for a systemic, patriarchal culture of violence against women—one in which more than 30 percent of women murdered every year are killed by their intimate partners. But brain injury cannot be removed from that world either, and we should be considering it as an additional risk factor. National football players are at greater risk of being affected by brain damage, and severe brain injuries have been proven to heighten disinhibition and aggressive behavior. Considering the NFL's long history of violence, this should definitely remain a concern.
The NFL did not respond for comment on this story. | <urn:uuid:cdf2b9cc-3323-4822-a77f-395746239d7a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.vice.com/en/article/ae5mja/can-concussions-lead-to-rape | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570921.9/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809094531-20220809124531-00269.warc.gz | en | 0.971164 | 2,028 | 1.890625 | 2 |
Instead of seeing Nora's "scandalaE take place during the play, we come to understand what has happened through her conversations with Mrs Linde. Nora's loan from Krogstad is the main event going on before the play starts. Other events include, Krogstads past crime that has jeopardised his chance at getting a new job, Mrs Linde and her past relationship with Krogstad and Dr Ranks illness.
The play is set over a period of three days and it takes place in the same setting, the Helmer's living room. The main characters are closely linked together in some way and there is a juxtaposition be
Some topics in this essay:
, Doll's House
, Nora Helmer | <urn:uuid:74e6c83a-e532-4972-a0a5-4672bfa3e29f> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://www.radessays.com/viewpaper/9642/A_Dolls_House:_Form_and_Structure.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988720468.71/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183840-00488-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.969384 | 149 | 2.015625 | 2 |
The Productivity of Nations
Output per worker varies enormously across countries. Why? Our analysis shows that differences in governmental, cultural, and natural infrastructure are important sources of this variation. According to our results, a high-productivity country (i) has institutions that favor production over diversion, (ii) is open to international trade, (iii) has at least some private ownership, (iv) speaks an international language, and (v) is located in a temperate latitude far from the equator. A favorable infrastructure helps a country both by stimulating the accumulation of human and physical capital and by raising its total factor productivity.
Document Object Identifier (DOI): 10.3386/w5812
Users who downloaded this paper also downloaded these: | <urn:uuid:f8b750e1-a27c-400e-93aa-5cfd25220efd> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.nber.org/papers/w5812 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560283689.98/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095123-00347-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.935477 | 153 | 2.65625 | 3 |
Last updated on December 27th, 2021
One betting strategy that many professional punters use is Poisson Distribution as it appeals to many mathematical disciplines. This concept is efficient in determining the probability of the number of goals scored by a team in a match. It is a great betting tool to forecast football matches.
A Poisson Distribution can be used for betting predictions to know the final score of two competing teams by calculating both the “Attack Strength” and the “Defense Strength”. Let’s take a look on how to use these football betting tips when using our VOdds platform and make more profitable bets.
In this article, let’s talk about how interesting this strategy is and understand this technique for your next bets using VOdds sports trading platform!
Why use this betting tool to forecast football matches
The essence of this concept is that an outcome can be distinguished by modeling numbers based on past events and results. In the application of the Poisson Distribution, you can have a concrete prediction of how many goals a specific team could score in their next football games.
As an example, let’s take a look at the match between Bayern Munich and Barcelona in the UEFA Champions League last December 9, 2021. First, you need to calculate the forces of the attacking and defending lines of both teams.
For a much better understanding, let’s use this table. Note that these numbers are for illustration purposes only, and not actual scores of the teams that were mentioned:
So let’s look at this table and calculate the attack and defense of each team using Poisson Distribution.
To compute Bayern Munich’s Attack Strength:
3 (average goals scored at home by Bayern) divided by 1.661 (average goals scored at home by all teams) = 1.806
To compute Barcelona Attack Strength:
1.833 (average goals on the road by Barcelona) divided by 1.151 (average goals on the road by all teams) = 1.593
To compute Bayern Munich’s Defense Strength:
1.167 (average goals allowed at home by Bayern) divided by 1.151 (average goals on the road by all teams) = 1.014
To compute Barcelona’s Defense Strength:
1.5 (goals allowed on the road by Barcelona) divided by 1.661 (average goals scored at home by all teams) = 0.903
And from this example binomial distribution, we can predict that Bayern Munich has a stronger Attack and Defense strength compared to FC Barcelona.
We can also calculate the probability of a certain number of goals scored by the hosts in an upcoming match using this method.
This way, you can make more informed decisions based on historical data and using average numbers and not just by random variables and tips.
We also recommend reading our article “How to Make More Profit in Sports Betting this 2021-2022?” for more tips and predictions. | <urn:uuid:5ecaf11d-9ff3-4458-bb03-1962d9b34a4e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://vodds.co/betting-guide/strategies/what-is-poisson-distribution-formula/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572212.96/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815205848-20220815235848-00470.warc.gz | en | 0.912137 | 609 | 1.75 | 2 |
It’s amazing how technology has changed over the years. I was thinking about this recently, in relation to my mother. She lived for 91 years, and during that time she witnessed cars becoming ubiquitous, the invention and expansion of television, the development of video and home video recording, cheap flights, fast trains… The list goes on and on.
I am not old enough to experienced quite as many dramatic changes as that, but as far as the world of education is concerned, there have been quite a few. I thought it might be interesting to try and document them from a personal point of view. Do feel free to join in by leaving a comment, or posting a response on your own blog.
Oh, and just for the record, I am not writing these “technobiographical” articles in a spirit of nostalgia. As I have said before, as far as I’m concerned, the best thing about the past is that it’s the past. The technology we have today is wonderful; who would want to return to an earlier era?
I have documented my pre-video days in I was a teenage geek, so you may wish to read that first.
My university years are in three parts:
- my first degree
- my post-graduate certificate of teaching, and
- my Masters degree
My first degree
Not much technology to speak of here, I’m afraid. The nearest I came to anything electronic were a photocopier and a calculator that my girlfriend had.
The photocopier produced very shiny, grubby-looking copies, laboriously slowly – around 30 or 40 seconds per page. It also cost 10 pence a sheet which would be roughly £1 today. (Such calculations are fraught with difficulties: they take into account inflation, but not purchasing power. Nevertheless, using a couple of websites, http://www.kgbanswers.co.uk and http://www.thisismoney.co.uk/money/bills/article-1633409/Historic-inflation-calculator-value-money-changed-1900.html, I was furnished with very similar results.)
That meant you would only photocopy something if it was not only crucial but far too difficult or time-consuming to reproduce by hand, eg a complicated graph or table. We students had to be very good at summarising textbook chapters and journal articles!
As for that calculator, my girlfriend’s father had made it himself from an electronics kit costing £5. That works out to £55.94 in 2013 prices.
We students had to be very good at mental arithmetic too!
I do vaguely recall that some tutors used overhead projectors, but mainly it was lecturing or, if one of them was really cutting edge, “chalk-n-talk”.
It was all pretty grim, but of course, at the time we didn’t think it was grim: it was just normal.
But my post-graduate certificate of teaching (PGCE) year was much better….
Your newsletter editor is hard at work sifting through the submissions for Digital Education, the free newsletter for education professionals. Have you subscribed yet?
Read more about it, and subscribe, on the Newsletter page of the ICT in Education website.
We use a double opt-in system, and you won’t get spammed. | <urn:uuid:d47cc1d8-879c-4c12-91cf-e044d86c2de7> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://www.ictineducation.org/home-page/2014/2/20/my-grim-and-distant-techie-past-the-uni-years-part-1.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00280-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.972958 | 707 | 2.109375 | 2 |
The Urgency of Now: Financial Literacy for College Success
CAP’s Director of Financial Services, Ivette Chavez, vividly recalls the first time she became aware of her own student loan debt, as she sat crying on the steps of UC Berkeley’s Sproul Hall. It had just been made clear to her in no uncertain terms that the financial aid she had received was in the form of loans, and that those loans would need to be repaid. As one of nine children in a low-income, immigrant family, Ivette was a first-generation college student whose parents did not speak English. No one had ever explained to her what exactly a loan is—that it is not a gift, and that it would need to be paid back with interest. When she had been handed the financial aid papers to sign each year she gratefully just signed on the dotted line.
Experiences like this are not uncommon among first-generation college students. Before these students experience the cultural disconnect of learning and living among those from affluent backgrounds, they need to navigate the maze of loans, grants, and scholarships with very little financial fluency and guidance. One national study found that first-generation college students indicated “increased financial strain but lower financial knowledge” than their peers.
This month, we reached out to Tim Ranzetta, co-founder of Next Gen Personal Finance, to learn more about how financial literacy can impact students’ college success—especially given the economic and social impact of COVID-19.
Tell us briefly about your work.
I founded Next Gen Personal Finance in 2014 with an amazing educator, Jessica Endlich. We started with a simple mission: to guarantee that by 2030 all students will cross the high school graduation stage with the financial skills to thrive in the future. We partner with over 43,000 educators in all 50 states by providing them with engaging and easy-to-implement curriculum that students love. We also offer professional development programs and certification courses that increase their confidence, develop their capabilities, and deepen their content knowledge. Finally, our advocacy tools have enabled hundreds of teachers to make the case in their school community for more access to financial education.
Why is learning personal finance important for students from low-income families, especially in relation to college access and success?
As a volunteer teacher at Eastside College Prep in East Palo Alto for 9 of the last 10 summers, I have seen the power of personal finance education. In my end-of-course survey for the 9th graders, students have left comments indicating how happy they are to know things like:
- The difference between “sticker price” and “net price” for colleges, which they learn from researching colleges that they are interested in
- Financial aid that is available based on family income
- How much of a difference education makes when it comes to earning power
- The importance of learning how to budget given all the expected and unexpected costs from college
What are some key lessons you hope students take away from learning about personal finance?
- “If it sounds too good to be true…it probably is!” There are many “get rich quick” schemes proliferating on social media. Learn to be a critical thinker and not be swayed by friends or social media.
- The best investment a high school student can make is in their own education. Spending extra time on your schoolwork and extracurriculars now can yield scholarship dollars later—so, in a way, you can earn money for doing your schoolwork.
How has COVID-19 impacted the teachers you partner with and your approach to teaching personal finance?
Since COVID-19, what we have seen from educators has been nothing short of inspiring. When we pivoted our professional development to 100% online in March of 2020 using Zoom as well as a presentation platform called Nearpod, we found a teaching corps eager to learn. Every teacher became a first-year teacher again, learning to adapt to this new environment. Teachers participating in NGPF also learned various student engagement strategies in a virtual environment. These included using Zoom breakout rooms for discussions, collaboration boards to share ideas and quiz games as checks for understanding.
They also became the de-facto experts in remote instruction in their school communities, so their impact spread!
On the content side, the pandemic has brought tremendous changes to everyone’s personal finances, so we have developed new lessons and professional development sessions to keep everyone current including sessions on Personal Finance in an Age of Pandemic which analyzed how COVID-19 affected how people shop, pay for things, and manage credit.
What have you learned about student loan debt that might be especially important for under-resourced families to know?
One important and surprising fact is that the students who struggle the most with student debt—with the highest percent of students not making payments—are those with balances under $5,000 who don’t complete college. Students need to be sure that they are doing everything they can to prepare themselves academically for college because college completion is key to being able to manage your student debt.
Plan, plan, plan. Students need to map out a four-to-five-year plan on how they will pay for college. Taking a piecemeal, year-at-a-time approach can lead to surprisingly high loan balances.
Finally, students need to understand the tradeoffs that they will be making with the decisions they make in college. Our game, PAYBACK, gives students the opportunity to see the decisions that they will be making over their college years and how those decisions impact not only their student debt but also happiness, focus, and connections. Even better, we invite students to play the game with their parents and use this discussion worksheet to open up a conversation on this challenging topic.
What keeps you up at night?
Only 1 in 5 students nationwide is guaranteed to take a personal finance course in high school. Furthermore, our research has found that only 1 in 14 students in schools serving predominantly Black and Brown students have a similar guarantee. Progress is happening at the grassroots level, which we are encouraging through our Mission: 2025 and Gold Standard Challenge grant programs for schools that offer or require personal finance electives.
Rather than keep me up at night, this gets me up every morning motivated to make a difference. The urgency of now! | <urn:uuid:d2417729-8907-476a-af77-c3a4f9f95db0> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://making-waves.org/resources/scholarships/the-urgency-of-now-financial-literacy-for-college-success/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571987.60/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813202507-20220813232507-00274.warc.gz | en | 0.971008 | 1,310 | 2.140625 | 2 |
Reports over the past week have indicated that the government plans to unveil a “consumer first” agenda for its upcoming Speech from the Throne. The speech, which will set out the federal legislative and policy agenda for the next two years, is widely viewed as the unofficial start of the 2015 election campaign.
My weekly technology law column (Toronto Star version, homepage version) notes there is little doubt that the battle over wireless pricing, which hit a fever pitch over the summer in a very public fight between Industry Minister James Moore and the incumbent telecom companies, will figure prominently in any consumer agenda. The government is convinced that it has a winner on its hands – consumer frustration with Canada’s high wireless prices suggests that they’re right – and will continue to emphasize policies geared toward increasing competition.
Yet a consumer first agenda should involve more than just taking on the telcos on spectrum (or the airlines over their pricing practices). A digital consumer first agenda should prioritize several other issues that have similar potential to strike a chord with Canadians across the country. At the heart of those digital issues are two ongoing consumer concerns: pricing and protections.
On the pricing front, monthly wireless bills are only part of the high price Canadians pay for communications services. The Canadian Radio-television and Telecommunications Commission has embarked on a review of wireless roaming fees, which studies have found rank among the highest in the world.
Broadband Internet services would also benefit from a more aggressive, consumer-first regulatory approach. The government previously objected to usage-based billing schemes, but its emphasis on facilitating competition through independent providers has encountered resistance in recent months. For example, some customers of TekSavvy, a large Ontario-based independent ISP, have been stuck for days without service as Rogers has been slow to address problems that arise from its network.
Inflexible and costly television packages should also come under closer scrutiny. The history of broadcast distribution through cable and satellite providers is one in which consumer interests were largely ignored. A consumer first approach would increase choice by opening the market to greater competition (eliminating foreign investment restrictions would be a start), mandating the availability of pick-and-pay services so that consumers could shift away from large bundles of channels they don’t want, and requiring providers to offer broadband Internet services without television packages, so that consumers can “cut the cable cord” if they so desire.
Lower wireless, Internet, and cable bills would be a welcome change, but Canadians also need better digital protections against online harms. The long-delayed anti-spam law, which provides safeguards against spam and spyware, should be brought into effect by finalizing the necessary regulations. The law has been delayed by intense corporate lobbying, however, it enjoys strong support from consumer groups and was passed by Parliament in 2010.
Consumers similarly require better privacy protections since Canadian private sector privacy legislation is now woefully outdated. Reforms arising out of hearings on the law that date back to 2006 died with the prorogation earlier this month, leaving Canadian consumers with a law that no longer meets international standards. Putting consumers first should mean that businesses are obligated to disclose security breaches and face tough penalties for violations of the law.
Canadian consumers would also benefit from protections against misuse of intellectual property rights. That includes safeguards against patent trolls that threaten small businesses and increase consumer costs as well as provisions to ensure that thousands of Canadians do not get caught up in questionable lawsuits over copyright claims that seem primarily designed to pressure them into expensive settlements.
A consumer first agenda is long overdue in the digital environment, where the interests of individual Canadians have often been forgotten. The next Speech from the Throne offers the chance to change course by promoting policies that result in fairer pricing and stronger online protections. | <urn:uuid:c2a2057a-de6c-46bd-92ed-54ce826a21e0> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.michaelgeist.ca/2013/09/consumer-first-digital/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280310.48/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00188-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.960244 | 763 | 1.828125 | 2 |
It’s our responsibility to teach our kids, but our kids can teach us so much in return. Today new Life as MOM contributor Deanna shares observations from watching and helping her kids help each other.
I have two toddlers who both walk at entirely different speeds.
First there’s Addison. She has extremely low muscle tone combined with a determination to do it herself. Because of the extra work necessary, her walking speed tends to be on the slower side. If stairs are involved, there are long pauses as she works her way up or down- slowly but surely. Addison has Down syndrome and is 4 years old.
Then, there’s Carter. He is all boy and often starts to vibrate if he stands or sits still for too long. His favorite thing to do is run- fast. Or jump, leap over fences, or climb large boulders — all as quickly as possible. Carter is a typically developing 2 1/2 year old.
When we walk into a house or store from our car together, this leaves me with one toddler shooting ahead and one toddler lagging behind.
When this first started happening, I would scoop up Addison into my arms and race ahead to Carter. But now that I am carrying baby brother, this is more difficult.
So we have a new rule. Carter must hold Addison’s hand the entire time we are walking in from the car together for safety reasons. At first I smiled at the cuteness of them walking together — thankful that they both were staying safe walking beside me and the baby. But the more I got to thinking about it, I started to realize- this is more than about walking speeds.
This is about teaching impressionable children that we all have things that we’re good at — and things we’re not. And when we’re good at something, it isn’t necessarily an invitation to run faster and faster while looking over our shoulder to see how many people we’re leaving in our dust. No. Yes there are times to run fast and push ourselves. But there are also times that slowing down and using our strength and stability to help someone struggling to walk is the more gracious choice.
Carter is really good at walking. Addison is not. So when she’s lagging behind and working overtime to get up those stairs? That is an opportunity for him to help her by holding out his hand, providing her some stability, and patiently waiting as she climbs up the stairs next to him.
Not to mention- when Carter slows down and takes Addison’s hand, she teaches him something that she’s good at- seeing more details along the way, enjoying the walk for the walk’s sake, taking life at a slower pace, appreciating each step as a victory, NOT shooting out into traffic and getting run over. It ends up being a mutually beneficial arrangement.
“But he’s only 2! You’re over thinking this!” You might argue.
In music we oftentimes teach the music before the concept. By the time we realize we’re learning a new concept, we see that we’ve been playing it that way for weeks now and it’s already familiar to us. I’m hoping that it will happen this way with Carter and Addison.
I think about my friend who is really good at keeping a clean, organized house. I struggle with this. But I will never forget a few years ago when she slowed down her awesome running speed, came back to where I was stumbling, took my hand, and walked alongside me — providing stability at the same time showing me the best places to put my feet for that next step.
She didn’t just do it for me, or judge me for not being good at something she was. No, she taught me. She taught me the best way to clean my wood floors. She gave me a book that scheduled cleaning chores on certain days of the week and made it a game between us to keep up with the schedule. She helped me clean out the bottom of my chest freezer when I was eight months pregnant. She explained her process for a centralized room of organizational storage. She shared her secret for keeping up with laundry. She gave constant encouragement even when I felt like I was failing.
As result, my housecleaning abilities have really picked up pace- because I had a really great teacher. To this day, I still text her with questions. “Do you wash down your walls? What do you use?” And I eagerly await her expert advice. Because she is good at this. And she chose to graciously use her gift to help someone who isn’t. I will never forget her kindness to me in this area.
It challenges me to not forget this myself and to teach this principle to my children- starting with short walks in from the car in which I insist they walk side-by-side holding hands.
I think there are times that I should cheer Carter on. Yelling for him to run FASTER and encouraging him to reach his full, running potential. He has a gift, and he should use it!
And I love when I get one-on-one time with Addison where I can step slowly alongside her, relishing the extra time to notice little details along our walk. She shouldn’t be rushed to match Carter’s slow speed all the times.
But then there are times that we should all meet somewhere in the middle and walk as a family — creating a speed of family unity — where we’re all watching out for each other.
The world doesn’t need faster runners of more brilliantly gifted people. The world needs more hand holders, encouragers, teachers. I hope to model this for my children- one walk at a time.
Deanna is passionate about special needs advocacy and new motherhood- two things that go hand in hand for her right now. Three kids four and under, the oldest of which has Down syndrome- keeps her quite busy. But there’s always enough time left at the end of the day to write all about the insanity at her blog Everything and Nothing from Essex. And to laugh- always, always there is time to laugh. Technically labeled a “special” mother, Deanna really finds nothing special about herself. Truly, special needs parenting is just about taking it one day at a time- enjoying the highs, sloughing through the lows, and stumbling through the mundane while drinking too much coffee. Read all of Deanna’s posts here. | <urn:uuid:6cf5161a-00f1-4740-8c69-9cab024b5ae6> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://lifeasmom.com/helping-kids-help-each-other/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280065.57/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00539-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.968238 | 1,375 | 2.390625 | 2 |
An alternative to popular faith
California is broke and billions in debt. It’s unlikely California can pay its debts with tax increases and/or spending cuts, either of which could destroy the state’s economy. Tax increases and spending cuts always cause national recessions; the same would likely happen to California.
The best solution for California, and for all the other states in financial trouble, is to have the federal government step in with the necessary billions, which it easily could do. The government merely would credit California’s checking account at the Federal Reserve Bank, and debit its own balance sheet — a step it can take as easily, as repeatedly and as endlessly as the Rose Bowl scoreboard changing a score.
However, that won’t happen under current circumstances. The debt hawk belief that federal deficits are a problem, makes such support politically toxic. There are, however, two events which could force the federal government’s hand: Bankruptcy or disaster.
If California were to announce it planned to declare bankruptcy, businesses world wide would be threatened with ruin. Remember, California is one of the largest “nations” in the world — reputedly the 8th largest ( CALIFORNIA ) ahead of Russia and Spain. The federal government could not ignore such a threat, and would have to pay some or all of the bills, by a direct infusion of money.
Or, it could delay the inevitable, by lending California money ala Greece. (Loans to GM and Chrysler et al do not provide a model, because California cannot lop off large sections of its business and turn away from its citizens as companies can. So such loans, or even loan guarantees, just would put California deeper in debt.)
The other “solution” for California, though having terrible human consequences, would be to undergo a sufficiently large disaster, the most likely being a huge Los Angeles, earthquake, perhaps in the 8.0+ range. The government would declare LA County, perhaps even Southern California, a disaster area, and step in with the billions necessary to rebuild. Many of those billions would spread around the state, allowing the economy to recover.
Yes, FEMA didn’t rebuild New Orleans as it should have, but Louisiana doesn’t have California’s political clout, with only 9 electoral college votes compared to California’s 55.
I don’t know whether Governor Schwarzenegger has begged hard enough for federal support. Perhaps he is waiting for “the Big One.”
Rodger Malcolm Mitchell
No nation can tax itself into prosperity | <urn:uuid:70dfb467-e8a5-462e-9ac2-6aa6592ad8df> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://mythfighter.com/2010/05/22/what-can-save-california/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560282202.61/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095122-00549-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.966157 | 534 | 1.75 | 2 |
Tea is the most consumed drinks in the world. Take no note of alcohols. In fact, to reduce the hangover of the last night green tea is the perfect solution. Tea has its history very long, and over the years, the way tea is being consumed is chanced. There are a lot of ways tea is consumed. The taste of tea depends completely on the way the tea is made and the ingredient used for it. Moreover, the tea types also play a role in it. Teas are found in the market in two ways: tealeaves and tea powder. Which is better and which not will be discussed and given you the choice to choose from.
These are the common types of tea are found in the market. In fact, it is the oldest method and the common supply of tea in the market. Following the tea harvest,the tea leaves are dried in the sun to take away all the moisture from the leaves. Once that is done, they are then fermented where the essentials oils and flavours are added for the respective taste.
The common way to make the tea drink is through infusion. The tea is made by brew the tea leaves in hot water. This is the normal way that the tea is made drinkable. There are other methods too to make the tea. However, if you use whole leaves instead of bagged one then you will get a better quality taste.
This is the latest version in which tea is available in the market. For making powdered tea the entire plant, chopped, and are grilled to form powders. If you have seen tea of darker color then that is because of the type of process the tea incorporated.
Both the teas are rich in antioxidant and have the same benefits like strengthening ourimmune system to fight germs and external diseases. You are to consume more caffeine in the powder form because the whole tree is crushed to form the powder; hence, you are consuming the whole plant. Since the tree contains caffeine and antioxidant; hence, you consume more amounts of these components. Whereas in the tea leaves, you don’t actually consume the leaves you just take in the liquid version and hence you take in less amount of caffeine into your body.
Both of the two ways are completely fine, taken into consideration the way they are made. Hence, it up to you to know which one you prefer. However, the powder form is the modern way to sip in tea. You can look for amla powder because of the significant effect it has on the health. | <urn:uuid:690ab7a1-2a27-4b57-b0b1-3f1a28ac8368> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://tacticalfitnesscommando.com/health/tea-leaves-or-powder-know-the-difference.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573163.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20220818033705-20220818063705-00076.warc.gz | en | 0.966218 | 520 | 2.359375 | 2 |
Usually, it is our own morals and opinions that decide what we do. How we were raised, what we were taught, and what we have picked up along the way. Family plays a large part in our decisions. Many people think about what someone in their family would do when faced with a difficult decision. In One Foot in Eden, Amy weighs the pros and cons of sleeping with Holland to get pregnant. She carefully thinks about what her husband would do if he found out. This may be a bad example, as she decides to sleep with him anyways. Also, simple things that we learn in school allow us to make informative judgments.
Peers also play a significant role. It is almost human nature to please others, or to fit in. Something we would not normally do, we do to make others like us. We might also refrain from acting a certain way that might prevent others from accepting us. This is why it is common that teens begin smoking, or doing some other dangerous habit, all to “be cool.”
Our experiences shape many of our choices. If we know from experience that we will get a bad or painful response to an action, we avoid that action. We will also repeatedly make choices that produce a good or pleasant effect. We face many obstacles by trial and error, and if we have done something before, we know what actions elicit what responses. In conclusion, our choices, whether they are made from our experiences, our peers, or our morals, immensely affect our lives. The factors that influence our choices, be they good or bad, are directly related to the outcome of those decisions. | <urn:uuid:1c6e597a-0fb3-4558-8267-67421d34e07d> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.studymode.com/essays/One-Foot-In-Eden-Choices-1151738.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280825.87/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00210-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.978779 | 330 | 3.09375 | 3 |
Professor Lidia Morawska fought to have the 'droplet' narrative of covid transmission overturned.
At the beginning of the covid pandemic, public health authorities around the world, including the World Health Organisation, were telling people that the disease spread by droplet transmission.
Under this advice, the public were informed that frequent hand washing, covering coughs and sneezes and staying physically distanced from others would protect them from catching the deadly virus.
But Professor Lidia Morawska, a physicist at Queensland’s University of Technology, knew these measures, and indeed the belief in droplet transmission, were flawed.
Professor Morawska and her colleagues were instrumental in altering health authorities to the very real, and very dangerous, airborne transmission of covid.
In recognition of her work, she was named in TIME Magazine’s list of 100 most influential people in the world.
This episode she joins The Tea Room to chat about the WHO’s reluctance to change their initial advice and why we need to improve indoor air quality as part of mitigating the spread of covid and other respiratory infections.
You can listen and subscribe to the show by searching for “The Tea Room Medical Republic” in your favourite podcast player. | <urn:uuid:0bfc57a6-8f18-4d66-8f6f-43ad62f7cb4a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://medicalrepublic.com.au/the-fight-for-aerosol-acceptance/57938 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571911.5/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813081639-20220813111639-00476.warc.gz | en | 0.964437 | 257 | 2.484375 | 2 |
The changes to the service agreements were noticed by English blogger Jason Huntley, a.k.a. DoctorBeet. Huntley wrote on his blog earlier this month that he became aware of the new policies when he tried to access YouTube on his 10-month-old LG TV.
Huntley posted screenshots of pop-up windows that appeared on his TV, one of which notified him that "Your consent is necessary for us to provide the service. You may need to consent to more than one document to use the service."
MORE: Best TVs 2014
In November 2013, Huntley had discovered that his LG Smart TV was snooping on his home network, uploading his viewing history to LG's servers even after he had disabled the feature in the TV's settings. He noticed that the TV also uploaded the names of personal files stored on memory devices — such as USB sticks — attached to the TV.
The new agreement implies that at least some of the "smart" features that customers paid for when they purchased their Smart TVs may be disabled if the customers do not consent to the collection of their data.
Customers are asked to consent to collection of "viewing information," such as "the name of the channel or program watched, requests to view content, the terms you use to search for content, details of actions taken while viewing (e.g., play, stop, pause, etc.), the duration that content was watched, input method (RF, Component, HDMI) and search queries."
The agreement also covers "basic usage information," such as "information regarding external devices connected to the Smart TV" and "voice information" including "voice commands and associated data." The agreement adds that "if your spoken word includes personal or other sensitive information, such information will be among the Voice Information captured through your use of voice recognition features."
On that website, the "Viewing Information" page states that, "this consent agreement describes what Viewing Information we may obtain from your Smart TV and how we use such information. Unless you consent, you will not be able to access certain Smart TV Services, such as viewing recommendations, searching functionality, our interactive 'Live Plus' service, and our 3D World video-streaming service."
All of this information will be anonymized and used for targeted advertising, the agreements say.
Inquiries seeking comment from LG were not immediately returned. | <urn:uuid:d5485aff-31f5-423b-9c1c-c6315e677d67> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.tomsguide.com/us/lgtv-smart-tv-monitoring,news-18844.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571584.72/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812045352-20220812075352-00670.warc.gz | en | 0.96472 | 1,011 | 1.515625 | 2 |
Born: Nov 22, 1901; Spain
Died: Jul 6, 1999; Spain
Period: 20th Century
Joaquín Rodrigo was one of the most honored of twentieth century Spanish composers. Several of his compositions, in particular the Concierto de Aranjuez for guitar and orchestra, have attained worldwide fame.
Blind from the age of three due to diphtheria, Rodrigo undertook early musical studies under Francisco Antich in Valencia (1920-1923) and Paul Dukas at the École Normale de Musique in Paris (1927-1932). While in Paris, RodrigoRead more befriended many of the great composers of the time, and received particular encouragement from his fellow Spaniard Manuel de Falla. In 1933 he married the Turkish pianist Victoria Kamhi; they remained inseparable companions until her death in 1997.
After returning to Spain in 1934, Rodrigo quickly won, with some help from Falla, the Conde de Cartagena scholarship that allowed him to return to Paris to study musicology -- with Maurice Emmanuel at the Paris Conservatoire and with André Pirro at the Sorbonne. Some of the most difficult years in Rodrigo's life were in the late 1930s during the Spanish Civil War: his scholarship was cancelled, and he and his wife lived in France and Germany, virtually penniless. They made a meager living giving Spanish and music lessons at the Institute for the Blind in Freiburg. But by 1939, they were able to return to Spain.
Rodrigo started composing in 1923, and won a National Prize in 1925 for his Cinco Piezas Infantiles for orchestra. (Due to his blindness, Rodrigo always composed in Braille, and later painstakingly dictated the music to a copyist.) But his real breakthrough as a composer was with the Concierto de Aranjuez (1940, for guitar and orchestra), which was acclaimed from its first performance in Barcelona. Rodrigo was quickly recognized as one of Spain's great composers, and the awards and commissions started to roll in. In 1947, the Manuel de Falla Chair was created for him at the University of Madrid, where he taught music history for many years. He was much in demand as a pianist and lecturer, traveling to Europe, Central America, the U.S., Israel, and Japan. Many of the world's great instrumentalists commissioned concertos of him, and he eventually wrote works for, among others, guitarist Andrés Segovia, flutist James Galway, harpist Nicanor Zabaleta, and cellist Julian Lloyd Webber.
In 1953, he was awarded the Cross of Alfonso X the Wise by the Spanish government, and as part of the celebration of his ninetieth birthday in 1991, Rodrigo was raised to the nobility by King Juan Carlos I with the title "Marqués de los jardines de Aranjuez." He was ultimately given Spain's highest international honor, the Prince of Asturias Prize for the Arts, in 1996. The government of France also recognized Rodrigo's importance, making him a Chevalier de la Légion d'honneur in 1960 and promoting him to Commandeur des Arts et des Lettres in 1998. By the end of his life, he had also received six honorary doctorates from universities worldwide. Rodrigo died in 1999; he and his wife are both buried at the cemetery at Aranjuez. Read less
There are 418 Joaquin Rodrigo recordings available.
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Hyland Benton Lyon was born 22 February 1836 in the part of Caldwell County, Kentucky that later became Lyon County. He was a member of an influential family in western Kentucky, his grandfather being Matthew Lyon, pioneer settler from Vermont to Western Kentucky.
After attending college, H.B. Lyon enrolled in the United States Military Academy and became a career officer. However, he resigned his office in the U.S. Army when the Civil War broke out as he did not want to fight against the South. He raised Company F., 3rd Kentucky Infantry (CSA) and, in January 1862, he was promoted to Lt. Colonel of the 8th Kentucky Infantry.
Lyon saw action during the War and was a prisoner of war for several months. However, he is best known for his raid into Kentucky during December 1864. It is said the raid was made to enforce the CSA draft law and to divert United States troops from Nashville. It is also said he ordered the courthouses burned because they had all housed Federal troops. Whatever the reason, his troops burned seven courthouses within less than one month's time. No records were lost in the fires, except in Taylor County.
The following courthouse were burned: Christian County (12 December), Trigg County (13 December), Caldwell County (15 December), Hopkins County (17 December), Ohio County (20 December), Taylor County (25 December) and Cumberland County (3 January 1865).
In all, 22 Kentucky courthouses were burned during the Civil War - 12 by Confederates, eight by guerrillas and two by Union accidents.
After the War, Lyon spent a year in Mexico before returning to Lyon County, where he died 25 April 1907. He is buried in Eddyville Cemetery, Lyon County. | <urn:uuid:8e1f4e22-3fe2-4fe3-9369-8ca8aaa8d193> | CC-MAIN-2016-44 | http://wkygenealogy.blogspot.com/2011/04/hyland-b-lyon-burned-kentucky.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2016-44/segments/1476988718423.28/warc/CC-MAIN-20161020183838-00272-ip-10-171-6-4.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.991684 | 383 | 3 | 3 |
Book: On Earth As It Is In Hell by Cortina Jacksoncategories: Book, Satan, Hell, Conspiracy Theory, End Times, Illuminati, Corruption, Pastors, Church, Demons, Thriller
Cortina Jacksonabout this book: The book starts out with a conversation that takes place in Hell. Satan gives orders to demons, imps, and all of the other inhabitants in Hell; directing them to go to Earth through portals that lead directly to homes, schools, police departments, record companies, everywhere; and wreak havoc in the lives of people on Earth. People are already experiencing disappointments, depression, suicide, abuse, job loss; all kinds of turmoil. The assignment, directed by Satan himself, is to go directly to people that can be influenced, so that their souls can be claimed for Hell!
It is a fictional thriller about three characters who experience such tragedies. Their lives are relatable, and their experiences are graphically told. Life is scarier than fiction; the fate of the world is scarier than this!
preview: read a sample from this book
what to read next: if you read and liked this book...
Video: On Earth As It Is In Hell by Cortina Jackson
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|Home | Contact | Legal Notice | Impressum||Book Promotion | Do you like askDavid.com? | Boost Your Karma| | <urn:uuid:ddd0d9ab-2957-435d-b1d7-a826ff8b0efe> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://askdavid.com/reviews/book/thriller/10200 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560281419.3/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095121-00482-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.916907 | 327 | 1.585938 | 2 |
What is a lumen in lighting and what are they for?
If you want to know what a lumen is in lighting you have come to the indicated article, since from Luxiform we are going to tell you everything you need to know about this concept.
When you want to choose the lighting of your home or work center it is necessary to know the power and lighting that will give you the type of lamp you want to use.
This power or form of lighting you will know knowing what a lumen is in lighting, then we will explain in more detail what this is.
What is a lumen in lighting?
This concept is the unit of the international lighting system, basically what it shows us is the amount of light flow that a luminaire gives you.
It is important when selecting the type of lighting you will use in a room, since it shows us what the light efficiency will be in addition to warning us of the energy it can consume.
What is a lux?
On the other hand, we find the lux, which also form an important part when choosing the lighting of a space.
In this case, the lux refer to the level of luminosity that a lamp will offer us on a surface.
In order to know the lux of a lamp it is necessary to know where that lamp will be oriented and the area that we really want to illuminate.
How many lumens do I need to illuminate?
Now that you know what a lumen is in lighting and alux, it is time for you to know how they can be used to correctly raise the lighting of the space in your home or in your work area.
In order to know the lumens you need, it will be necessary to take into account aspects of the room that will soon be illuminated.
You must know the size of the room to know if more lighting or less is necessary, the shape of the view to adapt the light elements, the height of the ceilings to control the lighting, the combination of colors (it is really important to create one effect or another)the type of lamps that you want to use and finally the tasks that will be carried out in that place.
Although there are people who believe that the lighting of a place is based on placing different lamps and already,you should know that to do it correctly it is necessary to have all the factors mentioned above.
In order to help you with the lighting of your home below we are going to show you the lumens per square meter that you should use according to the type of room: | <urn:uuid:bcbe69e8-ee72-4edd-91e1-b6e28dbb4d2f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://iluxiform.com/blog/articulo/lumen-en-iluminacion.html | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00075.warc.gz | en | 0.962498 | 524 | 3.03125 | 3 |
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Liens vers les aides & les ressources liées au cours d'anglais avec Mme BAZIRE-RACINE au collège André Maurois de la Saussaye.
Training materials from the Central and South Central LATI (Louisiana Assistive Technology Initiative) Regional Centers.
Websites, videos, and lesson plans to teach and promote internet safety
Internet Safety & Awareness sites and resources that can be easily integrated into your classroom curriculum.
Click on the different links to learn about safety online! Every tile is for grades 4-6.
Each color aligns with a topic!
White - Videos
Yellow - Online Safety Resources
Black Cyberbully Resources
Blue - Interactive Games and Quizzes
This is a webmix of online safety resources (videos, quizzes, & games) that I created for my computer rotation students. Appropriate for grades 2-4.
Internet Safety (Mostly for younger kids, but will also have resources for older kids, as well as some for parents and educators. | <urn:uuid:4009240e-1726-409c-b7ea-07cddbe811e9> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ceipsantaflorentina.symbaloo.com/mix?q=Safety+at+home&page=0 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571758.42/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812200804-20220812230804-00677.warc.gz | en | 0.785689 | 316 | 1.867188 | 2 |
Marlboro Elementary School supports an environment that promotes and protects children’s health, well-being, and the ability to learn by fostering healthy eating and physical activity.
OUR SCHOOL GOALS INCLUDE:
Limit access to foods of low nutritive value
Discourage use of food as a reward or punishment
Orient and communicate school health recommendations to students, parents, staff and visitors
Please join us in raising awareness about these types with your children! | <urn:uuid:00f5c536-d2cf-45ec-aa55-505b3a8be968> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://ny24000063.schoolwires.net/Page/1294 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571150.88/warc/CC-MAIN-20220810070501-20220810100501-00674.warc.gz | en | 0.93477 | 100 | 2.59375 | 3 |
A pro-Union patriotic print, evidently based on Frederic Edwin Church's small oil painting "Our Banner in the Sky" or on a chromolithograph reproducing that painting published in New York by Goupil & Co. in the summer of 1861. Church's painting was inspired by the highly publicized Confederate insult to the American flag at Fort Sumter in April 1861 and by a sermon by Henry Ward Beecher published shortly thereafter. The present print was deposited for copyright, with a companion piece, "Fate of the Rebel Flag" (no. 1861-21), on September 6.
"Our Heaven Born Banner" shows a lone Zouave sentry watching from a promontory as the dawn breaks in the distance. His rifle and bayonet form the staff of an American flag whose design and colors are formed by the sky's light. Below, in the distance, is a fort--probably Sumter. The print is accompanied by eight lines of verse:
When Freedom from her mountain height
Unfurled her standard to the air,
She tore the azure robe of night
And set the stars of glory there.
She mingled with its gorgeous dyes
The milky baldrick of the skies,
And striped its pure celestial white
With streakings of the morning light.
Unlike its companion piece, "Our Heaven Born Banner" is printed using brown instead of black ink for the primary tone. | <urn:uuid:a953d25c-417e-4996-a478-61c0010c890a> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://loc.harpweek.com/LCPoliticalCartoons/IndexDisplayCartoonMedium.asp?SourceIndex=People&IndexText=Beecher%2C+Henry+Ward&UniqueID=12&Year=1861 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573667.83/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819100644-20220819130644-00068.warc.gz | en | 0.955614 | 292 | 2.453125 | 2 |
FIS – Worldnews – Another sanctuary to become research area: NOAA
The southern third of the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration’s (NOAA) 22-sqmi Gray’s Reef National Marine Sanctuary off the Georgia coast was designated a research area, where scientists can study how human activities and natural processes affect the sanctuary’s marine resources. The new designation will take effect after a 45-day Congressional review.
This new research area is specifically designed for conducting controlled scientific studies where human activities cannot affect the results. Fishing and diving will be prohibited in the lightly used, 8-sqmi research area, which currently hosts no commercial fishing. Vessels will be permitted to travel through it without stopping. | <urn:uuid:ba917e37-a903-4aed-8e8a-24694da98151> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | https://coastalscience.noaa.gov/news/ecosystem-management/fis-worldnews-another-sanctuary-to-become-research-area-noaa/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279915.8/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00272-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.917937 | 146 | 2.234375 | 2 |
Wednesday 9 June 1915
It was Wednesday, under the sign of Gemini. The US president was Woodrow Wilson (Democratic).
Jim the Penman, directed by Edwin S. Porter, was one of the most viewed movies released in 1915
But much more happened that day: find out below..
Or have a look at the whole 1915.
Which were the most popular movies released in the last months ?
Find out your future
Get a FREE Numerology report based on the digits of 9 June 1915!
Which were the important events of 9 June 1915 ?
- Saint Efrem=Saint Ephraim, deacon, Doctor of the Church
- Blessed Diana d'Andalo
- Saint Pelagia, virgin, martyr [BLS]
- Saint Vincent, deacon, martyr [BLS]
- Blessed Richard, bishop of Andria, Apulia
- Saint Liborius, bishop (of LeMans), confessor [GTZ: LeMans]
- Saint Edmund, bishop of Canturbury, confessor (Translation day) [GTZ: England]
- Saint Diomedes
- =? Blessed Columba, abbot, confessor [GTZ: Scotland]
- Saint Columba (called Saint Columcille in Ireland, where he is honoured as one of the islands three patron saints)
- Saint Alexander, martyr [GTZ: Russia]
- Roman Empire paganism - third day of the Vestalia in honor of the goddess Vesta
- Saint Primus and Felicianus, martyrs [common]
- Jim McDonald: American football player and coach (d. 1997).
- Jane Cowan: Cello teacher.
- Les Paul: American musician, a jazz guitarist and electric guitar's designer.
- William Jennings Bryan resigns as Woodrow Wilson's Secretary of State over a disagreement regarding the United States' handling of the sinking of the RMS Lusitania.
Which were the top hits in that special week of June 1915 ?
Top #2 songs in the USA
- She Used to be the Slowest Girl in Town - Ada Jones & Will Robbins
- Chinatown, My Chinatown - Prince's Orchestra
Make this date unforgettable
CD and DVD Birthday Cards
Which were the most popular books released in the last weeks ? | <urn:uuid:509b496a-216a-48aa-a8fc-30b61bbea785> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://takemeback.to/09-June-1915 | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279650.31/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00434-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.932103 | 481 | 1.609375 | 2 |
Frequently Asked Questions About Bonds
A bond is a fixed income instrument that represents a loan made by an investor to a borrower (typically corporate or governmental). A bond could be thought of as an I.O.U. between the lender and borrower that includes the details of the loan and its payments. They are alternative investment solutions to stocks which are less volatile and risky and when held to maturity, can offer investors more stable and consistent returns.
- Face Value: is the money amount the bond will be worth at maturity; it is also the reference amount the bond issuer uses when calculating interest payments.
- Coupon Rate: is the rate of interest the bond issuer will pay on the face value of the bond, expressed as a percentage. (E.g. a 5% coupon rate means that bondholders will receive 5% x $1,000,000 face value = $50,000 annually).
- Coupon Dates: are the dates on which the bond issuer will make interest payments. Payments can be made in any interval, but the standard is semi-annual payments.
- Maturity Date: is the date on which the bond will mature and the bond issuer will pay the bondholder the face value of the bond.
- Issue Price: is the price at which the bond issuer originally sells the bonds.
The type of bond you choose is dependent on a number of factors such as your risk profile, your investment goals etc.
An investor should have a portion of their portfolio in bonds as a diversifier since they have different characteristics from stocks.
Investors can create a portfolio which comprises of Corporate, Government or Municipal bonds through the help of a Cumax Wealth advisor to create a well-balanced income-generating portfolio.
Investors can also gain exposure in bonds by investing in a bond fund (a unit trust) that exclusively holds bonds in its portfolio. These funds are convenient since they are usually low-cost and contain a broad base of diversified bonds so you don't need to do your research to identify specific issues. | <urn:uuid:4c095a9f-c4a8-4778-ac02-53d6f4f4f66f> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://cumaxwealth.com/bond-faqs/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571538.36/warc/CC-MAIN-20220812014923-20220812044923-00469.warc.gz | en | 0.95651 | 418 | 2.734375 | 3 |
The Florida Fish and Wildlife Conservation Commission (FWC) announced it will be removing 12 derelict vessels from the waterways of Levy County.
According to an FWC release, work started on Tuesday with the removal of the “Miss Katherine,” a 38-foot shrimp boat.
“The ‘Miss Katherine’ has been derelict for several years and has been obstructing the Withlacoochee River,” said Lt. Robert Johnston, FWC area lieutenant in Levy County, in the release.
Five vessels will be removed from the Withlacoochee River, with one of those being removed on a Citrus County removal contract. Another vessel—a concrete hull shrimp boat that has been there for more than 20 years—will be taken out of the Waccasassa River. Another six derelict vessels will be removed from the waterways surrounding Cedar Key.
“I’ve been assigned to Levy County for the past 17 years and some of these vessels were here before I arrived,” said Johnston in the release. “Seeing these derelict vessels finally removed means so much to me and my crew. I’m glad to see these go.”
The contractor removing the vessels is Sammy Royal with Sea Tow in Horseshoe Beach. The Levy County Board of County Commissioners discussed the derelict vessel removal at a meeting in February.
The Levy County DV Removal Project is being funded by an FWC Direct Removal Project, using funding that may only be used by FWC to contract removal projects.
“We also have another program where local governments can apply for grants to remove derelict vessels,” said Phil Horning, derelict vessel program administrator, in the release. “This has been exhausted for FY 21/22; however, we are now accepting local government applications for the FY 22/23 budget. This funding will be available beginning July 1 for local DV removal grants.
“Both FWC and local governments will continue to remove derelict vessels throughout the state at the same time. With both processes working simultaneously, more derelict vessels removals can occur throughout the state.” | <urn:uuid:45839dff-ddca-4141-8250-7da520a895c5> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.mainstreetdailynews.com/news/local/fwc-starts-removing-derelict-vessels | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572127.33/warc/CC-MAIN-20220815024523-20220815054523-00266.warc.gz | en | 0.953835 | 446 | 1.773438 | 2 |
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Commonly known as oats this plant is grown for its edible starchy grains. Eaten worldwide as a food staple it is also recognised for its nutritional value and added health benefits.
Traditionally used in Western Herbal Medicine as a calmative nerve tonic to:
Oat is amongst one of the oldest cultivated grains used as a food source all around the world. | <urn:uuid:119f300e-f79a-4726-b530-8249f453d0aa> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://wanderlust.com.au/ingredients-glossary/?cat=grain | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572304.13/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816120802-20220816150802-00468.warc.gz | en | 0.964199 | 103 | 2.421875 | 2 |
Los Angeles has adopted its own local version of a plan that has generated much media attention on Capitol Hill in recent months.
In April, Los Angeles Mayor Eric Garcetti released the city’s own Green New Deal. It sets aggressive sustainability goals with accelerated targets, and it puts the city on course to be carbon neutral by 2050.
Four key principles guide the plan. It includes a commitment to uphold the Paris Climate Agreement; promises to deliver environmental justice through an inclusive green economy; proposes to create good paying, green jobs; and expresses a determination to lead by example within city government.
“With flames on our hillsides and floods in our streets, cities cannot wait another moment to confront the climate crisis with everything we’ve got,” Garcetti said.
His plan is designed to zero out harmful emissions from buildings, transportation, electricity and trash, which are the city’s four main sources of pollutants.
The city’s Green New Deal includes several accelerated goals and new targets, such as an 80 percent renewable energy supply by the year 2036. It includes a jobs cabinet to create 300,000 green jobs by 2035 and 400,000 by 2050. It will mandate that all new municipally owned buildings and major renovations be all-electric, effective immediately, and that every building in the city become emissions free by 2050.
The Green New Deal builds on Garcetti’s Sustainable City Plan, which was released four years ago. That plan also called for aggressive sustainability goals.
According to the mayor, the city has already met or exceeded 90 percent of the plan’s near-term goals on time or early. For example, the city has Installed 2,100 publicly available electric vehicle charging stations with a plan for another 10,000 by 2022. | <urn:uuid:26775f0e-bfcf-4c62-bcc7-32e0ec47ae7e> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.ecmag.com/section/green-building/los-angeles-launches-its-own-green-new-deal | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572581.94/warc/CC-MAIN-20220816211628-20220817001628-00071.warc.gz | en | 0.945299 | 367 | 2.3125 | 2 |
At present at the University of Guam, each undergraduate student is required to take two language classes (eight credits total) as part of their general education requirements. UOG offers courses regularly for Chamorro, Japanese, Tagalong, Spanish, Mandarin, French and can also offer courses in Chuukese and other Micronesian languages, upon request.
UOG also is home to the Chamorro Studies Program, of which I am a faculty member. This program is unique in the world in terms of focusing its courses on the history, language and culture of the Chamorro people.
UOG serves and is supported by a diverse community in this region and the many language courses that are offered illustrate that.
The University of Guam is planning on reducing the language requirement so that students will only be required to take one language course, or a single semester, in order to graduate. With this change, individual major programs may require a second semester or more for their own requirements, but overall this would still impact negatively language learning at UOG.
To cut the requirements in half would mean losing a number of language courses every semester, which would mean less money to support teachers of Chamorro, Japanese and other regional languages. The loss of these classes would also mean that programs such as mine, which are language focused, would have limited ability to expand or grow, since institutional support at UOG is largely dependent upon the amount of courses you offer.
In college, much of your focus is on your major courses, because they are meant to reflect your chosen path in life. But as many who have attended college will tell you, your general education courses are usually the sources of your most unexpected epiphanies. In college, your major is usually where you are meant to derive your most important skills or lessons.
General education classes are supposed to be dreary, dreaded experiences, where you are forced to take courses not because of what interests you, but because of some academic consensus about what all students should at least be familiar with before moving to the next stage of their lives.
But those general education classes are often the places where we learn some of the most important and surprising lessons, because they educate or enlighten us from outside of the comfortable confines of our discipline or profession.
Your major courses often reduce the world to a basic set of theories or ideas, which in truth really apply to only a portion of what you will encounter in your work or life. Your general education classes represent a sometimes frustrating, sometimes enriching reminder that there are far more things in heaven and earth than in your degree requirements. This idea might be truest in terms of language learning.
Myself and several other faculty at UOG are currently holding a “Protect Language Learning at UOG” petition drive in hopes of convincing the administration at UOG to not reduce the amount of language classes required for undergraduates. If you would like to sign the petition or learn more about this issue, go to www.uoglanguagedrive.com.
Michael Lujan Bevacqua is an author, artist, activist and assistant professor of Chamorro studies at the University of Guam. | <urn:uuid:478fd2bd-1a45-4145-9056-d078d5fb1303> | CC-MAIN-2017-04 | http://www.guampdn.com/story/opinion/columnists/2016/12/29/protect-languages-uog/95939252/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280221.47/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00230-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz | en | 0.965909 | 645 | 1.929688 | 2 |
Transparency of the Regulatory System
Sierra Leone’s regulatory system is not robust, as legal, regulatory, and accounting systems lack transparency and are not fully consistent with international norms. This has been a realm of significant capacity building projects by international donors in recent years.
The Government of Sierra Leone develops laws and regulations at the national level, but the public and business community at large have few opportunities to provide input into proposed laws and regulations. The Constitution requires publication of proposed laws and regulations in a government journal, the Gazette, for a period of 21 days. However, stakeholders assert that they often do not receive notice of relevant regulatory changes, and a proposed regulation may automatically take effect unless overturned by Parliament. The Sierra Leone Chamber of Commerce, Industry and Agriculture represents the business community, but the private sector and civil society still have a too-limited role in pushing for regulatory change.
In recent years, Sierra Leone has taken various steps to promote and improve regulatory transparency. The Right to Access Information Act passed 2013 should make government records and information available to the public. However, the implementation of this Act has been incomplete since the establishment of the Right to Access Information Commission in 2014, though it prompted attention for the public to access vital information as a way to effectively monitor corruption and encourage quality service delivery. Sierra Leone joined the Open Government Partnership (OGP) in 2014 to make governments more transparent and effective, and encourage greater civic participation for citizens. Over the last five years, the Office of the Auditor General produced comprehensive and credible annual audits, including supplementary reports which focused on the expenditure of the Ebola response funds and budgetary subventions to ministries, departments and agencies (MDAs). While the audits identified numerous serious deficiencies and challenges, most of the Auditor General’s recommendations have not been implemented by the responsible MDAs. Sierra Leone joined the Extractive Industries Transparency Initiative (EITI) in 2008, and after a brief suspension for insufficient disclosures, the country has been EITI compliant since 2014. As discussed above, the government has simplified and streamlined the business registration process into a one-stop shop. The enactment of the Public Financial Management Act in 2016 reformed the budget process and improved transparency in the expenditure of public funds, and the Fiscal Management and Control Act of 2017 directed government MDAs to transfer revenues and all other monies they receive into the Consolidated Revenue Fund. One of the first executive orders of newly elected President Maada Bio in April 2018 was to order all MDAs to transfer immediately their residual funds into the Treasury Single Account (TSA), a key conditionality of the International Monetary Fund (IMF) to improve governmental budgetary oversight and controls.
International Regulatory Considerations
Sierra Leone joined the World Trade Organization (WTO) in July 1995 and the General Agreement of Tariff and Trade (GATT) in May 1961. Sierra Leone has never been a party to a dispute case before the WTO, and it has not notified the WTO of any measures that are inconsistent with the WTO’s Trade Related Investment Measures (TRIMs) obligations. As a member of the World Customs Organization (WCO) since November 1975, Sierra Leone acceded to the International Convention on the Simplification and Harmonization of Customs Procedures in June 2015. Otherwise referred to the Revised Kyoto Convention, Sierra Leone successfully completed the WCO Time Release Study in support of the country’s commitments to the WTO Agreement on Trade Facilitation in 2016, and finally notified the WTO of acceptance of the WTO amendment of the Agreement on Trade facilitation in May 2017.
Legal System and Judicial Independence
The Sierra Leone legal system is derived from the English common law system, but outside of the capital, Freetown, local courts apply customary law to many disputes. The courts provide a venue to enforce property and contract rights. The country does not have a consolidated written commercial or contractual law, but numerous, disparate pieces of legislation, leading to uneven treatment of commercial disputes.
The Superior Court of Judicature consists of the Supreme Court, the Court of Appeal, and the High Court. Commercial disputes brought before the High Court are generally heard by the Commercial and Admiralty Division. In 2010, Sierra Leone created a Fast Track Commercial Court, in the hope of reducing the duration of a typical commercial case from 2-3 years to 6 months. To date, the court has had minimal effectiveness due to resource limitations. In 2017, Sierra Leone hosted a commercial law summit to address gaps in the justice system, and came up with concrete recommendations in key areas, including arbitration, anti-corruption and bribery, public-private partnerships, and reform of the court process. There is now a draft Arbitration Bill which when passed into law will bring arbitration proceedings in Sierra Leone up to international standards.
Inasmuch as the judicial system is presumed to be independent, it is generally believed that it occasionally comes under the direct influence of the executive, which has adversely impacted the competence, fairness and reliability of the judicial system. Although foreign investors have equal access to the judicial system, in practice the system is slow and often subject to financial and political influences.
Laws and Regulations on Foreign Direct Investment
Sierra Leonean law generally ensures that foreign investors may compete on the same terms as domestic firms. The Investment Promotion Act 2004 protects foreign entities from discriminatory treatment. The law creates incentives and customs exemptions, provides that investors may freely repatriate proceeds and remittances, and protects against expropriation without prompt and adequate compensation. The law establishes a dispute settlement framework that allows investors to submit disputes to arbitration in accordance with the rules of procedure of the UN Commission on International Trade Laws (UNCITRAL). Export licenses are required only for certain goods and materials. While the export of gold and diamonds must comply with internationally-accepted standards such as Kimberley Process certification, the permits required to export goods such as cocoa and coffee are issued automatically, and legally at no cost.
Foreign companies may own or invest in Sierra Leonean entities, with limited exceptions. Small mining investments require a minority partnership with a Sierra Leonean company. The Sierra Leone National Carrier Ratification Agreement of 2012 provides preferential treatment in shipping to the Sierra Leone National Shipping Company. The Petroleum Exploration and Production Act 2001 restricts licenses for petroleum exploration and production to companies registered or incorporated in Sierra Leone. The government of Sierra Leone has also identified certain restrictions on foreign investment in its Schedule of Specific Commitments to the General Agreement on Trade in Services, from August 1995, which established limited restrictions on business services, financial services, and the maritime and airport sectors. Businesses providing such services must establish local partnerships or joint ventures.
The Local Content Policy, adopted in 2012, promotes the utilization of locally produced goods and locally provided services, and the employment of Sierra Leonean nationals. While failure to follow the policy previously resulted only in a denial of investment incentives, the Sierra Leone Local Content Agency Act 2016 requires compliance. More information is available below in the “Performance and Data Localization Requirements” section.
Sierra Leonean authorities do not screen, review, or approve foreign direct investments. Companies must register to do business in Sierra Leone, but the Embassy is not aware of any complaints that the registration process has been used to block particular investments or discriminate against particular investors. In the case of investment guarantees (e.g. by the U.S. Overseas Private Investment Corporation-OPIC), the GoSL established certain procedures with the U.S. government in agreements signed on December 28, 1962 and November 13, 1963, whereby GoSL authorities grant approval for external investment guarantees in Sierra Leone.
Additional information about the laws and regulations applicable to foreign investments is available on the website of SLIEPA at http://sliepa.org/ .
Competition and Anti-Trust Laws
Sierra Leone does not have a competition law. The European Union (EU) and the United Nations Conference on Trade and Development (UNCTAD) have supported the Ministry of Trade and Industry’s attempts to develop a competition policy, but the parliament has not yet adopted the relevant legislation.
Expropriation and Compensation
There is no history of expropriation in Sierra Leone. The Constitution authorizes the government to expropriate property only when it is necessary in the interests of national defense, public safety, order, morality, town and country planning, or the public benefit or welfare. In such cases, the Constitution guarantees the prompt payment of adequate compensation, with a right of access to a court or another independent authority to consider legality, determine the amount of compensation, and ensure prompt payment.
ICSID and New York Convention
Sierra Leone has been a party to the International Convention on the Settlement of Investment Dispute (ICSID) since 1966, but not a party to the Convention on the Recognition and Enforcement of Foreign Arbitral Awards (the New York Convention). Section 13 of the Arbitration Act 1960 allows foreign arbitral awards to be registered in Sierra Leonean courts and enforced in the same manner as a domestic judgment or court order. However, registration of foreign arbitral awards is not automatic but instead left to the discretion of the presiding judge.
Investor-State Dispute Settlement
Investment disputes in Sierra Leone can take a long time to resolve, given heavily centralized decision-making, the slow pace of government actions, and substantial court backlogs.
In 2016, the Embassy received multiple reports of cases where U.S. companies experienced challenges in asserting their investment interests. One company reported that the government denied regulatory approval for the firm’s acquisition of a Sierra Leonean entity in part because preference should be given to Sierra Leonean buyers. Two other companies reported challenges in collecting payments owed by the government in services contracts; mounting arrears in GoSL payment of invoices is an issue the new GoSL administration has stated requires urgent attention. As of April 2018, these three matters remain unresolved.
International Commercial Arbitration and Foreign Courts
The Arbitration Act 1960 allows investors to arbitrate disputes, but the procedures set forth in the law are outdated and not in compliance with international standards. The country does not have a central arbitral institution, and instead arbitration is conducted on an ad hoc basis, including through pretrial settlement conferences and alternative dispute resolution mechanisms before the Commercial and Admiralty Division of the High Court. The Investment Promotion Act 2004 allows investment disputes to be referred to arbitration in accordance with UNCITRAL procedures or the framework of any applicable bilateral or multilateral investment agreement.
Judgments of foreign courts can be enforced under the Foreign Judgments (Reciprocal Enforcement) Act 1960, provided the country has a bilateral or reciprocal enforcement treaty with Sierra Leone.
The Bankruptcy Act 2009 establishes a process of bankruptcy for individuals and companies. Bankruptcy is a civil matter, but it may disqualify an individual from holding certain elected and public offices and from practicing certain professions. The Bankruptcy Act 2009 also encourages and facilitates reorganization as an alternative to liquidation. The World Bank ranked Sierra Leone 159 in the ease of resolving insolvency in 2018. While the country’s regulatory framework for bankruptcy is relatively strong, on average secured creditors receive only 11 cents on the dollar (compared to 20 cents average throughout sub-Saharan Africa) and the proceedings cost approximately 42 percent of the estate’s value.
Following the passing of a Credit Reference Act in 2011, Sierra Leone established a Credit Reference Bureau within the Bank of Sierra Leone mandating all financial institutions to pass all information regarding loan applications for credit history checks. The credit history checks will detail all outstanding loans, when and where a loan was taken, and the repayment history guiding financial institutions in their loan decision. | <urn:uuid:6742bb6f-9304-4013-8d7b-39a3aed848cb> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://www.state.gov/reports/2018-investment-climate-statements/sierra-leone/ | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571056.58/warc/CC-MAIN-20220809155137-20220809185137-00673.warc.gz | en | 0.932062 | 2,379 | 2.796875 | 3 |
5 edition of Problems of the Indonesian revolution found in the catalog.
Problems of the Indonesian revolution
D. N. Aidit
|Statement||[by] D.N. Aidit.|
|LC Classifications||JQ779.A55 A83|
|The Physical Object|
|Number of Pages||612|
|LC Control Number||sa 64007488|
A major study of the role of women in the labour market of Industrial Revolution Britain. It is well known that men and women usually worked in different occupations, Cited by: During the Second World War, Japan invaded and occupied the Dutch East Indies. Japanese forces remained there until their surrender in August, .
Knowing the basic problems of the Indonesian revolution means knowing the targets and tasks of the Indonesian Revolution, knowing the forces which push it forward, knowing its character and its perspectives. In order to know the basic problems of the Indonesia Revolution, we must in the first place know Indonesian society. PART ONE. book, the product of the collective enlightened wisdom of the Forum’s communities. This book is organized in three chapters. The first is an overview of the fourth industrial revolution. The second presents the main transformative technologies. The third provides a deep dive into the impact of the revolution and some of the policy challenges File Size: 1MB.
Indonesian National Revolution is a selected article on the Indonesian Portal, which means that it has been selected as a high quality Indonesia-related article to be shown periodically on the portal page. Books at Amazon. The Books homepage helps you explore Earth's Biggest Bookstore without ever leaving the comfort of your couch. Here you'll find current best sellers in books, new releases in books, deals in books, Kindle eBooks, Audible audiobooks, and so much g: Indonesian revolution.
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The Indonesian Revolution did not proceed well and rapidly, and some serious mistakes were com mitted in leading the Indonesian Revolution. But it was due to the fact that Marxism-Leninism has entered into the Indonesian Inde pendence Movement, that these serious mistakes and failures did not weaken and certainly did not PRODUCED BY The Indonesian revolution demands attention as a revolution, and as an important chapter in the collapse of Western colonialism.
In the first place, however, it is the watershed of modern Indonesian history, and must be understood in terms of that history/5.
Reid sees the Indonesian Revolution as more analogous to the French Revolution than to the Russian Revolution and in this book the term is used to represent a kind of political phenomenon.
However, the Revolution is not confined to the “Revolusi,” Indonesian struggle (–49) for. COVID Resources. Reliable information about the coronavirus (COVID) is available from the World Health Organization (current situation, international travel).Numerous and frequently-updated resource results are available from this ’s WebJunction has pulled together information and resources to assist library staff as they consider how to handle coronavirus.
This book explores a little-known phase in the history of both Indonesia and Singapore: how the dynamics of the Indonesian revolution () overflowed into Singapore. Singapore was a base for the Indonesian nationalists, the British, the Dutch, and Chinese traders, with each group exploiting prevailing circumstances for their own interests.
WITH the transfer of sovereignty, the primary objective of the Indonesian revolution had been won. However, before the Indonesian people’s focus of attention began to shift from the political to the socio-economic, there was one final major development in the political sphere.
Indonesian History. A book’s total score is based on multiple factors, including the number of people who have voted for it and how highly those voters ranked the book. saving. Error rating book. Refresh and try again. saving. Error Problems of the Indonesian revolution book book.
Refresh and try again. saving. Book Description. Adrian Vickers's book traces the history of an island country from the colonial period through revolution and independence to the present. The book journeys through the social and cultural mores of Indonesian society, focusing on the experiences of ordinary people/5(6).
Issues relating to access to health and education as well as rising inequality are the most pressing social challenges the Indonesian government will need to confront.
Summary This paper outlines some of the demographic changes that have occurred in Indonesia since independence and examines the effects they could have in future decades. Media Power in Indonesia.
Oligarchs, Citizens and the Digital Revolution By Ross Tapsell 2 Reviews. This is an essential book that explores the relationship between the Indonesian media, especially in digital form, and oligarchy on the one hand, and civil society on the other.
It provides a detailed but also reflective analysis of the way. Indonesia’s artificially high food prices are one of the biggest factors keeping 28 million of the country’s people mired in poverty. In many ways, Indonesia is a Southeast Asian success story. This vast archipelago contains the world’s fourth-largest population, and transitioned to democracy only 20 years ago during the Asian financial crisis.
John Roosa is an associate professor of history at the University of British Columbia in Vancouver, and author of a seminal book on Indonesia in. The historical record of Indonesia’s “national revolution” remains murky. The available facts form a bare outline lacking in color and drama.
Its most critical battle, for example, is a farcical episode in the city of Surabaya where the British—not the Dutch—had to rout the local guerillas who had seized the metropolis to restore order.
become the main and permanent problems in the form of harassment/misappropriation regarding religion and worship house. These two problems become the main issues in the recent years in Indonesia which, so often, turn out to be violence that cannot be overcome properly.
The two File Size: KB. The Indonesian National Revolution, or Indonesian War of Independence, was an armed conflict and diplomatic struggle between the Republic of Indonesia and the Dutch Empire and an internal social revolution during postwar and postcolonial Indonesia.
It took place between Indonesia's declaration of independence in and the Netherlands' recognition of Indonesia's independence at the end of Location: Indonesia.
Indonesia - Indonesia - Indonesia from the coup to the end of the New Order: In the early hours of Oct. 1,a group of army conspirators calling itself the September 30th Movement kidnapped and murdered six army generals.
A seventh, Nasution, escaped. The following morning the movement announced that it had seized power to forestall a coup against the president by a council of generals.
Other articles where Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic is discussed: West Sumatra: History: the Sukarno government, and the Revolutionary Government of the Indonesian Republic was formed in the province, with its headquarters at Bukittinggi. The rebellion was crushed by Indonesian forces in mid after aerial attacks on Padang and Bukittinggi.
In Indonesia the economic and social crisis has led to a crisis in the political system too. The full impact of the Asian crisis on the world economy is yet to unfold. But it has already brought about an Indonesian revolution. The Weak Foundation of the Indonesian Economy. Indonesia was a.
Indonesia (Ĭn´dənē´zhə), officially Republic of Indonesia, republic ( est. pop. ,), c, sq mi (1, sq km), SE Asia, in the Malay fourth most populous country in the world, Indonesia comprises more t islands extending c.3, mi (4, km) along the equator from the Malaysia mainland toward Australia; the archipelago forms a natural.
The National Revolution, Indonesia Table of Contents. Unlike Burma and the Philippines, Indonesia was not granted formal independence by the Japanese in No Indonesian representative was sent to the Greater East Asia Conference in Tokyo in November But as the war became more desperate, Japan announced in September that.
Book Description Longman Australia, Hawthorn, Melbourne - softcover, 5½" x 8½" The Indonesian revolution demands attention AS revolution, and as an important chapter in the collapse of Western colonialism.
In the first place, it is the watershed of modern Indonesian history, and must be understood in terms of that history. The historian of the revolution is forced to devote more /5(13).Interesting questions. 1. Lack of Identity Indonesia is like a teenagers, we couldn't really decide which way to chose.
We want to be a maritime countries, agriculture countries, industrial country, tourism country, to put it worse, Indonesia is.Conclusion. Endnotes. Appendix: Australia's Trade with Indonesia.
Major Issues Summary. The Asian currency crisis arose from a collapse of confidence in the ability of a number of countries to maintain their fixed exchange rates while continuing to allow the free movement of foreign finance capital at a time of increasing current account deficits. | <urn:uuid:2b6ebecd-f2f1-4eaa-929b-258a4890e233> | CC-MAIN-2022-33 | https://buwymugiqyjyjupij.gama-uk.com/problems-of-the-indonesian-revolution-book-6792kj.php | s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882572833.95/warc/CC-MAIN-20220817032054-20220817062054-00472.warc.gz | en | 0.926356 | 2,046 | 2.03125 | 2 |
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