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Ultimately the reason people invest in anything is to earn a return on their investment, and bonds are no exception. Bonds as an asset class offer several unique attributes that make them attractive to a wide variety of individuals.
Here are 3 Reasons to Buy Savings Bonds
To earn a predictable stream of income: While there are exceptions, bonds pay a fixed rate of interest, at regular intervals, and on pre determined dates. The income stream that you earn when buying a bond is predictable. Come rain or shine, as long as the issuer of your bond doesn’t go bankrupt, you get your interest payment. Generally interest is paid every 6 months but there are variations depending on the type of bond you buy.
To diversify their portfolio: Bond prices and stock prices tend to move in opposite directions. When bond prices are rising, often the stock market is performing poorly, and vice versa. Because of this “lack of correlation” many investors who hold a lot of stocks in their portfolio, will add some bonds into the mix to cushion the blow if the stock market does poorly.
Tax Savings: As we discuss in greater detail in our lesson on bonds and taxes, certain bonds, such as Treasury and Municipals, offer some unique tax benefits which include not having to pay federal, state, and or local government taxes.
Interest Rate Speculation: As we discuss in greater detail in our lesson on interest rates, one of the largest factors that affects the price of a bond is movement in interest rates. As many types of bonds are very sensitive to changes in interest rates, often times individuals find them a good instrument to speculate on the future direction of interest rates.
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As the new virtual currency of the moment, Bitcoin, has great appeal. Free from the regulation of national politics, this new form of exchange has Libertarians and geeks alike very enthused. Yet, is Bitcoin viable? In just the latest of disasters befalling this new currency of the future it has become clear that, because of its lack of regulation, it has become appealing to the worst element of society.
As noted by ZDNet, Bitcoin’s allure lies in the fact that it is “anonymous, untraceable and unregulated.” While that makes it appealing to entrepreneurs and market speculators, it also has experienced widespread use by criminal types, including in ZDNet’s words, “drug traffickers, terrorists and anyone wanting to circumvent currency or tax regulations.”
Bitcoin and Silk Road
If any event is likely to take Bitcoin down in flames, it would be a story like Silk Road, an underworld marketplace run on the currency where people could buy guns or drugs or even take out a contracted hit on someone. The Internet site was shut down by the government, leaving the currency in question. If Bitcoin is the currency of the future, just what does that future look like? Perhaps Grand Theft Auto?
Currency backing makes it vulnerable
With the facilitation of such criminal activity by Bitcoin, currency regulators have been hot on its trail, and it’s uncertain if the currency can ultimately survive. In the end, what the Silk Road incident exposed was Bitcoin’s most vulnerable factor; that, as a currency, there’s nothing supporting it. Money has value because of the underlying support it receives. The dollar rests of the good faith of the United States government, its economy and its people.
Stateless, Bitcoin becomes defenseless against the tides of the open market. This may make it attractive to the speculator, but not so appealing to the average Joe. Where there is volatility, there can also be great loss and a lack of predictability. Liquidity is not guaranteed. Imagine going to the ATM and discovering your $200 was now worth $12 in the time it took you to drive there.
Then there is the matter of how Central Banks view the currency. What country is willing to back a nation-less form of money whose value cannot be assured from minute to minute? While its separation from government is what makes Bitcoin appealing to so many, just how will it work in the real world? How long will nation-states allow it to continue unregulated?
The other side of the Bitcoin
Those who champion Bitcoin, however, need only point to its continuing successful evolution. According to Forbes magazine “To date the Bitcoin aggregate network has seen more than 15 million transactions with more than 50,000 senders and receivers transacting in a given day.” Hardly mainstream as currencides go, but impressive all the same for a rogue monetary concept.
Furthermore, Bitpay (a company that allows companies to accept Bitcoin as payment for legitimate goods and services) now has some 10,000 customers, with a tenfold increase in just the past six months, according to Forbes. More and more of those merchants are registering with the US government’s Financial Crimes Enforcement Network Agency to avoid situations like Silk Road’s. They have agreed to abide by anti-money-laundering processes, just as major US banks do.
While the jury on Bitcoin’s success or failure may still be out, what is clear is that the development of this virtual money is a sea change in technological thinking. It has taken the ideas of Internet commerce in the future up a notch. In the words of Forbes, it’s a “profound paradigm shift in how we think about the future of money,” virtual or otherwise.
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Unit 7: Understanding the creative media sector.
Transcript of Unit 7: Understanding the creative media sector.
Ethical and legal constraints in media.
Define ethics and were they fit into the media sector.
Demonstrate your understanding of representation.
Ethics can be summarised as a moral code.
sense of right and wrong
shared broadly by a society or culture.
Good and bad.
The philosophy of morals. (What we should do in difficult situations).
In the media we need to be aware of ethics of the audience who will see our work in comparison to our own 'moral compass'.
The study is often controversial as it focuses on
social issues and sensitivities.
What kind of issues are currently sensitive in the media?
If we learn the constraints and boundaries we can create a more successful product and avoid any damage it or our reputations.
Very often representation is central to the debate on ethical issues.
Representation is how the media
a person, group or place.
It will show the subject in a positive or negative light.
How do you see yourself?
Do you say and do things that are right?
Are morals simply at matter of perspective?
The media represents everything that it portrays.
Some of it's most debated topics are issues such as
the representation of gender, religion, class and age. These often described as stereotypes.
This is because opinions are constantly changing.
The media can sway or solidify public opinion.
Representation of gender.
Your task is to create a statement on:
How are men and women represented in the media.
Are they portrayed in a positive or negative way?
What is the reasons for the stereotypes applied to both sexes?
What would you change about the way we are represented?
Continuing on we we look the legal constraints that we in the media need to be aware of.
Legal constraints are laws that control and restrict the output of the media sector.
In the UK these are acts of parliament.
It is extremely important that you follow these laws or you could be fined and investigated by the police.
How are laws made in the uk?
Introduction to Acts.
Task: Make a note of these for your case study!
Broadcasting Act 1990
The Broadcasting Act 1990 is law that was created by the British Parliament and the aim of this law was to recreate and improve the entire structure of British broadcasting and British television in particular.
Official Secrets Act 1989
The Official Secrets Act 1989 is a legislation that helps ensure the protection of state secrets and official information, mainly related to national security.
Obscene Publications Act 1959
Obscene Publications is a legislation that makes sure to strengthen the law concerning pornography.
Race Relations Act 1976
The race relations act is a legislation that makes sure we respect that discrimination on any racial grounds is wrong.
Privacy Law is a law which deals with the use of peoples personal information and making sure they aren't intruded upon.
These laws make sure people can't have their information wrongly used without permission.
Task: View the video.
List key facts.
Describe how laws are made.
Other Useful Laws
Films Act 1985, Video Recordings Act 1984,
Human Rights Act 1998,
Licensing Act 2003 (and later amendments).
The Copyright law protects things that are owned by a certain person.
This makes sure that no one else can take credit for someones work or you can't use something without getting permission first.
The Libel law is a law which states that someone can't give out false information about someone that could potentially cause them harm.
Such as writing a quote that someone said when they didn't actually say that, or portraying someone in a negative way when that wasn't what happened.
Now individually decide a controversial media text and describe its relationship to the media coverage in terms of:
Ethics and morals.
Representation and stereotyping.
Acts and Laws
Name and year of the four Acts?
These notorious films contain issues related to ethics, acts and laws.
Task: Choose a text you want to study:
Venn diagrams are an interesting way to research and catagories a topic.
Create your own and place these famous people in a 'morality scale'.
Barak Obama, Howard Stern, David Cameron, Miley Cyrus, Jeremy Corbyn, Leonardo DiCapprio, Kurt Cobain, Marilyn Manson, Donald Trump, Justin Bieber, Chris Brown, The Pope, Angelina Jolie, Madonna, David Beckham, Rihanna, Angela Murkel, Russell Brand, Marilyn Monroe, David Bowie, The Queen, Charlie Sheen, Taylor Swift, Kanye West, Amy Winehouse.
So once the ethical boundaries have been defined.
What is right and what is wrong.
How people should be represented.
What stereotypes are acceptable.
The 'rule of law' enforces these choices.
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As science journalism declines, scientists must rise up and reach out.
Scientists at CERN, Europe's particle-physics laboratory near Geneva, Switzerland, opened the wine last week to celebrate the twentieth anniversary of the laboratory's invention of the World Wide Web. The scientists were also joined by around 60 members of the media, who may have been in a less festive mood. Even before the current economic crisis, the web was inflicting much pain on the mass media. Circulations have dropped, advertising has dried up and newspapers have been forced to lay off reporters and scale back coverage. A similar slump has hit the broadcast market, with no end in sight.
Science journalism is one of the numerous casualties in this media meltdown. Many science journalists are losing their jobs, and those who remain are being asked to provide content for blogs, podcasts, online videos and other new media (see page 274). Although it is difficult to know what effect these cutbacks have had on the public's understanding of science, the general feeling is that the quality of science coverage in the conventional media is declining — as is the media's ability to play a watchdog role in science, ferreting out fraud or other misconduct.
True, there is no shortage of scientific information on the web. Witness the way that research funding agencies use the web to inform the public about everything from planetary missions to public health. In principle, anyone with an Internet connection now has access to more, and better, scientific coverage than ever before.
In practice, however, this sort of information reaches only those who seek it out. An average citizen is unlikely to search the web for the Higgs boson or the proteasome if he or she doesn't hear about it first on, say, a cable news channel. And as mass media sheds its scientific expertise, science's mass-market presence will become harder to maintain.
Harder, but not impossible. For example, scientists are blogging in ever increasing numbers, and the most popular blogs draw hundreds of thousands of readers each month. These blogging scientists not only offer expertise for free, but have emerged as an important resource for reporters. A Nature survey of nearly 500 science journalists shows that most have used a scientist's blog in developing story ideas. And a handful of universities, meanwhile, have started environmental publications that are run jointly by scientists and journalists. These publications seek to provide their journalistically valid, scientifically accurate content free of charge to the mainstream press.
Sadly, these activities live on the fringe of the scientific enterprise. Blogging will not help, and could even hurt, a young researcher's chances of tenure. Many of their elders still look down on colleagues who blog, believing that research should be communicated only through conventional channels such as peer-review and publication. Indeed, many researchers are hesitant even to speak to the popular press, for fear of having their carefully chosen words twisted beyond recognition.
But in today's overstressed media market, scientists must change these attitudes if they want to stay in the public eye. They must recognize the contributions of bloggers and others, and they should encourage any and all experiments that could help science better penetrate the news cycle. Even if they are reluctant to talk to the press themselves, they should encourage colleagues who do so responsibly. Scientists are poised to reach more people than ever, but only if they can embrace the very technology that they have developed.
About this article
Cite this article
Filling the void. Nature 458, 260 (2009). https://doi.org/10.1038/458260a
Nature Reviews Neuroscience (2010)
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Novel Intervention to Influence Muscle Plasticity in Veterans with SCI The long-term goal is to develop a rehabilitation strategy to prevent the deleterious muscular and metabolic complications (diabetes) that follow individuals with complete spinal cord injury (SCI). Up to 300, 000 persons are living with SCI, and more than 10% receive their care within the VA health system. Secondary complications (muscle atrophy, and diabetes) in the decades after SCI cost society between 4 and 7 billion dollars annually. A method to prevent these complications would not only provide substantial savings, but also could profoundly improve the quality of life of veterans with SCI. Recently, we verified that a certain dose of muscle force maintained the calf muscle of the lower leg for over 2 years following SCI. We now aspire to determine if various doses of muscle force preferentially up regulate protein synthesis pathways, down regulate protein degradation pathways, and improve blood metabolic markers during a novel functional exercise.
Three specific aims will address these hypotheses by inducing various doses of stress to the lower extremities during stance and neuromuscular electrical stimulation.
Aim 1 will compare 3 tiers of muscle force training induced via (0, 10, and 20 Hz stimulation) on muscle physiological properties (fatigue, force, potentiation) over a 12 week training and detraining period.
Aim 2 will compare the effects of 3 muscle forces (0, 10 Hz, 20 Hz) on molecular markers of muscle atrophy.
Aim 3 will compare the effects of three muscle forces (0,. 10 Hz, and 20 Hz) on insulin sensitivity and inflammatory markers. The combined effect of cardiovascular stress through stance and muscle activation offers a unique strategy to affect metabolic changes. This study is novel because it uses an intervention that is feasible, quantifiable, portable, and dose of muscle force specific. This research is grounded by sound scientific principles, but also has the potential to rapidly translate to the VA health system to influence health quality. In the next several decades, a cure for spinal cord injury is a realistic possibility. Without a method to preserve the integrity of paralyzed lower limbs, the veterans with SCI injured today will be unable to participate in those trials because of a deteriorated musculoskeletal system. Moreover, preservation of muscular systems may increase insulin sensitivity and improve the veterans overall health today. We believe that future clinical trials will need the dose information from this trial to establish efficacy. This intervention has excellent potential for efficacy, but also is likely to be economical and easily integrated into the daily lives of veterans with SCI.
The significance of this project relates to the breadth of impact this intervention may have on the health of those veterans with SCI. There are several novel components to this study. The findings of this study may affect how we prescribe exercise for those with and without SCI. During volitional activity, we know that muscle force triggers greater protein synthesis responses. However, electrically activating muscle is quite different both mechanically and physiologically from volitional activation of muscle. Moreover, the link between muscle atrophy, diabetes, and bone catabolism may have important implications for the veteran with SCI. Our goal is to eliminate the deteriorating by-products of bone and muscle as a result of muscle loss after paralysis in order to decrease secondary complications and improve the quality of life of our veterans with SCI.
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Mr Stephen Debrah, the Dispatch Operations Manager at GRIDCo says Accra’s demand for 800 megawatts of electricity exceeds the 470 megawatts demand of Togo and Benin put together.
Accra as a big load centre, is demanding more than 23 per cent of the total 3400 megawatts that the nation requires, Mr Debrah disclosed.
In an interview with the Ghana News Agency Mr Debrah said that GRIDCo used to have an evacuation problem, transmitting bulk power from the Tema generation hub to the Accra load centre.
He said, since the last quarter of last year, the company, with help from the government had changed all three conductors running between Tema and Accra.
The upgrade, he said, made it easy for GRIDCo to transmit bulk electricity to Accra.
“The system has been stabled this year. We don’t have a lot of interruptions, but last year around this time, there were these problems every weekend; some intermittent power outages. Our engineers would inform you that Tema here is a generation hub and then Accra is a big load centre. In fact, Accra alone, the demand in Accra alone is more than
Togo and Benin totally put together”, he disclosed.
The high demand for electricity in Accra, Mr Stephen Debrah said had a direct relation with industrialisation, explaining that the high electricity consumption in Ghana means fast economic growth.
He said the company’s assessment of the high electricity formed the basis for GRIDCo to upgrade its transmission infrastructure between the generation hub and the load centre to support current economic activities, and soon.
“It demonstrates the readiness to support the demand growth in the national capital. We are even continuing from Accra towards Cape Coast. We have commissioned brand new substations in the national capital. Vice President just commissioned one such substation at Kasoa last week,” he disclosed.
While Ghana currently has installed electric power capacity more than 5200mw, the total demand is just around 3400mw, leaving room for sufficient reserve, to quickly replace other power plants when there is a fault.
He again, disclosed that all thermal plants of GRIDCo are being fired with litmus gas from the Western region, replacing the liquid fuel from the past.
“Gas is cleaner than the liquid fuel and so the power plants when they are running on gas, they run more quietly, more efficiently and the output is also higher than liquid fuel and so relatively we have a more stable kind of power system. The transmission grid is robust and strong, and we do not have any challenges with evacuating electricity from the power generation stations to the load centres. So, from last the quarter of last year, the power system has been very safe,” he said.
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Week 8 Assignment
Select a topic from the list below and write a brief research paper, no more than two pages (excluding cover page and references), double spaced, using APA style. Include references on the topic after finding a minimum of four (4) literature sources. Relate your topic to organizational performance measurement or improvement.
- Organizational change
- Early warning systems
- Identify one issue that merits attention in criminal justice
- Operating in union environment
- Planning and decision making
- Strategic planning
- Does command and control still work for law enforcement?
- Effects of micromanagement
- Transparency in organizations
- Accreditation–pro and cons of the process
- Mission/Vision/Values–identifying core values
- Inter-organizational cooperation and collaboration in the criminal justice system
- Marketing the organization
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I work in the IT business, so when something as monumental as Pokémon GO is taking over headlines for more than a week I usually ask a few questions. The first thing folks with an IT background ask themselves is how this phenomenon will affect the network bandwidth of a business. It’s an important question to ask, but the answer in this instance is, “Not at all.”
Network Bandwidth Not An Issue for Pokemon GO
You don’t have to search Google or Reddit long to understand why. You can see why Pokemon GO has little effect on IT systems by assessing your own behavior on a mobile device. Most users aren’t using company Wi-Fi to access the application, and it would be of little use anyhow since Pokemon GO requires users to walk around outside. Unless you and your coworkers are throwing Pokémon incense around the office, very little would come from actually playing in such a confined space.
The truth is that Pokémon GO was created with data and bandwidth usage in mind. Even if you were using the app on company Wi-Fi to minimize data usage on your mobile device, it would be to little harm. T-Mobile has even gone as far as to offer free and unlimited data when using the app. Verizon spokesman Chuck Hamby told phoneArea the other day that PokemonGo made up for less than 1% of the carrier’s overall data traffic.
Ultimately, there is no need to worry about Pikachu zapping your company’s network bandwidth. But if you’re playing Pokémon GO with a very limited data plan, there are some measures you can take to minimize data usage without tapping into your company’s Wi-Fi. Andrew Martonik of AndroidCentral posted some useful steps to lower your data usage when you are out trying to get your next gym badge.
So, rest easy IT Pokémon masters. You can still
catch Squirtle on your lunch break. But be forewarned that catching Pokémon while driving is dangerous, and some businesses have gone as far as to threaten unemployment for wasting company dollars trying to catch ‘em all.
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With the renewed interest in demonology, Jesus’ instruction that demons must be driven out with prayer and fasting (cf Mk 9:29, Matt 17:21) is frequently quoted. And many people are acquainted with this text in this form.
But a problem emerges for some people when they go to their Bible to look up those texts. Some Bibles include the reference to fasting while others do not. For example, the two most common Catholic Bibles, the Revised Standard Version Catholic Edition (RSVCE) and the Revised New American Bible (RNAB), render Mark 9:29 differently.
- This kind cannot be driven out by anything but prayer and fasting (RSVCE).
- This kind can only come out through prayer (RNAB).
And in Matthew 17:21, which recounts the same incident that Mark 9:29 does, prayer and fasting aren’t mentioned at all in either the RSVCE or the RNAB version. Older Bibles such as the Douay Rheims (DR) and the King James (KJV), however, do:
- But this kind is not cast out but by prayer and fasting (DR).
- Howbeit this kind goeth not out but by prayer and fasting (KJV).
So what is going on here?
The ancient Greek manuscripts of the New Testament are remarkably consistent, especially considering that they were handwritten by scribes, who might accidentally skip or misspell a word. But there are some discrepancies. Most textual variations are easily resolved by comparing several ancient manuscripts to identify misspellings and/or dropped words. There are some variations, however, that are not as easily resolved, especially when it is a case of one erroneous manuscript being copied numerous times and distributed. But even in that situation, a little detective work can usually find the root problem and distinguish between an erroneous text and a correct one.
But there are times when certain textual variations cannot be resolved and biblical scholars either do not agree or cannot be certain as to which is the most authentic version. Mark 9:29 is one of those texts. Some ancient manuscripts include the words “and fasting” (και νηστεια) while others do not.
For the benefit of the technocrats who are reading this, the following manuscripts support the translation that includes both fasting and prayer: P45vid ℵ2 A C D K L N W Γ Δ Θ Ψ ƒ1,13 28. 33. 565. 579. 700. 892. 1241. 1424. 2542. ℓ 2211 ???? lat syh co (sys.p boms). These ancient manuscripts, however, support the translation that does not include fasting: ℵ B 0274 k.
While the manuscripts that favor including fasting are far more numerous, it is not necessarily a question of mere numbers. This is because not all ancient manuscripts are considered to be of equal value. Most modern scholars favor the translation that excludes the reference to fasting because the manuscripts that do not mention it are ones that they weight more heavily. So even though many manuscripts do include the words “and fasting,” the earliest and “best” manuscripts do not include it. Critics of this current consensus view object to the presumption that fasting reflects a later concern of the Church. They also think that the most common “go-to” source (Metzger’s A Textual Commentary on the Greek New Testament) has been too influential. Welcome to the wonderful world of biblical textual criticism (analysis)!
The issue with Matthew 7:21 being wholly lacking in most modern Bibles has a similar explanation, though in this case the consensus is even stronger because the oldest and best Greek manuscripts lack the verse. And even those manuscripts that do, seem to show it in the margins as more of a side comment or a reference back to Mark 9:29.
So, all of this goes toward explaining why some of our modern Bibles report Jesus as saying that certain types of demons must be driven out by “prayer and fasting,” while others simply say “prayer.”
But is this just an academic exercise? What are there pastoral considerations?
The main pastoral (and liturgical) question would seem to be this: “Is fasting required to drive out demons or not?” The ambiguity of the textual evidence (as described above) allows that reasonable people may differ as to whether strict fasting is required and to what extent it is helpful. There are certain considerations to be made.
Even if certain demons are best driven out by prayer and fasting, we must never forget that it is God who drives out demons, and He doesn’t need our fasting to do so. Any prideful notions about the effects of our fasting should be strictly avoided.
Indeed, we ought to have a kind of humility regarding fasting. Fasting is certainly recommended, and the Lord Himself says that there is a time for fasting (cf Mk 2:20, Luke 5:35). But fasting can also be a source of pride (Lk 18:12, Lk 5:33). Fasting done out of pride or superiority isn’t going to drive out any demons; in fact it will likely attract them.
In longer exorcisms (which can go on for months), fasting may need to be mitigated or else assigned to members who are not part of the team directly involved in the exorcism. Physical strength is often needed to withstand the grueling work of major exorcism.
With such precautions in mind, and in spite of the textual variations in the “prayer and fasting” text of Scripture, the instinct of the Church is that casting out demons is best assisted by both prayer and fasting. The current Rite of Exorcism (2004) says,
The Exorcist, mindful that the tribe of demons cannot be cast out except through prayer and fasting, should take care that these two most effective remedies for obtaining divine help be used, after the example of the Holy Fathers, both by himself and by others, insofar as is possible (De Exorcismis # 31).
The Older Rite (1614) also advises,
Therefore, he will be mindful of the words of our Lord (Mt. 17:20), to the effect that there is a certain type of evil spirit who cannot be driven out except by prayer and fasting. Therefore, let him avail himself of these two means above all for imploring the divine assistance in expelling demons, after the example of the holy fathers; and not only himself, but let him induce others, as far as possible, to do the same (De Exorcizandis # 10).
Why or how does fasting add power to prayer? One reasonable (and biblical) answer is that prayer and worship should generally involve sacrifice. Scripture says,
- Understand these things, you that forget God; lest he snatch you away, and there be none to deliver you. The sacrifice of praise shall glorify me: and there is the way by which I will show him my salvation, says the Lord (Psalm 50:22-23).
- Through him then let us continually offer up a sacrifice of praise to God, that is, the fruit of lips that acknowledge his name. Do not neglect to do good and to share what you have, for such sacrifices are pleasing to God (Heb 13:15-16).
- You shall observe the Feast of Unleavened Bread … And none shall appear before Me empty-handed. Also you shall observe the Feast of the Harvest of the first fruits of your labors (ex 23:15-16).
There has developed in Western world the strange notion of worship and praise without sacrifice. In many sectors, worship has devolved to little more than a form of entertainment, wherein the whims and preferences of the faithful are expected to be catered to. Worship, by this notion, should be brief and should take place in comfortable, air-conditioned churches with padded pews and convenient parking. The “message” and liturgy should not be intellectually or morally challenging; rather they should be encouraging and pleasing. The music and “style” of liturgy should meet the preferences of those assembled.
Missing in all of this is the concept that liturgy and prayer should involve sacrifice, that they should “cost” us something. Yet Scripture clearly links prayer and sacrifice and indicates that they should, to some degree, be found together. Sacrifice is a way of establishing greater sincerity in, and integrity to, our worship. Indeed, worship without sacrifice too easily becomes lip service or turns God into a kind of divine butler, whom we expect to wait on us. God surely does supply our needs but He is no butler; He is God, who is worthy of our worship and the sacrifice of praise.
It is in this sense that prayer and fasting belong together, especially in the difficult work of driving out demons. Prayer and fasting become the sacrifice of praise that confounds and disturbs the evil one to no end. Scripture says, And now my head shall be lifted up above my enemies all around me, for I will offer in his tent sacrifices of praise with shouts of joy; I will sing and make melody to the LORD (Psalm 27:6).
It is the instinct of the Church that prayer is good, but that prayer with sacrifice (fasting is sacrificial) wins through, especially in that most difficult work of expelling demons and repelling the enemy.
The question of how best to translate Mark 9 and Matthew 17 is a legitimate one. But the long experience of the Church ought not to be neglected. And experience teaches plainly enough that as a general norm,
This kind cannot be driven out except by prayer and fasting (Mk 9:29).
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Jesus in the World: The First 600 Years
Hubber Publishes First Book
Famous Hubber James A. Watkins is proud to announce the publication of his long-awaited first book, Jesus in the World: The First 600 Years. He is grateful for HubPages because during his years writing hundreds of Hubs he gained the experience, feedback, and confidence he needed to complete and publish his first non-fiction volume.
Jesus in the World separates what is true from what is false as to how the Good News was spread by those who love Jesus in spite of seemingly insurmountable obstacles and suffering severe hardships. We will first examine the life of Jesus, and the teachings of and about Him, which profoundly transformed countless individuals and communities.
This book traces the development of evangelism, missions, charity, doctrines, theology, councils, creeds, Saints, relics, monasticism, and the organization, hierarchy, and liturgy of the Church, from the birth of Christ to AD 600. We learn the truth about the Apostles and the Fathers of the Church; the writing of the New Testament and its canonization; the brutal persecutions and the throwing of Christians to the lions.
This exciting story shows how Christianity went from being outlawed to becoming the center of civic life; Constantine, what he did and did not do; the lives of Augustine, Ambrose, Popes Leo and Gregory the Great; the great heretics including the Gnostics, and the great heresy fighters; the veneration of Mary and the martyrs; the birth of the Roman Catholic Church, and the flowering of Byzantium. We will also take a good look at the Old Testament, and summarize the backstories of the Jews, Greeks, Romans, Celts, and Germans.
Let us lift away the dross so you can clearly see and comprehend the Truth about the founding of the Christian Faith and the Body of Christ.
The Life of Jesus
The documented history of Jesus and His followers is an amazing story. How could this man, a person who had lived in such obscurity throughout the majority of His life, become the most famous person of all time?
Today, there are two billion people who believe that Jesus was the Son of Father God, the Creator of the Universe and that he was, in fact, resurrected from the dead after his crucifixion.
Jesus said, “I will build my church.” Come meet the men and women who fulfilled His purpose; His chosen Apostles, their disciples, kings, queens, political leaders, and the ordinary men and women who faced persecution, torture and death for their unwavering belief in Him. The Body of Christ lived and preached the Gospel; Church Doctrine was established and taught, and places of worship were built throughout Christendom, all while the faithful were tested, revered, and often martyred.
History of Christianity
Jesus in the World: The First 600 Years will help men and women who have questions about the origins of the Christian Faith and the Church come to understand the astonishing true story. It will do your soul good to read this book. Along the way, we will answer life’s big questions: Who are we? Where did we come from? Why are we here in this Vale of Tears? Where are we going after this life is over and we go beyond the Great Divide? Who is Jesus? Who is God, and what does He want from us?
It will be well worth your time to read this amazing story. It reveals the lives of the Apostles, the first Christians, the Church Fathers, and how they miraculously spread the Good News far and wide in ancient days.
We explore the background of the Jews, Romans, Celts, and Germans. We delve into how the Bible came to be—were there any lost or banned books? What did Constantine really do—and not do? How was the Church—the Body of Christ—organized with its places of worship, rituals, and doctrines? Who are the Catholic Saints and what were their lives like? What was the deal with Relics? What is a heretic anyway and why should we care? Who were the Monks and what did they do?
We will also take a good look at the flowering of Byzantium before our story ends in about AD 600. For what happens after that you will have to wait for the sequel.
Author James A. Watkins
Explore the amazing story of Jesus coming into our world and how He changed it forever. We investigate the foundations of the Bible and the Church, as well as the background of the peoples involved. If you read Jesus in the World: The First 600 Years you will come to appreciate the fundamental truths that undergird the Christian Worldview.
My book is not written by or for an academic but written by and for a layman in plain language. I believe I have some unique insights into what the man on the street wants to know.
I have published hundreds of internet magazine articles. The over 40,000 comments I received have convinced me that most people in the West no longer know the foundational truths about how Christianity flowered, or even what it is, but instead repeat memes learned from postmodern anti-Christian fictions. They are defenseless against the wily darts of the Devil.
James A. Watkins is an entrepreneur, musician, and writer. A lifelong student of history, theology, and politics; he loves people, books, music, and motion pictures.
An autodidact and a voracious reader who had read the entire Encyclopedia Britannica by the age of twelve, James always has been a convivial conversationalist and a gentlemanly generalist. Well-traveled, with an outlandish array of personal experiences, he made a living for decades as a singer, musician, and songwriter, playing thousands of public performances; then set records as a salesman in several fields; before owning and operating an aviation company for many years that specialized in private jet charters for the rich and famous.
James set out to reinvent himself as a writer and published hundreds of internet magazine articles, which have been read by millions.
Jesus in the World: Chapter Summaries
Chapter One is about Jesus of Nazareth, what kind of person He was; the life He lived; His teaching, preaching and parables; the Kingdom of God; the miracle-working Messiah; spiritual warfare; His earthly opponents; His death, Resurrection and Ascension; the Great Commission.
Chapter Two explicates the lives, writings, and missionary travels of the Apostles. Also included are sections on Mary Magdalene, James the Just, Mark the Evangelist, Dr. Luke, and Judas Iscariot, as well as a thorough description of the Holy Land.
Chapter Three tells the story of the Jews. After we take a look at Babylon and its demonic religion, as well as the Tower of Babel, we will learn about Abraham, Isaac, Jacob Israel, Joseph, Moses, David, and Solomon; the loss of Israel; Isaiah and Jeremiah; the Fall of Jerusalem; the Second Temple; Alexander the Great and Greek Civilization; the Romans, Herod the Great, the Pharisees and Sadducees; the Great Revolts, the Destruction of Jerusalem, and the Diaspora.
Chapter Four explores the life and times of Paul the Apostle; his background and younger days, miraculous conversion experience, incredible missionary journeys, extraordinary letters, and lasting legacy.
Chapter Five examines how the Body of Christ persevered and even thrived during more than 200 years of brutal persecution, from the death of the Apostle John to the coronation of Constantine, led and inspired by Fathers of the Church. This section ends with the Apostle’s Creed.
Chapter Six investigates the truth about how the New Testament we read today came to be. We delve into the origins of the texts, as well as how and by whom they were collected and canonized.
Chapter Seven provides an overview of the Holy Bible, with an emphasis on the Old Testament. A summary of the biblical narratives is included, along with analysis of what it all means to us today.
Chapter Eight is about Rome. How did a small town become an enormous empire that stretched from Britain to Persia? What are its lasting accomplishments, why did it flourish, and what caused its demise?
Chapter Nine will scrutinize what is true and what are phony modern fictions concerning the deeds of Constantine the Great and his influence on the Church and its doctrines. Also we cover the Nicene Council, the Nicene Creed, and the period after the death of Constantine through the reign of Emperor Theodosius, who made Christianity the official religion of the Empire.
Chapter Ten considers why particular men and women became revered as the Saints of the Church. We probe what is known as the Cults of the Saints, Relics, and Martyrs. We look at the lives and deaths of the most famous of the Saints, especially the Patron Saints.
Chapter Eleven is a review of the heretics of the Church; what their heresies were about and why they were unacceptable to the vast majority of right-thinking believers. Also, we will check out the chief heresy fighters and their written objections to various heretical ideas.
Chapter Twelve explains the background and culture of the Celtic peoples, the ‘Fathers of Europe.’ Included are observations of how the Celts lived before they came to know Christ, and how their inner selves and behaviors changed after becoming Christians, both individually and communally.
Chapter Thirteen examines the Greek Fathers of the Church. Answers will be provided as to who these men were and why their concepts are still so important to the understanding of current Church doctrines.
Chapter Fourteen investigates the Latin Fathers of the Church; Ambrose, Augustine, and Jerome. Who were these men, what motivated them, what were their lives like, why are they the foundational figures of the Church in the West?
Chapter Fifteen tells the story of the development of the Roman Catholic Church. We will explain where it came from and what were its earliest incarnations, leaders, teachings, and rituals.
Chapter Sixteen is about the Germans, meaning all those tribes of Germanic peoples that shook up what is now Europe and changed its landscape forever. What was life like for them, what did they want, and how Christianity changed them, are among topics reviewed.
Chapter Seventeen tells the story of monks and monasteries. We will consider the tales of the hermit monks, as well as the origins of the various monastic movements. Special emphasis is given to the tremendous achievements of the monks and monasteries.
Chapter Eighteen is a short history of Byzantium (New Rome or the Eastern Roman Empire) up to AD 600. Side trips are taken to explore developments in the Church in Egypt, Ethiopia, Syria, Armenia, and the Holy Land.
More by this Author
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The most famous man on earth in 1899 was Dwight L Moody. D. L. Moody was an evangelical preacher focused on charity and evangelism who founded the Moody Church and Moody Bible Institute in Chicago.
Pros and Cons of Capitalism defines capitalism; the theory of capitalism; positive effects of capitalism; creative destruction; Private Property; Capitalism vs Socialism; Democracy; Free Enterprise.
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Garlic is a good ingredient for dishes. It improves the flavor and gives it a good scent. Garlic comes highly recommended for treating certain ailments. Along with its many benefits accompanies the interest to have it in the garden.
Planting garlic is not a hard nut to crack. If you can get the trick to have a successful garlic plant, you will have access to a lot of health benefits with no costs attached. Garlic gives the immune system a boost and helps to regulate blood pressure. Incorporating it into your diet is tantamount to signing a will with good health.
Some of the best companion plants to grow with garlic are dill, tomatoes, tarragon, roses, carrot, cabbage, fruit trees, kale, broccoli, and potatoes. Garlic has a pungent smell that can help repel some pests in the garden. Do not plant garlic near plants such as beans, carrots, other alliums, asparagus, and parsley, it will stunt their growth.
Garlic doesn’t contribute to human health alone. It also aids the growth of numerous plants. It is advisable to have this plant in your garden if you want to spend less on pest control. Garlic will help deter dangerous pests from destroying your plant. It doesn’t take up so much space in the garden and protects your plants from fungal diseases.
The benefit garlic offers is probably whetting your appetite. Do you want to learn more? Keep your eyes peeled for the companion plants.
7 Best Garlic Companion Plants
Companion Planting helps you spend less on the maintenance of your plant. When Companion Planting is practiced in your garden, pests are repelled, the plant receives a flavor boost, the yield of the plant is increased. Certain plants make other plants perform this way.
Tomato plants are delicate therefore they require monitoring. The spider mite is an example of a pest that can destroy the yield of your tomato. However, garlic which is a natural pest repellent assist in keeping pests at bay thus improving its flavor. The pungent scent of garlic is released into the atmosphere and is responsible for keeping these dangerous insects far away.
This is one of the garden plants that attract varieties of pests. Pests like cabbage maggots, moths, Loopers, worms can cause damage to the leaves of your plant. This should not be a problem for garlic as it will take care of these pests by deterring them.
Potatoes should never be planted alone. There are many plants it can benefit from and garlic is an example of a beneficial plant. Potatoes are vulnerable to blight diseases (fungal) and insect pests. Sulfur is released from the roots of garlic. This is the ‘natural fungicide’ used to get rid of fungal diseases and some pests like the Japanese beetle.
Garlic is also referred to as a “stinking rose” because of the pungent scent it emits. Some flowers also release scents that keep pests far away but Rose is vulnerable to aphids. Aphids can disfigure the petals of your flower but planting garlic will help put aphids in their place. Garlic also assists other flowers like nasturtium to remain pest-free.
Garlic is known to contribute largely to the growth of other plants by helping them repel pests and keeping them free of diseases. Hence, it is used as a companion for other plants. Planting cloves with tarragon changes this fact as garlic is at the receiving end. Tarragon aids the growth of garlic cloves. If you want to have a better yield of cloves, grow it with some tarragon.
This plant is found on the list of companion plants for other crops. Its relationship with garlic is symbiotic as garlic acts as a source of natural repellent while dill on the other hand improves the flavor of your cloves.
Don’t forget that garlic grows best in cool climates. Plants that have similar growing requirements are the best companions to plant together. Carrots will thrive at a cool temperature. Planting garlic and carrots during Fall will help both plants play a symbiotic role. Carrot flies, a major pest of carrots will be kept in their place by cloves of garlic while carrots will also assist in deterring the major pests of garlic.
What Not To Plant With Garlic
Allium plants can hinder the growth of other plants if one isn’t aware of the plants to avoid planting them with. Not all plants will grow well if grow well with garlic. These plants include;
Beans and garlic go well together in your dish but never in the garden. Surprisingly, garlic will affect the growth of your beans plant. This includes all species of beans (bush beans, pole beans).
The best thing to do is plant beans on your patch before you plant garlic. By then, the soil will be enriched with nitrogen and more suitable for planting.
Asparagus and garlic can’t cohabitate in the same garden. Their flavors will mix and that will change the taste of the garlic. The asparagus plant grows every year and can be invasive. Its root grows deep into the floor. Planting garlic with asparagus will disrupt its root system.
Sage should not be found with plants that can affect its roots’ growth. Sage is a woody plant and needs to be grown with a plant that possesses soft roots.
Parsley is a nutrient-hungry plant. Garlic also competes for nutrients to some point. Having both plants on the same soil is setting up your companion planting for disaster. Never situate both plants close to each other as they can affect each other’s growth.
Research hasn’t confirmed if garlic will be of benefit to strawberries. It has been studied that having garlic close to strawberries can help it repel pests and protect it from fungal diseases.
Garlic was observed to reduce the yield of strawberries. That’s much worse than getting infested with pests.
6. Other Alliums
Avoid planting relatives of allium with it. Your harvest will result in a disaster. Just imagine onion maggots on both of your allium plants after you have made plans to sell them. The yield would have been destroyed, time would have been wasted, and you will eventually have to throw them away. Thus, cloves of garlic and other alliums should not be brought close together on the same patch.
Garlic Companion Planting Guide
Here are some tips for companion planting garlic in your garden.
- It is great to get a good area and rich soil for planting your garlic but planting a seed that won’t sprout well will bring your efforts to naught. Make sure to get your seeds from a reliable source and select a good environment to plant
- A depth of 1 inch is enough for your seed
- Garlic cloves grow best during cool climates. It will do best if you plant it in the fall season
- Garlic thrives best on well-drained soil
- To get the best of garlic, expose it to 6-8 hours of direct sunlight
- Plant your cloves on soil that hasn’t accommodated an allium plant
- Replenish the soil with fertilizer, compost, or manure
- Space your plants at least 4 inches apart
- Water your plant often
- Provide your cloves with mulch to conserve their moisture.
What should not be planted near garlic?
Although garlic is a pest repellent and has many companion plants, it should never be found close to some plants. Plants like Sage, beans, other allium plants, strawberries will affect the growth of garlic. If you want your garlic cloves to come out well. Avoid planting it with those plants listed above.
Is garlic a companion plant for tomatoes?
Garlic aids the growth of so many plants and is found on the list of companion plants for other crops. Tomato is subject to dangerous pests and the role of garlic when planted with it is to keep these pests at Bay using its pungent scent.
Can you plant peppers with garlic?
Peppers will have no negative effect on garlic and vice versa. Garlic and pepper will make a good blend in dishes and on the same soil too. Garlic will assist pepper in repelling pests.
Can garlic be planted near onions?
Do not let this thought cross your mind !. Allium plants don’t agree with each other in the same garden. They compete for space and nutrients thereby stunting their growth.
What should I plant before garlic?
Coffee thrives well on rich soil. Rich and fertile soil are recommended for garlic cultivation. The best crop to plant before growing garlic in your garden is Beans. Beans are a good source of compost when it decays and it helps replenish the soil with nitrogen and other essential nutrients.
Are coffee grounds good for garlic?
Coffee grounds are rich in soil nutrients. It is good to plant your garlic on a ground that has accommodated coffee plant provided it is not closely packed.
Can I plant garlic next to Basil?
Basil and garlic are good companions and will do well together on the same soil. Basil is among the list of favorite plants garlic loves to be planted with.
Can I plant lettuce with garlic?
Lettuce is susceptible to numerous pests, aphids being the major pest. Cloves of Garlic help to deter these pests and keep the lettuce leaves pest-free and in good shape.
Garlic is easy to plant. Though their growth can be hindered if planted with the wrong Companion plants.
Take note of its bad companions and keep them at bay. Planting garlic’s favorite plants with it result in a great harvest. Companion planting reduces costs on pest control. Likewise, planting garlic in your garden will help you control pest infestation.
More companion planting guides:
- Cucumber Companion Plants (What Not to Grow With Cucumbers)
- Radish Companion Plants (What Not to Grow Near Radishes)
- Eggplant Companion Plants (What Not To Grow Near Eggplants)
- Corn Companion Plants (What Not To Grow Near Corn)
- Nasturtium Companion Plants (What Not To Grow Near Nasturtiums)
- 10 Parsley Companion Plants (What Not to Grow Near Parsley)
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Nothing compares to the sensation of stepping onto a freshly cleaned carpet especially when last week you dropped your bong water on your carpet. For the past week your carpet is just gross and smelly. I bought almost every product in the store to get the smell and stain out. Most people don’t realize is that carpets are one of the most important aspects of a healthy home., so learning about Carpet Cleaning will make your house beautiful again.
That is why cleaning is an integral part of keeping your home clean and keeping your carpets healthy. Moreover, carpet cleaning London removes dirt and dust and gets rid of allergens, bacteria, and other contaminants.
Let’s check out this blog to know why cleaning carpet is essential and how it affects your health, especially after you drop dirty bong water on it.
The Importance of Carpet Cleaning
The process of cleaning your carpet not only removes dirt, dust, and other allergens but also helps to keep the flooring clean and free of bacteria. By scheduling regular carpet cleaning Keston, you can help to avoid any potential health problems that could arise from dirty carpets.
How to Clean Your Carpets Properly?
Keeping your home healthy requires regular carpet cleaning. Not only does it make your carpets look and smell great, but it can also help to prevent allergies and other respiratory problems. Try these tips:
1. Clear the room of all furniture.
2. Vacuum the entire room and all of the carpets.
3. Wipe down all furniture and carpets with a damp cloth.
4. Apply a carpet cleaner to a clean cloth and wipe down the furniture and carpets.
5. Let the furniture and carpets dry entirely before returning to their original location.
What to Avoid When Carpet Cleaning?
One of the biggest problems with cleaning carpets is that dirt and dust can become embedded in the fibers, which can cause allergies and other respiratory problems.
Additionally, many chemicals used in carpet cleaning products are toxic and can damage your furniture and other surfaces. If you’re looking for an environmentally-friendly way to clean your carpets, try using a vacuum cleaner with a HEPA filter.
Things to Understand about Carpet Cleaners
It is possible to clean carpets differently, but a carpet cleaner is the most effective. This machine uses hot water and detergent to clean the carpets.
You can find the best carpet cleaner that fits your needs because there are infinite options out there. Some carpet cleaners are portable, so you can take them when you travel. Others are designed to be used in your home.
Professional carpet cleaners use high-quality equipment and products to get your carpets clean. Additionally, cleaning your carpet is also essential if you have allergies. It can remove allergens from the carpet that can cause people with allergies.
This is especially important if you have pets or small children. Pets can track in dirt and dust, and small children can bring in bacteria and other contaminants from outside.
By knowing these details, you can keep your carpets looking and smelling their best for years to come. Try the cleaning tips and keep your carpet a health-supporting partner in your home.
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There is a philosophy that ascribes to the notion that for every disease humans have encountered, nature has already devised a cure—we need only find it. A group of scientists from the University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Hong Kong Baptist University, and the Vietnam Academy of Science and Technology, working together as an International Cooperative Biodiversity Group (ICBG), may have just taken a step closer to proving the philosophy true. The research team has just published data describing that a plant found throughout Southeast Asia traditionally used to treat arthritis and rheumatism contains a potent anti-human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) compound more powerful than the drug azidothymidine (AZT).
Findings from the new study were published recently in the Journal of Natural Products in an article entitled “Potent Inhibitor of Drug-Resistant HIV-1 Strains Identified from the Medicinal Plant Justicia gendarussa.”
The inhibitory compound, called patentiflorin A, was derived from the willow-leaved Justicia plant and was identified by screening thousands of plant extracts for their effect against the HIV virus. The ICBG team discovered the molecule in their search or natural products that may have applications in health and medicine, and also work to support sustainable use of these resources in low-income countries.
“Justicia gendarussa, a medicinal plant collected in Vietnam, was identified as a potent anti-HIV-1 active lead from the evaluation of over 4500 plant extracts,” the authors wrote. “Bioassay-guided separation of the extracts of the stems and roots of this plant led to the isolation of an anti-HIV arylnaphthalene lignan (ANL) glycoside, patentiflorin A. Evaluation of the compound against both the M- and T-tropic HIV-1 isolates showed it to possess a significantly higher inhibition effect than the clinically used anti-HIV drug AZT.”
The Willow-leaved Justicia plant [Lijun Rong/UIC College of Medicine]
The extract had been taken from the leaves, stems, and roots of the Justicia plant that was collected in Cuc Phuong National Park in Hanoi. The ICBG team analyzed the extract, along with thousands of others, as part of their efforts to identify new drugs against HIV, tuberculosis, malaria, and cancer. The scientists zeroed in on patentiflorin A because of its ability to inhibit an enzyme needed for HIV to incorporate its genetic code into a cell's DNA—reverse transcriptase (RT). AZT, the first anti-HIV drug developed and marketed in 1987, and which remains the cornerstone of HIV drug cocktails today, also inhibits the RT enzyme. In studies of human cells infected with the HIV virus, patentiflorin A had a significantly increased inhibition effect on the enzyme.
“Patentiflorin A was able to inhibit the action of reverse transcriptase much more effectively than AZT, and was able to do this both in the earliest stages of HIV infection when the virus enters macrophage cells, and alter infection when it is present in T cells of the immune system,” explained senior study investigator Lijun Rong, Ph.D., professor of microbiology and immunology at the UIC College of Medicine. It also was effective against known drug-resistant strains of the HIV virus, making it a very promising candidate for further development into a new HIV drug. Patentiflorin A represents a novel anti-HIV agent that can be added to the current anti-HIV drug cocktail regimens to increase suppression of the virus and prevention of AIDS.”
Remarkably, the researchers were also able to chemically synthesize patentiflorin A, a noteworthy achievement that will have a variety of benefits in the future. “If we can make the drug in the lab, we don't need to establish farms to grow and harvest the plant, which requires significant financial investment, not to mention it has an environmental impact,” Dr. Rong concluded.
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A 1999 ad for an Apple wireless access point.
I don't listen to much music on my iPhone. To me, my iPhone is primarily an email device, although I sometimes use it for network diagnostics, to read Kindle books, and to look up Wikipedia entries.
But I almost never launch the iPod application.
The thing is, I have a huge music library. Between my wife and I, we probably have thousands of albums.
So, why don't I listen to much music on the iPhone? One reason is that I actually prefer to use my listening time to listen to podcasts and audio books.
But the other reason is that it's just so incredibly annoying to have to grab my iPhone, run upstairs, find the cable, plug it into my iPhone and iMac, launch iTunes, and then start the sync process.
It's not that I'm lazy (okay, honestly, I am lazy), but it just seems insane that while everything else runs smoothly via WiFi (and has since the late 1990s), we still have to hook up a wire to sync our iOS devices to iTunes. Yes, I know you can wirelessly stream audio and video and download music and podcasts directly to iOS devices, but you still need a wire to officially sync to iTunes.
A Cult of Mac article bizarrely cites an anonymous source close to Apple who claims wireless synchronizing isn't easy.
Wireless sync over WiFi is a very straightforward process. There are hundreds of applications that do wireless synchronizing of files now. Rsync, an open source synchronization tool designed for ultra-reliable synchronization, has been around since 1996.
So the idea that Apple hasn't been able to figure out how to wirelessly sync to iTunes is just silly. Good, solid source code has been around for years. Rsync is even part of the standard Mac OS X distribution.
As I see it, there are a few possibilities for why iTunes still requires a cable. The first is that iTunes just sucks so much that adding synchronization code would simply cause iTunes to 'splode.
In my opinion, while iTunes sucks (well, okay, that's almost everyone's opinion), the code base is probably relatively well-maintained and surely new features are added constantly. So, I don't think that's the reason. Update: I just had to share with you this comment from reader Jeff.Edsell, "iTunes was great for years. But somewhere around the time videos were added, the program entered its Fat Elvis phase." Priceless.
The second reason is that Apple's readying some massive cloud-based iTunes replacement and rather than enabling wireless syncing to a local Mac or PC, Apple wants to force everyone to their cloud space. Given how crappy Mobile Me has been over the years, let's hope that's not Apple's primary strategy.
The third and fourth possible reasons are that Apple has some security or authentication reason to force a cable connection, or that the company doesn't want the added tech support load of helping everyone understand how to make their wireless routers work. These are both nutty, since Apple's been selling wireless access points since 1999.
Trying to find logic in some of Apple's more restrictive moves is like trying to predict Charlie Sheen's next outburst. You know there's something going on inside there, but it defies sane analysis.
In any case, isn't it time, really, for iPhones and iPads to sync wirelessly with iTunes?
Hey, Apple, if you want some good sync code, here's the source tarball for rsync. Now, go code something useful.
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Author, Wei Shi (2019). Bringing Internet to the Other Half of the World. Journal Monthly Briefing Telecoms Intelligence, October 2019, 3-10.
This article deals with a topic that I have personally experienced in my professional life. The article talks about the lack of internet connection to half of the world’s population. According to the International Telecoms Union (ITU), 3.9 billion people or 51.2% of the world’s total population, were already connected to the internet by the end of 2018. In comparison, 81% of the total population in the developed countries are already using the internet, 45% in the developing countries are connected to the internet, and only 20% in the least Developed Countries (LDC) can do so. Sub-Sahara Africa being part of the world where the lack of access to the internet is most acute.
The author mentions that there are three leading factors leaving a large part of the world off the grid. The first factor is the economic reason, the second one is the technology factor, and the third one is governmental and political hurdles, for example, North Korea, that cannot be addressed by the telecoms by themselves.
The article addresses the two main factors, according to the author, that mostly affects internet connectivity. These two factors are economical and technology. The article attempts to provide answers to these questions:
On the supply side: What Solutions can technology provide to drive down the cost level, to make the connecting of the unconnected more appealing to telecom operators? What business case do these new solutions present to the operators?
On the demand side: What factors need to be in place to make the service affordable? What else beyond cost that may also drive the demand?
Comments: The problem statements are related to the title. The three main problems were clearly stated, and I agree entirely with them. However, I believe more factors can be included, were telecoms and regulators can do a lot more. One is the lack of reliable user’s ID. The lack of identification does not allow such population to use any type of formal services. Also, the extremely high cost of tower leasing, and constructions, due to permits and regulations, makes investment unattractive for operators. The spectrum cost puts other players out of the competition for acquiring such assets. Besides, the regulators and the government tax impositions with lack of transparency add additional barriers and extra payments for any new investor.
Review of Literature
Comments: The author did not cite many reviews of literature; however, in the end, there is a brief interview with a Senior Analyst from Ovum. He also included a list of additional resources, all addressing the different type of issues mentioned in his report. Like cheaper spectrum, Smartphones industry crisis and Africa, and other reports created by telecoms Intelligence.
The article addresses the two main factors that, according to the author, affect internet connectivity. And then, he continues to address two solutions.
Supply Side Solutions:
The Author lists the different solutions like Open RAN, TIP and all that.
Most of these innovative solutions are being tested in Sub-Sahara Africa. Most tier 1 mobile operators have been on board with OpenRAN, which is an open architecture that allows having a distributed architecture using network elements from different vendors.
Not so much from the vendor’s side, some of them arguing that the complexity of integrating network equipment from different vendors will not make multivendor networks any cheaper to build, and to operate.
Another similar scope is included in the Telecom Infra Project (TIP) driven by Facebook, that has not quite the endorsement of the largest network vendors.
The Drivers for demand
One of the drivers is the total cost of ownership, which includes the one-off cost of the device, the opening of the account, plus the running cost of the data and content services.
Africa’s data cost is still one of the highest in the world. Furthermore, in many landlocked countries, the price per 1GB is even higher.
Another driver is the content and service. African markets struggle to find the right content and services in their local language and popular in their own local culture. Most investment is heading mostly to benefit mobile money and other financial services. Finding locally appealing contents will incentivise more unconnected users to embrace internet connectivity.
Comments: The findings were clear and spot-on to the point. He provides a couple of examples that are making the right choice in order to provide affordable service with the right localised content.
I know the importance of providing the right localised content in Sub-Saharan African countries. After launching 4G networks in four countries in Africa, we realised the importance in providing the local content to our users. One method was by providing a portal where any user could access local music, educational videos, entrepreneurship support, and promote their local artists or singers in their local languages. The portal was a total hit, even though it did not bring any revenue for the operation.
In his conclusion, he does mention the need for regulators and governments to do more in providing affordable services to the unconnected population. He also refers to some big companies setting up local data centres to make the service more accessible. He concludes by mentioning that the unconnected population can also be found in mature markets, which they also need both public and private sector support to connect them.
Comments: I agree with his conclusion, specifically that both public sector and private business need to do more. Governments need to be proactive and transparent in order to attract new investors. The private business needs to relax the need for a quick return on investments and high margins. In addition, it would be good to see technology vendors working more and more together and providing a full multivendor distributed architecture. Tower companies also need to contribute to making the service more accessible, and device manufacturers need to drop average prices to around $15.
The report is very interesting and addresses the issues for the lack of connectivity very well. I enjoyed reading about it, especially since I experienced all the mentioned factors in this report in real life during my work with a startup company installing 4G networks in Sub-Sahara African countries. The experience was really great and I had the satisfaction of seeing and talking to multiple users, mostly young students using internet for the very first time.
Unfortunately, the pressure of high margins, and the government and regulators barriers, did not allow making that project a success and after 4 years and 4 countries the company gave up and end up selling all their assets.
If we really want to provide services to the second half of the populations, all stakeholders and the complete ecosystems needs to realise that there are more benefits by providing internet access and bringing digital literacy to all sectors of the society. This will at the end bring the possibility for this marginalised society to climb out of the dreaded poverty level. This at end, will make better societies, provide less dependency from the government’s’ programs and can contribute in more income to public and private sectors.
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Green activists attempt to block major gold mining project in Romania
Romanian NGO Declic, a member of the Mining Watch Romania network, reportedly managed to block the gold and copper mining in Rovina developed by the Canadian company Euro Sun Mining (formerly Carpathian Gold), the largest gold and copper mining project in the European Union.
Mining Watch Romania announced that Declic became the owner of three plots of land strategically located in the landfill area.
“It is not clear how Euro Sun can continue the project without the approval of landowners,” Mining Watch Romania said.
The Rovina gold deposit, the second largest in Europe, holds resources estimated at 204 tonnes of gold and over 635,000 tonnes of copper.
Earlier this year, Euro Sun received the approval of the Romanian authorities for the initiation of the Strategic Environmental Assessment (SEA) related to the project, an important step towards obtaining the building permit for the extraction facilities.
Later in the summer, based on this approval from the state, Euro Sun Mining decided to list its shares on the London Stock Exchange, based mainly on the Romanian project.
- Eldorado and Minvest Deva Certej mine proposal rejected in Romania
- Serbia Lece gold mine in the hands of a phantom company from Dubai
- What Are The Major Natural Resources Of Macedonia?
- Kazakhstan to produce 21,600 mt of uranium in 2018
- Thyssenkrupp exclusive distributor of graphite production from Elcora Adv Materials
- Armenia’s environmental crimes committed in Azerbaijani lands are said to cause $285 billion in damages
- Erris Resources obtains gold exploration permit for new gold project in Sweden
- Glencore starts drilling again at Pallas Green
- Aspire Mining’s future production plans
- Mineral Commodities announced results from Trælen Graphite Mine in Norway
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Political Theory Vs Scientific Theory Essay, Research Paper
Political Theory versus Scientific Theory
Theory is ubiquitous. Everyone is a theorist. A theory is generally stated to be an idea or belief one has formulated that is to be tested by others. Theory abstracts and generalizes from specific circumstances, and enhances the accessibility of experience. They are often more general and abstract then the facts they attempt to explain, therefore, alluding to more than just facts. Theories are functions of indirection, whereas facts are a matter of direct transcription of their contents. Despite the differences between fact and theory, they go hand in hand. This is most evident when comparing political and scientific theories.
Political theory might be said to be governed by time, patience and curiosity. It has its preservative function which is partly reflected in the amount of labor, perhaps even affection, that accompanies its perpetuation of a canon, but partly, too, in the deliberations about political life that figure in each and every theory and make their construction such a slow and drawn out process. In political theory, the dialogue of words spoken is the basis for the theory. When testing political theory, there is not a set process. Theories are often stumbled upon, as in the Republic of Plato. In the Republic, Socrates makes use of questions and examples to help several intellectuals answer their own questions and formulate their own theories. This is often the method favored by political theorists.
One of the most influential political theories is Sheldon Wolin’s Epic Political Theory. The Epic Political Theory attempts to rethink the nature of human beings and usually arises around a time of crisis. These theories are often referred to as thought-deeds-thinking is part of the doing. They are revolutionizing actions that have historically been used to nurture and reinforce the world when it is disharmonious. It is a drive to an establishment of order when intense disorder exists. Political theorists, like Wolin, believe that theory ascends fact because it is broader, more encompassing, and more explanatory. They feel that facts are distinct statements grouped together by theories.
In popular usage, a theory is just a vague and fuzzy sort of fact and a hypothesis is often used as a fancy synonym to `guess’. However, to a scientist a theory is a conceptual framework that explains existing observations and predicts new ones. For instance, suppose you see the Sun rise. This is an existing observation that is explained by the theory of gravity proposed by Newton. This theory, in addition to explaining why we see the Sun move across the sky, also explains many other phenomena such as the path followed by the Sun as it moves across the sky, the phases of the Moon, the phases of Venus, the tides, just to mention a few. A hypothesis is a working assumption. Typically, a scientist devises a hypothesis and then sees if it “holds water” by testing it against available data (obtained from previous experiments and observations). If the hypothesis does hold water, the scientist declares it a theory. Experiments sometimes produce results that cannot be explained with existing theories. In this case, it is the job of scientists to produce new theories that replace the old ones. The new theories should explain all the observations and experiments the old theory did and, in addition, the new set of facts which lead to their development. One can say that new theories devour and assimilate old ones. Scientists continually test existing theories in order to probe how far can they can be applied.
So how does truth change? Well the answer is that it does not. The Universe
is still the same as it ever was. When a theory is said to be true, it means that it agrees with all known experimental evidence. But even the best of theories have, time and again, been shown to be incomplete: though they might explain a lot of phenomena using a few basic principles, and even predict many new and exciting results, eventually new experiments (or more precise
ones) show a discrepancy between the workings of nature and the predictions of the theory. In the strict sense this means that the theory was not “true” after all; but the fact
remains that it is a very good approximation to the truth, at lest where a certain type of phenomena is concerned.
When an accepted theory cannot explain some new data (which has been
confirmed), the researchers working in that field strive to construct a new theory. This task gets increasingly more difficult as our knowledge increases, for the new theory should not
only explain the new data, but also all the old one: a new theory has, as its first duty, to devour and assimilate its predecessors.
One other note about truth: science does not make moral judgments. Anyone who tries to draw moral lessons from the laws of nature is on very dangerous ground. Evolution in particular seems to suffer from this. At one time or another, it seems to have been used to justify Nazism, Communism, and every other -ism in between. These justifications are all completely bogus. Similarly, anyone who says “evolution theory is evil because it is used to
support Communism” has also strayed from the path of logic.
The picture of scientists politely discussing theories, proposing new ones in view of new data, etc. appears to be completely devoid of any emotions. In fact, this is far from the truth, the discussions are very human, and although the bulk of the scientific community will eventually accept a single theory based on it explaining the data and making a series of verified predictions. In its simplest form, this question is unanswerable, since undetected fraud is immeasurable. Of course, there are many known cases of fraud in science. Some use this to argue that all scientific findings (especially those they dislike) are worthless. This ignores the replication of results, which is routinely undertaken by scientists. Any important result will be replicated many times by many different people. The above arguments are weaker in medical research, where data is often fake and distorted in order to support products. For example, tobacco companies regularly produce reports “proving” that smoking is harmless, and drug companies have both faked and suppressed data related to the safety or effectiveness of major products. This type of fraud does not reflect on the validity of the scientific method.
Despite the strong differences of political theory and scientific theory, they are both essential in understanding the world. Theory will always be linked to testability and theories will continue to be formulated and discarded; it is what makes people think. Theory, then, in short: it wants to be local and restricted but the structures of power–political and scientific–are national and global. To theorize the inside one must theorize the outside.
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I ran across this video yesterday (courtesy of ESA), which I thought presented some interesting challenges and issues:
The video was presented on Upworthy as an example of something “all white people could do to make the world a better place,” that is, use their white privilege to address injustices.
A number of economists, including Milton Friedman and Thomas Sowell, have written about the power of the market economy to overcome racism and discrimination, to put people into relationships on the basis of economic decision-making rather than skin color. As Friedman contended,
the preserves of discrimination in any society are the areas that are most monopolistic in character, whereas discrimination against groups of particular color or religion is least in those areas where there is the greatest freedom of competition.
But as a conversation I had with some others about the video also illustrates, there are times when (at least in the short run interests of the firm), something like profiling can seem to make some economic sense. The successful passing of one bad check can really hurt a store’s margins. Practically speaking the stores often take a complete loss.
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Lord Bassam of Brighton: The effect of the amendment would be to remove the existing proposed exemption. The effect of the amendment tabled by the noble Lord, Lord Cope, would be to narrow the scope of the exemption to Clause 1. I shall deal with both amendments and comment on our international obligations.
We believe that it would remove the existing proposed exemption for immigration and nationality functions and replace them with a much narrower provision covering special treatment on humanitarian grounds. When we met in December to discuss these issues, the noble Lord made clear to me his view that the existing legal safeguards in the Race Relations Act 1976 should be sufficient to allow the immigration system to continue to operate effectively. He repeated that argument today. I understand that this amendment has been tabled for the avoidance of doubt in respect of the Bill's application to humanitarian exercises.
As I have made clear, the Government believe that the Race Relations Act has made a tremendous contribution to our society, and I repeat the tributes paid to its architect, the noble Lord, Lord Lester. We sympathise with the objective of ensuring that the Bill does not outlaw special treatment for those in need of protection on humanitarian grounds, such as the recent special exercise in relation to Kosovan Albanians. But we do not believe that the proposed amendment would provide adequate legal protection for the immigration system as a whole. That is the important point.
The operation of immigration policies necessarily and legitimately involves differential treatment between individuals based on their nationality and, more rarely, their ethnic or national origins. In our view, the existing exemption for immigration and nationality functions strikes the right balance between providing victims of unlawful direct discrimination with an effective right of action and protecting
The pressures on the immigration system, of which noble Lords will be well aware, are such that we cannot allow any ambiguity to arise in relation to the application of this legislation to immigration staff. We know from experience that the immigration and asylum system, including the appeal system, is frequently used by those with an unfounded claim who are seeking to delay and frustrate the process. That is why we took firm action in the Immigration and Asylum Act 1999 to streamline the process to produce a fairer, firmer, faster system.
This Bill must make it crystal clear what is unlawful and what is permissible in the public interest. We believe that the existing formulation in Clause 1 (new Section 19C) does so. Activity which is authorised or required by law or by Ministers will be lawful, as will be personal decisions taken by Ministers in the public interest. Unauthorised acts of direct race discrimination will be unlawful, and the Government will have no hesitation in dealing very firmly with them.
Failure to provide clarity in this legislation would be unwise, both as an act of policy and to ensure that staff are fully protected when they carry out the duties Parliament and Ministers have laid upon them. The Government do not share the noble Lord's confidence in the adequacy of the existing legal safeguards provided by the Race Relations Act. Section 41 of the 1976 Act protects discriminatory acts which are carried out "in pursuance to" statutory provisions or ministerial arrangements. But the courts have adopted a very narrow interpretation of "in pursuance to". For acts to benefit from Section 41 they must be actually "required" by law.
However, the operation of the immigration system necessarily requires the exercise of discretion by Ministers and by appropriately authorised officials in accordance with published, transparent instructions. For example, the Immigration Service at ports requires the ability to target and prioritise certain nationalities for particular scrutiny where it has intelligence that particular national travel documents are being abused or where there is intelligence that individuals or groups of one nationality are presenting themselves as the nationals of another country in order to benefit from compassionate policies or asylum procedures. There is chapter and verse on that. There are many such examples of such activity.
The Immigration Service and Integrated Casework Directorate need the ability to carry out special "nationality specific" exercises involving the fast tracking of cases and even the use of detention in response to sudden or sustained influxes of certain nationals, most recently from eastern Europe, seeking to circumvent the control. Entry clearance officers need the ability to treat individuals differently on various grounds. Examples include if their country is associated with state-sponsored terrorism or has a track record of hostile intelligence activities or if their
There are also many examples of where the immigration system discriminates positively in favour of individuals on the basis of their nationality or ethnic or national origins. One example is the special treatment for Kosovan Albanians during the recent conflict in the Balkans. Kosovan Serbs were not treated the same way, for entirely understandable reasons. There are other examples where guidance to asylum caseworkers directs that the one ethnic or national group from a particular country should be treated differently from another. For example, our policy in relation to persons originating from Bosnia-Herzegovina is to grant exceptional leave where the applicant's ethnic group is no longer in the majority. A Bosnian Croat originating from a Serb area would not be expected to return there, nor would a Bosnian Serb originating from a Muslim area.
Current asylum policy makes a distinction between Kosovan Serbs and Kosovan Albanians where the basis of claim is ethnic origin. The former are a minority and may qualify for asylum, while the latter may be refused and returned. The ethnic or national origin of the applicant in cases involving various other nationalities is also a key consideration in the determination of applications for asylum. It would be impossible to operate a rational asylum determination process if caseworkers were unable to make such distinctions. That is why the Bill makes it clear that discriminatory activity which is required or authorised by law, or by Ministers, cannot be considered to be unlawful.
Lord Lester of Herne Hill: Before the Minister does so--I am grateful to him for giving way--he has not yet given a single example of discrimination based on a person's ethnicity as distinct from all the other considerations. We are dealing here with only direct discrimination, not indirect discrimination. I should like to know from the Minister whether there is any example where a person's race--that is what ethnicity is about; it is a part of race--is the basis for treating him worse than someone else. Perhaps I may give an example: the infamous one of the British Asians from East Africa who were refused entry to this country by Mr Callaghan's government by statute. That was held by the European Human Rights Commission to be inherently degrading treatment because it was based on their ethnicity.
Under the Bill as it stands there is nothing to stop the Home Office refusing to allow British Asians from East Africa in a similar situation coming here, not on the basis of their colour but of their ethnicity. Surely that is not what the Minister has in mind and surely the Home Office would not dream of discriminating against someone on the grounds of their ethnicity? If
Lord Cope of Berkeley: Before the Minister responds, I agree with what the noble Lord, Lord Lester, has just said. It did not seem to me that the examples given by the Minister of Kosovar Albanians or Serbs were based on their ethnicity but on their genuine fear of prosecution. That is, after all, what asylum is supposed to be based on. Therefore, those examples do not answer the questions which I asked.
Lord Bassam of Brighton: I should probably beg to differ, but I am open to looking at the matter further. Perhaps it would be wise for me to reflect more on the point which has been made and reiterated. We take the view that the cases of the Kosovar Serbs and the Kosovar Albanians are exact examples of why positive discrimination may be necessary. That is why, in those instances, we believe that the way in which we have begun to phrase the legislation is right. However, I shall reflect more on the comments made by the noble Lord in his intervention.
I turn to our international obligations. The noble Lord suggested that the exemption for immigration and nationality functions would breach this country's international obligations under the UN Convention Relating to the Status of Refugees, the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and the International Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of Racial Discrimination. The entitlement to immigration, asylum and nationality applicants is detailed in the immigration and nationality enactments listed in Clause 1 of the Bill and in subordinate legislation such as the immigration rules.
The exemption does nothing in our view to rescind or restrict rights or entitlements provided in existing legislation; it simply allows that legislation to continue as Parliament, in our view, intended. It also provides the immigration authorities with the necessary latitude to conduct their business rationally, including targeting resources where there is a concerted attempt to abuse the control or where there is a compelling need for special treatment for a particular group on humanitarian grounds. The exemption does not require Ministers to do anything contrary to their international obligations. The discretion which it gives to Ministers still has to be exercised bearing in mind their international obligations. We believe that to be an important point.
It is clear that these are difficult issues. The Home Secretary and I are grateful to the noble Lord for meeting us. He has enormous experience in the field and we are happy and pleased, as ever, to acknowledge that. Having said that, we feel on reflection that we need to maintain the safeguards set out in Clause 1 in relation to immigration and nationality functions. The noble Lord may not agree, but on the basis of what has been said, he should feel able to withdraw Amendment
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The Genesee County Federation of Historical Agencies will host the Genesee County Heritage Fair on November 5th at GCC. The theme this year is presidential elections.
In keeping with the theme, we have developed a survey inviting the public to rank the top ten presidents. Please follow the link below to take the survey. Results will be announced at the event.
Ghostwalk Batavia Cemetery 2015
OCTOBER 22th, 2016
HISTORIC BATAVIA CEMETERY
TOURS BEGIN AT 7:00 PM
AND RUN EVERY 15 MINUTES
BY 8:30 PM
$10.00 PER PERSON
TICKETS AVAILABLE AT THE GATE OR CALL 343-0248
BATAVIA CEMETERY ASSOCIATION
BATAVIA – November is New York State History Month and to honor the occasion, the Genesee County Federation of Historical Agencies and the GCC History Club are sponsoring a Genesee County Heritage Fair in the Forum at GCC on November 5th from 10:00 AM to 4:00 PM.
With the 2016 presidential election just days later on November 8th, the theme of the heritage fair will be presidential elections. Museums and historical agencies from all over Genesee County will set up booths for visitors to explore. Many will feature presidential memorabilia. In addition, there will be local history books on sale, craft demonstrations, historical impressionists and much more.
In keeping with the presidential theme, local schools will participate through two special contests. Elementary school students will be asked to draw portraits of their favorite president. Junior and Senior high students will be asked to write short essays. Winners of both contests will be announced at the event.
New York State History Month was created by the New York State legislature in 1997 and represents an opportunity for historians to assert the vital importance of preserving and learning about our state’s history. It is also a time to engage with the public through programs and learning opportunities about the history of New York State and the ways in which we can help preserve our history.
Further information on New York State History Month can be found at http://files.ctctcdn.com/9499bee6001/9e234d9f-c057-4176-a9da-d7e98c2cc00c.pdf. For more information on the GCC History Club, visit https://gcchistoricalhorizons.wordpress.com/.
For more information, contact Marketing Communications Associate Director Donna Rae Sutherland at (585) 343-0055 ext. 6616, or via email: email@example.com.
The Holland Office Museum Chicken-n-Biscuit luncheon
Scheduled for Tuesday October 6th has been postponed
For more information Please call the Holland Land Office Museum
3rd. Annual Holland Land Office Museum
at The Office for Aging 2 Bank St Batavia, NY Tuesday October 6th. Noon -1:30pm $10.00 PP.
Speaker: Al Parker, Al is a decedent and interpreter of Ely Parker a Seneca Chief, General Grant’s Military
Secretary and the Officer who copied the terms of surrender at Appomattox Court House.
Catered by D&R Depot of LeRoy NY
BATAVIA CEMETERY ASSOCIATION
HALLOWEEN CANDLELIGHT GHOSTWALK
Historic Batavia Cemetery
On Saturday, October 24th, the Batavia Cemetery Association will host a candlelight guided ghost walk through the Historic Batavia Cemetery on Harvester Avenue in Batavia, NY. The tours will feature the famous and infamous movers and shakers who shaped and influenced the City of Batavia.
The guided tour will bring guests to meet men and women of Batavia, who, for various reasons, held great power and exerted great influence in their day, were victims of tragic events, or both. Philemon Tracy, one of the few Confederate officers buried in the north, Ruth the unknown victim of a horrendous murder, Joseph Ellicott, a man of great power and great flaws, and William Morgan, the man who disappeared and was allegedly murdered before he could reveal the secrets of the Masons, are some of the ghosts who will tell their stories on the tour.
Tours begin at 7:00 p.m. and run every fifteen minutes until 8:30 p.m. Admission is $10 and includes refreshments. Tickets are available at the gate the day of the event at Historic Batavia Cemetery, Harvester Avenue, Batavia. Reservations are suggested. Proceeds benefit the upkeep and restoration of the cemetery. For more information, or to make reservations, contact 343-0248.
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The Life of Jesus Christ - Chapter 6 - Who is Jesus? - Part 3
Previous article | Life of Jesus Christ Index | *Word List | Next article
An online Bible Study course by Barrie Wetherill about the life of Jesus. This book is in EasyEnglish Level B. Use the links below for other online Bible Study books and commentaries that will help you. Or go to the Word List, which explains words with a *star.
Easy English Bible homepage | Matthew (commentary) | Mark (commentary) | Luke (commentary) | John (commentary)
We can read about another event that happened about this time. It shows us what some people thought about Jesus. Men brought a man to Jesus. The man was blind and could not speak. *Demons controlled him. Jesus immediately cured him. Then he could both talk and see. This *miracle astonished the crowds. However, some *Pharisees said, ‘No! This man sends *demons away by the power of Beelzebub [the devil], who is the prince of *demons’. (Matthew 12:24)
To accuse Jesus like this is terrible. Jesus loved and cared for everyone so much. He was very wise. He blessed people. His *miracles helped people.
People who could make such statements were foolish or evil. We could say that they were blind in their *spirits. They were not able to look at Jesus and to understand him. (There are still people like that today.) Jesus was not angry with them – as we might be. He answered them wisely.
Suppose that this was true! Suppose that Jesus cured people with the help of Satan [the devil]. Or, with the help of *demons. Then Satan would be fighting against himself. Satan would be using his power against himself. Satan would defeat himself. This could not happen.
The *Pharisees themselves tried to cure people who were in the control of *demons. So, Jesus asked this question as a reply to these *Pharisees:
· If Jesus did this with the help of *demons, how did the *Pharisees do it?
Jesus also said some other very strong words to them.
People sin when they do not do what God wants. When Jesus died for our *sins, it was for all kinds of *sin. We can think about king David as an example. He took another man’s wife and he murdered the man (1 Samuel 12). God forgave him.
These *Pharisees said that the work of Jesus by the *Holy Spirit was really the devil's work. This is the sin that God can never forgive. Jesus' statement should have made these *Pharisees think! Nobody should say that the work of God is *Satan’s work. God will forgive anyone who is really sorry. But to say that God’s work is *Satan’s work is a different kind of *sin. It means that a person has decided to oppose God. That person has chosen to be very wicked. But Jesus continued:
If Jesus had been a servant of *Satan, what Jesus did could not be good. It is impossible for a servant of *Satan to do good things.
How do we know whether someone is good or bad? We look at what that person does. We see how that person behaves. A good person speaks good words and does good things. An evil person speaks bad words and does evil things. Everybody had seen how Jesus behaved. They had heard his words. Now we can understand what kind of people these *Pharisees really were.
Jesus said words like these on another occasion. The *Pharisees declared that Jesus’ *disciples had not obeyed a law. The *disciples did not wash their hands before they ate food. This was not really a part of the Jewish law. It was a tradition of the *Pharisees. Jesus said this:
· Food, which goes into the mouth, does not spoil a man.
· But the things that come out of a man's mouth can spoil that man.
Jesus meant that evil words and ideas make a person bad. He said this:
In the discussion, these *Pharisees had really shown their true character. Jesus knew very well what man is like. He knew that we all need a new heart with new desires and new behaviour. This is what he came to give us. He gives it to everyone who believes in him. He gives it to everyone who trusts him.
© 2002-2005, Wycliffe Associates (UK)
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A persistent exegetical tradition exists that links the Pauline controversy over the consumption of idol meat, especially in the Corinthian correspondence, to social and economic assumptions about the Roman world. Specifically, there is the assumption that access to meat was limited to the elite within the Roman world. The lower classes are seen as only having access to meat through public religious festivals or as derivative through cultic sacrifice by means of the marketplace (though again largely limited to the wealthy), resulting in the classic view that non-elites were sustained on a diet of legumes, grains, and wine. Roman access to meat along such class demarcations, furthermore, is founded upon an economic dichotomy of elite and non-elite (i.e., poor or slave classes). These assumptions arise not only in scholarly treatments of the Corinthian context but also within numerous introductory textbooks, thereby perpetuating these views for future scholarship. This paper challenges these social assumptions regarding meat consumption in, especially, Corinth by engaging recent scholarship that re-evaluates roman diet in regard to access to meat and other animal products. Specifically I will draw upon methods in archaeological science (especially stable isotope analysis) as well as literary reassessments by ancient historians. What arises is a new picture of Roman diet, wherein meat consumption was not limited to the elite, but was prevalent in nearly all levels of Roman society. With this updated view on Roman dietary practices in mind, Paul’s comments in 1 Corinthian 8 relating to “idol meat” and the social situation in the Corinthian church must be re-evaluated.
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Shot on Good Friday and dead on Saturday: The timing of the assassination made Easter Sunday 1865 a particularly important—and confusing—occasion, as shocked mourners came to church for what should have been a day of rejoicing over both the resurrection of Christ and military victory. The reversal of fortunes was manifested materially, as churchwomen rearranged the colorful springtime displays they had readied. Easter decoration had become something of a commercial enterprise by the mid nineteenth century, with elaborate presentations meant to reflect religious devotion. Flowers played a central role, and now the women highlighted the white blossoms as they searched for black fabric to cover railings and arches, chancel and altar, pulpit and organ, and placed portraits of the late president amid the myrtle, tea roses, and heliotrope. As a congregant in Boston recorded, grappling with the juxtaposition of joy and sorrow, “This glorious Easter morn our Church put on the garb of mourning.”
The crowds were phenomenal. Pews always filled to capacity on Easter, but no one had ever seen anything like April 16, 1865. Wherever the news had arrived, from the East Coast to the Midwest to the Pacific Ocean, black churches and white churches were jammed. Aisles and galleries were full, choir steps packed tight. Men carried in extra settees and benches, leaving not an inch of floor space to spare. Many who spilled out the doors strained to hear the service, and those at the back of the outdoor crowds stood too far away to hear anything at all. The same was true in army camps, where Union officers and soldiers gathered in unprecedented numbers to listen to whoever was preaching and however many sermons were offered. The same as the day before, mourners craved company in order to absorb the tragic event. The shock had not yet dissipated, and just as in the streets on Saturday, on Sunday people observed the grief of their neighbors in church or their comrades in camp, reading the faces around them for confirmation that it was not, after all, a hoax or a dream.
Very sad: Those two words conveyed the heavy sorrow that had mixed with the initial shock from the first moment Lincoln’s supporters had counted the news as credible. In Baton Rouge, a Union army chaplain found the hundreds of freedpeople “all very sad.” In Minnesota, “the people all feel very sad,” a soldier wrote in his diary. It was, Mary Emerson wrote from Paris, in her petit souvenir journalier, the “saddest saddest news we ever heard.” Others employed more vivid vocabulary. The news “threw a mantle of sadness over every heart,” or people were “struck down” in anguish, “crest fallen and agitated.” One soldier thought even the defeat of Sherman or Grant would have brought less gloom to camp. Just as mourners had draped their churches, so too did they imagine nature attired in grief. Where it rained, people saw the clouds “weeping copiously,” where skies were blue, “the very sunshine looked mournful.” A former slave in Washington said that even the trees were weeping for Lincoln.
For communities of freedpeople across the South, grief washed through like a tidal wave. From Norfolk and Portsmouth, Beaufort and Charleston came the most “heartfelt sorrow,” “troubled countenances,” and “very great” grief. Everywhere children cried audibly and grown-ups wept bitterly. Some cried all night, others just felt numb. One woman described herself as “nearly deranged” with grief. Black soldiers were utterly bereft. Edgar Dinsmore of the 54th Massachusetts felt “a loss irreparable.” One man compared the circumstances to a horrific scene he had witnessed as a slave: a mother whipped forty lashes for weeping when white people took away her children. The violence had traumatized him, “but not half so much as the death of President Lincoln,” he confessed. Some white officers in black regiments felt the sense of loss magnified. “Oh how Sad, How Melancholy,” James Moore wrote to his wife. Such intense sorrow overcame him that it seemed “an impossibility to rally from it.” In Petersburg, Thomas Morris Chester saw both “unfeigned grief” and an “undisguised feeling of horror,” for the question hadn’t gone away: Would they “have to be slaves again”?
African Americans claimed for themselves a special place in the outpouring of sorrow, and the prayers and sermons of Easter Sunday magnified Lincoln’s role as the Great Emancipator. A New Orleans minister asserted that his people felt “deeper sorrow for the friend of the colored man,” and black clergymen in the North allowed that their people felt the loss “more keenly” and “more than all others.” Journalists singled out the “dusky-skinned men of our own race” as the “chief—the truest mourners,” and black soldiers maintained that “as a people none could deplore his loss more than we.” Frederick Douglass, speaking extemporaneously in Rochester on Saturday, told the overflowing crowd that he felt the loss “as a personal as well as national calamity” because of “the race to which I belong.” Even the most stricken white mourners conceded the point. Secretary of the Navy Gideon Welles thought the “colored people” to be the “truer mourners.” In the words of one minister, “We who are white know little of the emotions which thrill the black man’s heart to-day,” and as another told his congregation, “intense as is our grief,” no white person could “fathom the sorrow” of black people. White mourners also pondered this difference in their personal writings. “How I pity the poor colored people,” wrote one, “who share perhaps most deeply in our great calamity!”
From the moment the news arrived, Lincoln’s mourners cried as they recorded their emotions, smudging the ink in their journals and letters. Up Broadway in New York, with black drapery obscuring all facades, everything “looked so—sorrowful—& sad,” Emily Watkins wrote haltingly to her husband, her dashes perhaps standing in for intermittent sobs. In a small town in Indiana, a young southern Unionist likewise drew dashes (and comforted herself with imagined universality): “The horror and the sorrow are intense—Tears are in all eyes—sobs in every voice—old men and children—rich and poor, white and black.” By the rules of American culture (which applied most strictly to the middle and upper classes), expressions of grief were meant to be properly bounded: too much, and one was overly self-indulgent; too little, and one was not quite sensitive enough. Still, the antebellum decades had witnessed a new sentimentalization of death, as the harshness of the Puritan legacy crumbled, and communities and families increasingly attended to the emotions of earthly survivors. On this particular day, all societal pressure lost its power, and most mourners made little effort to conceal their feelings. For the second day in a row, men wept openly, including clergymen. One minister “broke down & the tears rolled down his cheeks.” Children saw their male Sunday school teachers barely able to get through a prayer. “Even the boys,” Anna Lowell wrote, appeared stricken through the hymns.
Finding words to speak aloud or write down could be a challenge. Frederick Douglass, who had met President Lincoln for the third time only weeks earlier, had “scarcely been able to say a word” to friends who had grasped his hands and looked into his eyes. A black soldier in Florida saw sorrow and misery on every face, yet still “none could express their feelings.” Silence, allowed another black mourner in the South, was the “sure sign of sorrow, and when the heart is full it is difficult to speak.” The same was true for white mourners. After recording facts and details, many stumbled in their attempts to articulate their sentiments on paper. “I cannot express my feelings” and “I cannot describe my feelings” became common refrains for men and women alike. Some conveyed the point more poetically. A Philadelphia man felt a “dull & stupefied sense of calamity.” The British writer Edward Peacock found himself stymied, since any description of genuine emotion would appear “wildly exaggerated.”
Others couldn’t write anything at all. “I have heard such dreadful news today that I feel totally unfit for writing a letter,” a Massachusetts woman confessed to her mother. From the battlefront, General Carl Schurz explained to his wife that he would have written earlier had he been able to “shake off the gloom.” At the same time, those who routinely committed but few words to paper betrayed their sorrow by writing more than usual. Whereas Unitarian minister George Ellis normally kept a bare roster of church doings and dining companions, he now added two descriptive words to his log: “awful consternation.” The perfunctory journal of Elizabeth Childs, usually home to memos like “Fanny dined here,” now carried the notation, “Sad day.”
Complete listlessness could take over from the inability to speak or write. “Do not feel like doing anything,” wrote sixteen-year-old Margaret Howell in Philadelphia (she then crossed out the word thing, and changed it to “work or sewing”). For a Union soldier in Alabama, the news made him feel “so bad,” he told his wife, “that I went to bed and I have not felt like getting up since.” For others, it was just the opposite. “Sleep was out of the question!” wrote a disconsolate English woman. Grief affected people’s physical well-being too, in all kinds of ways: lightheadedness or debilitating headaches, prolonged trembling, “prostration of the nervous system,” even days of indefinable sickness. The declaration of victory had enabled Moses Cleveland, serving outside Mobile, to bear his poor health more easily, but the assassination brought him back to the army surgeon, who dispensed medicine and orders to rest. Henry Gawthrop’s body reacted the other way around; suffering in a Virginia field hospital with an amputated foot and a bleeding stomach, he found that the terrible tidings made him “almost forget bodily pain.” From the start of the ordeal, from the first moments the shock began to wear away to reveal the truth of President Lincoln’s murder, in rushed overwhelming sorrow.
Excerpted from Mourning Lincoln by Martha Hodes, published 2015 by Yale University Press. Reprinted by permission of Yale University Press.
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From every corner of the world, here you’ll find recipes both familiar and new. Legend has it that buns were developed to enable poor people to buy bread with dignity. Dignity for the buyer – who could not afford a loaf and for whom it was either humiliating or impossible to buy just a slice or two – and dignity for the bun – which was sold with its crust and crumb beautifully intact, a small piece of perfection to be shared as graciously as a big loaf. Whatever their history, we can find buns in just about every country in the world. There are sweet buns and savoury buns; steamed buns and baked buns; stuffed buns and plain buns; buns for special occasions and buns for every day. The Book of Buns takes you on a journey around the world to explore bun culture. The clear recipes are often accompanied by step-by-step photography to make it both fun and easy to bake buns for family and friends to enjoy.
Jane Mason is a baker, writer and social entrepreneur who has been profiled in publications such as The Telegraph, You (Mail on Sunday) and Good Housekeeping. She set up Virtuous Bread in 2010 to teach people to make and learn about good bread. Jane also teaches baking in prisons, schools and care homes for the elderly
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Ceramic House is a gorgeous attic space situated in a classic early 20th century building that has been transformed into a new living space with a mulitude of levels in Madrid, Spain. Designed by Spanish architect Héctor Ruiz-Velázquez, as if the design would be a three-dimensional object, where every one of the rooms or points of the home can be located by specifying the axis of coordinates. The result is the power to move around in few square meters at different heights, going up and down, offering a new experience of roominess in the context of a home: to explore the space. The transition between the rooms is continuous and lets the movement flow freely across the numerous levels.
The spatial flexibility that transforms this home is an innovative housing concept which adapts itself to the actual necessities and to the new usages. Where roominess, brightness and time flow in a multifunctional space without corners or precedence. It is also about expanding the parameters of interior design as well as the conventional trends of arrangement. According to the architect’s objective the ceramic thus transforms itself into an excellent dynamic entity able to offer the luxuriousness of working in three dimensions. “Change and continuation”, “tradition and innovation” simply unfold with a new angle on the use of ceramic material.
Visit the website of architect Héctor Ruiz-Velázquez here.
Photos: Pedro Martínez
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Legislation has drastically reduced exposure to second hand smoke in Canada. Thanks to the work of advocates and policy makers, almost all enclosed public places and workplaces are now smoke-free.
Due to increased awareness about the dangers of toxic second hand smoke, the public is now demanding and receiving increased protection in outdoor areas such as sportsfields, and playgrounds. To document the increased protections at the provincial and territorial level, we developed tables summarizing legislation.
The tables are up-to-date as of March 2016. As new legislation is passed, we will do updates.
Comparative summary table of smoke-free workplace, public place and private vehicles legislation in Canada.
Full Summaries of provincial and territorial legislation in Canada.
Summaries by territory and province:
Newfoundland and Labrador
Prince Edward Island
Note, for information about municipal bylaws, please see our searchable datebase.
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Free Search (19484 images)
Mars Express spacecreaft
- Title Mars Express spacecreaft
- Released 11/04/2003 3:53 pm
- Copyright ESA - Illustration by Medialab
Mars Express will leave Earth for Mars
in late May or early June 2003 when the
positions of the two planets make for
the shortest possible route, a condition
that occurs once every twenty-six
months. The intrepid spacecraft will
start its six-month journey from the
Baikonur launch pad in Kazakhstan onboard a Russian
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cruise at a velocity of 10 800 km/h relative to Earth. Five
days before arrival in December 2003, Mars Express will
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- Id 220801
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Adult With SMA Shares His Perspective on Spinraza
While most people associated with spinal muscular atrophy (SMA) are celebrating the FDA’s approval of Spinraza, one man with SMA is sharing a different take on the drug.
Fifty-four-year-old Ben Mattlin has had plenty of time to come to terms with having SMA. While he too welcomes the drug and looks forward to hearing how it can help others, particularly babies with type 1 SMA who are not expected to live beyond their second birthday, he doesn’t want the treatment for himself.
In an article in the New York Times, Mattlin admits that he’s never stood or walked on his own, and is now too long past the point of even wanting to. Although he needs help for every area of his life from personal hygiene to driving his minivan, he is happy and content. He’s had a lifetime to accept who he is and have others accept him.
He is proud to be part of the disabled community and feels that he would become a traitor if he started treatment after fighting so hard for equal access and fair treatment.
Read Mattlin’s full opinion piece in the New York Times.
SMA News Today is strictly a news and information website about the disease. It does not provide medical advice, diagnosis or treatment. This content is not intended to be a substitute for professional medical advice, diagnosis, or treatment. Always seek the advice of your physician or another qualified health provider with any questions you may have regarding a medical condition. Never disregard professional medical advice or delay in seeking it because of something you have read on this website.
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Bringing hematology testing to the point of care - the history of Boule Diagnostics
A complete blood count (CBC) is usually the first test requested by a physician to evaluate a patient’s health status, and the results form the basis for decisions on further testing or treatment. Historically, blood cell counts were conducted under the microscope. By the introduction of the very first hematology analyzers in the 50s, the cell count process could be automatized.
Hematology is the medical discipline that covers studies and treatment of blood disorders. The science dates back as far as to the ancient Egypt and the practice of bloodletting. In the 1670’s, the field gained a breakthrough with the development of the high-magnification microscope by Antonie van Leeuwenhoek (Fig 1). Today, a CBC test is frequently requested by physicians to evaluate a patient’s blood status.
Fig 1. (A) The single-lens microscope developed by (B) the Dutch businessman and scientist Antonie van Leeuwenhoek in the 1670’s (images A and B are licensed under CC BY-SA 3.0 and CC BY 4.0, respectively).
Traditionally, a laboratory technician uses a microscope to manually count the red blood cells (RBC), platelets (PLT), and the white blood cells (WBC) (Fig 2). As part of the CBC, a WBC differential count is often conducted, in which about 100 WBCs are differentiated into the five major subpopulations, the neutrophils (NEU), lymphocytes (LYM), monocytes (MON), eosinophils (EOS), and basophils (BAS) (Fig 3). Each cell type is reported as a percentage of the total WBC count, and a shift in the percentage outside of the normal reference interval is an indication of an abnormal health condition.
Fig 2. A complete blood count is used to measure (A) the platelets that help the blood clot; (B) the red blood cells containing the oxygen-carrying hemoglobin; and (C) the white blood cells of the immune system.
Fig 3. In a WBC differential count, the white blood cells are differentiated into their five major subgroups: (A) neutrophils, (B) lymphocytes, (C) monocytes, (D) eosinophils, and (E) basophils.
Today, this type of analysis is conducted using an automated cell counter. However, abnormal or atypical cell variants can be difficult for a hematology analyzer to distinguish from normal cell populations. Blood smear analysis therefore remains an important diagnostic tool to determine immature or abnormal cells (Fig 4). Typically, you let the analyzer do the actual cell count, which is then confirmed under the microscope at the same time as the presence of immature or abnormal cells is investigated.
Fig 4. A blood smear analysis is often used to follow-up sample results flagged as abnormal in the CBC analysis on the automated hematology analyzer.
Automating the cell count process
Automated cell counters were developed as early as in the 1950s. The first European cell counter was developed by Erik Öhlin in 1956. This analyzer—manufactured by Lars Ljungberg & Co and marketed under the Celloscope trademark—was first displayed at a German tradeshow in September 1957 (1). The Celloscope analyzer was based on a similar principle as the one patented and implemented in the prototype Coulter Counter™ Model A in 1953 by Wallace H. Coulter (U.S. Patent 2,656,508). However, based on simpler electronics and equipped with an integrated sample stand, the Celloscope analyzer was both smaller and less costly that the Coulter Counter Model A analyzer (Fig 5.
Fig 5. The (A) Celloscope 101 counter and the (B) Coulter Counter Model A (image attributed Coulter Corporation and licensed under the CC BY-SA 3.0 license) pioneered the hematology analyzer market in the 1950s.
The launch of the very first cell counters meant a great milestone for hematologists, which otherwise were referred to the cumbersome work of manually counting cells under the microscope. In an article by Tor-Arne Hagve (2), Lars Ljungberg describes the history of the Celloscope instrument:
“We had been thinking for a long time about different ideas for counting blood cells, when we heard that The American Navy had presented a solution where, for example, red blood cells were sucked through a capillary hole, through which a weak direct current passed simultaneously. Blood cells are non-conductive and therefore modulate the current. These ‘interruptions’ are calculated on a simple mechanical counter. We diluted the blood in a physiological saline solution, and both erythrocytes and leukocytes were counted at the same time, as the number of leukocytes did not affect the erythrocyte result more than about 1/100,00,00.
For the leukocyte count, we hemolyzed the cells with saponin in the same sample as we counted all the blood cells. What we had left to count were then the nuclei of the leukocytes. To count platelets, we switched to a smaller capillary hole.
We started selling the Celloscope analyzer in the early 60’s. What we did not know then was that a certain Mr. H.W. Coulter in Chicago had applied for and obtained a patent for the principle that I have described. Many and long negotiations followed, which were ‘tough’ and did not lack their points. Coulter had patents in the United States and in some European countries, such as France, Germany, and England. We were free to sell, for example, in Sweden, Norway, Denmark, Finland, most other countries in Europe, the former Soviet Union, most of Asia and India, and not to forget, in Africa. We eventually reached an agreement with Coulter, where we compensated him for the sales we happened to make in “his countries”. I honestly do not know if Coulter is the inventor, but he was the patent holder.”
Introducing Swelab analyzers
Erik Öhlin later founded Swelab Instrument AB in 1969 (Fig 6), and by the acquisition by Boule Diagnostics in 1997, a subsidiary was formed and the name was changed to Boule Medical.
Eva Johannesson (currently Senior Project Manager QA/RA, Boule Medical, Sweden) started with Swelab Instruments in 1996: “China was by far the largest market. There were also some sales in Sweden. As 5-part instruments were rather expensive, and hence, not very common, 3-part instruments were also of interest for larger hospital laboratories back then.”
Fig 6. Erik Öhlin, with the Celloscope counter (left) and Swelab™ AutoCounter (right).
Technical advancements in hematology testing
Dr Anders Kallner, former senior consultant and Associate Professor at Karolinska University Hospital, came to its chemistry and hematology laboratory in 1971 (4): “When I came to the Karolinska Hospital, all activities in the laboratory were manual, from reagent preparation to reporting of results. Hematology was cell counting based on microscopy and hemoglobin measurements in simple photometers.”
Automation of measurements in laboratories accelerated with the introduction of the AutoAnalyzer SMA-4, invented by Leonard Skeggs in the late 50s and commercialized by Technicon (now part of Siemens) in the 60s. The system was originally designed for serum components but finally developed to determine four parameters: HGB, HCT, RBC, and WBC (2, 3). The impedance method, as realized in the Celloscope and Coulter Counter instruments, could be further developed to take automated hematology to another level by measuring hemoglobin and identification and counting of three types of leucocytes: granulocytes (GRA), monocytes (MON) and lymphocytes (LYM). As computer technology gradually developed and became miniaturized, the instruments became correspondingly competent. Eventually, in the 80s, analyzers capable of differentiating the WBC population into five sub-groups (NEU, LYM, MON, EOS, BAS) became available. These systems were initially intended for hospital laboratories and required a skilled staff and a high sample load to justify their relatively high cost.
However, with the increasing need for modern and decentralized healthcare, the demand for simple and reliable instruments and procedures emerged also in hematology and prompted the development of benchtop instruments that could be used in a near-patient clinical setting with a minimum of training.
Introducing Medonic analyzers
Medonic AB was founded in 1982 by Ingemar Berndtsson and Bram Bottema, both with a long history and experience in hematology, clinical chemistry, and blood-banking engineering. Ingemar and Bram worked with cell counters at Analysinstrument AB, when they concluded that they could develop a cell counter of their own. In 1982, they founded Medonic AB.
Tommy Andersson (currently Senior Systems Engineer at Boule Medical, Sweden) was assigned to the project for development of the very first Medonic analyzer: “The cell counters of that time used LED screens for reviewing of results. In 1985, Medonic launched its first own-developed cell counter, Cellanalyzer CA 480, with a built-in display that also showed the histograms.”
The Medonic Cellanalyzer CA 480 reported the basic PLT, RBC, WBC, HGB, HCT parameters as well as the mean red cell volume (MCV), an important parameter in anemia investigations. With a compact benchtop design, the analyzer was well-suited for the smaller laboratory (Fig 7).
Fig 7. Medonic™ Cellanalyzer CA 480.
In contrary to other instrument manufacturers that were targeting the larger hospital laboratories, Medonic AB was targeting the smaller laboratories. Typically, the smaller laboratories were referred to manual count under the microscope or to sending samples for central testing at a larger hospital laboratory. Although the larger laboratories had higher sample throughput, Medonic saw a business opportunity with the smaller laboratories, as they were more in number.
When personal computers began to be incorporated into the hematology systems, also other brands, like the Swelab analyzers, came with a display.
Swelab Instrument AB was a competitor of Medonic at that time, targeting the same customer segment. When acquired by Boule Diagnostics in 1998, however, the Medonic team was working side by side with the Swelab team in facilities in Västberga, Stockholm, Sweden.
Key process steps in focus for performance enhancements
In the first-generation analyzers, a fixed volume of sample was aspirated using a peristaltic pump. The aspiration process was time-dependent, that is, the pump was calibrated to aspirate sample during a fixed
time into a mixing cup, where the sample was diluted. The diluted sample was thereafter allowed to pass through an aperture under a pressure gradient at a fixed time, during which the sample flow (volume/time unit) and number of pulses (corresponding to the cell number) were
recorded. The software analyzed the size of each pulse and ascribed the corresponding cell to a discriminator-defined cell population.
The major technology advancements of automated hematology analyzers relate to three steps of the cell count process:
Sample aspiration technique.
Cell count method (sample dilution and cell count principle).
Cell discrimination method.
Sample aspiration technique
Although simple and economic to build, the first-generation analyzers had their technical limitations. The precision and accuracy were poor, making the reliable use of these systems in monitoring the efficacy of medicine difficult. Time-based aspiration by using a peristaltic pump suffers from frequent system calibration, as the aspirated volume starts deviating from the “ideal volume” with the decreasing efficiency of the pump, resulting in high variation (CV) in the results.
Such an aspiration method also requires that the aspiration module moves to the mixing cup through an X-Y moving assembly, which might increase the frequency of maintenance. The open mixing cup that is required for the free-moving aspiration assembly is also susceptible to accumulation of dust and other impurities. In later years, most manufacturers have replaced the peristaltic pump with a micro-syringe that reduces the frequency of calibration to some extent, however, frequency of maintenance remains the same.
Cell count method
The basic principle of the time-based aspiration method is that the aspirated blood sample is diluted and thereafter flushed to the measuring chamber. A pressure difference between the two sides of the aperture is built up, after which the number of pulses caused by cells flowing through the aperture, is counted as a function of time (Fig 8).
Fig 8. The principle for measuring changes in the electrical impedance produced by a cell passing through an aperture. Each cell passing through the aperture gives rise to a pulse. The number of generated pulses correlates with the number of cells, whereas the size of the pulse is related to the cell size.
After a certain time, the process is interrupted and the cell concentration (c) in the diluted sample is calculated (Fig 9). As the measurement is a function of time, the method suffers from high probability of inaccuracy if there is a small change in the pressure difference over the aperture or if protein or any other impurities build up within the aperture and partially block (thereby reduce) the flow, and as consequence, decreases the recorded concentration (c). Some manufacturers claim that their analyzers count the cells twice or even three times to increase accuracy. However, if the aperture is clogged, the accuracy and precision will not necessarily improve by counting the cells more times. Instead, the re-calibration need might increase.
Fig 9. Compared with (A) the cell concentration 1 (c1), the (B) cell concentration 2 (c2) can be falsely low in case of (C) build-up of particles that clog the aperture, resulting in inaccurate measurement results.
The second-generation analyzers, pioneered by Sysmex, offered unique solutions to both the aspiration technique, using a sample rotary valve (shear valve), and cell count method, calculating the cell concentration based on a fixed volume of diluted sample and the number of generated pulses in that specific volume. This method is known as the “absolute volume measurement principle”.
In these second-generation analyzers, the aspirated volume is greater than in the first-generation analyzers, using a time-based method for the cell count. Rather than time-dependency, the aspiration is stopped by a blood sensor and a precise volume is cut and brought to a closed mixing chamber using diluent reagent. This way, no mechanical movement of the aspiration module is required, minimizing the maintenance needs. As the shear valve cuts the same precise volume for each measurement, the analyzer calibration stays stable for a longer period of time.
For the cell count, the diluted sample pushes the liquid (diluent) in a metering unit, consisting of a glass tube and two optical sensors. When the diluent flows through the tube, it first triggers the start-sensor and then the stop-sensor and the cell count is registered during these two trigger events. The volume between the start- and stop-sensors is equal to the measured volume of the diluted sample used for the cell count (Fig 10).
Fig 10. The metering unit, consisting of a glass tube and two optical sensors, ensures precise and accurate cell count results each time.
The interval of reaching from the start-sensor to the stop-sensor might vary (within a stipulated time range) due to a partial clog of the aperture, however, the cell count will continue until the diluent reaches the stop-sensor and a constant volume is thus always recorded, ensuring precise and accurate results.
As the test results from a second-generation analyzer are independent of external pressure or temperature or even partial clog at the aperture or dust particles in the mixing chamber, the variation in measured parameters is also significantly lower than for first-generation analyzers. The risk of dust particles affecting the results is especially critical for the smallest corpuscles, namely the platelets.
Although the complex nature of the hardware increased the instrument cost, these second-generation analyzers were a better choice for medical decision-making that the first-generation instruments.
Overcoming the limitation of second-generation analyzers
Still, there were areas where the second-generation instruments failed:
Microcytic RBCs counted as PLTs:
Accurate and precise PLT count is extremely important for diagnosis and monitoring of patients suffering from diseases like dengue fever, Leptospirosis, and malaria infection. The PLT count is also an important tool to determine whether a patient is ready to be administered a chemotherapy dose. A falsely elevated PLT count is therefore a challenge for individuals with high numbers of microcytic RBC populations.
NEU falsely counted as LYM:
Strong hemolytic effect of the lyse reagent used in first- and second-generation analyzers resulted in false lymphocytosis, for example, during early sepsis conditions where the NEU cells lose their cellular structure and thus were counted as LYM cells.
High maintenance needs:
For instruments using an open sheer valve, salt crystals and blood remnants that get in contact with air can deposit at the junction of the two discs of the shear valve, requiring excessive manual cleaning. If not done in a timely manner, the crystals enhance the wear and tear of this expensive part.
Although partial clogging does not impact the accuracy of results in second-generation instrument, it is good for the operator to know the cleanliness of the aperture during operations. Consequently, the second-generation analyzers were set with a mandatory auto de-clogging process on a regular basis, which enhanced the wear and tear of the costly aperture.
By the introduction of the Medonic and Swelab analyzers, as part of the third-generation cell counters, Boule Medical provided solutions to all these challenges:
Floating discriminator technique ensures accurate separation of the RBC and PLT populations (see Section Cell discrimination method).
The mild lyse reagent helps create a WBC size gradient, while maintaining cell structure even of pathogenic NEUs to prevent them from being over-hemolyzed, thereby minimizing the risk of them interfering with the LYM count.
Closed shear valve design prevents entry of environmental impurities that might cause contamination and leakage. Additionally, the shear valve is flushed with diluent reagent to prevent build-up of salt deposits that might also cause leakage. To avoid wear and tear of the shearing discs, the shear valve is soaked in diluent, ultimately mitigating the need for replacement.
To reduce risk for clogging, high-voltage burning of the aperture (cleaning based on generated air bubbles) is automatically carried out, but only when needed to reduce wear and tear. The flow rate is monitored by the analyzer and if the flow is irregular, an error alarm is triggered to alert the operator to re-count the cells and a de-clogging is automatically performed by the analyzer (Fig 11).
Fig 11. The analyzer regularly monitors the flow rate, and irregular flow triggers an SE (measurement statistics warning) flag that alerts the operator of that automatic de-clogging will be conducted by the analyzer.
Cell discrimination method
Many legacy cell counters use a fixed discriminator at 30 fL for separation of RBC and PLT populations. However, excessive number of PLTs might interfere with the mean red cell volume (MCV) parameter. Similarly, microcytic (small) RBCs with low MCV can give falsely elevated PLT counts, as the minima between PLT and RBC histograms cannot be identified due to the mix of microcytic RBCs and PLTs well before the cell size discriminator at 30 fL.
Such effects can be minimized with floating discriminator technique that estimates the best separation between cell populations. Medonic and Swelab 3-part analyzers use a discriminator that floats between 10 and 28 fL, thereby preventing the microcytic RBCs to be falsely counted as PLTs (Fig 12).
Fig 12. Floating discriminator technique prevents microcytic RBCs to be falsely counted as PLTs and elevated PLTs to interfere with the RBC count.
Building on the legacy
Boule Diagnostics acquired both Swelab Instrument AB and Medonic AB in the late 90s to create synergy effects in technical development, and keeping the parallel brands was a strategy to obtain a larger revenue. When acquired, both Swelab and Medonic instruments used reagents from JT Baker, the Netherlands.
At about the same time as Coulter was acquired by Beckman, Clinical Diagnostic Solutions, Inc. (CDS) was founded in 1997 by former Coulter collaborators Dr. Harold R Crews, with a background in R&D of consumables, Andrew C Swanson from the Service organization, and Donald Grantham from Marketing and Sales. The initial objective was to provide third-party services, but the focus was soon shifted to development and production of generic reagents and control material.
Mike Elliott (currently Senior VP of Business Development, CDS, USA) was recruited from Beckman Coulter in 2000: “It was the early OEM products that kept CDS afloat, and CDS worked together with instrument manufacturers in development of reagents for their systems. Ernst Westman, former CEO of Boule Diagnostics, met Andrew in 2003, and a consumables development projects for Boule’s early hematology analyzers was initiated. In 2004, CDS was acquired by Boule Diagnostics to further enhance the hematology business, and the year after, the reagent production was transferred from JT Baker and the control material production from R&D Systems to CDS.”
Soon, revenue was split evenly between CDS branded generic consumables and OEM consumables for Boule and other major players on the hematology market. Although focus was on 3-part hematology systems, CDS also developed and produced consumables for other types of systems such as flow cytometry analyzers. Over the years, however, by the introduction of barcode- and RFID-locked reagents, the generic consumables business has declined. While consumables are the core business of CDS today, a large part of the present staff has extensive experience from development and production of both instruments and consumables as part of a complete hematology system, from their background with Coulter as well as from the large number of OEM collaboration projects.
“When I took over as CEO in January 1994, we were 14 employees and had our own production and sales of microbiological tests as well as the sales of a number of distributed products for the Swedish market”, Ernst Westman explains. “In 1997, the Swedish instrument company Swelab Instrument AB was for sale. At the same time, I was notified about Medonic AB, which was another instrument company with similar products and focus. After reviewing both companies, we concluded that it would be best to acquire both Swelab and Medonic, which we did in 1998.”
A collaboration was initiated with CDS regarding the human market, which resulted in that Boule received FDA approval to launch Medonic for the human market in 2004 and CDS became the distributor.
The next challenge was to develop a new, improved, and consolidated instrument platform that could be the basis for both Medonic and Swelab products. The new product generation was completed in 2006. The development of a system for veterinary applications was also started to establish Boule in both the human and veterinary markets.
“Right from the start, we saw a serious challenge in that the profitability of instrument sales gradually decreased”, Ernst continues. “At the same time, we knew that the aftermarket, that is, the sale of consumables for the instruments, was very profitable. CDS, with which we already collaborated, had the expertise required to develop and produce this type of product, which is why the decision was made to acquire the company. “
By the acquisition of Swelab Instrument AB and Medonic AB, Boule Diagnostics sold the distribution business of its subsidiary Boule Nordic and the Swelab and Medonic instrument manufacturing was transferred to Boule Medical. As a second step, the bacterial analysis business, with which Boule Diagnostics was initiated, was also sold. The acquisition of CDS was completed by the end of 2004, meaning that Boule Diagnostics acquired the skills to master the development and production of both instruments and consumables. The possibility to pursue continuous improvements with a holistic view has resulted in high-quality systems with a quality advantage that have helped gain customer trust year after year.
Boule Total Quality Concept
An automated hematology system comprises both the analyzer as well as it dedicated consumables (Fig 13). At Boule Diagnostics, reagents are designed and developed in conjunction with the analyzer to provide optimized performance and enhanced serviceability of the complete system. Reagents and analyzer measurement technology, including the analysis algorithms, are fine tuned to each other to produce the most accurate patient results. Formulations, dilutions, mixing, and reaction kinetics are all carefully matched and optimized to work together.
One of the most important elements of a complete hematology system is the quality control (QC) material. Like the reagents, the control and calibrator cell populations are matched to the system measurement technologies and analysis algorithms.
Fig 13. It is recommended to use of Boule controls every day as a routine QC procedure. Barcode screening facilitates input of assay values, while preventing potential errors.
To ensure analytical quality and performance, it is therefore recommended to only use consumables that are specifically designed for the intended analyzer. To facilitate proper use of Boule hematology systems, reagents are entered by simply scanning the RFID card on the reagent container (Fig 14). At the same time, the analyzer stores key reagent information such as lot number, open and expiry dates, and remaining volume, all for operator convenience, while providing the reagent traceability required by various accreditation bodies
Fig 14. To ensure analytical quality and performance of the hematology system, it is recommended to only use the designated reagents that are entered by scanning the RFID card on the container.
Boule hematology in future perspectives
Today, Boule systems are used in general screening of patients’ health status and constitute valuable tools to aid in diagnosis and monitoring of health conditions such as infectious diseases and anemia (5,6). Boule Diagnostics operates through its headquarter in Sweden, Boule Medical AB, with subsidiaries in Mexico and in Russia, through CDS in the USA (Fig 15), and through sales offices in Brazil, China, India, and Malaysia.
Fig 15. Boule Diagnostics 2021.
Boule analyzers are purpose-built for the smaller hospital and clinical laboratories, with a robust design and features such as the space-saving automation wheels and micro-pipette adapter inlet for capillary blood samples.
Sigward Söderström, former Biomedical Scientist at Örebro University Hospital (Fig 16), explains the benefit with Boule hematology solutions in decentralized laboratory testing:
“The great benefit of using Boule analyzers for blood cell counting in primary care is that the lead times from blood tests to diagnosis are significantly shortened. Being able to make a correct diagnosis as soon as possible and start the right treatment significantly increases the patient’s ability to recover from their illness. The possibility of being able to catch the patient already in primary care also contributes to significantly greater patient safety and quality of care.”
Fig 16. Sigward Söderström, former Biomedical Scientist at Örebro University Hospital, together with colleagues at the Department of Clinical Chemistry, Örebro University Hospital, Sweden, collected and reviewed all material used in Medonic M32 and Swelab Alfa Plus case books (5, 6).
The Boule product portfolio comprises solutions for both human and veterinary diagnostics. The product platform based on impedance technology has expanded to cover solutions also for veterinary diagnostics, complemented with a small chemistry analyzer, as well as extended to also include laser-based methods for the WBC differential (Fig 17).
Fig 17. Boule product lines include (A) Swelab and (B) Medonic 3-part and 5-part hematology systems for human diagnostics, and (C) Exigo™ hematology and chemistry analyzers for animal diagnostics.
Based on a solid technology foundation, many innovative solutions are in the development pipeline. The mix of experienced senior and talented junior engineers ensures that ideas for meeting unmet customer needs are turned into creative product features also in the future.
Elin Andersson, with a MSc in Engineering Physics from the Medical Technology program at the Royal Institute of Technology, Stockholm, Sweden, has been with Boule since 2019. “My position as a Software Test Engineer at Boule is my first after graduation. My education has provided me with problem-solving skills and a technical knowledge that allows me to be quickly up at speed with development of different parts or subsystems. I have developed a lot since I first came to Boule, which to large part can be attributed to my colleagues that see a benefit in recruiting young and hungry engineers to the company. I have, for example, gained a deeper understanding of the regulatory part of the business through the possibility of being involved in different stages of product development. If you show drive and willingness to develop, my experience is that you get the opportunity to do so and that we younger engineers can also make us heard. I chose Boule as my workplace, as this is a smaller company that provides greater opportunity for involvement than a larger company might would. A benefit for me was also the fact that part of the development and production is in Sweden. As I am passionate about medical technologies, I had my eyes on Boule ever since I was first introduced to the company during my time at the Royal Institute of Technology.”
Anton Rundberg, also with a degree in Engineering Physics, however, in materials science with a specialization in micro- and nanotechnology at Uppsala University, is another of Boule’s young talents.
“My education gave me an understanding of why materials have their properties, the function of the properties, and what methods can be used to analyze or manufacture materials with certain properties. Through this, many of the physical theories that describe the optical laser module of our 5-part instruments were already known to me. For example, the type of light scatter that is used to analyze the contents of a blood cell and how to direct the cell through the laser light to succeed in analyzing its contents. I started my position as a System Engineer at Boule immediately after graduation and have been with the company since 2018. Working in a broader, international R&D team, especially with the scientists at CDS, have given me insights in both work methodology and engineering. Although there are challenges in being a small, growing company, there are also many advantages such as opportunities for individual responsibilities and for developing as a professional. With a broad technology interest, the wide range of work tasks suits me well.”
Jesper Söderqvist, CEO of Boule Diagnostics since 2020 (Fig 18), shares his vision for the future of the company:
We are proud of our history. More importantly, we challenge ourselves to create greater impact in the future. I joined Boule in an extremely interesting phase. We have clear growth ambitions and are expanding our sales in emerging markets. At the same time, we are making the largest investment in Boule’s history in a new product platform that we will use to build new products on, and over time, replace our entire product portfolio.
We have ambitions and resources to innovate, both our products and our business. We are well positioned in a very dynamic market where new technology is reshaping healthcare in many ways. Boule plan to excel in clinical excellence and use technology to increase the value of our solutions. The future is digital and connected. New functionality will be implemented in our solutions. Moreover, it will change how we operate as a business in everything from supply chain to marketing and sales. The future holds many promises, with many opportunities for all employees to grow and develop new skills.
I am really excited about working with all our staff to develop Boule to an innovative growth company, that reflects our roots as a pioneer in blood cell counting. We plan to further grow our global reach so that we touch more lives and increase value for all our stakeholders, in our quest to improve health for everyone, everywhere.
Fig 18. Jesper Söderqvist, CEO of Boule Diagnostics.
1956 – Celloscope 101 (AB Lars Ljungberg and Co), the first European cell counter, was developed by Erik Öhlin.
1969 – Swelab Instrument AB was founded by Erik Öhlin.
1982 – Medonic AB was founded by Ingemar Berndtsson and Bram Bottema, both with a long history and experience in hematology, clinical chemistry, and blood-banking engineering.
1983 – Protem Wessman AB was founded as a consulting company for business development projects (including Karo Bio).
1985 – Medonic Cellanalyzer CA-series is launched.
1987 – Karo Bio AB was founded as a joint venture of California Biotechnology Inc. and four major Swedish institutional investors.
1988 – Karo Bio Diagnostics AB was formed as a division of Karo Bio and was incorporated as a wholly owned subsidiary of Karo Bio AB in 1990.
1990 – Swelab AutoCounter AC-series is launched.
1992 – Boule Diagnostics AB was founded by Protem Wessman AB by the acquisition of Karo Bio Diagnostics AB.
1995 – Boule Nordic AB was founded.
1996 – Boule Diagnostics International AB is formed as parent company for the Group.
1997 – Clinical Diagnostic Solutions, Inc. (CDS) is founded.
1997 – Boule acquires Swelab Instrument AB and Boule Medical AB is formed.
1998 – Boule acquires Medonic AB.
1999 – Medonic CA 620 is launched.
2004 – Medonic CA 620, receives 510(k) clearance in the US.
2004 – Boule acquires CDS.
2004 – CA-Vet veterinary hematology system is launched.
2005 – Swelab Alfa and Medonic M-series analyzers are, based on a shared platform, are introduced.
2008 – Exigo veterinary hematology products are introduced.
2009 – The Medonic M-series system receives 510(k) clearance in the US.
2010 – Boule product portfolio is expanded with the Quintus 5-part hematology system.
2010 – The Exigo veterinary hematology product portfolio is extended with the Exigo EOS system.
2011 – Boule is listed on Nasdaq Stockholm.
2013 – A subsidiary in Mexico and sales office in India are established.
2014 – Swelab Alfa Plus and Medonic M32, a new product generation (BM850), is introduced.
2018 – A new Exigo veterinary hematology product generation is introduced, and the product line is expanded with a chemistry analyzer.
2018 – The Swelab and Medonic product lines are expanded with Swelab Lumi and Medonic M51 5-part
2018 – Subsidiary in Russia is established
1. Marshall, G. The coulter principle: for the good of humankind. Theses and Dissertations-History, 2020. Accessed 2021-01-07.
2. Hagve, T-A. Fra mikroskop til flowcelle. Klinisk Biokemi i Norden 2, 8–17 (2007).
3. Lappin, T. R. J. An evaluation of the AutoAnalyzer SMA-4. J Clin Path 22, 11–18 (1969).
4. Kallner, A. Från hantverk till industri. Om utvecklingen av klinisk kemi på Karolinska sjukhuset och i SLL (May 2019). Wikiks.se (Accesses 2021-02-03)
5. Case Book: Medonic M32. Boule Diagnostics 20699, Edition 3 (2019)
6. Case Book: Swelab Alfa Plus. Boule Diagnostics 20813, Edition 3 (2019)
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SURPASSING HUMAN JUSTICE: ENTHRONING DIVINE JUSTICE.
IN CHRISTIANITY, MERCY TRUMPS JUSTICE.
"Compassion and justice in one soul are as a man adoring God and idols in one house." -St. Isaac of Syriai
The cry for "justice" is heard around the world. But what "justice" is cried out for? A casual overview of the media clearly indicates that the cry for worldly justice is very often accompanied by cries for retaliation, retribution and vengeance. Such 'justice' is often attributed to third world nations or countries that have been in constant conflict. For example, a British newspaper article headline about a recent Libyan incident read, "The car was armoured like a tank. But that wasn't enough to save Gaddafi's son Khamis when the rebels took their vengeance."ii History books recount incidents of murderous atrocities against individuals, nations and entire peoples, committed in the name of revenge, since the dawn of recorded time.
Is retribution limited to third world countries? Roman Catholic Keith Cardinal O'Brien, Archbishop of St. Andrews and Edinburgh, Scotland, would say of a modern Western, supposedly enlightened country:
In Scotland over many years we have cultivated through our justice system what I hope can be described as a 'culture of compassion', On the other hand, there still exists in many parts of the US, if not nationally, an attitude towards the concept of justice which can only be described as a 'culture of vengeance.'"iii
The Church Fathers on Worldly Justice
St. Isaac of Syria was able to define worldly justice with precision. As quoted by Alfeyev (2000), St. Isaac tells us: "Justice is equality on the even scale, for it gives to each as he deserves. . . ." However, worldly or earthly justice enlivened by goodness beauty and goodness, devoid of retaliation, retribution and vengeance can attract mankind to the Divine. St. Maximus the Confessor tells us:
Earth in the world of the senses corresponds in the world of the mind to justice — a state that begets all the inner principles of created things according to their kind, that in spirit shares out the gifts of life to each thing in an equitable way, and that is by its own free choice rooted and established in beauty and goodness. (Philokalia II)
The Church Fathers knew that beauty and goodness could lead us to God. (Morelli, 2010b). St. Symeon the New Theologian, in his Hymn of Divine Love, (McGuckin, 2001) prays: "Master, how could I describe the vision of your face? How could I ever speak of the ineffable contemplation of your Beauty? How could mere words contain One whom the World could never contain?" Then Saint Symeon answers his questions as part of his prayer: ". . . suddenly You appeared from on high, shining greater than the Sun itself, shining brilliantly from the heavens down into my heart .. . . . What intoxication of the Light! What swirlings of fire!"
St. Maximus the Confessor makes clear that living a Christ-like life goes beyond the worldly meaning of justice:
He who is living the life in Christ has gone beyond the righteousness of both the Law and nature. This St. Paul indicated when he said, 'For in Christ Jesus there is neither circumcision nor uncircumcision (cf. Gal 5: 6). By circumcision he meant righteousness according to the Law; by uncircumcision he hinted at natural justice or equity. (Philokalia II)
Justice in Sacred Scripture: The Old Testament
At first glance it would appear that God Himself unites justice and vengeance. There is little doubt that, taken by itself, the God of the Old Testament appears to be a 'God of requital.' Take, for example, Moses’ record of God's description of Himself: "I the Lord your God am a jealous God, visiting the iniquity of the fathers upon the children to the third and the fourth generation of those who hate me. . . ." (Ex 20: 5). Among the ordinances God set before His people, as Moses tells us, is that which has been called the famous law of retaliation (lex talionis): "If any harm follows, then you shall give life for life, eye for eye, tooth for tooth, hand for hand, foot for foot, burn for burn, wound for wound, stripe for stripe.“(Ex 21: 23-25) Moses himself says of God: "The Lord is slow to anger, and abounding in steadfast love, forgiving iniquity and transgression, but He will by no means clear the guilty, visiting the iniquity of fathers upon children, upon the third and upon the fourth generation." (Nu 14: 18).
Old Testament Scripture contains some of the most brutal descriptions of retaliatory justice. Among the psalms (136: 9), composed when the Jews were held captive (called the Babylonian Exile) by the Persians, we read: "Blessed shall he be who takes your little ones and dashes them against the rock!" God even orders the annihilation of an entire nation. Samuel tells Saul of the Lord's command: "'.I will punish what Am'alek did to Israel in opposing them on the way, when they came up out of Egypt. Now go and smite Am'alek, and utterly destroy all that they have; do not spare them, but kill both man and woman, infant and suckling, ox and sheep, camel and ass.'" (1Kg 15: 2-3).
How do we answer critics who claim God is a God of brutality and not mercy? The answer comes from the Old Testament Scriptures, but only in part, and quite veiled, as told to us by King David: "Steadfast love and faithfulness will meet; righteousness [justice] and peace will kiss each other." (Ps 84: 10). The Church Fathers knew well that the Old Testament Scriptures cannot be understood without reference to the full revelation of God to mankind, given to us by the Second Person of the Holy Trinity, Our Lord, God and Savior Jesus Christ made incarnate.
Consider Christ's own words as told to us by St. Luke (24: 44-45): "Then he said to them, "These are my words which I spoke to you, while I was still with you, that everything written about me in the law of Moses and the prophets and the psalms must be fulfilled." Then he opened their minds to understand the scriptures. . . ." St. Paul (1Cor 2: 14) comments on those who attempt to interpret Sacred Scripture apart from Christ and His Church: "The unspiritual man does not receive the gifts of the Spirit of God, for they are folly to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned".
St. Nikitas Stithatos comments on Our Lord' words and St. Paul's understanding by consideration that those who lack compassion, that is to say mercy is a barrier to orthodox comprehension of Sacred Scripture:
. . . they exhibit no godly fruit - love for God and for their fellow-men - no joy in the midst of poverty and tribulation, no peace of soul, no deeply-rooted faith, no all-embracing self control. Neither do they experience compunction, tears, humility or compassion [emphasis mine], but they are filled altogether filled with conceit and arrogance. Hence they are totally incapable of plumbing the depth of the Spirit (c.f. Luke 24:45). . . . (Philokalia IV)
The mind of the Church is the mind of Christ. Without being spiritual by being united to Christ and His Church, nothing truthful can be considered as veridical of the Holy Spirit (Morelli, 2010c). St. Nikitas points out:
Divine Scripture is to be interpreted spiritually and the treasures it contains are revealed only through the Holy Spirit to the spiritual. Hence the unspiritual man cannot receive the revelation of these treasures. [As previously quoted: "The unspiritual man does not receive the gifts of the Spirit of God, for they are folly to him, and he is not able to understand them because they are spiritually discerned. "For who has known the mind of the Lord so as to instruct him?" “But consider also this last following observation made by St. Paul that I now quote here: "But we have the mind of Christ." (1Cor 2: 14,16)]. . . .He possesses only the material spirit of this world, full of jealousy and envy, of strife and discord; and for this reason he thinks it foolish to enquire into the sense and meaning of the written word [as understood by Christ and His Church]. . . Unable to understand that everything in Divine Scripture concerning things Divine and human is to be interpreted spiritually, he mocks those who do interpret in this way. . .he twists and distorts their words. (Philokalia IV )iv
It is the New Testament that makes anything in the Old Testament comprehensible, in so far as the Divinity is concerned. St. Peter of Damaskos tells us:
Just as the term 'amen', which St. Luke translates as 'truly' (c.f. Lk 9: 27 ["But I tell you truly, there are some standing here who will not taste death before they see the kingdom of God."], is a stable and decisive word endorsing what comes before it, so moral judgment is a stable and decisive form of intellection enabling us to cleave to the truth. The word 'amen' affirms the permanence of the new grace conferred by Christ; hence it is not found in the New Testament at all, since the Old Testament is but a prefiguration. In the New Testament, however, it is used everywhere because this testament will endure for ever and through all the ages. (Philokalia III)
The words of Jesus provides understanding of spiritual development
While not specifically talking about God's mercy, Jesus does provide an understanding of the different stage of spiritual development between the people of the Old Covenant and those who would be able to respond to His call to become His people of His New Covenant. Consider the verbal encounter with the Pharisees who questioned Jesus about divorce.
And Pharisees came up to him and tested him by asking, "Is it lawful to divorce one's wife for any cause?" He answered, "Have you not read that he who made them from the beginning made them male and female, and said, `For this reason a man shall leave his father and mother and be joined to his wife, and the two shall become one flesh'? So they are no longer two but one flesh. What therefore God has joined together, let not man put asunder." They said to him, "Why then did Moses command one to give a certificate of divorce, and to put her away?" He said to them, "For your hardness of heart Moses allowed you to divorce your wives, but from the beginning it was not so. (Mt 19: 3-8)
Jesus’ statement that at the time of Moses His people were 'hard of heart' can be used toward comprehending God seemingly encouraging the taking of human life. Taking a historical perspective shows that the value of life and standard of conduct regarding violence was very different in the ancient world than today. This is certainly not to say that there is not abhorrent violence in today's world. However, it could be maintained that in times past violence was much more the prevailing norm among all peoples than it is today.
My observation of history has not gone unnoticed by psychologists.v Stephen Pinker (2007) recently pointed out: "But, now that social scientists have started to count bodies in different historical periods, they have discovered that the romantic theory gets it backward: Far from causing us to become more violent, something in modernity and its cultural institutions has made us nobler." I will posit, even if some, like Pinker, would not endorse, and in fact entirely reject my position, that the greatest moral influence on contemporary culture, what Pinker terms "modernity," is the orthodox understanding of the teachings of Our Lord God and Savior Jesus Christ. Pinker's (2011) sweeping generalizations of history and his lack of understanding of the true teachings of Christ versus the debasement of Christ's teachings by those who erroneously 'called themselves Christians' have greatly influenced the mistaken interpretation of the true teachings of Christ and His true Orthodox-Catholic Church. Contributing to this was the abasement of Christian practice and true comprehension of Christ's teachings, lamented by none other than St. John Chrysostom himself in the 4th Century, by those who were forced to become Christian by the conversion of the Roman Emperor Constantine, and who thus became Christian in name only. (Morelli, 2009). Such degradation of comprehension and behavior on the part of those who labeled themselves Christian certainly influenced the historical record. This historical-religious myopia, however, prevents Pinker from understanding and interpreting Christ's true teaching and thus the profound influence of Christianity on the moral development of society.vi
The Decalogue, given to Moses by God Himself, includes the prohibition not to kill: "Thou shalt not kill." (Ex 20: 13). But clearly this prohibition, and the value of life, was ill-understood by His "Chosen People." Unfortunately, this lack of understanding continues even to the present age and to far more peoples. The prevalence of abortion, capital punishment, executions, genocide, torture such as waterboarding and the like, reported daily by the media, attest to this. However, those who truly understand the "Mind of Christ and His Church" (Morelli, 2011) know the actuality of the value of all life. Of note is the recent call for a "moral alliance" among the Apostolic Churches, (Alfeyev, 2005) that is to say, the Churches that trace their teachings and their bishops and priests back to the Apostles. Morelli (2010c) writes: "In this spirit, courageous moral decisions by our bishops, priests and laity in the face of secularism, moral relativism and political and religious correctness, should be encouraged."
God has revealed Himself to us in stages
An overview of the spiritual history of mankind indicates that God revealed Himself to mankind in stages. We certainly cannot think of the ancient Hebrew people themselves, with whom God made His First Covenant, as somehow more 'moral' than the other barbarian peoples that surrounded them. (Smith-Christopher, 2005). It would appear that the only criteria God had for making His First Covenant with the Hebrew people was that Abram, the leader of his tribal group, acknowledged that the Godhead was One, singular and Supreme. It was for their acknowledgement that God is "one," that Abraham and His descendents were Chosen. They were certainly not chosen for their morality, in which mayhem and killing were normative.
The Wisdom of St. Isaac of Syria applied to God in the Old Testament.
There is another factor in the limited understanding of the true God by the writers of the Old Testament Scripture. It is that they would understand God and His message in the frame of reference, the cognitive set, shaped by the brutal culture in which they lived. As Pinker (2011) notes, "The Bible depicts a world that, seen through modern eyes, is staggering in its savagery. People enslave, rape and murder. . . warlords slaughter civilians indiscriminately, including the children. Woman are bought, sold and plundered like sex toys." Even when one of the writers conveyed the words of God, they did so only at the level of their own comprehension.
The Psychology of Personal Constructs
The seminal work of George Kelly (1955) provides insight into the cognitive processes that would underlie such an interpretation. Kelly states: "a person's processes are psychologically channelized by the ways in which he anticipates events." Kelly goes on to point out that the way events are anticipated by individuals is based on their experience; the commonalities in which they construe events are based on their shared experiences. He states that "to the extent that one person employs a construction system similar to that employed by another, his psychological processes are similar to those of the other person." He goes on to say that such processes influence the social processes involving other individuals. The way we understand what others are doing is based on the common perception shared by all.
Jesus alone reveals God as He really is
The ethos, spirit, or true meaning of God's words would not be revealed until the coming of Christ and the enlightenment of the Holy Spirit on His Church at Pentecost. To think that God condoned, much less commanded, murder and genocide is far afield from the truth. It is in this sense then, that we can comprehend the spiritual insight of St. Isaac of Syria. Metropolitan Hilarion Alfeyev (2000) informs us:
Thus Isaac claims, one should not interpret literally those Old Testament texts, where wrath, anger, hatred and other similar terms are applied to the Creator. When such anthropomorphic terms occur in Scripture, they are being used in a figurative sense, for God never does anything out of wrath, anger, or hatred: anything of that sort is far removed from His nature. We should not read everything literally, as it is written, but rather perceive within the Old Testament narratives the hidden providence and eternal knowledge of God.
As previously discussed, the writers of the Old Testament, in their literal presentation of God's actions or commands, were creating a God as they knew Him, from their own experience of His actions, and shaped by their times. It is the Scripture writers’ spiritual perception, not their literality, that is inspired by the Holy Spirit. Fr. John Breck (2001) points out that the Fathers of the Church understood the true meaning of Sacred Scripture more "holistically." Their understanding is based on theoria. Theoria "refers to an "inspired vision" of Divine Truth as revealed in the person of Jesus Christ and in the biblical witness to Him."
Thus ,the Old Testament writers did not describe God as He truly is spiritually, but wrote of Him as He appeared to them through their human, historical-cultural perception. It would take God, Himself, in the person of Jesus Christ, to lead His people to see the Divine, to a new level of spiritual development: that God's mercy exceeds what they conceived of as His justice. Alfeyev (2000) quotes St. Isaac:
Mercy is opposed to justice. Justice is equality on the even scale, for it gives to each as he deserves . . . . Mercy, on the other hand, is sorrow and pity stirred up by goodness. . . ; it does not requite a man who is deserving of evil, and to him who is deserving of good it gives a double portion. . . . it is evident that mercy belongs to the portion of righteousness [and] justice belongs to the portion of wickedness. . . . justice and mercy cannot abide in one soul....
Jesus tells His Apostles: "To you it has been given to know the secrets of the kingdom of heaven, but to them it has not been given. For to him who has will more be given, and he will have abundance; but from him who has not, even what he has will be taken away" (Matthew 13: 11-12).
Justice and Mercy: is all about love
St. Maximus the Confessor(Philokalia II) defines love in this way: “Love is a holy state of the soul, disposing it to value knowledge of God above all created things. We cannot attain lasting possession of such love while we are still attached to anything worldly.”
Philosophers (Lewis, 1960) distinguish four types of love: Storge: a fondness through familiarity, affection; philia: friendship, sharing a common bond; eros: a longing for an emotional connection (venus: the erotic aspect of eros); and agape: unconditional love, a caring for despite circumstance or situation. When St. John (1Jn 4:8) tells us "God is love," he is certainly not referring to fondness, friendship, or emotion , but unbounded, limitless, unconditional love: agape. The Anaphora Prayer from the Liturgy of St. John Chrysostom, summarized in human terms what this means: ". . .Thou art God ineffable, inconceivable, invisible, incomprehensible, ever existing and eternally the same, Thou and Thine Only-begotten Son and Thy Holy Spirit." The Anaphora Prayer continues with an existential description of the effects of agape-love: "Thou it was who didst bring us from non existence into being, and when we had fallen away didst raise us up again, and didst not cease to do all things until Thou hadst brought us back to heaven. . . ."
Agape-love is Trinitarian. St. John starts his Gospel with the announcement: "In the beginning was the Word [Logos], and the Word was with God, and the Word was God. He was in the beginning with God" (Jn1:1-2). Later St. John tells us more of God: "God is true. For He whom God has sent utters the words of God, for it is not by measure that He gives the Spirit; the Father loves the Son, and has given all things into His hand.” (Jn 3: 33-35). And in the priestly prayer of Jesus at the Last Supper He makes explicit the implications of His agape-love: the sending of the Holy Spirit. "Whatever you ask in my name, I will do it, that the Father may be glorified in the Son. . . .And I will pray the Father, and He will give you another Counselor, to be with you for ever, even the Spirit of truth, whom the world cannot receive, because it neither sees Him nor knows Him; you know Him, for He dwells with you, and will be in you." (Jn 14: 13, 16-17).
God's mercy trumps His justice
No doubt our spiritual Church Father who was given the penultimate illumination into God's mercy was St. Isaac the Syrian. In the Dismissal Hymn for his feast we read:
O revealer of unfathomable mysteries; for having gone up in the mount of the vision of the Lord, thou wast shown the many mansions. Wherefore, O God-bearing Isaac, we entreat the Saviour for all praising thee. (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011)
This divine vision is further referred to in the Megalynarion for his feast:
From the depth of wisdom and godliness, thou didst draw forth waters springing up to eternal life. Nurtured by this fountain found in thy sacred writings, O lofty-minded Isaac, we taste of Christ God's grace. (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011)
The shortest summary of St. Isaac's spiritual perception is found in his Homily 51: "Have clemency, not zeal with respect to evil." (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011)
Some sayings of the Church Fathers on mercy
However God's mercy was also perceived by other spiritual Fathers of the Church. St. Maximus the Confessor tells us:
Because He wishes to unite us in nature and will with one another and in His goodness urges all humanity towards this goal, God in His love entrusted His saving commandments to us, ordaining simply that we should show mercy and receive mercy (cf. Mt 5: 7). (Philokalia II)
After citing Christ's beatitude: "Blessed are the merciful, for they will receive mercy," (Mt 5: 7) St. Peter of Damaskos states:
The merciful person is he who gives to others what he has himself received from God. . . . At the same time he considers himself a debtor, since he has received more than he is asked to give. . . . Through his brother, it is God Himself who has need of him, and in this way God has become his debtor. . . .This is perfect mercy; for just as Christ endured death on our behalf, giving to all an example and a model, so we should die for one another, and not only for our friends, but for our enemies as well, should the occasion call for it. (Philokalia III)
St. Nikitas Stithatos gives instruction to those who understand the spiritual meaning of Christ's parable on what destroys the seed of His Word. St Mark (4: 19) recounts Jesus warning: ". . .but the cares of the world, and the delight in riches, and the desire for other things, enter in and choke the word, and it proves unfruitful." To St. Nikitas, to follow Christ's counsel requires mercy: “To master the [worldly] will of the fallen self you have to. . . .overcome avarice by embracing the law of righteousness, which consists in merciful compassion [emphasis mine] for one's fellow beings. . . .”(Philokalia IV)
This saint tells us how important mercy is for salvation, that is to say, eternal life in God. St. Nikitas tells us what we must do:
If it [the soul] concerns itself with things divine and tills the ground of humility, tears fall on it like rain from heaven and it cultivates love for God, faith and compassion [mercy] for others . . . . the soul is renewed in the beauty of Christ's image, it becomes a light to others; attracting their attention with the rays of its virtue, it inspires them to glorify God. (Philokalia IV)
It is because we are made in God's image that we are called to be like Him. to live a life 'in God.' Our intellect, as the spiritual Church Fathers teach, is that which is closest to God's image in us. They considered the intellect the highest part of man, by which we come to know God in our hearts. In this regard St. John of the Ladder (1991) refers to the psalmist’s prayer: "With my whole heart I cry; answer me, O Lord!" (Ps 118: 145). St. John understands "heart" to be the essence or totality of man, the whole person, which he terms "body, soul and spirit." In this regard St. Nikitas tells us that that the intellect is "’true to itself’" when it loves to dwell among things proximate to God and seeks to unite itself with Him. . .and desires to imitate Him in His compassion [emphasis mine] and simplicity."
The Godly saint also informs us why mankind falls short and, thus devoid of virtue, becomes "impervious to the Divine and spiritual realities:" As I mentioned previously:
Void of the Holy Spirit, they have no share in His gifts. As a result they exhibit no Godly fruit -love for God and for their fellow-men-.... neither do they experience compunction, tears, humility or compassion [emphasis mine] but they are all together filled with conceit and arrogance. (Philokalia IV)
Based on St. Paul's words to the Corinthians: “. . . all ate the same supernatural food and all drank the same supernatural drink. For they drank from the supernatural Rock which followed them, and the Rock was Christ. Nevertheless with most of them God was not pleased" (1Cor 10: 3-3), St. Nikitas explains in more detail:
All of us were baptized into Christ through water and the Holy Spirit, and we all [partake the] food and drink [which is] Christ Himself, . . .[yet]. . . God finds no delight in most of us. . . For. . .[we] lack the compunction that comes from a contrite and virtuous state of mind, and the compassion [emphasis mine] that springs from love for [our] fellow beings . . .[we] have become bereft of the fullness of the Holy Spirit, remote from the spiritual knowledge of God. (Philokalia IV)
Spiritual Stages of Development
That human body and psychological development takes place in stages is well known in scientific psychological research. (Cole & Cole, 1996; Piaget, 1970) No one is born with the fullness of sensory-motor function or cognitive ability. Development occurs in the context of an interaction between neuro-anatomical growth and environmental challenges. Such development occurs within what is termed the Zone of Proximal Development (ZPD)vii (Vygotsky, 1978). Vygotsky states that the ZPD is: "the distance between the actual developmental level as determined by independent problem solving and the level of potential development as determined through problem solving under adult guidance, or in collaboration with more capable peers." Two researchers (Tharp and Gilmore, 1988) have shown that this model can be extended to other spheres of competence and skills. Such particularized zones include cultural, individual and skill-oriented developmental areas.
Most important for the purposes of this article are the spiritual developmental stages discussed by our spiritual Church Fathers. Our inspired St. Nikitas delineates three major stages, summarized as follows:
Ministration and Performance of God's Commandments: We are reminded of Christ's injunction: "And he said to him, "Why do you ask me about what is good? One there is who is good. If you would enter life, keep the commandments." (Mt 19: 17) and St. Paul's commentary: “The commandments, "You shall not commit adultery, You shall not kill, You shall not steal, You shall not covet," and any other commandment, are summed up in this sentence, "You shall love your neighbor as yourself." (Rm 13: 9).
Compassion and Solidarity with Neighbor and discerning the Divine versus the world: This second stage is the major purpose of this article. That is to say, to discern what God expects of us in terms of acting in emulation of Him, toward our neighbors, both those with those who please us and with those who have gravely offended us.
Wisdom of the Logos: Our Goal: St. Nikitas considers attaining this stage as the fulfillment of completing the prior two stages. In a sense, this highlights the importance of exercising Divine Mercy and compassion in order to prepare ourselves to enter this stage.
Jesus' parable of the unforgiving servant (Mt 18: 23-35) can be considered a verbal icon of Divine Forgiveness. The servant owed a large sum of money to his king. He could not pay the ten-thousand talents owed. Initially the servant's lord "ordered him to be sold with his wife and children and all that he had, and payment had to be made.” (Mt 18: 25). The servant did very little but simply fell on his knees and implored his king for patience." The parable continues with his master's unconditional response: "And out of pity for him the lord of that servant released him and forgave him his debt." (Mt 18: 27)
St. Paul sheds light on the meaning of such a Divinely forgiving act when writing to the Colossians (3:13): "[forbear] one another and, if one has a complaint against another, forgiving each other; as the Lord has forgiven you, so you also must forgive." He informs the Ephesians (4: 31- 32) of this same command to forgive: "Let all bitterness and wrath and anger and clamor and slander be put away from you, with all malice, and be kind to one another, tenderhearted, forgiving one another, as God in Christ forgave you." Lest it is thought that St. Paul thinks that Jesus imposed conditions on forgiveness, he tells the Romans (5: 6-8): "While we were still weak, at the right time Christ died for the ungodly. Why, one will hardly die for a righteous man — though perhaps for a good man one will dare even to die. But God shows his love for us in that while we were yet sinners Christ died for us." Christ's death on the cross for our sins was unconditional. As He Himself said from the Cross just before giving up His spirit: "Father, forgive them; for they know not what they do." (Lk 23: 34)
Implication for mankind: unconditional forgiveness
The implications of Divine Forgiveness for mankind are made clear in the last part of the Parable of the Unforgiving Servant. The servant, when approached by someone owing him, throws the debtor into jail. The servant's king’s strident reply (Mt 18: 32-35): "Then his lord summoned him and said to him, 'You wicked servant! I forgave you all that debt because you besought me; and should not you have had mercy on your fellow servant, as I had mercy on you?' And in anger his lord delivered him to the jailers, till he should pay all his debt. So also my heavenly Father will do to every one of you, if you do not forgive your brother from your heart."
This parable can be viewed in two ways. First from the perspective of the individual who has been wronged, and second from the perspective of the wrongdoer. In emulation of God the person who has been mistreated has already pardoned and forgiven the miscreant even in the face of intransigence on the part of the offender in not admitting wrongdoing or asking pardon. On the part of the reprobate, in order for reconciliation to be completed, the wrongdoer has to ask admit his wrong and want forgiveness.
For mankind, forgiveness is an act of the will in emulation of the actions of God in terms of the persons of the Holy Trinity among themselves and in relation to us as His creatures. After a wrong has been committed, forgiveness desires and works toward bringing about good things for the perpetrator. Thus the act of forgiveness is an act of the will in which the victim is willing to create or re-create a relationship with the wrongdoer based on the charity that is Christ. At the very least the victim of wrong ardently desires and fervently prays that the wrongdoer also be reconciled to God.
You, therefore, must be perfect, as your heavenly Father is perfect. (Mt 5: 48)
Several considerations may be help us in striving toward the perfect love of God and man which is agape. The first consideration is to realize that none of us is without sin. The second is that we have to examine our own sins and not those of others. The next thought to keep in mind is that we can we can judge acts (behaviors) but not the state of soul of the other. Only God knows what is in the heart of the other. As Jesus told the Pharisees: "God knows your hearts." (Lk 16: 15).
Jesus' instruction on condemning others
To those about to stone the woman caught in adultery Jesus said: "Let him who is without sin among you be the first to throw a stone at her." (Jn 8: 7). No one dared pick up any stone to throw at her. Is there anyone in the world today who is without sin and thus would be worthy to condemn her or anyone else for that matter? Only Jesus is the sinless one. As St. Paul instructs the Hebrews (4: 14-15): " Since then we have a great high priest. . . Jesus, the Son of God, . . .who in every respect has been tempted as we are, yet without sin." Jesus’ emphasis is not on judgment and condemnation but on salvation and righteousness." If anyone had the "right” to condemn this woman, it would, therefore, be Jesus Himself. Thus, even more important are His last words to the woman: "Neither do I condemn you; go, and do not sin again." (Jn 8: 11)
Jesus' instruction on self judgment
St. Luke (6: 41-42) tells us Jesus’ words about the care we must take to know our own faults. The knowledge of our own sins, transgressions and failures should prevent us from carrying out any conviction of anyone for what they may have done. Jesus said: "Why do you see the speck that is in your brother's eye, but do not notice the log that is in your own eye? Or how can you say to your brother, `Brother, let me take out the speck that is in your eye,' when you yourself do not see the log that is in your own eye? You hypocrite, first take the log out of your own eye, and then you will see clearly to take out the speck that is in your brother's eye." To use Jesus’ own words, anyone who judges others is a hypocrite. St. Isaac of Syria (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011) put it this way: "A man who unleashes his tongue against other men, whether over good matters or evil, is unworthy of His grace."
Jesus on action to take when offenses occur
Once again Jesus is very explicit on what actions we are to take when conflict arises between individuals. Interestingly, St. Mathew (5: 23-24) does not record Jesus considering who may have caused the initial conflict. Jesus is referring to conflict irrespective of cause. He tells His listeners: "So if you are offering your gift at the altar, and there remember that your brother has something against you, leave your gift there before the altar and go; first be reconciled to your brother, and then come and offer your gift." These words of Jesus are precise and emphatic.
Now a question comes up. Suppose you go to the other person and they refuse reconciliation. In my view, the fact that a person, irrespective of fault, has a metanoia, a change of heart, a transformation and a reorientation and desire for rapprochement with the other, is the very minimum required for fulfilling Christ's command. Such an attitude would include an awareness that all are sinful and thus fall short. It also means making a good faith effort to bring reconciliation about. If such reconciliation is still rejected by the other, be they the victim or the offender, either should be ever ready to embrace the other in terms of wanting their good and welfare — which would be reconciliation with all mankind and God Himself. In such a case they have fulfilled the spirit of Christ's imperative.
On judging actions, not persons
This does not mean that the actions of someone who is an offender are considered acceptable or worthy of approval. As Jesus told St. John the Evangelist using the voice of His angel: "Yet this you have, you hate the works of the Nicolaitans, which I also hate." (Rev 2:6). Thus, the one offended against can still consider the actions of the perpetrator to be morally sinful and socially reprehensible. However, love requires we not judge others as persons. Important to consider here are the words of St. Dorotheos of Gaza on the refusal to judge our neighbor:
Suppose we were to take a compass and insert the point and draw an outline of a circle. The centre of the point is the same distance from any point on the circumference. ... Let us suppose that this circle is the world and that God Himself is the centre; the straight lines drawn from the circumference to the center are lives of men . . . in proportion to their progress in the things of the spirit, the in fact come close to God and their neighbor. The closer they come to God the closer they come to one another. . . now consider [separation] ... the more they stand away from God. . .become distant from God, the more they become distant from one another.. . . .this is the very nature of love. (Wheeler, 1977)
Followers of Christ are required to give unconditional forgiveness and love
Unconditional and unilateral forgiveness, that is to say, even when the perpetrator does not ask for forgiveness, is a human emulation of the unconditional love that is God Himself. As St. Maximus the Confessor tells us:
'But I say to you,' says the Lord, 'love your enemies. . . do good to those who hate you, and pray for those who mistreat you' (Mt 5: 44). Why did He command this? To free you from hatred, irritation, anger and rancour, and to make you worthy of the supreme gift of perfect love. And you cannot attain such love if you do not imitate God and love all men equally. For God loves all men equally and wishes them to be saved and come to the knowledge of the truth' (1 Tim 2:3). 'But I say to you, do not resist evil; but if someone hits you on the right cheek, turn to him the other cheek as well. . . . (Mt 5: 39-41). Why did He say this? Both to keep you free from anger and irritation, and to correct the other person by means of your forbearance, so that like a good Father He might bring the two of you under the yoke of love. (Philokalia II)
St Ilias the Presbyter, gives us a concrete example of mercy without conditions: "A truly merciful person is not one that deliberately gives away superfluous things, but one that forgives those who deprive of him of what he needs." (Philokalia III)
We are made in God's Image: the foundation of unconditional love
All mankind is made in God's image. Furthermore, all mankind is called to be like Him. Our holy Spiritual Church Father Nikitas Stithatos explains this in precise terms:
What I am is an image of God manifest in a spiritual, immortal and intelligent soul, having an intellect that is the father of my consciousness and that is consubstantial with the soul and inseparable from it. That which characterizes me, and is regal and sovereign, is the power of intelligence and free will. That which relates to my situation is what I may choose in exercising my free will, such as whether to b a farmer, a merchant, a mathematician or a philosopher. That which is external to me is whatever relates to my ambitions in this present life, to my class status and worldly wealth, to glory, honour, prosperity and exalted rank, or to their opposites, poverty, ignominy, dishonour and misfortune. (Philokalia IV)
This means that the dignity and worth of all is the same whether they are the greatest of saints or heroes or the greatest of despots or serial killers; they are all made in God's image.
In his Homily 64 St. Isaac of Syria makes clear that mercy is without conditions:
. . .let a merciful heart preside over your entire discipline, and you will be at peace with God. ... and when it is in you power to deliver the iniquitous man from evil, do not neglect to do so. . . try with your whole soul to rescue him, even to the point of dying for his sake. . . .and be like Him [Christ] Who for the sake of sinners accepted death on the Cross.... It is not your business to look into the worthiness of his deeds. Let only good come upon him from your hands. (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011)
In this same Homily St. Isaac goes on to give specific instructions as to our place and responsibility before others who have done wrong:
You however have not been appointed to decree vengeance on men's deeds and works, but rather to ask mercy for the world, to keep vigil for the salvation of all, and to partake in every man's suffering, both the just and sinners.... you should make supplication [prayer] that God's mercy come upon him so that he may be changed and become conformed to God's will, and the he depart life in righteousness and not in retribution for iniquity. . . . Beseech God in behalf of sinners that they receive mercy. . . . Conquer evil men by your kind gentleness and make jealous men wonder at your goodness. Put the lover of justice to shame by your compassion. (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011)
What Jesus tells us about mankind judging others
However, although Jesus speaks about God judging mankind, this could be considered that He would be simply delineating or listing the reality of our actions. In behavioral-psychological terms this is what is called behavioral pinpointing: that is to say, what we have said and done, when and where. However, this is only part of the picture of God's actions. His mercy must then be considered. St James makes very clear in the second chapter of his Epistle the serious sins mankind commits: partiality, simply offending one point of the law, adultery, murder, being unmerciful. But then St. James (2:13) reminds us that even in the face of being 'judged' for such sins: "mercy triumphs over judgment."
Important Societal Consideration
The need to protect individuals in society is an important pragmatic consideration that must be considered in putting mercy into practice. Morelli (2011) notes: "In practical (legal and moral) terms there are some choices that are made by others that are so egregious (and illegal) that they cannot be tolerated. An example would be physical, sexual, emotional and/or neglectful abuse [and especially murder]. Another example would be unabated adultery, alcoholism and drug use. Reporting abuse to the legal authorities is imperative, as is seeking spiritual and mental health counseling in such matters." Numerous research studies have indicated that there are some anti-social behaviors that cannot be "cured." Patrick (2006). Such individuals should be considered for lifetime imprisonment, without parole. However, such individuals should also be cared for spiritually to the greatest extent possible.
St. Isaac of Syria summarizing the place of Justice for Christians
St. Isaac (Holy Transfiguration Monastery, 2011) makes it very clear:
Justice does not belong to the Christian way of life, and there is no mention of it in Christ's teaching. Rejoice with them that rejoice, and weep with them that weep; for this is the sign of limpid purity. Suffer with the sick, and mourn with sinners; with those who repent, rejoice. . . . Be a partaker in the sufferings of all men, but keep your body distant from all. Rebuke no man, revile no man not even those who live wickedly.
It could be said that for Christianity justice is mercy.
"...you must love those who offend against you and pray for them until your soul is reconciled to them." St. Silouan the Athonite (Sophrony, 1999)
Alfeyev, Bishop Hilarion (2000). The Spiritual World of St. Isaac the Syrian. Kalamazoo, MI: Cistercian Publications.
Alfeyev, H. (2005, April 24). Toward a Catholic-Orthodox Alliance. http://en.hilarion.orthodoxia.org/7_2
Breck, J. (2001). Scripture in Tradition: The Bible and Its Interpretation in The Orthodox Church. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
Cole, M. & Cole, S.R. (1996). The Development of Children. (3rd ed.). NY: Freeman.
Holy Transfiguration Monastery. (ed., trans.). (2011). The Ascetical Homilies of Saint Isaac the Syrian (revised, 2nd edition). Boston, MA: Holy Transfiguration Monastery.
Kelly, G.A. (1955). The Psychology Of Personal Constructs (Vols. 1 &2). NY: Norton
Lewis, C.S. (1960). The Four Loves. NY: Harcourt.
McGuckin, J.A. (2001). Standing in God's Holy Fire: The Byzantine Tradition. Maryknoll, NY: Orbis Book
Morelli, G. (2009, September 26). Secularism and the Mind of Christ and the Church: Some Psycho-Spiritual Reflections. www.orthodoxytoday.org/OT/view/morelli-secularism-and-the-mind-of-christ-and-the-church-some-psycho-spirit.
Morelli, G. (2010a, April 30). Toward Healing Church Schism: Overview and Psycho-theological Reflection. www.orthodoxytoday.org/OT/view/toward-healing-church-schism-overview-and-psycho-theological-reflection.
Morelli, G. (2010b, October 01). Beauty, The Divine Connection: Psychospiritual Reflections. http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/OT/view/morelli-beauty-the-divine-connection-psychospiritual-reflections
Morelli, G. (2010c, November 25). The Ethos of Orthodox Catechesis: The Mind of the Orthodox Church. http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/view/morelli-the-ethos-of-orthodox-catechesis
Morelli, G. (2011, March 01). Out of the Fountain That is Christ: Free Will, Tolerance and Forgiveness. http://www.orthodoxytoday.org/OT/view/out-of-the-fountain-that-is-christ-free-will-tolerance-and-forgiveness
Palmer, G.E.H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Eds.). (1981). The Philokalia, Volume 2: The Complete Text; Compiled by St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain & St. Makarios of Corinth. London: Faber and Faber.
Palmer, G.E.H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Eds.). (1984). The Philokalia, Volume3: The Complete Text; Compiled by St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain & St. Makarios of Corinth. London: Faber and Faber.
Palmer, G.E.H., Sherrard, P. & Ware, K. (Eds.). (1995). The Philokalia, Volume 4: The Complete Text; Compiled by St. Nikodimos of the Holy Mountain & St. Makarios of Corinth. London: Faber and Faber.
Patrick, C.J. (Ed.) (2006) Handbook of Psychopathy. NY: Guilford
Piaget, J. (1970). Science of Education and the Psychology of the Child. NY: Orion.
Pinker, S. (2007). A History of Violence. The New Republic. March 19, 2007.
Pinker, S. (2011). The Better Angels of Our Nature: Why Violence Has Declined. NY: Viking.
Smith-Christopher, D. (2005). The Old Testament. Notre Dame, IN: Ave Maria Press.
Sophrony, Archimandrite. (1999). St. Silouan the Athonite. Crestwood, NY: St. Vladimir's Seminary Press.
St. John Climacus (1991). The Ladder of Divine Ascent. Boston: Holy Transfiguration Monastery.
Tharp, R & Gallimore, R. (1988). Rousing Minds to Life. Cambridge University Press
Vygotsky, L.S. (1978). Mind and Society: The development of higher psychological processes. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
Wensinck, A. J. (ed., trans.) (1923). Mystic Treatises by Isaac of Nineveh. Amsterdam, Holland: Koninklijke Akademie Van Wetenschappen.
i Wensinck (1923)
iv Among those who apply the 'wisdom' of the world in criticizing the orthodox understanding of Scripture is Pinker (2011), referenced in this article. Among the most egregious and nefarious departures from the Holy Spirit inspired understanding of Christ's teaching by His Church is the work of Ehrman. Representative of such heresy is: Ehrman, B.D. (2005). Misquoting Jesus: The story behind who changed the Bible and why. NY: Harper; Ehrman, B.D. (2008) God's problem: How the Bible fails to answer our most important question — why we suffer. NY: Harper; Ehrman, B.D. (2009). Jesus interrupted: Revealing the hidden contradictions in the Bible (and why we don't know about them. NY Harper. Of such St Peter (2Pt 2: 1,3) warned: "You therefore, beloved, knowing this beforehand, beware lest you be carried away with the error of lawless men and lose your own stability. And in their greed they will exploit you with false words; from of old their condemnation has not been idle, and their destruction has not been asleep." And as St. John tells us in his Epistle: "Beloved, do not believe every spirit, but test the spirits to see whether they are of God; for many false prophets have gone out into the world." 1Jn 4:1).
vi Such myopia would could be compared to considering the betrayal of Judas (Mt 27: 3-5) or the denial of Peter (Mt 26: 75) to be a reflection of Christ's teachings.
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Dynamic routing over inter-VDOM links
BGP is supported over inter-VDOM links. Unless otherwise indicated, routing works as expected over inter-VDOM links.
If an inter-VDOM link has no assigned IP addresses to it, it may be difficult to use that interface in dynamic routing configurations. For example BGP requires an IP address to define any BGP router added to the network.
In OSPF, you can configure a router using a router ID and not its IP address. In fact, having no IP address avoids possible confusing between which value is the router ID and which is the IP address. However for that router to become adjacent with another OSPF router it will have to share the same subnet, which is technically impossible without an IP address. For this reason, while you can configure an OSPF router using an IP-less inter-VDOM link, it will likely be of limited value to you.
In RIP the metric used is hop count. If the inter-VDOM link can reach other nodes on the network, such as through a default route, then it may be possible to configure a RIP router on an inter-VDOM link. However, once again it may be of limited value due to limitations.
As stated earlier, BGP requires an IP address to define a router — an IP-less inter-VDOM link will not work with BGP.
In Multicast, you can configure an interface without using an IP address. However that interface will be unable to become an RP candidate. This limits the roles available to such an interface.
Having trouble configuring your Fortinet hardware or have some questions you need answered? Ask your questions in the comments below!!! Want someone else to deal with it for you? Get some consulting from Fortinet GURU!
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March 1st, 2005, 05:53 AM
Wow, I learned something today! I didn't know that you can bend the processor pins and still have it work alright. I guess because I never had that problem before. Thanks for the info!
March 1st, 2005, 10:41 AM
It isnt normaly the pin straightening process that fuxors a cpu..it is How they got Bent in the first Place that is responsable
The Duck.. this was a better tutorial than the first.. I am pleased that you didnt give up after the bagging you got the first time around..
and with static straps.. check the lead regularly.. have had the earth lead break after a couple of months.. as well the contact(?) wires in the strap can lose contact with the Buttom..or is it the other way around... in other words check that the earth strap is still an earth strap..
"Consumer technology now exceeds the average persons ability to comprehend how to use it..give up hope of them being able to understand how it works." - Me http://www.cybercrypt.co.nr
March 1st, 2005, 07:01 PM
Nice tutorial The Duck but their is just one thing i would liek to add for safety reason for thoes new to building your own computer or just new to computer hardware neavor try to fix a monitor or even open one up for that fact Especially wile it is on because a monitor can have up to 20,000 volts in it which would more than likley kill you if you got zaped just thaught i would mention it and again nice tutorial Duck.
March 1st, 2005, 11:22 PM
Thank you all for the positive feedback!
Undertaker, I was pretty determined to finish the what I started . The reason why I chose to do the first tutorial is because I was afraid that some people would get lost and not know where I got some of the hardware. Like for instance, not everyone knows what a socket 478 is. Well, in the first tutorial this kind of explains a little bit about it and gives links with pictures of everything. I just thought it would be better to explain the whole process for everyone to truely understand it. But I'm glad everyone likes the assembly part better, it seems to be the section that everyone learned the most from.
And yes riot, messing around with the inside of monitors, some kinds of printers, and PSU's are big no no's .
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On 10 June 2022, the EU Commission published a recommendation on the definition of nanomaterial. This recommendation clarifies the definition adopted by the European Commission in 2011 (Recommendation on the definition of a nanomaterial 2011/696/EU).
Alphitobius diaperinus larvae may soon be on our plates!
On 28 June 2022, a webinar information session was held to present the recently published EFSA “Statement on safety of cannabidiol as a novel food: data gaps and uncertainties” to stakeholders.
The decree of the Official Journal (OFJR) “Laws and Decrees” n° 0150 of June 30, 2022 will prohibit from October 1, 2022 “the terminology specific to the sectors traditionally associated with meat and fish to designate products not belonging to the animal Kingdom”. However, it allows the marketing of “foodstuffs manufactured or labeled” before this date (October 1) until December 31, 2023 at the latest.
USR Constanța senator Remus Negoi gave a speech in the Senate plenary session regarding the legislative initiative of USR deputy Adrian Wiener, concerning voluntary nutrition labeling “Nutri-Score and the importance of a healthy diet.
The conditions of use of the ingredient are now set by Regulation (EU) 2022/860.
On Tuesday, May 31 the NatExpo team organized a webinar-debate on nutrition labeling and environmental labelling schemes. The five speakers were: Florence Roublot (Natexpo), Emmanuel Fournet (NielsenIQ) as moderator, Sabine Bonnot (Institut de l’agriculture et de l’alimentation biologiques – ITAB, Institute of Organic Agriculture and Food), Sybile Chapron (Nature et Aliments), and Vincent Colomb (Agence de la transition écologique – ADEME, Agency of Ecological Transition).
The EFSA published on May 2022 an article related to the project “Microbiota analysis for risk assessment: evaluation of hazardous dietary substances and its potential role on the gut microbiome variability and dysbiosis in a special issue dedicated to the European Food Risk assessment (EU-FOR A) program.
The publication of the advice follows the public consultation to which the draft, endorsed in October 2021, had been submitted.
The conference was held on April 26th and 27th, and hosted a series of high caliber speakers
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From the Financial Times by Michael Hudson:
“For starters, the six countries intend to trade in their own currencies so as to get the benefit of mutual credit, rather than give it to the US. In recent months China has struck bilateral deals with Brazil and Malaysia to trade in renminbi rather than the dollar, sterling or euros.
Many foreigners see the US as a lawless nation. How else to characterise a country that holds out a set of laws for others – on war, debt repayment and the treatment of prisoners – but ignores them itself?
The US is the world’s largest debtor, yet has avoided the pain of “structural adjustments” imposed on other debtor nations. US interest rate and tax reductions in the face of exploding trade and budget deficits are seen as the height of hypocrisy in view of the austerity programmes that the “Washington consensus” has forced on other countries via the International Monetary Fund and other vehicles. The US tells debtor economies to sell off their public utilities and natural resources, raise their interest rates and increase taxes while gutting their social safety nets to squeeze out money to pay creditors.”
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Scientists have captured the first direct image of a solar system that closely resembles our own. The new image is a family portrait of sorts, showing two giant exoplanets orbiting a young, sun-like star, roughly 300 light years away.
The picture was taken using the European Southern Observatory's Astrophysical Journal Letters, the system will help astronomers better understand how our solar system formed and evolved, located in Chile's Atacama Desert. According to a new study in the
The star, known as TYC 8998-760-1 and located in the Southern constellation of Musca, is only 17 million years old, which researchers called a "very young version of our own sun." Comparatively, the sun is roughly 4.6 billion years old.
Both planets orbiting the star, dubbed TYC 8998-760-1b and TYC 8998-760-1c, are suspected to be gas giants, meaning they are composed primarily of gases like helium and hydrogen. However, they are much further away from their host star than our gas giants Jupiter and Saturn, at distances of 160 and about 320 times the Earth-sun distance. They are also much heavier than the gas giants in our solar system.
The image shows the two planets, which appear as two bright points of light, distantly orbiting their parent star, located in the upper left corner. Because they formed so recently, they still glow brightly enough to be seen from Earth.
It marks the first time astronomers have observed more than a single planet orbiting a star similar to the sun. Only two similar systems have ever been previously observed — both with stars uniquely different to ours.
"This discovery is a snapshot of an environment that is very similar to our Solar System, but at a much earlier stage of its evolution," lead researcher Alexander Bohn, a PhD student at Leiden University in the Netherlands, said in a press release.
Co-author Matthew Kenworthy, an associate professor at Leiden University, said that these kinds of direct observations are crucial in the hunt for planets that can support life. "Even though astronomers have indirectly detected thousands of planets in our galaxy, only a tiny fraction of these exoplanets have been directly imaged," he said.
Only a few dozen of the exoplanets so-far discovered have been directly imaged, according to NASA. Scientists hope that further research will reveal if the young planets formed at their current location or migrated from somewhere else — and how they might interact with each other.
for more features.
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Paris with new geothermal district heating project
A major new project is under way in Paris to provide ecologically clean heating for an entire district" fueled by geothermal energy. This is a revival of geothermal district heating development in the French capital.
As reported from France, “a major new project is under way in Paris to provide ecologically clean heating for an entire district” fueled by geothermal energy. This is a revival of geothermal district heating development in the French capital and – according to the news – “drilling has just begun in the north of the city on a desolate building site sandwiched between the traffic-clogged inner ring road and the Saint-Denis canal.”
“In Paris we’re trying to adopt a strategy in which France is largely behind other European countries, because we’ve under-invested in renewable energies,” said Denis Baupin, a Paris deputy mayor. There is already a drilling rig in place and it is expected that it will need to be drilled down to 1.7 km (roughly 5,600 feet).
“At that depth lies a geological stratum called the Dogger from which water, heated naturally to 57 degrees Celsius (135 Fahrenheit), will be sucked up to the surface, where it will be used to heat another stock of water. This will be pumped to apartment blocks to heat radiators and provide hot water.”
“The scheme will heat around 12,000 apartments and other buildings due to be built by 2011 in a new residential area in the city’s 19th district. The project will cost EUR 31 million (US$ 40 million), EUR 5 million of which will come from the state environment agency and the regional council.”
Galas, whose company is jointly owned by the City of Paris and the energy group GDF Suez, pointed to a row of high-rise tower blocks on the other side of the ring road and said they too would eventually be hooked up to the system. It will also provide 54 percent of the new area’s energy needs.
Source: Space Wire
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The poet and author Khalid al-Kishtainy has written this fascinating report on last month's Iraqi-Jewish festival Halahel - the word means ' trilling for joy' - in the London-based Arabic newspaper Ashark al-Awsat (With thanks to Eileen K for the link and for her translation):
"The Jewish Iraqi community in London organised, under the leadership of Niran Basson-Timan and Edwin Shuker, a festival called Halahel celebrating the heritage of the Jewish community in Iraq, which is considered to be the oldest and most prominent of the Jewish communities in the world.
"Its history goes back to the Babylonian captivity when the Babylonian King Nebuchadnezzer captured Jerusalem and took its inhabitants back to Babylon as captives. There, they absorbed the rich Babylonian heritage and blended it with their own heritage to establish the structure of their religion and culture.
"The festival included different topics ranging from politics and history to music and the arts. Many prominent personalities from Israel and Britain participated in all these topics, having one
thing in common, namely their Iraqi roots. Iraqi Jews, unlike other Jewish communities could not get rid of their Iraqi roots and their longing for Baghdad and Basra. For instance,
the musician Sarah Manasseh's ancestors had left Iraq in the nineteenth century for India where she was born and brought up. She then emigrated to Britain without ever setting foot in Iraq. Yet
despite all that she devoted her life to Iraqi music and formed a musical group called The Rivers of Babylon.
"Wailing and lamentation are an important part of the Iraqi personality. The programme contained many such events like the Farhood ((The Looting in 1941) and the Taskit (The stripping of Iraqi nationality) and all the suffering that the Iraqi Jews had faced since the Thirties when the Palestinian problem erupted.
"I listened a lot and conversed with many of the people present. However, I did notice that the Palestinian subject was avoided in our conversation. Neither myself nor the people present breached the subject.
"To me, this is a very important point. Unlike other Middle Eastern Jews, Iraqi Jews were known for their political maturity plus their liberal and left-wing intellectual spirit. Many of them were communists and the Israeli society had a special respect for them as the grandchildren of Babylon. It was expected that they would play an important role as a bridge between the Arabs and Israel and also to direct their government towards an accord with the Arabs to achieve peace and respect the rights of the Palestinians.
"Unfortunately that never happened. Most of the peacemongers and friends of Palestine are Western Ashkenazi. The Eastern Jews supported the right-wing. That support has become an obstacle against achieving peace as the radical right-wing always get the Eastern Jewry's vote.
"I can understand their hesitation as in the beginning they had to prove to the European Ashkenazis their loyalty and enthusiasm for the country and their complete detachment from their original Arab countries. However, it has been 60 years since the establishment of
the State of Israel and their migration there. They have shown their loyalty and attained important positions in the country.
"There is no one now in Israel that doubts their loyalty. In fact they are more zealous than the Ashkenazis. It is time for them to speak up about reality and the need for a dialogue with the Arabs based on justice, fairness and the admission of mistakes on both parts. They need to do that for Israel's future and the future of their children and the children of all the inhabitants of the region."
Read original article (Arabic)
My comment: For all his sympathy with Iraqi Jews Khalid al-Kishtainy misunderstands them. If they have failed to be a bridge between Israel and the Arab world over the Palestinian question, if they continue to vote for rightwing parties, it is not because the Eastern Jews have needed to prove ther loyalty to the Ashkenazi establishment. They feel angry and hurt that the monstrous injustice committed against them by Arab regimes - their uprooting, loss of heritage and stolen property - has never been acknowledged. But Mr al-Kishtainy's view of justice is still disturbingly one-sided. His flippant line, 'wailing and lamentation are part of the Iraqi personality', suggests that Jewish suffering is exaggerated. If this is the best we can expect from 'sympathetic' figures such as al-Kishtainy, who have made a valiant effort to retain their links with Jews and are a welcome sight at events such as last June's Halalel, then what hope is there for reconciliation with Arabs and Muslims in general?
Update: Thanks to Eileen and Freddy K for translating the comments thread (13 July)
Ahmad Barbar, Germany:
Do the occupying Jews have the right to speak? Every Jew who immigrated to Palestine has the right to return to his original country with honour. There seem to be no reciprocal arrangements.
Salah Hamed Al Delany, Malaysia:
“Dear Khaled, thank you for your truthful words about an important sector of the noble Iraqi community. I believe the dialogue with the Palestinians will be logical and beneficial only if the Palestinians give up their slogans and agitation, and everything that affects the negotiations between them and the Israelis. The Palestinian leaders need to be more pragmatic in dealing with their own issues. Otherwise, the situation will go on for many more years.
Nabil Haniya, United States:
National affiliation is bigger than any other affiliation. Language is the unifying factor and it helps bring people together. I still remember when I used to visit my brother in an
Israeli prison in Ramallah, in the early 70’s, there used to be an Israeli soldier in his 50s who could speak Egyptian Arabic and used to treat the visitors kindly, and he used to listen to Em
Kelthoom songs on his radio. Our Arabic heritage cannot be erased from an individual’s life once it has been lived, it becomes part of the culture.
Amer Ammar, United States:
“My dear Sir, how can we confess in Iraq that we have wronged the Jews? Our fathers and us have been fed hatred against the Jews to the extent that their knowledge, their star (of David) and their dress have become our most feared things. Whereas, if we looked at the old pictures of Baghdad and the various cities then we would see that their dress and the star were present everywhere without any ill feeling towards them.
Our ancestors and their Jewish friends lived with each other and were neighbours. So what happened? What is the crime of the thousands of Iraqi Jews who loved their country and
contributed towards its advancement and construction, only to be rewarded with expulsion and persecution (Farhoud). It is important that the new generation should take the first step
towards rebuilding the trust and no better place to start when with our brothers who are already living in this country as it is certain that they never did commit any crimes, worst than the
crimes of the past dictatorial regime or the present democratic regime.”
Dr Nassar Al Dossari, Saudi Arabia:
“My Dear Sir Khalid Al Kushteini, It is unbelievable the way that I follow your writing as in God’s name I really admire you. My dear sir, as far as the Palestinians are concerned, they
are disunited between Hamas and Mahmoud Abbas. The Arab mentality is a cause of that disunity as they do not believe in dialogue and the acceptance of the other party and building
itself properly. The strong countries in the world only respect other countries that are as strong or even stronger.
We (the Arabs) are sleepy nations. God to whom he ascribed all perfection and majesty said: “prepare for them whatever strength you can muster”. However, he did not define the strength whether it should be in numbers, in manufacturing, in morals, in military might, socially or
History shows that the harvest of the Arab brain differs from the harvest of the Western brain, so the Jews managed to be superior by hard work and infinite national unity. You have
also mentioned Jewish arts so I would like to add that those who taught the great Iraqi musicians Jamil Bashir how to play the oud (the lute) were originally Jewish. You have every respect from me my dear brother.”
Hamza Allewi, Kuwait:
There was a time when an an altogether different Iraqi society - different from the sectarian society at present - had progressed. This society comprised diverse individuals who adopted Iraq and in particular its culture. They were formed from immigrants, beginning with the Sumerians and ending with the Arabs. That is a special characteristic that is rarely found in other countries in the area. As those Jews who came as captives two thousand years ago managed to integrate deeply in Iraqi society. Qualified studies always confirm that the Jews made a major contribution to the renaissance of modern Iraq and that they were an educated group who had liberal leftwing ideals which made them differ a great deal from the other Jews who came from other Arab or Middle Eastern countries. Perhaps it is this reason that made Iraqi Jews different even after their expulsion as they kept their Iraqi identity in one way or another.
Saleh Buafby, Morocco:
Mr Khaled, you have spoken about Iraqi Jews in an effort to make them special but in reality you could have been talking about Moroccan Jews in Morocco. I believe that Jews in general have special qualities which they have kept wherever they settled.
Haidar Al-Bayatti, Malta :
“My respected Mr Khaled, can I enquire why these days you have increased your articles in relation to Jews and especially the Iraqis amongst them. With my respect to all the Jews and our cousins and to you all my respect.”
Linda Menuhin-Abdul Aziz, Israel:
“I have never missed reading your interesting articles and generally I tend to agree with your views. However, this time I must disagree with you regarding the political stance of Middle
Eastern Jews in Israel.
They are not afraid of the European Jews but are afraid of the reality of the Palestinian Issue, which pushed them to go toward the right.
The Middle Eastern Jews had liberal ideas in the beginning but sadly these conflicted with the reality of the Palestinian issue.
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I recently stumbled across a very interesting study by hunchblog.com of almost 400,000 computer users that explored the political and lifestyle differences between Mac users and PC users.
Most people are aware that the debate of which operating system is better is very hotly contested and, like the debate over abortion or the right to bear arms, should not be discussed after alcohol consumption.
That being said, people don’t usually realize that based on the operating system that a particular person favors, you can also gain some insight on other aspects of that person’s life such as their education, political standing and social tendencies.
I have included the infographic of the study at the end of this post but first lets look at some of the more interesting bullet points of the study:
These statistics suggest that Mac people tend to be more liberal than PC people and PC people tend to be more conservative. I think the final results of this study show that the tendencies of both PC users and Mac users stem from the original strengths and weaknesses of the two operating systems.
For example, Macs have always been known as better operating system for creating artwork and performing graphic design. Therefore, those who use Macs tend to be more artistic. PCs tend to be stronger at performing mathematical computations and for business purposes.
As Macs have become increasingly popular in recent years, I believe the demographic and social differences between Mac users and PC users have begun to become less apparent. It would be really interesting to see the results of this study 10 years ago and then see the results of this study in another 10 years. I bet the results would be staggeringly different!
If you want to see for yourself, check out the infographic below. Clicking on it will bring you to the original source of the study. Let me know what your thoughts are in the comments section!
More infographics on online trends you may want to check out:
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Memorial: July 31. Ignatius was a soldier who was injured in battle and was limited to resting in bed. A family member lent him a book about Saints to read while in bed. Upon recovery, he devoted himself to the Faith. He is the founder of the Society of Jesus.
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Afghanistan accuses Pakistani intelligence of aiding cross-border terrorism
The heightened political tensions between the two allies in the war on terror has prompted US presidential hopefuls to focus on improving Afghanistan strategy.
Afghanistan's relationship with Pakistan is becoming increasingly strained, with the country threatening Tuesday to boycott a series of upcoming meetings about economic cooperation and coordinated assistance across the border and the cabinet issuing a statement that faulted Pakistan for being the "biggest exporter of terrorism and extremism to the world."
The heightened political stress, in a region where US bases have come under attack and militant activity has increased steadily since May, prompted presidential candidates Sens. Barack Obama and John McCain to address their plans for the war in Afghanistan during separate talks on foreign policy.
The boycott warning follows accusations by Afghan President Hamid Karzai that the Pakistani intelligence agency, Inter Services Intelligence (ISI), has been masterminding terrorist attacks in Afghanistan, reports CBS News.
The cabinet implicated Pakistan's spy agency in a string of recent attacks, including the Kandahar jailbreak, the beheading of Afghans in the Bajaur and Waziristan provinces of Pakistan, a recent suicide blast in Uruzghan province and the deadly bombing at the Indian embassy in Kabul.
Karzai's ministers warned that unless Pakistan's leaders verifiably [rein in] the spy agency, upcoming talks scheduled between the two countries on assistance along the border region and economic cooperation will be postponed.
The Afghan allegations appear to have more traction in the wake of a report published last month by the RAND Corp, a US-based think tank, and funded by the US Defense Department. According to CNN, the report states that the ISI has been training and supporting insurgents in Afghanistan.
The study, "Counterinsurgency in Afghanistan," found that some active and former officials in Pakistan's intelligence service and the Frontier Corps – a Pakistani paramilitary force deployed along the Afghan border – provided direct assistance to Taliban militants and helped secure medical care for wounded fighters.
It said NATO officials have uncovered several instances of Pakistani intelligence agents providing information to Taliban fighters, even "tipping off Taliban forces about the location and movement of Afghan and coalition forces, which undermined several U.S. and NATO anti-Taliban military operations."
Pakistan is facing the heat on many diplomatic fronts. In the wake of the attack on the Indian Embassy in Kabul, a meeting of the heads of the federal investigation agencies of India and Pakistan scheduled for this week has been canceled, according to Dawn, the leading Pakistani English-language daily.
But the Pakistan government has denied these allegations, arguing that Afghan lawmakers have no evidence to back up their claims. On Wednesday, Pakistani Prime Minister Yousaf Raza Gilani chided Mr. Karzai for implicating Pakistan in a series of terrorist attacks in Afghanistan, according to Reuters.
As a result of this verbal standoff, the focus of US politicians has turned from the war in Iraq to the Pakistan-Afghanistan border. Their renewed interest in the region is explained by an observation in the RAND report that the US will face "crippling, long-term consequences" if the militant presence in Pakistan is not eradicated.
Moreover, after an ambush on a US outpost in eastern Afghanistan on Sunday that killed nine US troops, there are increasing concerns about the US military's ability to contain Islamic insurgents in Afghanistan, reports the Associated Press.
Violence has been increasing in Afghanistan, and many people are questioning the operation, wondering whether the Taliban-led insurgency is gaining, rather than losing, momentum seven years after the fundamentalist Islamic regime was ousted by a U.S.-led invasion.
The BBC reported Wednesday that US and Afghan troops have abandoned the village where the attack took place Sunday.
A statement said the outpost had been temporary and that "regular patrols" in the area would be maintained.
Afghan police are continuing to fight insurgents after the pullout on Tuesday, local officials say.
The attack caused the biggest American loss of life in battle in Afghanistan since operations began in 2001.
US President Bush on Tuesday said the movement of militants from Pakistan to Afghanistan was a matter of concern and that the White House would investigate Mr. Karzai's allegations against the ISI, reports The News, a Pakistani English-language daily. Mr. Bush also emphasized that the US, Afghanistan, and Pakistan must cooperate against their common enemy in the war on terror.
The worsening situation along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border also led presidential hopefuls to prioritize the war in Afghanistan during speeches on proposed foreign-policy initiatives and the war in Iraq. Speaking in Albuquerque, N.M., Senator McCain suggested that the US military learn from its successes in Iraq and increase the number of troops in Afghanistan. He also indicated that, as president, he would appoint a special Afghanistan "czar" to coordinate policy there. He was, however, reluctant to elaborate on his plans for tackling the militant threat in Pakistan, saying that he would "not telegraph what his strategy would be as commander in chief toward this sensitive diplomatic and military problem," according to the New York-based The Sun.
In a series of interviews, statements, advertisements and speeches over the past week, Mr. Obama has been laying out a broad vision of America's role in the world in an Obama presidency in which he has emphasized the application of soft power – the use of diplomacy and economic aid – over the use of force. And he has spoken of reducing American combat forces in Iraq and adding as many as 10,000 more troops to battle al Qaeda and the Taliban in Afghanistan and Pakistan.
While the US considers an increased military presence in Pakistan, local observers are concerned that international intervention will undermine national security and sovereignty. In an opinion piece in The News, a defense analyst writes:
Our foreign minister insists that we cannot refer to US attacks against our territory as "unfriendly" while the prime minister tries to justify US threats against Pakistan by saying they fear another 9/11 attack on the US mainland. What about Pakistani fears of an impending US attack and its repercussions? Why is [Prime Minister] Gilani silent on that count?
Is the prime minister going to also justify a US military attack against us in the [Federally Administered Tribal Areas] region as a response to US fears? As it is, he has still not accepted the fact that the US has been attacking our territory as and when it has seen fit. The only reality is that they may now opt for a more large scale operation inside of Pakistan which may require their ground forces to come in and stay for some time.
According to The Christian Science Monitor, observers argue that international intervention is required along the Afghanistan-Pakistan border because the Pakistan Army and the new coalition government remain unclear as to how to handle the challenge posed by the militant presence in the country.
As the militancy growing out from Pakistan's tribal region trickles across the border into Afghanistan and also hits back home in major cities, military strategists and the new government are hard pressed to find easy answers on how to address it....
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An Energy-Saving Air Conditioner
Evaporative cooling plus drying with desiccants equals cool air for less cost.
Keeping air cool in homes and offices this summer will be expensive–about 5 percent of the energy used in the United States each year goes to running air conditioners. But researchers at the U.S. National Renewable Energy Laboratory (NREL) in Golden, CO, have come up with a new air-conditioner design that they say will dramatically increase efficiency and eliminate gases that contribute to global warming.
“The technology we have today is nearly a hundred years old,” says Eric Kozubal, a senior engineer at NREL. Kozubal and colleagues have come up with an air conditioner that combines evaporative cooling with a water-absorbing material to provide cool, dry air while using up to 90 percent less energy. The desiccant-enhanced evaporative, or DEVap, air conditioner is meant to addresses the old complaint, “It’s not the heat; it’s the humidity,” more efficiently.
Evaporative cooling–blowing air across a wet surface to promote evaporation–has long been used in so-called swamp coolers. A method called indirect evaporative cooling improves on this design, dividing air into two streams, which separated by a polymer membrane. Water is passed through one airstream, making it cooler and wetter; the cool air cools the membrane, which in turn cools the air on the other side without adding water.
But air can only hold so much water vapor, so in humid climates the effect is limited. On a 32 ºC day in Houston, Kozubal says, evaporative cooling may only bring the temperature down to about 27 ºC. Ideally, to provide a comfortable building, an air conditioner should cool air to 13 or 16 ºC.
NREL overcomes the humidity problem by adding another step, the use of a material known as a desiccant that absorbs moisture. NREL uses a liquid desiccant, a syrupy solution of lithium chloride or calcium chloride, about 44 percent salt by volume. In this setup, another membrane separates the desiccant from air traveling through a channel. The polymer membrane has pores about 1 micrometer to 3 micrometers in diameter, big enough that water vapor passes through easily while the salty liquid stays put. The membrane is also coated with a Teflon-like substance to repel liquid water. The desiccant pulls moisture from the airstream, leaving dry, warm air. Then it’s back to indirect evaporative cooling: in a second channel, water evaporates to cool a secondary airstream, which in turn cools the first airstream, and out comes cool, dry air.
“I think it’s very promising,” says Anthony Jacobi, codirector of the Air Conditioning and Refrigeration Center at the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. “I don’t believe the idea of integrating these technologies is very new. Doing it successfully may be.”
What’s new, Kozubal says, is a design that manages to merge evaporative cooling and desiccant drying into a cost-effective system. “It makes this type of air conditioning viable for commercial and residential processes for cooling,” he says.
The industry is working on a variety of methods to improve the efficiency of air conditioning, Jacobi says, from the use of heat exchangers to improvements in the compression systems of traditional machines. “It’s an area of great importance to the nation, because about a third of our nation’s energy use is in buildings.”
The U.S. uses about 100 quadrillion British Thermal Units each year, according to the U.S. Energy Information Administration. Up to 40 percent of that is used in buildings, with about 5 percent going to air conditioning. Kozubal says his system could cut that in half in less-humid areas and by up to 90 percent where humidity is high. “When you talk about a technology that can save 2 to 3 percent of the nation’s entire energy supply, that’s quite a lot,” he says.
The desiccant used in the system is relatively harmless (calcium chloride is used in road salt), though its corrosiveness requires that metal be eliminated from the hardware. What’s particularly attractive is that it replaces the chlorofluorocarbons that are used as the refrigerant in traditional air conditioners. Those CFCs can easily leak, and every kilogram of them provides the same greenhouse gas effect as about 2,000 kilograms of carbon dioxide.
Kozubal says it might take about five years to develop the system to a point where NREL can hand it off to industry for commercialization. The system is designed to replace existing systems without many changes, so it could be phased in as people upgrade their old air conditioners.
The desiccant can be reused simply by heating it up to boil off the water it’s absorbed. In an industrial setting, that might be done using waste heat from another industrial process. In the home, natural gas or solar energy would work. In fact, Kozubal says, the setup could make solar thermal energy systems, which absorb sunlight to heat a home and its water, more cost effective. During hot summer days, solar energy that might otherwise go to waste could therefore actually help keep a building cool.
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Trees in any type of dimension, shape or kind make our locations Green and also healthy. They assist to make our air fresh as well as they supply healthy and balanced tones in warm months of summer season. They can supply us possibilities to maintain our health and wellness as well as setting. However if it expands as well huge it may make you stress over damaging of your property, your neighbor’s home, damaging or society laws etc. Because circumstance, you must to remove some parts or the whole tree. You may wish to remove it to remodel your office or other home. Another reason is that some trees are ageing as well as can fall at any time or several trees already might have dropped. It might very damaging and also it can be a root cause of a big crash. Tree Removal in Troy MI is not a simple job. It’s extremely hard, hard and harmful to eliminate a big or large tree from your backyard, residence or building. If you don’t do it prior to after that maybe it will finish with some serious injuries as well as some damages in your residential property.
So, It’s extremely vital to work with a well-known, certified tree elimination company to trim the disordered branches as well as roots with security. There are many tree elimination firms are supplying their solutions in this city. Tree Elimination companies offering services associated with trees. Consisting of, Tree trimming, branches cutting, tree elimination, Stump elimination etc. Crucial point is that the firms that provided these solutions make certain that work completion works and also safe.
Before hiring a service of Tree Removal in Troy MI there is something you need to ask or check to guarantee that you are working with knowledgeable, skilled accredited as well as skilled solutions providing firm for your necessary service. Start by asking if the company hold a license of this service then ask to see or obtain a copy of the license. Afterwards inquire about how much workforce they have, every one of them are proficient or not. Then You will need to ask did they have any kind of insurance to shield both employees and your home all the same of a crash. When they got here or you will be making a deal with them make sure to inspect license and also duplicate of insurance policy solution, to ensure you are shielded.
Next off essential thing is price. Before determining to hire a company should ask about the rate from different business. After asking from a number of companies you can obtain a typical price to obtain your job done. After your self-satisfaction, you can start your deal with one of the most better company. Throughout the job, you require to manage them on your own to get an effective and also safe result. During the work they will certainly recommend you to just how to prune the trees, to make them improve and stronger. They learn about the standing of branches that which branches are dead, are damaged or have conditions that you ought to eliminate. This will avoid undesirable produced branches. They need trough cutting from different locations of the tree. After that, it will certainly look attractive in your residential property or yard.
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Several military personnel were rescued by helicopter Friday in Colorado’s Rocky Mountain National Park after some had experienced trouble climbing one of the state’s highest peaks.
Defense officials told media that 11 Green Berets from Fort Carson in Colorado Springs were involved in a climbing training exercise Thursday on 14,259-foot Longs Peak, but a few of them had trouble continuing.
The group ended up spending the night. Patterson says they’re helping one another climb to the summit of Longs Peak and that rangers are helping as needed.
Two soldiers got altitude sickness, and the other soldiers decided to spent the night on the mountain, 10th Special Forces group spokesman Lt. Col. Sean Ryan told ABC News.
“No one is lost, missing or injured,” Ryan told the network.
The route the personnel are taking is not as technical as some but still requires climbers to cross a steep ice field and a ledge that is very narrow at points.
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The final US Space Shuttle Launch occurred in July 2011, but the US Space program is far from over. Just the opposite. It's as much a part of America as Native Americans and the 4th of July! keep reading →
You can help the HubPages community highlight top quality content by ranking this answer up or down.
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Bruno: Bullying Is Bad, But Do We Know How To Stop It?
After all, lots of aspects of childhood and adolescence are physically and emotionally stressful, so the marginal impact of bullying may not always amount to much in practice. And suffering from bullying could conceivably be the sort of thing kids "grow out of" and move on from with no lasting damage.
Researchers, however, are increasingly investigating and quantifying the mental and physical toll that bullying takes on children, and a new study looking at long-term impacts into adulthood is particularly grim.
The authors found that even after accounting for pre-existing hardships, the victims of bullying had worse health outcomes, weaker social relationships, and lower wages as young adults. This was especially true for individuals who were bullied more frequently and for victims who responded by becoming bullies themselves.
As the authors put it, "Being bullied is not a harmless rite of passage or an inevitable part of growing up but throws a long shadow over affected children’s lives."
Educators, then, are wise to strive to prevent bullying on their campuses. But do we know how to do it?
Another recent study suggests that we do not. It's most talked-about finding was the one trumpeted in the press release: that students at schools with anti-bullying programs in place are more likely to be victims of bullying.
The cynical take on this - that the anti-bullying programs are somehow causing the higher rates of bullying - is not obviously wrong. For example, there is evidence that bullies are at least as socially and emotionally competent as their peers, and it may be that those competencies allow them to leverage the information from anti-bullying programs to accomplish "more effective" bullying.
We should be careful, however, in interpreting the finding that anti-bullying programs are correlated with bullying behavior. As is noted in the study itself - though not in the press release - the study design does not allow for causal inferences.
In other words, anti-bullying programs may not be causing the increased rates of bullying at all. It may just be that schools with higher rates of bullying are more likely to implement anti-bullying programs.
At the same time, the fact that we often do not really know much about the efficacy of our anti-bullying efforts is troubling enough, especially given that the costs of bullying are becoming increasingly clear. - PB (@MrPABruno) (image source)
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If you live in the vicinity of Rochester, NY you probably heard about the Strong Museum of Play. It’s a stimulating children’s museum that is debuting a new exhibit that focuses on superheroes. Spider-Man will be making an appearance there today.
It looks great for young superhero fans. You’ll see statues of Superman, Batman, Iron Man, Spider-Man and the Hulk. They have a Superhero Power School that will give you super strength, super memory and super balance. There will be ways to scale buildings and get your picture taken as you fly through the sky.
You can read more about it on the museum’s website too.
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By: JE Reynolds and RS Wells
150 pages, 30 b/w photos, 3 illus
Excellent identification guide and general reference to marine mammal biology, conservation and governmental protective regulations. It presents important scientific information (accompanied by photographs) and conservation principles in an accessible way, aiming to inform people how their activities affect marine mammals and what positive action they can take.
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Search and browse over 110,000 wildlife and science products
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Turkey has struggled to leave a mark during its first few months of leadership of the Group of 20 (G-20), the world's most economically developed countries, amid midnight police raids on the country's largest Islamic bank, administrative pressure on the central bank and the continuing failure to address concerns of growing authoritarianism and widespread corruption.
For the first time in its history Turkey finds itself at the helm of the G-20, a group of the richest 19 nations plus the European Union that serves as a forum for the most economically advanced nations to debate important global economic issues, but seems determined to squander this golden chance to prove itself worthy of global governance due primarily to the actions of President Recep Tayyip Erdoğan and his loyalists within the ruling Justice and Development Party (AK Party).
Ali Babacan, the deputy prime minister in charge of the economy, made a speech on Dec. 1 for the G-20 handover ceremony, where he presented “Inclusiveness, Implementation and Investment” as the “three Is” that will summarize Turkey's presidency. However, how foreign investors will feel about investing in a country where on Feb. 4 the country's banking watchdog, the Banking Regulation and Supervision Agency (BDDK), handed over control of 63 percent of the privileged shares of Turkey's Bank Asya to the Savings Deposit Insurance Fund of Turkey (TMSF), citing a lack of transparency and proper regulation, remains to be seen.
Mehmet Altan, a Turkish academic, economist and author, told Sunday's Zaman: “Investment will not come to a country where there is no rule of law. And, as can be seen, foreign investment is fleeing.”
The administration and shareholders of Bank Asya have denied claims of transparency flaws and said the decision was a politically motivated bid to sink one of the three strongest banks in Turkey. Bank Asya has a capital adequacy ratio of about 20 percent, compared to the nation average of about 14-15 percent.
The handover did not come as a surprise to those who know of Erdoğan's personal desire to destroy the bank, as he is reported to have personally encouraged private and state-owned firms and institutions to withdraw their cash from Bank Asya earlier in 2014. “This bank has already failed," Erdoğan said at a conference in İstanbul in September.
"It is being said that there are efforts being made to sink a bank. There is no work being done to sink a bank. This bank has already failed," Erdoğan told the Turkish Industrialists and Businessmen's Association (TÜSİAD) at a conference in İstanbul in September, declining to mention Bank Asya by name and blatantly violating regulations protecting finance institutions from arbitrary defamation.
Also in September, Erdoğan publicly threatened the BDDK over its alleged inaction regarding Bank Asya, saying the agency must make a decision on the bank and follow through with it. Erdoğan went so far as to warn the BDDK, which is a violation of the Constitution since the BDDK is an independent regulatory agency, that it would be "held responsible” if it failed to act against the bank.
Back in October, Reuters cited an unnamed source with knowledge of the situation as saying that Erdoğan, who was traveling to Central Asia at the time, “wanted Bank Asya's keys on his table when he came back.” The government-led quarantine of one of Turkey's most stable lenders manifested itself in August of last year when the government canceled tax collection and social security payment contracts with Bank Asya.
Economy journalist Süleyman Yaşar replied to questions regarding what the operation against Bank Asya and the political pressure against the central bank meant for Turkey's G-20 leadership, saying, “If the current situation continues, Turkey cannot complete its G-20 presidency in a positive way.”
Stating that Turkey fell from 17th to 19th in the World Bank's league of the world's largest economies, Yaşar, an economist and former bureaucrat, said: “If this continues, Turkey's per capita GDP [gross domestic product] will start to fall below TL 10,000. Also, Turkey' total GDP may start to fall in the near future. Therefore, Turkey must immediately revert to being a state governed by the rule of law.”
Yaşar also stated that, according to figures released by the Central Bank of Turkey in 2014, citizens living in Turkey have invested $7.7 billion abroad. “This is unprecedented in the history of Turkey. These people are investing abroad because the investment environment has soured.”
The deputy chair of the Republican People's Party (CHP), Selin Sayek Böke, said in a statement on Wednesday that the raid on Bank Asya was a "scandal." Böke, who is also in charge of the main opposition party's economic agenda, said, "The destruction of hard-won institutional respectability and credibility for political goals is wrecking the reputation, power and future of Turkey's economy."
Altan said that in light of recent events Turkey's G-20 leadership has become ceremonial.
He painted a stark picture, saying: “Turkey is not in a position to head the G-20. Turkey, in its current position, has no place in the G-20, NATO or the EU accession process.”
“The mentality [in Turkey], in which the rule of law was undermined following the Dec. 17 graft investigations, has no place in the international forum. This [Turkey's G-20 leadership] is all for show,” he said.
Babacan fails to protect CB head from Erdoğan's pressure
One of perhaps the biggest losers in Turkey's temporary accession to the throne of the group of the world's largest economies is Ali Babacan, the deputy prime minister in charge of the economy and Turkey's G-20 presidency.
Babacan, and more recently Finance Minister Mehmet Şimşek, have been part of a team of well-respected economists that have helped steer Turkey through a decade of growth and stability and have, accordingly, been very well respected in international finance forums. However, his name even being whispered as a contender for the position of prime minister after Erdoğan's election to the presidency as well as his recent reluctance to speak out against blatant violations of banking regulations regarding the takeover of Bank Asya will have been duly noted by international observers.
Additionally, Babacan's inability to defend Erdem Başçı, the governor of the central bank and a childhood friend, has resounded in finance circles as a sign of Babacan's obedience to Erdoğan. Başçı -- who was awarded the title of Central Bank Governor of the Year 2013 by The Banker, a monthly financial affairs publication founded in 1926 by the Financial Times -- has recently been under a volley of fire from Erdoğan, a long-time advocate of loose monetary policy, for not cutting interest rates more sharply and quickly.
"It is called an independent board, but this is where we end up. … We have to be in a better place, we have to succeed in this," Erdoğan said in a speech earlier this month in which he also reiterated his view that inflation would fall when rates are cut. "Interest rates are what shape inflation. If you keep the rates high, inflation will also be high; but if you cut them, inflation will also fall. There are still people who don't understand this," he said.
There have been reports that Başçı has moved out of the government-provided apartment where he had been living, fueling speculation that he is under pressure from government officials to resign. Media outlets quoted central bank sources as saying that Başçı wanted his new house to be “closer to my kids' school."
Commenting on the recent activities of Babacan, Yaşar said, “It's as if he [Babacan] is being bypassed. He is trying to defend the actions of the institutions [the BDDK and the central bank]. For example, he says, ‘The central bank is doing its job well,' while other members of the government are saying the exact opposite.”
Altan also took a position regarding Babacan, saying the operations carried out against Bank Asya will undermine Babacan's reputation.
The central bank has already cut its main rate by 50 basis points in January, and bank officials said that if January inflation fell more than 1 percentage point, it could hold an interim policy meeting to assess a further rate reduction.
The lira has hit a series of all-time lows in recent weeks. Expectations that the US Federal Reserve (Fed) will raise interest rates this year have bolstered the US dollar and reduced the appetite for emerging market assets. Government officials, and Erdoğan, have made repeated calls for interest rate cuts.
Babacan has said that urging members of the G-20 to meet reform commitments undertaken at previous meetings would be vital, a strategy he called "Keep your word, or explain." During the G-20 meetings in İstanbul this week France asked to discuss the fight against terrorist financing, an important topic for Turkey given the fight with Islamic State in Iraq and the Levant (ISIL) militants taking place just over its southern borders in Syria and Iraq.
Turkey vows to combat corruption abroad, fails to address problem at home
When Turkey assumed the presidency of the G-20 group of major economies on Dec. 1 it vowed to combat global inequality and corruption during its term. Hopes were dashed, however, as the country sank 11 places in Transparency International's (TI) 2014 Corruption Perception Index, an annual report measuring perceptions of graft, showing Turkey was the year's worst performer.
Opposition parties have also made reference to Turkey's contradiction of pledging to combat global corruption but failing to address the problem at home. CHP İstanbul deputy Umut Oran issued a statement a day before Turkey assumed the presidency, saying that the government should first deal with the bad loan of over $300 million that the Sabah daily and the ATV station failed to repay to the state-run Halkbank. They also say former Prime Minister and current President Erdoğan and his associates are responsible for this burden on public funds, since ATV and Sabah were acquired to support government activities.
When Turkey assumed leadership of the G-20 on Dec. 1 many perceived a stark contrast between the country's G-20 mission and the government-led obstruction of a high-profile graft probe that became public on Dec. 17, 2013.
The scandal was seen as one of the biggest challenges to Erdoğan's 11-year rule as prime minister, leading to the resignation of four members of his Cabinet and drawing international criticism for his response, which included tightening Internet controls and reallocating members of the police and judiciary. The sons of three former ministers, Erdoğan's son Bilal as well as several businessmen and bureaucrats were implicated in the investigations.
Published on Today's Zaman, 14 February 2015, Saturday
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Attempts by cities or other governments to sidestep federal policy and make their own provisions for illegal aliens won’t get any attention from the White House, spokesman Tony Snow says.
He said such efforts are not under the president’s “purview.”
Snow was responding today to a question from Les Kinsolving, WND’s correspondent at the White House. He asked about the president’s reaction to local governments making their own decisions regarding immigration policy.
“Reuters reports that New Haven, Conn., will begin issuing to illegal aliens city ID cards to allow them access to city programs and to open bank accounts. My question: What is the president’s reaction to this municipal…”
“Let me lay down a general rule, which is: The president, because of federalism reasons, does not talk about state, local, county, municipality, Cub Scout, Girl Scout, or other resolutions,” Snow said.
The report from New Haven said even though many U.S. cities and states are arresting illegal immigrants in raids, and are toughening laws against them, the Connecticut city was moving the other direction.
The report said starting this week, illegal aliens will be offered identification cards so they can use city services such as libraries. Supporters reported the cards will improve “public safety” and give the illegal aliens protections that already are given to legal residents.
The U.S. Senate failed this month to adopt a comprehensive reform program that had been sought by the White House. It would have granted a path to legal status for illegal aliens.
Now, an official who administers the program for New Haven said the special IDs will allow illegal aliens to do such things as open bank accounts.
“Part of the reason they can’t open bank accounts is because they don’t have forms of identification that were valid,” the official said.
Others, however, are objecting. Members of Southern Connecticut Citizens for Immigration Reform say the ID cards will change the country’s perspective on illegal aliens.
“There are millions of illegal aliens right around us that when these ID cards are available to them, they will rush to them and get some identification that will allow them to go to other cities,” said Ted Pechinski, a leader for the group.
Officials from Americans for Legal Immigration say they are circulating a promotion in more than three dozen states – urging illegal aliens to move to New Haven.
“Maybe New Haven needs to learn, if they want the illegals, then they’ll get the illegals,” ALIPAC President William Gheen said.
The new ID, officials said, actually doesn’t include an identification that the holder is an illegal alien.
Several weeks ago, Kinsolving asked Snow about Portland, Ore., Mayor Tom Potter’s declaration: “I am angered by this morning’s arrest by federal officers of approximately 150 Portland residents who were working at a local produce company.”
Kinsolving asked, how does the president “ever expect to bring under control the illegal immigration problem when a mayor like Potter openly advocated overlooking existing federal immigration law regarding these 150 lawbreakers?”
The exchange then went like this:
SNOW: Was he not talking about an arrest, Lester?
SNOW: Well, then I hardly see that the mayor was in a position to circumvent the law.
As WND also reported, Snow said he wouldn’t either condemn or endorse plans announced in several locations to set up “sanctuary” facilities in aid of illegal aliens who are in violation of federal law.
The question came after several church organizations had launched such programs, and WND asked: “What message does the White House believe it sends to the nation if a church is in actual defiance of federal law?
Snow’s response was no comment.
WND also asked about Sen. Hillary Clinton’s comments about a letter she got from the Defense Department.
She had written to ask about the plans for withdrawing troops from Iraq and was told it would be premature to discuss those issues. The Pentagon said the talk of withdrawal would simply reinforce enemy propaganda that the U.S. will abandon its allies in Iraq.
Kinsolving asked, “Sen. Hillary Clinton said, ‘Sen. Kerry and I were shocked at Under Secretary of Defense Eric Edelman’s widely reported statement that premature and public discussion of the withdrawal of U.S. forces from Iraq reinforces enemy propaganda that the United States will abandon its allies in Iraq.’ And my question: Was the president also shocked, or was he grateful to Mr. Edelman?”
“I’ll refer you to his comments,” said Snow.
In response to her request for information about plans for a withdrawal from Iraq, Edelman warned about discussions that would lead people to believe “the United States will abandon its allies.”
Clinton said the warning was “outrageous and dangerous.”
Do you have a tough question you’d like to ask the White House? WND’s MR. PRESIDENT! forum is your big chance.
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To celebrate the completion of the Jazz Improvisation class I am taking, I have arranged Olhos de Gato, by Carla Bley (one of the pieces studied in class) for orchestra. I have created a string backing for the melody, then added the melody from “Memories of Tomorrow” (another piece studied in class) as a counterpoint, and also my own melody as a further counterpoint. Finally, I created a new ending, based on a descending harmonic progression.
This is my arrangement of Chick Corea’s beautiful song for string quartet. I took the lead sheet and expanded it to four parts for string quartet, with each instrument (apart from cello) taking turns to play the melody, with the other instruments either providing counterpoint or harmony.
This my attempt at jazz arrangement and improvisation, inspired by an assignment from Gary Burton’s Jazz Improvisation course at Coursera. I took the original lead sheet provided in the assignment, then expanded to four parts that are polyrhythmic as well as polyphonic (based on Latin rhythms). I also added separate improvisations for piano and flute. Finally, I added open-voiced string harmonisation in the final section to indicate the guide tones and basis for future improvisation.
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TIN INDUSTRY (RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT) BOARD (TIN BOARD)
The Tin Industry (Research and Development) Board (Tin Board) was established under Section 4 of the Tin Board (Research and Development) Fund Ordinance No. 58 of 1953. In March 1991, the Ordinance was amended and published as a revised legislation entitled Tin Industry (Research and Development) Fund Act No.455 of 1953.
The Act provides for the collection of cess on export of tin from Malaysia. It also establishes a Fund into which money collected as cess is to be paid into. The Act also establishes a Board to administer and manage the Fund for the purpose of funding research, development, publicity and other activities for the benefit of the Malaysian tin industry. As from 16 July 2013, the cess has been fixed at the rate of 40 cent per kilogramme of tin concentrates.
The Tin Board started operations in 1954 and is responsible to the Ministry of Natural Resources and Environment. The primary objectives of the Tin Board are to stimulate, popularise and extend the consumption and uses of tin, to publicise and disseminate information on tin production, characteristics and availability, to undertake other activities that will benefit the tin industry, and to help develop a fully integrated tin-based products manufacturing industry.
The Tin Board is managed by nine Board Members comprising six Representative Members nominated by the tin industry and three Official Members nominated by the Government. The current Chairman of the Board is Dato' Seri Dr. Mohd. Ajib Anuar, and the Secretary is Tuan Hj. Muhamad Nor Muhamad.
The Malaysian Tin Products Manufacturers' Association (MTPMA), formed in 1989, is also serviced by the Secretariat and comes directly under the purview of the Tin Board forming part of its extended activities covering the downstream tin-based manufacturing sector under the Industrial Master Plan objectives.
The Association presently has 16 members comprising mainly solder, pewter and tinplate manufacturing companies. It is managed by a Management Committee of nine duly elected members. Its Annual General Meeting is normally held in June where the Association's Report of the Management Committee and Statement of Accounts for the year ending 31 December are presented. The current President of the Association is Mr. Yew Wei Aun of Selayang Solder Sdn Bhd with Mr. Lim Cheng Sang of Selayang Metal Industries Sdn Bhd as Vice President.
The Kuala Lumpur Tin Market (KLTM) is a physical tin market. It was incorporated on June 28, 1984 and was opened for trading on October 1, 1986 replacing the then 75-year old Penang Tin Market. When it first started, the KLTM continued to use the open outcry trading system where buyers and sellers meet to transact business on the floor by open competitive trading. However, since 17 September 2001, the KLTM has migrated to an on-line electronic trading. The KLTM starts trading daily at 10.30 hours local time where bids and offers are matched and balanced to arrive at an equilibrium price.
Membership of the KLTM is opened to corporate bodies and firms which are incorporated in Malaysia in accordance with the provisions of the Companies Act 1965 with a minimum paid up capital of RM250,000.00. Any corporate body or firm which by some reason of its domicile does not meet the requirements for membership, may be admitted at the discretion of the KLTM Board of Directors.
There are two classes of members namely, Ordinary and Associate Members. Ordinary members are classified into two types, namely Trading and Non-Trading Members. Trading Members are allowed to trade directly in the Market while Ordinary Non-Trading Members and Associate Members may do so through Ordinary Trading Members. Currently, there are ten Ordinary Members (eight Trading and two Non-Trading) and one Associate Member. Membership of the company is non-transferable.
The IOM3 Malaysian Branch has its beginnings in 1961 when the Institution of Mining and Metallurgy, Malaysian Section (IMM, Malaysian Section) was formed. During the glory days when tin mining was at its peak, many discussion meetings and technical talks were held, relating to mineral processing, exploration and evaluation of mining/mineral properties, welding, forgings and castings, foundry technology, lubrication and recycling of worn industrial components. Technical visits to mines and metallurgical works such as Eastern Smelting Company, Malaysian Smelting Corporation Berhad and Malayawata Steel Berhad as well as rehabilitation sites of some mines and tailings grounds were conducted. The Institute was also active in supporting the Asian Mining series of conferences and played a major role at the Asian Mining 88 Conference in Kuala Lumpur. Annual Magazines were also published.
The collapse of tin price in 1985 had resulted in closure of many mines and left the Malaysian mining industry in the doldrums. Consequently, activities of the Institute had been reduced but some activities to keep the members’ interests alive were still maintained.
The year 2002 saw the merger of IMM UK and IOM UK to form IOM3; this merger has opened up more and new scopes and challenges to the IOM3 Malaysian Branch, which has resulted in the branch organising more activities towards fulfilling the mission of IOM3. The one-day conference (M3C2009) on "The Roles of Materials, Minerals and Mining Technologies for Sustainable Development" in April 2009 spearheaded more seminars and conferences to come and more networking and activities in line with the mission.
INSTITUTE OF MINERAL ENGINEERING MALAYSIA (IME)
The Institute of Mineral Enginearing, Malaysia (IME) was registered in 1966. There are seven classes of membership of the Institute. They include Honorary Fellows, Life Fellows, Fellow, members, Graduate Members, Affiliate Members and Student Members.
The objectives of the Institute are:
- To promote and advance the knowledge, study and practice of mineral engineering and the various arts and sciences connected therewith.
- To provide a central organization for mineral engineers in the form of a learned and scientific institute for Mineral Engineering and to provide for the definition of and qualification for the various branches of the profession of Mineral Engineering.
- To assist, advise and co-operate with Government Departments, and other private or public bodies in an honorary capacity on questions relating to the Science of Mineral Engineering and policy in respect of land utilization and all other matters connected therewith.
- To promote friendly intercourse amongst Mineral Engineers and to hold meetings for readings and discussions on matters relating to Mineral Engineering and the various arts and sciences connected therewith
- To provide facilities for the holding of lectures, classes, examination, and the awarding of scholarships and prizes in connection with the work, theory and practice of Mineral Engineering
- To compile, print, publish, lend, distribute or sell the proceedings and reports of the Institute or any papers, or works connected with Mineral Engineering
- To make loans or grants of money, books, equipment or otherwise for the purpose of training candidates in the mineral profession and for the promotion of essential work in relation to Mineral Engineering.
- To accept donations, legacies or loans to be applied for the furtherance of the objects of the Institute
- To lend money or give financial assistance, free from interest, by way of donation or subscription or otherwise to any association or other body not carrying on business for profit
- To provide for facilities for interchange with other associations carrying on similar work, or with Government Departments, Educational and Scientific bodies engaged in research on matters relating to the work, theory or practice of Mineral Engineering or allied subjects.
- To arrange for alliance or affiliation with any Institution, Association or Society with similar objects to those of the Institute on such terms or conditions as may be in the interests of the Institute.
- To do all such other lawful things as are incidental or conducive to the attainment of the above objectives, provided that the Institute shall not support any object, which if any object of the Institute would make it a Trade Union or trade protection Association
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The intervertebral disc (IVD) is the joint of the spine connecting vertebra to vertebra. It functions to transmit loading of the spine and give flexibility to the spine. It composes of three compartments: the innermost nucleus pulposus (NP) encompassing by the annulus fibrosus (AF), and two cartilaginous endplates connecting the NP and AF to the vertebral body on both sides. Discogenic pain possibly caused by degenerative intervertebral disc disease (DDD) and disc herniations has been identified as a major problem in our modern society. To study possible mechanisms of IVD degeneration, in vitro organ culture systems with live disc cells are highly appealing. The in vitro culture of intact bovine coccygeal IVDs has advanced to a relevant model system, which allows the study of mechano-biological aspects in a well-controlled physiological and mechanical environment. Bovine tail IVDs can be obtained relatively easy in higher numbers and are very similar to the human lumbar IVDs with respect to cell density, cell population and dimensions. However, previous bovine caudal IVD harvesting techniques retaining cartilaginous endplates and bony endplates failed after 1-2 days of culture since the nutrition pathways were obviously blocked by clotted blood. IVDs are the biggest avascular organs, thus, the nutrients to the cells in the NP are solely dependent on diffusion via the capillary buds from the adjacent vertebral body. Presence of bone debris and clotted blood on the endplate surfaces can hinder nutrient diffusion into the center of the disc and compromise cell viability. Our group established a relatively quick protocol to "crack"-out the IVDs from the tail with a low risk for contamination. We are able to permeabilize the freshly-cut bony endplate surfaces by using a surgical jet lavage system, which removes the blood clots and cutting debris and very efficiently reopens the nutrition diffusion pathway to the center of the IVD. The presence of growth plates on both sides of the vertebral bone has to be avoided and to be removed prior to culture. In this video, we outline the crucial steps during preparation and demonstrate the key to a successful organ culture maintaining high cell viability for 14 days under free swelling culture. The culture time could be extended when appropriate mechanical environment can be maintained by using mechanical loading bioreactor. The technique demonstrated here can be extended to other animal species such as porcine, ovine and leporine caudal and lumbar IVD isolation.
26 Related JoVE Articles!
Isolation and Kv Channel Recordings in Murine Atrial and Ventricular Cardiomyocytes
Institutions: Charité Medical Faculty and Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Charité - Universitätsmedizin Berlin.
KCNE genes encode for a small family of Kv channel ancillary subunits that form heteromeric complexes with Kv channel alpha subunits to modify their functional properties. Mutations in KCNE genes have been found in patients with cardiac arrhythmias such as the long QT syndrome and/or atrial fibrillation. However, the precise molecular pathophysiology that leads to these diseases remains elusive. In previous studies the electrophysiological properties of the disease causing mutations in these genes have mostly been studied in heterologous expression systems and we cannot be sure if the reported effects can directly be translated into native cardiomyocytes. In our laboratory we therefore use a different approach. We directly study the effects of KCNE gene deletion in isolated cardiomyocytes from knockout mice by cellular electrophysiology - a unique technique that we describe in this issue of the Journal of Visualized Experiments
. The hearts from genetically engineered KCNE mice are rapidly excised and mounted onto a Langendorff apparatus by aortic cannulation. Free Ca2+
in the myocardium is bound by EGTA, and dissociation of cardiac myocytes is then achieved by retrograde perfusion of the coronary arteries with a specialized low Ca2+
buffer containing collagenase. Atria, free right ventricular wall and the left ventricle can then be separated by microsurgical techniques. Calcium is then slowly added back to isolated cardiomyocytes in a multiple step comprising washing procedure. Atrial and ventricular cardiomyocytes of healthy appearance with no spontaneous contractions are then immediately subjected to electrophysiological analyses by patch clamp technique or other biochemical analyses within the first 6 hours following isolation.
Physiology, Issue 73, Medicine, Cellular Biology, Molecular Biology, Genetics, Biomedical Engineering, Anatomy, Cardiology, Cardiac Output, Low, Cardiomyopathies, Heart Failure, Arrhythmias, Cardiac, Ventricular Dysfunction, Cardiomyocytes, Kv channel, cardiac arrythmia, electrophysiology, patch clamp, mouse, animal model
Quantum State Engineering of Light with Continuous-wave Optical Parametric Oscillators
Institutions: Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Ecole Normale Supérieure, CNRS, East China Normal University, Universidade de São Paulo.
Engineering non-classical states of the electromagnetic field is a central quest for quantum optics1,2
. Beyond their fundamental significance, such states are indeed the resources for implementing various protocols, ranging from enhanced metrology to quantum communication and computing. A variety of devices can be used to generate non-classical states, such as single emitters, light-matter interfaces or non-linear systems3
. We focus here on the use of a continuous-wave optical parametric oscillator3,4
. This system is based on a non-linear χ2
crystal inserted inside an optical cavity and it is now well-known as a very efficient source of non-classical light, such as single-mode or two-mode squeezed vacuum depending on the crystal phase matching.
Squeezed vacuum is a Gaussian state as its quadrature distributions follow a Gaussian statistics. However, it has been shown that number of protocols require non-Gaussian states5
. Generating directly such states is a difficult task and would require strong χ3
non-linearities. Another procedure, probabilistic but heralded, consists in using a measurement-induced non-linearity via a conditional preparation technique operated on Gaussian states. Here, we detail this generation protocol for two non-Gaussian states, the single-photon state and a superposition of coherent states, using two differently phase-matched parametric oscillators as primary resources. This technique enables achievement of a high fidelity with the targeted state and generation of the state in a well-controlled spatiotemporal mode.
Physics, Issue 87, Optics, Quantum optics, Quantum state engineering, Optical parametric oscillator, Squeezed vacuum, Single photon, Coherent state superposition, Homodyne detection
Profiling of Pre-micro RNAs and microRNAs using Quantitative Real-time PCR (qPCR) Arrays
Institutions: University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill.
Quantitative real-time PCR (QPCR) has emerged as an accurate and valuable tool in profiling gene expression levels. One of its many advantages is a lower detection limit compared to other methods of gene expression profiling while using smaller amounts of input for each assay. Automated qPCR setup has improved this field by allowing for greater reproducibility. Its convenient and rapid setup allows for high-throughput experiments, enabling the profiling of many different genes simultaneously in each experiment. This method along with internal plate controls also reduces experimental variables common to other techniques.
We recently developed a qPCR assay for profiling of pre-microRNAs (pre-miRNAs) using a set of 186 primer pairs. MicroRNAs have emerged as a novel class of small, non-coding RNAs with the ability to regulate many mRNA targets at the post-transcriptional level. These small RNAs are first transcribed by RNA polymerase II as a primary miRNA (pri-miRNA) transcript, which is then cleaved into the precursor miRNA (pre-miRNA). Pre-miRNAs are exported to the cytoplasm where Dicer cleaves the hairpin loop to yield mature miRNAs. Increases in miRNA levels can be observed at both the precursor and mature miRNA levels and profiling of both of these forms can be useful. There are several commercially available assays for mature miRNAs; however, their high cost may deter researchers from this profiling technique. Here, we discuss a cost-effective, reliable, SYBR-based qPCR method of profiling pre-miRNAs. Changes in pre-miRNA levels often reflect mature miRNA changes and can be a useful indicator of mature miRNA expression. However, simultaneous profiling of both pre-miRNAs and mature miRNAs may be optimal as they can contribute nonredundant information and provide insight into microRNA processing. Furthermore, the technique described here can be expanded to encompass the profiling of other library sets for specific pathways or pathogens.
Biochemistry, Issue 46, pre-microRNAs, qPCR, profiling, Tecan Freedom Evo, robot
Engineering Fibrin-based Tissue Constructs from Myofibroblasts and Application of Constraints and Strain to Induce Cell and Collagen Reorganization
Institutions: Eindhoven University of Technology.
Collagen content and organization in developing collagenous tissues can be influenced by local tissue strains and tissue constraint. Tissue engineers aim to use these principles to create tissues with predefined collagen architectures. A full understanding of the exact underlying processes of collagen remodeling to control the final tissue architecture, however, is lacking. In particular, little is known about the (re)orientation of collagen fibers in response to changes in tissue mechanical loading conditions. We developed an in vitro
model system, consisting of biaxially-constrained myofibroblast-seeded fibrin constructs, to further elucidate collagen (re)orientation in response to i) reverting biaxial to uniaxial static loading conditions and ii) cyclic uniaxial loading of the biaxially-constrained constructs before and after a change in loading direction, with use of the Flexcell FX4000T loading device. Time-lapse confocal imaging is used to visualize collagen (re)orientation in a nondestructive manner.
Cell and collagen organization in the constructs can be visualized in real-time, and an internal reference system allows us to relocate cells and collagen structures for time-lapse analysis. Various aspects of the model system can be adjusted, like cell source or use of healthy and diseased cells. Additives can be used to further elucidate mechanisms underlying collagen remodeling, by for example adding MMPs or blocking integrins. Shape and size of the construct can be easily adapted to specific needs, resulting in a highly tunable model system to study cell and collagen (re)organization.
Bioengineering, Issue 80, Connective Tissue, Myofibroblasts, Heart Valves, Heart Valve Diseases, Mechanotransduction, Cellular, Adaptation, Biological, Cellular Microenvironment, collagen remodeling, fibrin-based tissues, tissue engineering, cardiovascular
Preparation of Hydroxy-PAAm Hydrogels for Decoupling the Effects of Mechanotransduction Cues
Institutions: Université de Mons.
It is now well established that many cellular functions are regulated by interactions of cells with physicochemical and mechanical cues of their extracellular matrix (ECM) environment. Eukaryotic cells constantly sense their local microenvironment through surface mechanosensors to transduce physical changes of ECM into biochemical signals, and integrate these signals to achieve specific changes in gene expression. Interestingly, physicochemical and mechanical parameters of the ECM can couple with each other to regulate cell fate. Therefore, a key to understanding mechanotransduction is to decouple the relative contribution of ECM cues on cellular functions.
Here we present a detailed experimental protocol to rapidly and easily generate biologically relevant hydrogels for the independent tuning of mechanotransduction cues in vitro
. We chemically modified polyacrylamide hydrogels (PAAm) to surmount their intrinsically non-adhesive properties by incorporating hydroxyl-functionalized acrylamide monomers during the polymerization. We obtained a novel PAAm hydrogel, called hydroxy-PAAm, which permits immobilization of any desired nature of ECM proteins. The combination of hydroxy-PAAm hydrogels with microcontact printing allows to independently control the morphology of single-cells, the matrix stiffness, the nature and the density of ECM proteins. We provide a simple and rapid method that can be set up in every biology lab to study in vitro
cell mechanotransduction processes. We validate this novel two-dimensional platform by conducting experiments on endothelial cells that demonstrate a mechanical coupling between ECM stiffness and the nucleus.
Bioengineering, Issue 90, hydrogels, mechanotransduction, polyacrylamide, microcontact printing, cell shape, stiffness, durotaxis, cell-ligand density
Mechanical Stimulation-induced Calcium Wave Propagation in Cell Monolayers: The Example of Bovine Corneal Endothelial Cells
Institutions: KU Leuven.
Intercellular communication is essential for the coordination of physiological processes between cells in a variety of organs and tissues, including the brain, liver, retina, cochlea and vasculature. In experimental settings, intercellular Ca2+
-waves can be elicited by applying a mechanical stimulus to a single cell. This leads to the release of the intracellular signaling molecules IP3
that initiate the propagation of the Ca2+
-wave concentrically from the mechanically stimulated cell to the neighboring cells. The main molecular pathways that control intercellular Ca2+
-wave propagation are provided by gap junction channels through the direct transfer of IP3
and by hemichannels through the release of ATP. Identification and characterization of the properties and regulation of different connexin and pannexin isoforms as gap junction channels and hemichannels are allowed by the quantification of the spread of the intercellular Ca2+
-wave, siRNA, and the use of inhibitors of gap junction channels and hemichannels. Here, we describe a method to measure intercellular Ca2+
-wave in monolayers of primary corneal endothelial cells loaded with Fluo4-AM in response to a controlled and localized mechanical stimulus provoked by an acute, short-lasting deformation of the cell as a result of touching the cell membrane with a micromanipulator-controlled glass micropipette with a tip diameter of less than 1 μm. We also describe the isolation of primary bovine corneal endothelial cells and its use as model system to assess Cx43-hemichannel activity as the driven force for intercellular Ca2+
-waves through the release of ATP. Finally, we discuss the use, advantages, limitations and alternatives of this method in the context of gap junction channel and hemichannel research.
Cellular Biology, Issue 77, Molecular Biology, Medicine, Biomedical Engineering, Biophysics, Immunology, Ophthalmology, Gap Junctions, Connexins, Connexin 43, Calcium Signaling, Ca2+, Cell Communication, Paracrine Communication, Intercellular communication, calcium wave propagation, gap junctions, hemichannels, endothelial cells, cell signaling, cell, isolation, cell culture
A Microplate Assay to Assess Chemical Effects on RBL-2H3 Mast Cell Degranulation: Effects of Triclosan without Use of an Organic Solvent
Institutions: University of Maine, Orono, University of Maine, Orono.
Mast cells play important roles in allergic disease and immune defense against parasites. Once activated (e.g.
by an allergen), they degranulate, a process that results in the exocytosis of allergic mediators. Modulation of mast cell degranulation by drugs and toxicants may have positive or adverse effects on human health. Mast cell function has been dissected in detail with the use of rat basophilic leukemia mast cells (RBL-2H3), a widely accepted model of human mucosal mast cells3-5
. Mast cell granule component and the allergic mediator β-hexosaminidase, which is released linearly in tandem with histamine from mast cells6
, can easily and reliably be measured through reaction with a fluorogenic substrate, yielding measurable fluorescence intensity in a microplate assay that is amenable to high-throughput studies1
. Originally published by Naal et al.1
, we have adapted this degranulation assay for the screening of drugs and toxicants and demonstrate its use here.
Triclosan is a broad-spectrum antibacterial agent that is present in many consumer products and has been found to be a therapeutic aid in human allergic skin disease7-11
, although the mechanism for this effect is unknown. Here we demonstrate an assay for the effect of triclosan on mast cell degranulation. We recently showed that triclosan strongly affects mast cell function2
. In an effort to avoid use of an organic solvent, triclosan is dissolved directly into aqueous buffer with heat and stirring, and resultant concentration is confirmed using UV-Vis spectrophotometry (using ε280
= 4,200 L/M/cm)12
. This protocol has the potential to be used with a variety of chemicals to determine their effects on mast cell degranulation, and more broadly, their allergic potential.
Immunology, Issue 81, mast cell, basophil, degranulation, RBL-2H3, triclosan, irgasan, antibacterial, β-hexosaminidase, allergy, Asthma, toxicants, ionophore, antigen, fluorescence, microplate, UV-Vis
In vivo Imaging of Optic Nerve Fiber Integrity by Contrast-Enhanced MRI in Mice
Institutions: Jena University Hospital, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Jena University Hospital.
The rodent visual system encompasses retinal ganglion cells and their axons that form the optic nerve to enter thalamic and midbrain centers, and postsynaptic projections to the visual cortex. Based on its distinct anatomical structure and convenient accessibility, it has become the favored structure for studies on neuronal survival, axonal regeneration, and synaptic plasticity. Recent advancements in MR imaging have enabled the in vivo
visualization of the retino-tectal part of this projection using manganese mediated contrast enhancement (MEMRI). Here, we present a MEMRI protocol for illustration of the visual projection in mice, by which resolutions of (200 µm)3
can be achieved using common 3 Tesla scanners. We demonstrate how intravitreal injection of a single dosage of 15 nmol MnCl2
leads to a saturated enhancement of the intact projection within 24 hr. With exception of the retina, changes in signal intensity are independent of coincided visual stimulation or physiological aging. We further apply this technique to longitudinally monitor axonal degeneration in response to acute optic nerve injury, a paradigm by which Mn2+
transport completely arrests at the lesion site. Conversely, active Mn2+
transport is quantitatively proportionate to the viability, number, and electrical activity of axon fibers. For such an analysis, we exemplify Mn2+
transport kinetics along the visual path in a transgenic mouse model (NF-κB p50KO
) displaying spontaneous atrophy of sensory, including visual, projections. In these mice, MEMRI indicates reduced but not delayed Mn2+
transport as compared to wild type mice, thus revealing signs of structural and/or functional impairments by NF-κB mutations.
In summary, MEMRI conveniently bridges in vivo
assays and post mortem
histology for the characterization of nerve fiber integrity and activity. It is highly useful for longitudinal studies on axonal degeneration and regeneration, and investigations of mutant mice for genuine or inducible phenotypes.
Neuroscience, Issue 89, manganese-enhanced MRI, mouse retino-tectal projection, visual system, neurodegeneration, optic nerve injury, NF-κB
Biophysical Assays to Probe the Mechanical Properties of the Interphase Cell Nucleus: Substrate Strain Application and Microneedle Manipulation
Institutions: Department of Medicine, Cardiovascular Division, Cornell University.
In most eukaryotic cells, the nucleus is the largest organelle and is typically 2 to 10 times stiffer than the surrounding cytoskeleton; consequently, the physical properties of the nucleus contribute significantly to the overall biomechanical behavior of cells under physiological and pathological conditions. For example, in migrating neutrophils and invading cancer cells, nuclear stiffness can pose a major obstacle during extravasation or passage through narrow spaces within tissues.1
On the other hand, the nucleus of cells in mechanically active tissue such as muscle requires sufficient structural support to withstand repetitive mechanical stress. Importantly, the nucleus is tightly integrated into the cellular architecture; it is physically connected to the surrounding cytoskeleton, which is a critical requirement for the intracellular movement and positioning of the nucleus, for example, in polarized cells, synaptic nuclei at neuromuscular junctions, or in migrating cells.2
Not surprisingly, mutations in nuclear envelope proteins such as lamins and nesprins, which play a critical role in determining nuclear stiffness and nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling, have been shown recently to result in a number of human diseases, including Emery-Dreifuss muscular dystrophy, limb-girdle muscular dystrophy, and dilated cardiomyopathy.3
To investigate the biophysical function of diverse nuclear envelope proteins and the effect of specific mutations, we have developed experimental methods to study the physical properties of the nucleus in single, living cells subjected to global or localized mechanical perturbation. Measuring induced nuclear deformations in response to precisely applied substrate strain application yields important information on the deformability of the nucleus and allows quantitative comparison between different mutations or cell lines deficient for specific nuclear envelope proteins. Localized cytoskeletal strain application with a microneedle is used to complement this assay and can yield additional information on intracellular force transmission between the nucleus and the cytoskeleton. Studying nuclear mechanics in intact living cells preserves the normal intracellular architecture and avoids potential artifacts that can arise when working with isolated nuclei. Furthermore, substrate strain application presents a good model for the physiological stress experienced by cells in muscle or other tissues (e.g., vascular smooth muscle cells exposed to vessel strain). Lastly, while these tools have been developed primarily to study nuclear mechanics, they can also be applied to investigate the function of cytoskeletal proteins and mechanotransduction signaling.
Biophysics, Issue 55, nuclear envelope, nuclear stiffness, nucleo-cytoskeletal coupling, lamin, nesprin, cytoskeleton, biomechanics, nuclear deformation, force transmission
An Ex Vivo Laser-induced Spinal Cord Injury Model to Assess Mechanisms of Axonal Degeneration in Real-time
Institutions: University of Louisville, University of Calgary.
Injured CNS axons fail to regenerate and often retract away from the injury site. Axons spared from the initial injury may later undergo secondary axonal degeneration. Lack of growth cone formation, regeneration, and loss of additional myelinated axonal projections within the spinal cord greatly limits neurological recovery following injury. To assess how central myelinated axons of the spinal cord respond to injury, we developed an ex vivo
living spinal cord model utilizing transgenic mice that express yellow fluorescent protein in axons and a focal and highly reproducible laser-induced spinal cord injury to document the fate of axons and myelin (lipophilic fluorescent dye Nile Red) over time using two-photon excitation time-lapse microscopy. Dynamic processes such as acute axonal injury, axonal retraction, and myelin degeneration are best studied in real-time. However, the non-focal nature of contusion-based injuries and movement artifacts encountered during in vivo
spinal cord imaging make differentiating primary and secondary axonal injury responses using high resolution microscopy challenging. The ex vivo
spinal cord model described here mimics several aspects of clinically relevant contusion/compression-induced axonal pathologies including axonal swelling, spheroid formation, axonal transection, and peri-axonal swelling providing a useful model to study these dynamic processes in real-time. Major advantages of this model are excellent spatiotemporal resolution that allows differentiation between the primary insult that directly injures axons and secondary injury mechanisms; controlled infusion of reagents directly to the perfusate bathing the cord; precise alterations of the environmental milieu (e.g.,
calcium, sodium ions, known contributors to axonal injury, but near impossible to manipulate in vivo
); and murine models also offer an advantage as they provide an opportunity to visualize and manipulate genetically identified cell populations and subcellular structures. Here, we describe how to isolate and image the living spinal cord from mice to capture dynamics of acute axonal injury.
Neuroscience, Issue 93, spinal cord injury, axon, myelin, two-photon excitation microscopy, Nile Red, axonal degeneration, axonal dieback, axonal retraction
Parallel-plate Flow Chamber and Continuous Flow Circuit to Evaluate Endothelial Progenitor Cells under Laminar Flow Shear Stress
Institutions: Duke University Medical Center, Duke University , University of Pennsylvania , Duke University Medical Center.
The overall goal of this method is to describe a technique to subject adherent cells to laminar flow conditions and evaluate their response to well quantifiable fluid shear stresses1
Our flow chamber design and flow circuit (Fig. 1
) contains a transparent viewing region that enables testing of cell adhesion and imaging of cell morphology immediately before flow (Fig. 11A, B
), at various time points during flow (Fig. 11C
), and after flow (Fig. 11D
). These experiments are illustrated with human umbilical cord blood-derived endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) and porcine EPCs2,3
This method is also applicable to other adherent cell types, e.g. smooth muscle cells (SMCs) or fibroblasts.
The chamber and all parts of the circuit are easily sterilized with steam autoclaving. In contrast to other chambers, e.g. microfluidic chambers, large numbers of cells (> 1 million depending on cell size) can be recovered after the flow experiment under sterile conditions for cell culture or other experiments, e.g. DNA or RNA extraction, or immunohistochemistry (Fig. 11E
), or scanning electron microscopy5
. The shear stress can be adjusted by varying the flow rate of the perfusate, the fluid viscosity, or the channel height and width. The latter can reduce fluid volume or cell needs while ensuring that one-dimensional flow is maintained. It is not necessary to measure chamber height between experiments, since the chamber height does not depend on the use of gaskets, which greatly increases the ease of multiple experiments. Furthermore, the circuit design easily enables the collection of perfusate samples for analysis and/or quantification of metabolites secreted by cells under fluid shear stress exposure, e.g. nitric oxide (Fig. 12
Bioengineering, Issue 59, Fluid Shear Stress, Shear Stress, Shear Force, Endothelium, Endothelial Progenitor Cells, Flow Chamber, Laminar Flow, Flow Circuit, Continuous Flow, Cell Adhesion
A Simple and Efficient Method to Isolate Macrophages from Mixed Primary Cultures of Adult Liver Cells
Institutions: National Institute of Agrobiological Sciences, Tsukuba, Japan, National Institute of Animal Health, Tsukuba, Japan.
Kupffer cells are liver-specific resident macrophages and play an important role in the physiological and pathological functions of the liver1-3
. Although the isolation methods of liver macrophages have been well-described4-6
, most of these methods require sophisticated equipment, such as a centrifugal elutriator and technical skills. Here, we provide a novel method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity from mixed primary cultures of adult rat liver cells, as schematically illustrated in Figure 1.
After dissociation of the liver cells by two-step perfusion method7,8
,a fraction mostly composed of parenchymal hepatocytes is prepared and seeded into T75 tissue culture flasks with culture medium composed of DMEM and 10% FCS.Parenchymal hepatocytes lose the epithelial cell morphology within a few days in culture, degenerate or transform into fibroblast-like cells (Figure 2). As the culture proceeds, around day 6, phase contrast-bright, round macrophage-like cells start to proliferate on the fibroblastic cell sheet (Figure 2). The growth of the macrophage-like cells continue and reach to maximum levels around day 12, covering the cell sheet on the flask surface. By shaking of the culture flasks, macrophages are readily suspended into the culture medium. Subsequent transfer and short incubation in plastic dishes result in selective adhesion of macrophages(Figure 3), where as other contaminating cells remain suspended. After several rinses with PBS, attached macrophages are harvested. More than 106
cells can be harvested repeatedly from the same T75 tissue culture flask at two to three day intervals for more than two weeks(Figure 3).The purities of the isolated macrophages were 95 to 99%, as evaluated by flow cytometry or immunocytochemistry with rat macrophage-specific antibodies (Figure 4).The isolated cells show active phagocytosis of polystylene beads (Figure 5), proliferative response to recombinant GM-CSF, secretion of inflammatory/anti-inflammatory cytokines upon stimulation with LPS, and formation of multinucleated giant cells9
In conclusion, we provide a simple and efficient method to obtain liver macrophages in sufficient number and purity without complex equipment and skills.This method might be applicable to other mammalian species.
Infection, Issue 51, macrophage-like cells, proliferation, hepatocytes, mixed culture, shaking, attachment
An Experimental System to Study Mechanotransduction in Fetal Lung Cells
Institutions: Alpert Medical School of Brown University.
Mechanical forces generated in utero
by repetitive breathing-like movements and by fluid distension are critical for normal lung development. A key component of lung development is the differentiation of alveolar type II epithelial cells, the major source of pulmonary surfactant. These cells also participate in fluid homeostasis in the alveolar lumen, host defense, and injury repair. In addition, distal lung parenchyma cells can be directly exposed to exaggerated stretch during mechanical ventilation after birth. However, the precise molecular and cellular mechanisms by which lung cells sense mechanical stimuli to influence lung development and to promote lung injury are not completely understood. Here, we provide a simple and high purity method to isolate type II cells and fibroblasts from rodent fetal lungs. Then, we describe an in vitro
system, The Flexcell Strain Unit, to provide mechanical stimulation to fetal cells, simulating mechanical forces in fetal lung development or lung injury. This experimental system provides an excellent tool to investigate molecular and cellular mechanisms in fetal lung cells exposed to stretch. Using this approach, our laboratory has identified several receptors and signaling proteins that participate in mechanotransduction in fetal lung development and lung injury.
Bioengineering, Issue 60, Mechanical stretch, differentiation, lung injury, isolation, fetal, type II epithelial cells, fibroblasts
High-Resolution Endocardial and Epicardial Optical Mapping in a Sheep Model of Stretch-Induced Atrial Fibrillation
Institutions: University of Michigan .
Atrial fibrillation (AF) is a complex cardiac arrhythmia with high morbidity and mortality.1,2
It is the most common sustained cardiac rhythm disturbance seen in clinical practice and its prevalence is expected to increase in the coming years.3
Increased intra-atrial pressure and dilatation have been long recognized to lead to AF,1,4
which highlights the relevance of using animal models and stretch to study AF dynamics. Understanding the mechanisms underlying AF requires visualization of the cardiac electrical waves with high spatial and temporal resolution. While high-temporal resolution can be achieved by conventional electrical mapping traditionally used in human electrophysiological studies, the small number of intra-atrial electrodes that can be used simultaneously limits the spatial resolution and precludes any detailed tracking of the electrical waves during the arrhythmia. The introduction of optical mapping in the early 90's enabled wide-field characterization of fibrillatory activity together with sub-millimeter spatial resolution in animal models5,6
and led to the identification of rapidly spinning electrical wave patterns (rotors) as the sources of the fibrillatory activity that may occur in the ventricles or the atria.7-9
Using combined time- and frequency-domain analyses of optical mapping it is possible to demonstrate discrete sites of high frequency periodic activity during AF, along with frequency gradients between left and right atrium. The region with fastest rotors activates at the highest frequency and drives the overall arrhythmia.10,11
The waves emanating from such rotor interact with either functional or anatomic obstacles in their path, resulting in the phenomenon of fibrillatory conduction.12
Mapping the endocardial surface of the posterior left atrium (PLA) allows the tracking of AF wave dynamics in the region with the highest rotor frequency. Importantly, the PLA is the region where intracavitary catheter-based ablative procedures are most successful terminating AF in patients,13
which underscores the relevance of studying AF dynamics from the interior of the left atrium. Here we describe a sheep model of acute stretch-induced AF, which resembles some of the characteristics of human paroxysmal AF. Epicardial mapping on the left atrium is complemented with endocardial mapping of the PLA using a dual-channel rigid borescope c-mounted to a CCD camera, which represents the most direct approach to visualize the patterns of activation in the most relevant region for AF maintenance.
Medicine, Issue 53, atrial fibrillation, endocardial mapping, patterns of activation, posterior left atrium
A Novel Stretching Platform for Applications in Cell and Tissue Mechanobiology
Institutions: University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa, University of Calgary, University of Ottawa, University of Ottawa.
Tools that allow the application of mechanical forces to cells and tissues or that can quantify the mechanical properties of biological tissues have contributed dramatically to the understanding of basic mechanobiology. These techniques have been extensively used to demonstrate how the onset and progression of various diseases are heavily influenced by mechanical cues. This article presents a multi-functional biaxial stretching (BAXS) platform that can either mechanically stimulate single cells or quantify the mechanical stiffness of tissues. The BAXS platform consists of four voice coil motors that can be controlled independently. Single cells can be cultured on a flexible substrate that can be attached to the motors allowing one to expose the cells to complex, dynamic, and spatially varying strain fields. Conversely, by incorporating a force load cell, one can also quantify the mechanical properties of primary tissues as they are exposed to deformation cycles. In both cases, a proper set of clamps must be designed and mounted to the BAXS platform motors in order to firmly hold the flexible substrate or the tissue of interest. The BAXS platform can be mounted on an inverted microscope to perform simultaneous transmitted light and/or fluorescence imaging to examine the structural or biochemical response of the sample during stretching experiments. This article provides experimental details of the design and usage of the BAXS platform and presents results for single cell and whole tissue studies. The BAXS platform was used to measure the deformation of nuclei in single mouse myoblast cells in response to substrate strain and to measure the stiffness of isolated mouse aortas. The BAXS platform is a versatile tool that can be combined with various optical microscopies in order to provide novel mechanobiological insights at the sub-cellular, cellular and whole tissue levels.
Bioengineering, Issue 88, cell stretching, tissue mechanics, nuclear mechanics, uniaxial, biaxial, anisotropic, mechanobiology
Setting-up an In Vitro Model of Rat Blood-brain Barrier (BBB): A Focus on BBB Impermeability and Receptor-mediated Transport
Institutions: VECT-HORUS SAS, CNRS, NICN UMR 7259.
The blood brain barrier (BBB) specifically regulates molecular and cellular flux between the blood and the nervous tissue. Our aim was to develop and characterize a highly reproducible rat syngeneic in vitro
model of the BBB using co-cultures of primary rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC) and astrocytes to study receptors involved in transcytosis across the endothelial cell monolayer. Astrocytes were isolated by mechanical dissection following trypsin digestion and were frozen for later co-culture. RBEC were isolated from 5-week-old rat cortices. The brains were cleaned of meninges and white matter, and mechanically dissociated following enzymatic digestion. Thereafter, the tissue homogenate was centrifuged in bovine serum albumin to separate vessel fragments from nervous tissue. The vessel fragments underwent a second enzymatic digestion to free endothelial cells from their extracellular matrix. The remaining contaminating cells such as pericytes were further eliminated by plating the microvessel fragments in puromycin-containing medium. They were then passaged onto filters for co-culture with astrocytes grown on the bottom of the wells. RBEC expressed high levels of tight junction (TJ) proteins such as occludin, claudin-5 and ZO-1 with a typical localization at the cell borders. The transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER) of brain endothelial monolayers, indicating the tightness of TJs reached 300 ohm·cm2
on average. The endothelial permeability coefficients (Pe) for lucifer yellow (LY) was highly reproducible with an average of 0.26 ± 0.11 x 10-3
cm/min. Brain endothelial cells organized in monolayers expressed the efflux transporter P-glycoprotein (P-gp), showed a polarized transport of rhodamine 123, a ligand for P-gp, and showed specific transport of transferrin-Cy3 and DiILDL across the endothelial cell monolayer. In conclusion, we provide a protocol for setting up an in vitro
BBB model that is highly reproducible due to the quality assurance methods, and that is suitable for research on BBB transporters and receptors.
Medicine, Issue 88, rat brain endothelial cells (RBEC), mouse, spinal cord, tight junction (TJ), receptor-mediated transport (RMT), low density lipoprotein (LDL), LDLR, transferrin, TfR, P-glycoprotein (P-gp), transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER),
Modeling Neural Immune Signaling of Episodic and Chronic Migraine Using Spreading Depression In Vitro
Institutions: The University of Chicago Medical Center, The University of Chicago Medical Center.
Migraine and its transformation to chronic migraine are healthcare burdens in need of improved treatment options. We seek to define how neural immune signaling modulates the susceptibility to migraine, modeled in vitro
using spreading depression (SD), as a means to develop novel therapeutic targets for episodic and chronic migraine. SD is the likely cause of migraine aura and migraine pain. It is a paroxysmal loss of neuronal function triggered by initially increased neuronal activity, which slowly propagates within susceptible brain regions. Normal brain function is exquisitely sensitive to, and relies on, coincident low-level immune signaling. Thus, neural immune signaling likely affects electrical activity of SD, and therefore migraine. Pain perception studies of SD in whole animals are fraught with difficulties, but whole animals are well suited to examine systems biology aspects of migraine since SD activates trigeminal nociceptive pathways. However, whole animal studies alone cannot be used to decipher the cellular and neural circuit mechanisms of SD. Instead, in vitro
preparations where environmental conditions can be controlled are necessary. Here, it is important to recognize limitations of acute slices and distinct advantages of hippocampal slice cultures. Acute brain slices cannot reveal subtle changes in immune signaling since preparing the slices alone triggers: pro-inflammatory changes that last days, epileptiform behavior due to high levels of oxygen tension needed to vitalize the slices, and irreversible cell injury at anoxic slice centers.
In contrast, we examine immune signaling in mature hippocampal slice cultures since the cultures closely parallel their in vivo
counterpart with mature trisynaptic function; show quiescent astrocytes, microglia, and cytokine levels; and SD is easily induced in an unanesthetized preparation. Furthermore, the slices are long-lived and SD can be induced on consecutive days without injury, making this preparation the sole means to-date capable of modeling the neuroimmune consequences of chronic SD, and thus perhaps chronic migraine. We use electrophysiological techniques and non-invasive imaging to measure
neuronal cell and circuit functions coincident with SD. Neural immune gene expression variables are measured with qPCR screening, qPCR arrays, and, importantly, use of cDNA preamplification for detection of ultra-low level targets such as interferon-gamma using whole, regional, or specific cell enhanced (via laser dissection microscopy) sampling. Cytokine cascade signaling is further assessed with multiplexed phosphoprotein related targets with gene expression and phosphoprotein changes confirmed via cell-specific immunostaining. Pharmacological and siRNA strategies are used to mimic
SD immune signaling.
Neuroscience, Issue 52, innate immunity, hormesis, microglia, T-cells, hippocampus, slice culture, gene expression, laser dissection microscopy, real-time qPCR, interferon-gamma
Enrichment and Purging of Human Embryonic Stem Cells by Detection of Cell Surface Antigens Using the Monoclonal Antibodies TG30 and GCTM-2
Human embryonic stem cells (hESC) can self-renew indefinitely in vitro
, and with the appropriate cues can be induced to differentiate into potentially all somatic cell lineages. Differentiated hESC derivatives can potentially be used in transplantation therapies to treat a variety of cell-degenerative diseases. However, hESC differentiation protocols usually yield a mixture of differentiated target and off-target cell types as well as residual undifferentiated cells. For the translation of differentiated hESC-derivatives from the laboratory to the clinic, it is important to be able to discriminate between undifferentiated (pluripotent) and differentiated cells, and generate methods to separate these populations. Safe application of hESC-derived somatic cell types can only be accomplished with pluripotent stem cell-free populations, as residual hESCs could induce tumors known as teratomas following transplantation. Towards this end, here we describe a methodology to detect pluripotency associated cell surface antigens with the monoclonal antibodies TG30 (CD9) and GCTM-2 via fluorescence activated cell sorting (FACS) for the identification of pluripotent TG30Hi
hESCs using positive selection. Using negative selection with our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology, we were able to detect and purge undifferentiated hESCs in populations undergoing very early-stage differentiation (TG30Neg
). In a further study, pluripotent stem cell-free samples of differentiated TG30Neg
cells selected using our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS protocol did not form teratomas once transplanted into immune-compromised mice, supporting the robustness of our protocol. On the other hand, TG30/GCTM-2 FACS-mediated consecutive passaging of enriched pluripotent TG30Hi
hESCs did not affect their ability to self-renew in vitro
or their intrinsic pluripotency. Therefore, the characteristics of our TG30/GCTM-2 FACS methodology provide a sensitive assay to obtain highly enriched populations of hPSC as inputs for differentiation assays and to rid potentially tumorigenic (or residual) hESC from derivative cell populations.
Stem Cell Biology, Issue 82, Stem cells, cell surface antigens, antibodies, FACS, purging stem cells, differentiation, pluripotency, teratoma, human embryonic stem cells (hESC)
Microwave-assisted Functionalization of Poly(ethylene glycol) and On-resin Peptides for Use in Chain Polymerizations and Hydrogel Formation
Institutions: University of Rochester, University of Rochester, University of Rochester Medical Center.
One of the main benefits to using poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) macromers in hydrogel formation is synthetic versatility. The ability to draw from a large variety of PEG molecular weights and configurations (arm number, arm length, and branching pattern) affords researchers tight control over resulting hydrogel structures and properties, including Young’s modulus and mesh size. This video will illustrate a rapid, efficient, solvent-free, microwave-assisted method to methacrylate PEG precursors into poly(ethylene glycol) dimethacrylate (PEGDM). This synthetic method provides much-needed starting materials for applications in drug delivery and regenerative medicine. The demonstrated method is superior to traditional methacrylation methods as it is significantly faster and simpler, as well as more economical and environmentally friendly, using smaller amounts of reagents and solvents. We will also demonstrate an adaptation of this technique for on-resin methacrylamide functionalization of peptides. This on-resin method allows the N-terminus of peptides to be functionalized with methacrylamide groups prior to deprotection and cleavage from resin. This allows for selective addition of methacrylamide groups to the N-termini of the peptides while amino acids with reactive side groups (e.g.
primary amine of lysine, primary alcohol of serine, secondary alcohols of threonine, and phenol of tyrosine) remain protected, preventing functionalization at multiple sites. This article will detail common analytical methods (proton Nuclear Magnetic Resonance spectroscopy (;
H-NMR) and Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption Ionization Time of Flight mass spectrometry (MALDI-ToF)) to assess the efficiency of the functionalizations. Common pitfalls and suggested troubleshooting methods will be addressed, as will modifications of the technique which can be used to further tune macromer functionality and resulting hydrogel physical and chemical properties. Use of synthesized products for the formation of hydrogels for drug delivery and cell-material interaction studies will be demonstrated, with particular attention paid to modifying hydrogel composition to affect mesh size, controlling hydrogel stiffness and drug release.
Chemistry, Issue 80, Poly(ethylene glycol), peptides, polymerization, polymers, methacrylation, peptide functionalization, 1H-NMR, MALDI-ToF, hydrogels, macromer synthesis
Production and Isolation of Axons from Sensory Neurons for Biochemical Analysis Using Porous Filters
Institutions: Montreal Neurological Institute, McGill University.
Neuronal axons use specific mechanisms to mediate extension, maintain integrity, and induce degeneration. An appropriate balance of these events is required to shape functional neuronal circuits. The protocol described here explains how to use cell culture inserts bearing a porous membrane (filter) to obtain large amounts of pure axonal preparations suitable for examination by conventional biochemical or immunocytochemical techniques. The functionality of these filter inserts will be demonstrated with models of developmental pruning and Wallerian degeneration, using explants of embryonic dorsal root ganglion. Axonal integrity and function is compromised in a wide variety of neurodegenerative pathologies. Indeed, it is now clear that axonal dysfunction appears much earlier in the course of the disease than neuronal soma loss in several neurodegenerative diseases, indicating that axonal-specific processes are primarily targeted in these disorders. By obtaining pure axonal samples for analysis by molecular and biochemical techniques, this technique has the potential to shed new light into mechanisms regulating the physiology and pathophysiology of axons. This in turn will have an impact in our understanding of the processes that drive degenerative diseases of the nervous system.
Neuroscience, Issue 89, neuron, axon, filter inserts, culture system, dorsal root ganglion, axonal degeneration
Bladder Smooth Muscle Strip Contractility as a Method to Evaluate Lower Urinary Tract Pharmacology
Institutions: University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine.
We describe an in vitro
method to measure bladder smooth muscle contractility, and its use for investigating physiological and pharmacological properties of the smooth muscle as well as changes induced by pathology. This method provides critical information for understanding bladder function while overcoming major methodological difficulties encountered in in vivo
experiments, such as surgical and pharmacological manipulations that affect stability and survival of the preparations, the use of human tissue, and/or the use of expensive chemicals. It also provides a way to investigate the properties of each bladder component (i.e.
smooth muscle, mucosa, nerves) in healthy and pathological conditions.
The urinary bladder is removed from an anesthetized animal, placed in Krebs solution and cut into strips. Strips are placed into a chamber filled with warm Krebs solution. One end is attached to an isometric tension transducer to measure contraction force, the other end is attached to a fixed rod. Tissue is stimulated by directly adding compounds to the bath or by electric field stimulation electrodes that activate nerves, similar to triggering bladder contractions in vivo
. We demonstrate the use of this method to evaluate spontaneous smooth muscle contractility during development and after an experimental spinal cord injury, the nature of neurotransmission (transmitters and receptors involved), factors involved in modulation of smooth muscle activity, the role of individual bladder components, and species and organ differences in response to pharmacological agents. Additionally, it could be used for investigating intracellular pathways involved in contraction and/or relaxation of the smooth muscle, drug structure-activity relationships and evaluation of transmitter release.
The in vitro
smooth muscle contractility method has been used extensively for over 50 years, and has provided data that significantly contributed to our understanding of bladder function as well as to pharmaceutical development of compounds currently used clinically for bladder management.
Medicine, Issue 90, Krebs, species differences, in vitro, smooth muscle contractility, neural stimulation
Using Microfluidics Chips for Live Imaging and Study of Injury Responses in Drosophila Larvae
Institutions: University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Michigan, University of Michigan.
Live imaging is an important technique for studying cell biological processes, however this can be challenging in live animals. The translucent cuticle of the Drosophila
larva makes it an attractive model organism for live imaging studies. However, an important challenge for live imaging techniques is to noninvasively immobilize and position an animal on the microscope. This protocol presents a simple and easy to use method for immobilizing and imaging Drosophila
larvae on a polydimethylsiloxane (PDMS) microfluidic device, which we call the 'larva chip'. The larva chip is comprised of a snug-fitting PDMS microchamber that is attached to a thin glass coverslip, which, upon application of a vacuum via a syringe, immobilizes the animal and brings ventral structures such as the nerve cord, segmental nerves, and body wall muscles, within close proximity to the coverslip. This allows for high-resolution imaging, and importantly, avoids the use of anesthetics and chemicals, which facilitates the study of a broad range of physiological processes. Since larvae recover easily from the immobilization, they can be readily subjected to multiple imaging sessions. This allows for longitudinal studies over time courses ranging from hours to days. This protocol describes step-by-step how to prepare the chip and how to utilize the chip for live imaging of neuronal events in 3rd
instar larvae. These events include the rapid transport of organelles in axons, calcium responses to injury, and time-lapse studies of the trafficking of photo-convertible proteins over long distances and time scales. Another application of the chip is to study regenerative and degenerative responses to axonal injury, so the second part of this protocol describes a new and simple procedure for injuring axons within peripheral nerves by a segmental nerve crush.
Bioengineering, Issue 84, Drosophila melanogaster, Live Imaging, Microfluidics, axonal injury, axonal degeneration, calcium imaging, photoconversion, laser microsurgery
Optimization and Utilization of Agrobacterium-mediated Transient Protein Production in Nicotiana
Institutions: Fraunhofer USA Center for Molecular Biotechnology.
-mediated transient protein production in plants is a promising approach to produce vaccine antigens and therapeutic proteins within a short period of time. However, this technology is only just beginning to be applied to large-scale production as many technological obstacles to scale up are now being overcome. Here, we demonstrate a simple and reproducible method for industrial-scale transient protein production based on vacuum infiltration of Nicotiana
plants with Agrobacteria
carrying launch vectors. Optimization of Agrobacterium
cultivation in AB medium allows direct dilution of the bacterial culture in Milli-Q water, simplifying the infiltration process. Among three tested species of Nicotiana
, N. excelsiana
× N. excelsior
) was selected as the most promising host due to the ease of infiltration, high level of reporter protein production, and about two-fold higher biomass production under controlled environmental conditions. Induction of Agrobacterium
harboring pBID4-GFP (Tobacco mosaic virus
-based) using chemicals such as acetosyringone and monosaccharide had no effect on the protein production level. Infiltrating plant under 50 to 100 mbar for 30 or 60 sec resulted in about 95% infiltration of plant leaf tissues. Infiltration with Agrobacterium
laboratory strain GV3101 showed the highest protein production compared to Agrobacteria
laboratory strains LBA4404 and C58C1 and wild-type Agrobacteria
strains at6, at10, at77 and A4. Co-expression of a viral RNA silencing suppressor, p23 or p19, in N. benthamiana
resulted in earlier accumulation and increased production (15-25%) of target protein (influenza virus hemagglutinin).
Plant Biology, Issue 86, Agroinfiltration, Nicotiana benthamiana, transient protein production, plant-based expression, viral vector, Agrobacteria
Static Adhesion Assay for the Study of Integrin Activation in T Lymphocytes
Institutions: New York University School of Medicine, New York University School of Medicine.
T lymphocyte adhesion is required for multiple T cell functions, including migration to sites of inflammation and formation of immunological synapses with antigen presenting cells. T cells accomplish regulated adhesion by controlling the adhesive properties of integrins, a class of cell adhesion molecules consisting of heterodimeric pairs of transmembrane proteins that interact with target molecules on partner cells or extracellular matrix. The most prominent T cell integrin is lymphocyte function associated antigen (LFA)-1, composed of subunits αL and β2, whose target is the intracellular adhesion molecule (ICAM)-1. The ability of a T cell to control adhesion derives from the ability to regulate the affinity states of individual integrins. Inside-out signaling describes the process whereby signals inside a cell cause the external domains of integrins to assume an activated state. Much of our knowledge of these complex phenomena is based on mechanistic studies performed in simplified in vitro
model systems. The T lymphocyte adhesion assay described here is an excellent tool that allows T cells to adhere to target molecules, under static conditions, and then utilizes a fluorescent plate reader to quantify adhesiveness. This assay has been useful in defining adhesion-stimulatory or inhibitory substances that act on lymphocytes, as well as characterizing the signaling events involved. Although described here for LFA-1 - ICAM-1 mediated adhesion; this assay can be readily adapted to allow for the study of other adhesive interactions (e.g.
VLA-4 - fibronectin).
Immunology, Issue 88, Immune System Phenomena, T cell, adhesion, Rap1, integrins, T lymphocytes, ICAM-1
Using SCOPE to Identify Potential Regulatory Motifs in Coregulated Genes
Institutions: Dartmouth College.
SCOPE is an ensemble motif finder that uses three component algorithms in parallel to identify potential regulatory motifs by over-representation and motif position preference1
. Each component algorithm is optimized to find a different kind of motif. By taking the best of these three approaches, SCOPE performs better than any single algorithm, even in the presence of noisy data1
. In this article, we utilize a web version of SCOPE2
to examine genes that are involved in telomere maintenance. SCOPE has been incorporated into at least two other motif finding programs3,4
and has been used in other studies5-8
The three algorithms that comprise SCOPE are BEAM9
, which finds non-degenerate motifs (ACCGGT), PRISM10
, which finds degenerate motifs (ASCGWT), and SPACER11
, which finds longer bipartite motifs (ACCnnnnnnnnGGT). These three algorithms have been optimized to find their corresponding type of motif. Together, they allow SCOPE to perform extremely well.
Once a gene set has been analyzed and candidate motifs identified, SCOPE can look for other genes that contain the motif which, when added to the original set, will improve the motif score. This can occur through over-representation or motif position preference. Working with partial gene sets that have biologically verified transcription factor binding sites, SCOPE was able to identify most of the rest of the genes also regulated by the given transcription factor.
Output from SCOPE shows candidate motifs, their significance, and other information both as a table and as a graphical motif map. FAQs and video tutorials are available at the SCOPE web site which also includes a "Sample Search" button that allows the user to perform a trial run.
Scope has a very friendly user interface that enables novice users to access the algorithm's full power without having to become an expert in the bioinformatics of motif finding. As input, SCOPE can take a list of genes, or FASTA sequences. These can be entered in browser text fields, or read from a file. The output from SCOPE contains a list of all identified motifs with their scores, number of occurrences, fraction of genes containing the motif, and the algorithm used to identify the motif. For each motif, result details include a consensus representation of the motif, a sequence logo, a position weight matrix, and a list of instances for every motif occurrence (with exact positions and "strand" indicated). Results are returned in a browser window and also optionally by email. Previous papers describe the SCOPE algorithms in detail1,2,9-11
Genetics, Issue 51, gene regulation, computational biology, algorithm, promoter sequence motif
Mapping and Application of Enhancer-trap Flippase Expression in Larval and Adult Drosophila CNS
Institutions: University of Oklahoma - Norman, Brandeis University.
The Gal4/ UAS binary method is powerful for gene and neural circuitry manipulation in Drosophila
. For most neurobiological studies, however, Gal4 expression is rarely tissue-specific enough to allow for precise correlation of the circuit with behavioral readouts. To overcome this major hurdle, we recently developed the FINGR method to achieve a more restrictive Gal4 expression in the tissue of interest. The FINGR method has three components: 1) the traditional Gal4/UAS system; 2) a set of FLP/FRT-mediated Gal80 converting tools; and 3) enhancer-trap FLP (ET-FLP). Gal4 is used to define the primary neural circuitry of interest. Paring the Gal4 with a UAS-effector, such as UAS-MJD78Q or UAS-Shits
, regulates the neuronal activity, which is in turn manifested by alterations in the fly behavior. With an additional UAS-reporter such as UAS-GFP, the neural circuit involved in the specific behavior can be simultaneously mapped for morphological analysis. For Gal4 lines with broad expression, Gal4 expression can be restricted by using two complementary Gal80-converting tools: tubP
>Gal80> ('flip out') and tubP
>stop>Gal80 ('flip in'). Finally, investigators can turn Gal80 on or off, respectively, with the help of tissue-specific ET-FLP. In the flip-in mode, Gal80 will repress Gal4 expression wherever Gal4 and ET-FLP intersect. In the flip-out mode, Gal80 will relieve Gal4 repression in cells in which Gal4 and FLP overlap. Both approaches enable the restriction of the number of cells in the Gal4-defined circuitry, but in an inverse pattern. The FINGR method is compatible with the vast collection of Gal4 lines in the fly community and highly versatile for traditional clonal analysis and for neural circuit mapping. In this protocol, we demonstrate the mapping of FLP expression patterns in select ET-FLPx2 lines and the effectiveness of the FINGR method in photoreceptor cells. The principle of the FINGR method should also be applicable to other genetic model organisms in which Gal4/UAS, Gal80, and FLP/FRT are used.
Neuroscience, Issue 52, UAS, Gal4, Gal80, Flippase, FRT, Clonal analysis, Behavior, Drosophila
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The calciumCsensing receptor is a G protein-coupled receptor that exerts cell-type specific functions in numerous tissues and some cancers. the calcium-sensing receptor (CaSR). CaSR was initial reported as a family C G-protein coupled receptor (GPCR) that feelings plasmatic fluctuations of Ca2+ and regulates the secretion of parathyroid hormone accordingly . This GPCR is definitely also indicated in many body organs not involved in calcium mineral homeostasis and in some neoplasias in which it takes on cell-type specific functions . Our initial work showed that CaSR is definitely indicated in benign, differentiated neuroblastic tumors and up-regulated upon differentiation induction . Astilbin IC50 Next, we reported that the gene is definitely silenced by genetic and epigenetic mechanisms in mRNA manifestation . Low levels of CaSR protein were present in these cells as well (Supplementary Number H1A). Two and consequently was only used for studies. A second analyses by stable transfection of SH-SY5Y cells (Supplementary Number H1M and H1C). Astilbin IC50 We have previously reported that acute exposure to high extracellular calcium mineral (Ca2+o) concentrations pursuing serum starvation induce apoptotic cell loss of life in CaSR-overexpressing neuroblastoma cells . To assess whether cinacalcet is normally capable to boost this impact, SK-N-LP cells were open to cinacalcet or DMSO in serum deprivation media. As proven in Amount ?Amount1,1, cinacalcet (dosages ranging between 0.1 and 1 Meters) increased cleavage of PARP and caspases-4, -3, -7 and -9 produced by either 0.5 (Figure ?(Figure1A)1A) or 3 mM CaCl2 (Figure ?(Figure1B)1B) in CaSR-overexpressing cells in a period- (not shown) and dose-dependent manner, if 3 mM CaCl2 was currently a potent apoptotic stimulus also. Amount 1 Desperate publicity to cinacalcet induce apoptosis in neuroblastoma cells In LA-N-1 cells, cinacalcet also activated apoptosis in a period- and dose-dependent way. Studies by stream cytometry of annexin V-propidium iodide Astilbin IC50 tarnished cells demonstrated a not really statistically significant boost of apoptotic cells upon publicity to cinacalcet (Amount ?(Amount1C).1C). This impact was just noticed at high dosages, in compliance with the decreased amounts of CaSR reflection present in this cell series. These doses of cinacalcet also motivated improved cleavage of caspases-4 and -7 in LA-N-1 cells, an additional evidence of Emergency room stress mediated apoptosis (Number ?(Figure1M).1D). In these tests, tunicamycin (TN) Rabbit Polyclonal to ARX was used as a positive control of ER-stress caused service of caspase-4, an effect advertised by its capacity to induce Ca2+ get out of from the Emergency room . Cinacalcet-induced apoptosis in and mRNA (Number ?(Number2M),2B), were detected in neuroblastoma cells following cinacalcet exposure in a time-, Astilbin IC50 dose-, calcium mineral- and CaSR-dependent manner (Supplementary Number T2A and H2M). Number 2 Apoptosis upon cinacalcet exposure is definitely induced by phospholipase C service and Emergency room stress Moreover, PLC inhibitor “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”U73122″,”term_id”:”4098075″,”term_text”:”U73122″U73122 abrogated phosphorylation of eIF2 in LA-N-1 cells at all doses of cinacalcet examined (Number ?(Figure2C).2C). “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”U73122″,”term_id”:”4098075″,”term_text”:”U73122″U73122 also significantly attenuated up-regulation of and in CaSR-overexpressing cells revealed to cinacalcet (Number ?(Figure2M).2D). More importantly, cleavage of caspase-3 (Number ?(Figure2E)2E) and decreased cell viability (Figure ?(Figure2F)2F) induced by cinacalcet in CaSR-positive neuroblastoma cells were significantly reduced by “type”:”entrez-nucleotide”,”attrs”:”text”:”U73122″,”term_id”:”4098075″,”term_text”:”U73122″U73122. As expected , Emergency room stress and consequent apoptosis were not induced in mRNA levels decreased in mRNA was seen in the three cell lines exposed to cinacalcet (Table ?(Table11). Number 3 Continuous exposure to cinacalcet induces apoptosis and cytodifferentiation in making it through neuroblastoma cells Table 1 Gene appearance analyses of neuroblastoma cell lines following exposure to cinacalcet executed by RT-qPCR Cinacalcet prevents neuroblastoma growth development and upregulates cancer-testis antigens Immunocompromised rodents having xenografts with different and position received either automobile or cinacalcet until tumors reached 2 cm3. Mild, non-symptomatic, hypocalcemia was noted (Amount ?(Figure4A).4A). No signals of toxicity had been noticed (not really proven). Amount 4 Cinacalcet inhibits neuroblastoma growth development In the initial test executed with family members and versions as well (Desk ?(Desk1).1). Remarkably, various other up-regulated genetics in this second high temperature map included proteins kinase C, leader (family members was additional verified by immunohistochemistry (Amount.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://southpadremaps.com/the-calciumcsensing-receptor-is-a-g-protein-coupled-receptor-that-exerts-cell-type/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882573623.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20220819035957-20220819065957-00667.warc.gz
|
en
| 0.903827
| 1,394
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Women who snack during mid-morning versus the afternoon are less likely to lose weight, according to a new study published in the Journal of the American Dietetic Association.
Snacking can be a useful tool for those wishing to lose weight. A small, healthy snack eaten in the late afternoon can quell hunger pains before dinner. By not becoming too hungry in between meals, a dieter can reduce the chance of overeating. But, snacking can also sabotage a diet especially if the snack is laden with sugar, fat and calories.
In the present study, researchers examined the association of weight loss with not only the frequency but the timing and quality of snacks.
To conduct their analysis, researchers studied 123 overweight or obese (BMI 31.1) post-menopausal women involved in a year-long dietary weight-loss intervention. These women were part of a larger study that tested the effects of nutrition and exercise in breast cancer. Women enrolled in the diet or the diet plus exercise portion of the study from 2007 to 2008 were used for the current study.
Participants were on average 58 years old and primarily white (84%). More than two-thirds were college graduates, more than half employed full-time and almost sixty percent married.
The women maintained a daily food journal for 6 months or until they reached their weight loss goal (10% reduction in weight). Meal pattern intake was measured at 12 months using a simple meal pattern grid. The women indicated what they ate and drank during a typical 24-hour weekday, noting the time and type of meal.
Snacking use was categorized into 3 time intervals: mid-morning (10:30A to 11:29A), afternoon (2:00P to 5:29P) and evening (9:00P to midnight).
Snacking was popular among the participants with virtually all reporting one or more snacks a day (97%). However, a higher proportion of mid-morning snackers reported having more than one snack a day (95.7%) vs afternoon (82.8%) and evening (80.6%) snackers.
Women who reported snacking mid-morning (10:30A to 11:29A) lost just 7% of their original weight compared to11.4% for non mid-morning snackers.
“We think this finding may not relate necessarily to the time of day one snacks, but rather to the short interval between breakfast and lunch, “ said study researcher Anne McTieman, M.D. She continued, “Mid-morning snacking therefore might be a reflection of recreational or mindless eating habits rather than eating to satisfy true hunger.”
Afternoon snackers reported higher fiber, fruit and vegetable intake compared to non-afternoon snackers. Fiber intake was higher among women who reported two or three snacks per day (21.7g and 23.2g) compared with women who reported no snacks per day (17.1g).
The Bottom Line
As this study showed, snacking patterns may reflect unhealthy eating habits which determine a dieter’s success in losing weight.
For example, in this study most mid-morning snackers reported eating both breakfast and lunch as well as eating more than one snack a day. This indicates that these women had too many eating occasions.
An increase in eating occasions is reflected in national health statistics. Compared with the late 1970s, the average time between meals has contracted by 1 hour. With snacks and sugary beverages available everywhere – from gas stations to Target – many of us are influenced to eat due to situational cues as opposed to true feelings of hunger.
Just because you’re dieting doesn’t mean that you have to feel hungry. Provided you make healthy choices, snacking can be an integral part of a weight-loss or weight maintenance program. Excellent snack choices include fruits, vegetables and fiber rich foods.
David H. Rahm, M.D. is the founder and medical director of The Wellness Center, a medical clinic located in Long Beach, CA. Dr. Rahm is also president and medical director of VitaMedica. Dr. Rahm is one of a select group of conventional medical doctors who have education and expertise in functional medicine and nutritional science. Over the past 20 years, Dr. Rahm has published articles in the plastic surgery literature and educated physicians about the importance of good peri-operative nutrition.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://vitamedica.com/wellness-blog/mid-morning-snacking-impedes-weight-loss-success/
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| 0.964918
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Special purpose machine that can optimize temperature and viscosity preparations and dispersion and deaeration of solder paste at the same time
- Can immediately prepare cold stored solder paste without bringing it back to room temperature
- By optimizing the mixing recipe, viscosity preparation and temperature preparation for solder paste is easy.
- Removes large air bubbles in the paste, which are considered the cause of solder paste defects.
- Handles commercial 500g solder paste containers as is
- Restirs and redisperses solder paste that has been used
- Supports solder paste in syringes by using the optional adapter
Can prepare uniform viscosity in a short time for solder paste just taken from cold storage without bringing it back to room temperature. Metal particles with high specific gravity such as solder particles settle to the bottom of containers in cold storage and cause differences in material viscosity. The SR-500 regulates the viscosity of solder paste in a short time, with uniform viscosity from top to bottom. Also, because it can remove air bubbles thought to cause spattering of solder balls, it contributes to reducing the defect rate.
|Unit Dimensions/ Unit weight||H390 ×W300×D340£¨mm£© Approx. 18kg|
*1£ºTotal mass to mount on the cup holder, including materials, containers, and adapters.
*2£ºContact us because the actual volume of mixing may vary depending on the containers, materials, and conditions.
|150 ml resin container|
|Power Supply||Voltage: Single-phaseAC 120 V ± 10 %, 50/60 HzPower consumption:Approx. 50 VA (standby)Max 900 VA (operation)|
|Accessories||Instruction Manual × 1,AC cable (including 3P adapter) × 1,150 ml container × 3,Adapter for HDPE 150 ml container × 1(including 1 O-ring)Silicon rubber sheet × 1,O-ring for fine adjustment × 11 metal fitting is attached to the unit rear to release the lid lock, in case of power failure.|
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://m.renetech.com.my/index.php?ws=showproducts&products_id=2829367
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|
en
| 0.836291
| 466
| 1.96875
| 2
|
The N95 is the most well-liked series of particulate respirator masks that fulfill U.s. authorities standards. The facial area masks are analyzed to reduce publicity to airborne contaminates by NIOSH - the Countrywide Institiute for Occupational Security and Health. NIOSH has 9 complete acceptance classes, N95, N99, N100, R95, R99, R100, P95, P99, P100 arranged by oil compatibility and filter performance.
The letter signifies how the filter exams in environments subjected to oil aerosols:
N95, N99, & N100. These filters will not be for use with oil aerosols. These must be Utilized in environments exposed to particulates which will not incorporate oil. In several situations, the n- respirators can be reused a number of periods.
R95, R99, & R100. These filters are oil resistant. The n95 mask r- respirators may be used in atmospheres that contains particulates any strong or liquid hazard which include oil-centered hazards. They're a person-time use masks.
P95, P99, & P100. These filters are oil proof. These respirators can be employed in any surroundings exposed to harmful particulates. The p- respirators are topic to time of use limitations.
The filter efficiency number refers to The share of airborne particulates which were taken off in screening: ninety five%, 99%, and one hundred%. If a mask is NIOSH approved then it will have a stamp of approval class printed on the respirator.
NIOSH accredited masks also arrive in numerous dimensions, plus a nicely fitting mask is vitally important. When test-fitting an N95 mask or other particulate respirator mask, adhere to these simple measures:
1. Press the mask (respirator ) firmly in opposition to the deal with with the outside nosepiece on the bridge of the nose.
2. Stretch and place the very best headband about the back again of your head above your ears. Stretch The underside headband about The pinnacle and place underneath your ears.
3. With each hands, mildew the metal nosepiece to the shape within your nose.
4. To test suit, cup each hands around the respirator and exhale vigorously. If air flows around your nose, tighten the nosepiece: if air flows within the edges with the respirator, reposition the headbands to fit much better and test again until there isn't any air leakage.
Ahead of deciding on the ideal mask, it is also advised that you simply speak with skilled industrial basic safety staff about an assessment of one's unique setting.
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<urn:uuid:96a899b2-7f02-47c4-89c7-ce1ae841210c>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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http://kameronikup311.trexgame.net/n95-respirator-mask-varieties-essential-info
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| 0.912462
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| 2.4375
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Take on other schools and classes! The WellSchools Challenge is a great way to encourage children to get more active and compete as a class locally, regionally or even nationally! Try kids versus teachers or parents to involve the wider community.
Pupils are encouraged to choose a wellbeing goal, one that resonates with them personally. This might be going to bed on time, being kind to someone, or logging 60 minutes of physical activity each day.
Badges, streaks and emojis
Making wellbeing fun and engaging. Children can earn badges, gain levels and unlock emojis as they interact with the platform and achieve their wellbeing goals!
Interactive, engaging content
Stories,quizzes and games, videos, activities and worksheets for each of the six wellbeing categories:
Healthy World / Environment
A simple, intuitive user-interface guides pupils through their personal wellbeing journey. Can be used in the classroom, independently at home or as a family activity.
Teacher admin panel
Manage class activities quickly and easily. Register your students in a click, join challenges and view class activities.
Invite parents to register with the platform, view their children’s activities and participate in the activity Challenges!
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://wellschool-solutions.com/features/
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| 0.944533
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By Sean Sullivan The Washington Post
WASHINGTON — As the government shutdown and the threat of a federal debt default begin to merge into a singular Washington crisis, the only way out for House Speaker John Boehner may be something he disparaged earlier this week as “unconditional surrender.”
More than a week into the shutdown and just days before the government is set to exhaust its borrowing authority, Boehner, R-Ohio, and the White House remain at a standoff with no solution in sight.
President Barack Obama has consistently said he will not negotiate until the government reopens and the debt limit is raised.
Most of the political pressure has been on Boehner and his fellow House Republicans to fix the problem, and none of their options are attractive.
But one possible path appears less uncomfortable than others: agreeing to short-term measures to fund the government and raise the debt ceiling with no strings attached to get the policy negotiations for which he has lobbied intensely.
Obama is set to meet with Boehner and his top deputies today. If the talk produces any kind of progress, it would be a departure from every other phone call or face-to-face conversation between the two sides in recent days. Those encounters have served only to reinforce that neither is willing to budge.
But just as the confrontation seemed to reach a crescendo Tuesday, a hopeful note slipped out. Amid an hour-long rhetorical lashing of the GOP during a White House news conference, Obama allowed that he is willing to negotiate with Republicans if they pass “clean” short-term bills to reopen the government and raise the debt ceiling.
“If they can’t do it for a long time, do it for the period of time in which these negotiations are taking place,” he said.
That was slightly new, but at the other end of Pennsylvania Avenue, Boehner wasn’t impressed. “What the president said today was, if there is unconditional surrender by Republicans, he’ll sit down and talk to us,” he said.
What Boehner needs is a solution, and fast; one ideally, that satisfies the fiercely conservative wing of his conference but can also win the support of Obama and the Democratic-led Senate. There are several reasons why short-term bills may be as close as he will come to checking those boxes.
If the speaker were to agree to a short-term — say, six- to eight-week — debt ceiling extension and government funding bill, he could sell it to his conservative conference as a chance to get Democrats to the negotiating table on the health-care law and federal spending.
The concessions on reopening the government and raising the debt ceiling would expire at the end of the short-term deal, and Republicans would have the same leverage at the end of the agreement — shutting down the government again or defaulting on debt — as they have today.
Some House Republicans appear to be increasingly open to the idea of a short-term debt deal. And party veterans are trying to push GOP leaders to reach an agreement. Still, there is a shortage of consensus on how to get there.
Boehner has repeatedly called for Democrats to negotiate with him. Democrats have consistently said that they will talk about the issues he wants to discuss only after the government is funded and the debt ceiling is raised. The House has passed three stopgap spending bills leading up to the shutdown that took aim at Obama’s health-care law. The Senate rejected all of them.
That sequence of events has left Boehner in a worse position than he was in at the beginning of the month. Polling shows that Americans blame congressional Republicans more than they do Obama and Democrats for the standoff.
“The speaker would be wise to be for a clean continuing resolution but just for a short period,” said Ed Rogers, a longtime Republican strategist. “The half-cocked, delusional crowd knows they have put the GOP in a box. They can and should support this as a way out.”
Still, even if Boehner wanted to, it’s unclear whether he can get most House Republicans to join him. Conservatives are urging him to stand firm.
“Why give Democrats a reprieve only to have them demagogue the issue even more with the holidays as a backdrop?” asked Keith Appell, a conservative Republican strategist. “Standing firm has gotten the GOP further than anyone would’ve guessed two months ago.”
The alternative, though, looks potentially bleaker. Obama is not budging. Neither is Senate Majority Leader Harry Reid, D-Nev. If Boehner doesn’t, either, he would be left with a prolonged shutdown that polling shows is causing the GOP the most political harm. And he would have a major stake in the potentially dire consequences of not raising the debt ceiling.
There are no easy answers for Boehner, and there is no endgame that doesn’t involve him absorbing more of the blame. But with the walls closing in and options running out, “surrender” might start to look more like an escape hatch in the coming days.
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http://www.heraldnet.com/news/gops-options-on-shutdown-dwindle/
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| 0.969555
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| 1.601563
| 2
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1221 S.W. 4th, Room 240, Portland, OR 97204
This Sunday, check out the first class, Plan & Design Best Practices for Challenging Sites.
The introductory workshop explains what stormwater is, and its relationship with watershed health. Learn how to create landscape designs that are safe, simple, and environmentally friendly, regardless of your property’s condition. The class will visit several Portland-area homes, perform on-site assessments, and work together to create site designs.
In November, attend hands-on classes where you’ll work on real construction projects that reduce runoff and improve stormwater management.
The Stormwater Challenge Workshop Series is free and open to all. Visit the SW Watershed Resource Center‘s website to learn more and to register.
Sunday, October 4, 9:00 am - 3:00 pm
Multnomah Art Center
7688 SW Capitol HWY
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<urn:uuid:0fcac264-aca1-46e6-92cf-d613c6eabfdf>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.portlandoregon.gov/fish/article/546561
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| 0.867556
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Although domestic cigarette smoking is decreasing, there has been a threefold increase in small cigar smoking, and further increases are expected because cigars are not subject to the restrictions of the Family Smoking Prevention &Tobacco Control Act. The societal and personal health consequences of any tobacco consumption are intimately related to the characteristics of the product and how the product is used. Despite evidence suggesting that cigar smoke delivers nicotine (the addictive component) and more than 60 carcinogens, there are no systematic studies that consider both toxin delivery and the smoking behavior of various cigar products. The present proposal answers this deficiency by comparing cigarettes to three prototypical cigar products (PCP) (i.e., cigarillo, small cigar and conventional cigar) by examining behavioral aspects of smoking in a clinical study and the chemistry and particle distribution of mainstream smoke. In the clinical study, participants who smoke both cigarettes and cigars will be assigned to one of three experimental groups (cigarillo, small cigar, conventional cigar), based on their usual cigar product-25 participants/group. Puff topography and inhalation measures will be collected simultaneously while they smoke the cigar (at one visit) and their own brand cigarette (other visit). The prevailing view that cigar smoke is puffed only-not inhaled-may not be true for cigarillos and small cigars and may depend on the participant's smoking history. Chemical measures of acute (nicotine and CO boost) and chronic exposure (cotinine and 3-OH-cotinine NNAL, 1-HOP) will be obtained from the participants. The puffing profiles from the cigar and cigarette smoking will be recorded and used to drive the machine smoking of the PCPs and cigarettes in the chemical laboratory study. The mainstream smoke generated by machine smoking will be characterized by particle size (fine and ultrafine), distribution and gas-phase toxic/carcinogenic components. Identical analyses will be used on mainstream smoke from PCPs and five selected cigarettes (full flavor, light, ultra light, unfiltered and menthol) will be generated using two machine smoking protocols: one designed especially for cigars, and the other historically used for cigarettes. We will compare the delivery of nicotine and various carcinogens between cigarettes and PCPs, compare delivery between the three PCPs and compare nicotine and toxin exposure, puffing, and inhalation between the PCPs and cigarettes.
Data from these innovative studies that combine human smoking of PCPs and chemical analysis of their mainstream smoke provide information on toxin delivery, deposition of particles and the relation to locus of pathology informing the discussion of addictive and health risks of cigar smoking and regulatory decisions of cigar products.
Domestic cigar use is increasing and further increases are expected as a result of new regulations on cigarettes but not cigars;however, little is known about the patterns of use and the toxin delivery from newer cigar products that appear and are consumed like cigarettes. The proposed study will compare toxin delivery from cigarettes and three prototypical cigar products (i.e., cigarillo, small cigar, conventional cigar) in a clinical study that will assess inhalation and puffing patterns, and biomarkers of immediate and long term exposure, and laboratory studies that will determine particle size [distribution] and selected toxins/carcinogens in the mainstream smoke of the cigar products and cigarettes. These studies will be the first comprehensive examination of cigar smoking that integrates inhalation and puffing with mainstream smoke chemistry and the delivery of smoke constituents responsible for addiction and pathology.
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It has come to our attention recently that raisins are getting a bad rap. People seem to be crawling out of the woodwork to climb on the raisin-hating bandwagon; there’s even a Raisin Hater Facebook Page! Presumably it’s run by folks clad in this.
We’re not sure who started this unfair and unwarranted dislike, or why, but we are here to come to the defence of the humble raisin, and to sing its praises as one of the most beloved and versatile ingredients in the pantry.
The biggest complaint seems to be that raisins are often mistaken for chocolate chip cookies. It goes like this: innocent person spies what he thinks is a chocolate chip cookie. Takes a bite. Horrors, it is not a chocolate chip, it is raisin. Voila: raisin hatred. Hating a raisin for this reason is like hating a cat because it is not a dog, and we all know that there are plenty of other, valid reasons to hate cats.
Most people are aware that a raisin (French for “grape”) is a dried grape. Size, colour and shape of the raisin therefore depends on the variety of grape. Basically we are familiar with dark raisins and “golden “or “sultana” raisins, also referred to as Thompson or Thompson seedless, which come from the green grape of the same name. Often “golden raisins” are treated with sulphur dioxide to give them a more golden colour. Organic raisins would not have sulphur dioxide as part of the process.
The dried currants we typically use for cooking are actually not the black white or rosy-red currants we often see in the fresh fruit stalls, the ones used used to make red currant jelly, they are not even the same species, but rather they are Zante currants or “Cornthian raisins”: dried berries of the Black Corinth grape, a small, seedless cultivar.
Making a raisin out of a grape is not simply a matter of letting the grape dry out. It is, in fact, a rather complicated process.There are three stages involved, pre-treatment, drying, and post drying. A grape has a lot of water in it, so to remove the water, the grapes are treated either by the historical method of treating them with a mix of “potassium carbonate and ethyl esters of fatty acids.”
It is probably important to bear in mind that, mysterious as some of these chemical compounds sound, table salt is “sodium chloride”, baking soda is “sodium bicarbonate”, and Cream of Tartar is “potassium hydrogen tartrate”. There are reasons why cookbooks are not written by chemists.
Step two, the drying phase, usually by traditional sun or shade drying methods, or by more modern mechanical methods such as microwave heating. Finally the raisins are sorted, washed and have their stems removed. Then they are packaged and await their fate.
Here are some our favourite ways to use raisins, and why we consider a world without raisins a world we want no part of:
1) Those little individual boxes of raisins handed out as trick or treat loot, or tossed into a lunch box. Was there anything more wonderful than opening a new tiny box of tightly packed raisins? Awesome.
2) Ants on a log. Celery, peanut butter and raisins, the classic, healthy, after-school snack. Peanut allergies can be addressed by replacing the peanut butter with something like Wow Butter, but there is no replacing the ants, otherwise its just a log.
3) Muffins, especially banana bran muffins or raisin bran muffins cry out for raisins. A bran muffin without raisins is a sorry thing indeed.
4) Butter tarts. You can’t mention iconic Canadian treats without singing the praises of the butter tart. And a butter tart without raisins is not a Canadian Butter Tart. Don’t even try.
5) Hermits. This is, and shall always remain, my husband’s favourite cookie. A classic, old fashioned spice cookie. Here are two great versions of New England hermits. Making them without raisins would be like making a BLT without B, L, or T.
6) Raisin Pie. The ubiquitous staple of truck-stops and cafeterias everywhere. Store bought raisin pies leave a lot to be desired, but it usually because the pastry is a disaster. You want a good raisin pie? Try Martha Stewart’s raisin pie, in which she uses Patee Brisée for her pie crust.
7) Currants. Not surprisingly, given their provenance, currants figure large in the cuisine of the Middle-East, where they shine in stuffed peppers, and are featured in lamb and chicken dishes, and savoury and aromatic pilafs and couscous.
8) Raisin Bread. Toasted and buttered raisin bread is heaven. Maybe a little sprinkle of cinnamon? Delectable!
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A bevy of state policy and regulatory battles continue to shape the trajectory of distributed generation. Key states are currently debating changes that could threaten deployments, particularly for rooftop residential and commercial installations. Other states are moving ahead with legislation to open up markets. Our friend Robert Rains, an Energy Analyst at Washington Analysis LLC, contributed to the following report: On April 11, Governor Baker signed a new comprehensive solar bill which represented five months of compromise between the House and Senate. The new law lifts the net metering cap for public and private projects by 3 percent. Observers have noted that the raise should help reduce the existing logjam in the market. However, it is believed that this solve will only remain effective until 2017, when the cap is expected to be hit again. While the cap has been increased, the new law also lowers the reimbursement rate by 40 percent from the retail rate for most new projects. This measure was introduced to address utility concerns regarding cost sharing in the rate base. The legislation also directs the Department of Energy Resources to develop the long-anticipated SREC III program. While solar advocates have long expressed concerns over the project congestion which has built up in the absence of clarity on post-SREC II and net metering plans in the state, many are nonetheless dissatisfied with the deal. In particular, many concerns have arisen over the reduction in the value of net metering credits for new projects. In addition, proponents have voiced concerns over the concept of a minimum charge which would imposed by utilities on net metering customers, a concept that has been seen in other states recently. Most concede that the bill is more likely to be a stop-gap than a final solution. The Granite State’s cap on net metering is likely to increase from 50 MW to 75 MW as the Senate approved an increase earlier this year and the House recently passed HB 1116 on a voice vote. The bill is ultimately expected to pass with amendment, though it is possible that some reduction in incentives could ultimately be paired with the rising cap. Northeast Massachusetts New Hampshire December’s multi-year extension of the 30% Investment Tax Credit (ITC) removed a key uncertainty for the entire U.S. solar sector; however various state level battles will ensure that growth prospects more locally could be mixed throughout this year and 2017. While certain states will retain generous incentive regimes, including California, others like Nevada are likely headed in the opposite direction, with negative implications for rooftop installers and inverter providers. Numerous proceedings over net metering are ongoing, and could limit the growth of rooftop firms seeking to establish themselves in new state markets. Despite the ongoing risks to net metering, we expect more states to join California, New York, and Hawaii and raise their renewable generation mandates, serving as the tide that lifts all utility and commercial scale solar boats. Furthermore, we expect 2016 will show greater deployments of solar in previously lackluster state markets like Georgia, Mississippi, South Carolina, Texas and Virginia, due to favorable policy changes and the continuing decline in costs that should make this technology attractive to regulated utility firms like Dominion, Duke, and Southern Company. Conversely, markets which were strong in 2015 such as Nevada and North Carolina could see fortunes change due to negative policy changes. 38 EDGE Finance Advisory / May 2016 Southeast Florida Solar policy in New York will be dominated over the next year by the ongoing Reforming the Energy Vision proceeding. A Public Service Commission comment period on the state’s net metering policy closed last December. It is likely that changes will be coming to net metering policy in the Empire State over the next two years as the state seeks to replace net metering with an increased ability to sell to the broader grid at set values. These changes are intended to facilitate greater opportunities for interaction with the grid. Solar advocates see these changes as potentially difficult to implement but nonetheless preferable to initiatives in other states to roll back net metering policies without replacement plans. In recent months, Vermont has implemented several policies to help stimulate solar growth, including broadening the types of systems eligible for sales tax exemptions and an expedited permitting process for small systems. These changes follow the implementation last year of the state’s renewable portfolio standard which requires utilities to procure 55% of their electricity from renewables by 2017 and 75% by 2032 and continues Vermont’s positive stance toward solar energy. A measure to support a right to solar, but not to expressly allow third-party ownership in the state was argued before the Florida Supreme Court on March 7, with our base case that this provision will be permitted to be on the ballot for voters November 8. Solar advocates argue that the measure, which is generally supported by utility companies, does nothing more than what is already allowed under Florida law and is intended to both confuse voters and deter change. If they lose before the state courts, supporters of third-party models will likely try again in 2017 to get a competing measure, dubbed “shady solar” by Florida Power & Light, onto the ballot. Despite seemingly favorable conditions for solar deployment, the “Sunshine State” nonetheless remains one of the most difficult for rooftop solar. A 35% state solar tax credit expired for most projects at the end of 2015, and revival remains unlikely. State law forbids third-party ownership, which has largely kept rooftop firms out of the state, even as solar deployment linked to utility-signed power purchase agreements grew significantly. While a Greensboro church is currently seeking a reinterpretation of state law to allow third party arrangements from the North Carolina Utility Commission, Duke Energy has strenuously objected to the church’s “test case” – going so far as to suggest fines against the non-profit group selling panels to the church. New York North Carolina Vermont 39 The state legislature is likely to pass a bill to raise the state renewable electricity mandate to 25% by 2020 before adjourning in April. Democrats have a vetoproof majority and can move legislation even without support of Republican Governor Larry Hogan. The bill includes other provisions favorable to solar, including the creation of a renewable energy workforce development fund and increasing the solar carve-out requirement. The Mississippi Public Utilities Commission finalized its latest extensive rulemaking process last December and declined to implement a traditional net metering policy in the state. It did establish a method to compensate and incentivize behind the meter electricity generation, but the program only allows the netting of electricity use to occur on an instantaneous basis. Any electricity exported to the grid will not be used to ‘net’ the customer’s monthly electricity use. Instead it will be credited at the utility’s wholesale avoided cost rate plus an additional premium, which combined is still substantially lower than the full retail rate. While Virginia has not historically offered robust clean energy incentives and programs, and while many hurdles to residential and commercial and industrial development remain, Governor Terry McAuliffe has been more receptive to solar in recent months. In addition to the recent release of an RFI on potential publicprivate partnerships, the Governor has mandated the use of solar energy at state office buildings. He has also stated a goal to entice solar manufacturers to the state. However, solar developers have yet to gain traction in the state given the lack of availability of third-party ownership models, which likely means that solar ownership will continue to be dominated by Dominion Power in the years to come. Iowa’s Wind Energy Coalition, chaired by Governor Terry Branstad, announced in January that it was adding solar energy issues to the Coalition’s portfolio, following a unanimous vote from member governors. The Coalition also announced its new name: Governors’ Wind and Solar Energy Coalition. “We are proud of Iowa’s leadership in wind energy and we are also encouraged by the recent growth in solar energy. The addition of solar to the Coalition’s portfolio represents a commitment to future economic and renewable energy growth, and further diversification of our nation’s energy portfolio,” said Branstad. Maryland Mississippi Virginia Midwest Iowa 40 EDGE Finance Advisory / May 2016 In 2015, the Illinois legislature introduced H.B. 2607 and companion bill S.B. 1485, which would strengthen the state’s current renewable portfolio standard and remove caps on energy efficiency investments. The bills would increase energy efficiency standards from 13% to 20% by 2025 and renewable energy standards from 25% to 35% by 2030. The bills also authorize the Illinois Environmental Protection Agency to establish a program where the agency could sell carbon allowances at an auction and invest the proceeds, primarily in energy efficiency and renewables. Despite a number of legislators signing up as co-sponsors in both chambers, this measure has yet to gain traction and no votes are currently scheduled. Efforts to pare back net metering benefits, contained in S.B. 438, will likely be watered down by House lawmakers in compromise energy legislation that is increasingly unlikely to pass this session as ongoing controversy over Flint’s water consumes oxygen in the legislature. Net metering modifications by the Public Utilities Commission (PUC) remain a possibility following an ongoing lawsuit over recognition of these systems by American Electric Power and FirstEnergy. Governor John Kasich (R) has publicly indicated his support for the state’s renewable electricity standards, which go back into effect in 2017 unless further modified by the GOP-led legislature, something that looks increasingly likely this year. Still, as part of a recent settlement in exchange for an eight-year power purchasing agreement, AEP is poised to quadruple solar deployments in the Buckeye state by 2021 to 400 MW. Commission approval is favored for AEP this spring. In early 2015, the Public Utilities Commission approved new charges imposed by utilities on customers who installed solar. The fee was meant to ensure an allocation of grid maintenance costs was attributed to solar owners, according to utility representatives. Litigation, which was resolved in November, led to the removal of the fee, though proponents were unable to get lower net-metering rates and certain other fees removed. The effort by the utilities in Wisconsin to allocate grid maintenance costs to solar owners is representative of other similar approaches being deployed by utilities across the country. Illinois Michigan Ohio Wisconsin 41 The sudden departure of former Arizona Corporation Commission Chairman Susan Bitter Smith complicates Arizona Public Service’s efforts to raise monthly fixed fees as part of its next rate case, which we expect to be filed June 1. Last August, the Commission approved on a 3-2 vote the preparation of a cost-benefit study of rooftop solar that was likely to lead to an approval for higher monthly fixed fees. Newly appointed Commissioner Andy Tobin has indicated he will not vote in cases pertaining to SolarCity due to a relative’s employment with the firm. His recusal means that the Commission could deadlock at 2-2, denying Arizona Public Service higher fixed fees as part of its rate case. To this point, a $21/mo. fee for new solar ratepayers is likely to be on the table, but the vote may not occur until June 2017. The state utility commission’s decision to largely preserve its current net metering tariff, but add interconnection fees to new solar ratepayers represents a clear positive for the industry with limited implications for other states that are currently reviewing net metering policies. California will likely shift towards default time-of-use retail rates in 2018 and a forthcoming general rate case for Pacific Gas and Electric will dive deeper into demand charges, which may not be adopted by California’s utilities until 2019. The Public Utilities Commission recently rejected an agreement reached between Xcel Energy and several solar developers under which Xcel would have obtained energy from solar garden projects owned by the developers to help it meet its obligations under Colorado’s renewable portfolio standard. The Commission focused on Xcel’s failure to utilize a Commission-approved competitive process when determining the value of renewable energy credits which would have been paid to the developers. This was particularly sensitive given the fact that renewable energy credit values had turned negative last year, leading some to argue that the deal struck by Xcel was not in the interest of ratepayers. Earlier this year, Hawaiian courts upheld the state utility commission’s decision to end its current net metering structure in an October order. Hawaii Electric was authorized to slash net metering incentives from $0.34 per kilowatt-hour to about $0.15. While the state now has a 100% renewable electricity standard by 2045, we expect Hawaii Electric, assuming it is successfully acquired by NextEra by mid-2016 or later, to be able to rate base significant amounts of renewables. West Arizona California Colorado Hawaii 42 EDGE Finance Advisory / May 2016 On December 22, the Nevada Public Utilities Commission approved a series of devastating changes for existing and new net metering customers that were recently reopened to be phased in over 12 years. In addition to roughly tripling Basic Service Charges for solar customers, rooftop generated solar would be purchased by NV Energy at a significant discount. Efforts to roll back the Commission’s decision via referendum appear to be gathering momentum and likely to be on the ballot this fall, potentially providing an opportunity for scorned solar firms to return to the state in 2017. Oregon is likely to raise its renewable portfolio standard to 50% by 2040, joining California, Hawaii and New York in having one of the most aggressive renewable mandates in the country. The increase has been publicly supported by two of the major investor-owned utilities in the state (a third utility and consumerowned power companies will not be impacted by the change) after long-term negotiations. Observers believe that the rate case Rocky Mountain Power is likely to file this year will again seek a facilities charge for net metering customers and a reduction in benefits. A cost-benefit study of the net metering program was completed late last year that likely sets the stage for negative changes to the tariff, despite public outrage over the issue.
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This is Scripture Roundtable 31 from The Interpreter Foundation, in which we discuss Doctrine & Covenants Gospel Doctrine Lesson #27, “They Must Needs Be Chastened and Tried, Even as Abraham,” focusing on D&C 101, 103, and 105, bringing in various insights to help us better understand the scriptures. These roundtables will generally follow the 2013 Gospel Doctrine schedule of scriptures, a few weeks ahead of time.
Some of the interesting discussion in this roundtable includes:
- The trails faced by the early Latter-day Saints in Jackson County were a preparation for what was to come in terms of the trials and suffering.
- Much good came from Zion’s Camp. Rather than being a failure, it was a training ground for future church leaders.
The Lord chastens those he loves, because he’s trying to educate them. Though we seldom like it, we tend to learn more from difficulties than from ease. We gain strength not by lifting quarter-pound weights once or twice, but by working against real resistance.
The Lord reassured his Saints that, although they were scattered, all flesh is in his hand and Zion will eventually be redeemed.
The Saints lost Zion through their own failings, but their ultimate victory is assured.
This roundtable is also available as an audio podcast, and will be included in the podcast feed. You can listen by pressing the play button or download the podcast below:
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http://www.mormoninterpreter.com/scripture-roundtable-31-dc-gospel-doctrine-lesson-27-they-must-needs-be-chastened-and-tried-even-as-abraham/
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4513.0 - Criminal Courts, Australia, 2011-12 Quality Declaration
Previous ISSUE Released at 11:30 AM (CANBERRA TIME) 14/02/2013
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DURATION OF CASES ADJUDICATED
The nature of the charges presented to the court for a defendant, along with the process required to deal with the charges, impact on the time required for a court to finalise a case. Court resources and complexity of cases can also have an impact. The duration of a case is calculated from the date of initiation to the date of finalisation of the case (for more information about duration see paragraph 61 of the Explanatory Notes).
For adjudicated defendants, the length of time to finalise cases increased between 2001-02 and 2011-12. In 2001–02 the proportion of defendants with cases finalised in less than 13 weeks was 33%, while the proportion of defendants with cases finalised in 52 weeks or more after initiation was 14%. The comparable figures for 2011-12 were 15% and 24% respectively.
For 2011-12, of defendants that went to trial and were found guilty by the court, more than half (52%) were finalised 52 weeks or more after initiation. Of those acquitted, 35% were finalised in this same time period. For defendants who pleaded guilty in 2011-12, 18% were finalised in less than 13 weeks, with 50% finalised in less than 26 weeks.
Source(s): Criminal Courts, Australia
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“The Admits” comprise a family of variations on the theme of: YAY! You’re in! There’s the ordinary admit, the King of Decisions — you’re in, and there’s no fine print! But some of our admitted students will need to read the fine print, and today’s post is to help in deciphering it.
By “fine print,” I’m talking about conditions that we may attach to the offer of admission. Conditions that, based on information provided by the applicant in the application, and our own best judgment, we believe will give the incoming student the best possible chance of academic success. The most frequently employed conditions require that before starting Fletcher classes, the applicant should: improve foreign language proficiency; improve English language proficiency; or improve quantitative skills (MIB students only).
A more substantive condition: We’ll occasionally (a dozen or fewer people each year) admit applicants for a future class, asking them to obtain a year’s professional experience before they enroll. These “delay admits” would be strong students, generally graduating this year, who will gain so much more from Fletcher if they have some work experience behind them, and they will be admitted for the September 2012 semester.
Not exactly a condition, but still in the admit family: Occasionally, we admit applicants to a program other than the one to which they applied. Most common example: You applied to the mid-career MA program, but you don’t have sufficient experience to be admitted. For the MALD program, on the other hand, you’re looking good, so we’ll admit you to the MALD! (There’s similar thinking behind offering MALD admission to a tiny number of PhD applicants who lack the master’s level study to enter the PhD program directly.)
Our process would certainly be simpler if there were only one type of admit, but the option to attach a condition to admission is the difference between admit and deny for some applicants. We would hate to turn away a highly qualified applicant who needs a little brush-up of English skills, but we would be obliged to do so if we couldn’t be sure he would pursue a language program.
The happy bottom line is that conditional admission is (once the condition is met) admission. And we’re convinced that fulfilling the condition will enhance the admitted student’s experience at Fletcher. So The Admits will carry on as a big happy family, sometimes with conditions attached.
Tagged with: decisions
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Find a Pest Control Professional
West Nile Virus in 2012
The National Pest Management Association (NPMA) conducted a survey in 2012 to find out more information about people's behaviors towards mosquitoes. The study found that 54 percent of Americans are concerned about West Nile Virus (WNV), a serious and potentially fatal disease transmitted by infected mosquitoes, and 22 percent took more steps to protect themselves from mosquitoes this year than in years past. The survey findings come as one of the most severe WNV seasons on record — since the virus was first detected in the United States in 1999 — slowly winds down.
See below for some highlights or click here for some additional findings.
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http://www.pestworld.org/multimedia-center/infographics/west-nile-virus-in-2012/
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On two occasions I have been asked [by members of Parliament], 'Pray, Mr. Babbage, if you put into the machine wrong figures, will the right answers come out?' I am not able rightly to apprehend the kind of confusion of ideas that could provoke such a question.
~ Charles Babbage
The 13th day of the year; there are 13 Archimedian Solids. (different from the Platonic solids, which have only one type of polygon meeting in identical vertices)
If you wrote $ \pi$, e, and $\phi $ one under another, the first digit they are all alike is the 13th digit, a nine in each number.
The 13th palindromic prime is 373 and has a digit sum of 13. 13 is smallest n for which digit sum of nth palindromic prime =n.
Another 13 palindrome, The longest word in the English language that is a palindrome in Morse code is .. -. - .-. .- -. ... .. --. . -. -.-. . (translation left to the reader)
1404, English alchemists were forbidden to use their knowledge to create precious metals. Since the time of Roger Bacon, it had fascinated the imagination of many ardent men in England. During the reign of Henry IV, the Act of Multipliers was passed by the Parliament, declaring the use of transmutation to "multiply" gold and silver to be felony. Great alarm was felt at that time lest any alchymist should succeed in his projects, and perhaps bring ruin upon the state, by furnishing boundless wealth to some designing tyrant, who would make use of it to enslave his country. In 1689, Robert Boyle lobbied for repeal of the Act.*TIS
1610 Galileo discovers a fourth moon (Callisto) of Jupiter. Galileo initially named his discovery the Cosmica Sidera ("Cosimo's stars"), but names that eventually prevailed were chosen by Simon Marius. Marius discovered the moons independently at the same time as Galileo, and gave them their present names, which were suggested by Johannes Kepler, in his Mundus Jovialis, published in 1614.*Wik
1659 Hendrik van Heuraet sends van Schooten his rectification of the semi-cubical parabola. This was published—his only publication—in the second Latin edition of Descartes’s Geometrie. This result broke the spell of Aristotle’s dictum that curved lines could not in principle be compared with straight lines. *VFR The semicubical parabola was discovered in 1657 by William Neile who had also computed its arc length. *Wik
1800 The Royal Charter for the Royal Institute is granted. Ever since its founding year the Royal Institution has maintained close links with the Royal Family. On 29 June 1799, George Finch, Earl of Winchilsea (1752-1826), the President of what had until then had been called simply the “Institution” reported to a meeting of its committee of Managers ‘that he had had the Honour of mentioning this Institution to his Majesty [George III], and that his Majesty was graciously pleased to honour it with His Patronage and to allow it to be called the Royal Institution’ *Royal Institute web page
1863 Mind the Gap.... The London underground railway, the oldest subway system in the world opened. The first railway was from Paddington to Farringdon. *Wik Harry Beck, A draftsman who worked for the London Underground, was the person who transformed the old geographically based maps into a topological map. He ignored geography and instead focused on the connections between stations. He magnified the central regions and brought in the far away ones. He laid the lines out to run either vertically, horizontally or at 45 degree angles. He stretched and squeezed London's geographical map to make the Underground network look good. And he also introduced the color-coding and the little circles that mark intersections of lines. *plus.maths.org
1874 The U.S. Patent Office issues a patent for the Spalding Adding Machine. The precursor of calculators and computers, mechanical adding machines could do simple arithmetic and were popular in businesses until supplanted by computers in the 1960s. *CHM
1911 A. V. Vasil’ev gave a lecture entitled, “Non-Euclidean Geometry and the Non-Aristotelian Logic.” This is his claim to the discovery of three-valued logics. He did not work out the system in detail, so credit usually goes to LLukasiewicz. *VFR
In 1958, Linus Pauling (1901-1994) presented the petition of 9,000 scientists to the U.N., asking to halt the testing of nuclear bombs. Pauling, together with his wife, was instrumental in collecting thousands of signatures from scientists all over the world for the petition to end nuclear bomb testing, which was presented to Dag Hammarskjöld, secretary general of the United Nations. A few months later the Soviet Union called for an immediate halt to nuclear testing, and in October, after more tests by both sides that added markedly to world concern about fallout, talks began in Geneva to discuss details of a possible test ban. *TIS
1978 A new group of 35 astronauts, including NASA's first female astronauts, was selected. Females selected included Sally Ride, the first American woman in space; Kathryn Sullivan the first American woman to perform an EVA; and Anna Fisher and Shannon Lucid, the first mothers in the astronaut program. *Wik
2012 Friday the Thirteenth will occur three times this year, today, in April, and again in July. At least one Friday the 13th will occur each year, and never more than three. This year the three Fridays occur as densely packed as they can possibly be. The last year with three Friday the 13ths was 2009, and the next will be 2015(the first is on Feb 13th). There seems to be no written evidence of the superstition in English until 1869. Interestingly, the Spanish and Greek Cultures have a similar tradition about Tuesday the 13th. *Wik
2013 On the evening of Sunday 13th January 2013, to commemorate the opening in 1863 of first underground railway from Paddington to Farringdon, a steam train made three trips to Moorgate.*Wik
1845 François-Félix Tisserand (13 Jan 1845; 20 Oct 1896) was a French astronomer whose 4-volume textbook Traité de mécanique céleste (1889-96; "Treatise on Celestial Mechanics") updated Pierre-Simon Laplace's work. At age 28, he was named Director at Toulouse Observatory (1873-78). He went to Japan to observe the 1874 transit of Venus. The 83-cm telescope he installed at the Toulouse Observatory in 1875 had a wooden base insufficiently stable for photographic work, but he was able to use it for observation of the satellites of Jupiter and of Saturn. From 1892 until his death he was director of the Paris Observatory, where he completed the major work, Catalogue photographique de la carte du ciel, and arranged for its publication. *TIS
1864 Wilhelm Wien (13 Jan 1864; 30 Aug 1928) German physicist who received the Nobel Prize for Physics in 1911 for his displacement law concerning the radiation emitted by the perfectly efficient blackbody (a surface that absorbs all radiant energy falling on it). While studying streams of ionized gas Wien, in 1898, identified a positive particle equal in mass to the hydrogen atom. Wien, with this work, laid the foundation of mass spectroscopy. J. J. Thomson refined Wien's apparatus and conducted further experiments in 1913 then, after work by Ernest Rutherford in 1919, Wien's particle was accepted and named the proton. Wien also made important contributions to the study of cathode rays, X-rays and canal rays.*TIS
1876 Erhard Schmidt (13 January 1876 – 6 December 1959) was a German mathematician whose work significantly influenced the direction of mathematics in the twentieth century. He was born in Tartu, Governorate of Livonia (now Estonia). His advisor was David Hilbert and he was awarded his doctorate from Georg-August University of Göttingen in 1905. His doctoral dissertation was entitled Entwickelung willkürlicher Funktionen nach Systemen vorgeschriebener and was a work on integral equations.
Together with David Hilbert he made important contributions to functional analysis. He is best known for the Gram-Schmidt orthogonalisation process, which constructs an orthogonal base from any vector space. *Wik
1876 Luther Pfahler Eisenhart (13 January 1876 – 28 October 1965) was an American mathematician, best known today for his contributions to semi-Riemannian geometry.
Eisenhart played a central role in American mathematics in the early twentieth century. He served as chairman of the mathematics department at Princeton University and later as Dean of the Graduate School there. He is widely credited with guiding the development in America of the mathematical background needed for the further development of general relativity, through his influential textbooks and his personal interaction with Albert Einstein, Oswald Veblen, and John von Neumann at the nearby Institute for Advanced Study, as well as with gifted students such as Abraham Haskel Taub. *Wik
1900 Gertrude Mary Cox (January 13, 1900 – October 17, 1978) was an influential American statistician and founder of the department of Experimental Statistics at North Carolina State University. She was later appointed director of both the Institute of Statistics of the Consolidated University of North Carolina and the Statistics Research Division of North Carolina State University. Her most important and influential research dealt with experimental design; she wrote an important book on the subject with W. G. Cochran. In 1949 Cox became the first female elected into the International Statistical Institute and in 1956 she was president of the American Statistical Association.*Wik The choice of a woman to hold such a post was unusual at that time and came about in a curious way. G W Forster of North Carolina State College contacted Professor Snedecor for names of individuals who would be viable candidates for the position. Professor Snedecor prepared a list of persons (all males) and before mailing it to Dr Forster showed the list to Miss Cox. Her immediate reaction was, "Why didn't you put my name on the list?" Her name was then added in a footnote to the letter, "Of course if you would consider a woman for this position I would recommend Gertrude Cox of my staff." The choice of a woman on the basis of a footnote was an administrative decision which had far-reaching effects. *SAU
1902 Karl Menger (Vienna, Austria, January 13, 1902 – Highland Park, Illinois, U.S.A., October 5, 1985) was a mathematician. He was the son of the famous economist Carl Menger. He is credited with Menger's theorem. He worked on mathematics of algebras, algebra of geometries, curve and dimension theory, etc. Moreover, he contributed to game theory and social sciences. He is remembered for the creation of the Menger Sponge*Wik
1907 Harold Maile Bacon (Jan. 13, 1907- August 22, 1992) was an elder statesmen of the Stanford faculty who taught calculus to generations of Stanford undergraduates during a career that spanned more than four decades.
Bacon was widely recognized on campus as the owner of the white colonial-style Row house with the rose-lined driveway. He had ties to the house, and the University, almost since his birth.
He was an ill 6-month-old child when he first visited the campus house he would occupy for more than 60 years. Harriet Dunn, a cousin of Harold Bacon's father, Robert, and owner of the distinctive house, suggested that the child be brought to Stanford from Southern California for examination by Dr. Ray Lyman Wilbur, who lived nearby on the site now occupied by Dinkelspiel Auditorium. (Wilbur, who prescribed medicine and a better diet for young Bacon, later became the university's third president.)
In the 1920s, Harold Bacon enrolled at Stanford, following in the footsteps of his father, who graduated in 1902. Bacon lived in the two-story, six-bedroom house during part of his undergraduate years, then moved in permanently , at the invitation of Harriet Dunn, when he returned in 1930 to teach.
For many years, Bacon directed the undergraduate program in mathematics, according to Halsey Royden, who took classes from Bacon during his student days and later became a faculty colleague.
To students and fellow faculty members, Bacon was "the embodiment of Stanford ways and history," Royden said. At the time he retired, Bacon, through his calculus classes, probably had taught "more engineering and science undergraduates than anyone else in the history of the university," Royden said.
For a wonderful story describing the nature of Harold Bacon as a man and a teacher, see this cover story, The Prisoner and the Professor, from the Stanford Alumni magazine of Mar/Apr 1997
1614 Jeremiah Horrocks (1618, 13 Jan 1641) (some sources give 3 Jan as date of death, England had not converted to Gregorian Calendar) English astronomer and clergyman who applied Johannes Kepler's laws of planetary motion to observations of the Moon and Venus. Once Horrocks managed to obtain a small telescope, his observations convinced him that Lansberg's tables were incorrect. He accepted Kepler's elliptical orbits, and in working on the moon he applied an elliptical orbit to it and established that the line of apsides precessed, an effect which he ascribed to the influence of the sun. Horrocks predicted and observed a transit of Venus on 24 Nov 1639, the first one ever observed, and from the observation he corrected the solar parallax, indicating a much greater distance of the sun than anyone before him had admitted. He died at age only 22.*TIS The only person to predict, and one of only two people to observe and record, the transit of Venus of 1639, which was the first transit of Venus to be convincingly predicted and observed. *Wik
Thony Christie has stated that the "clergyman" notation is incorrect. *@rmathematicus, Wikipedia now (Jan 2013) states, " there is little evidence for this and it is more likely he was a tutor to the Stones' children."
1934 Paul Urich Villard (28 Sep 1860, 13 Jan 1934) was a French physicist and chemist who in 1900 identified a third kind of natural radiation, later called gamma rays. He was studying the radiations from uranium salts discovered by Henri Becquerel four years before. Charged particles whose paths were bent in a magnetic field were known, but Villard found a form of penetrating radiation that was not deviated, but it drew little attention from contemporary scientists. A year before, in 1899, Ernest Rutherford named the first two kinds of natural radiation—positive alpha particles and negative beta rays. The third kind became known as gamma rays—with energy higher than X-rays, weak power of ionization, and which Rutherd characterized (1914) as a form of electromagnetic radiation, like light. Villard invented several radiological instruments, including the osmoregulator and Villard's valve. He researched hydrates, and discovered silver hydrate. He wrote Les Rayons Cathodiques (1900). *TIS
*CHM=Computer History Museum
*FFF=Kane, Famous First Facts
*NSEC= NASA Solar Eclipse Calendar
*RMAT= The Renaissance Mathematicus, Thony Christie
*SAU=St Andrews Univ. Math History
*TIA = Today in Astronomy
*TIS= Today in Science History
*VFR = V Frederick Rickey, USMA
*Wik = Wikipedia
*WM = Women of Mathematics, Grinstein & Campbell
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Social Struggles in Archaic Rome
The history of early republican Rome was marked by a long series of social and political struggles between the patrician elite and the plebeians (often called the ‘Conflict of the Orders’). Its results helped Rome achieve the internal integration needed to conquer and rule the Mediterranean world. Despite its fundamental significance, this process is difficult to understand because contemporaneous evidence is scarce and later literary sources present a gravely deformed picture. In this new edition of Social Struggles in Archaic Rome, experts from both sides of the Atlantic illuminate the history of these social conflicts-examining their causes and nature; analysing a wide range of social, economic, legal, religious, military, and political aspects; and considering the reliability of the historical sources. The second edition is enhanced by addenda updating individual chapters in light of recent scholarship, a new chapter on aspects of material culture, an updated bibliography, and a new introduction.
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Bible Verses About Flowers – 34 Blooming Spring Verses
In the holy bible, flowers are used and symbolized as beauty, growth, and fullness. Flowers do have a meaningful presence in the bible and there are many bible verses that are about flowers and the similarity of flowers with human life. It is said that God himself has a garden and it is therefore important to have flowers in our lives to remind us of the beauty of this garden. Read these Blooming spring verses and bible verses about flowers.
Flower Bible Verses
Luke 12:27-28 – “Look at the lilies and how they grow. They don’t work or make their clothing, yet Solomon in all his glory was not dressed as beautifully as they are. And if God cares so wonderfully for flowers that are here today and thrown into the fire tomorrow, he will certainly care for you. Why do you have so little faith?”
Isaiah 28:1 – 1 Woe to that wreath, the pride of Ephraim’s drunkards, to the fading flower, his glorious beauty, set on the head of a fertile valley— to that city, the pride of those laid low by wine!
Isaiah 40:8 ESV – The grass withers, the flower fades, but the word of our God will stand forever.
Song of Solomon 2:1-2 – “I am the rose of Sharon, The lily of the valleys. “Like a lily among the thorns, So is my darling among the maidens.”
James 1:10-11 – “But the rich should take pride in their humiliation–since they will pass away like a wildflower. For the sun rises with scorching heat and withers the plant; its blossom falls and its beauty is destroyed. In the same way, the rich will fade away even while they go about their business. For the sun rises with scorching heat and withers the plant; its blossom falls and its beauty is destroyed. In the same way, the rich will fade away even while they go about their business.”
1 Peter 1:23-24 NKJV – “23 having been born again, not of corruptible seed but incorruptible, through the word of God which lives and abides forever, 24 because “All flesh [is] as grass, And all the glory of man as the flower of the grass. The grass withers And its flower falls away.
Genesis 43:11, Numbers 17:7 – The almond and hazel are mentioned together in a curious story of Jacob tending Laban’s flocks. The almond blossom was a motif in the design of the Menorah. A piece of almond was Aaron’s rod that budded. God showed a rod of almond to the young Jeremiah; by changing the vowel in the Hebrew word for almond, it came to mean “I watch over my word to perform it,” thus emphasizing that God would see that His word came to pass.
2 Chronicles 4:5 – It was a handbreadth in thickness, and its rim was like the rim of a cup, like a lily blossom. It held three thousand baths.
Matthew 6:28-29 – 28 And why are you anxious about clothing? Consider the lilies of the field, how they grow: they neither toil nor spin, 29 yet I tell you, even Solomon in all his glory was not arrayed like one of these.
Psalm 46:8-10 MSG – Attention, all! See the marvels of GOD! He plants flowers and trees all over the earth, Bans war from pole to pole, breaks all the weapons across his knee. “Step out of the traffic! Take a long, loving look at me, your High God, above politics, above everything.
Also See: Bible Verses About Leadership
Bible Verses About Flowers Blooming
Isaiah 35:1 – The wilderness and the solitary place shall be glad for them; and the desert shall rejoice, and blossom as the rose.
Job 14:1 – 14:2 You are only on the earth for a short time. Those days will see plenty of challenges, and your life eventually will come to an end.
Song of Solomon 2:13 – The fig tree has ripened its figs, and the vines in blossom have given forth their fragrance. Arise, my darling, my beautiful one, and come along!
Isaiah 40:6 – A voice says, “Cry out.” And I said, “What shall I cry?” “All people are like grass, and all their faithfulness is like the flowers of the field.
Psalm 103:15-16 ESV – As for man, his days are like grass; he flourishes like a flower of the field; for the wind passes over it, and it is gone, and its place knows it no more.
Job 14:2 – Like a flower, he comes forth and withers.
He also flees like a shadow and does not remain.
Isaiah 28:4 – It sits at the head of a fertile valley, but its glorious beauty will fade like a flower. Whoever sees it will snatch it up, as an early fig is quickly picked and eaten.
Isaiah 40:6-7 NKJV – 6 The voice said, “Cry out!” And he said, “What shall I cry?” “All flesh [is] grass And all its loveliness [is] like the flower of the field. 7 The grass withers, the flower fades, Because the breath of the LORD blows upon it; Surely the people [are] grass.
Also Check: Bible Verses About Gratitude
Bible Verses About Spring Flowers
Song of Solomon 5:13 – His cheeks are like a bed of balsam, Banks of sweet-scented herbs; His lips are lilies, Dripping with liquid myrrh.
Samuel 17:28 – Broad beans remind us of hospitality. “When David came to Mahanaim, Shobi … brought … beans and lentils .. for David and the people with him to eat for they said, ‘The troops are hungry…” The ingredients of pulse on which the young Daniel and his companions thrived most probably included lentils, peas, and beans, and it proved to be a more health-giving diet than the rich foods of the court of Babylon.
Numbers 17:8 – 8 The next day Moses entered the tent and saw that Aaron’s staff, which represented the tribe of Levi, had not only sprouted but had budded, blossomed, and produced almonds.
1 Kings 6:29 NKJV – 29 Then he carved all the walls of the temple all around, both the inner and outer [sanctuaries], with carved figures of cherubim, palm trees, and open flowers.
Genesis 2:9 – The apricot tree has been planted for the tree of knowledge of good and evil. The tradition that this tree in the Bible story was an apple has arisen because the word in the Hebrew and Greek originally meant any round palatable fruit, later on, this same word became specialized to mean apple only. The apple did not grow in ancient Palestine and the apricot is still known as “the apple of gold” in the East.
1 Kings 7:26 – It was a handbreadth in thickness, and its rim was like the rim of a cup, like a lily blossom. It held two thousand baths.
Acts 14:13 – 13 And the priest of Zeus, whose temple was at the entrance to the city, brought oxen and garlands to the gates and wanted to offer sacrifice with the crowds.
Isaiah 28:1 – Woe to the crown of pride, to the drunkards of Ephraim, whose glorious beauty is a fading flower, which is on the head of the fat valleys of them that are overcome with wine!
Also See: Bible Verses About Grace
Bible Verse About Flowers And Beauty
Matthew 23:23 – Dill is the plant called “anise” in the New Testament that the Pharisees chose to tithe rather than to attend to the more important matters of judgment and the love of God.
1 Kings 6:18 – The inside of the temple was cedar, carved with gourds and open flowers. Everything was cedar; no stone was to be seen.
Hosea 14:5 – I will be like the dew to Israel, he shall blossom like the lily, he shall take root like the trees of Lebanon.
Song of Solomon 6:2 – My beloved is gone down into his garden, to the beds of spices, to feed in the gardens, and to gather lilies.
Isaiah 5:24 – Therefore, just as fire licks up stubble and dry grass shrivels in the flame, so their roots will rot and their flowers wither. For they have rejected the law of the LORD of Heaven’s Armies; they have despised the word of the Holy One of Israel.
Isaiah 18:4-5 – 4 This is what the LORD says to me: “I will remain quiet and will look on from my dwelling place, like shimmering heat in the sunshine, like a cloud of dew in the heat of harvest.” 5 For, before the harvest, when the blossom is gone and the flower becomes a ripening grape, he will cut off the shoots with pruning knives, and cut down and take away the spreading branches.
Psalm 104:24 ESV – O Lord, how manifold are your works! In wisdom have you made them all; the earth is full of your creatures.
Hope this collection of Flower Bible Verses is useful for you. Use and share these verses with family and your friends on WhatsApp, Text, etc.
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As the most important photo-sharing platform in the online world, getting the right angles, and making your photos look professional and eye-catching can really be tricky.
However, there is a certain trick that most Instagram users use to make sure their feed is filled with photos that will certainly make people hit like! This is called Flat Lay.
Basically, photos that are in the Flat Lay style mean they’re arranged on a flat surface, which makes for good photography. It’s mostly used to show what one is eating, her planned outfit of the day (OOTD), or to help others see what’s on one’s mind at the moment.
Want to master the art of Flat Lay? Read on and find out how!
A neutral background is a must
You really would not want your background competing with your subject. Instagram photos are not meant to be “noisy”; they’re intended to be calm so they could easily get people’s attention. Try using a white rug, a wooden surface, or a plain bed sheet as your background.
Try making use of color palettes
Another amazing thing about Flat Lay is that you can easily make use of color palettes. Since you’re using a neutral background, your followers would easily see your subjects, especially if they’re under the same spectrum.
The color palette you’d use could also help them understand what you’re trying to say. For example, mustard yellows, maroons, and fire red invoke autumn, and candy-colored items must mean you’re giddy. Talk to them through your photos!
It’s always best to shoot in daylight
You may post that photo later, but it’s good to take the photos in daylight simply because natural light is most flattering. Do this around 9 to 11 am, and make sure to avoid extremely early or late sunlight so that there wouldn’t be unnecessary shadows on your work. You could never hide bad texture with filters—remember that.
Have Fun with space
This means that you have to try arranging your photos in such a way that they’d occupy a square, or the whole of your photo, without them being too near one another. It would be best to use your phone’s square setting. You don’t have to arrange them evenly; be creative, and just have fun! What matters is that you show each of your subjects properly.
Play with texture
Suppose your photographing some clothes. It does not necessarily mean they have to be made of the same material. For example, if you have a striped blouse, you could pair it with a lacy camisole, and a leather skirt. Add some Oxford shoes, a purse, and your lipstick, and lay them all down to be photographed. It gives a clearer picture of what you want others to see.
And, add a pop of color!
Try using petals, confetti, some glitter, old beads, seeds, and some small specks of color that you could use to add character to your photos. They’ll definitely come in handy!
Flat lay to perfection!
So, the next time you want to post a photo on Instagram, make sure that you use the flat lay method! It’ll earn you loads of likes, you’ll see!
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|1.||Herndon, David N: 18 articles (06/2015 - 08/2002)|
|2.||Frieden, Ilona J: 11 articles (09/2015 - 09/2009)|
|3.||Powell, Julie: 11 articles (02/2015 - 03/2011)|
|4.||Filippi, Luca: 10 articles (05/2015 - 01/2010)|
|5.||Pitman, Roger K: 10 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)|
|6.||Abraldes, Juan G: 9 articles (01/2016 - 12/2002)|
|7.||García-Pagán, Juan Carlos: 9 articles (09/2015 - 02/2002)|
|8.||Bosch, Jaume: 8 articles (01/2016 - 02/2002)|
|9.||Bagnoli, Paola: 8 articles (05/2015 - 01/2010)|
|10.||Orr, Scott P: 8 articles (01/2015 - 01/2002)|
10/01/2014 - "The β-blocker propranolol was discovered to be highly effective for the treatment of infantile hemangiomas (IHs), since 2008. "
05/01/2014 - "After initiation of propranolol, most hemangiomas show evidence of significant improvement relatively rapidly, often within days. "
01/01/2014 - "Propranolol is highly effective in the treatment of infantile hemangioma (IH), but important clinical and pharmacological data are lacking. "
01/01/2014 - "Oral propranolol (PRN) has recently been shown to be highly effective for infantile hemangiomas (IHs), and is currently recommended as the first-line treatment of complicated IHs. "
01/01/2013 - "Recent reports of propranolol for the treatment of hemangiomas have led many physicians to question the best treatment strategy for children with vision-threatening hemangiomas. "
|2.||Hypertension (High Blood Pressure)
02/01/1986 - "The reduction of heart rate and cardiac index after propranolol were significantly greater in patients with essential hypertension than in control subjects (p less than 0.01, p less than 0.05, respectively). "
01/01/1986 - "Overall, both drugs were safe and effective in treating hypertension, but complaints of beta-blocker-associated side effects were more frequent with propranolol."
01/01/1979 - "In mild to moderately severe hypertension, propranolol, in does of up to 480 mg/day in combination with a thiazide diuretic, has been found to be effective in over 80% of patients on long-term therapy. "
08/01/1983 - "Treatment with propranolol (0.5 mg/kg) eliminated postapnea hypertension. "
04/01/2000 - "The effects of propranolol on cognitive function and quality of life: a randomized trial among patients with diastolic hypertension."
|3.||Migraine Disorders (Migraine)
06/01/1990 - "Propranolol at a dosage of 2 mg/kg per day taken divided into three has shown to be the most beneficial in the prevention of migraine headaches. "
06/15/2011 - "The prophylactic effect of propranolol treatment on symptomatic migraine was demonstrated on the HI, which significantly improved (p<0.05). "
01/01/2004 - "Although many trials have relevant methodological shortcomings, there is clear evidence that propranolol is more effective than placebo in the short-term interval treatment of migraine. "
01/01/2004 - "We aimed to determine whether there is evidence that propranolol is more effective than placebo and as effective as other drugs for the interval (prophylactic) treatment of patients with migraine. "
10/01/2009 - "Many clinical trials have confirmed that propranolol is effective in the prophylactic treatment of migraine. "
02/01/2006 - "Life-table curves showed that prophylactic EVL and propranolol were similarly effective for primary prophylaxis of variceal bleeding (11/50 [22%]vs 12/50 [24%]; P = 0.68) and overall mortality (14/50 [28%]vs 12/50 [24%]; P = 0.49). "
07/01/1996 - "Two small studies reported that propranolol is effective in arresting mucosal hemorrhage from severe PHG. "
12/01/1988 - "Therapy with oral propranolol was effective in preventing any recurrence of gastrointestinal bleeding."
08/01/2009 - "The evaluation of acute HVPG response to i.v. propranolol before initiating secondary prophylaxis for variceal bleeding is a useful tool in predicting the efficacy of non-selective beta-blockers. "
01/01/2015 - "This large study of children with EHPVO demonstrates the efficacy of propranolol in the reduction of gastrointestinal bleeding in children with EHPVO. "
08/01/1986 - "Seventy three patients (63 males and 10 females) aged 41-75 years with established stable exertional angina pectoris were studied in a double-blind fashion to confirm the efficacy of 80 mg propranolol administered three times daily and also to examine its effect on ST-segment changes in the electrocardiogram by ambulatory ST-segment monitoring and exercise testing using on-line computer analysis. "
06/01/1994 - "Intranasal propranolol has been shown to improve exercise tolerance in patients with angina pectoris. "
11/01/1993 - "Improvement in exercise tolerance and immediate beta-adrenergic blockade with intranasal propranolol in patients with angina pectoris."
02/01/1989 - "[Comparative study of various schedules of administration of propranolol to patients with stenocardia (a cooperative study)]."
04/01/1988 - "In the present study, the incidence and clinical significance of ST-segment fluctuation were studied before and after propranolol in 52 patients with angina pectoris. "
|7.||Adrenergic Receptors (Adrenergic Receptor)
|4.||Drug Therapy (Chemotherapy)
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by Dr Boyce Watkins
Warren Buffett is a great man and a great investor, no question about that. But my grandmother Felicia, in her own way, could have gone toe-to-toe with Warren when it comes to investing in her children and managing her financial life in a way that would allow her to survive and thrive in a world that is designed to do unspeakable harm to her and her family.
It’s tough to become a multi-billionaire, no question about that. But it’s even tougher to get ahead with no inheritance, no husband, very little education and a virtually non-existent monthly income. Oh yea, let’s add five kids in that equation, along with mammoth amounts of institutionalized racism. In fact, studies show that the median net worth of a single black woman in America is about $5, compared to over $100,000 for white Americans. This is an awkward contrast to the fact that black women are among the most highly-educated women in America.
I remember my grandmother telling me that even though she graduated at the top of her class during training with the government, she was the only person in the class who was unable to find a job after she finished training. It was no coincidence that she was the only black person in the class as well. Warren Buffett don’t know nothing about that.
Not only was my grandmother a great woman, she was also one of my most prominent teachers. As I worked through nearly a decade of graduate school learning finance, math and statistics at the highest levels, her simple, yet effective approaches to money management stuck with me and kept me grounded. I learned from her that having a high income can have almost nothing to do with being rich, and that being rich has almost nothing to do with making good life choices.
Many of us don’t understand how the financial seeds we plant in our children at an early age go on to later impact the way our children view money and wealth building. Setting a bad example can create a lifetime of misery, but setting the right example can turn your child into a financially-healthy, prosperous economic engine who can later go on to become one of your greatest financial assets.
In this video below, I give a snippet from my upcoming film, “The commandments of black economic empowerment,” which is part of The Black Wealth Bootcamp interactive lecture series. I talk about my grandmother Felicia and a few things she taught me about money at an early age. I then explain how this led to outcomes later in life that improved my ability to put myself in a desirable economic situation.
The video is below, take a look.
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On New Year’s Day, at the Church of St. Mary and St. Felix at Babingley, Norfolk, during the celebration of the Divine Liturgy, Abba Seraphim ordained Monk Alexis Raphael to the Order of Subdeacon. Father Alexis assists at the Cusworth Church under Father David Seeds but will now also establish a British Orthodox Mission in Lincoln, under the patronage of Saint Guthlac (674-714), a Mercian nobleman’s son, who was professed as a monk at Repton but later settled at Croyland (now Crowland in Lincolnshire).
St. Felix, writing of Guthlac shortly after his death, described his ascetic life style and ministry of prayer; “Now there was in the said island a mound built of clods of earth which greedy comers to the waste had dug open, in the hope of finding treasure there; in the side of this there seemed to be a sort of cistern, and in this Guthlac the man of blessed memory began to dwell, after building a hut over it. From the time when he first inhabited this hermitage this was his unalterable rule of life: namely to wear neither wool nor linen garments nor any other sort of soft material, but he spent the whole of his solitary life wearing garments made of skins. So great indeed was the abstinence of his daily life that from the time when he began to inhabit the desert he ate no food of any kind except that after sunset he took a scrap of barley bread and a small cup of muddy water. For when the sun reached its western limits, then he thankfully tasted some little provision for the needs of this mortal life.”
Father Alexis will inaugurate St. Guthlac’s British Orthodox Mission in Lincoln with a series of weekly services of prayer and intercession during Great Lent.
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Bandwidths in the gigabit range require new IT security solutions for data transfers. This is especially true for conventional Unified Threat Management (UTM) firewalls, which have limited performance. The new IT-security company Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity will be at this year's CeBIT to present an innovative solution that is the first to meet the challenges associated with higher bandwidths: the UTM+ firewall series with integrated next-generation engine. Like all trade fair innovations from Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity, the UTM+ firewalls take a proactive approach to security.
Munich, February 29, 2016 — Firewalls in the UTM+ series have been developed specifically to meet the needs of SMEs. Thanks to integrated single-pass technology, they are as powerful as a next-generation firewall (NGFW). While the performance of traditional UTM appliances already reaches its limit in the megabit range, UTM+ uses the new V16 software to deliver performance in the tens of gigabits. The UTM+ models are also easy to use all-in-one solutions and significantly less expensive than NGFWs. Permanent layer 7 scanning ensures comprehensive, continuous inspection of data packets. In addition, the application control enables fine-grained analysis of network traffic. Firewalls from the UTM+ series take the “security by design” approach ‒ in other words, preventing attacks proactively rather than reactively.
All trade fair innovations feature the innovative security-by-design approach
The company’s other innovations realize this design concept as well:
The tried and tested TrustedDisk full-disk encryption is first to receive the advanced BSI certification for Windows 10. TrustedDisk is used to encrypt all data as well as the operating system on PCs and laptops. A lost computer no longer means a loss of data.
The browser-in-the-box concept for secure surfing and protection against malware, zero-day exploits and advanced persistent threats is now available for central virtualized infrastructures with terminal servers and thin clients too.
BizzTrust and TopSec Mobile from Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity are user-friendly solutions that offer device protection and tap-proof mobile communications. BizzTrust is a secure platform for Android smartphones and tablets that divides devices into two security zones. Applications, data and network connections in the private and corporate zone are kept strictly separate, greatly complicating the ability to launch attacks. The business solution also offers secure encryption for phone calls and e-mails.
The TopSec Mobile encryption device is used by companies and governments to encrypt sensitive phone calls. The BSI has now even exclusively approved the system for particularly sensitive telephone calls – up to classification level "Confidential" (German VS Vertraulich).
Big player with a broad product portfolio
The Rohde & Schwarz security companies gateprotect, Sirrix, Rohde & Schwarz SIT and ipoque will all be attending CeBIT, for the first time under the new company name Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity GmbH, to launch their wide range of cutting-edge information and network security solutions. The UTM+ V16 is the first product to be launched by this new big player.
Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity is a full subsidiary of the independent electronics group Rohde & Schwarz and develops and produces its products exclusively in Germany. Customers therefore know that all products meet high German standards of quality and data protection while delivering top performance at the same time.
Svenja Borgschulte, tel.: +49 (0)221 801087 85, fax: +49 (0)221 801087 77, e-mail: firstname.lastname@example.org
Contact for readers:
Christian Reschke, tel.: +49 (0)30 65884 232, fax: +49 (0)30 65884 184, e-mail: email@example.com
On the web: https://cybersecurity.rohde-schwarz.com/de
CeBIT 2016 in Hanover, March 14-18, Hall 6 / booth G16
Rohde & Schwarz
The Rohde & Schwarz electronics group offers innovative solutions in the following business fields: test and measurement, broadcast and media, cybersecurity, secure communications, radiomonitoring and radiolocation. Founded more than 80 years ago, this independent company has an extensive sales and service network and is present in more than 70 countries. The electronics group is among the world market leaders in its established business fields. On June 30, 2015, Rohde & Schwarz had approximately 9900 employees. The group achieved a net revenue of EUR 1.83 billion in the 2014/2015 fiscal year (July to June). The company is headquartered in Munich, Germany, and also has strong regional hubs in Asia and the USA.
Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity
The IT security group Rohde & Schwarz Cybersecurity protects companies and public institutions around the world against espionage and cyberattacks. The company offers high-end encryption solutions, next-generation firewalls, network traffic analytics and endpoint security software in addition to producing cutting-edge technical solutions for IT and network security. These “Made in Germany” IT security solutions range from compact all-in-one products to custom solutions for critical infrastructures. The “security by design” approach, which employs a proactive rather than reactive approach to dealing with cyberattacks, is central to the development of trusted IT solutions. Around 400 employees work at the current sites in Berlin, Bochum, Darmstadt, Hamburg, Leipzig, Munich and Saarbrücken.
R&S® is a registered trademark of Rohde & Schwarz GmbH & Co. KG.
All press releases are available online at https://cybersecurity.rohde-schwarz.com/de.
Image material can also be downloaded there.
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Laws, Ethics, and AI: Many Questions Without Clear Answers
The marriage of robots and ethics has been explored by philosophers, technologists, and even science fiction writers since long before robots even existed. Isaac Asimov’s “Three Laws of Robotics” first appeared in 1942 – predating today’s advanced artificial intelligence by half a century.
But as AI technology advances and intermingles with human life more and more, questions of laws and ethics have never been more relevant.
The Case of the Self-Driving Car
Modern Diplomacy writer Maksim Karliuk shows the debate on this subject is very real, offering the case of the Mercedes self-driving car in unavoidable car accident and human safety prioritization.
When representatives at Mercedes said their self-driving cars would prioritize the lives of passengers [not pedestrians], the German Federal Ministry of Transport and Digital Infrastructure answered that “such a choice based on a set of criteria would be illegal, and that the car manufacturer be held responsible for any injury or loss of life.”
Questions raised: Who decides ethical guidelines? How / do we define which lives are more important than others?
The Case of Autonomous Weapons
The Guardian journalist Bonnie Docherty covered the United Nations’ meeting to address the creation and use of autonomous weapons, also known as “killer robots.” What made it so newsworthy was that the group had already met previously four times to discuss the same issue.
“Legally, ‘killer robots’ would lack human judgment, meaning that it would be very challenging to ensure that their decisions complied with international humanitarian and human rights law,” she reported.
“For example, a robot could not be preprogrammed to assess the proportionality of using force in every situation,” Docherty reported, “And it would find it difficult to judge accurately whether civilian harm outweighed military advantage in each particular instance.”
Questions raised: How do law makers and algorithm coders plan for complex, nuanced circumstances? What levels of force should robots be allowed to use?
Legal and Ethical Hope for AI
Although a challenge to navigate, panelists at IAPP Global Privacy Summit are starting to lay the groundwork for tackling artificial intelligence laws and ethics.
Panelist and senior vice president of public policy at SIIA, Mark MacCarthy stated that regulating artificial intelligence can be tough in certain instances, while other times very obvious. A simple way to regulate the application of artificial intelligence, MacCarthy adds, is to look to laws already established.
“Using machine learning isn’t a get out of jail free card,” he says. “You can’t say, for example, ‘I’m using AI, so I don’t need to live up to fair lending laws.’”
Additionally, for guidance companies should look to SIIA’s ethical principles for AI. MacCarthy highlighted four principals at the 2018 summit:
- Rights: Participate in artificial intelligence applications that respect the law and human rights.
- Justice: Steer clear of artificial intelligence applications that target vulnerable groups.
- Welfare: Strive to use artificial intelligence to improve the welfare of all humans, so that all communities can benefit.
- Virtue: Use artificial intelligence in virtuous ways to help human beings.
While it’s not a complete solution, it’s a start. More dialogue like the one at the Global Privacy Summit is needed to work through these major questions.
Don’t be afraid of what artificial intelligence can do for your business! Connect with Novatio Solutions now.
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(Scroll down for video) Police in Ohio, were called to rescue teenagers who nearly drowned while playing Pokemon Go.
Celina Police officers responded to a call of a car on the rocks and partially in the water in the Celina Boat Basin.
When officers arrived, they found a 2008 Honda sedan stuck on the rocks on the west side of the Basin, commonly referred to as the Hot Water Hole.
Throughout the investigation, officers found that the three teenagers, all males including the driver, were playing Pokemon Go on their cellphones.
While playing the game, the driver, who was identified as 16-year-old Lincoln James Eichler, turned off of Lakeshore Dr. and into the parking area near the boat ramps.
He was attempting to turn around when he drove onto the rocks and partially into the water before coming to a stop, police said.
The three occupants escaped without injury, leaving the car teetering on the rocks.
The driver was cited for failure to control and for using an electronic device while driving.
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Xuomi wants to convert his two storey house that has 5 rooms each in two floors into a hotel. Xuomi decides to number his first floor rooms with 5 consecutive numbers in the 100's, and his second floor numbers would be 5 consecutive numbers in the 200's. Goes without saying that the 5 room numbers in the 2nd floor are 100 more than the corresponding room numbers from the first floor. Being a mathematician, Xuomi is extremely fascinated by primes and also unconcerned about other people's preference for simple sequences. So, he decides to number his rooms in such a way as to have as many prime numbers as possible. His friend, Pytha told him blithely that the maximum he could manage was 5 numbers. Xuomi generated the maximum amount of contempt possible with his eyes and told his friend that not even his father (Pytha's father, not Xuomi's) Goras could accommodate 5 primes and 4 primes was the limit of anyone's ambition. So, they decided to go for 4. Pytha suggested that they might want to go for numbers such that average number of all the room numbers put together would also be prime. Xuomi checked his math and told him this was possible. Xuomi also wanted the first room, or the room with the least number to be prime and then went on to number his rooms accordingly. Needless to say, the hotel was a phenomenal project. The mathematicians who visited the project were mighty impressed and recommended it to all their friends. With mathematicians from all over the world making it a point to stay here at least once, demand went through the roof. Having said that, all the mathematicians wanted to stay in prime number rooms and so occupancy never crossed 40%. Xuomi went out of business and sold his property to Mr. Frump who made millions by making it a casino.
What is the average of the room numbers in the first floor?
What is the largest room number?
What is the smallest room number?
What is the overall average of the 10 room numbers?
Mr. Goras had this to say when he visited the project. "By now you should know that nothing good comes out of listening to Pytha. If instead of listening to his daft idea of going for a sequence where the average was also prime (I mean, who goes for the average being prime), if you had shown some vision and thought of a sequence where extending to the third floor would have gotten you 2 more primes, it would have been great". If Xuomi had taken this approach, what would have been the average of all the room numbers?
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- Language Tips
Nearly 200 government departments, government-affiliated institutions and State-owned companies in Beijing have started a campaign to eliminate smoking in their buildings.
"The organizations taking part in the campaign have shown great enthusiasm," said Zhao Chunhui, deputy director of the Beijing Municipal Health Bureau. "We planned to have 100 such organizations take part in this campaign, but ended up with 170 by the end of April."
The 170 organizations include ministries of the central government, such as the Ministry of Industry and Information Technology, the ministry leading the tobacco control efforts in China.
Fu Jingbo, deputy director of the logistics department of the ministry, called for people working in the 170 organizations to stop smoking and offering others cigarettes in the workplace.
In the Global Adult Tobacco Survey led by the World Health Organization in 2010, 63.3 percent of Chinese adults surveyed noticed tobacco smoke at workplaces and 58.4 percent noticed that smoking occurred in government buildings.
Luxury cigarettes have been popular as high-end gifts Chinese people give to each other, including to government officials. The traditional cigarette and liquor culture" is posing challenge to the tobacco control efforts, Zhao said.
However, 35-year-old Wang Chunhua, deputy director of the general affairs office of the Beijing's Tongzhou district government, said the attitudes towards smoking around him is changing.
Wang, who used to work in the district's Party committee for nine years until half a year ago, said most of his colleagues there are in their 30s and smoke much less than coworkers above the age of 40.
"Right now we forbid smoking in offices and during meetings. Officials who want to smoke are asked to go outside," he said, believing public advocacy is very important for the district government's plan to build smoke-free environments.
"The occasions when people are offered with cigarettes and invited to smoke are significantly fewer, for most of us don't carry cigarettes with us, and thus won't invite others to smoke with us."
He said his office is going to set aside smoking areas during the campaign, and be harsher to eliminate occasional indoor smoking such as stealthily smoking in the restroom.
Lang Xiaodong, an official in the National Health and Family Planning Commission, which has banned smoking inside its office building since 2010, said the ban has brought much change to her workplace environment.
"Indoor smoking was very common before the ban," she said. "Now nobody smokes in the building, because the rules the commission has set for its employees and anti-smoking advocacy it has done helps many realize the health threat of secondhand smoke."
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ABACAS uses MUMmer to find alignment positions and identify syntenies of assembled contigs against the reference. The output is then processed to generate a pseudomolecule taking overlapping contigs and gaps in to account. ABACAS generates a comparision file that can be used to visualize ordered and oriented contigs in ACT. Synteny is represented by red bars where colour intensity decreases with lower values of percent identity between comparable blocks. Information on contigs such as the orientation, percent identity, coverage and overlap with other contigs can also be visualized by loading the outputted feature file on ACT.
ABACAS(1) User Commands ABACAS(1) NAME abacas - Algorithm Based Automatic Contiguation of Assembled Sequences SYNOPSIS abacas -r ref -q qs -p prog [OPTIONS] OR abacas -r ref -q psf -e ref reference sequence in a single fasta file qs contigs in multi-fasta format rog MUMmer program to use more»
abacas (1.3.1-1) unstable; urgency=low * Initial release (Closes: #619100) -- Andreas Tille <firstname.lastname@example.org> Mon, 21 Mar 2011 09:48:04 +0100
Format: http://dep.debian.net/deps/dep5/ Upstream-Name: Abacas Upstream-Contact: Wellcome Trust Sanger Institute <email@example.com> Source: http://sourceforge.net/projects/abacas/files/ Copyright: © 2008-10 Genome Research Limited. All Rights Reserved. License: GPL-2+ Abacas is free software; you can redistribute it and/or modify it under the terms of the GNU General Public License as publi more»
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Is a personal loan for bad credit difficult to obtain in 2021?
You might be surprised to find that you CAN apply for a personal loan even with bad credit. Of course, your bad credit rating will prevent you from getting the best interest rates, but you will still have fees that are much more flexible than those associated with a payday loan.
What is a personal loan?
A personal loan, whether requested from a bank, your line of credit, or a trusted online lender, is all the same. Typically, your loan is repaid in fixed monthly amounts over a period of 2 to 7 years and has annual interest rates ranging from 6% to 36%.
Most of them are not guaranteed. A secured loan is a loan for which the consumer offers collateral in order to secure the loan amount. In the majority of cases, it’s cheaper, but you run the risk of losing your warranty (whether it’s your property, vehicle, or other valuable item) if you don’t make the payment.
Personal loans are generally tied to relatively low interest rates, while the limits on the amounts you can borrow are quite high. For many people, a personal loan will even have a lower interest rate than a credit card – unless you can get one at 0%! Plus, if you have multiple high interest credit card debt, you can consolidate your debt in one place at a lower rate.
When deciding whether to approve or deny your application, lenders base their decisions on several factors including, but not limited to, your credit rating, salary, and debt ratio. Secured Approval Of Personal Loans For Bad Creditwould benefit from lower interest rates, but remember that it is not uncommon to get a loan even if your score is 600. Also, if you find yourself turned down for a personal loan, you can always consider a quick cash loan.
Many professional lenders will be able to assess your file and provide you with estimated interest rates without negatively affecting your credit rating. Some loan markets will even let you compare the rates of several different lenders, all in one place. If you meet all the conditions and your loan is approved, the money could be deposited into your bank account within 24 hours.
Reasons to get a personal loan
The reasons for applying for a personal loan are varied. This is because you might need money for anything and you can spend your loan however you want. Of course, it is highly recommended that you use your loan to improve your financial health by consolidating your debt or increasing the resale value of your home. However, the choice is yours. Below is a list of the most common reasons to apply for a personal loan.
- Getting Married: We all know that weddings, even on a budget, tend to be expensive. Many couples choose to apply for a loan to pay for their marriage, and then make the small monthly payments afterward.
- Home renovations: Whether it’s changing the roof, adding a second bathroom, or expanding the house, renovations are expensive and many people apply for a personal loan to help them pay off the house. bill.
- Debt Consolidation: Trying to make payments in multiple places each month and assuming each high interest rate can be a real headache, take a lot of planning, and cost more than you can afford. By consolidating all your debts in one place and taking advantage of a more reasonable interest rate, you will be feeling financially relieved in no time.
Large Expenses: Many people turn to a personal loan when faced with a sudden, high expense, like buying a new vehicle or having an emergency medical bill.
How to get a personal loan
If you have decided to go for a personal loan, then now is the time to do your research! Always compare the interest rates of several different lenders. Of course, the one with the lowest fees is the best choice. Many lenders offer the option to prequalify online and even offer to view estimated interest rates without affecting your credit rating. It is therefore preferable to take advantage of this possibility whenever possible.
Can I get a loan without a credit check?
To be honest, the answer is both yes and no. Yes, because if you choose a loan without a credit check, it is possible, but you will have to face exorbitant interest rates and you will have to guarantee the loan with your next salary. And no, because if you have chosen to borrow from your bank or a traditional credit union, then a credit check, whether flexible or rigorous, will be an integral part of the process.
A low credit score around 600 is allowed, but a score below this level would make it very difficult to obtain a personal loan with bad credit. A bad credit rating also means that you will have to pay higher interest rates and fees. It is therefore often recommended to take a few months to improve your score before applying for a personal loan.
Average interest rates for personal loans based on your credit rating
An excellent credit score is considered to be between 720 and 850 and these people typically enjoy interest rates ranging from 10.3% to 12.5%. A good credit rating is rated between 690 and 719, and interest rates within this range are typically set between 13.5% and 15.5%. Average scores of 630 to 689 are assigned interest rates between 17.8% and 19.9%, while scores of 300 to 629 can expect rates of 28.5% to 32%. . .
For exceptional credit
If you have a good credit score, between 720 and 850, you will enjoy many benefits. You can get rates of 10.3%, but they can go as low as 5.99% in some cases. You will have excellent negotiating ground and will be able to choose your lender, while benefiting from the lowest costs.
If your score is between 630 and 689, it is likely that you are struggling to get a loan with a reasonable interest rate and affordable fees. Although it is much less advantageous than rates with a good or a good score, you can still be successful in finding a personal loan at 17.8% or less. Don’t worry too much; Improving Your Credit Score Can Be Done Within Months!
As we have already mentioned, it is not impossible to get a loan with a bad credit rating, but you will have to incur both high interest rates and high fees. With a score between 300 and 629, you probably won’t find better than 28.5%, but even with a rate of 30%, it is better to go for a personal loan rather than a personal loan, at all times. .
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State Senate votes to ban e-cigarette sales to minors
It could soon be illegal to sell electronic cigarettes to children in Michigan. The state Senate unanimously passed legislation Thursday meant to keep the smokeless devices out of the hands of minors.
So-called “e-cigarettes” deliver a nicotine-laced vapor, but don’t contain tobacco. That means the state cannot currently regulate them along with regular cigarettes and other tobacco products.
“I’ve heard of children easily 10 years old getting this product,” said bill sponsor Sen. Rick Jones, R-Grand Ledge. “In fact, Friday, I was reading to a fourth grade, and one of the children mentioned to me that his friend bought one and they played with it.”
“We just want to safeguard children from this product,” said Jones. “I have no objection to adults having it.”
Sellers and underage buyers would both have to pay a $50 fine under the legislation, which now goes to the state House.
Gov. Rick Snyder’s administration says it wants to regulate e-cigarettes alongside regular cigarettes, instead of creating new regulations specifically for the product. That would include taxing the devices like cigarettes and subjecting them to smoke-free workplace and clean indoor air laws.
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TOPEKA — Federal officials have not responded to Gov. Sam Brownback’s assertions that his administration is in full compliance with the Americans with Disabilities Act.
But advocates for the physically disabled say the governor’s recent open letter to federal officials asserting his administration is doing enough to help people with physical disabilities live in community settings should not go unchallenged.
“The state’s own numbers don’t support the governor’s position,” said Shannon Jones, executive director of the Statewide Independent Living Council of Kansas. “If you go back three years and look, there were 7,200 (physically disabled) people receiving services. Today there are 6,100. That’s not an increase, it’s a decrease.”
Jones’ group has been at the forefront of the state’s ADA-compliance issue, encouraging hundreds of disabled people to file complaints with federal authorities over a prolonged waiting list for services that has been growing since at least 2008.
Officials at the U.S. Department of Health and Human Services responded to the complaints in 2009 by opening an investigation.
Then last month, Leon Rodriquez, director of the HHS Office of Civil Rights, announced that efforts to get the Brownback administration to reduce the waiting list for home- and community-based services had stalled and that the case had been turned over to the U.S. Department of Justice.
The decision increased the likelihood the state would be sued in federal court, similar to actions that the Justice Department has taken in other states with growing frequency under the administration of President Barack Obama.
Brownback responded to Rodriguez with a public letter expressing disappointment with the agency’s decision.
Underlying the dispute is a 1999 decision in a U.S. Supreme Court case, Olmstead v. L.C., which found that states have an obligation to ensure that Medicaid-funded services for people with physical and mental disabilities are provided in the most integrated settings appropriate to their needs.
Subsequent rulings involving other states have found that stalled or slow-moving waiting lists constitute violations of the ADA, which became national law in 1990 in large part thanks to then-U.S. Sen. Bob Dole of Kansas, who was left disabled for life by serious wounds suffered in World War II.
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Criteria for Colin McLennan Scholarship
In 1984,Colin McLennan MBE founded the organisation known now as Pusat Rehabilitasi Yakkum.
The purpose of this, was to try and rehabilitate disabled young persons from poor families to the point where they could earn a living to sustainthemselves.
The criteria for this project was:
- Children had to come from the poorest of the poor families.
- Be physically disabled.
- Capable of being rehabilitated to become self sufficient
- Be under the age of 24 years old
- Not receiving assistance from another source.
A facility was founded in Yogyakarta, and since its inception, more than 4000 children have received assistance.
Some years later a further facility was established in Bali known as Yakkum Bali, and it too has followed the ideals originally espoused by Colin McLennan.
For these and other services (notably in Cambodia) Colin McLennan was awarded the MBE (Member of the British Empire) by her Majesty Queen Elizabeth.
Colin McLennan died on 28th June 2006, and his will stipulated that moneys be left to the Rehabilim Trust Inc for use for “young disabled entrepreneurial Indonesian persons”.
The Colin McLennan Memorial Trust has been set up to honour that pledge.
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When you are preparing for your first public speaking engagement, it is important to keep in mind the following tips.
Public speaking can be a daunting task for anyone, but it’s especially daunting for first-time speakers. Here are five tips to help make your first public speaking engagement a success. There is no substitute for doing lots of rehearsals with a friend or family member until you feel confident in your delivery.
When you give your first public speaking engagement, you are sure to be asked a variety of questions. Here are five tips to help you prepare for and answer those questions. Before your speech, practice delivering it in front of a mirror or friend. This will help you get used to the pacing, language, and delivery. Research The Topic. Be sure to research the topic of your speech ahead of time so that you have something interesting and relevant to share with your audience. This will also give you an idea of what questions might be asked and how best to answer them. Be Prepared To Answer Questions if there are any specific questions. You may take help from Online English Speaking Course to Make sure you have plenty of material prepared to share, but also be ready to answer any questions that may come up. You’ll likely be asked about your background and why you’re speaking on this particular topic. Be ready with an answer!
When you give a speech, it’s important to dress appropriately. This means wearing clothes that make you look your best and that are comfortable. You don’t have to wear a suit, but it’s a good idea to choose something that makes you feel confident. You also want to make sure that the clothes you choose are appropriate for the audience. For example, if you’re speaking at a school, don’t wear clothing that would be inappropriate for the general public. This isn’t the time to go all out in your costume party.
Make sure that you are sitting up straight and that you are not fidgeting or making any other movements that may distract from your speech.
Make sure to use clear language and avoid long speeches or monologues.
Use visuals when possible to help illustrate your points. If you can, try to include images or videos in your presentation so that audience members can see what you are talking about firsthand.
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An Asthma Action Plan is a written, customized plan to help you take action to manage your asthma. If you know what to watch for and what steps to take, you will be able to make timely and appropriate decisions about managing your condition help prevent your asthma from getting worse. The Action Plan is based on changes in asthma symptoms. Peak flow monitoring can also be used as part of the asthma action plan. The asthma action plan will:
- Give you and your family information about when and how to use daily medications, emergency medications and your peak flow meter.
- Help you decide when to call your health care provider and when to seek emergency medical care.
- Serve as an easy place to keep your crisis intervention plan, self-management instructions or written guidelines.
View an example Asthma Action Plan (pdf).
Components of an Asthma Action Plan
Action Plans should be individualized. Your health care provider will develop an Action Plan for you, and your action plan should include the following information:
Peak Flow Numbers and Peak Flow Zones
Your asthma action plan may include use of a peak flow meter. Peak flow numbers measure how well you are breathing. If your peak flow number drops, it means you are having trouble breathing. Peak flow zones can be used to signal you when your peak flow drops a certain percentage. Your health care provider will consider certain characteristics of your asthma and help you determine your zones.
Together with your health care provider, you will develop instructions about when to take asthma medications.
Emergency Telephone Numbers and Locations of Emergency Care
Your written action plan should include information about who to call and where to get emergency care. Your health care provider will be able to give you telephone numbers and locations for emergency care during the day or night. You should also include numbers of relatives, friends and other people who can help you in an emergency.
Specific Points to Clarify With Your Health Care Provider
These are five points that your health care provider should specifically clarify for you for inclusion in your Action Plan.
- When should you call your health care provider?
- When should you seek emergency care?
- When is quick relief medicine not enough?
- When or if you should increase inhaled steroids?
- When or if you should start taking oral steroids?
Making Your Asthma Action Plan Work for You
Your Action Plan can help you manage your asthma symptoms. Here are tips to make sure it's available and update for you to use:
Photocopy your written plan and give it to those who can assist you in using the plan, including your spouse or significant other, relatives and work personnel.
Keep a current action plan with you at all times for use in an emergency.
Review your action plan with your health care provider at least once a year. Changes in your personal best or baseline peak flow number or medications may mean your action plan also needs to be changed.
If you ever have questions or concerns about your Action Plan, please discuss them with your health care provider.
NEXT: Peak Flow Meter
BACK: General Tools, Index
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St. John of Kronstadt, from My Life in Christ
"We forgive them that trespass against us." This means not to feel against our neighbour who has been guilty towards us (intentionally, obstinately, or unintentionally) any vexation, enmity, or malice, but to forgive him his fault in all simplicity of heart, vividly representing to ourselves our own infirmities and falling into sin, and maintaining towards our guilty neighbour the same love and the same feelings of kindness which we felt towards him before his fault. What would it be if the Lord were to notice our iniquities as we do the faults of our neighbour? Who could withstand? But as the Lord is long-suffering and merciful, be also long-suffering and merciful (not strictly exacting, but compassionate). "Charity suffereth long, and is kind." [1 Corinthian 13:4] Do not reckon the faults of your neighbour, consider them as though they were not; as nothing! We are one body, and his body is a sinful one. What is more common and easier to us than sins? We breathe them like air. But the Lord, the Head of the body of the Church, is the cleansing of them. Leave everything to the Head, Who worketh all things in all; and hold fast to love alone, for it is the only infallible thing in our life (pure love). Do not serve the Devil by the spirit of enmity, malice, hatred; do not increase evil by evil, and do not spread the kingdom of the enemy in the kingdom of Christ." Overcome evil with good." [Romans 12:21] For you cannot conquer evil with evil, just as you cannot put out fire by fire, but only by water. Malice is always an imagination of the Devil. Love is always God's truth and God's child.
Venerable Anthony of the Kiev Far Caves, Founder of Monasticism in Russia
Having departed from worldly tumults, in leaving the world you followed Christ according to the Gospel. You reached the quiet refuge of the Holy Mount Athos, living there a life equal to the angels. Therefore, with the blessing of the Fathers, you came to the Kievan hills. There having fulfilled a life loving of labors, you illumined your homeland. And having shown a multitude of monastics the pathway leading to the heavenly kingdom, you led them to Christ. Beseech him, O Venerable Anthony, that he may save our souls!
Kontakion, Tone 8
From your youth you gave yourself to God whom you loved above all, O Venerable One; and in love you followed after him with your whole soul. Scorning the passing corruption of the world, you made a cave in the earth; and in it you struggled nobly facing the snares of the invisible enemy, while illumining the ends of the earth like a bright, shining sun. Therefore, with rejoicing you entered into the heavenly chambers. Standing now before the throne of the Master together with the angels, remember us who honor your holy memory, that we may cry out to you: Rejoice, Anthony our Holy Father!
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This is a condensed edition of 'The Road to Serfdom' republished in this edition with 'The Intellectuals and Socialism' (originally published in 1949). In 'The Road to Serfdom' F. A. Hayek set out the danger posed to freedom by attempts to apply the principles of wartime economic and social planning to the problems of peacetime.
Hayek argued that the rise of Nazism was not due to any character failure on the part of the German people, but was a consequence of the socialist ideas that had gained common currency in Germany in the decades preceding the outbreak of war.
Such ideas, Hayek argued, were now becoming similarly accepted in Britain and the USA. On its publication in 1944, 'The Road to Serfdom' caused a sensation.
Its publishers could not keep up with demand, owing to wartime paper rationing.
Then, in April 1945, Reader's Digest published a condensed version of the book and Hayek's work found a mass audience.
This condensed edition was republished for the first time by the IEA in 1999.
Since then it has been frequently reprinted. There is an enduring demand for Hayek's relevant and accessible message. The 'Road to Serfdom' is republished in this impression with 'The Intellectuals and Socialism' originally published in 1949, in which Hayek explained the appeal of socialist ideas to intellectuals - the 'second-hand dealers in ideas'.
Intellectuals, Hayek argued, are attracted to socialism because it involves the rational application of the intellect to the organisation of society, while its utopianism captures their imagination and satisfies their desire to make the world submit to their own design.
- Format: Paperback
- Pages: 140 pages, b/w illustration
- Publisher: Institute of Economic Affairs
- Publication Date: 20/08/2005
- Category: Economic systems & structures
- ISBN: 9780255365765
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When George and the man with the yellow hat stop to shop at a chocolate factory store, George becomes curious about how the chocolates are made. Though he begins to follow the factory tour, soon he is off to investigate on his own.
George and the man with the yellow hat take a trip to the firehouse, and George finds all sorts of new things to explore. When one curious monkey meets a company of unsuspecting firefighters, a big adventure is sure to follow!
Readers learn all about the hospital as George goes in for an operation to remove a puzzle piece he has eaten.
"All that I expected"
George and the man with the yellow hat are going camping! George tries to be helpful, but after he upsets a neighboring camper, he is chased into the woods and gets lost. Before long, an encounter with a cute forest creature throws George into a chain of outrageous events that allows him to find a way to be helpful after all.
Listeners learn the alphabet along with George as the man in the yellow hat teaches the curious monkey how to read.
In this, the original book about the curious monkey, George is taken from the jungle by the man in the yellow hat.
When George and the man with the yellow hat visit the animal shelter, George is delighted to discover a large litter of puppies. At first, George just wants to pet the puppy, but then he wants to hold one. George's curiosity gets the best of him, and soon puppies are everywhere. Fall 1998 marks the introduction of eight new Curious George Adventures available in three formats, hardcover, paperback, and paperboard.
Young readers are taken on a wild ride with the curious monkey who never seems to learn his lesson! George's adventures with bunnies, fishing poles, and a powerful kite are told in a simplified text suitable for first-graders to read themselves.
Curious George is up to his elbows in dough and trouble as he tries his hand at making pizza. Tony the baker chases him out of his restaurant, and George hides in a truck in the alley. An angry Tony becomes a grateful Tony when George helps him deliver a pizza in a way that only a monkey could.
It's the first day of school and George has been invited to Mr. Apple's class to be a special helper! George is just the right monkey for the job - that is, until he starts to make his usual mischief. A mixture of red and yellow paint makes orange . . . a mixture of yellow and blue makes green. . . . and a mixture of all the paint colors makes a big mess! After a speedy adventure up and down the halls of the school, George and Mr. Apple clean up the classroom - with a little help from George's new friends.
When George escapes from the zoo, he heads out into the city, where he is in for a wide world of adventures - and where a spot of trouble leads to a joyful reunion with his friend, the man with the yellow hat.
Curious George, a favorite of millions of children all over the world, became Jorge el Curioso when translated into Spanish more than ten years ago.
Please note: This title is in Spanish.
Curious George hopes he can discover some real dinosaur bones at the dig. Listen along to find out what he uncovers.
Every year George and the man with the yellow hat attend the pancake breakfast that benefits the children's hospital. Always curious, George soon finds a way to help out, making some of the most interesting pancakes the crowd has ever seen.
After repeatedly disastrous efforts to get himself out of trouble, George becomes the first monkey to go to space.
This time the misadventures take place at the zoo, where George and his friend have gone to see the new rain forest exhibit. Despite the "Do not feed the animals" signs, generous George wants to share his peanuts with the cute koalas; the poor, ravenous alligators; and the friendly giraffes. Pandemonium ensues, but George manages to turn things around--and even save the day!
Curious George and the man with the yellow hat visit the zoo. A hungry Curious George snatches a pail of bananas from the zoo keeper. Though he shouldn't have taken the bananas, George soon changes the zookeeper's shouts to praise with his clever, helpful ways.
Curious George and his friend, the man with the yellow hat, have been waiting to see this movie for a long time, and finally it's here! When his friend goes to get popcorn, George watches the beginning of the movie. Soon, inevitably, this inquisitive chimp gets curious. Is that light at the back of the theater the place where the movie comes from? Curiosity doesn't kill the cat--or the ape--but it sure gets him in a lot of messes!
When George sets off on his new bicycle, little does he know that he'll soon be delivering newspapers, building a navy of paper boats, and joining a circus!
Young readers and listeners will delight in White-black's world-wide adventure. Tune in as he journeys around the globe looking for stories for his radio show.
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HISTORIC CARRIAGE HOUSE & LODGE VENUE and ACCOMMODATIONS Circa 1903
Lacawac Sanctuary is a nature center, environmental education facility, ecological research station and historic venue located in the heart of the Northern Poconos on the shore of Lake Wallenpaupack. For 50 years we have been providing hands-on educational opportunities for Pre-K students through graduate work. We recognize that science is but one way of knowing; we actively promote arts and humanities and connect our visitors to nature and knowledge about the world around us. Lacawac is a historic estate built in 1903, as a summer estate of Congressman William Connell (1827-1909). Six of the original eight rustic style buildings remain including the main lodge, carriage house, spring house, pump house, coachman's cabin and the ice house. The Lodge is a 2 1⁄2-story frame dwelling with a cross gable roof and features two-story porches and the interior is paneled in southern yellow pine.
In 1966, the property was deeded to a non-profit organization and subsequently used as a nature preserve, ecological field research station and public environmental education facility. Lacawac was listed on the National Register of Historic Places in 1979. Lake Lacawac was listed as a National Natural Landmark in 1968.
Lacawac Sanctuary 94 Sanctuary Road, Lake Ariel PA 18436 www.lacawac.org email@example.com - 570.689.9494
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Department of State, April 17, 1816.
The Secretary of State, to whom was referred the resolution of the House of Representatives, requesting the President to cause to be laid before that House information relative to the duties laid on articles imported from the United States into the British provinces of Canada, Nova Scotia, and New Brunswick; relative to the duties on articles exported to the United States from the said provinces; the duties laid on goods, wares, and merchandise imported into the British West India islands, or any of them, from the United States, or from colonies in America owned by other foreign European Powers; and likewise as to the duties on imports and exports to which vessels of the United States are subject in the ports of the British East Indies, has the honor to state that, as the information received by the Department on the subject of these inquiries since the peace, from public agents, has been very defective, he has been under the necessity of resorting to the collectors of the customs and other respectable sources within the reach of the Department to enable him to comply with the call of the House, which produced inevitable delay in making this report. He begs leave further to state that the accompanying tables, numbered 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 6, embrace all the information that he has been able to obtain relative to the objects of the resolution. It is believed that it is substantially correct, though less particular and precise than might be wished. From these tables, it will be seen that the vessels of the United States are excluded from all participation in the trade by sea of the provincial or colonial possessions of Great Britain in America, with the exception of Bermuda and the Bahama islands, where they are restricted to a very limited commerce, particularly designated in the table numbered 4. It will be moreover seen that this trade is confined exclusively to British vessels, and in most instances to British merchants, and articles of minor value as respects both imports and exports. Whether, under the existing regulations in Canada, the trade by inland navigation between the United States and those provinces is confined to British vessels, is not distinctly understood. Respectfully submitted.
Printed Source--American State Papers. 38 vols. (Washington, D.C.: Gales and Seaton, 1831-61)..
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News Releases from Region 10
Six Indian Tribes in Washington to Benefit from $3.9 million in Recovery Act Funds to Improve Water Services
Release Date: 07/09/2009
Contact Information: Marie Jennings, EPA/Seattle, 206-553-1893, firstname.lastname@example.org; Mark MacIntyre, EPA/Seattle, 206-553-7302, email@example.com
(Seattle, Wash. – July 9, 2009) Six Tribes in Washington will have improved access to vital water services through $3.9 million in funds from the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009. The U.S. Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) and the U.S. Department of Health and Human Service’s Indian Health Service (IHS) are directing $90 million nationwide in ‘shovel ready’ infrastructure projects designed to better protect human and environmental health in Indian Country.
“This infusion of funds is very important for our tribal communities,” said Michelle Pirzadeh, EPA’s acting Regional Administrator in Seattle. “This work is part of our commitment and trust responsibility to provide clean drinking water and healthy sanitation to tribal families.”
Tribes receiving funds in Washington are the Lummi Tribe ($1,052,100); Upper Skagit Indian Tribe ($1,041,670); Tulalip Tribe ($756,300); Makah Indian Tribe ($677,080); Confederated Tribes of the Colville Reservation ($232,300); and the Swinomish Tribe ($165, 250).These funds will bring much needed drinking water and sanitation improvements for the Tribes. Many of these tribal households are in great need of modernized infrastructure to ensure clean drinking water and improved wastewater systems that are protective of people’s health and the environment.
Continuing a tradition spanning 20 years, EPA and IHS’s combined effort to improve water services in Indian Country contributed to their identification of 95 wastewater and 64 drinking water priority projects to be completed by IHS’s Sanitation Facilities Construction Program through EPA Recovery Act funds. The projects exceed the Recovery Act requirement that 20 percent of the funds be used for green infrastructure, water and energy efficiency improvements and other environmentally innovative projects.
President Obama signed the American Recovery and Reinvestment Act of 2009 on February 17, 2009, and has directed that the Recovery Act be implemented with unprecedented transparency and accountability. To that end, the American people can see how every dollar is being invested at recovery.gov.
More information about all the EPA Recovery Act water efforts: http://www.epa.gov/water/eparecovery/
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A little puzzle to round the month out. We start out with a unit semi-circle:
Q: What is the area of the red shaded region below bounded by:
I could think of two alternative ways of solving. One using geometry, and the other using calculus. The calculus solution is signficantly more involed but, thankfully, both methods return the same result!
Will you take the red pill, or the blue pill?
To solve geometrically, we can break the shaded region into three pieces: A, B, C
A and C are triangles (with complimenatry angles), and B is a quarter circle segment with unit radius.
The area of both triangles turns out to be the same (half the base times the vertical height). Summing up these three regions gives us the answer.
Because we know the equation of the semi-circle, and the limits, we can use integration to find the area underneath the curve.
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A PDF version of this list is available.
Albert, L. (1989). A teacherís guide to cooperative discipline: How to manage your classroom and promote self-esteem. Circle Pines, MN: American Guidance Service.
Algozzine, B., & Ysseldyke, J. (1992). Strategies and tactics for effective instruction. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
Anderson, C.S. (1985). The investigation of school climate. In Austin, G.R. & Garber, H. (Eds.), Research on Exemplary Schools (pp. 97-126). Orlando, FL: Academic Press.
Archer, A., & Gleason, M. (1990). Skills for school success. North Billerica, MA: Curriculum Associates.
Arterbury, E., & Hord, S.M. (1991). Site-based decision making: Its potential for enhancing learner outcomes. [Special issue]. Issues...about Change, 1(4).
Bachus, G. (1992). School-based management: Do teachers want more involvement in decision making? Rural Educator, 14(1), 1-4.
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Conley, S.C., & Bacharach, S.B. (1990). From school-site management to participatory school-site management. Phi Delta Kappan, 71(7), 539-544.
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Emmer, E.T., & Evertson, C.M. (1980). Effective management at the beginning of the school year in junior high classes (Report No. 6107). Austin, TX: University of Texas, Research and Development Center for Teacher Education.
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Evertson, C.M. (1985). Training teachers in classroom management: An experimental study in secondary school classrooms. Journal of Educational Research, 79(1), 51-58.
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Good, T.L. (1987). Two decades of research on teacher expectations: Findings and future directions. Journal of Teacher Education, 38(4), 32-47.
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Heck, R.H. (1992). Principalsí instructional leadership and school performance: Implications for policy development. Educational Evaluation and Policy Analysis, 14(1), 21-34.
Higgins, P. (1990). Helping kids handle anger: Teaching self control. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
Hord, S.M. (1992). Facilitative leadership: The imperative for change. Austin, TX: Southwest Educational Development Laboratory.
Jenson, W., Rhode, G.,& Reavis, H. K. (1995). The tough kid tool box. Longmont, CO: Sopris West.
Jones, V.F. & Jones, L. S. (1995). Comprehensive classroom management. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
Kauffman J.M., Hallahan, D.P., Mostert, M.P., Trent, S.C., & Nuttycombe, D.G. (1993). Managing classroom behavior: A reflective case-based approach. Boston: Allyn and Bacon.
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Starting from the beginning of pest control measures, borax works without relenting in killing termites regardless of how it finds them. Today, there are many sources and forms of borax which makes it more flexible in getting rid of termites easily.
Use borax powder in the garden. Spread the entire infestation point of termites and round the garden area. Use borax mixed with water on walls and woods. It can stays for more than 4 months immuned to the infestation of termites.
Borax and Cellulose.
Get some cellulose substance and mix it with borax in a proportion of 5:1 and keep it near the hill their hill. Termites love cellulose and they'll rush over it, eating up both the poison and the cellulose.
Pour hot water down inside their holes and hills outside. Hot water will not leave nothing alive in the hole and eventually you shall get rid of termites using this home remedy.
Injecting toxic termiticides.
This would work more safely for those that don't have garden closer to the infestation area. Again, toxic termiticides works as immunity and repellents all around. Inject the chemical in the soil with near their hills and use it to mop the floor where termites are likely to infest. Use sprayer for upper paces of infection in order to kill them. Always start from outside before you get in and keep the spray from pets and kids.
The use of bait plates as an home remedy to get rid of termite only work during the summer. Winter is not the time for chronic infestation of termites, so you might choose other techniques if you still have them. But for summer (warm season) , place the baits about 15 feets between each other and make sure is away from the wall with 3 feets. Use termite bait stations that consist of poisons that can destroy their stomach. Mostly, poisons placed in baits are multi-purpose in the sense that termites that work in the baits can get back to the colony (affected) and rubbing their bodies with colleagues, you can get rid of more than 20 for one. Professionals estimate this to 40, but baiting itself is functional depending on the chemicals.
Location also is very important to determine which bait is recieving the most visitors in order to add more poison to hasten the process of termite killing. This is the pro among all the home remedies to get rid of termites.
Termite killer home remedy.
Are you using mint flavoured toothpaste? Another use has come! Mix mint flavoured toothpaste with dish soap of any type and lemon ammonia, the proportion of 3:3:3. Put the mixture in spray bottle and shake vigorously to make a "one" liquid termite destroyer. Get to the infestation area; the walls, corners, furnitures, gardens, near cupboards and all the places you might think of, that is likely to preserve the pests. Spray excessively for the first day, and watch to see the result after 5 days.
Tips: get rid of all moistured materials that may likely to bring termites in the room. Moistured soil is a home for termites, so try your best to allow free air flow in order to lower the humidity, having the soil get dried as well.
Use caulking gun to fill up cracks around the apartment. Check corners, pipe holes and electric lines. Damp a foam with borax and push it in.
Avoid keeping wood in the ground to reduce the possibilities of termites infestation. If its necessary, wet all furnitures with boric acid every 3 months to ensure a constant immunity from termites. Home remedies work but you need to take measure actions to live without termites instead of getting rid of them all the time.
Place wet cardboards on top of each other and place it at the entrance of the hill or where they route. Cardboards contain cellulose that draw the attentions of termites to get in. When a considerable amount have entered, get the cardboards outside and burn it immediately.
In some cases you should spray some boric powder on the cellulose in order to poison them. Cardboards seems to be one of the fastest manual home remedies to get rid of termites. So knowing their destination is quite important, and observation is the way.
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There are serious dangers lurking in the aftermath of natural disasters.
Natural disasters have been identified as one of the leading causes of sexual exploitation and trafficking. “While human trafficking generally does not increase in the immediate days and weeks following a disaster, proper planning in the immediate-term helps reduce the numbers of gaps that traffickers can later exploit when the emergency phase has passed” (US Dept. of State 2010). This immediate time varies depending upon the extent of damage and loss of life, the nature, and the location of the disaster. In the immediate aftermath recovery of the deceased, as well as searching for food, shelter, and medical takes priority. However, this immediate time also sets up the stage for trafficking as perpetrators will jump into action during the chaos knowing that survivors are the most vulnerable at that time.
Traffickers will kidnap, threaten, manipulate or coerce unknowing individuals by making false promises of jobs, education and other opportunities to lure them into the belief that leaving the safety of their home and community is a better option for helping themselves and their families.
The chaos and confusion that a disaster causes leaves tremendous gaps in resources and safety.
A lack of coordination and allocation of responsibilities during the chaos leaves children more vulnerable. Children are not always considered or prioritized during the urgent needs of a natural disaster. Search and rescue efforts, providing medical care, housing, food, shelter, and regaining the infrastructure, consume both employed and volunteer workers (Red Cross 2004). Gangs also infiltrate areas to exploit at risk populations while officials are pre-occupied with the disaster response. These gang members are often part of a system of organized traffickers who enter into disaster zones with the specific goal of luring away victims.
The collapse or absence of a state system creates a vacuum of safety measures and previously implemented programs. If trafficking prevention measures were in place they tend to collapse in the aftermath of a disaster. The collapse of state systems also means that police and other government officials may be struggling to provide for their own families, and / or providing the role of a disaster worker establishing basic needs as opposed to enforcing laws and safeguarding the community.
In addition to the breakdown of systems, an influx of foreign and national aid workers provide an environment of strangers which becomes part of the normal process of recovery. This has the potential to disguise the threat of traffickers. Vulnerable women and children seek help from people they assume to be legitimate humanitarian aid workers. The chaotic disaster environment also allows traffickers to circumvent national and international standards and preventions, and remove children from their communities easily – often without any questions asked. With the normal safeguards down, traffickers have more freedom to manipulate children into trafficking as well as transport them across borders (Dept. of State 2010).
Previously orphaned and special needs children are at an even greater risk, as the caretaker to child ratio in many orphanages often leaves multiple children without anyone watching out for them. Traumatized caregivers may be overwhelmed and consumed with trying to care for their own children.
Education and training helps to circumvent the process of trafficking by educating stakeholders in natural disasters, and those who work with orphaned and vulnerable populations in the implementation of a child protection plan. Identifying at risk populations as well as potential traffickers, trafficking locations, providing child safe zones, as well as a child identification systems are all a necessary part of the process of protecting children from sexual exploitation and trafficking both before, during, and after a natural disaster. The longer children are separated from caregivers, the greater the potential for trafficking increases.
Children are being kidnaped, sold, and lured into modern day slavery after the trauma of natural disasters. Reducing the risk of trafficking for orphaned and vulnerable children has to be a priority to organizations and individuals who work in disaster response. The lack of volunteers available to focus specifically on the safety of children and the prevention of exploitation, often require additional teams to coordinate and support the local the communities who are still reeling from the effects of a disaster. Disasters are increasing in both intensity and frequency; it is our goal that the exploitation of orphaned and vulnerable children will not increase with them.
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June 16, 2013 is Father’s Day in the United States. Fathers have a huge impact on how we think about and react to the world. According to TheFatherhoodProject.org, children who have engaged fathers have greater problem solving competence and more empathy.
Our role as change agents is to help organizations deliver more value tomorrow than was possible today. In order to deliver on that role change agents solve problems on a daily basis. If you believe that your father is important in the capacity to deliver change then we need to say thank-you.
The ability to understand the emotions of those who are being asked to change, improves our ability to facilitate organizational change. Empathy is an ability we develop in childhood. Team leadership and collaborative decision making techniques works best if we understand how those around us are reacting and adapting to the changes we are facilitating. By helping develop empathy, fathers make us better change agents.
Whether you celebrate Father’s Day today or on another day it is more important to say thank you to your father for helping you to become the best change agent possible. To my father…thank you for everything!
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use non-profit meeting minutes templates to guide the formatting of the content of your document. secondary details can help a lot when it comes to clearing statements and understanding why a certain action plan or meeting detail is included in the non-profit meeting minutes document. once you already have all the details that you need to present in the non-profit meeting minutes, select a standard template that you can use for every meeting of the organization.
use minutes templates as your reference when creating a non-profit meeting minute so that you can have an idea on how to properly develop the minutes of the meeting for your non-profit organization’s next set of meeting discussions. do you want to experience the advantages that non-profit corporation meeting minutes can potentially provide your organization with? come up with non-profit meeting minutes that are suitable and usable for the kind of discussions that you have as a non-profit organization. if you want to make education and non-profit committee meeting minutes, feel free to utilize the usage of templates as it can make your job easier in terms of coming up with a detailed non-profit meeting minutes format.
a template saves the hassle of entering a meeting as it starts and trying to jot down all of the basic information before anyone speaks. the minutes are a reflection of the organization’s culture and should reflect its mission and needs. a board director will have a hard time proving that they did or didn’t do or say something if it’s not in the minutes. director miller moved to approve the minutes of the march 19, 2018, meeting, director forster seconded. secretary amato gave a short presentation for board development on the differences in the roles of board members and the executive director. director forster moved to accept the report, director miller seconded the motion. under unfinished business, the board discussed a couple of potential fundraising ideas.
diligent corporation offers a software solution called diligent minutes that significantly reduces the time that it takes to write, record and approve meeting minutes. the location and time of the meeting probably haven’t changed. the major headings serve as placeholders, so if a member is absent, simply delete their name from the list of attendees, and type their name into the list of absentees or use the copy-and-paste functions on your computer. diligent minutes lets minute-takers set up each section for the rest of the meeting, including typing in the proper headings. have you ever prepared for a board meeting at the last minute and realized that you forgot to follow up on action items from the prior meeting? as you can see, diligent minutes is a huge time-saver in taking minutes, tracking action items and writing up the final draft of the minutes. it’s easy to use and frees up valuable time for the important issues on which boards need to focus.
non-profit meeting minutes allow a non-profit organization to properly document the significant items of discussion during a regularly every productive board meeting starts with an effective meeting minutes template. browse this list to find the right one for your nonprofit. the minutes record the transactions of a meeting. the minutes of a meeting should record the transactions and not the individual interpretations of the, first meeting minutes nonprofit template, first meeting minutes nonprofit template, 501c3 meeting minutes requirements, nonprofit board meeting minutes template word, board meeting minutes pdf.
use this template to record your board meeting minutes, created for your convenience and to remind you of legal recommendations related to board minutes. board minutes are a record of what was done at the meeting—not what was said by members or guests. when assembling board minutes: • make a note of who is the non-profit meeting minutes is used by organizations to ensure that responsibilities and obligations are given utmost importance. through the usage of this, board meeting minutes format, free nonprofit meeting minutes template, board of directors meeting minutes template word, nonprofit board meeting minutes pdf, free board meeting minutes template, are minutes of board meetings confidential, minutes of board meeting of listed company, sample of minutes of meeting pdf, minutes of meeting format for ngo, ngo meeting agenda.
When you try to get related information on npo meeting minutes, you may look for related areas. first meeting minutes nonprofit template, 501c3 meeting minutes requirements, nonprofit board meeting minutes template word, board meeting minutes pdf, board meeting minutes format, free nonprofit meeting minutes template, board of directors meeting minutes template word, nonprofit board meeting minutes pdf, free board meeting minutes template, are minutes of board meetings confidential, minutes of board meeting of listed company, sample of minutes of meeting pdf, minutes of meeting format for ngo, ngo meeting agenda.
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Remember the process you used to write a term paper last semester? The first step you made was picking a topic, and getting college graduate jobs in finance is no different. By choosing a niche, you further define your goals and focus your scope as you search for that golden opportunity to get your foot in the door at a financial institution.
If you've earned a diploma recently in finance, economics, business or accounting, there are many niches open to you. You may pursue a job as a consultant who will help businesses make strategic financial decisions, or you may analyze risk as an underwriter. You may track spending and profits as an accountant, or find work selling stocks or in financial planning. After deciding your niche, find related college graduate jobs by following these tips:
Start Networking Now
Never miss an opportunity to connect with people in the financial industry. You never know who will be able to open a door for you at your dream company. Networking is the single most powerful way to connect with others, build relationships, accelerate your professional development and establish your business contacts.
Land an Internship
If you are a recent college grad, hiring managers don't expect you to have much, if any, on-the-job knowledge. An internship is a great way to make up for an absence of full-time experience, and it will provide you with references, learning and networking opportunities and “real world” experience that will bring you one step closer to a successful career in finance.
Diversify Your Experiences
If you are in finance, you already know that diversifying your assets is a good move. Do the same thing with your experiences to gain perspective about different aspects of the field and find your niche. Because the different sectors of finance are often interconnected, having knowledge of more than one can give you an edge when it comes to landing a job.
Breaking into the world of finance can be challenging, but FirstJob makes it easy to connect with opportunities in the field. Sign up today to connect with industry insiders and to gain access to high-quality internships and college graduate jobs. It could be the most important step you take toward your future!
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Residents from throughout the borough marked the eighth anniversary of September 11 during several events that recalled the horrors, sense of tragedy and triumphs that we all faced on that fateful day and the weeks that followed.
Despite the foul weather, dozens of residents flocked to the 69th Pier in Bay Ridge, Marine Park and Bedford Park in Sheepshead Bay to attend organized 9/11 events. The programs at Marine Park and the 69th Street Pier were hosted by State Senator Marty Golden.
In what is becoming a tradition, those in attendance prayed, held moments of silence, sung and listened to inspirational speeches as well as paid homage to the U.S. military by the 9/11 memorial spire on the pier.
The evening ended with a candle lighting ceremony, a 21-gun salute and the release of one batch of nine and one batch of 11 balloons to mark the civilians, police and firefighters killed when two jumbo jets piloted by terrorists rammed into the Twin Towers.
Those attending the Bedford Park memorial on Avenue X between East 24th Street and Bedford Avenue listened to stirring speeches as they read the names of 9/11 victims from a handball court that local artist “Rockin’” Ray Fiore turned into a memorial in the hours following the September 11 attack.
Firefighters from local engine and ladder companies attended the Sheepshead Bay event where they honored the memory of all of the first responders who perished while trying to evacuate the Twin Towers as the monolithic buildings came crumbling down.
While prayers and bowed heads were certainly the order of the day, some residents decided to express their anguish more creatively.
At a special 9/11 event at the Powerhouse Arena, 37 Main Street in DUMBO, residents read poems and performed songs they had written about 9/11 and how the city handled the tragedy head-on.
Earlier that morning the Grammy award winning Brooklyn Youth Chorus based on Pacific Street participated at the city’s annual 9-11 memorial event at Ground Zero. They opened the services with “The Star Spangled Banner” and closed the event with Mariah Carey’s “Hero,” attendees said.
©2009 Community News Group
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Yes, drives are designed to be mounted like this. (Metal brackets are very common). Also, if you have a look at the bottom of any SATA 2.5″ or 3.5″ drive, you will see mounting holes for just this purpose .
Do external HDD need cooling?
So long as you don’t overheat the drive, temperatures generally are not a big deal. Modern drives tend to be spec’ed up to 55C or so, and passive cooling is generally fine.
What happens if you touch a hard drive platter?
If they touch, they can scrape (ouch) the magnetized material. Rotational damage to hard drive platters. While that’s pretty, it’s not great for the computer user, since the hard drive is essentially ruined. This is why we advise our clients to turn their hard drives off at the first signs of failure.
What kills a hard drive?
6 Things That Kill Your Computer Hard Drive (And Make You Lose Precious Data!)Firmware or manufacturer faults. Power surge damage. Internal or mechanical failure. Overheating. Physical damage. Human error.Nov 1, 202.
Is Cinema HD APK legal?
Cinema APK does not host any content of its own. It simply acts as an aggregator. As long as you are streaming content available in the public domain, the app is legal.
Does United have TV screens?
Our United Private Screening options let you view a variety of movies and TV shows through a seatback monitor or your own personal device, depending on the aircraft. We have several inflight entertainment partnerships that let us bring you popular music, movie and TV selections.
What was the point of Zed in Pulp Fiction?
Zed is the main antagonist of Quentin Tarantino’s 1994 crime thriller film Pulp Fiction. He was played by Peter Greene, who also played Dorian Tyrel, the main antagonist in the 1994 film The Mask. In Pulp Fiction, Zed is a security guard and supposedly Maynard’s brother. He has a chopper he calls Grace.
Can HDD last 10 years?
The simplest answer is that they can run smoothly for three to five years. This means any HDD, whether it’s external or inside of a system. Asking about the longevity of an external enclosure—a metal or plastic housing designed to cover and protect a disk drive from damage—is a different question altogether.
Can a hard drive last forever?
Generally speaking, you can rely on your hard drive for three to five years on average. A compelling study that proved this statistic comes from the online backup company Backblaze who analyzed the failure rates of 25,000 running hard drives.
Is Sophie Jonas pregnant with second child?
Sophie Turner has confirmed she is expecting baby number two with husband Joe Jonas. On Monday evening, the couple – who were married in 2019 – graced the Met Gala red carpet in New York City, as the Game of Thrones actress cradled her baby bump in a Louis Vuitton floor-length gown.
Can SSD catch on fire?
3:187:57My SSD Drive Caught Fire.
Do SSDs need cooling?
Yes, m. 2 SSDs do need cooling, M. 2 SSDs might thermal throttle and underperform if they get hotter, unlike normal SSDs, It’s important to keep your m. 2 SSD cool so it can run at its full potential.
Does HDD need to be flat?
According to several manufacturers, mounting a 3/5″ hard drive horizontally, vertically, or sideways doesn’t affect the hard drive life significantly.
Is it OK to mount HDD sideways?
All Seagate and Maxtor-brand hard drives can be fitted sideways or upside down. As long as they are not moved during use and get enough cooling, it is irrelevant in which direction they are mounted.
Is it safe to open a HDD?
Small Particles Cause Damage A hard drive that is in need of data recovery should never be open. The cover of your hard drive sound never be removed. Even the tiniest specks of dust can mean the end of your data and drive forever.
Does opening HDD destroy it?
If you need the data; NO DO NOT OPEN. Like everyone says the heads are so close to the platters that anything on the platter can trash the drive. And if you still open it, don’t think air-in- a-can or an air compressor can clean the platters.
How hot do SSDs get?
32ºF to 158º.
How cold can an SSD get?
Most SSDs on the market are rated for running within a temperature range of 0ºC up to 70ºC (32ºF to 158ºF).
How much heat can an HDD handle?
A disk’s safe operating temperature range varies by manufacturer and by disk type. Generally speaking, most hard disks can safely operate at a range of 5 degrees to 50 degrees Celsius (41 degrees to 122 degrees Fahrenheit).
What’s a good HDD for gaming?
List Of The Top Hard Drive For GamingSeagate BarraCuda Internal Hard Drive.Toshiba Canvio External Hard Drive.Samsung T5 Portable SSD.Western Digital WD Black Hard Drive.Silicon Power Portable External Hard Drive.Crucial BX500 3D NAND SATA.Seagate Game External Hard Drive.WD Portable External Gaming Drive.
Why does Marcellus Wallace have a bandaid on his neck?
THE SOUL OF MARSELLUS WALLACE The imposing mob boss wears a Band-Aid on the back of his neck, reportedly because actor Ving Rhames has a scar there he wanted to hide for the iconic over-the-shoulder shot, but it’s also been argued that when the devil takes your soul he takes it from the back of your neck.
Can a HDD catch fire?
While it is highly unlikely that a hard drive will ever catch on fire by itself it is possible and has been known to happen. Though most hard drives have very few combustible components, where there is electricity there is always a risk of fire.
Can hard drive burn?
Hard disks cannot withstand high temperatures. Overheating of a hard disk might result in the burning of its components like PCB (Printed Circuit Board), platter, and read/write head. But still, there are some preventive actions to help safeguard your hard disk.
Does HDD have fan?
The fans should be installed at the front and the back of the device; some of them should be placed near the hard drive. One to two fans must be installed at the front area of your processor to produce wind to cool the hard drive and other parts of the processor.
Do SSD fail more than HDD?
Solid-state drives (SSDs) are generally more stable than hard disk drives (HDDs), but that doesn’t mean they are immune from failure. If you can spot when an SSD is about to fail, you can avoid costly SSD recovery.
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