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Effective Special Education Dispute Resolution
Every day that goes by without a resolution for your child’s special education issue is one more day that they are lacking the educational instruction or services they need to grow and thrive. When disagreements about Individualized Education Programs (IEPs) and compliance with regulations get in the way of your child’s learning needs, Griffin Newell, LLC, is here to help.
Attorney Kathryn Newell’s skill in education law is instrumental in helping families advocate effectively for their special needs child. She brings a wealth of special education law experience. Before moving to Colorado, Kathryn practiced for several years at a nonprofit organization in Texas, where she managed their special education team. Kathryn listens to each client’s unique challenges and provides legal guidance to build a strong resolution strategy. Even if you live in another part of Colorado, outside of the Denver metro region, Kathryn can still help you resolve your education problem.
Dispute Resolution Options
There are several methods of dispute resolution regarding special education matters that involve the Individuals with Disabilities Education Act (IDEA). Some options to choose from are:
- Facilitated IEP Team Meeting
- State Complaint
- Due Process Complaint
In addition, there may be other procedural options under different state and federal laws that apply. Deciding the best strategy to resolve your concerns is crucial. It is also important to understand the relevant legal deadlines if there is a time-sensitive matter. Consult with an attorney who can explain the pros and cons of these options and put together a plan that works for you.
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The probability of choosing one man is n/3n = 1/3, the probability of choosing the second man will be (n – 1)/(3n – 1) since after choosing one man, we have one less man in the group of men to choose from as well as one less person in the club in general to choose from. We want both these probabilities to happen at the same time, so we multiply them. So we have:
b) Two of the people in the club are chosen at random. The probability that both these people are men is one tenth. Calculate the number of people in the club.
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Boeing & UQ Develop Virus beating Surface Coating test for the ISS
An experiment containing an antimicrobial surface coating, developed in collaboration between Boeing and The University of Queensland has made its way onto the International Space Station (ISS) for testing to research the microbial risks that astronauts face during space travel.
In January this year, a new experiment was added to the ISS National Lab that features a joint project between Boeing and University of Queensland (UQ) in which two sets of material objects were set up on board the ISS for the crew to touch at regular intervals.
These objects, known as coupons, are existing parts of regular aircraft and spacecraft equipment such as seat buckles, door handles, tray tables and armrests - the kinds of things that would be touched a lot (and thus, become microbial transmission hotspots) onboard an aircraft, or spacecraft.
One set of coupons was sent as a control set with no coating and a second set was sent with a coating of the Boeing Environment Responding Antimicrobial Coating (BERC). On board the International Space Station (ISS) the astronauts are required to touch both sets of samples regularly as part of the experiment. The results will be known when the samples are returned to Earth later this year for in-depth analysis.
These microbial tests aboard the ISS are the culmination of a number of years of research, which included last year’s experiment on Boeing’s ecoDemonstrater aircraft as part of the company's confident travel initiative.
The antimicrobial coating was originally designed for applications in space, however, according to Professor Michael Monterio, senior leader Australian Institute for Bioengineering and Nanotechnology (AIBN) the fact that ‘It’s a platform technology that can be adapted for any microbe or virus” meant that it could be modified to combat viruses, such as the SARS-CoV-2.
The current COVID-19 pandemic has brought into focus how much microbes pose a challenge to international travel. Traditional methods of preventing disease transmission on aircraft have focussed on improvements in air filtration and air-conditioning systems. Yet as we have seen during the current pandemic, surfaces can play a significant part in transmission.
These tests are designed to “see what the antimicrobial coating does to suppress microbial growth,” said Dr Jason Armstrong, senior manager Senior Manager Anti-Microbials, Boeing Research & Technology-Australia.
The current testing aboard the International Space Station is part of a wider range of tests that involve an exact same set of coupons going through the same process in an Earth based laboratory. The testing will also look at ensuring that the polymer also conforms to a variety of standards to ensure that it is safe for use in both aircraft and space.
Whilst how it will be applied is currently still being explored, it is hoped that there will be a number of application methods, making the coating amenable to as many different surfaces as possible according to Armstrong.
Who cleans the ISS?
There are a number of reasons it is important to clean the ISS. In general space travel has an impact on the astronauts themselves leading to a compromised immune system, so whilst we can’t completely remove any microbes, it is important to limit them as much as possible.
They currently use low ph wipes onboard the ISS for cleaning, which isn’t necessarily the best approach according to Armstrong.
There is also a risk to the space station, where microbes are able to corrode alloys and polymers. So with the help of special air filters that trap dust, it is down to the astronauts to keep the ISS clean. Antimicrobial wipes are used to keep the microbes under control, along with regular vacuuming and ensuring any sweaty gear is not allowed to go mouldy.
Under these conditions, it can be easy to see why an antimicrobial coating would be an attractive option for future and larger space stations, and astronauts who spend longer timeframes in space and eventual exploration of other planets. Future space stations may also need to be left unattended for long periods of time which will also require a means of inhibiting mould, fungus or bacteria growth.
The coating has three main aims, according to Armstrong, firstly to support the astronauts, secondly to prevent microbe contamination and finally to prevent the introduction of microbes into an alien environment such as Mars.
UQ and Boeing
Boeing Research and Technology, relocated to UQ in 2017, this first of its kind partnership in the Asia-Pacific region, has led to the development of the BERC. The relationship between the two organisations goes back to 2003. The onsite Boeing team consists of around 30 research and technical staff who work closely with around 400 UQ researchers in a number of areas including aerospace, human movements and neuroscience. Boeing, also, currently funds a number of research scholarships at UQ looking at subjects such as weather simulation and wearable devices. Software engineers from Boeing recently supported UQ to develop a robot that teaches school children to code whilst also learning their local aboriginal language.
Boeing is no stranger to the space industry, with Boeing Defence Australia (BDA) late last year announcing a partnership with Sydney based Sauber Astronautics to roll out a satellite diagnostics tool on board their fleet of Boeing’s 702 Geostationary Orbital (GEO) satellites. Another Sydney based company, Clearbox Systems also announced a collaboration with BDA in 2020. Clearbox Systems and BDA will work together to develop the next generation of Australia’s military satellite communication (SATCOM) capabilities.
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He Jiadong (‰ΩïÂÆ∂ʆã) died in mid-October in Beijing’s Tongren Hospital (Âê剪ÅÂåªÈô¢) at age 83. A top Party ideologue and would-be reformer, He was the writer and editor of a well-known revolutionary biography: „ÄäAll Devotion to the Party„Äã(„ÄäÊää‰∏ÄÂàáÁåÆÁªôÂÖö„Äã) and former president of Worker Publishing House in 1950s. He was labeled “rightist” from 1957 – 1979 and supported students demonstration in 1989. “Don’t shoot the people, no single-faction autocracy,” were some of his last words to friends who paid their last visits at the hospital. Kaifang (Open) Magazine, based in Hong Kong, published a transcript of He’s final meeting with his last visitors, including Gao Yu (È´òÁëú), Yao Jianfu (ÂßöÁõë§ç), Liao Meixiang (ªñÁæéȶô), Cai Xiuxia (Ëî°ÁßÄÈúû), and Han Sanzhou (Èü©‰∏âÊ¥≤), based on the notes taken by Yao and written up by Gao. CDT has translated below a summary of some excerpts from these notes. The original Chinese text is available via the New Century Net site.
Liao, a Hong Kong journalist, came to Beijing as one of the overseas guests at Beijing University invited by the CCP Central Committee Liaison Department (中联办), and was among a delegation who met with by Vice President Zeng Qinghong (曾庆红) at the Sept. 30 National Day banquet.
Holding the hands of Liao and Cai, a former journalist also from Hong Kong, He Jiadong asked them to pass on a message to Zeng Qinghong, and to the Central Committee: “Don’t start a war! Don’t shoot the people! The Communist Party shouldn’t fight the Communist Party! Zhao Ziyang (˵µÁ¥´Èò≥) and Hu Yaobang (ËÉ°ËÄÄÈǶ) are both Party members, why were they struck down?” These were the words spoken from deep down in the heart of the 83-year-old first generation revolutionary who joined the Eighth Route Army (ÂÖ´Ë∑ØÂÜõ) at age 15.
“The Chinese who are armed shouldn’t fight the Chinese who are also armed, but I also want to say armed Chinese don’t shoot the Chinese who aren’t armed.” When Liu Yuan (ÂàòÊ∫ê), a senior official with the Chinese armed police, visited him, He said to Liu: “You are an army officer, don’t shoot the common people any more, please don’t shoot our own people, OK?”
He also asked to relay his message to the Chinese leadership that we need to learn about tolerance and reconciliation, not retaliation. He said: We may not hasten to redress June 4th, we may not bring up ‘punishing Li Peng (ÊÉ©ÂäûÊùéÈπè),’ which means revenge and He doesn’t favor. But he suggested to reinstate the reputation of the Tiananmen victims, and recognize their citizenship, instead of labeling them as rioters. “What’s the point for leaders to create a lot of baggage over themselves? Don’t make trouble for yourself,” He said.
“Let historians write the history and let history make judgement on everything. Don’t ever again use military force or violence against the common people. The judgement on Deng Xiaoping (ÈÇìÂ∞èÂπ≥) shall also be handed over to history. About June 4th, it’s fair to say that leaders made a wrong move at a special period of time in a special circumstance.”
“Now we shall advocate the spirit of reconciliation of the whole society. Who is wrong? Everybody is, and history will make its thorough judgement, and there is no need to fight for historical roles now.”
“My days are numbered, and I haven’t made any contribution to the Party or the people. Please convey my message to the leaders: one-party rule is ok, but don’t practice single faction autocracy. During the Yan’an Rectification period (ª∂ÂÆâÊï¥È£é) when Wang Ming (ÁéãÊòé) and Bo Gu (ÂçöÂè§) were being criticized, Mao elected them into the Central Committee and gave them jobs, which was a show of tolerance and solidarity. That time was not single-faction rule, but the Cultural Revolution became the single-faction rule. Why didn’t we tolerate Hu Yaobang and Zhao Ziyang during the 1980s? Why did we abandon the tradition of tolerance, reconciliation and unity but instead resorted to single-faction autocracy? We must be determined to not strike against our friends, not beat up good Party members. We should learn that tolerance and reconciliation are more important than freedom, harmony is more important than democracy. Some in the leadership don’t like me, which I don’t have a choice about. The party is too diverse, with good people and bad people. But I still have hope for the Party, and for Zeng Qinghong.”
“Now Chinese people are not likely to revolt, but any form of military crackdown has no popular support. The CCP Central Committee should have this confidence and tolerance. Don’t be afraid of people talking, be open to allow people all to talk, and don’t crackdown on those who talk. The Party represents the people’s interests, why fear the people and shoot the people? Those who join the army or the police force are supposed to serve the people and die for the people, why fear being hit by the people? A few fists or a couple of bricks are nothing to fear. Don’t be a soldier or a policeman if you are afraid of being hit by the people. But it’s no good for those who are armed to shoot unarmed people.”
“The problem now is not about ‘bourgeois liberalization‘, but ‘proletarian liberalization (Êó†‰∫ßÈò∂Á∫ßËá™Áî±Âåñ)’. Nowadays government and propaganda agencies don’t operate by the book, this is an extreme state of liberalization. If there is a bit of bourgeois liberalization, people can still talk; but if it’s this kind of proletarian liberalization, there would be no way for people to talk. Freedom demands a tolerant environment, which is more important than freedom itself. When Hu Shi (ËÉ°ÈÄÇ) demanded freedom from Chiang Kai-shek (Ëí㉪ãÁü≥), he proposed that ‘tolerance is more important than freedom.'”
“Zeng Qinghong can do some work on this and reconcile with intellectuals. I have heard rumors about him but he hasn’t done much yet. My impression of him is not bad, but hope he can do more positive things. I am willing to vote for him, hope he has more confidence and will do more work.”
He nodded when he heard about Zeng’s publication of a book, while he was the minister of the Organizational Department of the Central Committee of the CCP (‰∏≠ÁªÑÈÉ®), entitled “China Investigation Report – a Study on the Conflicts Within the People (‰∏≠ÂõΩË∞ÉÊü•Êä•ÂëäÔºç‰∫∫Ê∞ëÂÜÖÈÉ®ÁüõÁõæÁöÑÁ†îÁ©∂),” which proposes caution against using force while solving internal conflicts among the people.
Read also Eulogy for Lin Mu and He Jiadong by Bao Tong on Radio Free Asia.
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What is the correct application of the words “the last three”, which can be found in the wording “the last three twelve-monthly observations at the end of the financial year” in Article 315(1) CRR on BIA and in Article 317(4) CRR on STA?
In particular, does “the last three” include the current year X when calculating the own funds requirements with reference date 31 December X?
As an example, when calculating the own funds requirements for 2017, should one take the average of: (a) 2015, 2016, 2017; or (b) 2014, 2015, 2016? The wording of the CRR is subject to interpretation and the Basel II agreement does not provide clarity either. Paragraph 116 of Annex II of the ITS on reporting uses the expression “three most recent years”.
Q&A 580 on the reference periods for relevant indicators with regards to COREP reporting does not clarify the question for reference date 31 December (it only makes an example for the reporting as per 31 March).
As part of the calculation of own funds requirement for year X under the Basic Indicator Approach (BIA) or the Standardised Approach (SA), according to CRR Article 315 and 317 respectively, institutions shall calculate the relevant indicator for “the last three twelve-monthly observations at the end of the financial year”, i.e. the twelve-monthly observations at the end of the financial years closest to X (see also Regulation (EU) 680/2014 for the reporting, template C.16.00).
For example, if the institution has a financial year end of 31 December, then, for 2018 :
The three-year average is based on audited figures. As long as audited figures for 2018 are not available, institutions may proceed using the average of the relevant indicator calculated for each of the three 12 months periods ending 31 December 2017, 2016 and 2015. Alternatively, institutions are allowed to use business estimates according to CRR Article 315(1).
However, as outlined in EBA Q&A 2018_4085, institutions have to resubmit their reports without undue delay when audited figures for 2018 become available. Resubmission is also obligatory in case audited figures and business estimates differ.
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Please use this identifier to cite or link to this item:
|Title:||Persa: Introduction and Commentary|
|Authors:||Conlon, Joseph Matthew|
|Publisher:||Princeton, NJ : Princeton University|
|Abstract:||The Persa of Plautus has received little scholarly attention. Aside from a handful of articles and a few passing remarks in monographs about other plays or aspects of Plautus or Roman comedy, the only commentaries on the play are: Woytek (1982, German), Ammendola (1922, Italian), Ussing (1886, Latin), Jacobus Operarius (1679, Latin) and Lambinus (1577, Latin). This dissertation, taking the form of an introduction and commentary on the Persa, is the first commentary and, more generally, the first full-length treatment of the play in English. The introduction has three goals: (1) to show why all previous commentaries in other languages, but especially Woytek’s, fail to meet the needs and address the interests of modern readers and scholars of Plautus; (2) to demonstrate that the Persa has been neglected unjustly and that it merits attentive reading just as much as the more popular comedies of Plautus; and (3), to introduce the main issues of the play and the main interests of commentary which follows. The commentary itself performs all of the basic work that one would expect: collecting comparanda, explaining difficult and corrupt passages, providing necessary cultural and historical context, etc. In addition, it places particular emphasis on explaining Plautus’ language (especially alliteration, proverbs, etymology, the relationship between the colloquial and literary registers of Latin, word choice, and parallels with modern European languages), the staging of the drama, the development of the characters and their relationships, music, and the issues of slavery and gender. The goal throughout is to render the play more accesible to a wider audience of readers.|
|Alternate format:||The Mudd Manuscript Library retains one bound copy of each dissertation. Search for these copies in the library's main catalog: http://catalog.princeton.edu/|
|Type of Material:||Academic dissertations (Ph.D.)|
|Appears in Collections:||Classics|
Files in This Item:
This content is embargoed until 2018-02-03. For more information contact the Mudd Manuscript Library.
Items in Dataspace are protected by copyright, with all rights reserved, unless otherwise indicated.
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I think it's important to put the revelations that Iran halted its nuclear "program in 2003 primarily in response to international pressure" in the context of the broader trends in US-Iranian relations that Gareth Porter (among others) have reported on. Specifically, in 2003 we know that the Iranians attempted a diplomatic opening to the United States. Porter reported that in exchange for actually getting something, Iran was prepared to abandon its nuclear program in a hard-to-reverse way:
To meet the U.S. concern about an Iranian nuclear weapons program, the document offered to accept much tighter controls by the International Atomic Energy Agency (IAEA) in exchange for "full access to peaceful nuclear technology." It proposed "full transparency for security [assurance] that there are no Iranian endeavors to develop or possess WMD" and "full cooperation with IAEA based on Iranian adoption of all relevant instruments (93+2 and all further IAEA protocols)."
There have been some efforts to discredit what Porter, Flynt Leverret, and others have said about this attempted opening, but the NIE's conclusions about Iran's nuclear program seem to strongly support it. With their secret enrichment activities exposed, the Iranian regime was reconsidering the utility of continuing such efforts in the face of international awareness and disapproval of them. The Bush administration then decided to squander this opportunity and focus on saber-rattling and dreams of regime change. But the thing about pressure is that you've got to be willing to take yes for an answer instead of just blundering around.
Meanwhile, how outrageous is it that the best twelve months of alarmism from Bush & Cheney have come in the context of an environment where they've long had access to the intelligence community's assessment? Answer: Very outrageous.
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Kenneth Burns wrote:I love the Parthenon. Its allure is mysterious, hard to describe. A full-scale replica in Tennessee sandstone of Athens' ruined glory, a grand temple to a pagan deity -- what is it doing in the Bible-publishing hub that is Nashville? God, I love the Parthenon.
I suspect this is more of a rhetorical question than an honest one, but for the record:
The Parthenon is there for the same reason the Houston Oilers were renamed the Titans upon moving to Tennessee. Nashville has been known for some time as the "Athens of the South". (It was originally the "Athens of the West", but that apparently never stuck--especially as the nation expanded farther west in a literal sense.)
http://www.fortcampbellcourier.com/leis ... 03286.html
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Thin-films Researcher Lands Air Force Grant
Shashank Priya, associate professor of mechanical engineering at Virginia Tech in Blacksburg, Va., has been awarded a $100,000 three-year renewable grant from the US Air Force Office of Scientific Research, one of 39 scientists and engineers to receive such awards this year. Under the grant, titled Domain Engineered Magnetoelectric Thin Films for High Sensitivity Resonant Magnetic Field Sensors, Priya will conduct basic research in the area of high-frequency electronic components. Magnetoelectric thin-films-based structures comprised of piezoelectric and magnetostrictive composite layers can enhance the performance of current-generation communication devices. The electronic components developed using magnetoelectric thin films for radar will be able to provide higher sensitivity and information while consuming less electrical power. In personal communication systems such as GPS, battery saving is a huge advantage, Priya said. He received his PhD from The Pennsylvania State University in materials engineering, a master's degree from Indian Institute of Science, and his bachelor's degree from Allahabad University. Priya's other research interests include microelectromechanical systems (MEMS), artificial muscles, humanoids, lead-free piezoelectrics, energy harvesting, and unmanned underwater vehicles known as "jellyfish."
- The technology of generating and harnessing light and other forms of radiant energy whose quantum unit is the photon. The science includes light emission, transmission, deflection, amplification and detection by optical components and instruments, lasers and other light sources, fiber optics, electro-optical instrumentation, related hardware and electronics, and sophisticated systems. The range of applications of photonics extends from energy generation to detection to communications and...
- 1. A generic term for detector. 2. A complete optical/mechanical/electronic system that contains some form of radiation detector.
MORE FROM PHOTONICS MEDIA
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Whether you are looking for something sweet or savory, your kids will love these 10 green St. Patrick's Day inspired treats.
These shamrock chips are festive and super easy — with no special baking skills required. Simply use a shamrock cookie cutter to cut out the shapes on a spinach tortilla wrap and then bake.
Your kids will flip when they see these lucky pancakes on their plate. Yes, you could use green food coloring in your regular pancake mix, but we love how Spabettie ups the healthy factor by using spinach to create the green color. Check out the gluten-free, dairy-free recipe on the website.
Image: Better Than Burgers
This St. Patrick's Day bread would be perfect as a sweet treat in lunch boxes. You can get the full recipe on the website, however, she simply mixes in instant pistachio pudding mix (and a few drops of green food coloring) into yellow cake mix.
This green popcorn and pretzel party mix is positively drool-worthy. Check out the complete recipe at TheYummyLife, however, combine pretzels, green popcorn, white and semi-sweet chocolate chips, peanuts, green candy-coated chocolates and decorating sprinkles and then melt it in the microwave.
These soft and chewy cookies are sure to get your kids in the St. Patrick's Day spirit. These would be perfect for class parties. The website has the complete recipe, however, she mixes standard cake mix with green food coloring (and mint flavoring, if you would like) to create these yummy cookies.
Your kids will love this recipe because its mac and cheese and it's green — you will love it because the green color comes from healthy veggies including spinach, broccoli florets and peas. Win-win.
How clever is this? Simply take your favorite white cake mix, add green food coloring and use marbles to create this design in a cupcake pan.
After the cupcakes bake, ice them with green icing and apply some silly candy eyes to create cute shamrock cupcakes.
Your kids may turn their noses up if you tell them they are going to eat eggs and bell peppers — but if you call them "shamrock eggs" and add some grated cheese... well, that is another story. Simply slice a green bell pepper to get the shamrock shape, place the slices in a frying pan and crack an egg in the middle of each one. You can even serve the eggs with ham for a Green Eggs and Ham theme.
This is such a fun way to get your child to try different types of fruit. On a skewer, stack only green fruit — including apples, pears, honeydew melon, kiwi and green grapes. Add a green ribbon at the top for a festive touch.
If your child's birthday is around St. Patrick's Day, this cake would be perfect. In fact, it is almost too amazing to eat. If you want to attempt this gorgeous ombré cake, you can check out the full recipe — but we warn you, it is fairly labor intensive. If you master it, however, it is totally worth it. Can you imagine your child's face when you cut into it? This cake is truly Instagram worthy.
And you'll see personalized content just for you whenever you click the My Feed .
SheKnows is making some changes!
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Neighbors see fire engulf, consume buildings
Jason Gilliard was still awake Saturday when he heard people yelling “something’s on fire” at 1:30 a.m., and looked out his open window.
From his house on Elizabeth Street, he saw a two-story fire ball on the roof of the 120-unit Peachtree Apartment complex.
He threw his clothes on, ran downstairs and walked down the street to see what was happening. And in those 10 minutes, the entire building became engulfed, he said.
The complex at 2 Westledge Drive had a false roof running the length of the structure, so that once fire broke through the flat top into space beneath the peaked roof, there was no stopping it. The open roof design contributed to the speed of the fire, according to firefighters.
James Murray Jr., 38, watched from his parents house on Scott Street.
“It was coming up right over the house,” he said. “It looked like a rain shower of fire.”
Peachtree was constructed as two separate buildings, each in a U-shape built around a courtyard. Apartments were clustered in groups of six. Each door led to a hallway with an apartment door on either side, stacked three stories high.
The Peachtree Limited Partnership, which has an office in Old Saybrook, owns the apartment complex, according to Norwich land records. Neither Jerry Brophy nor Richard Ermler, both listed as general partners in Peachtree on a Connecticut Secretary of the State Web site, could be reached for comment Saturday.
Dominic Kingsley, a firefighter with the Pawcatuck Fire Department, said the fire began in the upper corner of one of the buildings, broke through the roof, then spread north to south across the building.
Wind blew the flames and embers to the other side of the complex.
Kingsley said he believes radiant heat from the blaze ignited the other side of the complex.
By 3:30 a.m., the front building was gutted and ready to fall, but the second, while ablaze, was still standing.
Murray, whose parents live on Scott Street overlooking the complex, said his father, James Murray, Sr., worked on building the apartments in the 1970s, laying bricks and putting up walls.
At one time, the complex had a flat roof, James Murray Jr. said. But the roof began leaking, so a peak roof was constructed over the top, he said.
Gregory Arpin, one of four assistant building officials in Norwich, said he does not know why the peaked roof on the complex was added or when it was built. But Arpin, who worked as a residential building contractor for 30 years, said new roofs are often installed because of a leak.
Companies installing new roofs today must install firewalls at intervals depending on the type of construction, he said. For instance, more than two apartments cannot share the same attic space, Arpin said.
The rule has existed for at least 10 years, he said. Arpin said he does not know how many apartment complexes in Norwich have open attics, but he suspects most buildings constructed more than 30 years ago are built this way.
The code is not retroactive, despite the hazard that a fire may run the building’s length.
“If you get a fire in one apartment (and) it goes through into the attic, the attic becomes like a big chimney,” he said. “The air from the fire will just suck through from one end to the other.”
Murray said that is how Peachtree looked.
“It just shot through it like a big old wooden tube,” he said.
Reach Deborah Straszheim at 425-4221 or firstname.lastname@example.org
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Want to learn more about GMAT scoring algorithms and how they affect you on test day?
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I hope this information helps resolve some of your questions pertaining to the mysterious GMAT scoring algorithms. If you have any further questions or concerns, please do not hesitate to contact us. If you haven’t already, we suggest you read our instructions on how to “Verify Your Preparation Level” using our simulator. The instructions are available on our main GMAT page.
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Japan and 66 countries and organizations gathered in Tokyo for multilateral talks to discuss the strife in Syria called Friday for stronger sanctions against President Bashar Assad’s regime to halt its attacks on civilians.
In a joint statement issued after the one-day meeting, they urged all countries to “increase pressure on the Syrian regime by implementing and enforcing measures to deny it access to the resources needed for its violent campaign against its own population.”
The working-level talks, cochaired by Japan, Morocco and the European External Action Service, an arm of the European Union, were attended by more than 60 countries supporting Syrian opposition forces, including Asian, Arab and European countries, as well as representatives of the Syrian opposition forces.
“President Assad still does not take heed of civilian sacrifice, and he maintains the stance of total resistance,” Foreign Minister Koichiro Genba said in his remarks. “For the resolution of the Syrian problem, it is first important for the international community to increase pressure on the Syrian government.”
The joint statement from the Friends of the Syrian People International Working Group on Sanctions calls for an asset freeze on senior Syrian officials and major banks tied to the regime, and a ban on arms shipments and an embargo on Syrian petroleum products.
The first meeting of the multilateral group was held in April, and the last one in the Netherlands in September. The next and sixth such meeting will be held in Bulgaria in February.
Russia and China, which have resisted U.N. efforts to impose sanctions on Syria, were not invited to the talks.
Japan has frozen the assets of those connected to the regime since September last year, subjecting an additional 36 individuals and 19 organizations to asset freezes Tuesday to bring the total to 59 individuals and 35 organizations.
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HERMOSILLO, SONORA.- The members of the United Commissions for Equality, Justice, and Human Rights in the State Congress rejected the initiative proposed by Deputy Yumiko Palomarez, which sought to allow civil unions between people of the same sex in Sonora.
With six votes in favor, five against and one absence, the initiative was rejected due to the fact that between both commissions there are 12 legislators and half the votes plus one were required for its approval and passing it to the Plenary of the LXII Legislature.
The initiative of the deputy of Morena proposed to modify in the Law the concept of marriage, which according to current laws is defined as “the union between a man and a woman”; its reform suggested modifying this concept, by “the union between two people. “
María Dolores del Río Sánchez of the Citizen Movement, the Morenoists Miroslava Luján, Alicia Gaytán and Miguel Ángel Chaira , the PES representative Leticia Calderón and the PT María Magdalena Uribe voted in favor .
While the votes against were from the PAN members Alejandra López Noriega and Eduardo Urbina ; the PRI member Armando Alcalá, Carlos Navarrete of the Encuentro Social and Javier Duarte of the Nueva Alianza party.
The absence that defined the vote was that of Deputy Héctor Raúl Castelo Montaño, from Morena, who started the virtual session, but withdrew before the vote.
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82.18.050 FEDERAL GOVERNMENT
Description: The federal government is exempt from the 3.6 percent solid waste tax.
Purpose: To reflect the prohibition against taxing the federal government.
Category/Year Enacted: Government; 1986 and 1989.
Primary Beneficiaries: The U.S. government and its agencies.
Conflict With Other Programs: None evident.
|Tax Savings ($000):||FY 2000||FY 2001||FY 2002||FY 2003|
|Local taxes||- -||- -||- -||- -|
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- This event has passed.
Rangeland Management – Douglas Conserves
May 12 @ 5:30 pm - 6:30 pm
This workshop is led by the USDA Natural Resources Conservation Service (NRCS), Dan Nosal, Rangeland Specialists. We will go over the Rangeland Management Guide Sheet which helps us understand how to properly graze without overgrazing the land. Come with questions about your land and animals.
Meeting will be held at Franktown Firehouse 181 located at 1959 N Hwy 83, Franktown, CO 80116.
To register, contact District Manager Heather Kelly at firstname.lastname@example.org or (303) 218 – 2622.
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Bärí Williams is a legal and operations advisor to tech companies who focuses on AI and diversity. Her credentials are rock solid: Bärí was lead counsel at Facebook working on various projects, including internet connectivity efforts and diversifying the company’s supply chain. After that, Bärí went to work at StubHub, an AI startup studio called All Turtles, and a data and identity analytics company called Bandwagon Fan Club.
But now, she’s independent — a business of one, consulting on operations with a focus on diversity and AI. I was curious why she decided to leave being a tech executive behind and make that shift to diversity work. We talked about that, but our conversation actually started with sports news — NFL news.
The week we recorded this episode, Brian Flores, the former coach of the Miami Dolphins, sued the NFL for racial discrimination. But as I was reading the case, one thing really jumped out at me: since 2003, the NFL has had something called the Rooney Rule, which requires teams to interview minority candidates for head coaching jobs.
Flores is Black, and even though he built a winning record at the Dolphins and the players seemed to like him, he was still fired. Flores claimed that he was given a sham interview by the New York Giants merely to fulfill the Rooney Rule requirement — his complaint has a screenshot of a text from Bill Belichick congratulating him on getting the Giants job three days before his interview… before Belichick realized he was texting the wrong person. It is all pretty shocking. Flores claims that Black coaches have fewer opportunities and get fired more quickly than white coaches. And overall, there are fewer Black head coaches in the league since the Rooney Rule was imposed than before.
The reason I bring all this up is that the Rooney Rule is often held up as an example of a worthwhile diversity initiative — something that other companies should try and emulate. But here, it seems to have failed in catastrophic fashion. I wanted to understand why, and we used that conversation to launch into the diversity problem that tech is having.
OK, Bärí A. Williams. Here we go.
This transcript has been lightly edited for clarity.
Bärí Williams — you are a tech, legal, and operations adviser with a focus on diversity and AI. That’s a fun combo. Welcome to Decoder.
Thank you for having me.
There’s a lot to talk about. You and I are talking just the day after Brian Flores, the ex-head coach of the Miami Dolphins, sued the NFL for racial discrimination. There’s an overwhelming amount of things to talk about in terms of how organizations and companies are structured and the processes we have to create level playing fields, but let’s start with the Brian Flores news.
I mentioned in our intro that Brian Flores was interviewing for the open head coaching job of the New York Giants, but it seems like he only got the interview because of the Rooney Rule. The NFL is 70 percent Black players. But when you get to the coaching staffs, offensive and defensive coordinators, head coaches, general managers — it’s pretty much all white.
So the Rooney Rule, which says they are supposed to interview minority candidates for coaching positions, is often held up as a model. I hear from all kinds of companies that are going to have a Rooney Rule-like system, but in this case, it turned out they were only interviewing Flores because they had to — at least, that’s his allegation. Let’s lease this allegation — and he had no shot of getting that job.
Why do you think it played out this way?
Because [the Rooney Rule] is a box checker — it’s not a real mandate. It’s, “Oh yeah, well, of course, we’re going to interview some diverse candidates. Yeah. Yeah. Great.” That’s them counting to five. Then they go ahead, interview the person, and then end up hiring the white dude anyway.
For me, it’s interviewing in bad faith. That’s essentially what it is. What you’re doing is you’re not really interviewing this person because you want to give them the job or if you even think that they’re capable. The funny thing about that — and I did see that text — is that [Flores] hadn’t even interviewed yet. It’s like you’re congratulating… I don’t know what to call him. Brian D.
You’re congratulating Brian D., but you’re sending it accidentally to Brian F., who hasn’t even interviewed yet. At this point, you’ve already admitted that you have insider information that you know this guy isn’t getting the job; he’s just checking a box. If you’re disingenuous in terms of why you’re interviewing the person, you’re going through the motions just to say that you did it. That, to me, is what I feel like a lot of people do. It’s like saying, “Oh yeah, we interviewed somebody from San Jose State,” but then you went ahead and hired the dude from Stanford.
How do you bring actual accountability to that? This story is explosive. I think it’s going to have long-lasting effects for the NFL, but it is true that the Rooney Rule has been held up as this model of making sure that the hiring pipeline is diverse and counting on exposure over time to fix the problem. We’re going to force these people to seriously interview minority candidates. You can’t tell the owner of an NFL team, “Keep your heart open.”
There’s no way to look in and see, so how do you bridge that gap? The promise of the Rooney Rule is simply that exposure will make things better: “We’re going to mandate this kind of exposure and this kind of conversation.” It hasn’t worked out, but I don’t really know what the next step is.
I don’t know necessarily that you can force people to have any type of accountability with that. I think the hard part with that is it’s very much an insular club. It’s analogous to tech in certain ways, but it’s very much who you know and what are your credentials in terms of, “Where else have you been before? Who can I backchannel to find out about you?”
The problem is a lot of these diverse candidates are coming in, and they don’t necessarily have those same networks and those same connection, so even if they have a stellar interview and even if they got the interview via the Rooney Rule and they knock it out of the park, there’s still a ding that no one is going to actively say, “Well, but you don’t know X, Y, and Z person,” or “You didn’t study under this person,” or, “You didn’t coach at one of these SEC elite schools beforehand,” or, “You didn’t do…” — insert the thing you didn’t do here because you don’t have equitable access.
I don’t necessarily think exposure is enough. It’s going to take actual results. One thing that I always question is, “Who’s on these interview panels?” That’s something that when I advise companies or do training with them, I call that inclusive interviewing.
If you have a list of standardized questions and you don’t deviate from those, there has to be some type of standardization to ensure it’s not just enough to give them the interview. What are you doing in the interview? Who’s on the interview panel? How are you rating and assessing these interviews after the fact? Are players involved in helping make this decision, or is it just left to the front office? Because the players are the ones that are going to have to deal with this person the majority of the time, and I would be very curious to understand how many — if any — of the 70 percent of Black players in the league are getting the chance to participate in some of these interview rounds, and how often and how many of them.
It’s not just exposure. You’re going to have to have some kind of inclusive standardization of how you’re interviewing these people. That goes just as well in tech: there shouldn’t be deviation in interviews talking about personal life — you’re not supposed to ask people about their personal lives in interviews, but just to ensure that there is a sliver of some equity, and to make sure that people are going to be judged equally to the best of your ability, you have to make sure that people are answering the same questions.
Then you can rate answer for answer, like if Brian Flores said something ridiculous about maybe a hypothetical play call and Brian D. answered it wonderfully, then sure, [hiring Brian D.] is fair, but if it turned into something else where they’re shooting the shit, that’s not a fair interview.
Let me bring this to tech because I could talk about the NFL and this lawsuit all day and all night.
I could too.
I think one of the things that happens particularly to young leaders at companies is that they have a negative connotation to their diversity person or their HR person. You see them coming, and you know it’s bad news. And now you have to sit through some training. And we’re all remote, so the training is just like you in your house having someone tell you you’re not doing a good job or you should feel bad.
When it comes to tech, one thing that leaps out at me is that tech is diverse, but not in the way that we want it to be. Fifty-three percent of Meta’s technical roles are Asian people. I don’t see that diversity reflected in their product. I don’t use any of Meta’s products and think, “Wow, this company is diverse.” It actually has more people of color in it than not. And there’s just a disconnect there that I’ve never really been able to wrap my head around. Why do you think that is?
That’s a good question. I do appreciate that you’re calling that out in terms of how diversity impacts how a product is actually made. You could even see something like that just as simple in terms of beta testing: did anybody beta test this before you shipped it? Because it doesn’t work.
That’s a good question around the disconnect that there are more people of color when you look at it in terms of Asian population, but that’s also — I went to Cal, and you could say the same thing about the University of California system, but I think what people are aiming for is to see more diversity within that diversity, if that makes sense. But I think there’s another layer to this that isn’t necessarily looked at: that’s great that a company could be 53 percent over-indexing people of color, but where do they sit within the organization — meaning what is their level? Are they directors and above? Are they VPs?
That, to me, is the other piece that’s missing from this: we can talk all day about the diversity numbers within your company, but if you’re not actively looking at the leveling of those diverse folks within your company, that’s a problem. That’s also when you look at a company, and they say, “Oh well, we’re 30 percent women.” Great! What departments are they in? Because the beneficial elements of diversity are found on individual teams in those departments, so if your company is 30 percent women, but 85 percent of that 30 percent is in HR, that’s not really going to give you the product differential that you’re looking for.
Also just something as simple as testing something: I did a segment last night talking about policing and AI and the use of facial recognition technology. Black women have the highest false match rates. If you have grainy footage of somebody on a security camera and you’re running it against a database that has my driver’s license, and maybe I changed my hair that day, and you come knock on my door, I’m going to say that’s not me, but are you going to believe me? Probably not. But also who built that product and who did they build it for? And who did they build it with? What was the basis that they started with an order to design that product?
That’s what I mean when you’re talking about needing diversity in all elements: it needs to be all throughout the fabric of your company. It can’t just be segmented into one population or one department or one team. It has to be throughout. So I understand what you mean by saying yes, there’s essentially an over-index. In particular, you said the engineering team, right?
Facebook just labels them technical roles.
Yeah. That’s probably engineers, PMs, design to a certain extent, etc. But yeah, I wouldn’t say that necessarily that does come out in the product design, but I also feel like you can’t necessarily throw all Asians in a group because they’re segmented.
What would be the population of Filipinos that are grouped into there? I’m guessing it’s going to be a very small number as opposed to maybe Southeast Asian or Chinese. It’s just going to be different, and all of them are going to have different lived experiences. We could go deep on this all day long, but there’s also an element of the ability and ease for some groups to assimilate more than others. That’s going to come out in terms of the access that they’re given to certain things — or certain people, even — and how they handle product design.
This, to me, is the heart of it. Maybe I’ll ask this question a little bit more specifically — maybe a little bit more controversially. It seems like when we are talking about diversity for tech companies in particular, we are almost exclusively talking about men and women in the gender split, and we are definitely talking about Black people and Latino people. We very rarely talk about South Asian people or Asian people because those groups have managed to succeed in large numbers.
I’m wondering if you think it’s dangerous to talk about it that way — or is it better to just acknowledge that this is actually the problem?
No, I like to call a thing a thing, so I have no problem saying that what we’re actively talking about is representational diversity for primarily the most marginalized groups that this nation has seen, period. It’s a group of people where you essentially annexed half of the country by taking their land, and it’s another group that you enslaved them to essentially kickstart this whole thing. To me, I’m totally fine calling a thing a thing, but I think that there are nuances even within that.
When people talk about Black [people] in tech, I can’t give you an actual breakdown of that, but the majority of people who are Black in tech are not Black American descendants of slaves. They are first- and second-generation West Africans for the most part, and some East Africans as well, but that is going to make up the bulk of your Black in tech. It’s not people that are necessarily like me. That isn’t to say that that is bad or it’s wrong, but I think that there is just a different culture in terms of assimilation and access and what it is that they’re able to do that some of us may not be able to do. I think that there is a ton of cultural nuance that is set around that.
I think that my question is really two thoughts at once: how do you balance all of those tensions and come out with something that lets you evaluate the company you’re going into as someone seeking a job? I think we have lots of people who want to be managers listening to this or who are already managers and executives: how do you make those decisions fairly without raising those red flags?
I wouldn’t get super granular on something like that. I think the answer, to your point, is: yes, we want to understand gender, if someone is nonbinary, we want to understand all of those things. I would say if you’re coming down to basics, it’s race, gender — I would throw age in there because, particularly if we’re talking about tech, it’s like once you hit 38ish, people start side-eyeing you like, move along grandma.
Right. I would look at that as well because tech is always thought of as a young person’s industry, and it’s like, once you hit 38, 39, people really say things like, “Can they really innovate, though?” The answer is yes. I would say sexual orientation if people feel comfortable disclosing that. Those, to me, are the basics.
If people want to talk about their country of origin, I would maybe take it a layer there and then be done. Because I think once you start slicing and dicing, it does begin to feel like a tit for tat. There are some intraracial conversations that go on about this.
I’ve had this conversation a ton of times in terms of Black in tech — what does that actually mean? If we’re talking about representation, there are some issues of intention around that. These are not Black descendants of slaves who are taking the majority of these roles, so what does that mean in terms of adequate representation of Black in tech? Now how are we defining Black? We can go down this rabbit hole all day long.
I’m not going down that rabbit hole.
But I’m saying no one should go down that rabbit hole. That’s what I mean. If you’re really trying to just come out with something that is clean and digestible at the end of the day, I would say segment it just to at least race, or to country of origin, where people are comfortable with that, and move on.
The reason I wanted to spend some time on that is because of the situation in tech. It is not necessarily the situation in other industries, but it is very much the situation in tech that you have, oddly, a number of huge companies led by South Asian men. They have entirely white management layers underneath them, and then they are trying to diversify in lower layers of the stack.
When I say the stack, I mean customer service and custodial services are easy to diversify. They bundle those numbers together. But you started out by saying you also work in AI, and there’s a lot of those functions that are just going to disappear for a lot of companies over time. How do you see that? That flywheel for decision-makers now is going to get very difficult.
There’s a McKinsey report about how AI, automation, and robotics are going to take 5 million jobs from Black Americans by the year 2030. There was a separate one for Latinx, and I think that was around 7 million.
That begs the question: what is the responsibility, if any, of some of these companies to engage and help with job retraining skills, or deciding that you’re going to recruit a different way for different positions, from different places? Does everyone have to go to Stanford or can you take somebody from a coding bootcamp? What is the responsibility of some of these private companies to work with the government, to handle some kind of public-private partnerships in order to guarantee that you’re not going to see a mass windfall of 12 to 15 million people who are basically unemployed — and to a certain extent, maybe deemed unemployable? How do you rectify that and is that the job of the company?
We’re going to have to put some emphasis on finding new and creative ways for people to learn on the job and for companies to embrace that attitude. This is also the nature of tech, too: you see people wear five, six, seven different hats within their lifespan at a company, because that’s just the nature of what the business may need as it evolves.
Why can’t you do that with someone who didn’t go to Georgia Tech but may still want to learn and you afford them the ability to learn on the job? Maybe they spend half of their time doing something that they already know how to do that you may be phasing out, and the other 50 percent of their time training them to do something else that you know that you need — or it may evolve into that direction. There’s going to have to be a reckoning in terms of a more creative way of how you go about finding talent and retaining the talent and training the talent.
In 2020, the world erupted in protests about the killings of George Floyd, Breonna Taylor, and Ahmaud Arbery. Lots of companies released diversity pledges.
Man, I could go on all day about those pledges.
Tell me about it.
So, that’s great: I pledge that I’m going to work out today and then I’ll self-audit and come back and tell you if I did it. That’s how we’re going to do this. That, to me, that’s basically what they did. “We’re really sorry, Blacks. We’re going to throw some money at some stuff. We’re going to donate to some organizations. We pledge to have a 25 percent diverse workforce by the year 2089” — or whatever year they set. Some were 2025, some were 2030 — “Then we’re going to invest in founders and do more business with diverse suppliers.” All of that sounds great. It’s been a year and a half. I would like to actually see what some of these companies have done. I know that Fast Company did a report on that last summer based on some of the things that some of the companies reported out. What’s interesting to me is that a lot of those pledges were threefold: employees, suppliers, and community engagement — meaning donations. Some of those companies only reported on one.
What happened to the other two? Have you made any progress on those? Have you even started? My issue with the pledges is particularly around the self-audit function of this. That’s how this dovetails. If you’re going to tell me, “This is what I pledge to do, but I’m going to self-audit and then come back and tell you what I did. No one from the outside needs to come in and see this. I’m just going to tell you what I did.” That means you’re going to cherry pick and give me the things that make you look good and you’re going to ignore the things that either you haven’t started or haven’t completed, or didn’t turn out the way that you wanted them to.
To me, that’s an incomplete picture, and again, that makes no sense to me. In order to authentically and accurately say that this is the progress that you made, if any, you need to have outside auditors come in and assess this.
I’m just not certain. I have high hopes, but I’m also curious who’s handling all of this work. Who’s handling all of these pledges? Is that something that the diversity team at these companies is tasked with? And if so, is this in addition to the stuff that they’re already supposed to be working on? So who’s actively managing this?
But you don’t see a connection. To me, they all made the pledges and yep, they’re all self-auditing, which is very good. But it just seems like the opportunity of: “Boy, we can distribute our workforce. We can retain people who feel unhappy in this office by letting them move wherever they want, and we can start recruiting in different areas.” Atlanta has a burgeoning tech scene. “We can invest in Atlanta and say we can recruit here and you can work here. You don’t have to move to our spaceship campus in California.”
I just don’t see the connection between the two. It doesn’t seem like they’ve taken the easiest possible answer, which is everybody is working remotely. You can support a more remote workforce in this country and that can really help your diversity problem.
I think that’s definitely the answer, but people just haven’t embraced it yet. Part of it though is just practical in the sense of real estate: If you’re Google and Facebook and Apple, you didn’t spend all of that on all of these buildings for people to not be in them. Just from a practical standpoint, I completely agree with you that I don’t think the majority of people want to go back to an office — at least not five days a week, but maybe two or three. To some extent, there’s no way for these companies to let go of these buildings, and in order to justify retaining them, you have to fill them. What I’ve seen so far with some of these companies is that some of the positions are allowed to remain remote and some have to be in-office.
That’s probably what you’re going to see continue to happen, but it’s an interesting spot for them to be in, particularly if you think about it from Facebook’s standpoint. They bought up a ton of land and buildings surrounding — they had the first main campus, which was the old Sun Microsystems campus. Then they branched out with Building 20 across the street. Then they kept going further and further down the blocks into East Palo Alto, so now you also have a gentrification narrative: all these people got pushed out and left for buildings that are sitting empty. That’s not the story that I think anybody wants to tell, so my guess is that some people are going to have to come back.
We were just talking about Google, Facebook, Apple wanting to keep people in their office, but these companies are almost like a gradient, right? You can start at the bottom levels, and maybe they’re a little more diverse there, and then you just slowly look towards the top of a company, and it’s more and more white. Why do you think that is?
I would say it’s twofold. You have one issue around access to networks. The ot
her part with access to a network: do you have a sponsor? That gets lost in the shuffle for a good number of people — you may have a mentor, but a mentor and a sponsor are two different things.
A sponsor is somebody that’s going to talk you up and give you props in rooms where you’re not there. Rooms that you may not even know exist. People don’t tend to have that — I would even say Black women in particular don’t have that.
That’s the other thing too: there’s some level of uncomfortability with not wanting to sponsor or even mentor someone who does not remind you of yourself. That was actually the thing that stuck with me during an unnamed VC’s — I don’t know, it was like a Black history event two or three years ago. Someone had mentioned one of the panelists that said something along the lines of, “Yeah, I love to mentor people who remind me of myself.”
That’s a classic.
I was like, “Tell me how big your ego is without telling me how big your ego is.” It’s one of those things where if you don’t have that proper training — for lack of a better word — and someone who is willing to talk about you in rooms when you’re not there, or invite you to rooms that you haven’t been invited in, it’s very hard to get through that. That’s a different glass ceiling of its own. It’s very hard to get through that. That’s why you see people leave.
Another aspect to this is just pure microaggression Olympic burnout. There’s only so many, “Teach me how to dougie!”s you can hear in a day. You know what I mean? I don’t want to talk about that. Please don’t touch my hair. Why are you asking me about affirmative action when I came to talk to you about indemnification? Just all kinds of randomness.
So that microaggression Olympics that you’re talking about — I think a lot of people listening to this are going to be rightfully skeptical that that adds up enough compared to the opportunities. If you’re in the door at Google, maybe you just put up with it. Are you saying that it actually burns people out — like completely out of the industry?
I know it could definitely burn you out from a company. It may not burn you out of the industry, but it will burn you out of a company. That is also where your retention problem comes from: a lot of these companies are not actively dealing with the source of the problem. Instead, their suggestion is, “Well, why don’t you move to a different department?” Or, “Why don’t you try a different role on a different team?” It’s like, “Well, why don’t you just deal with him, who’s been saying these things to people? How about just do that?” That’s the other thing — when you’re talking about retention of Black talent, there’s also this attitude of, “You should just be happy to be here.”
Yeah, that’s what I’m pointing at.
Yeah. It’s like, “I should be able to talk to you however I feel and do whatever I want, and you should just accept it and assume good intent.” Well, I’m not going to assume good intent if you keep doing that at least four times a week. If you do that four times a week for years, there’s no good intent left. That good intent was dead in the water after week number two at best. That will burn you out of a particular company.
The answer is not to move the person who is the victim. The answer is to get rid of the problem or to have a conversation with the person who is the problem. Instead, what happens is that a lot of these [marginalized] employees are made to feel as though they are the problem — like I’m just supposed to let you talk to me however you want and that’s going to be okay. That’s why I really respected the two Black women at Pinterest who had been harassed enough to the extent where they just were like, “We just want to go.” And they did.
They had death threats. A private investigator was hired to investigate them. It was nuts — and all because they dared to complain that they weren’t being treated equitably. Their careers were stalled. The whole thing of even getting a private investigator to investigate your employees who made a complaint against you is bananas to me. They decided that they were going to go out in a blaze of glory. “Sure, we’ll sign whatever you tell us to sign, just so we can go, Pinterest. Great. Okay. Also, we’re going to tweet about it and we don’t care, so if you want to use your clawback clause in that, then get your money back, sure, but now everybody knows how you treat people.”
That led to this Silenced No More Act in California. Prior to that, it was common for companies to require employees to sign NDAs in order to get severance, which prevented them from speaking out against harassment or racial discrimination. The Silenced No More Act changed that, right?
Yes, and one of [the Pinterest employees] helped write it. Just in case anyone listening has any ideas, that is not retroactive. It is only good from January 1st of this year.
I want to talk about the shift to remote work. You and I are both remote. We are not in offices. That is a huge trend: people don’t want to go back to the office. Even in terms of our labor coverage of big companies, the reason a lot of it started was companies like Google and Apple saying, “You’ve got to come back.” People don’t want to.
Once you have a remote workforce, it seems you can cut down a lot on that managerial microaggression burnout and just say, “Here’s the work I need you to deliver.” You can actually diversify your workforce pretty quickly across the whole country, as opposed to sourcing from just one part of California. Is that playing out?
I haven’t necessarily seen results or stats on it yet, but I do agree with you. The managerial aspect of that can go both ways: if people are using a hybrid model, what happens to the people that are remote and are in these other locations? If I’m a Black engineer who wants to stay in Atlanta, and I don’t want to come back to San Francisco, what does that mean for the people that are engaging in a hybrid model that you can actively see and engage with on a day-to-day basis? Is that person going to have more career trajectory possibilities than I would, even if we’re both doing the same level of work and the same caliber of work?
The other thing that is interesting about this is your excuses for hiring diverse candidates are out the window if they’re not required to move. If you want to hire a woman software engineer in Columbus, Ohio, awesome, but is that woman in Columbus, Ohio — doing the same work as a woman engineer in San Francisco — are they being paid the same? That’s another kind of rub that I don’t think people have necessarily worked out yet: are you paying for the role or are you paying for the location?
The reason why that is interesting is that diverse populations — women, differently abled, racial and ethnic minorities, LGBTQ — all of those groups are historically underpaid. Now let’s say you put one of them in Canton, Ohio. If you’re paying them Canton, Ohio, rates, and it’s a woman and she’s already technically underpaid, you’re just exacerbating that. There are other things that these companies need to be mindful of when they are hiring these folks, that there’s some kind of baseline that they’re setting in terms of making sure that it’s equitable.
Yeah. You’ve given us so much time. This has been a really fun conversation. Let me ask you one wrap-up question with an eye to the future. We’ve been in the middle of a two-year racial reckoning in America: we’ve seen it ebb and flow. We’ve seen it turn into debates about critical race theory in kindergartens. It’s gotten a little out of hand. Do you think it’s getting better and more sophisticated? A lot of people are talking about it regardless. Maybe they’re talking about it from a wrong or misinformed perspective, but there’s a level of conversation that is happening now that has certainly never happened before in my lifetime. Is that going to help? Is that going to improve things? Will it become easier for people to talk about diversity more openly when before it was kind of tucked away?
I will say: I think the transition for how all of this started to go happened on election night in 2016, and I think the result of that election was born out of some folks really tired of the diversity that they saw in an administration and in a White House that they probably never thought they’d see — I never thought I would see it in my lifetime, so I was very pleasantly surprised.
But then the pendulum swung all the way back and let all the people out and everyone felt emboldened to say whatever it is that they wanted to say at that point, and they’re still doing it, so I think the conversations are easier to have in terms of initiation, but I do not think they are easier in terms of actually reaching people and to get them to listen or have them be amenable to changing people’s minds.
I think the reason why is that the Trump presidency allowed people to say all of the quiet parts out loud now. I could share screenshots of the emails that I get that have called me all kinds of interesting things — some with their names attached, and some not. People just feel emboldened to say whatever it is that they want. I understand that, but it is not necessarily useful discourse so much as it feels like it’s screaming into the void.
Yeah. This was great. I could keep talking about this with you forever. I’m glad you’re doing the work. It was great talking to you. Thank you, Bärí.
Likewise. Have a good one.
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Laic that Christian. S.Giuseppe Moscati medician.
Moscati was medicina and scientist lived in Naples between 1800 and 1900: his figure summarises in itself an exceptional capacity of professional, scientific and civilian commitment united to a profound Christian spirit.
The medical profession has been lived by him with a clarity of judgement and with a strong commitment that appears as a stem of provocation in respect of the way health operators work, his scientific work sets directly at issue the relationship between science and faith, even in comparison with the univerity world and scientific research, from him lived with passion for many years.
The exhibition intens therefore to put at issue the profession of the health operator through the figure of a medician who is a Saint. It intends moreover to propose the meeting of the figure of Moscati in its multiple aspects: the medician, through the testimony of his patients and the documentation of his professional work; the teacher, through the documentation of his didactic work and the testimony of his followers; the man of culture, that at the time pondered in a positivistic and masonic climate.
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Pump A Way is a durable and efficient hand pump for numerous applications inside and outside the home. The pump is manufactured of high quality impact and chemical resistant materials. Use for your entire pump project around the house. The Pump A Way is easy to use with each stroke pumping a whopping 32 ounces of liquid.
- Pump is manufactured of high quality impact and chemical resistant materials
- Some projects include removing waters from washing machines, dishwashers, sinks, showers, tubs, basins, valve boxes, condensation or drip pans, and sumps
- Pump removes a Gal. of liquid per 4 strokes
- Pump will not rust or corrode; pump is made of durable PVC
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This week we're looking at what's going to be big in tech in 2013. One of the people we asked to give us predictions was Brian Barrett, Managing Editor of Gizmodo. He says one of the most important stories next year will be about what we're giving up when it comes to the version of ourself we present online.
"To me I think the biggest issue is going to be privacy," says Barrett, "and how we live private lives in this age when social media really is almost a utility at this point. We’ve had a few instances with these companies that we feel almost friendly with, or a familiarity with, Facebook, Twitter, Instagram.
And we’re past the honeymoon phase a little bit. We started out with these things that were free services, that are great that connect us, that got all of these features, and now the bill's coming due. So what we’re going to have to do, we’re going to have to be a much more educated digital populace if we want to protect those things that we would rather keep private."
Considering how often Facebook and Instagram seem to change their privacy settings, for instance, how can we do that? Beyond leaving Facebook, how can we look forward into the next year and deal with these challenges?
"It’s like any other New Years resolution, except one that’s easier to keep track of maybe than losing 10 pounds," says Barrett. "You just check in on your settings every two months or so, make sure they are what you remember them being. I think we tend to take so much of it for granted that we don’t keep up with it."
That may be useful advice for some of us who were around before Facebook and Twitter were big. But there's also a lot talk about younger people who are basically living online in ways we never lived online even five, ten years ago. Barrett thinks there's a shift happening there and that it's significant.
"The real question is when people get to applying for jobs," he says. "Maybe the hiring practice has changed and you think, well that looks like a fun guy to hang out with based on his pictures from last Saturday. The more you grow up with it, there’s not that disconnect between the you that you show the world, and the you that you actually are, because it’s so open and out there and honest."
While we're talking about living online, a new experiment for an old medium: Lettrs.com. Founder Drew Bartkiewicz, a tech entrepeneur who has a soft spot for snail mail, launched the website this month.
"The site allows people to use cloud technology, so kind of state of the art cloud technology to revise and reinvent letter writing" says Bartkiewicz. "I grew up writing and receiving letters, falling in love, falling out of love, and letters are kind of my past. and I think letters are part of a lot of peoples’ past. So Lettrs.com is a platform to let people revive letters past, but more importantly, reinvent letter writing by using technology."
Bartkiewicz says the project--or at least the design of his kind of social media for letter writing--came from his own experiences with a form of communication that doesn't normally happen digitally. Whenever he put a letter on his fridge in real life, for instance, his kids would take interest--ask about it at dinner, or read it and talk to a sibling about it.
"Each of these letters began to become social objects within our family," he says. "And so when we designed the site for Lettrs, we made sure that, there are certain letters people would like to share with a broader audience because it’s either a beautifully written letter or it’s a letter that just shows great literacy, great creativity. So the website is designed very much like the physical world that pays tribute to letters."
Bartkiewicz says his website has users in 64 countries. You can write your own, post them on a virtual refrigerator for public view, and look at the correspondence of others, from President Eisenhower to Beyonce.
"The average middle school youngster sends 3330 text messages a month," says Joseph Scheideler, principal at Canton Middle School in Connecticut. "And most of them don’t mean anything. And who knows how many instant messages, and tweets, and the rest of it that they send, again it doesn’t mean anything. We want kids to be able to use that medium correctly and to be able to write thoughtfully, to write purposefully, to write with meaning, and not just as an academic exercise."
Principal Scheideler has some of his students using the website to send letters to veterans overseas. He says it's a powerful way to share the corespondence with others beyond the soldiers and the kids writing to them. And hey--if you know someone's going to be reading your material, you probably stick to good grammar, too.
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Eugene McAndrew. She became a member of the Miller household shortly after her birth, when her father permitted his sister to take the child to raise, his wife having died in childbirth. He told his sister, 'She's all yours' when she first took the baby (see R., pp. 39 & 40). The statement of the natural father, dated May 22, 1960, reads in part:
'However, I would like to state that I did tell my sister Mrs. Miller that when she took Trudy that I would never take her back and that she was to raise her as her own. My sister and her husband was to treat her as their own which they did; and that statement still goes * * *.' (See Exhibit 1, R., p. 16).
Frank E. Miller was the sole support of his foster child during his lifetime (R., p. 45), although her natural father sometimes gave her small gifts (R., p. 45). The child, who was four years old when the wage earner died, called him 'Daddy,' called Mrs. Miller 'Mother' or 'Mommie' (R., p. 40), and called her real father 'daddy Gene' (R., p. 80). She was known as 'Trudy Miller' in the neighborhood, but her real name was used on all legal documents and in other matters (R., p. 41). She was known as 'Gertrude McAndrew' in school and in girl scouting activities.
The wage earner referred to the child as 'a niece of Lucille Miller' in his income tax returns (R., p. 67).
She was not made a beneficiary of his insurance policy, had no interest in the Miller home, was not made a beneficiary of the estate of the wage earner (R., p. 46),
and he made no other provision for her welfare in the event of his death.
When the child was approximately a year and a half old, the Millers first asked Eugene McAndrew for permission to adopt her. This permission was refused (R., p. 40). The only reason given to the Millers by the child's father for his refusal to consent to the adoption was that he wanted Gertrude and his other daughter to have the same surname (R., p. 45).
The question of adoption was raised by the wage earner and his wife on subsequent occasions during the wage earner's lifetime, but Eugene McAndrew consistently refused to consent thereto (R., p. 72). His refusal was accepted as binding by the foster parents according to the testimony of Mrs. Miller, who testified that 'legal adoption was uppermost in our minds, but of course nothing could be done about it.' (R., p. 43). The refusal to allow adoption of the child persisted even after the death of the wage earner.
There is substantial evidence in this record to support the finding of the Appeals Council that, prior to the death of Mr. Miller in 1954, there was no agreement by him and his wife to 'treat this little girl as their own, fully as much as if she had been their natural, legitimate child.' Kilby v. Folsom, supra, at 701.
The Millers did agree with the child's father to raise her as their own and to treat her as their own for purposes of educating and raising her, but the father's consistent refusal to permit her to be adopted and the failure of the decedent to provide for her in his insurance policies and by will support the finding of the Administration that there was no agreement to treat this child as their natural, legitimate child for all purposes, including purposes of inheritance. The facts in this case are far different from those in the Kilby case, in which the natural mother (a stranger to the foster parents) gave the child to the Kilbys under a written agreement that the child was 'to be adopted by them as soon as is legally permitted' and also stated 'I do hereby relinquish all claim to the said baby girl.' The court there found that the Kilbys did many things consistent only with their showing of their intention to create the equivalent of a parent-child relationship between themselves and the child, stating that subsequent conduct is relevant in determining whether a foster parent has bound himself to give a child inheritance rights. Here the foster father did not agree that the child be given inheritance rights. His treatment of the child is as consistent with an uncle-niece relationship or a godfather-godchild relationship as with any other,
and his conduct subsequent to the taking of the child into his custody indicates that he had not bound himself to give the child inheritance rights.
In addition, no relinquishment of all claims on the child by the natural father has been proved.
The undersigned agrees with counsel for plaintiff that neither equitable nor legal adoption is required by the Kilby case, supra, and it is noted that the Hearing Examiner made clear by this language that the facts did not form a basis for finding a 'consensual agreement' that Gertrude McAndrew by treated as a natural child for all purposes (R. 17):
'* * * and what happened does not indicate a purpose to surrender the child, the child to be a child in the foster parents' family with the rights of one who has a contract to be treated as a natural child.'
AND NOW, September 19, 1962, after consideration of the foregoing Motions, oral argument, the briefs and reply briefs of counsel, and the record, IT IS ORDERED that:
(1) the defendant's motion for summary judgment (Document No. 6) is granted;
(2) the plaintiff's cross-motion for summary judgment (Document No. 7) is denied; and
(3) this action is dismissed, with prejudice.
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Going home from the hospital often brings feelings of relief and a sense of returning to "normal life." Whether a hospital stay is long or short, children need some time to adjust to returning home after an illness, procedure or operation.
While your child may return to daily routines easily, it’s very normal for him or her to need some time to adjust to being home. Often, children don't know how to talk about their feelings. They may express themselves in other ways such as:
- a change in sleeping or eating patterns
- more fears than usual (for example, nightmares or fear of being left alone by a parent)
- increasing irritability (for example, frustration over simple tasks)
- clinging to a parent
- regression (for example, thumb sucking or loss of toilet training skills
- difficulty sharing attention from parents with brothers and sisters
- aggression (for example, fighting or arguing with brothers and sisters)
- resisting household rules
To help your child adjust to being home
- Spend additional time with your child and give them extra affection and attention during the first week at home.
- Follow your usual household rules (for example, rules about bedtime, playtime, clean-up and meals).
- Return to your usual family routines as soon as possible (for example, at mealtimes and bedtime).
- Talk in simple language with your child about the hospital stay, procedure or test.
- "Play doctor" or "hospital" with your child. Through play, your child may bring up feelings about his or her hospital experience.
- Invite your child to draw pictures and ask him or her to tell you about them.
- Talk with your child about his or her dreams or nightmares and offer reassurance and positive information about the hospital.
- Read books together about going to the doctor or the hospital if your child seems interested. For a list of books, see Helpful Books.
If you feel that you or your child may benefit from working with a counselor, talk to your pediatrician about a referral to meet with the Medical Coping Team.
The Medical Coping Team evaluates, treats and supports children and families facing hospitalization and other health care concerns. You can make an appointment by calling 617-355-6688. At the clinic, you will meet with a psychologist or psychiatrist to talk over your concerns, ask questions and learn more about how to help your child.
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Dr Amr Abdelgawad,
Dr Amr Abdelgawad is an Associate Professor of orthopedic surgery in Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center of El Paso. He is fellowship trained in pediatric orthopedic, orthopedic trauma and limb lengthening and reconstruction. Dr Abdelgawad is interested in general orthopedics, pediatric orthopedics, orthopedic trauma, limb lengthening and reconstruction, hip preservation surgery and reconstruction after orthopedic trauma.
Dr Amr Abdelgawad is the main editor of the book “Pediatric Orthopedic, handbook for primary care physicians”, a very successful handbook used by primary care physicians, nurses, therapist and medical students. This book is now being translated to Chinese. He had published more than 50 peer reviewed publications, invited publications and book chapters.
After completing his residency in Cairo, Egypt, he was granted the position of assistant lecturer in Orthopedic surgery in the same university. He traveled to Japan in early 2004 for three months where is did trauma and general orthopedic surgery fellowship. Dr Abdelgawad had three months training in general pediatric orthopedic in Memphis in 2004. Then, he had a complete one year pediatric orthopedic fellowship in Hospital for Joint Diseases in New York (2005-2006). In these two fellowships he gained experience in dealing with all general pediatric orthopedic problems. He also had another year of training in Limb Lengthening and Reconstruction in Baltimore in the International Center for Limb Lengthening (2006-2007). During that year he mastered all techniques of limb lengthening and dealing with difficult pediatric deformity problems. In 2007-2008, Dr Abdelgawad did a one year orthopedic trauma fellowship in Toledo, Ohio during which he had an intensive training in orthopedic trauma surgery including difficult trauma cases like pelvis and acetabular fractures, articular fractures and non unions. After the trauma fellowship, he went back and did a specialized three months training in pediatric spine diseases in Cleveland to gain more experience in Scoliosis surgery (Aug 2008-Nov 2008). Also he had a specialized training in adolescent hip diseases in Switzerland in Feb-March 2009.
Dr Abdelgawad published many articles in peer reviewed journal and book chapters. Beside his book which had gained popularity very quickly, he published more than 50 articles and book chapters. His scientific work was cited more than 160 times in different languages. One of his articles about club foot surgery, in which he was the primary author, was cited more than 70 times. Dr Abdelgawad described new technique for treatment of Blount’s disease, a disease that causes bow leg in children. He also described a new method of fixation for pediatric femur fractures. Dr Abdelgawad had also filed two patents for orthopedic devices.
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The Greek War of Independence, also known as the Greek Revolution of 1821 or Greek Revolution (Greek: Ελληνική Επανάσταση, Elliniki Epanastasi; referred to by Greeks in the 19th century as simply the Αγώνας, Agonas, “Struggle”; Ottoman: يونان عصياني Yunan İsyanı, “Greek Mutiny”), was a successful war of independence by Greek revolutionaries against the Ottoman Empire between 1821 and 1830.
The Greeks were later assisted by Great Britain, France and Russia, while the Ottomans were aided by their North African vassals, particularly the eyalet of Egypt. The war led to the formation of modern Greece. The revolution is celebrated by Greeks around the world as independence day on 25 March.
Greece came under Ottoman rule in the 15th century, in the decades before and after the fall of Constantinople. During the following centuries, there were sporadic but unsuccessful Greek uprisings against Ottoman rule. In 1814, a secret organization called Filiki Eteria (Society of Friends) was founded with the aim of liberating Greece, encouraged by the revolutionary fervour gripping Europe in that period. The Filiki Eteria planned to launch revolts in the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities, and Constantinople itself. The insurrection was planned for 25 March 1821 (on the Julian Calendar), the Orthodox Christian Feast of the Annunciation. However, the plans of Filiki Eteria were discovered by the Ottoman authorities, forcing the revolution to start earlier. The first revolt began on 06 March/21 February 1821 in the Danubian Principalities, but it was soon put down by the Ottomans. The events in the north urged the Greeks in the Peloponnese (Morea) into action and on 17 March 1821, the Maniots were first to declare war. In September 1821, the Greeks under the leadership of Theodoros Kolokotronis captured Tripolitsa. Revolts in Crete, Macedonia, and Central Greece broke out, but were eventually suppressed. Meanwhile, makeshift Greek fleets achieved success against the Ottoman navy in the Aegean Sea and prevented Ottoman reinforcements from arriving by sea.
Tensions soon developed among different Greek factions, leading to two consecutive civil wars. The Ottoman Sultan called in his vassal Muhammad Ali of Egypt, who agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece with an army to suppress the revolt in return for territorial gains. Ibrahim landed in the Peloponnese in February 1825 and brought most of the peninsula under Egyptian control by the end of that year. The town of Missolonghi fell in April 1826 after a year-long siege by the Turks. Despite a failed invasion of Mani, Athens also fell and the revolution looked all but lost.
At that point, the three Great powers – Russia, Britain and France – decided to intervene, sending their naval squadrons to Greece in 1827. Following news that the combined Ottoman-Egyptian fleet was going to attack the island of Hydra, the allied European fleets intercepted the Ottoman navy at Navarino. After a tense week-long standoff, the Battle of Navarino led to the destruction of the Ottoman-Egyptian fleet and turned the tide in favour of the revolutionaries. In 1828 the Egyptian army withdrew under pressure of a French expeditionary force. The Ottoman garrisons in the Peloponnese surrendered, and the Greek revolutionaries proceeded to retake central Greece. Russia invaded the Ottoman Empire and forced it to accept Greek autonomy in the Treaty of Adrianople (1829). After nine years of war, Greece was finally recognised as an independent state under the London Protocol of February 1830. Further negotiations in 1832 led to the London Conference and the Treaty of Constantinople; these defined the final borders of the new state and established Prince Otto of Bavaria as the first king of Greece.
The Fall of Constantinople on 29 May 1453 and the subsequent fall of the successor states of the Byzantine Empire marked the end of Byzantine sovereignty. After that, the Ottoman Empire ruled the Balkans and Anatolia (Asia Minor), with some exceptions. Orthodox Christians were granted some political rights under Ottoman rule, but they were considered inferior subjects. The majority of Greeks were called Rayah by the Turks, a name that referred to the large mass of non-Muslim subjects under the Ottoman ruling class.
Meanwhile, Greek intellectuals and humanists, who had migrated west before or during the Ottoman invasions, such as Demetrios Chalkokondyles and Leonardos Philaras, began to call for the liberation of their homeland. Demetrius Chalcondyles called on Venice and “all of the Latins” to aid the Greeks against “the abominable, monstrous, and impious barbarian Turks”. However, Greece was to remain under Ottoman rule for several more centuries.
The Greek Revolution was not an isolated event; numerous failed attempts at regaining independence took place throughout the history of the Ottoman era. Throughout the 17th century there was great resistance to the Ottomans in the Morea and elsewhere, as evidenced by revolts led by Dionysius the Philosopher. After the Morean War, the Peloponnese came under Venetian rule for 30 years, and remained in turmoil from then on and throughout the 17th century, as the bands of klephts multiplied.
The first great uprising was the Russian-sponsored Orlov Revolt of the 1770s, which was crushed by the Ottomans after having limited success. After the crushing of the uprising, Muslim Albanians ravaged many regions in mainland Greece. However, the Maniots continually resisted Ottoman rule, and defeated several Ottoman incursions into their region, the most famous of which was the invasion of 1770. During the Second Russo-Turkish War, the Greek community of Trieste financed a small fleet under Lambros Katsonis, which was a nuisance for the Ottoman navy; during the war klephts and armatoloi (guerrilla fighters in mountainous areas) rose once again.
At the same time, a number of Greeks enjoyed a privileged position in the Ottoman state as members of the Ottoman bureaucracy. Greeks controlled the affairs of the Orthodox Church through the Ecumenical Patriarchate of Constantinople, as the higher clergy of the Orthodox Church was mostly of Greek origin. Thus, as a result of the Ottoman millet system, the predominantly Greek hierarchy of the Patriarchate enjoyed control over the Empire’s Orthodox subjects (the Rum milleti).
The Greek Orthodox Church played a pivotal role in the preservation of national identity, the development of Greek society and the resurgence of Greek nationalism. From the early 18th century and onwards, members of prominent Greek families in Constantinople, known as Phanariotes (after the Phanar district of the city), gained considerable control over Ottoman foreign policy and eventually over the bureaucracy as a whole.
Klephts and Armatoloi
In times of militarily weak central authority, the Balkan countryside became infested by groups of bandits called “klephts” (Greek: κλέφτες) (the Greek equivalent of the hajduks) that struck at Muslims and Christians alike. Defying Ottoman rule, the klephts were highly admired and held a significant place in popular lore.
Responding to the klephts’ attacks, the Ottomans recruited the ablest amongst these groups, contracting Christian militias, known as “armatoloi” (Greek: αρματολοί), to secure endangered areas, especially mountain passes. The area under their control was called an “armatolik”, the oldest known being established in Agrafa during the reign of Murad II (r. 1421-1451). The distinction between klephts and armatoloi was not clear, as the latter would often turn into klephts to extort more benefits from the authorities, while, conversely, another klepht group would be appointed to the armatolik to confront their predecessors.
Nevertheless, klephts and armatoloi formed a provincial elite, though not a social class, whose members would muster under a common goal. As the armatoloi’s position gradually turned into a hereditary one, some captains took care of their armatolik as their personal property. A great deal of power was placed in their hands and they integrated in the network of clientelist relationships that formed the Ottoman administration. Some managed to establish exclusive control in their armatolik, forcing the Porte to try repeatedly, though unsuccessfully, to eliminate them.
By the time of the War of Independence powerful armatoloi could be traced in Rumeli, Thessaly, Epirus and southern Macedonia. To the revolutionary leader and writer Yannis Makriyannis, klephts and armatoloi – being the only available major military force on the side of the Greeks – played such a crucial role in the Greek revolution that he referred to them as the “yeast of liberty”.
Enlightenment and the Greek National Movement
Due to economic developments within and outside the Ottoman Empire in the 18th century, Greek merchants and sailors became affluent and generated the wealth necessary to found schools and libraries, and to pay for young Greeks to study at the universities of Western Europe. There they came into contact with the radical ideas of the European Enlightenment, the French Revolution and romantic nationalism. Educated and influential members of the large Greek diaspora, such as Adamantios Korais and Anthimos Gazis, tried to transmit these ideas back to the Greeks, with the double aim of raising their educational level and simultaneously strengthening their national identity. This was achieved through the dissemination of books, pamphlets and other writings in Greek, in a process that has been described as the modern Greek Enlightenment (Greek: Διαφωτισμός).
Crucial for the development of the Greek national idea were the Russo-Turkish Wars of the 18th century. Peter the Great had envisaged a disintegration of the Ottoman Empire and the re-institution of a new Byzantine Empire with an Orthodox emperor. His Pruth River Campaign of 1711 set a precedent for the Greeks, when Peter appealed to Orthodox Christians to join the Russians and rise against the Turks to fight for “faith and homeland”. The Russo-Turkish wars of Catherine II (1762-1796) made the Greeks consider their emancipation with the aid of Russia. An independence movement in Peloponnesus (Morea) was incited by Russian agents in 1769, and a Greek flotilla under Lambros Katsonis assisted the Russian fleet in the war of 1788-1792. The Greek revolts of the 18th century were unsuccessful but far larger than the revolts of previous centuries, and they announced the initiative for a national revolution.
Revolutionary nationalism grew across Europe during the 18th and 19th centuries (including in the Balkans), due to the influence of the French Revolution. As the power of the Ottoman Empire declined, Greek nationalism began to assert itself. The most influential of the Greek writers and intellectuals was Rigas Feraios. Deeply influenced by the French Revolution, Rigas was the first to conceive and organize a comprehensive national movement aiming at the liberation of all Balkan nations – including the Turks of the region – and the creation of a “Balkan Republic”. Arrested by Austrian officials in Trieste in 1797, he was handed over to Ottoman officials and transported to Belgrade along with his co-conspirators. All of them were strangled to death in June 1798 and their bodies were dumped in the Danube. The death of Rigas fanned the flames of Greek nationalism; his nationalist poem, the “Thourios” (war-song), was translated into a number of Western European and later Balkan languages and served as a rallying cry for Greeks against Ottoman rule.
Another influential Greek writer and intellectual was Adamantios Korais who witnessed the French Revolution. Korais’ primary intellectual inspiration was from the Enlightenment, and he borrowed ideas from Thomas Hobbes, John Locke and Jean-Jacques Rousseau. When Korais was a young adult he moved to Paris to continue his studies. He eventually graduated from the Montpellier School of Medicine and spent the remainder of his life in Paris. He would often have political and philosophical debates with Thomas Jefferson. While in Paris he was a witness to the French Revolution and saw the democracy that came out of it. He spent a lot of his time convincing wealthy Greeks to build schools and libraries to further the education of Greeks. He believed that a furthering in education would be necessary for the general welfare and prosperity of the people of Greece, as well as the country. Korais’ ultimate goal was a democratic Greece much like the Golden Age of Pericles.
The connection of the Greek Revolution with the Enlightenment and the French Revolution has been questioned by several Greek authors, who considered this theory mechanistic and false. The relation between the Greek and the French Revolution has also been challenged by other scholars, such as professor of history Nikolaos Vlachos (he also doubts that the French Revolution was a “revolution” in the real sense), prof. Ioannis Theodorakopoulos, the historian of the Revolution Dionysios Kokkinos, prof. of history Emmanuel Protopsaltes, prof. Konstantinos Despotopoulos and others According to Th. Proussis, the main external factor who contributed to the progress to the Revolution was Russia. Since the era of Peter the Great, Russia envisioned a Christian battle against the Turks under his leadership. Greece has been involved in the Russian plans since the revolution of 1770.
The Greek cause began to draw support not only from the large Greek merchant diaspora in both Western Europe and Russia, but also from Western European Philhellenes. This Greek movement for independence was not only the first movement of national character in Eastern Europe, but also the first one in a non-Christian environment, like the Ottoman Empire.
Feraios’ martyrdom was to inspire three young Greek merchants: Nikolaos Skoufas, Emmanuil Xanthos, and Athanasios Tsakalov. Influenced by the Italian Carbonari and profiting from their own experience as members of Freemasonic organisations, they founded in 1814 the secret Filiki Eteria (“Friendly Society”) in Odessa, an important centre of the Greek mercantile diaspora in Russia. With the support of wealthy Greek exile communities in Britain and the United States and with the aid of sympathizers in Western Europe, they planned the rebellion.
The society’s basic objective was a revival of the Byzantine Empire, with Constantinople as the capital, not the formation of a national state. In early 1820, Ioannis Kapodistrias, an official from the Ionian Islands who had become the joint foreign minister of Tsar Alexander I, was approached by the Society in order to be named leader but declined the offer; the Filikoi (members of Filiki Eteria) then turned to Alexander Ypsilantis, a Phanariote serving in the Russian army as general and adjutant to Alexander, who accepted.
The Filiki Eteria expanded rapidly and was soon able to recruit members in all areas of the Greek world and among all elements of the Greek society. In 1821, the Ottoman Empire mainly faced war against Persia and more particularly the revolt by Ali Pasha in Epirus, which had forced the vali (governor) of the Morea, Hursid Pasha, and other local pashas to leave their provinces and campaign against the rebel force. At the same time, the Great Powers, allied in the “Concert of Europe” in opposition to revolutions in the aftermath of Napoleon I of France, were preoccupied with revolts in Italy and Spain. It was in this context that the Greeks judged the time ripe for their own revolt. The plan originally involved uprisings in three places, the Peloponnese, the Danubian Principalities and Constantinople.
Because of the Greek origin of so much of the West’s classical heritage, there was tremendous sympathy for the Greek cause throughout Europe. Some wealthy Americans and Western European aristocrats, such as the renowned poet Lord Byron and later the American physician Samuel Howe, took up arms to join the Greek revolutionaries. In Britain there was strong support led by the Philosophical Radicals, the Whigs, and the Evangelicals. Many helped to finance the revolution. The London Philhellenic Committee helped insurgent Greece to float two loans in 1824 (£800,000) and 1825 (£2,000,000). The Scottish philhellene Thomas Gordon took part in the revolutionary struggle and later wrote the first histories of the Greek revolution in English.
In Europe, the Greek revolt aroused widespread sympathy among the public, although at first it was met with lukewarm and negative reception from the Great Powers. Some historians argue that Ottoman atrocities were given wide coverage in Europe, while Greek atrocities tended to be suppressed or played down. The Ottoman massacres at Chios in 1822 inspired Eugène Delacroix’s famous painting Massacre of Chios; other philhellenic works by Delacroix were inspired by various Byron poems. Byron, the most celebrated philhellene of all, lent his name, prestige and wealth to the cause.
Byron organised funds and supplies (including the provision of several ships), but died from fever at Missolonghi in 1824. Byron’s death helped to create an even stronger European sympathy for the Greek cause. His poetry, along with Delacroix’s art, helped arouse European public opinion in favour of the Greek revolutionaries to the point of no return, and led Western powers to intervene directly.
Philhellenism made a notable contribution to romanticism, enabling the younger generation of artistic and literary intellectuals to expand the classical repertoire by treating modern Greek history as an extension of ancient history; the idea of a regeneration of the spirit of ancient Greece permeated the rhetoric of the Greek cause’s supporters. Classicists and romantics of that period envisioned the casting out of the Turks as the prelude to the revival of the Golden Age.
Outbreak of the Revolution
Alexander Ypsilantis was elected as the head of the Filiki Eteria in April 1820 and took upon himself the task of planning the insurrection. His intention was to raise all the Christians of the Balkans in rebellion and perhaps force Russia to intervene on their behalf. On 06 March, he crossed the river Prut with his followers, entering the Danubian Principalities. In order to encourage the local Romanian Christians to join him, he announced that he had “the support of a Great Power”, implying Russia. Two days after crossing the Prut, at Three Holy Hierarchs Monastery in Iași (Jassy), the capital of Moldavia, Ypsilantis issued a proclamation calling all Greeks and Christians to rise up against the Ottomans:
Fight for Faith and Fatherland! The time has come, O Hellenes. Long ago the people of Europe, fighting for their own rights and liberties, invited us to imitation … The enlightened peoples of Europe are occupied in restoring the same well-being, and, full of gratitude for the benefactions of our forefathers towards them, desire the liberation of Greece. We, seemingly worthy of ancestral virtue and of the present century, are hopeful that we will achieve their defense and help. Many of these freedom-lovers want to come and fight alongside us … Who then hinders your manly arms? Our cowardly enemy is sick and weak. Our generals are experienced, and all our fellow countrymen are full of enthusiasm. Unite, then, O brave and magnanimous Greeks! Let national phalanxes be formed, let patriotic legions appear and you will see those old giants of despotism fall themselves, before our triumphant banners.
Michael Soutzos, then Prince of Moldavia and a member of Filiki Etaireia, set his guard at Ypsilantis’ disposal. In the meanwhile, Patriarch Gregory V of Constantinople and the Synod had anathematized and excommunicated both Ypsilantis and Soutzos issuing many encyclicals, an explicit denunciation of the Revolution in line with the Orthodox Church’s policy.
Instead of directly advancing on Brăila, where he arguably could have prevented Ottoman armies from entering the Principalities, and where he might have forced Russia to accept a fait accompli, Ypsilantis remained in Iaşi and ordered the executions of several pro-Ottoman Moldavians. In Bucharest, where he arrived in early April after some weeks delay, he decided that he could not rely on the Wallachian Pandurs to continue their Oltenian-based revolt and assist the Greek cause. The Pandur leader was Tudor Vladimirescu, who had already reached the outskirts of Bucharest on 28 March. In Bucharest, the relations of the two men deteriorated dramatically; Vladimirescu’s first priority was to assert his authority against the newly appointed prince Scarlat Callimachi, trying to maintain relations with both Russia and the Ottomans.
At that point, Kapodistrias, the foreign minister of Russia, was ordered by Alexander I to send Ypsilantis a letter upbraiding him for misusing the mandate received from the Tsar; Kapodistrias announced to Ypsilantis that his name had been struck off the army list and that he was commanded to lay down arms. Ypsilantis tried to ignore the letter, but Vladimirescu took this as the end of his alliance with the Eteria. A conflict erupted inside the camp and Vladimirescu was tried was put to death by the Eteria on 07 June. The loss of their Romanian allies, followed by an Ottoman intervention on Wallachian soil, sealed defeat for the Greek exiles and culminated in the disastrous Battle of Dragashani and the destruction of the Sacred Band on 19 June.
Alexander Ypsilantis, accompanied by his brother Nicholas and a remnant of his followers, retreated to Râmnicu Vâlcea, where he spent some days negotiating with the Austrian authorities for permission to cross the frontier. Fearing that his followers might surrender him to the Turks, he gave out that Austria had declared war on Turkey, caused a Te Deum to be sung in Cozia Monastery, and on pretext of arranging measures with the Austrian commander-in-chief, he crossed the frontier. However, the reactionary policies of the Holy Alliance were enforced by Francis II and the country refused to give asylum for leaders of revolts in neighbouring countries. Ypsilantis was kept in close confinement for seven years. In Moldavia, the struggle continued for a while, under Giorgakis Olympios and Yiannis Pharmakis, but by the end of the year the provinces had been pacified by the Ottomans.
The outbreak of the war was met by mass executions, pogrom-style attacks, the destruction of churches, and looting of Greek properties throughout the Empire. The most severe atrocities occurred in Constantinople, in what became known as the Constantinople Massacre of 1821. The Orthodox Patriarch Gregory V was executed on 22 April 1821 on the orders of the Sultan despite his opposition to the revolt, which caused outrage throughout Europe and resulted in increased support for the Greek rebels.
The Peloponnese, with its long tradition of resistance to the Ottomans, was to become the heartland of the revolt. In the early months of 1821, with the absence of the Ottoman governor of the Morea (Mora valesi) Hursid Pasha and many of his troops, the situation was favourable for the Greeks to rise against Ottoman occupation. The crucial meeting was held at Vostitsa (modern Aigion), where chieftains and prelates from all over the Peloponnese assembled on 26 January. There, Papaflessas, a pro-revolution priest who presented himself as representative of Filiki Eteria, clashed with most of the civil leaders and members of the senior clergy, such as Metropolitan Germanos of Patras, who were sceptical and demanded guarantees about a Russian intervention.
As news came of Ypsilantis’ march into the Danubian Principalities, the atmosphere in the Peloponnese was tense, and by mid-March, sporadic incidents against Muslims occurred, heralding the start of the uprising. According to oral tradition, the Revolution was declared on 06 April by Metropolitan Germanos of Patras, who raised the banner with the cross in the Monastery of Agia Lavra (near Kalavryta, Achaea) although some historians question the historicity of the event. Some claim that the story first appears in 1824 in a book written by a French diplomat François Pouqueville, whose book is full of inventions. Historian David Brewer noted that Pouqueville was an Anglophobe, and in his account of the speech by Germanos in his book, Pouqueville has the Metropolitan express Anglophobic sentiments similar to those commonly expressed in France, and has him praise France as Greece’s one true friend in the world, which led Brewer to conclude that Pouqueville had made the entire story up. However, a study on the archive of Hugues Pouqueville (François Pouqueville’s brother) claims that François’ account was accurate, without making any reference to the purported Anglophobia or Francophilia of Germanos. Also, some European newspapers of June and July 1821 published the news of declaration of revolution by Germanos either in Patras on 06 April/25 March 1821 or in the “Monastery of Velia Mountain” (Agia Lavra) on a non-specified date.
On 17 March 1821, war was declared on the Turks by the Maniots in Areopoli. The same day, a force of 2,000 Maniots under the command of Petros Mavromichalis advanced on the Messenian town of Kalamata, where they united with troops under Theodoros Kolokotronis, Nikitaras and Papaflessas; Kalamata fell to the Greeks on 23 March. In Achaia, the town of Kalavryta was besieged on 21 March, and in Patras conflicts lasted for many days. The Ottomans launched sporadic attacks towards the city while the revolutionaries, led by Panagiotis Karatzas, drove them back to the fortress.
By the end of March, the Greeks effectively controlled the countryside, while the Turks were confined to the fortresses, most notably those of Patras (recaptured by the Turks on 03 April by Yussuf Pasha), Rio, Acrocorinth, Monemvasia, Nafplion and the provincial capital, Tripolitsa, where many Muslims had fled with their families at the beginning of the uprising. All these were loosely besieged by local irregular forces under their own captains, since the Greeks lacked artillery. With the exception of Tripolitsa, all sites had access to the sea and could be resupplied and reinforced by the Ottoman fleet. Since May, Kolokotronis organised the siege of Tripolitsa, and, in the meantime, Greek forces twice defeated the Turks, who unsuccessfully tried to repulse the besiegers. Finally, Tripolitsa was seized by the Greeks on 05 October, and the city was given over to the mob for two days. After lengthy negotiations, the Turkish forces surrendered Acrocorinth on 14 January 1822.
The first regions to revolt in Central Greece were Phocis (24 March) and Salona (27 March). In Boeotia, Livadeia was captured by Athanasios Diakos on 31 March, followed by Thebes two days later. When the revolution began, most of the Christian population of Athens fled to Salamis. In 1821, Athens had about 10,000 people, half of whom were Christian Greeks and the other half were Muslims, being either Turks, Albanians or Greek Muslims. In mid-April revolutionary forces entered Athens and forced the Turkish garrison into the Acropolis, which they laid siege to. Missolonghi revolted on 25 May, and the revolution soon spread to other cities of western Central Greece. The Ottoman commander in the Roumeli was the Albanian general Omer Vrioni who become infamous for his “Greek hunts” in Attica, which was described thus: “One of his favourite amusements was a ‘Greek hunt’ as the Turks called it. They would go out in parties of fifty to a hundred, mounted on fleet horses, and scour the open country in search of Greek peasantry, who might from necessity or hardihood have ventured down upon the plains. After capturing some, they would give the poor creatures a certain distance to start ahead, hoping to escape, and then try the speed of their horses in overtaking them, the accuracy of their pistols in firing at them as they ran, or the keenness of their sabres’ edge in cutting off their heads”. Those not cut down or shot down during the “Greek hunts” were impaled afterwards when captured.
The initial Greek successes were soon put in peril after two subsequent defeats at the battles of Alamana and Eleftherohori against the army of Omer Vrioni. Another significant loss for the Greeks was the death of Diakos, a promising military leader, who was captured in Alamana and executed by the Turks when he refused to declare allegiance to the Sultan. The Greeks managed to halt the Turkish advance at the Battle of Gravia under the leadership of Odysseas Androutsos, who, with a handful of men, inflicted heavy casualties upon the Turkish army. After his defeat and the successful retreat of Androutsos’ force, Omer Vrioni postponed his advance towards Peloponnese awaiting reinforcements; instead, he invaded Livadeia, which he captured on 10 June, and Athens, where he lifted the siege of the Acropolis. After a Greek force of 2,000 men managed to destroy at Vassilika a Turkish relief army on its way to Vrioni, the latter abandoned Attica in September and retreated to Ioannina. By the end of 1821, the revolutionaries had managed to temporarily secure their positions in Central Greece.
The Ottoman Reaction
The news that the Greeks had revolted sparked murderous fury all over the Ottoman Empire. In Constantinople, on Easter Sunday, the Patriarch of the Greek Orthodox Church, Gregory V, was publicly hanged although he had condemned the revolution and preached obedience to the Sultan in his sermons. Since the revolution began in March, the Sublime Porte had executed at random various prominent Greeks living in Constantinople, such as the serving Dragoman of the Porte and two retired dragomans, a number of wealthy bankers and merchants, including a member of the ultra-rich Mavrocordatos family, three monks and a priest of the Orthodox church, and three ordinary Greeks accused of planning to poison the city’s water supply. In the city of Smyrna (modern İzmir, Turkey), which until 1922 was a mostly Greek city, Ottoman soldiers drawn from the interior of Anatolia on their way to fight in either Greece or Moldavia/Wallachia, staged a pogrom in June 1821 against the Greeks, leading Gordon to write: “3,000 ruffians assailed the Greek quarter, plundered the houses and slaughtered the people; Smyrna resembled a place taken by assault, neither age or sex being respected”. When a local mullah was asked to give a fatwa justifying the murder of Christians by Muslims and refused, he too was promptly killed.
The news of the revolution was greeted with dismay by the conservative leaders of Europe, committed to upholding the system established at the Congress of Vienna, but was greeted with enthusiasm by many ordinary people across Europe. After the execution of the Patriarch Gregory V, the Russian Emperor Alexander I broke off diplomatic relations with the Sublime Porte after his foreign minister Count Ioannis Kapodistrias sent an ultimatum demanding promises from the Ottomans to stop executing Orthodox priests, which the Porte did not see fit to answer. In the summer of 1821, various young men from all Europe began to gather in the French port of Marseilles to book a passage to Greece and join the revolution. The French philhellene Jean-François-Maxime Raybaud wrote when he heard of the revolution in March 1821, “I learnt with a thrill that Greece was shaking off her chains” and in July 1821 boarded a ship going to Greece. Between the summer of 1821 and end of 1822, when the French started to inspect ships leaving Marseilles for philhellenes, some 360 volunteers travelled to Greece. From the United States came the doctor Samuel Gridley Howe and the soldier George Jarvis to fight with the Greeks. The largest contingents came from the German states, France and the Italian states.
In Nafplio, a monument to honour the philhellenes who died fighting in the war listed 274 names, of which 100 are from Germany, forty each from France and Italy, and the rest from Britain, Spain, Hungary, Sweden, Portugal and Denmark.
In Germany, Italy and France many clergyman and university professors gave speeches saying all of Europe owed a huge debt to ancient Greece, that the modern Greeks were entitled to call upon the classical heritage as a reason for support, and that Greece would only achieve progress with freedom from the Ottoman Empire. A young medical student in Mannheim wrote that hearing his professor lecture on the need for Greek freedom went through him like an electric shock, inspiring him to drop his studies and head to Greece, while a Danish student wrote: “How could a man inclined to fight for freedom and justice find a better place than next to the oppressed Greeks?”. In France, Britain, Spain, Russia, the United States and many other places “Greek committees” were established to raise funds and supplies for the revolution.
The classicist Edward Everett, a professor of Greek at Harvard, was active in championing the Greek cause in the United States and in November 1821 published an appeal from Adhamantios Korais reading “To the Citizens of the United States, it is your land that Liberty has fixed her abode, so you will not assuredly imitate the culpable indifference or rather the long ingratitude of the Europeans”, going on to call for American intervention, in several American newspapers. In 1821, the Greek committee in Charleston, South Carolina sent the Greeks 50 barrels of salted meat while the Greek Committee in Springfield, Massachusetts sent supplies of salted meat, sugar, fish and flour. Newspapers in the United States gave the war much coverage and were overwhelmingly pro-Greek in their stance, which explains why American public opinion was so supportive. In New York City, one ball put on by the Greek committee raised $8,000 (~$180,000 in 2021). In Russia, the St. Petersburg Greek committee under Prince Alexander Golitsyn had raised 973, 500 roubles by August 1822. By the end of the war, millions of roubles had been fund-raised in Russia for the relief of refugees and to buy Greeks enslaved freedom (though the government forbade buying arms for the Greeks), but no Russian is known to have gone to fight with the Greeks.
Haiti was the first government of an independent state to recognise the Greek independence. Jean-Pierre Boyer, President of Haiti, following a Greek request for assistance, addressed a letter on 15 January 1822. In the letter sent to Greek expatriates living in France, Adamantios Korais, Christodoulos Klonaris, Konstantinos Polychroniades and A. Bogorides, who had assembled themselves into a Committee which was seeking international support for the ongoing Greek revolution, Boyer expressed his support for the Greek Revolution and compared the struggle underfoot across the Atlantic to the struggle for independence in his own land. He apologised for being unable to support the Revolution in Greece financially, though he hoped he might be able to in the future. But he articulated his moral and political support for the revolution, notably by filling his letter with references to classical Greek history, demonstrating a detailed knowledge of this history and powerfully evoking the contemporary revolutionaries as the rightful heirs of their ancestors. Some historians claim that Boyer also sent to the Greeks 25 tons of Haitian coffee that could be sold and the proceeds used to purchase weapons, but not enough evidence exists to support this or the other claim that one hundred Haitian volunteers set off to fight in the Greek Revolution. Allegedly, their ship was boarded by pirates somewhere in the Mediterranean and these fighters purportedly never reached their destination.
First Administrative and Political Institutions
After the fall of Kalamata, the Messenian Senate, the first of the Greeks’ local governing councils, held its inaugural session. At almost the same time, the Achean Directorate was summoned in Patras, but its members were soon forced to flee to Kalavryta. With the initiative of the Messenian Senate, a Peloponnesian assembly convened, and elected a Senate on 26 May. Most of the members of the Peloponnesian Senate were local notables (lay and ecclesiastical) or persons controlled by them.
The three major social groups that provided the leadership of the revolution were the primates (wealthy landowners who controlled about a third of the arable land in the Peloponnese), the captains drawn from the klephts and/or armatolos (klepts and armatolos tended to alternate), and the wealthy merchants, who were the most Westernised elements in Greek society. One of the more prominent leaders of the merchants and a “Westerniser” was the Phanariot Alexandros Mavrokordatos who was living with the poet Percy Bysshe Shelley and his wife Mary Shelley in Pisa when the revolution began, and upon hearing of the revolution, purchased supplies and a ship in Marseilles and then set sail for Greece. Mavrokordhatos’s wealth, education (he was fluent in seven languages) and his experience as an Ottoman official ruling Wallachia led many to look towards him as a leader.
When Demetrios Ypsilantis arrived in Peloponnese as official representative of Filiki Eteria, he tried to assume control of the Revolution’s affairs, and he thus proposed a new system of electing the members of the Senate, which was supported by the military leaders, but opposed by the notables. Assemblies convened also in Central Greece (November 1821) under the leadership of two Phanariots: Alexandros Mavrokordatos in the western part, and Theodoros Negris in the eastern part. These assemblies adopted two local statutes, the Charter of Western Continental Greece and the Legal Order of Eastern Continental Greece, drafted mainly by Mavrokordatos and Negris respectively. The statutes provided for the creation of two local administrative organs in Central Greece, an Areopagus in the east, and a Senate in the west. The three local statutes were recognised by the First National Assembly, but the respective administrative institutions were turned into administrative branches of the central government. They were later dissolved by the Second National Assembly.
Revolutionary Activity in Crete, Macedonia and Cyprus
Cretan participation in the revolution was extensive, but it failed to achieve liberation from Turkish rule because of Egyptian intervention. Crete had a long history of resisting Turkish rule, exemplified by the folk hero Daskalogiannis, who was killed while fighting the Turks. In 1821, an uprising by Christians was met with a fierce response from the Ottoman authorities and the execution of several bishops, regarded as ringleaders.
Despite the Turkish reaction the rebellion persisted, and thus Sultan Mahmud II (r. 1808-1839) was forced to seek the aid of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, trying to lure him with the pashalik of Crete. On 28 May 1822, an Egyptian fleet of 30 warships and 84 transports arrived at Souda Bay led by Hasan Pasha, Muhammad Ali’s son-in-law; he was tasked with ending the rebellion and did not waste any time in the burning of villages throughout Crete.
After Hasan’s accidental death in February 1823, another son-in-law of Muhammad Ali of Egypt, Hussein Bey, led a well-organised and well-armed joint Turkish-Egyptian force of 12,000 soldiers with the support of artillery and cavalry. On 22 June 1823, Emmanouil Tombazis, appointed Commissioner of Crete by the Greek revolutionary government, held the Convention of Arcoudaina in an attempt to reconcile the factions of local captains and unite them against the common threat. He then gathered 3,000 men in Gergeri to face Hussein, but the Cretans were defeated by the much larger and better-organised force, and lost 300 men at the battle of Amourgelles on 20 August 1823. By the spring of 1824, Hussein had managed to limit the Cretan resistance to just a few mountain enclaves.
Towards the summer of 1825, a body of three to four hundred Cretans, who had fought with other Greeks in the Peloponnese, arrived in Crete and revitalized the Cretan insurgency (the so-called “Gramvousa period”). On 09 August 1825, led by Dimitrios Kallergis and Emmanouil Antoniadis, this group of Cretans captured the fort at Gramvousa and other insurgents captured the fort at Kissamos, and attempted to spread the insurgency further afield.
Although the Ottomans did not manage to retake the forts, they were successful in blocking the spread of the insurgency to the island’s western provinces. The insurgents were besieged in Gramvousa for more than two years and they had to resort to piracy to survive. Gramvousa became a hive of piratical activity that greatly affected Turkish-Egyptian and European shipping in the region. During that period the population of Gramvousa became organised and built a school and a church dedicated to the Panagia i Kleftrina (“Our Lady the piratess”) – St Mary as the patron of the klephts.
In January 1828, the Epirote Hatzimichalis Dalianis landed in Crete with 700 men and in the following March took possession of Frangokastello, a castle in the Sfakia region. Soon the local Ottoman ruler, Mustafa Naili Pasha, attacked Frangokastello with an army of 8,000 men. The castle’s defence was doomed after a seven-day siege and Dalianis perished along with 385 men. During 1828, Kapodistrias sent Mavrocordatos with British and French fleets to Crete to deal with the klephts and the pirates. This expedition resulted in the destruction of all pirate ships at Gramvousa and the fort came under British command.
The economic ascent of Thessaloniki and of the other urban centres of Macedonia coincided with the cultural and political renaissance of the Greeks. The ideals and patriotic songs of Rigas Feraios and others had made a profound impression upon the Thessalonians. Α few years later, the revolutionary fervour of the southern Greeks was to spread to these parts, and the seeds of Filiki Eteria were speedily to take root. The leader and coordinator of the revolution in Macedonia was Emmanouel Pappas from the village of Dobista, Serres, who was initiated into the Filiki Eteria in 1819. Pappas had considerable influence over the local Ottoman authorities, especially the local governor, Ismail Bey, and offered much of his personal wealth for the cause.
Following the instructions of Alexander Ypsilantis, that is to prepare the ground and to rouse the inhabitants of Macedonia to rebellion, Pappas loaded arms and munitions from Constantinople on a ship on 23 March and proceeded to Mount Athos, considering that this would be the most suitable spring-board for starting the insurrection. As Vacalopoulos notes, however, “adequate preparations for rebellion had not been made, nor were revolutionary ideals to be reconciled with the ideological world of the monks within the Athonite regime”. On 08 May, the Turks, infuriated by the landing of sailors from Psara at Tsayezi, by the capture of Turkish merchants and the seizure of their goods, rampaged through the streets of Serres, searched the houses of the notables for arms, imprisoned the Metropolitan and 150 merchants, and seized their goods as a reprisal for the plundering by the Psarians.
In Thessaloniki, governor Yusuf Bey (the son of Ismail Bey) imprisoned in his headquarters more than 400 hostages, of whom more than 100 were monks from the monastic estates. He also wished to seize the powerful notables of Polygyros, who got wind of his intentions and fled. On 17 May, the Greeks of Polygyros took up arms, killed the local governor and 14 of his men, and wounded three others; they also repulsed two Turkish detachments. On 18 May, when Yusuf learned of the incidents at Polygyros and the spreading of the insurrection to the villages of Chalkidiki, he ordered half of his hostages to be slaughtered before his eyes. The Mulla of Thessalonica, Hayrıülah, gives the following description of Yusuf’s retaliations:
Every day and every night you hear nothing in the streets of Thessaloniki but shouting and moaning. It seems that Yusuf Bey, the Yeniceri Agasi, the Subaşı, the hocas and the ulemas have all gone raving mad.
It would take until the end of the century for the city’s Greek community to recover. The revolt, however, gained momentum in Mount Athos and Kassandra, and the island of Thasos joined it. Meanwhile, the revolt in Chalkidiki was progressing slowly and unsystematically. In June 1821 the insurgents tried to cut communications between Thrace and the south, attempting to prevent the serasker Haji Muhammad Bayram Pasha from transferring forces from Asia Minor to southern Greece. Even though the rebels delayed him, they were ultimately defeated at the pass of Rentina.
The insurrection in Chalkidiki was, from then on, confined to the peninsulas of Mount Athos and Kassandra. On 30 October 1821, an offensive led by the new Pasha of Thessaloniki, Muhammad Emin Abulubud, resulted in a decisive Ottoman victory at Kassandra. The survivors, among them Pappas, were rescued by the Psarian fleet, which took them mainly to Skiathos, Skopelos and Skyros. However, Pappas died en route to join the revolution at Hydra. Sithonia, Mount Athos and Thasos subsequently surrendered on terms.
Nevertheless, the revolt spread from Central to Western Macedonia, from Olympus to Pieria and Vermion. In the autumn of 1821, Nikolaos Kasomoulis was sent to southern Greece as the “representative of South-East Macedonia”, and met Demetrius Ypsilantis. He then wrote to Papas from Hydra, asking him to visit Olympus to meet the captains there and to “fire them with the required patriotic enthusiasm”. At the beginning of 1822, Anastasios Karatasos and Aggelis Gatsos arranged a meeting with other armatoloi; they decided that the insurrection should be based on three towns: Naoussa, Kastania, and Siatista.
In March 1822, Mehmed Emin secured decisive victories at Kolindros and Kastania. Further north, in the vicinity of Naousa, Zafeirakis Theodosiou, Karatasos and Gatsos organized the city’s defence, and the first clashes resulted in a victory for the Greeks. Mehmed Emin then appeared before the town with 10,000 regular troops and 10,600 irregulars. Failing to get the insurgents to surrender, Mehmed Emin launched a number of attacks pushing them further back and finally captured Naousa in April, helped by the enemies of Zafeirakis, who had revealed an unguarded spot, the “Alonia”. Reprisals and executions ensued, and women are reported to have flung themselves over the Arapitsa waterfall to avoid dishonor and being sold in slavery. Those who broke through the siege of Naousa fell back in Kozani, Siatista and Aspropotamos River, or were carried by the Psarian fleet to the northern Aegean islands.
On 9 June 1821 3 ships sailed to Cyprus with Konstantinos Kanaris. They landed at Asprovrisi of Lapithou. Kanaris brought with him papers from the Filiki Etaireia and the ships were welcomed with rapturous applause and patriotic cries from the local Greeks of the area, who helped Kanaris and the soldiers from Cyprus as much as they could.
Kanaris brought with him to mainland Greece, Cypriots who created the “Column of Cypriots” («Φάλαγγα των Κυπρίων»), led by General Chatzipetros, which fought with extraordinary heroism in Greece. In total, over 1000 Cypriots fought in the War of Independence, many of whom died. At Missolonghi many were killed, and at the Battle of Athens in 1827, around 130 were killed. General Chatzipetros, showing military decorations declared “These were given to me by the heroism and braveness of the Column of Cypriots”. In the National Library, there is a list of 580 names of Cypriots who fought in the War between 1821 and 1829.
The Cypriot battalion brought with them their own distinctive war banner, consisting of a white flag with a large blue cross, and the words GREEK FLAG OF THE MOTHERLAND CYPRUS emblazoned in the top left corner. The flag was hoisted on a wooden mast, carved and pointed at the end to act as a lance in battle. The legendary battle flag is currently stored at the National Historical Museum of Athens.
Throughout the War of Independence, supplies were brought from Cyprus by the Filiki Etairia to aid the Greek struggle. The Greeks of Cyprus underwent great risk to provide these supplies, and secretly load them onto boats arriving at intervals from Greece, as the Ottoman rulers in Cyprus at the time were very wary of Cypriot insurgency and sentenced to death any Greek Cypriots found aiding the Greek cause. Incidences of these secret loading trips from Cyprus were recorded by the French consul to Cyprus, Mechain.
Back in Cyprus during the war, the local population suffered greatly at the hands of the Ottoman rulers of the islands, who were quick to act with great severity at any act of patriotism and sympathy of the Greeks of Cyprus to the Revolution, fearing a similar uprising in Cyprus. The religious leader of the Greeks of the island at the time, Archbishop Kyprianos was initiated into the Filiki Etairia in 1818 and had promised to aid the cause of the Greek Helladites with food and money.
In early July 1821, the Cypriot Archimandrite Theofylaktos Thiseas arrived in Larnaca as a messenger of the Filiki Etairia, bringing orders to Kyprianos, while proclamations were distributed in every corner of the island. However, the local pasha, Küçük Pasha, intercepted these messages and reacted with fury, calling in reinforcements, confiscating weapons and arresting several prominent Cypriots. Archbishop Kyprianos was urged (by his friends) to leave the island as the situation worsened, but refused to do so.
On 09 July 1821 Küçük Pasha had the gates to the walled city of Nicosia closed and executed, by beheading or hanging, 470 important Cypriots amongst them Chrysanthos (bishop of Paphos), Meletios (bishop of Kition) and Lavrentios (bishop of Kyrenia). The next day, all abbots and monks of monasteries in Cyprus were executed. In addition, the Ottomans arrested all the Greek leaders of the villages and imprisoned them before executing them, as they were suspected of inspiring patriotism in their local population.
In total, it is estimated that over 2,000 Greeks of Cyprus were slaughtered as an act of revenge for participating in the revolution. This was a very significant proportion of the total population of the island at the time. Küçük pasha had declared “I have in my mind to slaughter the Greeks in Cyprus, to hang them, to not leave a soul…” before undertaking these massacres. From 09 to 14 July, the Ottomans killed all prisoners on the list of the pasha, and in the next 30 days, looting and massacres spread throughout Cyprus as 4,000 Turkish soldiers from Syria arrived on the island.
Archbishop Kyprianos was defiant in his death. He was aware of his fate and impending death, yet stood by the Greek cause. He is revered throughout Cyprus as a noble patriot and defender of the Orthodox faith and Hellenic cause. An English explorer by the name of Carne spoke to the Archbishop before the events of 09 July, who was quoted as saying: “My death is not far away. I know they [the Ottoman] are waiting for an opportunity to kill me”. Kyprianos chose to stay, despite these fears, and provide protection and counsel for the people of Cyprus as their leader.
He was publicly hanged from a tree opposite the former palace of the Lusignan Kings of Cyprus on 19 July 1821. The events leading up to his execution were documented in an epic poem written in the Cypriot dialect by Vassilis Michaelides.
War at Sea
From the early stages of the revolution, success at sea was vital for the Greeks. When they failed to counter the Ottoman Navy, it was able to resupply the isolated Ottoman garrisons and land reinforcements from the Ottoman Empire’s provinces, threatening to crush the rebellion; likewise the failure of the Greek fleet to break the naval blockade of Messolonghi (as it did several times earlier) in 1826 led to the fall of the city.
The Greek fleet was primarily outfitted by prosperous Aegean islanders, principally from three islands: Hydra, Spetses and Psara. Each island equipped, manned and maintained its own squadron, under its own admiral. Although they were manned by experienced crews, the Greek ships were not designed for warfare, equipped with only light guns and staffed by armed merchantmen. Against them stood the Ottoman fleet, which enjoyed several advantages: its ships and supporting craft were built for war; it was supported by the resources of the vast Ottoman Empire; command was centralized and disciplined under the Kapudan Pasha. The total Ottoman fleet size consisted of 20 three-masted ships of the line, each with about 80 guns and 7 or 8 frigates with 50 guns, 5 corvettes with about 30 guns and around 40 brigs with 20 or fewer guns.
In the face of this situation, the Greeks decided to use fire ships (Greek: πυρπολικά or μπουρλότα), which had proven themselves effective for the Psarians during the Orlov Revolt in 1770. The first test was made at Eresos on 27 May 1821, when an Ottoman frigate was successfully destroyed by a fire ship under Dimitrios Papanikolis. In the fire ships, the Greeks found an effective weapon against the Ottoman vessels. In subsequent years, the successes of the Greek fire ships would increase their reputation, with acts such as the destruction of the Ottoman flagship by Konstantinos Kanaris at Chios, after the massacre of the island’s population in June 1822, acquiring international fame. Overall, 59 fire ship attacks were carried out, of which 39 were successful.
At the same time, conventional naval actions were also fought, at which naval commanders like Andreas Miaoulis distinguished themselves. The early successes of the Greek fleet in direct confrontations with the Ottomans at Patras and Spetses gave the crews confidence and contributed greatly to the survival and success of the uprising in the Peloponnese.
Later, however, as Greece became embroiled in a civil war, the Sultan called upon his strongest subject, Muhammad Ali of Egypt, for aid. Plagued by internal strife and financial difficulties in keeping the fleet in constant readiness, the Greeks failed to prevent the capture and destruction of Kasos and Psara in 1824, or the landing of the Egyptian army at Methoni. Despite victories at Samos and Gerontas, the Revolution was threatened with collapse until the intervention of the Great Powers in the Battle of Navarino in 1827.
1822 to 1824
Revolutionary activity was fragmented because of the lack of strong central leadership and guidance. However, the Greek side withstood the Turkish attacks because the Ottoman military campaigns were periodic and the Ottoman presence in the rebel areas was uncoordinated due to logistical problems. The cash-strapped Ottoman state’s relations with Russia, always difficult, had been made worse by the hanging of Patriarch Grigorios, and the Sublime Porte needed to concentrate substantial forces on the Russian border in case war broke out.
From October 1820 to July 1823 the Ottomans were at war with Persia, and in March 1823 a huge fire at the Tophana military arsenal in Constantinople destroyed much of the Ottoman state’s supplies of ammunition and its main cannon foundry. Short of men and money, the Ottoman state turned to hiring Albanian tribesmen to fight the Greeks, and by 1823, the bulk of the Ottoman forces in Greece were Albanian mercenaries hired for a campaigning season rather than the Ottoman Army. The Albanian tribesmen, whose style of war was very similar to the Greeks, fought only for money and were liable to go home when not paid or able to plunder in lieu of pay. The Greek military leaders preferred battlefields where they could annihilate the numerical superiority of the opponent, and, at the same time, the lack of artillery hampered Ottoman military efforts.
On 11 April 1822, the Ottoman fleet, under the Kapitan Pasha, Kara Ali, arrived on the island of Chios. The Ottoman sailors and soldiers promptly went on a rampage, killing and raping without mercy, as one contemporary recalled: “Mercy was out of the question, the victors butchering indiscriminately all who came in their way; shrieks rent the air, and the streets were strewn with the dead bodies of old men, women, and children; even the inmates of the hospital, the madhouse and deaf and dumb institution, were inhumanely slaughtered”. Before Kara Ali’s fleet had arrived, Chios had between 100,000 and 120,000 Greeks living there, of which some 25,000 were killed in the massacre, with another 45,000 (mostly women and children) sold into slavery.
The Chios massacre shocked all of Europe and further increased public sympathy for the Greek cause. The Greeks avenged the massacre on the night of 18 June 1822, when the Ottoman fleet were busy celebrating the end of the sacred Muslim holiday of Ramadan, which the Greek fleet under Admiral Konstantinos Kanaris and Andreas Pipinos took advantage of to launch a fire ship attack. As Kara Ali’s ship was brightly lit as befitting the Kapitan Pasha, a fire ship under Kanaris was able to strike his ship, causing the Ottoman flagship to blow up. Of the 2,286 or so aboard the flagship, only 180 survived, but unfortunately many of the dead were Chians enslaved by Kara Ali, who was planning on selling them on the slave markets when he reached Constantinople.
In July 1822, the Greeks and philhellenes at the Battle of Peta under Alexandros Mavrokordatos inflicted much punishment on an Ottoman army commanded by Omer Vrioni, but reflecting the chronic factionalism and disunity that characterized the Greek war effort, were undone when one of the Greek captains, Gogos Bakolas betrayed his own side to the Ottomans, allowing Albanian infantry to advance up the ridge. The battle ended in an Ottoman victory, and with most of the philhellenes killed. The successive military campaigns of the Ottomans in Western and Eastern Greece were repulsed: in 1822, Mahmud Dramali Pasha crossed Roumeli and invaded Morea, but suffered a serious defeat in the Dervenakia. Theodoros Kolokotronis, who annihilated Dramali Pasha’s army at Dervenakia, became the hero of the hour, attracting much praise all over Greece.
The Greek government had been desperately short of money since the start of the revolution, and in February 1823, the banker Andréas Louriótis arrived in London, seeking a loan from the City. Assisted by the London Greek Committee, which included several MPs and intellectuals, Louriótis began to lobby the City for a loan. British philhellene Edward Blaquiere issued a report in September 1823 which grossly exaggerated Greece’s economic prosperity and claimed that once independent, Greece would easily become “one of the most opulent nations of Europe”. Blaquiere further assisted the campaign by publishing two books in 1824, in which he claimed: “I should have no hesitation whatever in estimating the physical strength of regenerated Greece to be fully equal to the whole South American continent”, concluding there was “no part of the world…with a more productive soil or happier climate than Greece…Of all the countries or governments who have borrowed money in London within the last ten years…Greece possesses the surest and most ample means of re-payment”.
The 1823 campaign in Western Greece was led by Mustafa Reshit Pasha and Omer Vrioni. During the summer the Souliot Markos Botsaris was shot dead at the Battle of Karpenisi in his attempt to stop the advance of the Ottomans; the announcement of his death in Europe generated a wave of sympathy for the Greek cause. The campaign ended after the Second Siege of Missolonghi in December 1823. In February 1824, the loan for Greece was floated in the City, attracting some £472, 000 pounds sterling (~$17.4 million in 2021), which was money that the Greeks badly needed.
Revolution in Peril
The First National Assembly was formed at Epidaurus in late December 1821, consisting almost exclusively of Peloponnesian notables. The Assembly drafted the first Greek Constitution and appointed the members of an executive and a legislative body that were to govern the liberated territories. Mavrokordatos saved the office of president of the executive for himself, while Ypsilantis, who had called for the Assembly, was elected president of the legislative body, a place of limited significance.
Military leaders and representatives of Filiki Eteria were marginalised, but gradually Kolokotronis’ political influence grew, and he soon managed to control, along with the captains he influenced, the Peloponnesian Senate. The central administration tried to marginalize Kolokotronis, who also had under his control the fort of Nafplion. In November 1822, the central administration decided that the new National Assembly would take place in Nafplion, and asked Kolokotronis to return the fort to the government. Kolokotronis refused, and the Assembly was finally gathered in March 1823 in Astros. Central governance was strengthened at the expense of regional bodies, a new constitution was voted, and new members were elected for the executive and the legislative bodies.
Trying to coax the military leaders, the central administration proposed to Kolokotronis that he participate in the executive body as vice-president. Kolokotronis accepted, but he caused a serious crisis when he prevented Mavrokordatos, who had been elected president of the legislative body, from assuming his position. His attitude towards Mavrokordatos caused outrage amongst the members of the legislative body.
The crisis culminated when the legislature, which was controlled by the Roumeliotes and the Hydriots, overturned the executive, and fired its president, Petros Mavromichalis. Kolokotronis and most of the Peloponnesian notables and captains supported Mavromichalis, who remained president of his executive in Tripolitsa. However, a second executive, supported by the islanders, the Roumeliotes, and some Achaean notables – Andreas Zaimis and Andreas Londos were the most prominent – was formed at Kranidi with Kountouriotis as president.
In March 1824, the forces of the new executive besieged Nafplion and Tripolitsa. After one month of fighting and negotiations, an agreement was reached between Kolokotronis, from one side, and Londos and Zaimis, from the other side. On 22 May, the first phase of the civil war officially ended, but most of the members of the new executive were displeased by the moderate terms of the agreement that Londos and Zaimis brokered.
During this period, the two first installments of the English loan had arrived, and the position of the government was strengthened; but the infighting was not yet over. Zaimis and the other Peloponnesians who supported Kountouriotis came into conflict with the executive body, and allied with Kolokotronis, who roused the residents of Tripolitsa against the local tax collectors of the government. Papaflessas and Makriyannis failed to suppress the rebellion, but Kolokotronis remained inactive for some period, overwhelmed by the death of his son, Panos.
The government regrouped its armies, which now consisted mainly of Roumeliotes and Souliotes, led by Ioannis Kolettis, who wanted a complete victory. Under Kolettis’ orders, two bodies of Roumeliotes and Souliotes invaded the Peloponnese: the first under Gouras occupied Corinth and raided the province; the second under Karaiskakis, Kitsos Tzavelas and others, attacked in Achaea, Lindos and “Zaimis”. In January 1825, a Roumeliote force, led by Kolettis himself, arrested Kolokotronis, Deligiannis’ family and others. In May 1825, under the pressure of the Egyptian intervention, those imprisoned were released and granted amnesty.
Egypt Intervenes to Assist the Ottomans
On 19 July 1824, the largest fleet seen in the Mediterranean since Napoleon invaded Egypt in 1798 set sail from Alexandria, consisting of 54 warships and 400 transports carrying 14,000 French-trained infantry, 2,000 cavalry and 500 artillerymen, with some 150 cannons. Egyptian intervention was initially limited to Crete and Cyprus. However, the success of Muhammad Ali’s troops in both places settled the Turks on the horns of a very difficult dilemma, since they were afraid of their wāli’s expansionist ambitions. Muhammad Ali finally agreed to send his son Ibrahim Pasha to Greece in exchange not only for Crete and Cyprus, but for the Peloponnese and Syria as well.
On 7 February 1825, a second loan to Greece was floated in the City of London. Although the Greek government had squandered the money from the first loan, the second loan was oversubscribed and raised some £1.1 million (~$404 million in 2021). Unlike the first loan, the second loan from the City was to be managed by a Board of Control in London, consisting of the banker Samson Ricardo, two MPs, Edward Ellice and Sir Francis Burdett and John Cam Hobhouse of the London Greek Committee, who were to use the money to buy warships and other supplies, which would then be handed over to the Greeks. After the Greek government had wasted most of the money from the first loan, the City did not trust them to spend the money from the second loan wisely. The Board of Control used the money to hire the naval hero, Lord Cochrane, to command the Greek Navy and to buy steamships. One of the British philhellenes, Frank Abney Hastings believed that the use of mechanised warships powered by steam and using red-hot shot would allow the Greeks to overpower the Ottoman navy, powered as it was by sail. Hastings persuaded the Board of Control to invest in the revolutionary technology of the steamship, making the first use of a mechanised warship in a war. The two loans from the City caused significant financial difficulties for the young nation, and in 1878 a deal was struck between the creditors and the Greek government to reduce the loans, now worth £10 million, with unpaid interest down to 1.5 million pounds sterling.
Ibrahim Pasha landed at Methoni on 24 February 1825, and a month later he was joined by his army of 10,000 infantry and 1,000 cavalry. The Greeks had not expected Ibrahim Pasha to land during the stormy winter weather, and were taken by surprise. The Greeks initially laughed at the Egyptian soldiers, who were short, skinny fallāḥīn (peasant) conscripts, many of them blind in one eye owing to the prevalence of parasitic worms that attacked the eye in the Nile, wearing cheap red uniforms comprising a jacket, trousers and a skull-cap. However, the Greeks soon learned that the Egyptians, who were trained by French officers recruited by Mohammed Ali, were tough and hardy soldiers who, unlike the Turkish and Albanian units that the Greeks had been fighting until then, stood their ground in combat. Ibrahim proceeded to defeat the Greek garrison on the small island of Sphacteria off the coast of Messenia. With the Greeks in disarray, Ibrahim ravaged the Western Peloponnese and killed Papaflessas at the Battle of Maniaki. To try to stop Ibrahim, Kanaris led the raid on Alexandria, an attempt to destroy the Egyptian fleet that failed due to a sudden change of the wind. The British traveller and Church of England minister, Reverend Charles Swan, reported Ibrahim Pasha as saying to him that he “would burn and destroy the whole Morea”. Popular opinion in both Greece and the rest of Europe, soon credited Ibrahim Pasha with the so-called “barbarisation project”, where it was alleged that Ibrahim planned to deport the entire Christian Greek population to Egypt as slaves and replace them with Egyptian peasants. It is not clear even today if the “barbarisation project” was a real plan or not, but the possibility that it was created strong demands for humanitarian intervention in Europe. The Porte and Mohammed Ali both denied having plans for the “barbarisation project”, but pointedly refused to put their denials into writing. Russia warned that if the “barbarisation project” was a real plan, then such an egregious violation of the Treaty of Küçük Kaynarca, under which Russia had a vague claim to be the protector of all the Orthodox peoples of the Ottoman Empire, would lead to Russia going to war against the Ottomans. In turn, the British Foreign Secretary George Canning wrote, rather than run the risk of Russia defeating the Ottomans alone, Britain would have to intervene to stop the “barbarisation project” as the British did not wish to see the Russians conquer the Ottoman Empire. While diplomats and statesmen debated what to do in London and St. Petersburg, the Egyptian advance continued in Greece. The Greek government, in an attempt to stop the Egyptians, released Kolokotronis from captivity, but he too was unsuccessful. By the end of June, Ibrahim had captured the city of Argos and was within striking distance of Nafplion. The city was saved by Makriyannis and Dimitrios Ypsilantis who successfully defended Miloi at the outskirts of Nafplion, making the mills outside the town a fortress causing damage to Ibrahim’s far superior forces who were unable to take the position and eventually left for Tripolitsa. Makriyannis was wounded and was taken aboard by Europeans who were overseeing the battle. Among them was De Rigny, who had an argument with Makriyannis and advised him to quit his weak position but Makriyannis ignored him. Commodore Gawen Hamilton of the Royal Navy, placed his ships in a position which looked like he would assist in the defence of the city.
At the same time, the Turkish armies in Central Greece were besieging the city of Missolonghi for the third time. The siege had begun on 15 April 1825, the day on which Navarino had fallen to Ibrahim. In early autumn, the Greek navy, under the command of Miaoulis forced the Turkish fleet in the Gulf of Corinth to retreat, after attacking it with fire ships. The Turks were joined by Ibrahim in mid-winter, but his army had no more luck in penetrating Missolonghi’s defences.
In the spring of 1826, Ibrahim managed to capture the marshes around the city, although not without heavy losses. He thus cut the Greeks off from the sea and blocked off their supply route. Although the Egyptians and the Turks offered them terms to stop the attacks, the Greeks refused, and continued to fight. On 22 April, the Greeks decided to sail from the city during the night, with 3,000 men, to cut a path through the Egyptian lines and allow 6,000 women, children and non-combatants to follow. However, a Bulgarian deserter informed Ibrahim of the Greeks’ intention, and he had his entire army deployed; only 1,800 Greeks managed to cut their way through the Egyptian lines. Between 3,000 and 4,000 women and children were enslaved and many of the people who remained behind decided to blow themselves up with gunpowder rather than be enslaved. The news that the Third Siege of Missolonghi had ended in an Ottoman victory sparked horror all over Greece; at the National Assembly, Kolokotronis was giving a speech when the news of Missolonghi’s fall reached him, leaving him to remember: “the news came to us that Missolonghi was lost. We were all plunged into great grief; for half an hour there was so complete a silence that no one would have thought there was a living soul present; each of us was revolving in his mind how great was our misfortune”. The American philhellene Samuel Gridley Howe, serving as a doctor with the Greeks, wrote back to America: “I write you with an almost breaking heart. Missolonghi has fallen!”, which he called “damning proof of the selfish indifference of the Christian world. You may talk to me of national policy and the necessity of neutrality, but I say, a curse upon such a policy!”. The news of Missolonghi’s fall had a huge impact on the rest of Europe, sparking a vast outpouring of songs, poems, essays, sermons and plays in Britain, France, Germany and Switzerland, with the recurring image of Missolonghi’s fall being the murder of a sweet and innocent young Greek woman at the hands of the Turks as a symbol of the unwillingness of the Christian powers of the world to do anything for the Greeks. In May 1826, Hastings arrived in Greece with a British-built steamship, the Karteria (Perseverance), which astonished the Greeks to see a ship powered by steam and did not move either via sail or oars. The Karteria suffered from constant engine breakdowns, but Hastings was able to use the ship successfully twice over the course of the next two years, at Volos and in the Gulf of Corinth.
Ibrahim sent an envoy to the Maniots demanding that they surrender or else he would ravage their land as he had done to the rest of the Peloponnese. Instead of surrendering, the Maniots simply replied:
From the few Greeks of Mani and the rest of the Greeks who live there to Ibrahim Pasha. We received your letter in which you try to frighten us, saying that if we don’t surrender, you’ll kill the Maniots and plunder Mani. That’s why we are waiting for you and your army. We, the inhabitants of Mani, sign and wait for you.
Ibrahim tried to enter Mani from the north-east near Almiro on 21 June 1826, but he was forced to stop at the fortifications at Vergas in northern Mani. His army of 7,000 men was held off by an army of 2,000 Maniots and 500 refugees from other parts of Greece until Kolokotronis attacked the Egyptians from the rear and forced them to retreat. The Maniots pursued the Egyptians all the way to Kalamata before returning to Vergas. Simultaneously, Ibrahim sent his fleet further down the Maniot coast in order to outflank the Greek defenders and attack them from the rear. However, when his force landed at Pyrgos Dirou, they were confronted by a group of Maniot women and repelled. Ibrahim again attempted to enter Mani from central Laconia, but again the Maniots defeated the Turkish and Egyptian forces at Polytsaravo. The Maniot victory dealt the death blow to Ibrahim’s hope of occupying Mani.
The losses Ibrahim Pasha had taken at Missolonghi had greatly reduced his army, and he spent the rest of 1826 chasing the Greek guerillas up and down the mountains. In late June 1826, Reshid Pasha had arrived outside of Athens and laid siege to the city, marking the beginning of the siege of the Acropolis. By the middle of August, only the Acropolis still held out under Yannis Gouras. To break the siege, an attack was launched on Reshid Pasha on 18 August 1826 led by the guerrilla leader Georgios Karaiskakis and the French philhellene Colonel Charles Nicolas Fabvier but were driven off with the loss of some 300 dead. On 13 October 1826, Gouras was killed by an Ottoman sniper and a week later, the new commander Yannis Makriyannis was wounded three times in a single day. In December, Febvier was able to infiltrate a force of some 500 men into the Akropolis, bringing in much needed supplies of gunpowder, through he was much offended when Makriyannis had his men start firing to wake up the Turks, trapping Febvier and his men. In the summer of 1826, the Greek government gave command of its army to the British General Sir Richard Church. The British historian George Finlay wrote: “Church was of a small, well-made, active frame, and of a healthy constitution. His manner was agreeable and easy, with the polish of a great social experience, and the goodness of his disposition was admitted by his enemies, but the strength of his mind was not the quality of which his friends boasted…Both Church and the Greeks misunderstood one another. The Greeks expected Church to prove a Wellington, with a military chest well supplied from the British treasury. Church expected the irregulars of Greece to execute his strategy like regiments of guards”. Church landed in Greece in March 1827, and was welcomed by his old friend Kolokotronis. A week later, Lord Cochrane arrived to take command of the Greek Navy and refused to leave his yacht until the Greeks agreed to form a united government. On 31 March 1827 the Trizina Assembly began its work, drafting a new constitution and offered the presidency of Greece to the former Russian foreign minister, Count Ioannis Kapodistrias. In the meantime, the siege of Athens continued. On 05 February 1827, a force of 2,300 Greeks under the command of Colonel Thomas Gordon landed at Piraeus, and laid siege to the monastery of Ayios Spiridhon, held by Turkish and Albanian troops. In April 1827, Church and Cochrane arrived at Athens and immediately clashed over strategy. When the Ottoman garrison at Aios Spiridhon surrendered, they were promised safe conduct, but as they were marching out, a shot went off and most of the Ottoman soldiers were killed. Cochrane insisted on a bold but risky plan to stage a night attack across the open plains to break the siege. An operation which launched on 05 May 1827 ended in disaster, as the Greek forces got lost and scattered as the captains quarrelled with one another. This led to a devastating Ottoman cavalry charge in the morning, with Ottomans hunting the scattered Greek forces almost at leisure. On 05 June 1827, the starving and thirsty men in the Acropolis surrendered in the last Ottoman victory of the war.
Kapodistrias arrived in Greece to become the Governor on 28 January 1828. The first task of Greece’s new leader was to create a state and a civil society, which the workaholic Kapodistrias toiled at mightily, working from 5:00 am until 10:00 pm every night. Kapodistrias alienated many with his haughty, high-handed manner and his open contempt for most of the Greek elite, but he attracted support from several of the captains, such as Theodoros Kolokotronis and Yannis Makriyannis who provided the necessary military force to back up Kapodistrias’s decisions. As a former Russian foreign minister, Kapodistrias was well connected to the European elite and he attempted to use his connections to secure loans for the new Greek state and to achieve the most favourable borders for Greece, which was being debated by Russian, French and British diplomats.
Foreign Intervention Against the Ottomans
When the news of the Greek Revolution was first received, the reaction of the European powers was uniformly hostile. They recognised the degeneration of the Ottoman Empire, but they did not know how to handle this situation (a problem known as the “Eastern Question”). Afraid of the complications the partition of the empire might raise, the British foreign minister Viscount Castlereagh, Austrian foreign minister Prince Metternich, and the Tsar of Russia Alexander I shared the same view concerning the necessity of preserving the status quo and the peace of Europe. They also pleaded that they maintain the Concert of Europe.
Metternich also tried to undermine the Russian foreign minister, Ioannis Kapodistrias, who was of Greek origin. Kapodistrias demanded that Alexander declare war on the Ottomans in order to liberate Greece and increase the greatness of Russia. Metternich persuaded Alexander that Kapodistrias was in league with the Italian Carbonari (an Italian revolutionary group), leading Alexander to disavow him. As a result of the Russian reaction to Alexander Ypsilantis, Kapodistrias resigned as foreign minister and moved to Switzerland.
Nevertheless, Alexander’s position was ambivalent, since he regarded himself as the protector of the Orthodox Church, and his subjects were deeply moved by the hanging of the Patriarch. These factors explain why, after denouncing the Greek Revolution, Alexander dispatched an ultimatum to Constantinople on 27 July 1821, after the Greek massacres in the city and the hanging of the Patriarch.
However, the danger of war passed temporarily, after Metternich and Castlereagh persuaded the Sultan to make some concessions to the Tsar. On 14 December 1822, the Holy Alliance denounced the Greek Revolution, considering it audacious.
Change of Stance
In August 1822, George Canning was appointed by the British government as Foreign Secretary, succeeding Castlereagh. Canning was influenced by the mounting popular agitation against the Ottomans, and believed that a settlement could no longer be postponed. He also feared that Russia might undertake unilateral action against the Ottoman Empire.
In March 1823, Canning declared that “when a whole nation revolts against its conqueror, the nation cannot be considered as piratical but as a nation in a state of war”. In February 1823 he notified the Ottoman Empire that Britain would maintain friendly relations with the Turks only under the condition that the latter respected the Christian subjects of the Empire. The Commissioner of the Ionian Islands, which were a British colony, was ordered to consider the Greeks in a state of war and give them the right to cut off certain areas from which the Turks could get provisions.
These measures led to the increase of British influence. This influence was reinforced by the issuing of two loans that the Greeks managed to conclude with British fund-holders in 1824 and 1825. These loans, which, in effect, made the City of London the financier of the revolution, inspired the creation of the “British” political party in Greece, whose opinion was that the revolution could only end in success with the help of Britain. At the same time, parties affiliated to Russia and France made their appearance. These parties would later strive for power during king Otto’s reign.
When Tsar Nicholas I succeeded Alexander in December 1825, Canning decided to act immediately: he sent the Duke of Wellington to Russia, and the outcome was the Protocol of St Petersburg of 04 April 1826. According to the protocol, the two powers agreed to mediate between the Ottomans and the Greeks on the basis of complete autonomy of Greece under Turkish sovereignty. The Anglo-Russian protocol that Wellington negotiated with Nicholas in St. Petersburg attracted much scorn from Metternich, who was consistently the most pro-Ottoman and anti-Greek European statesmen. Metternich dismissively wrote, “If the Irish were to revolt against the British Crown, and the King of France were to offer to mediate,” leading him to ask: “Is England then ready to regard as a Power equal to rights to that of the [British] King the first Irish Club which declares itself the Insurgent Government of Ireland? To regard as justified the French Power which would accept the office of mediator, by reason of the sole fact that the invitation had been addressed to it by the Irish Government?…Whither does this absurdity not lead us?”. Prussia, whose king Frederich Wilhelm was close to Metternich, chose to follow the Austrian lead. Before he met with Wellington, the Tsar had already sent an ultimatum to the Porte, demanding that the principalities be evacuated immediately, and that plenipotentiaries be sent to Russia to settle outstanding issues. The Sultan agreed to send the plenipotentiaries, and on 07 October 1826 signed the Akkerman Convention, in which Russian demands concerning Serbia and the principalities were accepted.
The Greeks formally applied for the mediation provided in the Petersburg Protocol, while the Turks and the Egyptians showed no willingness to stop fighting. France, which initially backed its client Muhammad Ali the Great with weapons and officers to train his army, changed its stance, partly because of the pro-Greek feelings of the French people, and partly because King Charles X saw the offer to impose mediation as a way of assuring French influence in Greece. Since Britain and Russia were going ahead with their plans to impose mediation with or without France, if the French declined the offer to impose mediation, Greece would be in the Anglo-Russian sphere of influence, while if the French did take part, then Greece would also be in the French sphere of influence. Canning therefore prepared for action by negotiating the Treaty of London (06 July 1827) with France and Russia. This provided that the Allies should again offer negotiations, and if the Sultan rejected it, they would exert all the means which circumstances would allow to force the cessation of hostilities. Meanwhile, news reached Greece in late July 1827 that Muhammad Ali’s new fleet was completed in Alexandria and sailing towards Navarino to join the rest of the Egyptian-Turkish fleet. The aim of this fleet was to attack Hydra and knock the island’s fleet out of the war. On 29 August, the Porte formally rejected the Treaty of London’s stipulations, and, subsequently, the commanders-in-chief of the British and French Mediterranean fleets, Admiral Edward Codrington and Admiral Henri de Rigny, sailed into the Gulf of Argos and requested to meet with Greek representatives on board HMS Asia.
Battle of Navarino (1827)
After the Greek delegation, led by Mavrocordatos, accepted the terms of the treaty, the Allies prepared to insist upon the armistice, and their fleets were instructed to intercept supplies destined for Ibrahim’s forces. When Muhammad Ali’s fleet, which had been warned by the British and French to stay away from Greece, left Alexandria and joined other Ottoman/Egyptian units at Navarino on 08 September, Codrington arrived with his squadron off Navarino on 12 September. On 13 October, Codrington was joined, off Navarino, by his allied support, a French squadron under De Rigny and a Russian squadron under Login Geiden.
Upon their arrival at Navarino, Codgrinton and de Rigny tried to negotiate with Ibrahim, but Ibrahim insisted that by the Sultan’s order he must destroy Hydra. Codrington responded by saying that if Ibrahim’s fleets attempted to go anywhere but home, he would have to destroy them. Ibrahim agreed to write to the Sultan to see if he would change his orders, but he also complained about the Greeks being able to continue their attacks. Codrington promised that he would stop the Greeks and Philhellenes from attacking the Turks and Egyptians. After doing this, he disbanded most of his fleet, which returned to Malta, while the French went to the Aegean.
However, when Frank Hastings, a Philhellene, destroyed a Turkish naval squadron during a raid off Itea, Ibrahim sent a detachment of his fleet out of Navarino in order to defeat Hastings. Codrington had not heard of Hastings’s actions and thought that Ibrahim was breaking his agreement. Codrington intercepted the force and made them retreat and did so again on the following day when Ibrahim led the fleet in person. Codrington assembled his fleet once more, with the British returning from Malta and the French from the Aegean. They were also joined by the Russian contingent led by Count Login Geiden. Ibrahim now began a campaign to annihilate the Greeks of the Peloponnese as he thought the Allies had reneged on their agreement.
On 20 October 1827, as the weather got worse, the British, Russian and French fleets entered the Bay of Navarino in peaceful formation to shelter themselves and to make sure that the Egyptian-Turkish fleet did not slip off and attack Hydra. When a British frigate sent a boat to request the Egyptians to move their fire ships, the officer on board was shot by the Egyptians. The frigate responded with musket fire in retaliation and an Egyptian ship fired a cannon shot at the French flagship, the Sirene, which returned fire. A full engagement was begun which ended in a complete victory for the Allies and in the annihilation of the Egyptian-Turkish fleet. Of the 89 Egyptian-Turkish ships that took part in the battle, only 14 made it back to Alexandria and their dead amounted to over 8,000. The Allies did not lose a ship and suffered only 181 deaths. The Porte demanded compensation from the Allies for the ships, but his demand was refused on the grounds that the Turks had acted as the aggressors. The three countries’ ambassadors also left Constantinople.
In Britain, the battle received a mixed reception. The British public, many of them Philhellenes, were overjoyed at the outcome of the battle which all but confirmed the independence of Greece. But in Whitehall, senior naval and diplomatic echelons were appalled by the outcome of his campaign. It was considered that Codrington had grossly exceeded his instructions by provoking a showdown with the Ottoman fleet, and that his actions had gravely compromised the Ottoman ability to resist Russian encroachment. At a social event, King George IV was reported as referring to the battle as “this untoward event”. In France, the news of the battle was greeted with great enthusiasm and the government had an unexpected surge in popularity. Russia formally took the opportunity to declare war on the Turks (April 1828).
In October 1828, the Greeks regrouped and formed a new government under Kapodistrias. Kapodistrias took advantage of the Russo-Turkish war and sent troops of the reorganised Hellenic Army to Central Greece. They advanced to seize as much territory as possible, including Athens and Thebes, before the Western powers imposed a ceasefire. These Greek victories were proved decisive for the including of more territories in the future State. As far as the Peloponnese was concerned, Britain and Russia accepted the offer of France to send an army to expel Ibrahim’s forces. Nicolas Joseph Maison, who was given command of a French expeditionary Corps of 15,000 men, landed on 30 August 1828 at Petalidi and helped the Greeks evacuate the Peloponnese from all the hostile troops by 30 October. Maison thus implemented the convention Codrington had negotiated and signed in Alexandria with Muhammad Ali, which provided for the withdrawal of all Egyptian troops from the Peloponnese. The French troops, whose military engineers also helped rebuild the Peloponnese, were accompanied by seventeen distinguished scientists of the scientific expedition of Morea (botany, zoology, geology, geography, archaeology, architecture and sculpture), whose work was of major importance for the building of the new independent State. The French troops definitely left Greece after five years, in 1833.
The final major engagement of the war was the Battle of Petra, which occurred north of Attica. Greek forces under Demetrius Ypsilantis, for the first time trained to fight as a regular European army rather than as guerrilla bands, advanced against Aslan Bey’s forces and defeated them. The Turks surrendered all lands from Livadeia to the Spercheios River in exchange for safe passage out of Central Greece. As George Finlay stresses: “Thus Prince Demetrios Ypsilantis had the honor of terminating the war which his brother had commenced on the banks of the Pruth.”
From Autonomy to Independence
In September 1828, the Conference of Poros opened to discuss what should be the borders of Greece. On 21 December 1828, the ambassadors of Britain, Russia, and France met on the island of Poros and prepared a protocol, which provided for the creation of an autonomous state ruled by a monarch, whose authority should be confirmed by a firman of the Sultan. The proposed borderline ran from Arta to Volos, and, despite Kapodistrias’ efforts, the new state would include only the islands of the Cyclades, the Sporades, Samos, and maybe Crete. The Sublime Porte, which had rejected the call for an armistice in 1827, now rejected the conclusions of the Poros conference, with the Sultan Mahmud II saying he would never grant Greece independence, and the war would go on until he reconquered all of Greece. Based on the Protocol of Poros, the London Conference agreed on the protocol of 22 March 1829, which accepted most of the ambassadors’ proposals but drew the borders farther south than the initial proposal and did not include Samos and Crete in the new state.
Under pressure from Russia, the Porte finally agreed on the terms of the Treaty of London of 06 July 1827 and of the Protocol of 22 March 1829. Soon afterward, Britain and France conceived the idea of an independent Greek state, trying to limit the influence of Russia on the new state. Russia disliked the idea but could not reject it, and consequently the three powers finally agreed to create an independent Greek state under their joint protection, concluding the protocols of 03 February 1830.
By one of the protocols, the Greek throne was initially offered to Leopold, Prince of Saxe-Coburg and Gotha and the future King of Belgium. Discouraged by the gloomy picture painted by Kapodistrias, and unsatisfied with the Aspropotamos-Zitouni borderline, which replaced the more favourable line running from Arta to Volos considered by the Great Powers earlier, he refused. Negotiations temporarily stalled after Kapodistrias was assassinated in 1831 in Nafplion by the Mavromichalis clan, after having demanded that they unconditionally submit to his authority. When they refused, Kapodistrias put Petrobey in jail, sparking vows of vengeance from his clan.
The withdrawal of Leopold as a candidate for the throne of Greece and the July Revolution in France further delayed the final settlement of the new kingdom’s frontiers until a new government was formed in Britain. Lord Palmerston, who took over as British Foreign Secretary, agreed to the Arta-Volos borderline. However, the secret note on Crete, which the Bavarian plenipotentiary communicated to Britain, France and Russia, bore no fruit.
In May 1832, Palmerston convened the London Conference. The three Great Powers, Britain, France and Russia, offered the throne to the Bavarian prince, Otto of Wittelsbach; meanwhile, the Fifth National Assembly at Nafplion had approved the choice of Otto, and passed the Constitution of 1832 (which would come to be known as the “Hegemonic Constitution”). As co-guarantors of the monarchy, the Great Powers also agreed to guarantee a loan of 60 million francs to the new king, empowering their ambassadors in the Ottoman capital to secure the end of the war. Under the protocol signed on 07 May 1832 between Bavaria and the protecting powers, Greece was defined as a “monarchical and independent state” but was to pay an indemnity to the Porte. The protocol outlined the way in which the Regency was to be managed until Otto reached his majority, while also concluding the second Greek loan for a sum of £2.4 million.
On 21 July 1832, British Ambassador to the Sublime Porte Sir Stratford Canning and the other representatives of the Great Powers signed the Treaty of Constantinople, which defined the boundaries of the new Greek Kingdom at the Arta-Volos line. The borders of the kingdom were reiterated in the London Protocol of 30 August 1832, also signed by the Great Powers, which ratified the terms of the Constantinople arrangement.
Almost as soon as the revolution began, there were large scale massacres of civilians by both Greek revolutionaries and Ottoman authorities. Greek revolutionaries massacred Jews, Muslims, and Christians suspected of Ottoman sympathies alike, mainly in the Peloponnese and Attica where Greek forces were dominant. The Turks massacred Greeks identified with the revolution, especially in Anatolia, Crete, Constantinople, Cyprus, Macedonia and the Aegean islands. They also massacred unarmed Greeks in places which did not revolt, as in Smyrna and Constantinople.
Some of the more infamous atrocities include the Chios Massacre, the Constantinople Massacre, the Destruction of Psara, Massacre of Samothrace (1821), Kasos Massacre, Naousa massacre, Third siege of Missolonghi, the massacres following the Tripolitsa Massacre, and the Navarino Massacre. There is debate among scholars over whether the massacres committed by the Greeks should be regarded as a response to prior events (such as the massacre of the Greeks of Tripoli, after the failed Orlov Revolt of 1770 and the destruction of the Sacred Band) or as separate atrocities, which started simultaneously with the outbreak of the revolt.
During the war, tens of thousands of Greek civilians were killed, left to die or taken into slavery. Most of the Greeks in the Greek quarter of Constantinople were massacred. A large number of Christian clergymen were also killed, including the Ecumenical Patriarch Gregory V.
Sometimes marked as allies of the Turks in the Peloponnese, Jewish settlements were also massacred by Greek revolutionaries; Steve Bowman argues that the tragedy may have been more a side-effect of the butchering of the Turks of Tripolis, the last Ottoman stronghold in the South, where the Jews had taken refuge from the fighting, than a specific action against Jews as such. Many Jews around Greece and throughout Europe were supporters of the Greek revolt, using their resources to loan substantial amounts to the newly formed Greek government. In turn, the success of the Greek Revolution was to stimulate the incipient stirrings of Jewish nationalism, later called Zionism.
Aftermath and Legacy
The consequences of the Greek revolution were somewhat ambiguous in the immediate aftermath. An independent Greek state had been established, but with Britain, Russia and France having significant influence in Greek politics, an imported Bavarian dynast as ruler, and a mercenary army. The country had been ravaged by ten years of fighting and was full of displaced refugees and empty Turkish estates, necessitating a series of land reforms over several decades.
The population of the new state numbered 800,000, representing less than one-third of the 2.5 million Greek inhabitants of the Ottoman Empire. During a great part of the next century, the Greek state sought the liberation of the “unredeemed” Greeks of the Ottoman Empire, in accordance with the Megali Idea, i.e. the goal of uniting all Greeks in one country.
As a people, the Greeks no longer provided the princes for the Danubian Principalities, and were regarded within the Ottoman Empire, especially by the Muslim population, as traitors. Phanariotes, who had until then held high office within the Ottoman Empire, were thenceforth regarded as suspect, and lost their special, privileged status. In Constantinople and the rest of the Ottoman Empire where Greek banking and merchant presence had been dominant, Armenians mostly replaced Greeks in banking, and Jewish merchants gained importance.
In the long-term historical perspective, this marked a seminal event in the collapse of the Ottoman Empire, despite the small size and the impoverishment of the new Greek state. For the first time, a Christian subject people had achieved independence from Ottoman rule and established a fully independent state, recognised by Europe. Whereas previously, only large nations (such as the Prussians or Austrians) were judged worthy of national self-determination by the Great Powers of Europe, the Greek Revolt legitimized the concept of small, ethnically-based nation-states, and emboldened nationalist movements among other subject peoples of the Ottoman Empire. The Serbs, Bulgarians, Albanians, Romanians and Armenians all subsequently fought for and won their independence.
Shortly after the war ended, the people of the Russian-dependent Poland, encouraged by the Greek victory, started the November Uprising, hoping to regain their independence. The uprising, however, failed, and Polish independence had to wait until 1918 at Versailles. The newly established Greek state would become a catalyst for further expansion and, over the course of a century, parts of Macedonia, Crete, Epirus, many Aegean Islands, the Ionian Islands and other Greek-speaking territories would unite with the new Greek state. The Greek rebels won the sympathy of even the conservative powers of Europe.
Music Inspired by the Greek War of Independence
In 1971, the Municipality of Thessaloniki commissioned a symphonic work for the 150th anniversary of the Greek Revolution. Nicolas Astrinidis’ choral Symphony “1821” was premiered on 27 October 1971 at the 6th “Demetria”.
After nearly four hundred years of foreign rule, Greeks often used music and poetry as a means of empowerment in the war. Rigas Feraios (1757-1798) was a very prominent poet and intellectual of the Greek independence movement. Many of his poems urged the people of Greece to leave the cities, head to the mountains where they would have more freedom, and unite to gain their independence.
Dionysios Solomos (1798-1857) was another national poet inspired by the Greek War of Independence. Solomos wrote the Hymn to Liberty, now the national anthem, in 1823, two years after the Greeks started the war against the Ottoman Empire. The poem itself is 158 stanzas, but officially only the first two are the anthem. It is the national anthem not only of Greece but also of Cyprus, which adopted it in 1966.
To this day, many songs are sung by Greeks worldwide on 25 March to celebrate their liberation and showcase their respect for the lives that were lost during the four hundred years of Ottoman rule.
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Students Are Getting Vaccinated!!!
We’re so glad to hear that students ages 16+ have been getting vaccinated. Click here for an appointment request. We know that the 12 – 15 age group will be opening up very soon and want to encourage everyone who CAN get vaccinated TO get vaccinated! Please let me know if you want more information.
QUARANTINE – What Does It Mean?
Quarantine means you need to stay home for 10 days because of two possible reasons:
- Your student is exhibiting symptoms that fall within possible signs and symptoms of COVID (which is almost everything!).
- Without COVID testing, your student can return to school after 10 days and after the symptoms have been resolved for at least 24 hours (without fever-reducing medication).
- With a negative COVID test result, your student can return to school after the symptoms have been resolved for at least 24 hours (without fever-reducing medication).
- Your student has been exposed to someone who has tested positive for COVID. In this case, your student must stay home for 10 days, even if without symptoms or even with a negative test result.
Please see AUHSD Covid Decision Tree for more details.*
*Information will soon be updated for students who have been fully immunized.
Positive for COVID?
Please contact me as soon as possible.
Stay healthy and be well,
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According to Einstein nothing can move faster than c. But whereas c is constant in all frames of reference, the speed of massive objects is defined relative to other massive objects. So when we say nothing can go faster than c, we surely mean nothing can go faster than c relative to another object. So - I've heard of particles that travel quite close to c relative to the Earth. If I fire a particle like this in one direction, it will be travelling at a speed greater than 0.5 c relative to the Earth. If I then fire another particle of the same speed in the opposite direction, it will be travelling greater than 0.5c relative to the Earth and greater than c relative to the other particle. Correct? Is it then correct to state that, in one of these particles' frame of reference, the other particle will be going backwards in time?
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On November 25, 2015, the Portland City Council and Mayor Charlie Hales enacted a new “Ban the Box” law that creates a more restrictive version of the law than was enacted by the Oregon State Legislature and signed into law by Oregon Governor Kate Brown this past summer. Although the Oregon State Law goes into effect on January 1, 2016, the stricter City of Portland Law, will not become effective until July 1, 2016.
“Ban the Box” laws are laws which prohibit the use of questions on employment applications that inquire about a job applicant’s prior criminal history. Some states and cities impose even more regulations, such as the City of Portland now, which will make it illegal to even ask job applicants whether they have a criminal history, until after a conditional employment offer has been extended to the individual applying for the job.
The Portland law will impact virtually all employers. The only exceptions are small businesses (defined as those having five or fewer employees), law enforcement positions, and organizations that deal with vulnerable populations, such as the elderly, the disabled, and children.
Companies and organizations that have operations in the City of Portland should review their employee background screening procedures and employment applications. Any question inquiring about a job applicant’s criminal history should be removed from the employment application. Further, the actual background screening report cannot be performed until after a conditional employment offer has been made. Again, the City of Portland Law goes into effect on July 1, 2016. However, the whole state of Oregon will “Ban the Box” as of January 1, 2016, so employment applications will need to be revised to remove this question in just over a month.
Performing background checks will still be permissible both in Oregon and in the City of Portland. Portland, however, as of next July will only permit an employment background check to be performed once a conditional employment offer has been extended to the job applicant.
Posted by: Rudy Troisi. President, Reliable Background Screening.
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In a recent update from Catalyst.org, many countries are providing legal protections for LGBTQIA+ employees. Eighty-one countries prohibit discrimination in employment because of sexual orientation, including: Australia, Canada, France, Germany, Mexico, Switzerland, the United Kingdom, and the United States. The Netherlands was the first country to allow same-sex marriage in 2001 and Ecuador is the most recent country to legalize it.
At the same time however, at least 69 countries have national laws criminalizing same-sex relations between consenting adults. In addition, at least nine countries have national laws criminalizing forms of gender expression that target transgender and gender nonconforming people. Homosexual activity is a capital offense in Saudi Arabia, Yemen, Nigeria, Sudan, and Somalia. Only 5% of the United Nations member states have written into their constitutions that sexual orientation-based discrimination is prohibited. Same-sex marriage is not legalized in the majority of Eastern Europe, Africa, and Asia. Only 13% of UN member states have legalized gay marriage and a handful recognize civil unions, including Peru, Greece, and Italy.
So what do mobility programs need to consider?
For LGBTQIA+ employees who are relocating or going on an international assignment, there continue to be a wide variety of challenges, a few of which are:
- Refusal of spousal visas if same-sex marriage is not legal in that country.
- Access to healthcare and other benefits can be restricted for those relocating as a same-sex couple
- LGBTQIA+ people may face a difficult workplace climate, as well as a perceived lack of career opportunities or status at work.
- Relocation to countries where homosexuality is illegal may leave LGBTQIA+ employees at risk of arrest and harassment.
World Population Review offers the ten worst countries for LGBTQIA+ rights. Some of the more challenging locations that we find clients sending people to are Russia, Nigeria, Saudi Arabia and Indonesia. They also rank their top 10 list of the safest countries for LGBTQIA+ people - Sweden, Canada, Norway, Portugal, Belgium, the UK, Finland, France, Iceland, and Spain made that list!
Then this article from TPG points out the "Top 10 LGBTQ-friendly destinations in 2022". Here they are:
- Sydney, Australia
- Belgrade, Serbia
- Kaohsiung, Taiwan
- Auckland, New Zealand
- Providence, Rhode Island
- Saugatuck, Michigan
- Thessaloniki, Greece
- Toronto, Canada
- Quito, Ecuador
While travel has some inherent risk for all employees, LGBTQIA+ employees often face a greater degree of risk than most. This guide is designed to help LGBTQIA+ travelers navigate those layers. Stonewall's "Safe Travels: Global Mobility for LGBT Staff" is a 24-page guide with best practice tips for supporting LGBTQIA+ staff. Part of your duty of care is knowing about the risks specific locations might have for your mobile employee population. Let us know what some of your "best practices" are for maintaining the safety, health and success of your employees moving abroad.
Add “Happy Pride!” to your foreign language phrasebook — LGBTQ-friendly destinations around the world are back with gusto this summer, hoping to make up for two years of canceled events. Nearly all Pride festivities around the world are set to return in person this year, bolder and brighter than ever. We’re going beyond the seasoned Pride celebrations (New York City, Amsterdam and Puerto Vallarta, Mexico, garner plenty of well-deserved attention) to route you to the new global destinations welcoming LGBTQI+ folks. As a new era of visibility and advocacy leads to greater protection and legal rights for the LGBTQI+ community, these are some of the most exciting destinations around the world where you can be your true, authentic self.
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On June 5th, 2017, Prof. Valerio De Luca, Chairman of the International Academy for Social and Economic Development (AISES) and Director of the G.R.E.E.N. Network, in his official visit in Kigali signed a Partnership between the G.R.E.E.N Network and the University of Kigali, Center for Economic Governance and Leadership. Special thanks to Grégoire Piller, AISES Head of African Affairs, who has made this partnership possible.
The Center was established in 2016 as a response to the need to redesign and offer programs identified by various national studies as critical to the development of the private and public sectors in Rwanda. The Center aim to be the most respected training institution in the East Africa Region in the area of governance, leadership and sustainability.
Prof. Valerio De Luca has delivered a Lectio Magistralis on the topic “Sustainability, Governance and Innovation” at the University of Kigali. The Lectio Magistrali dealt with the most important issues of our time, focusing on the multidimensional view of Sustainability, the new policies that the international community should adopt and the role of innovations in achieving the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).
With this partnership UoK became the 3rd African University after Strathmore Business School in Nairobi, Kenya and The University of Fort Hare in South Africa to join this global network among research centers of excellence, that will act as hubs in extending its vision and mission around the world.
The G.R.E.E.N. Project - “Global Rules, Ethics and Economics Network” is a global network among research centers of excellence, that will act as hubs in extending its vision and mission around the world.
The partnerships with CEGL will provide local support for graduate students, post-docs, professors and practitioners, and will provide an infrastructure for scholars to travel and more easily collaborate with colleagues from around the world. The Network aims to inculcating values, academic excellence, responsibility, accountable leadership and entrepreneurship to the youth for catalytic economic growth and sustainable development in the African continent through training, research, and exchange programs.
On June 23rd, a delegation of the University of Kigali will be visiting Rome and deliberate on international accord with the Global Sustainability Forum Center for Economic Governance and Leadership to attend an international panel in the Vatican, Pontificia Università Laternanense.
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Fishermen Frank Dellabarca and Jimmy Imlach at Island Bay, Wellington, July 1957
Reference Number: EP/1957/3049-F
Fishermen Frank Dellabarca and Jimmy Imlach at Island Bay, photographed in July 1957 by an Evening Post staff photographer. Original newspaper caption reads: "unloading the dinghies on the eastern side of Island Bay. The two fishermen facing the camera have a groper in each hand and are carrying them to the truck. The time is about 4.30pm and they have been out for about 12 hours" (Evening Post, 27 July 1957).
1 image, categorised under Group portraits and Ship portraits, related to James Imlach, Frank Dellabarca, Island Bay, Fishing - New Zealand - Wellington Region, Groper, Fishing boats - New Zealand - Wellington Region and Fishers.
Negatives of the Evening Post newspaper, Reference Number PAColl-0614-1 (5390 digitised items)
Evening Post :Photographic negatives and prints of the Evening Post newspaper, Reference Number PA-Group-00287 (5802 digitised items)
Extent: 1 b&w original negative(s)Cellulose acetate negative, 5.5 x 5.6 cm. Square imageSingle negative
Conditions governing access to original: Not restricted
Inscriptions: Inscribed - Marginal notes on negative - beneath image: 1957 3025
Usage: You can search, browse, print and download items from this website for research and personal study. You are welcome to reproduce the above image(s) on your blog or another website, but please maintain the integrity of the image (i.e. don't crop, recolour or overprint it), reproduce the image's caption information and link back to here (http://mp.natlib.govt.nz/detail/?id=36893). If you would like to use the above image(s) in a different way (e.g. in a print publication), or use the transcription or translation, permission must be obtained. More information about copyright and usage can be found on the Copyright and Usage page of the NLNZ web site.
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BACK TOTOP Browse A-ZSearchBrowse A-ZABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ0-9 E-mail FormEmail ResultsName:Email address:Recipients Name:Recipients address:Message: Print-FriendlyBookmarksbookmarks-menuStaying safe at homeCarbon monoxide safety; Electrical safety; Furnace safety; Gas appliance safety; Water heater safetyLike most people, you probably feel most secure when you are at home. But there are hidden hazards lurking even at home. Falls and fires top the list of avoidable threats to your health. Have you taken steps to make your home as safe as it can be? Use this checklist to uncover potential problems. General Safety AdviceYou should:Keep a well-stocked first aid kit in your home. Keep a list of emergency numbers near your telephone. Include the local numbers for fire, police, utility companies, and local poison control centers (800) 222-1222. Make sure your house number is easy to see from the street, in case an emergency vehicle needs to look for it. Avoiding FallsFalls are one of the most common causes of injury in the home. To prevent them: Keep the walkways outside and inside your home clear and well lit. Put lights and light switches at the top and bottom of the stairs. Remove loose wires or cords from areas you walk through to get from one room to another. Remove loose throw rugs. Fix any uneven flooring in doorways. Fire SafetyLearn fire safety inside the home and outside the home:Fire safety inside the homeSmoke alarms or detectors work even when you cannot smell smoke. Tips for proper use include:Install them in hallways, in or near all sleeping areas...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Put gas and charcoal grills well away from your home, deck railings, and out from under eaves and overhanging branches. Keep tree leaves and needles off your roof, deck, and shed. Move anything that can burn easily (mulch, leaves, needles, firewood, and flammable plants) at least five feet away from the outside of your home. Contact your local Cooperative Extension service for a list of flammable and fire-safe plants in your area. Trim branches that hang over your house and prune branches of large trees up to 6 to 10 feet from the ground. If you use a fireplace or a wood stove:Burn only dry seasoned wood. This helps prevent soot buildup in the chimney or flue, which can cause chimney fires. Use a glass or metal screen in front of your fireplace to keep sparks from popping out and starting a fire. Make sure the door latch on the wood stove closes properly. Have a professional check your fireplace, chimney, flue, and chimney connections at least once a year. If needed, have them cleaned and repaired. Carbon Monoxide SafetyCarbon monoxide (CO) is a gas you cannot see, smell, or taste. Exhaust fumes from cars and trucks, stoves, gas ranges, and heating systems contain CO. This gas can build up in closed spaces where fresh air cannot get in. Breathing too much CO can make you very ill and can be deadly. To prevent CO poisoning in your home:Carbon monoxide (CO)Carbon monoxide is an odorless gas that causes thousands of deaths each year in North America. Breathing in carbon monoxide is very dangerous. It i...Read Article Now Book Mark Article Put a CO detector (similar to a smoke alarm) in your home. Detectors can be on each floor of your home. Place an additional detector near any major gas-burning appliances (such as a furnace or water heater). If the detector plugs into an electrical outlet, make sure it has a battery backup. Some alarms detect both smoke and CO. Make sure that your home heating system and all your appliances are all working correctly. Do not leave a car running in a garage, even with the garage door open. Do not use a generator inside your house or garage or just outside a window, door, or vent that goes into your house. Electrical SafetyAll electrical outlets near water should be protected by Ground-Fault Circuit Interrupters (GFCI). They are required in unfinished basements, garages, outdoors, and anywhere near a sink. They interrupt the electrical circuit if someone comes in contact with electrical energy. This prevents a dangerous electrical shock.You should also:Check for loose or frayed wires all on electrical devices. Make sure there are no electrical cords under rugs or across doorways. Do not put cords in areas where they can be walked on. Have an electrician check any plugs or outlets that feel warm. Do not overload outlets. Plug in only one high-wattage appliance per outlet. Check that you do not exceed the amount allowed for a single outlet. Use light bulbs that are the correct wattage. Make sure electric outlets are safe for children. Add outlet plugs or covers that prevent children from sticking items into the receptacle. Move furniture in front of plugs to prevent them from being pulled out. Appliance SafetyMake sure that all of your household appliances are in good working condition. Check that all of your electrical appliances, cords, and tools have been tested by an independent testing laboratory, such as UL or ETL. Gas appliances: Have any gas-burning appliances such as hot water heaters or furnaces checked out once a year. Ask the technician to be sure appliances are vented properly. If the pilot light goes off, use the shutoff valve on the appliance to turn off the gas. Wait several minutes for the gas to drift away before trying to relight it. If you think there is a gas leak, get everyone out of the house. Even a small spark can cause an explosion. Do not light any lighters, turn on electrical switches, turn on any burners, or use other appliances. Do not use cell phones, telephones, or flashlights. Once you are well away from the area, call 911 or the local emergency number, or the gas company right away. Furnace:Keep the air supply vent clear of obstructions. Replace the furnace filter at least every 3 months when in use. Change it every month if you have allergies or pets. Water heater:Set the temperature no higher than 120 degrees. Keep the area around the tank free from anything that can catch fire. Dryer:Clean the lint basket after every load of laundry. Use the vacuum attachment to clean inside the dryer vent once in a while. Only use the dryer when you are home; turn it off if you go out. BathroomBathroom safety is particularly important for older adults and children. General tips include:Older adultsOlder adults and people with medical problems are at risk of falling or tripping. This can result in broken bones or more serious injuries. The bat...Read Article Now Book Mark Article ChildrenTo prevent accidents in the bathroom, never leave your child alone in the bathroom. When the bathroom is not being used, keep the door closed....Read Article Now Book Mark Article Put non-slip suction mats or rubber silicone decals in the tub to prevent falls. Use a non-skid bath mat outside the tub for firm footing. Consider using a single lever on your sink faucets and shower to mix hot and cold water together. Keep small electrical appliances (hair dryers, shavers, curling irons) unplugged when not in use. Use them away from sinks, tubs, and other water sources. Never reach into water to get a fallen appliance unless it is unplugged. Open ReferencesReferencesCenters for Disease Control and Prevention website. Home and recreational safety. www.cdc.gov/homeandrecreationalsafety/index.html. Updated December 1, 2021. Accessed January 10, 2022.Centers for Disease Control and Prevention website. Information on safety in the home & community for parents with children (ages 4-11). www.cdc.gov/parents/children/safety.html. Updated February 28, 2022. Accessed May 11, 2022.National Fire Protection Association website. Carbon monoxide safety. www.nfpa.org/-/media/Files/Public-Education/Resources/Safety-tip-sheets/COSafety.ashx. Accessed May 10, 2022.National Home Security Alliance. Safety at home: 10 common safety hazards around the house. staysafe.org/safety-at-home-10-common-safety-hazards-around-the-house. Accessed May 11, 2022.US Consumer Product Safety Commission website. Safety education resources. www.cpsc.gov/Safety-Education. Accessed May 10, 2022.US Fire Administration website. Home is where the heart is: don't let your world go up in smoke. www.usfa.fema.gov/downloads/fief/home_fire_protection_plan.pdf. Accessed May 10, 2022.AllVideoImagesTogSelf Care Staying safe at homeFire safety at homeRelated Information Review Date: 1/29/2022 Reviewed By: Linda J. Vorvick, MD, Clinical Associate Professor, Department of Family Medicine, UW Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA. Also reviewed by David Zieve, MD, MHA, Medical Director, Brenda Conaway, Editorial Director, and the A.D.A.M. Editorial team. The information provided herein should not be used during any medical emergency or for the diagnosis or treatment of any medical condition. A licensed medical professional should be consulted for diagnosis and treatment of any and all medical conditions. Links to other sites are provided for information only -- they do not constitute endorsements of those other sites. © 1997- © 1997- All rights reserved. A.D.A.M. content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.Content is best viewed in IE9 or above, Firefox and Google Chrome browser.
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The human being consists of two aspects - of an immortal spirit and of a mortal body. The flesh comes like a gift of the mother Earth and the spirit of the father God. We dedicate excessively big attention to the first one, but nearly nothing to the latter one; and sometimes we even forget that it exists. However, there is a saying that a shirt is always closer to the body than a coat.
Our planet was developed within the process of evolution - step by step. Millions of suns originate in the nebula and disperse into the space. When we see them on the night sky, we call them the stars. On their long way across the space planets were created from the stardust around them, like around our Sun. Millions of years passed until life could be developed on our Earth. First, it was born in water; only then did it arise up on the surface and gradually populated it. Within many thousands of years, miscellaneous genera of animals were developed as well as several hundred thousands sorts of plants. By adaptation in various climatic conditions every area got its individual, non-repetitive look.
When the perfect one among the animals - the Primate came to life during the "evolution" with a sufficiently perfect body, then it was time to furnish this body with a spirit - a human spirit. Man learned to handle it well and took care of it. The monkey's body got flatter by the human spirit's conduct and it became nicer - it transformed into a gentle shape. Thus, the first records of our human body appeared
To explain the origin of the human spirit, we have to try to describe the Divine Creation at least in a metaphoric way. It's far greater than it is possible to imagine. The whole material universe is only a slight part of it on its border. The Creation has innumerable quantity of levels and the range between each of them is colossal. Perhaps we might compare it to a temperature change, if we could travel from Earth to the Sun. And every extra level containing the whole worlds is even more admirable; the God's emanation is even stronger. But God is much greater than His Creation. He is like a painter and His Creation is like a picture He made. But the painter is more then a picture. The Love emanating from Him creates and nourishes the whole Creation all the time. The divine beings were formed first with closest touch with the Creator. The divine emanation cools itself off by being more and more distant and it gives prospects for creation of other forms of beings, which could otherwise not exist in such strong vibrations. From the cooled emanation other and other divine beings are formed and the emanation gets even cooler again. Thus, other levels of beings originate, as well as the realms of angelical worlds. Each of those beings was created as a perfect and conscious entity. But the emanation is, even after multiple cooling periods, yet very strong and it still gives a possibility to produce another life. It is a niche of the human spirit's origin, which was not created as the awaken one, but to whom a possibility was given to achieve this. Each spiritual spark that wanted to achieve this awakeness received a spiritual body from the Creator and hence independent beings came to life. However, the spiritual spark contained the full knowledge and perfection, the being that had been created from it was unconscious, because it didn't live its own life, it didn't know anything about its primeval perfection.
In order to let human spirits come to the point of their consciousness - awakeness, they must descend down into the material world, which was created from the emanation of the Divine Creation. By going through every level, the human spirit puts on other bodies, which make it possible for it to stay in the new environment. In the present time, we are able to take a photo of the heaviest bodies. We call them astral bodies and their emanation is called aura. Depending on the situation that attracts the human spirit and what sorts of experience it wants, it chooses such parents that it deems best for its purpose. It happens in the middle of a pregnancy when the spirit enters into the material body. As a child - after the birth, it learns ways how to command the body and it gradually becomes familiar with the world around. When the child grows up, a spiritual strength opens up in him (or her) and he enjoys life in its fullness.
Having experienced various life situations in the material world, the spirit develops its knowledge and, in fact, recreates itself. It becomes what it learned through its experience. To make this possible, the oneness of the material world is separated into a duality of contradictions: pleasure - sorrow, happiness - misfortune, good - evil, warm - cold, a lot of - a little... For the total knowledge it is necessary to take a look at both these contradictions. How could we otherwise realise the feeling of success if we have never encountered a failure? Or how can we know what is nice if we have never met an ugly thing? The depth of our laughter shelters the innermost profundity of our biggest sorrow. Without it, our laughter has a low bottom. We encounter pain in order to learn to forgive; we encounter misery only to be thankful for moments of affluence... Thus, we are slowly able to feel and wake up the spirits in us.
The difference between the spirit and the body is similar to the difference between the player and a figure in a computer game, with which the player plays. The figure dies, but the player does not. On the contrary, the player's abilities expand by the knowledge he learns throughout the game. Our lives are similar to such a game. Everyday we pass through various such game „levels" - situations of various difficulties; the way we solve them contributes to our strength, or reduces it. The more points" we obtain, the better is our ability to solve more difficult situations.
Whoever already has something, the more be given to him; and whoever does not have anything, even the little that he has will be taken away from him. If man will not recognise his spiritual source and will identify himself only with the material body and intellectual knowledge, if his desires will only cover the material level, he will forever stay attached to the material world. And unless he does not know anything about his spirit (of which he is actually formed), he remains spiritually blind and deaf, unable to return to lighter spheres. Even in case he graduated from three universities and is a reputable expert, it does not matter. The knowledge he learned will be lost with death of the body, because it is dependent on the material brain. Only those spheres will stay behind which human beings spiritually experienced and became aware of with their feelings.
Do not be like the one who went to study an expensive education only to obtain important knowledge and in cheap amusement forgot the reason why he had left and never returned home. Treasures of the whole world, too, cannot be compared with home of the human spirit. Please do not imagine the divine worlds to be too earthly like a heaven where there is nothing to do except sitting on a cloud and drink calyx of immortality and enjoy doing it with family and friends who came back to life. It would be absurd! Now we live in the three-dimensional world, which has its height, width and depth. The fourth dimension is time. In the world of higher levels the time does not exist and the past and the future exist simultaneously in the presence. In the world of even much higher levels neither the time nor space do exist, although they are latently present in the whole omnipresent oneness. The origin of human spirit belongs, however, to even higher levels, but it is not easy to profoundly describe this by our human language. It's impossible. And each higher level is far more perfect than any lower one and it has an incomparable quality of higher sorts.
If these words say nothing to you, you will surely understand them when we explain the difference among dimensions on lower levels. Let us compare our three-dimensional world with the two-dimensional one, which has only the height and width. It is like a picture with one area only. You can explain anything to a figure of man drawn in this two-dimensional world - it will never understand you. Likewise, our three-dimensional human brain cannot comprehend a more dimensional divine world of the spirit. That can be only done if it is perceived by the spirit, which is a more natural way to do for human beings, although they probably forgot it. So let's recognise the fact that our rational limitations are tight; let's get rid of all those naive ideas and let's live awaken like spirits and let's remember - we are the spirits!
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Also written any suggestions with care of tracking dependencies, compared to google spreadsheet, which types of features far off
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Stanford Health Care
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Potentially Fatal Software Flaws in Medical Devices, DARPA’s Gigapixel Camera, and More
Here is today’s federal cybersecurity and information technology news:
- The Food and Drug Administration’s Office of Science and Engineering Laboratories has found widespread software flaws in medical devices which could cause patient harm or death. More here.
- The Transportation Security Administration is looking for software to monitor employee online activity including emails and keystrokes for signs of potential leaks. More here.
- The U.S. Special Counsel warned that agencies monitoring the emails of whistleblowers could face reprimand. More here.
- Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency funded scientists at Duke University have developed a digital camera that takes pictures with over a billion megapixels and could revolutionize crowd and aerial surveillance. More here.
- The Federal Emergency Management Agency is offering a downloadable version of the the National Level Exercise 2012 for organizations to test their cyber attack preparedness. More here.
This post by AlexOlesker was first published at CTOvision.com.
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Geographical Index > United States > Washington > Kitsap County > Report # 7441|
Submitted by witness on Sunday, November 23, 2003.
Forest worker has many encounters with bigfoot
(Show Printer-friendly Version)
COUNTY: Kitsap County
LOCATION DETAILS: township26North Range02East,Section#11,willamette Meridian, Kitsap county Washington
NEAREST TOWN: south Kingston
NEAREST ROAD: closest road is South Kingston, closest Hwy sr104
OBSERVED: My Boss and I work in forestry, were in the field allmost every day. We were working in this remote part of a Indian Reservation forested allotment. we were resurveying property lines and getting ready for a timber harvest. well this day we were resurveying the south side of this allotment heading east we were measuring every 100ft for a distance of 1320 ft. at approximate 11:00 a.m we kept hearing something following us eather behind us or our left or right it stayed approximate 100 to 250ft away from us. there was this stench real heavy oder that we kept smelling near us. I kept blamming my boss that he had crapped in his pants and he kept accusing me of doing the same he said theres only two of us out here and I know I didnt do it. well anyway we were taking a break from hacking through the brush with our machete and we were leaning against this 200 plus old growth blowdown fir tree. I took a cigarette out and lit up, and then there was this branch or twigs breaking like something large walking through the underbrush about a 120ft away. I could not find any rocks to throw in that direction but found a u shaped piece of wood that I throw near the spot where we heard the sounds. ( take note of piece of u shaped wood because in another encounter a few years later and only a couple of months ago I had that same piece thrown at me) it got quite like I said it was cloudy and kinda dark under the tree canopy. the noise came from the other side of this large salmonberry bushes then all of a sudden the clouds broke open and aloud some daylight through behind the bushes about 10ft so that the four creatures that were watching us you could see their shadow. I told my boss mike to take a look in that direction but because of his bad eye sight he could not see that well. there were two realy big adult males one skinny tall female with shoulder lenght hair and she had a bad hump on her back her breast were like a realy old women and she kept ringing her hands together as she was speaking to the other males. there was a child to her left that stood about 6ft tall but was dwarft by the three larger adult creatures. the two males stood still motionless they watched me and did not talk much to the female that was doing most of the talking in her own dialect the males seamed to motion to her to keep quite then the clouds had covered up the rays of light and it got dark again. my boss mike kinda had seen the shadows but tried to convince me it was his boss ken and some secretarys that he brought out into the woods that sometimes he does. right after that they kept following us and my boss mike got spooked and said lets get out of here and come back next week to finnish our survey.
AnimalSeen : the animals were almost 8ft except the child was 6ft tall.they were covered in fir or hair except for around there eyes and nose parts of there cheeks. one thing i did notice was i did knot see any ears on there head. the two large males were realy huge large broad shoulders, the female was tall thin with large hump on back between her shoulder blades,her breast saged near her waist.
ALSO NOTICED: have had several encounters.the one I had in June of 2000 made it to the local news paper. strange dialect, sounded like salish tribal language,except for when they started to panic they sounded like monkey or ape type sounds.
whistles,stomping,lots of branch or trees snapping in half.one time I heard a loud Bog type howl.and pounding on what sounded like on a tree.
OTHER STORIES: have not been back to the spot where they stood at, But I have had a few sasquatch trackers back there. fred bradshaw,cliff crook,patric julian,Richard Grovers,Derrick Randle,Richard Noll are just a few of the trackers that have seen the site or area. they have even pointed out places where the creatures have sat down on the hillside. I have Had other more recent encounters with them.I even have a plaster cast of one foot print.
TIME AND CONDITIONS: 1:30 to 3:30 pm. Hot, humid, overcast, cloudy with sun breaks
ENVIRONMENT: Swamp and numerous small creeks that empty into the Puget Sound the puget sound is approximate 1 mile South. Wooded, second growth and old growth trees of douglas fir. tree plantations differant age class.there is approximate 900+ acresin this area with farm houses residental homes surrounding foresteds area
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The Essential Cosmic Perspective, Third Edition, built from the ground up on our new understanding of the universe, has been revised and streamlined to make it easier for readers to navigate and learn from. Chapter openers, headers, callouts, and chapter summaries make learning goals more explicit and tie together important concepts. Key content has been consolidated and reorganized, with a new emphasis on a planet-by-planet approach. The material is linked to everyday life, helping readers develop an appreciation for the scientific method and see how physics and astronomy are foundations for understanding their world. Supplementing the book is an expanded and easy-to-use media package. Developing Perspective, Key Concepts for Astronomy, Learning From Other Worlds, Stars, Galaxies and Beyond, Life on Earth and Beyond. For college instructors and students, or anyone interested in issues relating to astronomy.
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Monday, December 21, 2009
Wii are having fun in the library!
The Metrowest Regional Library system generously makes available a full Wii gaming package for teen programs. CCHS is the first school library to take advantage and it is off to a terrific start. But why, you might ask, would a library encourage gaming?
Our goal is for students to become life long learners and library patrons. If they feel a sense of welcome and belonging in their school library this will translate to positive associations later in life. How many adults do you know who feel nervous walking into a library? The old "shhhh" and sterotypical disapproving librarian did not foster a positive image.
And what about joy? What about fun? As the game runs on the first floor there are students still working, undisturbed, on the second and third floors. The computers are full with students working on papers, powerpoint presentations and Quizlet flashcards. But the vibe is loose. There is a light, holiday feel to the library.
Thanks to Metrowest for providing the games and support in bringing this program to the students of CCHS. I'm going to try Mario Cart now.
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All skin treatments work in a similar way: removal of a layer of skin so that the new skin can flourish and fill in the wrinkles and crevices. Until recently, the only options to medically treat damaged skin were chemical peels and microdermabrasion. These procedures offer the anti-aging benefits of glowing skin, reduced wrinkles, decreased areas of skin discoloration, and minimized scarring. But these procedures don’t use laser light, and they remove only a thin layer of skin. Laser skin resurfacing uses laser light and treats deeper layers than does microdermabrasion.
One of the most recent innovations in anti-aging remedies has been laser skin resurfacing, which improves the appearance of fine lines or wrinkles, scars, and hyperpigmentation (discolored areas of the skin), primarily around the eyes and mouth. It can also be used to treat large areas of the face.
Laser skin resurfacing has gained popularity recently because of its advantages over alternative approaches that may cause discomfort, bleeding, and bruising, all of which mean a longer recovery time. The result of more youthful-looking skin means laser skin resurfacing can be psychologically rejuvenating as well.
Laser Skin Resurfacing Vs. Other Skin Treatments
When Laser Skin Resurfacing May Not Be Appropriate
People with olive, suntanned, or black skin are not the best candidates for laser skin resurfacing. Others who do not make good candidates include those who are prone to scarring, are taking certain medications, or have a skin disorder. For example, discoloration must be evaluated to determine if it is the result of natural aging hyperpigmentation (which is treatable), or a more serious medical condition (in which case laser treatment may not be appropriate).
How a Neck Lift is Performed
Dr Pogue performs laser skin resurfacing in his accredited outpatient surgery center attached to his office. Typically you would receive local anesthesia, while you are sedated but awake; however, you might receive general anesthesia for treatment of deeper layers of the skin.
Treatment time ranges from a few minutes to an hour and a half, depending on the amount of resurfacing you need.
Dr. Pogue moves the laser precisely over the area of skin requiring treatment. Depending on the depth of the wrinkle, scar, or discoloration, the laser may be moved over the area repeatedly. The laser penetrates and removes the number of outer skin layers necessary to uncover the layer not affected by imperfections. Once that layer is exposed, healing can begin to rebuild new skin that looks younger and does not have the imperfections.
Your Laser Skin Resurfacing will be performed at Dr. Mark Pogue‘s office in Scottsdale, AZ.
Aftercare for Laser Skin Resurfacing
You will experience some swelling and discomfort after laser resurfacing. This can be controlled with ice packs, ointment and medications prescribed by Dr. Pogue. There may be a red, crusted appearance for 10 or more days.
A thin layer of ointment may be applied to your skin. Dr. Pogue will provide instructions on how to gently wash and care for your healing skin.
During this phase of healing, it is very important that you not pick the crusts off the treated area, or scarring may result. Most patients are free of crusts after 10 days, but redness may persist for several weeks.
Complications and Risks of Laser Skin Resurfacing
Complications in this procedure are rare, but when they occur they may include skin discoloration, burning, or scarring. Laser skin resurfacing does not stop the aging process. Wrinkles, discoloration, and other imperfections can reappear throughout your lifetime.
More Laser Skin Resurfacing Information: American Academy of Cosmetic Surgery
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Shipp’s Water Conservation Solution
June 25, 2021
When it comes to installing the right equipment, we know it’s a priority to choose products that conserve resources and reduce costs. Compared to traditional fabric and modular plastic belts, positive drive belting is homogenous with extremely smooth operating surfaces. There are no mechanical parts, joints or crevices to harbor bacteria. Not to mention, it releases fat quickly and easily. The positive drive belt doesn’t require the time and materials typically needed to 1) remove it from the conveyor nightly 2) spray it with water 3) soak it in a tub, and 4) reinstall it in the morning—instead, it can be cleaned while staying in place. With no additional modules, connecting rods or fabric, the positive drive belt is cleaned using minimal time and water materials. There are no cracks where fat and bacteria like to hide and no fabric to absorb or wick water and bacteria, which can contaminate your product. Where the Rubber Meets the Road That all sounds great, but let’s talk numbers. Positive drive belts are cleaned using minimal time and water. Due to the simplified cleaning process, the risk of breeding microorganisms is greatly reduced. All of this adds up to a safer, cleaner manufacturing environment. If you’re worried about install and maintenance, let us put your mind at ease. Shipp Belting offers free onsite engineering, cost savings comparison, and retrofit options based on our depth of experience. Shipp In Action Shipp recently completed a retrofitting from modular belting to positive drive belt at a poultry plant. According to the client, the results were eye-opening. The positive drive belt reduced plant sanitation time on a single line from 50 minutes down to 10 minutes. Multiply this saving of forty minutes per line, by four lines, six days a week, which equates to 832 man hours. The result? Major water conservation, chemical use and man-hours reduction, allowing more time to produce their product in a safe environment. The client immediately placed an order for five more belts and asked for an onsite consultation of the entire plant. The client’s end goal was to approach the corporate office for capital expenditure in order to retrofit the entire plant. Decreasing your footprint via water conservation is simple. Connect with one of Shipp’s Solutions Engineers to see the positive drive belt it in action today.
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Blane Klemek column: Muskrats have unique adaptations
The two summers I spent wading in wetlands throughout North Dakota's prairie potholes were two of the most interesting and rewarding summers of my life.
The work, if one could call it work, was my graduate research project, which was the primary requirement for earning my master's degree. I spent countless hours all alone surveying wetland birds and wetland plants day in and day out for weeks at a time.
Aside from the myriad species of plants and birds that I became intimately acquainted with over the course of those glorious summer months, I also got to know other fascinating creatures. Indeed, such insects as whirly-gig beetles, water striders and dragonflies were always entertaining diversions from collecting my field data.
As well, there were amphibians, namely leopard frogs and tiger salamander larvae. Sometimes I observed small groups of American white pelicans literally herd salamander larvae into shallow areas of wetlands and gorge themselves on the swimming lizard-like amphibians. The giant birds would later fly to their nesting colony at nearby Chase Lake National Wildlife Refuge where they would regurgitate the salamanders for their hungry and fast-growing chicks.
Another of the many species of wildlife that I commonly observed was an aquatic mammal, the muskrat, which I came to consider as a sort of curious furry friend that I would encounter almost daily during the course of my research work. The animals rarely paid any attention to me, even though I would frequently stop and observe each and every one of them for a moment or two. I was continually fascinated by their quiet and purposeful nature.
Some muskrats were inquisitive little fellows that swam uncomfortably close to me. One memorable muskrat upon noticing me standing near a thick wall of cattails next to a pocket of open water in the middle of a small wetland, turned and swam straight for me. As he neared where I stood, he suddenly dove and struck my left leg. The animal then surfaced a few feet later and disappeared into the cattails. I'm almost positive the muskrat intentionally bumped me.
Distributed across most of North America, muskrats are very common and abundant relatives of squirrels, gophers, mice and voles. In fact, muskrats look very much like overgrown voles. Belonging to the large mammalian order "Rodentia," the muskrat is, of course, a rodent. And, like all rodents, muskrats have two pairs of incisors - a pair on the top and a pair on the bottom - that are kept in chisel-like form by their constant gnawing.
Most muskrats are no longer than 20 inches in length, including their 9- or 10-inch long hairless tail. They weigh around two to five pounds. Living only about four or five years, muskrats are, nonetheless, extremely prolific. Populations often become very dense, which in turn cause fierce competition for resources and mass migrations to other areas. As well, outbreaks of diseases and parasites and increased predation by enemies also occur when muskrat populations explode.
To protect themselves from the elements and predators, muskrats usually build lodge-like shelters that consist of vegetation gathered from their surroundings. Muskrats also dig tunnels and dens into the banks of rivers, flooded ditches and dikes. "Bank rats" can be problematic for road authorities and wildlife managers when roadways and dikes are undermined by burrowing muskrats.
Because muskrats often live in the same environments and have similar habits as their larger cousin the beaver, people sometimes mistake the much smaller muskrat for a beaver. Muskrats swim upon the surface of the water, using their hind feet for propulsion and their tails for steering, and can dive and stay underwater for 10 or more minutes without surfacing for air. And similar to beavers, muskrats have folds of skin inside their mouths that close behind their teeth, effectively keeping water out while they cut or dig submerged foods.
Muskrats are interesting denizens of aquatic environments. In the wintertime, they keep their holes through the ice open or semi-open by plugging the holes or cracks with vegetation. Over time, as the muskrat continues to push vegetation up through the hole, a mound forms on top of the ice creating a makeshift feed-house. Such temporary housing (called "push-ups") provides a warm and protected place to feed.
Over the years, I have encountered muskrats in all kinds of different and interesting situations. I've had them swim into my fish house through the ice hole while I was spearing pike. I've watched them forage for various tubers and greens within their wetland haunts. I've observed them cleaning themselves on top of their lodges in the warm sun. And I've had at least one especially bold muskrat give me a not-so-subtle "bump" as a reminder to me that I was standing in its home.
Muskrats, those remarkable Minnesota mammals that inhabit our lakes, rivers, and wetlands, are intriguing furbearers for all of us to observe as we get out and enjoy the great outdoors.
Blane Klemek is the Bemidji area assistant wildlife manager, DNR Division of Fish & Wildlife. He can be reached at firstname.lastname@example.org.
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Use of applied theatre in health research dissemination and data validation: a pilot study from South Africa
UNSPECIFIED. (2006) Use of applied theatre in health research dissemination and data validation: a pilot study from South Africa. HEALTH, 10 (1). pp. 31-45. ISSN 1363-4593Full text not available from this repository.
Official URL: http://dx.doi.org/10.1177/1363459306058985
This article reports on a pilot study of the use of applied theatre in the dissemination of health research findings and validation of data. The study took place in South Africa, as part of the Southern Africa Stroke Prevention Initiative (SASPI) and was based at the University/Medical Research Council Rural Public Health and Health Transitions Research Unit (also known as the Agincourt Unit). The aim of SASPI was to investigate the prevalence of stroke and understand the social context of stroke. It was decided to use an applied theatre approach for validating the data and disseminating findings from the anthropological component of the study. The pilot study found that applied theatre worked better in smaller community groups. It allowed data validation and it elicited ideas for future interventions resulting from the health research findings. Evaluation methods of the impact of applied theatre as a vehicle for the dissemination and communication of research findings require further development.
|Item Type:||Journal Article|
|Subjects:||R Medicine > RA Public aspects of medicine > RA0421 Public health. Hygiene. Preventive Medicine
H Social Sciences
|Journal or Publication Title:||HEALTH|
|Publisher:||SAGE PUBLICATIONS LTD|
|Official Date:||January 2006|
|Number of Pages:||15|
|Page Range:||pp. 31-45|
Actions (login required)
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Born on 5thApril 1939 in Tirana, two days before the fascist invasion of Albania.
Died on the 30 of November 2011 in Tirana
His Majesty King Leka of the Albanians
Coronation as King of the Albanians:
The Coronation was held on the 15 April 1961, at the Hotel Bristol in Paris, in the Presence of Royal Albanian Deputies of Parliament and 70 chosen delegates from the Albanian Diaspora. The national Assembly officially called upon according Acts 51 and 55 of the Royal Albanian Constitution declaring His Royal Highness Crown Prince Leka I, King of the Albanians. Then according to Act 56 he gave his oath before the National Assembly and invited dignitaries as the sovereign, Leka I, King of the Albanians.
The Royal Family settled in Egypt, in 1946, Prince Leka begun His studies at the “Victoria College” of Alexandria and latter at the “The British Boys School” where He graduated in 1954. Royal Family transferred to France, in 1955, were Prince Leka was then registered at the famous college of Olon, in Switzerland “Vilare Ailange College” and gained his “A” levels in 1956. In 1956-1958 the Prince continued His studies at “The Royal Military Academy” of Sandhurst, England and graduated as an officer. He later studied Economics and Political Science in France at the University of Sorbonne, where He also attended the intensive course in Oriental languages.
Note: On Leka I 18th Birthday, (5th of April 1957), King Zog personally awarded Prince Leka with the Albanian bandolier, and solemnly announced Prince Leka “inheritor of the Albanian Crown”.
Activities of His Majesty: United States of America
In 1967 His Majesty visited the United States of America, during the summer and autumn of that same year. Forging relations with all Albanian political factors within the Diaspora. King Leka paid his respects at the memorials of, Monsignor Fan Noli and Faik Konica, on the behalf of the Royal Family, putting an end to communist propaganda claims of lack of unity in the Diaspora. King Leka I, greeted leaders of the “Vatra”, ‘Legality party’ and ‘Balli Kombetar’. The immense success of this visit, and warm welcome insured greater interest of the Albanian Diaspora in the USA for the National Cause. The King had the opportunity and pleasure to meet the Governor of California and the future president of the USA, Ronald Regan. Through the Presidents support The Foreign Commission of the American Congress made possible to compile and approve a Resolution on Albania. This visit lead to a campaign of visits worldwide, most notably Australia in 1969, (with the help of the Australian Prime Minister Menzes).
The Conference of Madrid
The Conference of Madrid was the First successful action of bringing together the Albanian political and non political communities together under King Zog’s slogan “Nation Above All” against the communist regime, creating a worldwide Albanian front. The conference aimed to find a military-diplomatic-political solution for the end of communism. Bringing together Kosova, Cameria, and other ethnic territories, to which the monarchy was utterly devoted. No negotiations nor combinations offered violating the sovereignty and the independence of Albania would not be accepted. The Convention of Madrid adopted the philosophy of further resistance. King Leka I, insured The act-agreement of the unification and coordination of the diplomatic-political activities of the Albanian Diaspora, through the approval of the Temporary Council, Leading to the creation of the Albanian Liberation Army. In 1981 the Albanian Liberation army weapons where used during the Kosova revolts against Serbian oppression. The Jalte Agreement brought to an end the operations of the ALA against the oppressive communist regime in Tirana.
The Return of the King:
His Majesty King Leka I, in Albania after 58 years in exile, was welcomed home at Tirana Airport, on 12 April 1997 by 10.000 supporters. He greeted the crowds with the phase “Peace-Union and Brotherhood”. His Majesty King Leka I was the only leader free to visit Albanian cities and villages after the pyramid scandals. With meetings of extraordinary participation insured records of the time such as: Burrel 15.000+, Burgajet 12.500+, Shkoder 60.000+, Tirana 20.000 etc. HM King Leka I was forced to leave the country on 12 June 1997.
Albanian Monarchy won the referendum with 65.7% but it was later revoked with an official announcement that the monarchy won only 36.5% and 23% with irregularities. Latter in 2001 the Democratic Party backed a notion of re-installing the monarchy, but it failed to gain the Socialist majority, 11 votes away from the 71 votes needed. It must be noted that the King First visited Albania in 1993, but was only allowed to stay 24 hours.
King Leka returned to Albania, by invitation of the Albanian Parliament in 2002. King Leka at once became involved in the social activities of the Nation and staunchly opposed all acts of corruption and miss governance, in Albania and Kosova. He was a staunch supporter of the Balkan regions integration within the European Union, as a means of regional stability, whilst working vigorously to insure the well being and freedom of the Albanian Nation.
King Leka died on the 30 of November 2011. The Albanian government declared a National day of Morning with all institutional flags lowered. The funeral took place at the Parliamentary building in Tirana and was attended by Albanian and foreign dignitaries. The mayor of Tirana, Mr. Lulzim Basha, held the final speech in front of the gathered crowd in front of the National Parliament building. The serves was as to Albanian Royal tradition blessed by the 4 official religious leaders, (Muslims, Catholic, Bektashi and Albanian Othodox leaders), with full Military.
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Rev Frank Colyer Sackett
|Father||Jeremiah Sackett (1836-1918)|
|Mother||Sarah File (1838-1896)|
In 1891 Frank was living at 23 Bent Street, Cheetham, Manchester, LancashireG, in the household of his parents Jeremiah and Sarah, and was recorded in the census as Frank C Sackett, a clerk (employed), aged 14 and born in Manchester.11
Rev Frank Sackett served as a Wesleyan Methodist missionary in the Hyderabad district of India from 1901 to 1945.12 He served in the British Army during the First World War as a Wesleyan Chaplain in the Indian Ecclesiastical Department. He was awarded the British Medal by the Indian Government. In October 1918, he was admitted to the Indian Army Reserve of Officers as a Second Lieutenant with the temporary rank of Captain.13,14,15,16
The Revd Frank's wife, Elizabeth, visited England in 1930, travelling first class on the Brittania from Bombay and arriving in Liverpool on 13 March 1930. She stayed at the Wesleyan Mission House at 24 Bishopsgate Street in London.17 Frank returned to England in 1943, the year following his wife's death. He travelled first class on the Britannic from Bombay, arriving in Liverpool on 7 November 1943. His address in England was the Mission House, 25 Marylebone Road, London NW1.18
Frank proved his wife Elizabeth's will on 4 March 1944. Her estate was valued at £51.19
Frank left a will which was proved on 5 August 1953. His estate was valued at £1,605.20
THE REV. F. C. SACKETT
The Rev. Frank Colyer Sackett, who for many years was an outstanding Methodist missionary in India, has died at the age of 77 at Birmingham, where he had been living in retirement. A native of Manchester, he was born in 1876 and was educated at Headingley College. He first went out to Hyderabad in 1901 and worked there for the next 44 years. He was chairman of the Methodist Provincial Synod of Southern India in 1926 and chairman of the Hyderabad Methodist Mission from 1939 to 1942, having previously been secretary from 1926 to 1939.
—The Times, London, 7 May 1953.
Notes & Citations
- General Register Office, Online Index to Births, "Dec qtr 1876. Sackett, Frank Colyer. Mother: File. Chorlton. 8c:831."
- The Times, (London), 7 May 1953, p10, col D.
- General Register Office, Online Index to Deaths, "Jun qtr 1953. Sackett, Frank C, 76. Birmingham."
- Probate record.
- Website India Office Family History Search (British Library) (http://indiafamily.bl.uk/), Registry Office Marriage Index, 1901–1905, Z/N/11/10/f.1442, at Bombay, Frank Colyer Sackett & Elizabeth Parry.
- "British India Office Marriages", digital image, Findmypast, "Wesleyan Church, Colaba Causeway, Bombay, 4 Aug 1905, Frank Colyer Sackett, 29, bachelor, Wesleyan Minister, of Karim Nagar, Nizam's Dominions, father Jeremiah Sackett; to Elizabeth Parry, 32, spinster, of Manchester, England, father John Parry. Witnesses: Fred E Brown, Arth I Revnell. By C Ryder Smith."
- Date of birth based on age at marriage.
- Lillie's Diary 18 Aug 1942.
- General Register Office, Online Index to Marriages, "Mar qtr 1946. Sackett, Frank C. Spouse: Ferguson. Cockermouth. 10b:1313."
- General Register Office, Online Index to Marriages, "Mar qtr 1946. Ferguson, Agnes. Spouse: Sackett. Cockermouth. 10b:1313."
- 1891 Census for England & Wales, RG12/3262/f86v
23 Bent St, Cheetham, Manchester
Jeremiah Sackett, head, married, 54, local preacher (empd), b. Hythe, Kent
Sarah Sackett, wife, 52, b. New Jersey
Sarah Sackett, dau, unm, 23, b. Barham, Kent
Frank C Sackett, son, 14, clerk (employed), b. Manchester.
- Website, USC Libraries, Internet Mission Photography Archive.
- "Britain, Campaign, Gallantry & Long Service Medals & Awards", database, Findmypast.
- "British Army Medal Index Cards, 1914-1920", digital image, The National Archives, "Sackett, F C, Reverend, Indian Ecclesiastical Department, British Medal issued by Govt of India. WO372/17."
- "British Army Medal Index Cards, 1914-1920", digital image, The National Archives, "Sackett, F C, Wesleyan Chaplain, Ecclesiastical Department, War Medal, issued Govt of India, M2684/24. WO372/28."
- "The London Gazette", digital image, Findmypast, 8 Apr 1919, p 4583, "The King has approved the admission of the following gentlemen to the Infy. Branch of the Indian Army Reserve of Officers and the grant to them of the temp. rank of Capt.: To be 2nd Lieuts. Frank Colyer Sackett. 25th Oct. 1918.
- "UK Incoming Passenger Lists 1878–1960", digital image, Ancestry.com, "Elizabeth Sackett, 57, British, occ: none, Brittania 1st class, arr. 13 Mar 1930 Liverpool, from Bombay, India, UK address Wesleyan Mission House, 24 Bishopsgate St, London, last permanent residence India, intended permanent residence India."
- "UK Incoming Passenger Lists 1878–1960", digital image, Ancestry.com, "Frank C Sackett, 67, minister, British, Britannic 1st class, arr. 7 Nov 1943 Liverpool, from Bombay, India, proposed address: c/o Mission House, 25 Marylebone Road, NW1, last permanent residence India, intended permanent residence England."
- "England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills & Administrations), 1858–1995", digital image, Ancestry.com, "Sackett Elizabeth otherwise Lily of Methodist Mission House Old Lancer Lines Secunderabad India (wife of the reverend Frank Colyer Sackett) died 19 February 1942 Probate Manchester 4 March 1944 to the said the reverend Frank Colyer Sackett methodist minister. Effects £51."
- "England & Wales, National Probate Calendar (Index of Wills & Administrations), 1858–1995", digital image, Ancestry.com, "Sackett Frank Colyer of Kingsmead Furlough House Selly Oak Birmingham 29 died 3 May 1953 at Queen Elizabeth Hospital Birmingham 15 Probate Birmingham 5 August to Midland Bank Executor and Trustee Company Limited. Effects £1605 17s. 5d."
|Appears in||Sacketts in the Church|
Sacketts in the Military
|Sackett line||8th great-grandson of Thomas Sackett the elder of St Peter in Thanet|
|Charts||Line 3 (English)|
Descendants of Jeremiah Sackett
|Last Edited||3 Jan 2022|
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Christmas in Brazil!!
Feliz Natal!! (Merry Chrismtas!!)
Since Brazil is tropical, real evergreen Christmas trees are hard to find, because of this Brazilians use fake trees made entirely of lights! Brazil is actually home to the worlds largest floating Christmas tree in the world! This giant 85 foot tree floats down the Rio De Janeiro during the Christmas Season! On Christmas Eve, at 12 at night, all the lights in the city are turned off except for the Christmas tree, and the fireworks begin!!
Our tree is made of paper and lights. The paper people holding hands are wrapped around the tree because in Brazil Christmas trees are decorated with themes of humanity, the elements, and Christmas!
While most cultures eat their Christmas Feast on Christmas Day, Brazilians eat their meal on Christmas Eve!
Pao de queijo is a delicious cheese bread in the shape of balls. For Christmas dinner in Brazil, this is an appetizer.
· 500 grams of sweet manioc flour
· 1 tbsp salt
· 300 ml of milk
· 150 ml of oil
· 2 large eggs
· 4 cups grated cheese
· oil for greasing
1. Place the flour in a large bowl
2. In a pan heat the milk, oil, salt. Once boiling add the liquid to the bowl with the flour, stirring well. Let it cool.
3. Add the eggs one at a time, alternating with the cheese and kneading well after each addition.
4. Grease hands with oil if necessary
5. Make small balls (2 cm) and place them on a greased baking sheet.
6. Leave in the oven until golden
Cod is a popular choice during Christmas in Brazil. There are many ways you can cook it, but this recipe is for Cod baked in the oven with tomatoes, eggs, and onions.
· 2 kg of cod
· 1 kg of potato
· 1 green pepper, seeded and sliced
· 1 yellow pepper, seeded and sliced
· 1 red pepper, seeded and sliced
· 1 can of olive oil (500 ml)
· 400 g of black olives
· 2 large onions sliced
· 3 cloves garlic, cut into thin slices
· salt and pepper
· 5 boiled eggs cut in half
· parsley and chives
1. Leave cod soaked in water overnight. Change the water at least three times.
2. Peel and cut the potatoes into thick slices.
3. In a pan put enough oil and make layers with potatoes, cod, peppers, onion, and other ingredients. Drizzle with olive oil and cover with foil.
4. Place in a preheated oven for 50 minutes, remove the aluminum and leave for another 10 minutes. Remove from oven and garnish with eggs, sprinkle the parsley scallions, olives, and drizzle with olive oil. Place in the oven for another 5 minutes.
Rabanada is a Portuguese dessert. It is simply old bread soaked and fried. In Brazil, rabanadas are usually served at Christmas
· 1 can condensed milk
· 1 can milk
· 3 eggs
· 4 units of French bread
1. Mix the condensed milk and milk with a fork.
2. In another bowl beat the egg.
3. Heat a frying pan with oil.
4. Put the bread inside the milk mixture bowl, let it soak, after put it in the egg and fry until golden.
5. In a plate mix the fried bread with sugar and cinnamon.
Since Brazil is tropical and in the Southern Hemisphere, December is hot! Because of this, the traditions are slightly different than other cultures, fireworks are not uncommon as a Christmas Eve traditions, and the food is not as heavy and winter-y.
Brazilians sing many Christmas Carols during this festive time of year. An example of this is Noite Feliz, the Portugese language version of Silent Night. Another is the song A Borboleta!
Here's Noite Feliz! https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2LXsLb5w5NgejVx...
Here's A Borboleta! https://drive.google.com/file/d/0B2LXsLb5w5Nga0pve...
In Brazil, Santa is called Papai Noel and lives in Greenland, he visits homes on Christmas Eve and leaves gifts for children. If a child leaves a sock by the window, Papai Noel might replace that sock with a gift.
Since Papai Noel mostly brings gifts for children, adults often play a game called "Amigo Secreto" where in early December groups of friends will draw names and play a version of Secret Santa. Instead of simply guessing what your friends wants, in Brazil, friends will use "apelidos" or fake names to find out what each other wants.
Instead of celebrating on Christmas Day, Brazilians celebrate on Christmas Eve and the festivities last until January 6th, Three Kings Day. It is believed that on this day, the wise men visited Jesus in the manger.
Christmas is so important to Brazilians that an old tale says that even the animals talk about Jesus's birth. "The rooster says, "christo nasceu" (Christ is born) the bull asks, "Onde?" (Where?) the chorus of sheep answers, "Em Belem de Juda" (In Bethlehem of Judea)"
Even though it doesn't snow at Christmas time, Brazilians will sometimes simulate snow using cotton balls!
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Join Tom Geller for an in-depth discussion in this video Defining an article, part of Writing Articles.
Before really diving in, we should define our terms better, starting with the word article. Although the lines are blurry, here are a few traits that are common to most articles. First, an article is written down. You'll sometime see things called video articles or audio articles, but those are rare. Also, articles are nonfiction; that is, they are about the real world rather than being pure products of imagination. Now, that's not to say that an article can be opinionated, but the point of an article, by and large, is to describe real-world phenomena.
Fictional pieces go by other names, such as stories or poetry. Articles tend to be part of a collection, for example in magazines or journals. In fact, the word article means that it's part of something that all fits together. Just as articles of clothing comprise a wardrobe, written articles comprise a larger work. Articles are typically from 300 to 8,000 words long. A piece that shorter is usually called a blurb. Any longer and it starts to stand on its own.
In my own work, the wide majority have been between 500 and 1,500 words. Articles are usually a one-to-many form of communication. That is, they're created by one person to be consumed by many people, for example the people who read a magazine. Finally, for the purposes of this course, I'm going to say that articles are published pieces that fit all these criteria. That makes them different from posts in your personal journal in the sense that articles go through a publishing process that takes them out of your hands.
Now, these definitions satisfy me at this particular moment in time, but the definition of an article is always changing, and we don't have to go back very far to see its evolution. In the '80s and early '90s messages and online bulletin boards were called articles as well and some people still use the term for blog posts. Now, blogs are an interesting crossover area with articles, especially as print media continues to move online. Blog posts tend to be shorter though, and less formal than articles, but the two worlds are merging.
Most of what you see in this course also applies to blog posts. But even if your work ends up in blog form, I think it's a good idea to be grounded in article rating. It's a traditional and precise art and the discipline you gain by learning it will serve you well in all other writing forms.
In this course, author Tom Geller explores the process of writing articles and publications for businesses large and small. The course begins with a look at the preparation you'll need to do, best ways to find assignments, and smart strategies for determining your article approach. Next, the course dives into techniques you can use to brainstorm angles, research, interview experts, finish a piece, and build your portfolio.
- Adopting technical tools
- Gathering reference materials
- Defining an article
- Finding assignments
- Determining your approach
- Conducting interviews
- Managing revisions
- Following up
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By Simon Caldwell
(Mail Online) The African cardinal widely tipped to be the first black pope in modern history faced a firestorm of criticism last night after he laid the blame for clerical sex abuse crises at the feet of gay priests.
Cardinal Peter Turkson, who comes from Ghana, told an American journalist that similar sex scandals would never convulse churches in Africa because the culture was inimical to homosexuality.
‘African traditional systems kind of protect or have protected its population against this tendency,’ he told Christiane Amanpour of CCN.
‘Because in several communities, in several cultures in Africa homosexuality or for that matter any affair between two sexes of the same kind, are not countenanced in our society,’ he continued.
‘So that cultural taboo, that tradition has been there,’ said Cardinal Turkson, 64. ‘It has served to keep it out.’
As the head of a major Vatican department – the Pontifical Council for Justice and Peace - Cardinal Turkson is ranked as the 5/2 second favourite to take the papal crown when a Conclave of Cardinals meets next month to elect a successor to Pope Benedict XVI, who announced his abdication last week on the grounds of ill health
Catholics throughout the African continent and the developing world are praying that he will be chosen ahead of the Italian Cardinal Angelo Scola, the Archbishop of Milan, who Paddy Power has made its 9/4 favourite.
But his public comments blaming homosexual priests in for the sexual abuse of many hundreds of children in Europe, the United States and Australia mean his election would be severely criticised in the West.
Ruth Hunt, Stonewall director of public affairs, was among those to swiftly condemn his remarks.
‘Cardinal Turkson’s comments show a surprisingly callous disregard for the human rights of millions of people worldwide,’ she told the Times.
The Survivors Network of those Abused by Priests accused the cardinal of hiding behind a ‘weak shield’.
A spokesman said: ‘We hear less about clergy sex crimes and cover ups in Africa for the same reasons we do throughout the developing world - there tends to be lesser funding for law enforcement, less vigorous civil justice systems, less independent journalism, and an even greater power and wealth difference between church officials and their congregants.’
But one NHS psychiatrist who has researched the field of clerical sex abuse agreed with the cardinal that homosexual abuse of adolescent males rather than paedophile attacks on children characterised the problem.
‘I would say he is correct,’ said the doctor, who asked not to be named in fear of reprisals - including the loss of his job.
‘Where the research has been done – for example in the United States and Australia – in the region of 80 per cent of the victims of sex abuse by priests are adolescent males rather than children...’ (continued)
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Read the case study, Zip Car: “It’s Not about Cars – It’s about Urban Life” on pg. 256 in your textbook.
Textbook: Principles of Marketing
Author: Kotler and Armstrong
There are FIVE parts that must be addressed in the Case Study:
- A summary of the main facts in the case.
- Describe at least 2 marketing concepts relevant to the case.
- Critically analyze the future of the firm.
- Describe the lesson or concept found to be most important and why.
- Using the answer in part 4, describe how this can apply to your major or job. Be specific.
The paper must be at least 3 pages in length, in APA format, Times Roman 12pt font, double spaced, 1” margins, cover page, abstract page, page numbers, RUNNING HEAD, citations, and separate reference page. The liberal use of headers and sub-headers is strongly encouraged. These assist your reader in identifying your transitions and you in organizing your work.
The general outline for the paper must be:
- Cover Page (must be in APA format)
- Abstract Page
- Body (At least 3 pages exclusive of cover page, abstract, and reference page)
- Reference Page
Each case analysis must use at least three outside references beyond the text or other class materials, which must be cited in APA format. Wikipedia or encyclopedias are not acceptable.
You MUST have one each of the following types of references:
- An article from a reputable newspaper
- An article from a general business magazine (Inc., Business Week, Economist, etc.)
- An online source – make sure it is reputable
NOTE: the textbook, class materials, and the firm’s website may be used as references, but these sources DO NOT count for one of the three required references.
- Case background/summary: Describe the case facts and background. This might include BRIEF information about the firm; however, do NOT simply duplicate what is in the case itself. You are required to provide CURRENT information on the firm. For example, if in the time since the text was published, the firm experienced major changes, this must be included in the background.
- Marketing concepts: Identify at least 2 marketing concepts discussed in the course and apply them to the case. For each of the marketing concepts identified in the case, describe the concept, explain why it applies to the case, and discuss how it might impact the solution. Critical thinking and analysis will be rewarded whereas superficial insights will receive minimal points.
- Use a Bold Face Header for each concept, for example:
- Marketing Concept One: list your first marketing concept
- Marketing Concept Two: list your second concept
- Some examples of marketing concepts include (these are ONLY examples, you may use others):
- Product management
- Product lifecycle
- Market research
- Marketing ethics/corporate social responsibility
- The future of the firm: Describe how you see the future of the firm and its products. Consider issues such as the marketplace, consumer preferences, trends, future segmentation, competition, and the nature of the firm. What might you suggest they do to remain successful? To grow and expand? What is your analysis of their long-term prospects? Support your conclusions with evidence and sound reasoning.
- Concept/lesson learned: A brief discussion of the most important lesson or concept taken from the case
- How this applies to your career or major: Reflect on your answer regarding the most important takeaway or lesson you derived from the case. Briefly, in about two paragraphs, describe how this applies to your career, job, or major. Be concise and specific.
Order Unique Answer Now
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How to make cassava flour from cassava ?
Making casava flour from cassava
Cassava is one of the most important cash crops . All parts of the cassava plantare valuable. Cassava leaves can be used to make soup or as feed for livestock, the stems can be used for planting more cassava, for mushroom production or as firewood, the root can be cooked and eaten fresh or processed into flour.
Natural drying is spread the pressed cassava mash thinly on a clean black plastic sheet placed on a gentle slope in full sun. Ideally this should be raised off the floor. Dry mash until it is very floury.
Step 7 of cassava flour making :
Pack sifted cassava flour in airtight moisture-proof black plastic bags. Seal the bag using a burning candle (or an electrical polysealer if electricity is available) and label with date of manufacture and expiry date (after six months). Pack bags in a carton to protect them from light. Store the cartons in a well-ventilated, cool, dry place. The packaged flour will keep for about six months.
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Cassava starch processing plant
Cassava flour processing plant
Garri processing plant
- What is cassava starch?
- How to make starch from cassava root ?
- How to make cassava flour from cassava ?
- What is the garri production process ?
- What is pounded yam flour production?
- How to process cassava into cassava flour ?
- What is cassava starch production process ?
- How to make garri from fresh cassava ?
- Do you know the features of garri processing machinery?
- How to process cassava into cassava chips ?
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Australia’s blood supply could face critical shortages if donations continue to fall as more people stay home to stop the spread of coronavirus.
The Australian Red Cross Lifeblood service is currently getting about 800 cancellations a day – roughly 100 more cancellations than this time last year – and needs at least 7100 people to donate in the next two weeks to help boost stocks for hospitals around the country.
The decline is largely the result of existing and prospective donors socially distancing themselves as the nation battles the pandemic.
But some fear this could lead to a secondary health crisis, given the number of patients who rely on blood – including road trauma victims and mothers with childbirth complications – and the low shelf life of blood products. Platelets, for example, are essential for cancer patients but only have a shelf life of five days, while red cells last for 40 days but are often snapped up much sooner.
Concerns have already emerged in the US, where the American Red Cross last week tweeted: “We now face a severe blood shortage due to the unprecedented number of blood drive cancellations during this coronavirus outbreak.”
Asked if Australia was also at risk of a shortage, a spokesman from the federal government’s health department conceded that Lifeblood needed more donors “to keep blood flowing to patients across Australia.”
“Donor centres are safe, social distancing arrangements are in place and this critically important activity must continue,” the spokesman told The Sunday Age.
Fears surrounding Australia's blood supply emerged as much of the country was forced to shut down last week in a bid to stop the spread of COVID-19.
Travel bans are now in place, high risk venues such as restaurants, clubs and gyms have closed, and non-essential gatherings have been discouraged, although it is not clear how long these restrictions will last.
The virus has also had consequences on the health system, with non-urgent elective surgery, kidney transplants and fertility procedures now suspended in order to free up hospital beds and health workers.
Lifeblood chief executive Shelly Park said the blood service would continue to operate with strict screening protocols preventing anyone who is unwell from donating, and additional hygiene measures to protect donors and staff.
While there is no evidence to suggest coronavirus is transmissible by blood transfusion, anyone who has had the virus will be banned from donating for at least three months.
A 28-day postponement period for anyone who has returned from overseas or has been in contact with someone who has coronavirus has also been introduced.
“There are still patients in hospital who will need blood over the coming weeks and months whether it be those involved in road accidents, those undergoing emergency surgery or receiving treatment for cancer, even mums experiencing complications during childbirth,” Ms Park said.
“They are relying on people to continue making these generous donations.”
Australia’s blood supply is managed and coordinated by the National Blood Authority, a statutory agency working out of the federal government's health portfolio.
The agency did not respond to questions from The Sunday Age, but a yet-to-be-activated contingency plan exists to ensure the safety and security of blood and blood products.
Ms Park said the agency occasionally faced periodic shortages due to flu and colds, but she was confident Lifeblood could reach its targets through the generosity of donors. Since March 17, when Lifeblood put out a statement calling for more people to give blood, about 4000 people had come forward. Thousands more were needed, including over the Easter break.
“It is worth noting that there are currently 500,000 people in Australia who donate blood, but we know that there are millions more who may be eligible to donate and we would encourage them to make an appointment if eligible,” Ms Park said.
- Lifeblood bookings: 13 14 95 or lifeblood.com.au
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Living on Revere Beach or near the Rumney Marsh, there are a lot of unexpected surprises that emerge from nature and such things that go along with a serene landscape.
For example, there are coyotes on the Marsh.
People on the Beach occasionally see Bald Eagles.
But one might not expect quiet winter mornings on the Beach being punctuated by the occasional shotgun blast. That, however, is precisely what many residents on the Beach and those who abut the Marshes hear during duck season – which stretches from October through January and brings scores of hunters to the area for a prized Common Eider, Atlantic Brant or Scoter.
Since Colonial times, duck hunters have flocked to the shores of Revere Beach and into the marshes. Today’s hunters are still protected by laws drafted during that same Colonial period ensuring access to hunting and fishing grounds in tidal areas. Nevertheless, as hunting has waned locally in popularity and Revere has become less country and more urban, hunters and residents of the city’s coastline have had a much more difficult time sharing space.
“I am never looking to hurt the people who like to do this as a sport, but there is a difference between urban and rural areas,” said State Rep. Kathi-Anne Reinstein, who annually files a bill to try to ban the hunters from Revere, though it has never gone anywhere. “We’re very urban here now and have been built up with a lot of homes near the hunting areas. It’s not the old Rumney Marsh now. I respect the old laws put in place, but we have to move with the times. Revere hasn’t been that place for a long time.”
Adam Smith, on the contrary, has run a hunting guide service – called Perfect Limit – off of Revere for more than 20 years and knows the duck hunting areas here better than anyone in the Commonwealth.
He told the Journal that his clients come from as far away as South Africa to hunt ducks in Revere waters. Apparently, while the local sea ducks seem commonplace to those who have lived her for a lifetime, they are quite rare and prized to duck hunters from other ends of the Earth.
“There are people who come from all over the world to shoot these particular ducks,” he said in an interview on Monday. “I have had people from South Africa. I had a group this fall from the Island of Malta, two groups from France and one group from England. They come from everywhere…These are collectors that want to have the perfect collection of all North American waterfowl. To get the perfect collection, you have to come here because these ducks are not everywhere. They want to shoot the ducks, take them to a taxidermist, have them stuffed and then put them on their walls.”
Add that to the fact that ducks are a challenging bird to hunt, and you get a sport that draws great interest.
“Ducks have always been a very huntable bird because of the challenge,” he said. “They’re not the easiest things in the world to hit.”
The particular ducks that are so prized are the Eider, the Scoter and the Atlantic Brant. All are migratory ducks that come from Quebec and Nova Scotia and have learned over the centuries that Revere is a great place for a guaranteed meal and a few months of respite.
“The reason for all the ducks on Revere Beach is they’re finding something to eat there and they remember that and come back year after year,” he said. “What they’re finding is the immature sea clams and there are a lot of those around here.”
The laws allowing hunting in this area have, in fact, survived from the Colonial era and were put in place to ensure that the general public could not be excluded from having access to the ocean and, consequently, could not be excluded from taking food from those same waters. Basically, the old law says that any area where tides come in or out is protected for the public for the purposes of fishing, general access and fowling.
This has been a matter of fact that some Revere residents – particularly those in the Riverside and Point of Pines areas – have begrudgingly accepted as the laws have been tested and retested for years without any changes.
“The Colonial Ordinance is something that has been looked at by the courts no fewer than 20 times and each time it has been decided in favor of the hunters,” said Smith. “The judges will not even look at it anymore.”
Another law, though, which has not been tested is the Hunter Harassment Law. That law, Smith said, is about to be tested and involves a battle between the duck hunters and condo residents on Revere Beach, who in larger numbers are growing to dislike the barges and boats hunting within eyesight and earshot.
The Harassment Law sprung from a situation where deer hunters were getting their vehicles vandalized while on a special deer hunt sponsored by the state in the Quabbin Reservoir – a hunt that was to eliminate the burgeoning deer populations that were beginning to threaten the area’s largest water supply. Nevertheless, many were offended and attacked the property of the hunters.
That ignited an effort – ironically led by two prominent hunting clubs based in Revere – to pass the Law. It states that a person can complain once to the authorities, and if the source of their complaint is a legal hunting activity, then they cannot complain again or they risk being arrested for harassment.
Smith’s recent troubles started on Jan. 12th when – in an unprecedented move – the State Environmental Police wrote him a ticket for shooting live birds from a moving vehicle. State law prevents the hunters from shooting while the boats and barges are moving. They can only retrieve the ducks using engine power once they are shot. Smith said he always follows that rule.
“That law has never been tested, but it’s about to be,” he said. “The people in the condos on Revere Beach are complaining to the Environmental Police officer and driving him crazy. He actually wrote me a ticket that should have never been written. He wrote that ticket to get them off his back. I believe it will be thrown out immediately, no argument.”
Reinstein said she doesn’t want to make hunters upset, but she sympathizes with the residents – noting that she has received tons of video from Beach residents of the hunters’ near-daily excursions.
“Where people are hearing these gunshots near their homes, they are concerned about their safety and that of their children and pets,” said Reinstein. “I have to be responsive to my constituents and this is an issue for them. Each year I get a call asking me to look into this and to file the bill again.”
Smith said he understands that the shooting can put nearby residents on the alert, but he assures everyone that there is zero chance of anyone being hit.
Certainly, about 10 years ago and many years prior, there were verified stories and police reports of residents abutting the marsh having their house siding pelted with lead shotgun pellets. There have been other stories as well about stray blasts infringing on those walking the Beach. That, Smith said, is a thing of the past due to the fact that technology has changed the shotgun ammunition.
“The type of ammunition that is used now for hunting these ducks has half the velocity of the old lead shot,” he said. “On occasion, when someone has come up from nearby and complained to me, I just give them my gun and tell them that I’m going to walk 100 yards away from them and let them shoot right at me. Nothing will happen to me because it will not travel that far. We have laws saying you cannot discharge a firearm within 500 feet of a dwelling and we don’t do that. People who see us out there have zero chance of getting hit.”
Tom O’Shea, assistant director of wildlife in the state’s Division of Fish and Wildlife, said Smith and other duck hunters are heavily regulated and performing a legitimate activity on the state’s waterways.
He said that the duck season here stretches from October to Jan. 31st – just now concluding. Another Canadian Goose season continues until Feb. 15th. He said state and federal laws cover duck hunting regulations. Hunters have to be licensed by the state and have to get a ‘duck stamp’ from his division and the feds. Additionally, they have to have permits to carry a firearm and have to abide by all of the requirements related to discharging a firearm more than 500 feet from a dwelling. They also may not go past the high tide mark on the shore to conduct the hunting.
He added that the newer ammunition also adds additional safety for the environment and for those nearby the hunters – even though residents might still be able to hear the guns firing.
All in all, O’Shea said balancing the rights of the hunters and the rights of residents is about respecting one another.
“I think as long as people understand that hunting is a legitimate activity where people are licensed and have permission to be on the property they’re on and are following state statutes, the rest is having respect for each other,” he said. “It’s about the hunters being respectful of the property owners, the residents and minimizing impacts to property. It’s also about the property owners [and residents] respecting that the hunters have a right – as long as they are licensed – to perform this legitimate activity.
“We have close to 65,000 hunters in the state and the vast majority hunt without incident,” he continued. “I don’t see a conflict. I think it’s a legitimate activity. We have setbacks for a reason and that buffer is for the general public.”
Concluded Smith, “We follow the ducks. They will be here next year. These ducks are no going to forget there’s something to eat on Revere Beach.”
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Advances in the molecular characterization of human tumors have led to increased interest in the development of targeted therapeutics to include monoclonal antibodies and cancer vaccines. Interest in the development of cancer vaccines has increased since these advances led to the identification of tumor-associated antigens (TAAs).1-3 TAAs expressed by tumors are able to elicit a specific immune response. In addition to having an antigen that serves as a target for the immune response, a successful tumor vaccine requires a platform to present the antigen to the immune system and an environment that is conducive to immune stimulation. The goal of researchers, therefore, has been to identify TAAs and deliver them to the immune system in the context of a vaccine with the appropriate secondary signals required to prompt a robust, protective immune response.
Breast cancer vaccines are appealing because they represent a nontoxic therapeutic modality with great specificity. Another potential benefit of breast cancer vaccines is that they stimulate an immunologic memory response, potentially allowing for a sustained effect without recurrent therapy. In addition, because vaccines are designed to stimulate the immune system, patients are unlikely to develop resistance to this form of targeted therapy. In this chapter, we will review the basics of the immune system's response to vaccination, discuss vaccine formulations, including the TAAs that serve as targets in breast cancer, and present current strategies for incorporating vaccines into treatment algorithms for patients with breast cancer.
The human immune system consists of both innate and adaptive arms. The innate immune system is made up of cells such as mast cells, phagocytes, natural killer cells, basophils, and eosinophils that defend the host in a nonspecific manner. This system provides immediate defense against infection but is unable to confer long-lasting or protective immunity. The major functions of the innate immune system therefore include the recruitment of immune cells to sites of infection or inflammation through release of cytokines, activation of the complement cascade, removal of foreign substances, and activation of the adaptive immune system by antigen presentation. The adaptive immune system then is able to confer long-lasting immunity by mounting 2 types of a response: humoral and cellular. Humoral immunity (the antibody response) involves B cells interacting with a foreign antigen, leading to differentiation into plasma cells or memory cells. Plasma cells are able to secrete specific antibodies against the antigen, while memory cells are longer lasting and function to respond quickly to future exposures of the antigen. Cellular immunity (the T-cell response) involves an interaction between T cells and processed fragments of proteins (peptides) that are present on the surface of other cells in association with major histocompatibility (MHC) molecules.
There are 2 types of MHC molecules: class I and class II (Fig. 91-1). Class I MHC molecules are found on nearly all nucleated cells. They can be loaded with peptides of 8 to 10 amino acids that are generated endogenously within the cytosol ...
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Since 2013 the Program has kept over 500 youth engaged in positive activity. Young Generation Center, an orphanage home in Manyatta slum, Kisumu, which was established in 1997 partners with One Vibe Africa for the Education, Music & Arts Program. The program has various classes including: Visual Art, Traditional African Music, Dance, Guitar & Vocals, Poetry, Theatre, Fashion, Photography, and Filmmaking. Our objectives are to
- Provide quality education to bright & needy students through sponsorship
- Provide a safe space for youth to share experiences, stories, and projects
- Give youth a platform to express themselves through music & art
- Preserve culture by teaching youth traditional music
- Provide alternatives to drugs & violence through film, and photography
Why Education, Music & Arts?
Educating youth and providing them with music and arts activities enhances their self-expression, gives them a voice to share stories of their aspirations, inspires, and empowers them toward various creative and professional paths.
Our Instruments of Success
- Number of youth sponsored through formal education
- Number of youth sponsored to Music & Arts activities
- Graduation and retention rate
- Number of youth connected to mentors
- Improved academic performance
Many youth are vulnerable especially when they are not at home or in school. According to The Kenya National Authority for the Campaign Against Alcohol and Drug Abuse (NACADA), alcohol and drug abuse is highest among youth aged 15-29. Besides the introduction to cheap drugs and alcohol at a young age, they are often also exposed to risky sexual activity, gangs, and other negative influences that are common in the slums because of lack of inspiration and necessary support systems.
According to the City Council of Kisumu 75% of the urban population resides in tiny makeshift shacks. 52% of the working population earn $38 per month, and live without running water, electricity, or sewage systems. These conditions coupled with lack of role models frustrate many youth. The 2012 Rapid Assessment of Drug and Substance abuse by NACADA indicated that the immediate social environment had an important role in influencing drug and substance abuse among youth. We hope the Education, Music & Arts program will contribute to mitigation of the above issues.
How You Can Help
Generous contribution from you allows us to inspire and engage more youth in Kenya. Please support our mission with a Gift to our Programs. You can count on our accountability and promise to ensure that 100% of your gift supports youth that need it the most. Here are other ways that you can help…Read More
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The Negro, as he lives in Texas
, is a savage, but without the virtues of a Cherokee.
Unbroken to the yoke, he hardly understands the meaning of a moral code, a social compact, or a family law. To him domestic arts are figments of the brain, and family order is a vision in the clouds.
In moral sense he rises no higher than a Kickapoo; in personal rectitude he sinks below the Kickapoo
, three races are in contact and conflict; each race against the other two races; Red men against White
; Black men against Red
men against Black
. The calendar of crime in Texas
is a fearful record, and the darkest portion of that record is the list of Negro crime.
At every ranch we hear of Negro frays and fights, beginning for the greater part in drink, and ending for the greater part in bloodshed.
Since the Negro became a citizen he has acquired the faculty of buying whisky and getting drunk, a gift of liberty denied to his Red brother; and one more precious in his sight than that of voting for a village justice or even for a member of Congress.
people, as a rule, pay no attention to these Negro quarrels, White
people caring no more
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Photosynthesis is essentially the reverse of respiration. It is usually simplified to:
carbon dioxide + water (+ light energy) →glucose + oxygen
- The light-dependent reactions use light energy to split water and make ATP, oxygen and energetic hydrogen atoms. This stage takes place within the thylakoid membranes of chloroplasts, and is very much like the respiratory chain, only in reverse.
- The light-independent reactions don’t need light, but do need the products of the light-dependent stage (ATP and H), so they stop in the absence of light. This stage takes place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and involves the fixation of carbon dioxide and the synthesis of glucose.
- Like respiration, oxygen and carbon dioxide are quite separate. Plants do not turn carbon dioxide into oxygen; they turn carbon dioxide into glucose, and water into oxygen.
- Photosynthesis takes place entirely within chloroplasts.
- Like mitochondria, chloroplasts have a double membrane, but in addition chloroplasts have a third membrane called the thylakoid membrane.
- This is folded into thin vesicles (the thylakoids), enclosing small spaces called the thylakoid lumen.
- The thylakoid vesicles are often layered in stacks called grana.
- The thylakoid membrane contains the same ATP synthase particles found in mitochondria.
- Chloroplasts also contain DNA, tRNA and ribososomes, and they often store the products of photosynthesis as starch grains and lipid droplets.
- Chloroplasts contain two different kinds of chlorophyll, called chlorophyll a and b, together with a number of other light-absorbing accessory pigments, such as the carotenoids and luteins(or xanthophylls).
- These different pigments absorb light at different wavelengths, so having several
different pigments allows more of the visible spectrum to be used.
- A low absorption means that those wavelengths are not absorbed and so cannot be used, but instead are reflected or transmitted.
- Different species of plant have different combinations of photosynthetic pigments, giving rise to different coloured leaves.
- In addition, plants adapted to shady conditions tend to have a higher concentration of chlorophyll and so have dark greenleaves, while those adapted to bright conditions need
less chlorophyll and have pale green leaves.
- By measuring the rate of photosynthesis using different wavelengths of light, an action spectrumis obtained.
- Chlorophyll is a fairly small molecule (not a protein) with a structure similar to haem, but with a magnesium atom instead of iron.
- Chlorophyll and the other pigments are arranged in complexes with proteins, called photosystems.
- Each photosystem contains some 200 chlorophyll molecules and 50
molecules of accessory pigments, together with several protein molecules (including enzymes) and lipids.
- These photosystems are located in the thylakoid membranes and they hold the light-absorbing pigments in the best position to maximise the absorbance of photons of light.
- The chloroplasts of green plants have two kinds of photosystem called photosystem I(PSI) and photosystem II(PSII).
The Light-Dependent Reactions
- The light-dependent reactions (or photophosphorylation) take place on the thylakoid membranes using four membrane-bound proteins: photosystem I (PSI), photosystem II (PSII), cytochrome (C) and ferredoxin (FD).
- In these reactions light energy is used to split water, oxygen is given off, hydrogen is produced and ADP is phosphorylated to make ATP.
- Chlorophyll molecules in PSII absorb photons of light, exciting chlorophyll electrons to a higher energy level and causing a charge separation within PSII.
- This charge separation drives the splitting (or photolysis) of water molecules to make oxygen (O2), protons (H+) and electrons (e-):
2H2O → O2+ 4H+ + 4e-
- Water is a very stable molecule and it requires the energy from 4 photons of light to split one water molecule.
- The oxygen produced diffuses out of the chloroplast and eventually into the air; the proton sbuild up in the thylakoid lumen causing a proton gradient; and the electrons from water replace the excited electrons that have been ejected from chlorophyll.
- The excited, high-energy electrons are passed along the chain of proteins in the thylakoid membrane, in a similar way to the respiratory chain.
- In PSI more light energy is absorbed and passed to the electron, which gains energy as it goes.
- The energy of the electrons is used to pump protons from stroma to lumen, creating a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
- Finally, the electron is recombined with a proton to form a hydrogen atom, which is taken up by the coenzyme NADP, reducing it to NADPH.
NADP + H+ + e- →NADPH
- The combination of the water splitting and proton pumping causes a proton gradient across the thylakoid membrane.
- This gradient is used to make ATP using the ATP synthase enzyme in exactly thesame way as respiration.
- This synthesis of ATP is called photophosphorylation because it uses light energy to phosphorylate ADP (ADP + Pi →ATP).
Summary of the Light-Dependent Reactions
1. Light energy is absorbed by chlorophyll and used to photolyse water (H2O → O2+ H+ + e-).
2. The high-energy electron is passed along the chain of proteins in the thylakoid membrane, gaining energy from light as it goes.
3. The electron is taken up by NADP, which is reduced to NADPH (NADP + H++ e →NADPH).
4. The energy from the light is used to make ATP in the ATP synthase enzyme (ADP + Pi →ATP).
The Light-Independent Reactions
- The light-independent, or carbon-fixing reactions, of photosynthesis take place in the stroma of the chloroplasts and comprise another cyclic pathway, called the Calvin Cycle, after the American scientist who discovered it.
- Carbon dioxide binds to the 5-carbon sugar ribulose bisphosphate (RuBP)to form 2 molecules of the 3-carbon compound glycerate phosphate.
- This carbon-fixing reaction is catalysed by the enzyme ribulose bisphosphate carboxylase, always known as rubisco.
- It is a very slow and inefficient enzyme, so large amounts of it are needed (recall that increasing enzyme concentration increases reaction rate), and itcomprises about 50% of the mass of chloroplasts, making it the most abundant protein in nature.
- Glycerate phosphate (C3H4O4.PO3) is an acid, not a carbohydrate, so it is reduced and activated to form triose phosphate(C3H6O3.PO3), the same 3-carbon sugar as that found in glycolysis.
- Two ATP and two NADPH molecules from the light-dependent reactions provide the energy for this step.
- The ADP and NADP return to the thylakoid membrane for recycling.
- Triose phosphate is a branching point.
- Most of the triose phosphate continues through a complex series of reactions to regenerate the RuBP and complete the cycle.
- 5 triose phosphate molecules (5 x 3C = 15 carbon atoms) combine to form 3 RuBP molecules (3 x5C = 15 carbon atoms).
- Every 3 turns on average of the Calvin Cycle 3 CO2 molecules are fixed to make 1 new triose phosphate molecule (3CO2+ 6H →C3H6O3).
- This triose phosphate leaves the cycle, and two of these triose phosphate molecules combine to form one glucose molecule using the glycolysis enzymes in
- The light-independent reactions are now finished, and the glucose can now be transported out of the chloroplast and used to make all the other organic compounds that the plant needs (cellulose, lipids, proteins, nucleic acids, etc).
- Some of these need the addition of mineral elements like N, P or S.
- Plants are very self-sufficient!
Factors affecting the rate of Photosynthesis
- The rate of photosynthesis by a plant or algae can be measured by recording the amount of oxygen produced, or carbon dioxide used, in a given period of time.
- But these measurements are also affected by respiration, which plants do all the time, so the respiration rate must be measured separately.
- A plant’s growth (or productivity) depends on the difference between the rates of photosynthesis and respiration.
- The conditions at which the rates of photosynthesis and respiration are equal, so there is no net change in oxygen or carbon dioxide concentration, is called the compensation
- Many of the environmental factors that affect photosynthesis also affect respiration.
- Temperature affects the rates of all enzyme reactions, so the rates of photosynthesis and respiration are both affected.
- Photosynthesis is more sensitive to temperature with an optimum of about 30-35°C, whereas respiration often has an optimum nearer to 45°C.
Factors affecting the rate of Photosynthesis 2
- So there is a temperature compensation point around 40°C (A), and above this temperature plants lose mass as the rate of respiration is greater than the rate of photosynthesis.
Carbon dioxide concentration.
- Carbon dioxide is the substrate for the enzyme rubisco in the light-independent stages of photosynthesis, so the higher the carbon dioxide concentration the faster the rate of the Calvin cycle.
- The rate of respiration is not affected by carbon dioxide concentration, and the carbon dioxide compensation pointis usually very low, at about 50ppm (A).
- Normal carbondioxide concentration in the air is about 400ppm (B), whereas the optimum concentration for most plants is nearer to 1000ppm, so carbon dioxide is often the limiting factor.
Factors affecting the rate of Photosynthesis 3
- Light is the source of energy for the production of ATP and NADPH in the light-dependent stages of photosynthesis, so the higher the light intensity the faster the rate of photosynthesis.
- The rate of respiration is not affected by light intensity, and the light compensation point is
- Shade plants are adapted to growing in low light conditions (such as a forest floor), so have a very low light compensation point and a low optimum intensity.
- Shade plants make good house plants, since they are adapted to the low light intensities indoors.
- Sun plants have a higher compensation point, and have a very high optimum near the light intensity of a bright summer’s day .
Factors affecting the rate of Photosythesis 4
Time of Day.
- Both photosynthesis and respiration are affected by time of day: photosynthesis by changes in light and respiration by changes in temperature.
- At night respiration exceeds photosynthesis, while during the day photosynthesis
exceeds respiration, so there are two compensation points each day.
- Over a 24-hour period the amount of photosynthesis is greater than the amount of respiration, so plants gain mass and have a net uptake of carbon dioxide.
Understanding how factors affect photosynthesis andrespiration is very important for farmers and commercial growers.
For example in a closed greenhouse with lots of plants the carbon dioxide
concentration can fall very low, so it can be worth increasing the CO2 concentration in the greenhouse to increase the rate of photosynthesis.
This is most efficiently done by burning a fuel, since this releases CO2 and raises the temperature. It’s hard to beat the intensity of daylight, but day length can be increased with
- Although all these factors (and many others) could affect the rate of photosynthesis, at any given time there can only be onefactor that is actually controlling the rate – the limiting factor.
- This is the factor that is in shortest supply, or furthest from its optimum.
- It’s a bit like a chain that is only as strong as its weakest link.
- We can observe this in an experiment to investigatethe rate of photosynthesis.
- At low light intensities the rate of photosynthesis increases as the light intensity increases.
- This must mean that light is the limiting factor, since the rate depends on it.
- At higher light intensities the rate of photosynthesis stays the same even if the light intensity increases.
Limiting Factors 2
- This means that light is not the limiting factor, since the rate doesn’t depend on it.
- This isn’t surprising since there is now plenty of light. The rate of photosynthesis must be limited by some other factor.
- If we repeat the experiment at a higher concentration of carbon dioxide we get a higher rate, showing that a higher rate is possible, and that carbon dioxide concentration was rate limiting at point.
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Source: 100MW solar project gathers pace | The Herald 17 AUG, 2019
Africa Moyo Deputy News Editor
FORMER Eskom chief executive officer Engineer Matshela Koko is pressing ahead with his company’s 100MW solar project in Gwanda, which is expected to be the envy of the continent upon completion.
Eng Koko, who is investing US$250 million in a massive solar farm, on Wednesday said he was bringing “cutting edge” technology to generate electricity in Zimbabwe.
“What we are busy with in Zimbabwe has not been done in Africa before. We bring the cutting edge of electricity generation to Gwanda,” said Eng Koko on his Twitter handle on Thursday.
“Once we are done, Zimbabwe will be the envy of the continent. Even South Africa will not compete. Siyaquba (we are working)!!!
“Today (Wednesday) I spent the day with the design team of Matshela Energy.
“The flexibility of dispatch scenarios for the Solar PV (photo voltaic) plant combined with advanced battery storage will provide Zimbabwe with improved energy security. This scenario prioritises the evening peak.”
The Zimbabwe Energy Regulatory Authority (Zera) awarded Matshela Energy a licence to set up the solar power plant on July 17.
Its licence is valid for 25 years.
Once completed, the project is expected to become the largest solar venture in Zimbabwe.
Expectations are also that it will create up to 1 000 jobs.
Matshela Energy has resolved to ring-fence US$100 000 per annum for 20 years to put towards research and innovation in the field of advanced energy storage and renewable energy generation.
This is set to be done in partnership with a local university, which would be selected in partnership with the Ministry of Energy and Power Development.
The project can be expected to feed power into the national grid within 12 months.
The investment comes at a time when thermal and hydro-power generation is constrained as a result of aging generation equipment at Hwange and other small thermal power stations, coupled with low water levels in Lake Kariba.
This has resulted in the proliferation of solar energy projects, with Centragrid (Pvt) Limited in Nyabira already feeding 2,5MW into the grid after a technical commissioning recently.
Centragrid plans to increase its capacity to 100MW in the future.
Another company, Harava Solar Park in Bwoni Village, Seke, is also working on a 20MW solar project and is expected to start feeding power into the grid in December.
The company also wants to increase its capacity to 100MW going forward.
A number of other companies have already obtained solar power generating licences, in a move expected to minimise electricity shortages.
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Months ago, before the first confirmed case of coronavirus infection in Lebanon, and the subsequent measures such as public mobilization and quarantine, Lebanese importers and traders were warning of possible food shortages in local markets due to the dollar crisis.
These threats became more imminent in light of the complete closure imposed by some of the most virus-stricken countries and suppliers to Lebanon.
In remarks to Asharq Al-Awsat, Hani Bohsali, the head of food importers, confirmed the presence of a worsening problem in the import of food products but ruled out “reaching a disastrous situation represented by the depletion of basic products from the Lebanese market.”
He explained: “The import chain is faltering because of coronavirus. There are many obstacles facing the importers, including the decision of some countries to reduce their exports in order to serve their domestic market, the halting or decrease of production in some factories in affected countries due to precautionary measures, delay of shipments due to restriction of movement, and the fact that ports in Lebanon are operating half-time in line with the general mobilization decision.”
He asserted that many basic foods, such as cereals, rice, milk, and oils were available in quantities sufficient for up to two months in case import stops.
“But the import has not stopped and will not, but it faces difficulties,” he stressed.
Bohsali noted that Lebanon imports 80 percent of its food products, and this will have repercussions “as long as coronavirus in the US and Europe is on the rise, and as long as the number of cases increases.”
When talking about the possibility of food depletion, traders and importers confirm that the dollar crisis was more dangerous than the virus. Importers, especially in light of the pandemic, need foreign currency more than ever to reserve their share of products.
Nabil Fahd, the head of supermarket owners’ association, expressed fears that some basic food products were running out because 20 percent of food produced locally needed raw materials imported from abroad.
“If the (coronavirus) crisis continues, we will reach a stage in which some items will be depleted, especially those that are fully or partially manufactured, such as canned food, biscuits, and chocolate, but not basic food,” he underlined.
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Are psychiatric drugs a trigger for massacres?
AS the search for answers begins after the shooting at the Navy Yard in Washington, the cause of violent behaviour is once again under the spotlight.
While there is never one simple explanation for what drives a human being to commit such unspeakable acts, all too often one common denominator has been prescribed psychiatric drugs.
It has been reported in the US that the Navy Yard shooter, Aaron Alexis, had been prescribed an antidepressant drug which is documented to cause mania and violent behaviour.
And after the tragic incident at the movie theatre in Aurora, Colorado, where James Holmes killed 12 people, police found psychiatric drugs in Holmes's apartment.
There have been 22 international drug regulatory warnings on psychiatric drugs, but the manufacturers and the prescribers have been allowed to carry on unabated. It's time for a change.
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Artificial intelligence is now advanced enough to tell deep insights about our intelligence and personality. In this article, there is a free IQ test where you get detailed results by artificial intelligence about your IQ and personality.
The Intellectual Quotient tests, most commonly known as IQ tests are designed to diagnose the intellectual potential and weaknesses of an individual. At the end of this article, there is a free IQ test that will give you detailed feedback from artificial intelligence about your IQ and personality according to the Big Five Personality theory (one of the most widely accepted personality theories in the scientific community).
Historical Background of IQ Testing
The first intelligence test was created by French psychologist Alfred Binet in the early 1900s. The tests have evolved a lot over the years and the modern testing version in the U.S is based on the work of psychologist Henry Herbert Goddard.
Modern IQ tests use efficient tools to get the most accurate results. Our website has the best online IQ tests. To get the most reliable scores we use artificial intelligence.
Why IQ test using AI
AI is a powerful tool for creating effective IQ tests. It can help in measuring things beyond knowledge such as confidence, collaboration, motivation, and persistence.
Types of IQ Tests
There are different types of intelligent tests available and their content varies considerably. Some tests are specifically designed for children while the ones designed for adults have different content.
Here is a list of some of the common intelligence tests:
- Stanford-Binet Intelligence Scale
- Cognitive Assessment System (take a free cognitive test)
- Universal Nonverbal Intelligence Test
- Kaufman Assessment Battery for Children
- Woodcock-Johnson Tests of Cognitive Abilities
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale for Children
- Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale
Purpose Of Intellectual Quotient Tests
The modern tests are focused on assessing abilities like spatial perception, memory, language, and mathematical skills. The ability to fix problems, remember information, and see relationships are key components of intelligence and that is why the focus of the tests is on these skills. The tests for assessing intellectual potential are used for several purposes. Some of the reasons for these tests are:
- Assessing and diagnosing intellectual disability
- Evaluating job candidates
- Cognitive research
- Educational assessment and placement
- Assessing cognitive abilities like speed, attention, and memory.
IQ test score
The IQ of an individual can have an impact on different areas of life. But the test score can vary in different tests and the interpretations can differ as well.
Here is a general IQ classification of the scores:
|IQ Level||Descriptive Classification|
The score can be pretty revealing as it can tell you how you compare to people in your peer group in things such as:
- Mathematical abilities
- Language skills
- Processing speed
- Visual-spatial processing
- Reasoning abilities
Relationship Between Your IQ Test Score and Happiness in Life
There is a difference of opinion regarding the relationship between intelligence level and happiness. Several studies have been conducted to find the correlation between intelligence and happiness but each study presents different results.
There are so many examples of geniuses who have achieved exceptional success but have also struggled with mental illness and depression like Steve Jobs, Kurt Godel, John Nash, etc.
The relationship between happiness and high intelligence level is still under debate.
Pre-employment Tests: IQ Test (IQ) Vs Emotional Intelligence Test (EQ)
Many companies use intelligence quotient and emotional intelligence tests to assess a candidate’s suitability for the job. It helps in increasing the efficiency of the hiring process.
The pre-employment tests can help people in finding the best job opportunities that are most suited for their caliber. You can take a free emotional intelligence test and get your results from artificial intelligence to better understand your:
- Learning ability
- Critical thinking skills
Knowing the level of these skills assist in choosing the job opportunities where you can thrive and achieve your professional goals.
Can Your IQ Test Score Predict Your Success?
It is a natural assumption that people with high IQ scores have a greater chance of success. The researchers used IQ testing to check whether the scores played any part other than just academic success.
Psychologist Lewis Terman started investigating the social and emotional development skills of children with high IQ levels. Terman tracked the children for a few years and found out that they were physically and socially well-adjusted.
IQ scores are pretty reliable when it comes to predicting academic and professional success. But some studies show that people with exceptional IQ levels may be more vulnerable to social isolation and depression. They are also more likely to turn towards the use of illegal drugs or marijuana.
The IQ test may be able to predict an individual’s potential for success but fulfilling the potential and leading a happy content life depends on traits and skills that these tests cannot measure.
How to Take IQ Tests?
IQ tests have become easily accessible because of the internet. There is a free IQ test that uses AI to give you detailed results. This AI-supported test uses an AI engine that analyzes your answers and builds a personality profile. Here is the free IQ test.
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Geologic investigations of late Miocene–early Pliocene deposits in Mohave and Cottonwood valleys provide important insights into the early evolution of the lower Colorado River system. In the latest Miocene these valleys were separate depocenters; the floor of Cottonwood Valley was ∼200 m higher than the floor of Mohave Valley. When Colorado River water arrived from the north after 5.6 Ma, a shallow lake in Cottonwood Valley spilled into Mohave Valley, and the river then filled both valleys to ∼560 m above sea level (asl) and overtopped the bedrock divide at the southern end of Mohave Valley. Sediment-starved water spilling to the south gradually eroded the outlet as siliciclastic Bouse deposits filled the lake upstream. When sediment accumulation reached the elevation of the lowering outlet, continued erosion of the outlet resulted in recycling of stored lacustrine sediment into downstream basins; depth of erosion of the outlet and upstream basins was limited by the water levels in downstream basins. The water level in the southern Bouse basin was ∼300 m asl (modern elevation) at 4.8 Ma. It must have drained and been eroded to a level <150 m asl soon after that to allow for deep erosion of bedrock divides and basins upstream, leading to removal of large volumes of Bouse sediment prior to massive early Pliocene Colorado River aggradation. Abrupt lowering of regional base level due to spilling of a southern Bouse lake to the Gulf of California could have driven observed upstream river incision without uplift. Rapid uplift of the entire region immediately after 4.8 Ma would have been required to drive upstream incision if the southern Bouse was an estuary.
- Received 1 October 2013.
- Revision received 27 June 2014.
- Accepted 30 September 2014.
- © Geological Society of America
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Part 3: Power Source Alternatives for UPS Systems
By Mark Peckover, P.E.
December 2011 -
Emergency Preparedness Article Use Policy
The phrase alternate power source refers to the energy source supporting the UPS. A sealed battery is the most common alternate power source for a UPS.
A flywheel is another UPS power source. The advantages of the flywheel include smaller space requirements and acceptable operating temperatures that are higher than batteries. This feature can reduce the operational HVAC costs significantly. The main drawback to a flywheel is that it typically provides 20-45 seconds of power.
Another source making its way into the market is compressed air used to fuel the UPS alternate power source. Compressed-air systems do not have the same temperature constraints as batteries and can tolerate much higher and lower operating temperatures.
A compressed-air system has a run time similar to flywheels. While this system is viable, few manufacturers offering the technology, so parts availability might be difficult.
Where reliability is essential, one UPS also can be a single point of failure. To provide greater reliability, managers can integrate multiple, smaller UPS modules and batteries to provide redundant power protection. N+1 redundancy means if N modules can supply the needed load, the installation contains N+1 modules. This way, failure of one module will not impact system operation.
Many computer servers offer the option of redundant power supplies, so if one power supply fails, one or more other power supplies can power the load. Plugging each power supply into a different circuit — i.e., to a different circuit breaker — further enhances redundancy.
Technicians can extend redundant protection still further by connecting each power supply to its own UPS. This provides double protection from a power-supply failure and a UPS failure, ensuring continued operation. This configuration is also referred to as 2N redundancy.
Configuring the power-distribution system properly allows a manager to add UPS modules as needed to support growth of the system. Smaller UPS — 20 kW to 100 kW — can be upgraded to a larger size with a software code.
Taking these factors into account in specifying a UPS should ensure the final decision makes economic sense and serves the long-term needs of the facility.
Mark Peckover, P.E., LEED AP, is a principal of Sparling, an electrical engineering and technology consulting firm with offices in Seattle, San Diego, Portland, and Houston. Peckover has more than 20 years of electrical engineering experience with health care, higher education, biotech, government, commercial, entertainment and retail facilities.
Regular equipment testing should be part of the maintenance schedule for uninterruptible power supplies (UPS). Such a schedule might include the following elements:
If a generator is part of the building's emergency-power system and feeds the UPS, it also will need to be tested monthly or quarterly. Most facilities have a generator-maintenance schedule in place that defines testing frequency. A UPS typically is sized to carry the load for a short period of time. Longer outages require backup-power generation to maintain critical services. Each facility is unique, and managers need to develop a maintenance schedule to suit each site's specific needs.
— Michael Newbury
Part 1: Making Informed Decisions About Uninterruptible Power
Part 2: UPS Technology Matters
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Links on Android Authority may earn us a commission. Learn more.
Check out this new, sort of creepy teaser for the Huawei Mate 10
According to the video, the upcoming flagship from Huawei is “not a smartphone.” It also says the device will be so smart that it’ll “think for us.”
As we approach October 16, we are learning more about the upcoming Mate 10-branded smartphones day by day. So far, we’ve seen what seemed like leaked slideshows, purportedly showing images of the Mate 10 and the Mate 10 Pro. Rumors suggest that the Pro version could sport a bezel-less design, 4,000 mAh battery, all-new camera sensors, and of course, advanced AI features.
The AI part is where things get interesting. The Chinese electronics giant has previously stated that its upcoming flagship – presumably called the Mate 10 – will be “more powerful” than the recently-released iPhones. It even made fun of the Face ID technology found inside the iPhone X, claiming that the Mate 10 will be the “real AI smartphone.” These are certainly bold claims, but one thing is for sure: Huawei is not taking AI lightly. The company has already discussed its plans to launch an application processor that combines CPU, GPU, and AI functions, and although it’s unclear whether that’ll debut with the Mate 10, from the latest teaser, it’s clear AI is going to play a big role in the upcoming device:
Delivering the ultimate experience, going beyond smart, using the transformative power of #AI. Welcome to intelligent. #HuaweiMate10 pic.twitter.com/u9yD1mhdYy— Huawei Mobile (@HuaweiMobile) September 29, 2017
Huawei says that the Mate 10 “is not a smartphone” but rather “an intelligent machine.” Then it proceeds, “This sees, thinks, learns like us [and] for us.” On one hand, I can’t wait to see what Huawei has in store for us. My guess is that the AI here is mainly referring to the Neural Processing Unit that the company has been talking about and photography-related features (Apple seems to be taking a similar approach). On the other hand, however, I’m a little creeped out by the fact that I’m so excited for a phone that’s going to “think for me.”
I’m a little creeped out by the fact that I’m so excited for a phone that’s going to 'think for me.'
What are your thoughts on the new teaser? Excited for the October 16 event? Let us know by leaving a comment below!
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The issue of SEO v Design has never been so fierce as it is today, with Google on one hand wanting interesting copy (it after all ‘feeds’ on words) and wanting a good User Experience (UX) whilst on the other starting to say that using ‘Click to Expand’ methods (which assist in UX) are ‘bad’, or at least potentially bad.
It seems to many that Google wants to have it’s cake and to eat it too..
So, when it comes to designing a site, one that you want to be ranked in Google (not everybody wants this) you have to walk a careful line between making the site a pleasure to use and also be SEO friendly.
Public Domain from pixabay
Thankfully, at Rouge, we have always designed with the human visitor in mind (and not the Search Engine’s robotis friends) so all this is music to our ears.
We do of course make sure that the ‘signposts’ are there, just to make sure that Google ‘understands’ what the site is all about and write (or encourage our customers to write if they are doing this themselves) interesting and informative content and to keep the site alive.
This article covers the whole topic of SEO and Web Design in more detail and is more than worth a read…
On Google’s list of philosophies, the very first one is “focus on the user and all else will follow.” But in the past, many SEO professionals have ignored this advice, crafting web pages designed primarily for Web crawlers, and crammed with keywords.
While such an SEO-only strategy worked well 10 years ago, Google and other search engines have since come a long way. In particular, Google’s sophistication is such that designing for UX (user experience) is much more valuable than designing just for SEO (search engine optimization).
That said, totally abandoning SEO in favor of a UX-focused approach is misguided. While it is true that SEO and UX have become more and more complementary — and that designing for UX does often result in improved SEO — there are some UX elements that affect Google’s ability to crawl a website, and some areas in which they benefit each other.
Web designers would be wise to design for, and take both into, account, but focus on the user above all.
In April 2015, Google rolled out a mobile-friendly update that boosts the rankings of websites to make them legible and, most importantly, functional, on mobile devices. It is now absolutely necessary to ensure that a website is designed not just for desktop but for mobile screens, as well.
In fact, the search engine stated on its Inside Adwords blog that, “More Google searches take place on mobile devices than on computers in 10 countries, including the U.S.”
There are three Google-acknowledged ways to design for mobile devices: responsive design, dynamic serving and separate URLs. Of these three, responsive design is the best choice for both SEO and UX. With responsive design, the website is essentially the same, only serving up different displays according to the device. Separate URLs is the least favorable choice, as the mobile must then rank for itself.
SEO and UX go hand in hand when it comes to mobile sites. Not only is responsive web design user-friendly: Users aren’t redirected to a different website with which they must become acquainted. And the newly-launched mobile-friendly update makes it SEO-friendly, too.
If you must use infinite scroll, use it wisely
Infinite scroll, in which more content continues to load as the user scrolls to the bottom of the page, has been thought to be a friendly and sleek design for UX. Many popular website utilize this feature: Pinterest and BuzzFeed are examples.
However, Web crawlers cannot mimic user behavior in this way, and the content that would be visible to users remains invisible to Google. If infinite scroll is a design element you would rather not forfeit, Google recommends creating a paginated series (pages of content) alongside infinite scroll, ensuring fast load times and letting users easily find the content they wanted in the first place.
Furthermore, there is a design misconception that content is best served “above the fold,” i.e., content that can be seen without the user having to scroll. In fact, research shows that users do scroll. And, besides, with screen displays so variable these days, it’s hard to tell what will be viewable without scrolling.
Along the lines of infinite scrolling is click-to-expand, or tabbed content. This design uses links or tabs which, when clicked, “open” more content. Although Google has not definitively acknowledged whether this hidden content is ignored, there has been much discussion over it: namely, that Google is not indexing it.
The safest thing to do is to use the practice sparingly. Click-to-expand content certainly does appeal to minimalistic web design, but appealing to UX in this case could be detrimental to SEO.
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A method and composition are disclosed with which it becomes possible to reduce the perception of ammonia odor in ammonia-containing compositions such as hair bleaches and colorants. A perfume composition containing at least one perfume material which is olfactively stable in the ammonia base and satisfies one of the following criteria is added to the ammonia-containing composition: (1) contains a phenyl ring moiety and has an air diffusion coefficient of > 5.7, (2) contains a C-5 ring moiety, which also contains at least 1 carbon which is sp2 hybridized, and has an air diffusion coefficient of > 4.4.
BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION Field of the Invention
The present invention concerns reduction of the perception of ammonia odor in ammonia containing compositions such as hair bleaches and colorants. Discussion of the Related Art
Many hair treatment compositions contain ammonia and are characterized by an offensive odor.
For example, hair-bleaching agents based on a peroxide oxidation agent, such as hydrogen peroxide, urea peroxide, melamine perhydrate, etc. are generally used for the bleaching of human hair. The action of aqueous hydrogen peroxide solution per se, even under alkaline conditions, is too slow, so that hair damage may occur. Aqueous ammonia is an effective activator for the hair bleaching action of aqueous peroxide solutions, accelerating the oxidative destruction of the particles of the hair pigment (melanosomes), speeding up the rate at which the hair pigments are oxidized. It has therefore been customary to use ammonia in bleaching compositions for this purpose.
In addition, the pH of the aqueous hydrogen peroxide solutions must be adjusted to the alkaline side if they are to serve as effective bleaching agents for hair. Although the pH effect is different from the activator effect of ammonia (since the pH effect can be accomplished with alkaline materials other than ammonia), it has been common practice to use ammonia both for its activator effect and for its pH adjusting effect on the composition. As a consequence, with a few exceptions, essentially all the commercial hair bleaching compositions contain substantial quantities of ammonia.
Further, in hair dyes, the color vehicle for the dye intermediates is employed at a pH usually between about 9 and 11. Adjustment of pH to the desired level of alkalinity can be accomplished with ammonium hydroxide. The ammonium hydroxide base is preferred since ammonia assists in swelling the hair fiber and is easily removed.
Unfortunately, the presence or evolution of ammonia results in a particularly disagreeable strong ammonia odor. It is generally accepted that the unpleasant odor of ammonia cannot be masked even by perfuming.
Accordingly, efforts have been made in the prior art to provide ammonia-free hair bleaching compositions. One such attempt is described in U.S. Pat. No. 2,283,350. This patent describes the use of aliphatic amines or alkanolamines in place of ammonia or ammonium hydroxide to avoid the unpleasant ammonia odor. However, in this case, the resulting bleach mixture is more damaging (for the same degree of lightening) to the keratin hair fibers.
Another attempt at providing an ammonia-free hair bleach composition can be found in the U.S. Pat. No. 3,816,615 to Zeffern et al. In this case, activation of the peroxide oxidizing agent is accomplished by means of certain dicarbonyl compounds. In place of ammonium hydroxide, the patentees employ certain guanidine salts. This approach has not received any wide acceptance in the industry, which is probably due to the fact that the hair damage encountered in the use of the amines noted above is also encountered with the guanidine compounds.
Another approach to the odor problem has been to replace ammonia by odorless alkalinization agents such as alkali metal hydroxides, magnesium oxide or by alkanolamines, and to further accelerate the bleaching process in order to avoid the disadvantages of ammonia on the one hand and, on the other hand, to minimize the oxidative damage to the hair. United States Patent 4,226,852 (Tesmann, et al.) teaches a two-component composition for bleaching hair comprising a peroxide oxidation agent, an ammonia-free alkalinization agent, and a guanidine derivative as bleaching accelerator. Unfortunately, guanidine derivatives are associated with hair damage.
A water insoluble gel is generally used to keep the bleach mixture on the hair fibers and prevent it from running or creeping away from the hair shaft and to run down off the head. The use of water-insoluble surfactants (see U.S. Pat. No. 2,283,350 for the use of high molecular weight alcohols for this purpose), however, greatly affects the lightening ability of the bleach mixture. To overcome reduced bleaching activity, high levels of ammonia are required. In conventional gels, the ammonia contained in the hair dye compositions is quickly given off from the gels to the environment, causing an odor problem. A loss of ammonia in the hair dye composition also lessens the covering power of the dyes, especially on gray hair. The same is essentially true of compositions that employ water-insoluble thickening agents.
These also require relatively high levels of ammonia to raise the activity of the bleach composition to a suitable level.
United States Patent 4,507,278 (DeMarco, et al.) teaches that, by utilizing water-soluble surfactant thickening agents, it is possible to dispense with the need for using ammonia as an activator. In this case, a non-ammonia alkalizing agent, and preferably one which does not have the potentiality for hair damage, can be employed to give the composition its appropriate pH. However, when only water-soluble surfactant thickening agents are employed, the viscosity of the product when it is applied to the head is too low for satisfactory application of the bleach. On the other hand, when an effort was made to increase the viscosity by the addition of water-insoluble surfactant thickening agents, it was found that the effectiveness of the bleaching composition, i.e., the rate at which the bleaching action occurred, was reduced to an unacceptable level.
It was discovered that if a small quantity of ammonia is present in the composition (no greater than 0.55% by weight based on the total weight of the composition measured as ammonium ion concentration) and the ratio of water-soluble to water-insoluble surfactant thickener was maintained in the range of from 1.8 to 7.0, a highly effective product is obtained having the requisite level of bleaching activity, a suitable viscosity in use for application of the bleach, and substantially no ammonia odor.
Nevertheless, most hair coloring products in general use continue to be comprised of aqueous solutions with up to about 8% ammonia. Ammonia odors emanating from the coloring composition are difficult to mask and can be offensive to the hair color user.
There is thus a need for a method for the suppression of the ammonia odor in an ammonia-containing hair colorant. SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION
The general understanding in the art is that ammonia odors are too intense to be masked by a perfume composition.
The present invention began by undertaking an investigation which ran contrary to this conventional wisdom. After extensive testing, it was surprisingly found that the perception of reduced ammonia odor does not depend on the maskant material's odor detection threshold or on the perceived inherent intensity of the maskant material. Rather, it was found that the perception of the ammonia odor can be lessened by use of maskant materials with a high air diffusion coefficient.
Perfumes containing at least 25% of materials satisfying the criteria of the invention can be expected to cover the perception of ammonia better than those which do not.
The foregoing has outlined rather broadly the features and technical advantages of the present invention in order that the detailed description of the invention that follows may be better understood. Additional features and advantages of the invention will be described hereinafter which form the subject of the claims of the invention. DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION
Typically, perfumes are created for hair colors or bleaching compositions by selecting materials known to be stable in the systems. The present inventor amassed a large collection of such perfumes.
Materials listed in Table 1 were tested for stability in an 8% ammonia system. Materials were dosed at 1% into the ammonia base. Solids were made into a 10% dilution and dosed at 1%, The materials were evaluated for ammonia coverage, olfactive odor stability, and. visual physical appearance (color, cloudiness) at 1, 2, and 3 weeks, and at 5 DEG C, 25 DEG c, and 38 DEG C. The materials were not solubilized for the raw material study. Full results were tabulated and are presented in Table 2.
A list of the air diffusion coefficients for the materials studied is set forth in Table 3.
After subjecting the materials to a variety of tests and recording the results on a table for comparative analysis, it was discovered that the ability of a material to mask the perception of ammonia from an aqueous media can be predicted using the following criteria, wherein suitable materials fall into two groups: Group 1: Materials falling into this category are expected to mask the perception of ammonia if they: 1. Are olfactively stable in the ammonia base - i.e., these materials may change but do not degrade to a sharp, green aldehydic character. 2. Contain a phenyl ring moiety. 3. Have an air diffusion coefficient of > 5.7. Group 2: Materials falling into this category are expected to mask the perception of ammonia if they: 1.
Are olfactively stable in the ammonia base - i.e., these materials may change but do not degrade to a sharp, green aldehydic character. 2. Contain a C-5 ring moiety, which also contains at least 1 carbon which is sp2 hybridized. 3, Have an air diffusion coefficient of > 4.4. Perfumes containing at least 25% of materials of Group I and/or Group II can be expected to cover the perception of ammonia better than those which do not. Test Group FIRMENICH4/9161289 C-5 ring with at least 1 sp2 carbon 3YN B*0/11531710stablen/a1.5UU 912.3YN stablen/a2.6YN but not offensive
Id= Table I Columns=3 EMI9.1 EMI10.1 EMI11.1 EMI12.1 EMI13.1 EMI14.1
C-5 ring with at least 1 sp2 carbon
but not offensive
Although this invention has been described in its preferred form with a certain degree of particularity with respect to a method for determining perfumes to be used to mask ammonia in a hair treatment composition, it is understood that the present disclosure of the preferred form has been made only by way of example, and that numerous changes in the details of structures and composition of the product may be resorted to without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention. Remark:
Throughout the specification and claims, for sake of simplicity diffusivities (diffusion coefficients) are given as numbers only. Diffusivity is a measure of the rate at which a gas moves through space. Diffusivity depends on molecular size, temperature, pressure and viscosity of the medium (air) D = mh / A (Dd)t where the variables are: m = mass of the substance h = distance of diffusion A = cross-sectional area of diffusion Dd = concentration difference over distance h t = time This can be defined by Fick's First Law: J = (1 / A) (dm/dt) = D (dC/dz) where the variables are defined as: J = mass flux (g/m<2>s) A = area (m<2>) dm/dt = flow rate (g/s) dC/dz = concentration gradient (g/m<3>/m) D = Diffusivity (m<2>/s) The unit belonging to the numbers (values) reported is "x 10<-2> m<2>/s".
For example, "5.7" is to be interpreted as "5.7 x 10<-2> m<2>/s".
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We friends, cried Jack, giving the peace sign as he had seen Salloo give it.
It was the universal "peace sign" known throughout the world.
They made the peace sign and went halfway across the debatable ground between the two armies.
Thereupon one man came forward alone, making the peace sign first with his blanket and then with his open hand.
She watched him go forward and saw him stand upright with his hand raised above his head, palm outward, as a peace sign.
Mercurian native came out of the residence, presently, his hands together in the peace sign.
Red-Bear turned his horse in the “peace sign,” and advanced.
Alfred rose and held his hand toward them, palm outward, in the peace sign.
"Show the peace sign," he snapped sharply to Joe, who led the line.
As he went he was making the peace sign, extending 282 his arms as if inviting the others to attack him at their will.
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| 0.994233
| 209
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And so, if the railroad reached round the world, I think that I should keep ahead of you; and as for seeing the country and getting experience of that kind, I should have to cut your acquaintance altogether.
Of their day, were immeasurably ahead of their times, and both also understood to the full the strategic art of binding and restraining the independent will power of their opponents, an art of which Marlborough and Frederick, Wellington, Lee and Moltke do not seem ever even to have grasped the fringe.
Having descended the hill the general after whom Pierre was galloping turned sharply to the left, and Pierre, losing sight of him, galloped in among some ranks of infantry marching ahead of him.
He had a four-hour helo and hiking trip ahead of him to their nearest secure comms facility tucked into natural cave a few ranges over.
Caleb stumbled to a stop ahead of her, causing her to nearly knock him over.
A door along the hallway ahead of her opened, startling her.
He was probably thinking years ahead and wanted Carmen to handle it in event of his death.
To remedy this, Murat and other general officers as well as minor agents were sent ahead and instructed to travel through South Germany in plain clothes with a view to collecting information and mastering the topography.
On their side, the Bulgarians were tired, far ahead of their supply depots, and losing more and more men daily from sickness.
Jack trotted ahead of them back into the town.
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Proverbs 11:25 “The generous soul will be made rich, and he who waters will also be watered himself.”
The GARDENER’s Produce!
With Morning’s Dawn we
set aside these fruits of
Self — as compost…
…since they rarely last
for good just as they
would when in the SPIRIT.
HIS fruits then flow from
giftings found outpoured
upon GOD’s children…
while the devil offers
sour grapes to all he
calls his offspring.
So in GOD’s gardens
grow tonight and rest
within HIS arbors..
so your Morning’s Dawn
produces fruits and
food…fit for HIS table!
As HIServant growing and giving the produce of GOD to all,
Devotional: Isaiah 58:11 “The LORD will guide you always; HE will satisfy your needs in a sun-scorched land…
…and will strengthen your frame. You will be like a well-watered garden, like a spring whose waters never fail!”
So being filled with Heaven’s wine and HIS vegetables will produce a harvest here to feed others. Yes!
Being daily filled with the HOLY SPIRIT then is vital to our gardening efforts!
Like sharpening your saw and your sword, so following HIS gardening directions will feed you and others
well till HE comes.
Isaiah 61:11 “For as the soil makes the sprout come up and a garden causes seeds to grow…
…so the Sovereign LORD will make righteousness and praise spring up before all nations.”
So we are HIS produce! We are HIS vessels created for good works…meant to pour out upon all.
Spring up then, oh wells! Spring up as HIS vessels well watered — to water others! Amen and amen!
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|
en
| 0.88082
| 400
| 1.75
| 2
|
Jobs in the technology industry may be few and far between, tech workers surveyed by Technisource say – but they expect the sector to continue posting growth in the long term.
The staffing company reports this week that tech-sector employees are less confident now than they were three months ago. Slowing economic growth and concerns about cutbacks in corporate IT spending may be weighing on sentiment – and more tech employees said technology-related jobs will be hard to find. Fifty-six percent of the people Technisource polled say fewer jobs are available, compared to 49 percent in the second quarter.
Still, company president Michael Winwood said, not all is bad in tech. "Our data still shows that the majority of workers remain quite confident in their own job security, the future of their current employer and in their ability to find a new job," he noted.
And, as Businessweek reported recently, job sites like Dice.com and TheLadders.com are seeing a surge in demand for software engineers. Dice says software engineer openings have risen 38 percent in the past year, while TheLadders says they've spiked 65 percent.
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<urn:uuid:aab547a1-bf6d-432b-ab79-aef2f8e195c8>
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http://finance.youngmoney.com/careers/fewer-tech-jobs-available-but-workers-remain-optimistic/
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|
en
| 0.972464
| 230
| 1.703125
| 2
|
How to Read Lies, Damned Lies, and Statistics
September 11, 2012
Notes from the Research Desk highlights the best practices, salient data and emergent perspectives uncovered by the Government Business Council’s (GBC) team. Each week, Research Manager Dana Grinshpan will share the discoveries most important to federal managers.
The 19th century British Prime Minister, Benjamin Disraeli, was the first quoted as saying, “There are lies, damned lies, and statistics”. His point? Anyone can use statistics to prove just about anything. Because statistics have a bad reputation, due to their penchant for misuse, it’s important federal managers be savvy consumers of numbers.
As the GBC’s Research Manager, I am responsible for designing survey instruments that yield statistics and my analysts are responsible for discussing these statistics in our reports. Therefore, one of my most important responsibilities is ensuring the numbers we publish are factual and easily understood. With inspiration from Joel Best, author of Best Damned Lies and Statistics, here are a few tips to help you sort out fact, fiction and spin:
Always ask questions. When you see statistics, ask questions! Take, for example, the ConAgra Foods Foundation: Have you heard that more than 16 million, or almost one in five, American children are at risk of hunger? Quite an alarming figure. But what does it really mean? What is the definition of at risk? Does it mean skipping lunch or skipping several meals? Is it based on income or food consumption? Be mindful of the assumptions implicit in some research findings.
Be wary of the dark figure. The dark figure is an expression employed by criminologists to refer to the proportion of crimes that go unreported, or that don’t appear in crime statistics. The general rule, however, can be used for reading all statistics. Is the statistic you are reading undercounting someone or some groups?
Suspect too many round numbers. Have you ever noticed that the numbers in political ads are always in denominations of 10, such as 50 percent, 60 percent, so on and so forth? Statistics can be messy, and often people like to round up or down to make numbers look pretty or more extreme. In practice, if you are reading something and every number is in denominations of 10, look deeper into what you’re reading and who it is coming from. Find the source.
Spot Mutant Statistics. Not all statistics start out bad. But some are misinterpreted or misrepresented, mutating them into something they don’t mean. When you read a startling statistic taken from secondary research, check the source and make sure that the scholarly paper or report phrased the stat the same way.
Find context. A lone statistic without context is also a suspicious thing. For example, what if I told you that in 2010, 33.9 percent of people between the ages 19 to 25 lacked health insurance? Is that a lot or a little? Maybe you are of the opinion that even one person is too many. But add this piece of information to the fray: the proportion of people from of the ages 19 to 25 who do not have health insurance is now 27.9 percent, down from 33.9 percent in 2010. All of a sudden, this doesn’t look so bad. Context matters—reserve judgment until you’ve seen more than one number.
What tips help you avoid getting bamboozled by slick statistics?
(Image via Prosotphoto/Shutterstock.com)
September 11, 2012
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|
|Year : 2013 | Volume
| Issue : 4 | Page : 599-602
The profile of behavioral and psychological symptoms in vascular cognitive impairment with and without dementia
Meena Gupta, Abhijit Dasgupta, Geeta Anjum Khwaja, Debashish Chowdhury, Yogesh Patidar, Amit Batra
Department of Neurology, GB Pant Hospital, New Delhi, India
|Date of Submission||18-Apr-2013|
|Date of Decision||17-May-2013|
|Date of Acceptance||06-Jun-2013|
|Date of Web Publication||25-Oct-2013|
Department of Neurology, GB Pant Hospital, Jawaharlal Nehru Road, New Delhi - 110 002
Source of Support: None, Conflict of Interest: None
| Abstract|| |
Objective: The objective of this study was to compare the occurrence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) between vascular dementia (VaD) and vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VCI-ND). Materials and Methods: Consecutive patients presenting with cognitive impairment at least 3 months after an ischemic stroke and with a Hachinski Ischemic Score ≥4 were included. VaD was diagnosed as per National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences criteria for probable VaD and VCI-ND on the lines of the Canadian study of health and aging. The severity of cognitive impairment and the behavioral/psychological symptoms were studied by means of the clinical dementia rating scale and the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) respectively. Results: All patients with VaD and 89% of those with VCI-ND had at least one BPSD. The mean no. of symptoms per patient and the total NPI scores were higher in VaD than in VCI-ND. Apathy and night-time behavior disturbances were significantly more common and severe in VaD. Conclusions: BPSD are very common both in VCI-ND and in VaD. The profile of BPSD is similar in both groups, albeit more severe in VaD. The net burden of BPSD is higher in VaD as compared to VCI-ND.
Keywords: Behavioral and psychological symptoms, neuropsychiatric inventory, vascular cognitive impairment, vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia, vascular dementia
|How to cite this article:|
Gupta M, Dasgupta A, Khwaja GA, Chowdhury D, Patidar Y, Batra A. The profile of behavioral and psychological symptoms in vascular cognitive impairment with and without dementia. Ann Indian Acad Neurol 2013;16:599-602
|How to cite this URL:|
Gupta M, Dasgupta A, Khwaja GA, Chowdhury D, Patidar Y, Batra A. The profile of behavioral and psychological symptoms in vascular cognitive impairment with and without dementia. Ann Indian Acad Neurol [serial online] 2013 [cited 2017 Jan 23];16:599-602. Available from: http://www.annalsofian.org/text.asp?2013/16/4/599/120488
| Introduction|| |
As part of the natural history of dementia, most patients experience changes in mood, perception, thought and personality. These phenomena are common and are a source of both patient distress and caregiver burden. These neuropsychiatric symptoms have been designated "behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia" (BPSD) by the International Psychogeriatric Association. Alleviation of most of these behavioral and psychological symptoms is feasible, especially if diagnosed early. BPSD lead to lower levels of cognitive functioning and their treatment may improve the functional status and quality-of-life of patients with dementia.
Vascular cognitive impairment (VCI) is a concept encompassing the entire spectrum of cognitive impairment arising due to vascular brain insults. Apart from frank cases of vascular dementia (VaD), there exists a subgroup of patients with cerebrovascular disease who demonstrate cognitive deficits not fulfilling the traditional definitions of dementia. This subgroup has been designated "Vascular cognitive impairment-no dementia (VCI-ND)."
VCI includes VaD, VCI-ND and cases of mixed dementia (VaD + features of Alzheimer disease [AD]). VCI-ND may be considered to be the prodromal stage of VaD, with nearly 50% cases of VCI-ND observed to progress to dementia over 5 years. The literature dealing with BPSD in VCI is scant as compared to AD. Most of the existing work deals only with VaD. In the light of the concept of the continuum of VCI, it is imperative to study the profile of BPSD in VCI-ND. With this end in view, this study was conceptualised.
The purpose of this study was to compare the occurrence and severity of behavioral and psychological symptoms between VaD and VCI-ND.
| Materials and Methods|| |
This was a prospective, observational study approved by the Institutional Ethics Committee. Patients presenting to the inpatient or outpatient clinics of the Department of Neurology in a Tertiary Care Teaching Hospital in New Delhi between March 2011 and August 2012, at least 3 months after a stroke were interrogated regarding the occurrence of any cognitive problems in the presence of a reliable caregiver. Patients with aphasia severe enough to preclude further cognitive evaluation, those with hepatic, renal or thyroid disease and those already on antidepressants, anxiolytics, antipsychotics, anti-dementia drugs or cognition enhancers, were excluded. Patients with cognitive complaints after stroke and scoring ≥4 on the Hachinski ischaemic score were included after taking written and informed consent.
A detailed neurological examination including higher mental function assessment was done. Cognitive domains such as attention, language, memory, executive function, visuospatial function, praxis and calculation were evaluated using appropriate clinical methods. Magnetic resonance imaging of the brain, incorporating T1, T2, fluid attenuated inversion recovery, diffusion weighted images, apparent diffusion coefficient maps and gradient-echo sequences was carried out for each patient. Cases with intracerebral hemorrhage were excluded. Patients who fulfilled the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke - Association Internationale pour la Recherche et l'Enseignement en Neurosciences (NINDS-AIREN) "probable VaD" criteria were diagnosed as having VaD. Patients with cognitive deficits of vascular etiology, but not fulfilling the NINDS-AIREN or the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders-Fourth edition (DSM-IV) criteria, but demonstrating difficulties in any two of: Doing household chores, managing money, feeding self, dressing and incontinence, were diagnosed as VCI-ND, on the lines of the Canadian study of health and aging. The clinical dementia rating scale (CDR) score was calculated for each patient. Behavioral and psychological symptoms were evaluated on the basis of the neuropsychiatric inventory (NPI) in the presence of a reliable caregiver. The individual domain scores for each of the 12 neuropsychiatric symptoms were obtained by calculating the product of the frequency and severity scores of each symptom. The sum of these domain scores yielded the total NPI score for each patient.
The mean age and educational status and the mean no. of neuropsychiatric symptoms per patient, between the VaD and VCI-ND groups were compared using the unpaired t-test while the gender distribution and frequency of occurrence of individual neuropsychiatric symptoms were compared by the Chi-square test. The domain scores of individual symptoms and the total NPI scores were compared between these groups by means of the Mann-Whitney U test. Correlations between the CDR score and the number of neuropsychiatric symptoms or the NPI score (individual domain scores and total NPI scores) were obtained by calculating Spearman correlation coefficients. A P ≤ 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant.
| Results|| |
A total of 60 patients with VCI were studied. The mean age and years of education for the entire group were 58.8 (±12.03) and 8 (±5.14) years respectively while the male:female ratio was 2:1.32 (53.3%) patients were diagnosed as having VaD, whereas 28 (46.6%) patients were classified as VCI-ND. No case of mixed dementia was found. The age, gender distribution and educational status of both VaD and VCI-ND groups were comparable [Table 1]. The median CDR score of the VCI-ND group was 0.5 and that of the VaD group was 2.
Frequency of BPSD in the two groups
Overall, 57 (95%) patients had at least one neuropsychiatric symptom on the NPI. At least one behavioral/psychological symptom on the NPI was found in all patients with VaD and in 89% of those with VCI-ND. The mean number of symptoms per patient on the NPI in the VaD group was 4.87 (standard deviation [SD]: 1.64; range: 2-8), which was significantly higher than that in the VCI-ND group (Mean: 3; SD: 2.15; range: 0-8); (P = 0.0003). There was a significant positive correlation between the CDR score and the number of symptoms per patient (r = 0.58, P = 0.001).
In the VaD group, appetite and eating disorders constituted the commonest symptom (84.38%), followed by depression (75%), irritability and apathy (59.38% each), agitation/aggression (53.15%), night-time behavior disturbances (50%), anxiety (40.63%), aberrant motor behavior (28.13%) and delusions (21.88%). Hallucinations, disinhibition and euphoria were the least common symptoms, being encountered in less than 10% cases each. On the other hand, in VCI-ND, depression was the predominant symptom (71.43%), followed by irritability, appetite disturbances and anxiety (42.86% each). These were followed by agitation/aggression (25%), delusions (17.86%), aberrant motor behavior and night-time behavior disturbances (14.29% each). Apathy, euphoria, disinhibition and hallucinations were infrequently encountered.
Between the two groups, most symptoms were commoner in VaD, the differences being significant only in the domains of apathy, night-time behavior disturbances and agitation/aggression. (P = 0.001, 0.003 and 0.027 respectively) [Table 2]. Only anxiety and euphoria were commoner in VCI-ND, but the differences were insignificant.
|Table 2: Comparison of the frequency of various BPSD between VaD and VCI - ND groups|
Click here to view
Comparison of severity of BPSD between the two groups
Between the VaD and VCI-ND groups, the domain scores for each symptom except euphoria were found to be higher in the VaD group [Figure 1]. The difference was statistically significant in the domains of apathy, night-time behavior and appetite. (P = 0.0002, 0.01, 0.003 respectively). The median total NPI score was found to be significantly higher in the VaD group than in VCI-ND (32.5 vs. 13; P = 0.00013).
|Figure 1: Comparison of the mean neuropsychiatric inventory domain scores of each symptom between vascular dementia and vascular cognitive impairment - no dementia groups: Note: Although the mean scores have been depicted in this graph, the Mann - Whitney U test for non - parametric data has been used to determine statistical significance|
Click here to view
The total NPI score correlated positively and significantly with the CDR score. (r = 0.598; P = 0.001).
| Discussion|| |
A diagnosis of VaD by most accepted criteria mandates the documentation of memory impairment. However, several patients have cognitive dysfunction attributable to vascular brain insults where memory may not be impaired as commonly as other domains like executive function. VaD; therefore, is only the tip of the iceberg of the broader concept of VCI. Diagnosis of VCI in earlier stages is crucial as appropriate therapeutic measures if instituted early, have been found to thwart the progression to dementia. The concept of VCI-ND becomes important in this scenario and may be considered analogous to the construct of "mild cognitive impairment" in the setting of AD.
VCI-ND has been found to be very common, especially in the elderly. VCI-ND was observed to be the commonest subtype of VCI in a Canadian population aged 65-84 years. A study from Japan found the prevalence of VCI-ND to be as high as 8.5% in the total population. Wentzel et al., reported that half the individuals in their study who met criteria for VCI-ND developed dementia over a 5 year follow-up. However, in a given cohort of individuals with VCI, the proportion of cases being diagnosed as VCI-ND depends on the criteria employed to diagnose dementia. More stringent criteria like the NINDS-AIREN criteria for VaD lead to more patients being diagnosed as VCI-ND as compared to the situation where more liberal criteria are used. In the present study, VaD was diagnosed on the basis of the NINDS-AIREN criteria.
There is a dearth of studies contrasting the neuropsychological and neuropsychiatric profiles of VCI-ND and VaD. Nyenhuis et al., reported that deficits in immediate memory, psychomotor speed and depression, which had previously been described in VaD also occurred in VCI-ND. On the basis of this similarity of cognitive and behavioral deficits, they further supported the hypothesis that VCI-ND and VaD were points on a continuum. Based on the above hypothesis, it would not be wrong to hypothesise that the pattern of neuropsychiatric symptoms in these two groups too would be similar.
In the present study, a significantly higher number of neuropsychiatric symptoms occurred per patient in VaD, though the frequency of occurrence of most symptoms between these groups was similar. Apathy, agitation and night-time behavioral disturbances were significantly less common in VCI-ND. In a previous study by Chiu et al., at least one neuropsychiatric symptom was reported by 85% and 92% of their VCI-ND and VaD patients respectively. The frequency of apathy, agitation, aberrant motor behavior and hallucinations was found to be significantly lower in their VCI-ND group. These findings are in good agreement with those of the present study.
Apathy, appetite and nighttime behavior disturbances were found to be significantly more severe in the VaD group. The total NPI score was also significantly higher in this group. Chiu et al., also found similar results with respect to apathy and total NPI scores in VaD as compared to VCI-ND. In addition, hallucinations, agitation and aberrant motor behavior were found to be more severe in their VaD group.
In a similar study, comparing the prevalence of neuropsychiatric symptoms across the declining memory continuum in AD (i.e., normal controls, subjective cognitive impairment, mild cognitive impairment and mild AD), the prevalence of BPSD was found to be higher at the higher end of the spectrum, i.e., mild AD. The total NPI scores also were found to increase along the continuum. Agitation, apathy and aberrant motor behavior were significantly commoner in AD than in the other groups.
Various previous studies have demonstrated a good correlation between the severity of BPSD and the degree of cognitive impairment in VaD. , The present finding of a greater burden of BPSD in VaD than in VCI-ND is in agreement with these observations.
Judging by the above findings, it seems that both the number of symptoms per patient and the net burden of BPSD as reflected by the total NPI scores may increase with increasing degrees of cognitive impairment in VCI, though, head to head, the frequency of individual symptoms is nearly identical in VaD and VCI-ND. Apathy and night-time behavior disturbances as neuropsychiatric symptoms in VCI deserve attention as they may significantly increase both in frequency and severity with an increase in degrees of cognitive impairment.
Limitations of the study
This study has certain limitations, the chief one being a relatively small sample size. Secondly, the question arises as to which instruments are the most ideal to study the cognitive and behavioral profile of patients with VCI. There is no straightforward answer to this. Most instruments have been designed with a focus on AD and each one has its own limitations. For example, the CDR scale has a disproportionate emphasis on memory impairment. Comparison between studies on VCI is made difficult owing to the variety of instruments used to study cognition and behavior. In the present study, the CDR and NPI were chosen on the lines of previous similar studies on the subject. ,, Thirdly, in the light of the paucity of data regarding the applicability of the NPI in the Indian population, it would have been worthwhile to compare the NPI scores of a cohort of normal individuals with those of the study group, especially with those of patients with VCI-ND. This was not done.
In spite of these limitations, our findings have clinical relevance. That the pattern of BPSD in VCI-ND is similar, albeit milder, is well in accordance with the present concept of VCI-ND being an earlier point than VAD on the continuum of VCI. In the earlier stages of VCI, the cognitive deficits may be so mild as to be overlooked by both the patient and the family. Behavioral symptoms like depression; however, may be present even in these stages. Late-life depression must be investigated thoroughly for sinister etiologies like incipient dementia. At present, the therapeutic armamentarium against dementia is limited. Early diagnosis and management of BPSD in patients with dementia has the potential to improve the quality-of-life of both patients and caregivers. Further, in the later stages of dementia, when the burden of BPSD is expected to be higher, patient and the caregivers may require more professional assistance.
To conclude, the profile of BPSD in VCI-ND and VaD is similar. Depression is common irrespective of the severity of cognitive impairment. The frequency and severity of apathy and night-time behavior disturbances and the net burden of BPSD are higher in the later stages of VCI. Diagnosis and management of BPSD in the early stages of VCI is crucial.
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|13.||Chiu PY, Liu CH, Tsai CH. Neuropsychiatric manifestations in vascular cognitive impairment patients with and without dementia. Acta Neurol Taiwan 2007;16:86-91. |
|14.||Zhang M, Wang H, Li T, Yu X. Prevalence of Neuropsychiatric Symptoms across the Declining Memory Continuum: An Observational Study in a Memory Clinic Setting. Dement Geriatr Cogn Dis Extra 2012;2:200-8. |
|15.||Thompson C, Brodaty H, Trollor J, Sachdev P. Behavioral and psychological symptoms associated with dementia subtype and severity. Int Psychogeriatr 2010;22:300-5. |
|16.||Kim JM, Lyons D, Shin IS, Yoon JS. Differences in the behavioral and psychological symptoms between Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia: Are the different pharmacologic treatment strategies justifiable? Hum Psychopharmacol 2003;18:215-20. |
|17.||Fuh JL, Wang SJ, Cummings JL. Neuropsychiatric profiles in patients with Alzheimer's disease and vascular dementia. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2005;76:1337-41. |
|18.||Staekenborg SS, Su T, van Straaten EC, Lane R, Scheltens P, Barkhof F, et al. Behavioural and psychological symptoms in vascular dementia; differences between small- and large-vessel disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2010;81:547-51. |
[Table 1], [Table 2]
|This article has been cited by|
||Treatment of Vascular Cognitive Impairment
| ||Aaron Ritter,Jagan A. Pillai |
| ||Current Treatment Options in Neurology. 2015; 17(8) |
|[Pubmed] | [DOI]|
||Neurocognitive Disorders in Aging: A Primer on DSM-5 Changes and Framework for Application to Practice
| ||Jessica M. Foley,Andrew L. Heck |
| ||Clinical Gerontologist. 2014; 37(4): 317 |
|[Pubmed] | [DOI]|
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Lafarge North America, the largest cement supplier in the United States and Canada, is objecting to EPA’s insistence in its proposal to issue first-time Resource Conservation & Recovery Act (RCRA) rules for coal ash that industry provide hard data to support its concerns that a hazardous waste designation will stigmatise beneficial reuse of coal ash in cement and other products.
The company has comments on the proposed rule rejects EPA’s claim that "parties fearing a ’stigma’ have some burden to prove the stigma with ’data.’" EPA took comment through Nov. 19 on whether it should regulate coal ash and other coal combustion residuals (CCRs) as hazardous waste under RCRA subtitle C or less stringent RCRA subtitle D solid waste rules.
Lafarge says, "We begin our discussion on the stigma issue by objecting to the concept that one could or should have to ’prove’ a stigma if EPA were to regulate CCRs under RCRA subtitle C. The most fundamental problem to such a showing, of course, is that the actual effects of such a stigma will not occur unless or until EPA were to decide to regulate CCRs under subtitle C."
There are expected to be thousands of comments filed on the coal waste plan, and EPA is facing competing claims over whether it can consider the stigmatic effect that strict hazardous waste rules would have on industry’s ability to reuse coal ash, with environmentalists charging that the agency is legally barred from considering stigma while industry says Congress effectively mandated that stigma be a key consideration (Superfund Report, Nov. 15).
In its comments, Lafarge notes how stigma factored into the Clinton administration’s 2000 decision not to regulate CCRs, which are currently subject to the congressional Bevill waste amendment for high-volume, low-toxicity waste. That echoes industry claims that EPA is required to consider stigma as a "threshold" matter, because two of the eight criteria EPA must consider before issuing rules for Bevill wastes is "the impact of those alternatives on the use of coal and other natural resources" and "the current and potential utilization of these materials."
Lafarge says then-EPA Administrator Carol Browner, who now serves as President Obama’s top energy and climate change adviser, "fully accepted the concept of a stigma," which was one of the bases on which EPA determined to reject subtitle C regulation of CCR when it issued its regulatory determination in 2000.
Lafarge quotes Browner’s 2000 decision, "We do not wish to place any unnecessary barriers on the beneficial uses of those wastes because they conserve natural resources, reduce disposal costs and reduce the total amount of waste destined for disposal. . . . We would be particularly concerned about any adverse effect on the beneficial reuse market for these wastes . . . . Normally, concerns about stigma are not a deciding factor in EPA’s decisions under RCRA, given the central concern under the statute for protection of human health and the environment.
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Animal Rights Fight to "Keep Cows on Grass"
Growth of European "mega-dairies" threaten to confine cows, permanently
Cows are vanishing from the rolling pastures of the European landscape. The World Society for the Protection of Animals (WSPA) has joined forces with Ben & Jerry's and Compassion in World Farming (CIWF) in a new campaign to draw attention to the disappearance.
The international animal welfare charity has launched "Keep Cows on Grass" to highlight the growth of "mega-dairies" in the European Union. As the world's largest producing region of cow's milk, european dairy farmers are intensifying the productivity of each cow by moving them indoors, permanently.
A press release by the WSPA says:
We want to halt the development of intensive dairy farming in the European Union. Failure to act on this threat represents a high risk of irreversible change with extreme consequences for our food, farmers and communities, locally and nationally.
As the trend towards intensification grows rapidly and cows increasingly become housed indoors permanently – it is becoming more common that cows never get to chew a blade of fresh grass.
In the Netherlands, one of the world’s largest milk producers, a third of cows are now kept indoors. Up from 16 percent ten years ago, now 67 percent of cows in Denmark are kept inside as well.
Compassion in World Farming reports reserach that shows "that this type of 'zero-grazing' system is associated with increased risk of many health problems including lameness, mastitis, reproductive problems and a number of bacterial infections".
This "Better Dairy" coalition is asking european consumers to "pressure retailers by asking questions about the origins of their milk and the animals that supply it," to counter the spread of the burgeoning myth that—as on dairy representative told a BBC reporter—that "cows do not belong in fields."
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FCC Chairman Julius Genachowski Balanced Business, Public Interests
NEWS ANALYSIS: The high-profile Federal Communications Commission chairman is leaving the agency after a contentious term that rankled many but also accomplished much.It’s not often in Washington, D.C., when a government official manages to annoy and sometimes infuriate people from all across the political spectrum. But that’s exactly what Julius Genachowski did, and he achieved that distinction by making his best effort to do his job as he saw fit. When he took office, Genachowski said that he was going to do what he could to improve access to broadband, that he was going to fight industry consolidation and help promote competition in the telecom marketplace. Genachowski is probably best known for his fight against the proposed purchase by AT&T of smaller rival T-Mobile USA. His strongly held conviction was that the merger, if approved, would be anticompetitive and would concentrate too much power in one company. While his stance infuriated AT&T, a wide range of activists hailed the move. But those same activists decried Genachowski’s approval of the merger between Comcast and NBC Universal. This time, they accused the FCC and Genachowski of allowing what he said he would fight again, allowing too much concentration of market power in one entity. Perhaps those activists haven’t noticed NBC’s dismal slide since Comcast took over. Instead of concentrating power, Comcast’s ownership of NBC seems to have diminished it.
But here in Washington it says a lot when a federal regulator can have both the industry and the activists against him at the same time. What it says is that generally he’s doing the right thing and not favoring special interests on either side. But during his tenure, the FCC became a solidly centrist agency. Industry was allowed to flourish within limits, but there WERE limits.
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Root Canal Retreatment
Why Do Root Canals Fail?
With proper care, teeth that have been treated with root canal therapy have a high success rate and can last a lifetime. But sometimes, a tooth that has been treated doesn’t heal properly.
There are four main reasons why root canal therapy may not heal. They are restorative failures, re-infection, persistent infection and cysts.
Restorative failures: Often when a patient presents with a history of non-healing root canal therapy, one thing that is immediately noticeable is that the tooth has not been properly restored. What does this mean? After root canal treatment is completed on a tooth, it should have a permanent restoration placed generally within a month after treatment has been completed. This often involves placing a cap or crown on the tooth. If this is not done within a reasonable period of time the tooth can break or become re-infected with bacteria .
Another cause for a root canal not healing is a term we call reinfection. This means that the root canal space has been infected with bacteria again. We see this situation most often when there has been a breakdown of the filling material and or a new cavity in the tooth.
The third cause of why a root canal may not heal has to do with persistent infection. This means that not all of the bacteria present at the initial root canal treatment was properly eliminated from the root canal system. This occurs when not all of the root canals were properly identified and treated. We also see this when the root canal system has been inadequately cleaned and sealed. In some cases, there can be infection on the external surface of the root.
In a small percentage of cases, a cyst can form around the end of the root due to the original infection in the tooth. A small subset of cysts are thought to not be connected to the root canal system and thus persist despite adequate treatment.
The good news is many times these situations are not hopeless and there are treatment options to save your tooth. At Compassion Endodontics we specialize in the diagnosis and treatment of primary and persistent root canal disease. Because of our training, experience and technology we can offer advanced treatment strategies and a wider array of treatment options to save your tooth even if it has already undergone root canal therapy. From 3-D imaging to state of the art dental operating microscopes with high definition cameras and magnification, we can get to the root of the problem.
What Happens in a Root Canal Retreatment?
Root canal retreatment is indicated when a tooth with a prior history of root canal therapy is not healing. During the root canal retreatment, access is gained into the root canal system where the root canal filling material is then removed. After the filling material is removed, Dr. Graham uses ultrasonics and a high power dental operating microscope to locate and painlessly treat the problem. Retreatment is typically a two-stage process. During the first visit, the root canal filling material is removed and a medication is placed into the canals. At the second visit, the medication is removed and replaced with a permanent root canal filling material and the access is restored.
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Summary of Upstairs at the White House by J. B. West | Includes Analysis PLEASE NOTE: This is a summary and analysis of the book and NOT the original book. Inside this Instaread: • Summary of entire book • Introduction to the important people in the book • Analysis of the themes, important people and author style Preview of this Instaread: Summary: J.B. West chronicles his career at the White House and gives an inside look at the six first ladies he served, first as an assistant and then as the chief usher, or general manager, of the dozens of housekeepers, maids, cooks, butlers, gardeners, plumbers, handymen and other staff it takes to keep the White House running. The chief usher manages the household budget, sees to the housing and comfort of guests, supervises the mail operation and oversees maintenance and remodeling. The job title is a leftover from a time when the chief usher actually did usher in visitors to the White House. West never expected to work at the White House. He worked at the veterans administration when he was loaned to President and Mrs. Franklin D. Roosevelt when they needed extra help because they had so many guests and hosted so many events. West ended up staying until he… About the Author With Instaread, you can get the summary and analysis of a book in 15 minutes. We read every chapter, summarize and analyze it for your convenience.
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Yesterday, the National Oceanic and Atmospheric Administration (NOAA) made public a new website, the NOAA Deepwater Horizon Library. The site contains a treasure trove of information relating to the oil disaster in the gulf of Mexico. This includes reports on the incident itself, scientific reports on the wildlife affected, and a detailed history of the response and cleanup efforts undertaken by governments, private companies, and individuals. It also describes ongoing efforts to rebuild the coast and the Gulf ecosystem.
"This website serves as a valuable learning tool and resource for scientists, students and historians of all backgrounds for many years to come," said Jane Lubchenco, Ph.D., under secretary of commerce for oceans and atmosphere and NOAA administrator. "Good science underpins everything we do at NOAA, and our scientists worked tirelessly during the spill to monitor the oceans, coasts and skies. Much of that mission-critical information is now available in this library."
Maps can be found with forecasted trajectories of oil, as well as areas that were deemed no-fishing zones. There are 129 reports on the affected wildlife including fish, marine mammals, reptiles, and birds. There is an extensive video and picture gallery available. Many of the images show the damage on the coastline and efforts made at preventing the damage. Others show wildlife rehabilitation teams at work. Others show government officials on the scene.
The website can be very useful for educational purposes and should be utilized by teachers and college professors. For those interested, the website should be checked frequently because NOAA will be continually updating it with new information in the weeks and months ahead. Although the crisis has ended, major work still needs to be done.
Link to website: http://www.noaa.gov/deepwaterhorizon/index.html
By. David Gabel
Source: Environmental News Network
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Section 1. Respect For The Campus and The Community
1. Assault/Respect for Persons: No student shall endanger the welfare or any other person. This includes but is not limited to bullying, threatening, coercing, harassing, abusing, intimidating, or any form of physical, verbal, written, or electronic form of abuse.
2. Respect for Property: No student shall engage in any form of larceny, robbery, shoplifting, or stealing involving University, personal, or public property. No student shall attempt any form of theft or be in possession of stolen property. Respect for Property includes but is not limited to damaging, defacing, misusing, or misappropriating property.
3. Hazing: No student shall take action, or create, or participate in any situation that recklessly endangers another person’s psychological, mental, or physical health for the purpose of initiation to and/or affiliation with any organization, group, team, club, or cohort. Examples of hazing include but are not limited to forced consumption of alcohol, drugs, food, liquids, or undesirable substance; branding; paddling; beating; sexual rituals; and forced participation in criminal activity or activity that violates the code.
4. Disruption/Disruptive Conduct: No student shall engage in any conduct that disrupts, interferes, or obstructs any educational process or other legitimate social, research, recreational, or administrative activities and functions of the University. Examples of disruptive conduct include but are not limited to interfering with an instructor’s ability to conduct the class or the ability for other students to learn; participation in any activity or behavior which disrupts the normal operations of the University; leading or inciting others to disrupt activities in any building or area; and intentional obstruction which unreasonable interferes with the freedom of movement on or off campus.
5. Failure to Comply with Official Directives: No student shall fail to comply with the directives of university officials acting in the performance of their duties. This includes but is not limited to failure to provide identification when requested; failure or refusal to respond personally to a directive to report to an administrative office; fleeing or attempting to flee when approached by a staff member; failure to comply with a staff member’s reasonable behavioral expectations.
6. Misuse of University Documents: No student shall forge, alter, destruct, or misuse any University documents including but not limited to student records, identification, timesheets, and/ or academic forms and/or files.
7. Unauthorized Posting: Upon receiving, University authorization, members of the campus community may advertise on-campus events on designated bulletin boards and posting areas only. Notices may not be placed on automobiles, window, doors, wood, brick, glass, painted surfaces, etc. The event sponsors must remove advertising materials 48 hours after the event concludes.
8. Unauthorized Recreational Activities/Indoor Sports: Sports and other unauthorized recreational activities are prohibited in all University facilities. This includes but is not limited to: hockey, skating, skateboarding, football, baseball, Frisbees, tennis, bowling, and soccer. Bicycles are not permitted to be used or stored indoors. The use of water guns orwater balloons is restricted to outdoor areas only and must not impose on the normal activities of the University and the University community. Hoverboards (hands-free segways) are prohibited anywhere on campus.
9. Commercial Activities and Solicitation: Solicitation for donations, business advertising, or selling items without authorization from a University Official is prohibited. The unauthorized operation of any commercial enterprise on campus or in any University facility is prohibited.
Section 2. Safety and Security
1. Weapons: No student shall possess or introduce to the campus any dangerous weapons including, but not limited to: firearms, explosives, knives (other than small pocket-type or table knife,) compressed air gun, BB guns, paint ball rifles or pistols; martial arts weapons, ammunition, dangerous chemicals, bows, arrows, items used as weapons in threats or actual acts of violence, or other potentially harmful objects.
2. Interference: No student shall interfere with the public and/or personal safety of others through negligent or intentionally improper acts including but not limited to propping open doors which are normally locked; intentionally damaging door locks or safety mechanisms; exiting or entering buildings through windows or unauthorized entrances.
3. Threat to Safety: No student shall engage in any activity or behavior that creates a threat or a perceived threat to the safety and well-being of him/herself, the University, or others.
4. Identification Cards: All students are required to carry and present valid University identification when requested to do so by a University Official. No student shall alter or forge any identification card or other document presented to show proof of age.
5. (a) Guest Responsibility (campus-wide): When a student has a guest or guests on campus, the student assumes responsibility for the conduct of that guest or guests. All campus guests must carry a valid photo ID at all times and present that ID when requested by a University Official.
(b) Guest Responsibility (residence halls): Residents hosting guest(s) assume full responsibility for the actions of their guest(s) whether the guest has been formally registered or not, and regardless of duration of visit. This may include liability for the cost of property damage caused by a guest and/or any judicial action instituted as a result of guests’ behavior. All guests must sign in and out the residence halls with their residential host present. All residential guests must be at least 17 years old. All guests must leave a valid photo identification at the residence hall desk for the duration of their visit. Residential guests are not permitted to stay overnight for more than two (2) nights per week. Residential guests are not permitted in the residence halls without being accompanied by their host.
6. (a) Maximum Occupancy (residence halls): Each resident assigned to a residence hall space may host up to two guests at any time. No more than eight (8) people may be in a room at one time (including assigned residents).
(b) Unauthorized Occupancy (residence halls): Facilities not authorized for sleeping quarters (i.e. lounges, laundry rooms, common areas) may not be used for that purpose without the consent of the Director of Residence Life.
7. Unauthorized Access: Unauthorized entry into University facilities or property without explicit consent is prohibited. No student shall possess, without explicit authorization by the appropriate University entity, any keys or codes to any University facility or premises. No student shall provide unauthorized access to anyone without explicit authorization by the appropriate University entity. Restrooms with gender designations are for the use of people with that gender identity.
8. Restricted Areas: No student shall enter into or upon any restricted or secured area of the campus or any University facility without explicit consent and authorization from a University Official. Restricted areas include but are not limited to roofs, utility rooms, and construction sites.
9. Dangerous Conditions: No student shall engage in any activity or create a condition that endangers or threatens the health, safety, or well-being of him/her or others.
10. Aiding, Assisting and/or Inciting in Prohibited Conduct: No student shall aid, help, or otherwise assist another in violating any rule applicable to the Student Conduct Code. No student shall willfully incite others to commit any acts prohibited in the Student Conduct Code.
Section 3. Alcohol/Drugs/Gambling/Smoking
1. Alcohol: The University prohibits the possession and consumption of alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 21. The sale, giving, serving, manufacturing, and dispensing of alcoholic beverages to those under the age of 21 is prohibited. Unauthorized consumption of alcohol, public consumption, public intoxication, or the possession of an open container of alcohol, regardless of whether the individual is over 21, is prohibited.
(a) Excessive Consumption: To discourage excessive consumption of alcoholic beverages, bulk containers of alcoholic beverages and items that encourage the excessive consumption of alcohol are prohibited on campus and in all facilities and residence halls. This includes but is not limited to kegs, funnels, beer balls, draft containers of wine, beer pong tables, beer helmets, alcohol related games, etc.
(b) In The Presence of Alcohol (campus): Students under 21 years of age may not be in the presence of alcoholic beverages on the University campus as expressly permitted by law and college policy. This includes but is not limited to University sanctioned events and activities where alcohol may be served to those over the age of 21.
(c) In The Presence of Alcohol (residence halls): Alcohol is not permitted in any residence hall room or suite where the assigned residents are under 21. Any student over 21 is permitted to consume alcohol only in their assigned residence hall room or the room/suite of another resident of legal drinking age. Any resident of legal drinking age is not permitted to consume alcohol in the presence of a student under the age of 21 (with the exception of an assigned roommate). Any student under the legal drinking age is prohibited from knowingly remaining in a residence hall room or suite where alcohol is present.
(d) Empty Containers: Students under the age of 21 are prohibited from possessing any containers that once contained alcohol. Art or decorative projects/items using containers that previously contained alcohol is prohibited. Empty containers include but are not limited to beer bottles, liquor bottles, wine bottles, flasks, etc.
2. Drugs: The University prohibits the use, possession, manufacture, distribution, or dispensing of any substance defined by New Jersey State or Federal law as illegal. No student shall possess substances defined as controlled, other than personally prescribed medications. No student shall abuse or improperly use over the counter drugs/substances. The use or possession of prescription drugs prescribed to another person is prohibited.
(a) In The Presence of Illegal Drugs: Knowingly remaining in the presence of drugs, drug use, and/or drug paraphernalia on campus, in the residence halls, or in any University facility is prohibited.
(b) Drug Paraphernalia: Possession of drug paraphernalia on campus, in any residence hall, or in any University facility is prohibited regardless of whether it has been used or not. This includes but is not limited bongs, bowls, pipes, grinders, hookahs, vaporizers, roach clips, etc.
3. Gambling: No student shall gamble for money or other valuables on University property or in any university facility without the expressed authorization of the University.
4. Smoking: Smoking is prohibited inside all university owned buildings. Smoking is prohibited within 25 feet of any entrance/exit/window of any University owned building. This includes cigarettes, cigars, hookahs, electronic cigarettes, vaporizers, and any other smoking device/equipment.
Section 4. Health and Safety
1. Fire Safety: No student shall cause or create a fire; attempt to set a fire; set off false fire alarms, unnecessarily discharge fire extinguishers; damage, tamper with, dismantle, or disconnect any fire safety system or equipment. No student shall act in a manner that disregards fire safety rules. Students must evacuate any University facility when the fire alarm is activated.
2. Arson: No student shall set fires, attempt to set fires, or act in a manner that disregards fire safety rules and results in a fire.
3. (a) Prohibited Items (campus): Any item or device that constitutes a threat to fire safety on campus is prohibited. This includes but is not limited to: fireworks, flammable liquids, portable stoves, grills and/or barbeques, hover boards, torches, etc.
(b) Prohibited Items (residence halls/facilities): Any item or device that constitutes a threat to fire safety in any residence hall or campus facility is prohibited. This includes but is not limited to: candles, incense, tart warmers, plug-in air fresheners, halogen lights, holiday/decorative string lights, multi-plug adapters, extension cords etc. Please consult the Residence Life Guide to Living on Campus for a more comprehensive list.
4. Cooking and Appliances: Cooking may only occur in University designated kitchens. Food that is cooking should not be left unattended for any reason and should be checked regularly. The following appliances are prohibited in any residence hall room or University facility: toaster ovens, slotted toasters, hot plates, indoor grills, sandwich makers, rice cookers, and rotisserie ovens.
5. Pets/Animals: With the exception of service animals, pets and animals are not permitted on campus or in any University facility. Residents may only have fish in a tank of no more than 10 gallons.
Section 5. Abuse & Misuse of the Judicial Process/System
1. Failure to Respond: Failure to respond to a notice to meet with a university official or failing to appear before a judicial body after notice is issued is prohibited.
2. False Information: No student may falsify, distort, or misrepresent information before a judicial body, a University Official, or in the course of a judicial investigation. No student shall initiate a judicial proceeding knowingly without cause. No student shall provide false information to University officials who are acting in the performance of their duties.
3. Disruption of the Judicial Process: Disrupting or interfering with the orderly procedure of a judicial investigation or hearing is prohibited. No student shall or attempt to harass (verbally or physically) or intimidate any member of the judicial body prior to, during, or after any judicial proceeding.
4. Retaliation: No member of the University community shall retaliate, intimidate, threaten, coerce, or otherwise discriminate against a person or persons who files a complaint, serves as a witness, or otherwise assists or participates in any judicial proceeding.
5. Failure to Comply with Sanctions: Failure to comply with or obstructing the implementation of sanctions issued by a judicial body is prohibited and can result in further judicial action. This includes but is not limited to violating the terms of probation, violating the terms of a suspension or restriction, and violating the Code while on probation. In addition, no one shall aid, abet, or assist anyone in failing to comply with official sanctions. Failure to complete sanctions may also result in a hold on all University records and registration until the sanction is completed.
Section 6. Responsible Use of Information Systems and Technology
1. Misuse of Information Systems: The unauthorized use of or misuse of University computer systems including data and/or voice communication networks is prohibited. This includes but is not limited to establishing servers on non-University owned machines; the downloading and/or streaming of any copyrighted material without the owners’ permission; the unauthorized use of campus computing and networking for commercial purposes.
2. Breach of Information Security: The deliberate attempt to degrade or compromise in any manner the performance of a computer system or network is prohibited. Breach of security includes, but is not limited to: configuring software or hardware to intentionally allow access by unauthorized users, creating or knowingly propagating viruses, hacking, unauthorized monitoring of electronic communications, unauthorized viewing, copying and/or distribution of others’ files.
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Originally posted by Shiloh7
I watched my less-than enigmatic Prime Minister, Baby Chops speaking about exporting democracy to countries like Syria etc and had to smile. Did he say exporting Democracy? Did he mean to infer that we have a democracy in Britain? Does he mean he is giving our democracy away?
I wondered what other members think, not only on the UK and USA, but also ln other countries in the West today, do we still have a democracy in our countries?
Originally posted by MDDoxs
reply to post by Shiloh7
It depends on how strictly you want to define the concept of "democracy".
Here in Canada we have democracy, similar to that of our western Allies and partners. However, in the truest sense of the ideology, we would be seen as bastardizing it to meet the goals/ambitions of a selection few individuals and groups, while maintain the illusion of fair and unbiased political system to the masses.
Ancient Greece was not some egalitarian, all-inclusive utopia after all.
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The development and implementation of a new approach to the inspection of initial teacher education Christine Brown ADM 9 November 2007
The need for a new approach and key drivers Inspection arrangements focused on driving improvement Recognise provision of the highest quality Reduce the burden of inspection Inspections focused on promoting the qualities that the workforce will require in the 21 st Century Focus on outcomes and the views of end-users
The proposals Focus on outcomes Maximise use of provider self-evaluation Develop a tailored and risk-based approach drawing on wide range of data and information Explore the possibility of a single inspection event
The key questions What is the quality of outcomes for trainees? How effective are the factors that contribute to the outcomes? Does the provider have the capacity to improve further or to sustain high quality outcomes?
A risk assessment process TAILORED INSPECTIONS HIGH MEDIUM LOW RISK ASSESSMENT Based on risk assessment, with due regard to: providers self-evaluation previous inspection outcomes/ available data the size and complexity of the provision the number and nature of identified inspection trails. Tailored through: the number of inspection trails to be followed up on the inspection the timing of the inspection – the stage of the course the size and nature of the core inspection team the number and nature of case studies needed – the number of team inspectors.
Tailoring inspections DATA PROFILE INFORMS SELF- EVALUATION INSPECTION PLANNING THE NATURE OF THE INSPECTION PRE-INSPECTION HYPOTHESES AND LINES OF ENQUIRY OTHER EVIDENCE SENT TO PROVIDER Identify those aspects of the provision that need to be inspected, including the focus for field work, to judge each of the key inspection questions Determine the initial inspection trails – the key lines of enquiry Determine the size and nature of the core inspection team and any additional resources, such as specialist inspectors (phase, subject etc.)
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The name La Boucher comes from the time of the first Huguenots embarking to the Cape of Good Hope. Boucher is a surname that evolved during the medieval era in the French region of Champagne. It was an occupational name for someone who worked as a butcher. The name originally derived from the Old French word bochier, which means”butcher”. Yet the first Boucher Huguenots used the name La Boucher to hide identities as they escaped France.
The Boucher family is in its 6th generation of farming but only in its first generation of winemaking. The first generation was Pierrè la Boucher who was a sheep farmer from France that settled in the Cape wine lands, planting a small patch of vines for other winemakers and farming life stock. Before the second generation could continue this tradition the family moved up north. It would take the 6th generation to return back to the wine industry in 2013. In 2018 the Boucher and Els families came together to preserve this beautiful part of history and pursue their own passion.
The vineyards are grown on old granite soils on the slopes of the Bottelary Hills, in eyesight of the Atlantic Ocean and has a perfect combination of all that is needed to create full-bodied, fruity wines.
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a cylinder 3m long, 3m circumference ; that was about 95cm diameter.
It had quite a success on the beaches during the 1982 summer !
A very simple balloon...
it fly !
Pif Gadget (in french) : 8 pages scanned from the June 1982
The smallest solar balloon!
Built with black plastic trash bags!
It lift 80 grams!
Build it in your living-room !
A solar mini-balloon can be built and
used by childrens.
It can be made in your living-room with everyday materials : adhesive tape,
black plastic trash bags, scissors, etc....
It will demonstrate the possible use of the sun's energies !
A small diameter solar balloon can be used :
- to lift small payload in altitude : scientific measures, instruments, cameras, or test
equipment (astronomy clubs, radio-amateurs,
- for shows, entertainment activities (holidays center, etc.)
- as an teaching tool (middle school, high school, college),
A large diameter solar balloon can be used :
- for human flight,
- to lift heavy payloads in altitude,
Solar balloons used for human flight are fitted with a valve at the top, rotation panels
and ballast bags. They can also be fitted with
altitude regulation, by electronically opening and closing the valve
at the top of the balloon .
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Starting a New Career As a Blogger
Blogger, the short form, is a synonym for blogger. Blogger is a website or blog where one can post their thoughts, ideas, opinions and any other scribbles that may need to be expressed. A blogger is essentially a blogger as he or she uses a blog to post regularly.
Bloggers are individuals or companies who use their blogs to showcase the work of others or simply to make money. Bloggers use a blogging platform, called a blog, to post regularly and thereby create an online content resource. Blogs can be used for personal as well as professional purposes. The most important function of a blogger is the audience. If you want your blog to do well, it should cater to the needs of the audience. There are certain questions that need to be answered by a blogger in order to successfully make money through blogs.
How does a blogger earn money? The revenue streams from blogging depend largely on the quality of work done by a blogger. The reason behind this is that the best bloggers work hard for each post. If the content of the post is impressive enough then it will surely attract readers and hence generate traffic to the blog site. As more traffic is generated, the chances of earning increased also.
It is vital for each blogger to find out what type of people visit their blogs. This is because the nature of blogging depends on the audience. If the audience is highly professional and well read, the blogger will definitely attract good revenue streams. On the other hand, if the blog attracts audience which are generally less informed, then the blogger will fail to generate good revenue.
Many bloggers work for other firms as freelancers. In such cases, they make money only for posting blog comments and not actually writing blogs. Bloggers who have developed a niche for themselves can take blogging as another profession. They can also choose to become affiliate marketers and promote products for their customers. There are many affiliate marketing links which can be found in most of the blogs.
A successful blogger should always update his or her blog, so as to keep the interest alive of the readers. Every second post should tackle a new issue and thus increase the interest of the readers. Many successful bloggers started as bloggers who have no target audience at all. However, they gradually broadened their horizons and started targeting a specific audience.
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The General Advocate of the European Court SZPUNAR gave its opinion regarding Case C‑163/16 Christian Louboutin, Christian Louboutin SAS v Van Haren Schoenen BV. The case concerns the following:
Mr Christian Louboutin is a fashion designer who designs, amongst other things, high-heeled shoes for women. Those shoes have the particular feature that the outer sole is always red.
On 28 December 2009, Louboutin lodged an application for a trade mark which led to the registration, on 6 January 2010, for goods in Class 25, namely ‘footwear (other than orthopaedic footwear)’, of Benelux trade mark No 0874489 (‘the contested mark’). On 10 April 2013, the registration was amended so as to limit the goods covered to ‘high-heeled shoes (other than orthopaedic shoes)’.
The trade mark is described as consisting ‘of the colour red (Pantone 18 1663TP) applied to the sole of a shoe as shown (the contour of the shoe is not part of the trade mark but is intended to show the positioning of the mark)’. It is reproduced below:
Van Haren operates shoe retail outlets in the Netherlands. During 2012, Van Haren sold high-heeled women’s shoes with red soles.
Louboutin brought proceedings before the Rechtbank Den Haag (District Court of The Hague, Netherlands) seeking a finding of trade mark infringement on the part of Van Haren, which it obtained.
This judgment, given by default, was challenged by Van Haren by way of opposition under Article 2.1(2) of the Benelux convention, alleging that the contested mark was invalid.
In the order for reference, the Rechtbank Den Haag (District Court of The Hague) explains that Van Haren’s line of defence is based on the assertion that the contested mark is in fact a two-dimensional mark, more specifically the colour red which, when applied to the soles of shoes, conforms to the shape of the shoes and gives them substantial value.
The referring court considers that the mark at issue is not a simple two-dimensional mark in that it is inextricably linked to the sole of a shoe. It observes that, while it is clear that the contested mark is an element of the goods, it is unclear whether the concept of ‘shape’, within the meaning of Article 3(1)(e)(iii) of Directive 2008/95, is limited to three-dimensional properties of the goods, such as their contours, measurements and volume, to the exclusion of colours.
In this regard, the referring court considers that if it were to be held that the concept of ‘shape’ does not extend to the colours of goods, then the grounds for refusal set out in Article 3(1)(e)(iii) would be inapplicable. It would therefore be possible to obtain permanent protection for marks incorporating a colour resulting from a function of the goods, for example, in relation to reflective safety clothing, or bottles covered with insulating material.
Questions referred and procedure before the Court
In those circumstances, the Rechtbank Den Haag (District Court of The Hague) decided to stay the proceedings and to refer the following question to the Court of Justice for a preliminary ruling:
‘Is the notion of ‘shape’ within the meaning of Article 3(1)(e)(iii) of Directive 2008/95 … limited to the three-dimensional properties of the goods, such as their contours, measurements and volume (expressed three-dimensionally), or does it include other (non three-dimensional) properties of the goods, such as their colour?’
The order for reference was received at the Court Registry on 21 March 2016. Written observations were lodged by the parties to the main proceedings, the German, Hungarian, Portuguese and Finnish Governments, and the European Commission. The parties to the main proceedings, the German Government and the Commission attended the hearing, which took place on 6 April 2017.
The Advocate’s opinion:
Article 3(1)(e)(iii) of Directive 2008/95/EC of the European Parliament and of the Council of 22 October 2008 to approximate the laws of the Member States relating to trade marks is to be interpreted as being capable of applying to a sign consisting of the shape of a product and seeking protection for a certain colour. The concept of a shape which ‘gives substantial value’ to the goods, within the meaning of that provision, relates only to the intrinsic value of the shape, and does not permit the reputation of the mark or its proprietor to be taken into account.
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lätt Ladda ner låten% query% MP3 gratis på musik idag
Recording and Playback. The first thing I will show you is how to record and playback sounds in … This tutorial assumes that you have read and understood the Your First Recording tutorial, and have figured out how to get sound into your computer and into Audacity. You should at least read and understand Step 1 of that tutorial in order to become familiar with the jacks, plugs and cables you may need to connect your audio device to your computer. Audacity applies each edit to a selected region of the audio track or tracks. To select a particular region, click in the track and drag the shaded area with the mouse. If no audio is selected, Audacity by default selects all the audio in the project window.
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- How to new tracks? - How to display tracks? - Noise 2021-03-18 Hier erfährst du, wie du einfach in Audacity aufnehmen kannst.Audacity ist ein kostenloses Aufnahmeprogramm für Ton, Stimme und Gesang.Hier kommst du zur off 2021-04-09 2021-04-24 2021-03-13 2021-03-21 Frequently Asked Questions (FAQ) in English for the current Audacity version are included in the Manual. View the FAQ in the online Manual.
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Includes setting preferences, noise removal, normalization, equaliza This set of tutorials provide a guide to making your first microphone, guitar or keyboard recording with Audacity. The Tutorials This tutorial has been broken into several sub-tutorials for ease of reading as there is a lot of material to read and digest. Download Audacity Download the free Audacity audio editor for Windows, Mac or Linux from our download partner, FossHub: Download Audacity for Windows, Mac or Linux Audacity is free of charge. No registration or hardware purchase required.
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You can use audacity for anything from cleaning up a vocal track, to creating a podcast .
Learn Audacity Software today: find your Audacity Software online course on Udemy
Here is a beginner’s guide on how to use Audacity, the free audio editing software. These Audacity tutorials will show you how to record and edit audio like a pro. Audacity is a free and open-source digital audio editor and recording software, available for Windows, Mac, and Linux. Audacity Tutorial: How to Set Up After successful installation, it is essential to set up Audacity on your computer. For this part of our Audacity tutorial, we’ll talk about setting up and using the features.
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Tutorial - Making a Test Recording. From Audacity Development Manual. Jump to: navigation, search. When making recordings, particular critical recordings, you should consider shutting down all other applications giving Audacity sole use of the computer. This version created on 2021-04-13 Audacity tutorial and review for people looking for an audio editing software to try out today. See what Audacity offers and how it stacks up to others. 9 Apr 2021 .
It was developed by Ian M. Cook and Dumitrita Holdis. This guide is available as
Latest 2020 Nollywood Movies,Download Audacity Tutorial 2021 How To Use Audacity Step By Step For Beginners Complete Guide Latest 2020 Action Movies ,
By Wesley Fryer in Free Tips February 19, 2021. This is a 27.5 minute video tutorial demonstrating the steps I use to edit and publish a multi-part podcast using free (open source) Audacity software. More information about the Family Ora
#audacity #tutorial #beginnersguideIn this video you will learn how to Use audacity to help your voice sound better after editing. This is a step by step beg
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If you want to see a specific tutorial, feel free to comment or reach out to me on my social media.-- Social Media --Instagram: http://bit.ly/CasualSavage_In
Learn how to make your song into an 8D audio song in this free, fast & easy Audacity tutorial! In 2020, creating a 8D audio version of your song is a smart w
Like this video for Part 2 if you want me to show you how I use the effects to give my vocals The Studio Sound!!You already know what time it is, #weblackaga
This is Audacity Accelerator, the Audacity complete tutorial course for beginners that I’ve put together for you right here on YouTube.
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Watch the video above to start learning Audacity. The video is an extract from Ricky Wahowa’s Udemy audacity tutorial. It is enough to get you started with Audio Objective. The objective of this tutorial is to learn how to edit an audio file. To achieve this objective, we are going to import an existing sound file, remove all but 10 seconds of this file, apply a 1-second fade-out at the end, export the results, and play it in your favorite audio player.
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Spela in röstmemon på iPhone, iPad, iPod touch eller Mac. Sedan kan du ändra och dela inspelningen. Audacity tutorial för att klippa en låt. Hur slår Detta kan göras med hjälp av Audacity, som är lätt att använda och helt gratis. Beskär en låt i Audacity. Så här trimmar du en ljudfil i Audacity: Ladda ner 2021 gbwamod.ru - Portal för datortips. Ladda ner audacity adobe autdition.
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If using freeware Audacity you are able to use the phase inversion trick or run the vocal remover plugin which performs a similar task. This video explains the 2 Mar 2018 In this tutorial I will be showing you how to use Audacity to edit photos as if 2021; UPDATE: SPIRE Now Available - Thurs., 4/8 April 8, 2021 5 Aug 2020 Easy Audacity Radio Editing Guide - Produce professional high quality audio by following these essential tips to edit your audio using Audacity. СДЕЛАТЬ БОЛЬШЕ: Изменение скорости воспроизведения песни с помощью Audacity - 2021. Международное обучение SKY WAY CAPITAL «Тренажер 21 Jan 2021 Audacity can not only edit audio files but also record audio content.
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Objective. The objective of this tutorial is to learn how to edit an audio file. To achieve this objective, we are going to import an existing sound file, remove all but 10 seconds of this file, apply a 1-second fade-out at the end, export the results, and play it in your favorite audio player. Audacity 3.0 What’s New. Perhaps the major core change that Audacity 3.0 brings is the project file format. Earlier Audacity used .aup file format which is a reference list of many small files for a project. That means, if you transfer your project file to another device, you tend to lose data.
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| 0.677409
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ERIC Number: ED135928
Record Type: RIE
Publication Date: 1976-Dec
Reference Count: 0
Perceptions of Equal Opportunity and Race Relations Among Military Personnel.
Beusse, William E.; And Others
This is a report of a survey conducted to determine the perceptions of equal opportunity and race relations among black and white military personnel in four branches of the Armed Forces. Data was collected by means of a questionnaire. Questionnaire items included the following areas: promotions, daily duty assignments, military justice, training opportunities, on-base social activities, respect by superiors, and housing. Furthermore, information on the perceptions of racial unrest and race relations among service personnel was solicited. The responses of 19,690 enlisted personnel and 13,160 officers from a stratified random sample comprised the data base. The responses were weighted so as to approximate the views of the total military population on active duty in October of 1973. An analysis of the data and an interpretation of the results are fully presented, in addition to comparisons of the perceptions between black and white enlisted personnel and black and white officers on several of the variables. (Author/BS)
Publication Type: Reports - Research
Education Level: N/A
Sponsor: Office of the Assistant Secretary of Defense for Manpower and Reserve Affairs (DOD), Washington, DC.
Authoring Institution: Air Force Human Resources Lab., Lackland AFB, TX. Personnel Research Div.
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NFL Quiz: The Final Four
a group of languages belonging to the Nilo-Saharan family, spoken in the northeastern Democratic Republic of the Congo, northern Uganda, southern Sudan, Chad, and the Central African Republic, and including Mangbetu.
Based on the Random House Dictionary, © Random House, Inc. 2017.
Cite This Source
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What Is the Difference Between Discreet and Discrete?
Learn the correct uses of these two commonly confused homophones.
What Character Was Removed from the Alphabet?
What mistaken pronunciation gave this character its name?
This small mark has two primary uses: to signify possession or omitted letters.
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People invent new words all the time, but which ones actually make it?
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Nearby words for central sudanic
central standard time
central treaty organization
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| 3.328125
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Earth Day Gift Ideas
- APRIL 3, 2013
- By Selena Kohng
Earth Day: No longer reserved for crunchy treehuggers, this holiday is one with loads of gift options to help anyone on your list live a greener, earth-friendlier life. If anyone you now is still toting around plastic baggies or bottles, come to the rescue with some of these options below.
Out and About
A classic eco-friendly gift is the humble but mighty reusable water bottle, reducing the use of nasty plastics and helping them live a healthier lifestyle to boot. Browse our generous selection of personalized and thoughtful water bottles, from a futuristic smart bottle to simple and professional aluminum versions, to kid-friendly and cute ones.
Another popular choice is the reusable grocery tote that, these days, are so trendy and hip that they’re practically a fashion accessory. Go with a classic brand like Envirosax; you can buy bags individually or in a five-piece set, like this one in groovy patterns or this adorable Sesame Street set. If they insist on standing out from a crowd, opt for this market bag made from recycled rice bags by fair trade workers. Introduce them to the world of farmer’s markets, then slip them these produce bags that’ll keep their cukes and artichokes fresh.
Around the House
Sure, they can buy more knick knacks from their local big box store. Or, they can fill their home with meaningful recycled or upcycled items with a story. This flip flop mat is made from recycled foam rubber to reduce (and cushion) their footprint. Or reach for this artsy vase or bowl made from recycled magazine paper.
Already got an earth-lover on your hands? Help them get to the next step with hardcore composting. This compost pail is made of stainless steel and provides 2 charcoal filters. Or go for unique, like with this cork apron handmade from recycled cork.
Whatever you settle on, you can trust that your gift is making a difference not just in a friend’s life but in the livelihood of our planet. Mother Earth would be proud.
- Gift Ideas
- Comments Off on Earth Day Gift Ideas
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In our recent survey we noticed with concern how the effects of 2018-19 drought are coming to head. There is such an acute shortage of mealie-meal that not only do most popular large shops have nothing but even the small tuckshops that always seem to have an endless supply seem to be running out with lots of these little shops empty.
A few weeks ago the GMAZ (Grain and Millers Association of Zimbabwe) gave people hope when they said they expected the price of mealie-meal to fall significantly as they had been able to import maize from South Africa and Brazil.
We can reveal with certainty that the promised contingent has not surfaced on the market as promised. Even in those tuckshops we also noticed something. None the maize-meal brands including refined maize are from Zimbabwe. This is imported mealie-meal which is now being sold at premium prices.
Prices double in two weeks
Prices have not fallen as promised instead they have doubled! When the promise was made black market shops were selling maize meal for around $80 RTGS, now the price has doubled. The only shop we saw with mealie-meal was asking selling 10kg sacks for $160 RTGS.
Tuckshops as you probably know turn their noses when it comes to Ecocash. Instead, they were asking for between $110 and $118 bond per 10kg of mealie-meal. USD prices, as usual, were slightly cheaper (in terms of the exchange rate) ranging from $5.50 ( this shop had only one 10kg of Classic Refined remaining) to $5.80.
Business as usual
There have been a lot of rumors as to what is causing the shortages despite promises of imports. Some say the subsidy system has been compromised and hijacked by cartels. The government blames corrupt businesses for being greedy and corrupt. Meanwhile the common man is starving.
There doesn’t seem to be any urgency on the part of the government. It all seems to be business as usual.
Pay for your order
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3. The experimental intellect and how it comes into
One knows from philosophical works the statement that "man is political by nature." 15 The philosophers cite that statement in connection with establishing the existence of prophecy and other things. The adjective "political" refers to the "town" (polis), which they use as another word for human social organization.
The statement means that a single human being cannot live by himself, and his existence can materialize only in association with his fellow men. (Alone) he would be unable to have a complete existence and lead a complete life. By his very nature, he needs the co-operation of others to satisfy all his needs. Such co-operation requires, firstly, consultation, and, then, association and the things that follow after it. Dealings with other people, when there is oneness of purpose <may lead to mutual affection, and when the purposes differ, they> 15a may lead to strife and altercation. Thus, mutual dislike and mutual affection, friendship and hostility, originate. This leads to war and peace among nations and tribes.
(Among human beings,) this does not happen haphazardly, as is the case among stray animals. God caused human beings to act in an orderly and well-arranged manner, as the result of their ability to think, as has been mentioned before.16 Therefore, God had (their actions) take place among them in an orderly manner, and He enabled them to arrange for (their activities) under political aspects and according to philosophical norms. Those (political aspects and philosophical norms) lead human beings from the things that are detrimental (to them), to those that are in their interest, and from evil to the good, First, however, they must recognize the things that are evil, and the detrimental effect of doing them, from sound experience and current customs. Thus, they are distinguished from stray animals. The result of their ability to think shows itself in the fact that their actions are orderly and not likely to be detrimental.
The concepts bringing this about are not completely divorced from sensual perception and do not require very deep study. All of them are obtained through experience and derived from it. They are particular 17 concepts connected with the sensibilia. Their truth or falsehood soon comes out in events. From (events) the student of these concepts can learn them. Each human being can learn as much of them as he is able to. He can pick up (his knowledge) with the help of experience among the events that occur in his dealings with his fellow men. Eventually, he will have what is necessary and must be done, and must not be done, fixed in his (mind). By knowing this well, 18 then, the proper habit of dealing with his fellow men will be obtained by him.
Those who follow this (procedure) during their whole life become acquainted with every single problem, (but) things that depend on experience require time. God made it easy for many human beings to obtain this (social knowledge) in a time shorter than the time required to obtain it through experience, if they will follow the experience of their fathers, teachers, and elders, learn from them, and accept their instruction. People can, thus, dispense with lengthy and careful (personal) study of events and need not attempt to pick out concepts from them. But people who have no knowledge or tradition in this respect, or people who are not willing to learn and to follow (others), need long and careful study in order to be educated in these things. They are unfamiliar to them, and the knowledge they obtain of them is uneven. Their manners and dealings with others will be badly planned and show defects. Their chances of making a living among their fellow men will bee spoiled.
This is the meaning of the famous saying: "He who is not educated by his parents will be educated by time." 19 That is, he who does not acquire the manners needed in dealing with human beings from his parents -which includes teachers and elders - and does not learn these things from them, has to fall back upon learning them with the help of nature from the events that happen in the course of time. Thus, time will teach and educate him, because he needs that education, since, by his very nature, he needs the co-operation of others.
Such is the experimental intellect. It is obtained after the discerning intellect that leads to action, as we have explained. After these two intellects, there is the (higher) degree of the speculative intellect. (Many) scholars have undertaken to explain it, and it is, therefore, not necessary to explain it in this book.
"God gave you hearing and vision and hearts." "You are little grateful." 20
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The Grimm’s wooden weather building set provides a beautifully tangible tool for children, to enable them to understand in a lovely tactile way, the concept of weather.
The smooth shape and feel of the play pieces helps to stimulate the child’s imagination and stories around the weather can be experienced and played out in a visual process.
These versatile weather pieces are perfectly matched in shape to all Grimm’s large 12 piece rainbows and can be used to bring sunshine to their day, to conjure up lightning and thunder, or let snow and rain fall from the sky. Let the stories unfold and the weather transform them.
Size: W 54 – 210 mm, H 60 – 138 mm
Set contains 13 wooden pieces
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You never hear any AACM musicians playing Rogers and Hart or George Gershwin songs in their concerts or on their records... We were trying to become known by our own work, our own compositions.
Music is a rare thing. Left to lone interpretation, sound in the form of music, has no dedicated form. If music is to have any future significance beyond pop culture relic, it should have no formula at all. And if authenticity is defined by honesty, the improvisers creating unrelenting radical music are honorable. Perhaps to a fault, since society, with its narrow-minded classifications and cliched impressions, punishes honorable men. Has Kalaparusha Maurice McIntrye been punished? Answering that would require you have an educated opinion on whether Charles Gayle was punished, whether Henry Grimes was punished, and whether Grachan Moncur III was punished. I have an opinion, but it means little unless you disagree or agree with me. If you are indifferent, well, indifference has punished this music for far too long. And that being said, perhaps McIntrye was punished. But it is a burden we should all carry, since the bed was ours to make. The following is my conversation with Kalaparusha Maurice McIntrye, unedited and in his own words.
Fred Jung: Let's start from the beginning.
Kalaparusha Maurice McIntrye: The influence was my parents. My father was a pharmacist and my mother was a school teacher. They were upward mobile people and Warren Smith, the drummer, lived right down on the first floor. He is a great drummer. He is here in New York and has been here for years and years and I have known him since I was three years old. My parents asked me what I wanted to do and what instrument I wanted to play. So I started with the drums, but I couldn't make it with the drums because the drum teacher said my wrists were too stiff. A couple of years went by and then they asked me again, what kind of instrument I wanted to play and I told them, saxophone. They got Mr. Smith to teach me how to play the saxophone and Mr. Smith gave me an old steel clarinet and I didn't want to play that. Mr. Smith told me to play the saxophone, I had to play good clarinet, so I dealt with this clarinet for six months and they said that if I would deal with it for six months, they would get me a saxophone. I was about nine years old when I started. I played for a couple of years. My father was an athletic type of fellow and I would try to impress him, so I ended up playing football and stuff. I really got deeply into football. I played defensive end and I wanted to become a professional football player, but I never got any larger than a one hundred and sixty-two pounds. That was kind of impossible to play pro ball at that weight. I got knocked out a couple of times and I realized that I didn't have the power to be a professional football player. I had some problems with my personal life and I ended up off about eight or nine years worth of dust off my saxophone when I got about seventeen and started playing the saxophone and I haven't stopped playing it since. The horn was something I could go to and meditate and forget about all the problems that I had in life. I ended up playing my saxophone again. That was how I got into the music.
FJ: What was your involvement with the AACM?
KMM: I was at the first meeting of the AACM in 1965. I was around Chicago jamming with people and then Muhal Richard Abrams had started this band called the Experimental Band and I was going down to the Experimental Band rehearsals. In May of '65, they came up with this idea, the Association for the Advancement of Creative Musicians and Muhal told me that they were going to start having meetings and so I went by Philip Cohran's house. He was a trumpet player.
FJ: He played with Sun Ra.
KMM: Yeah, he did. This was in May of '65, they started having these meetings and that is how I got involved with the AACM. I was at the first meeting. There was a lot of stuff going on where black musicians were not really taking care of their own destiny and they had attitudes toward each other and people were fighting trying to win a war. How you going to win a war if you are fighting amongst yourselves? We were all together trying to win the war.
FJ: Are you winning the war?
KMM: No, no, this war is ongoing. We haven't won the war. This type of situation has to do with artists and artists are different from anything that is like a political situation. This is not like a political situation. This has to do with artists and the sense that what we are doing is not really recognized. If a white person learns how to do what we are doing, then they are recognized. Consequently, there is a war that is always going on.
FJ: Why did you leave the fight in Chicago and journey to New York?
KMM: I left Chicago in '74 because I could only get so large in Chicago. I could only do so much in Chicago. If I wanted the world to recognize me, I had to come to a place that the world would come to. New York is the marketplace for any type of art and for a whole lot of things. New York is like the marketplace. You come here if you have something to sell. So to stay in Chicago would have been artistic death. I got out. My mother asked me, 'Do you want to be a big fish in a small pond or are you afraid to be a small fish in a big pond?' I told her, 'I ain't afraid of nothing.' She said, 'Then why are you staying here?' So I got in a car and came to New York City.
FJ: You immersed yourself in New York's loft scene.
KMM: That is true because that was the purest thing happening in New York. It went on as long as it was supposed to go. It lasted as long as it was supposed to last.
FJ: Have you been able to transcend the 'avant-garde' label?
KMM: They had to come up with some kind of name, but actually, what it is is black classical music. That is what it is. Musicians are playing black classical music. The music is not mainstream. It is more classical oriented due to the fact that most of the people who play it have studied pure music, but we are black.
FJ: Documentations of your work without exception has been of your own compositions.
KMM: That was one of the rules of the AACM. You don't play no music that you didn't write. That was one of the rules of the AACM. You never hear any AACM musicians playing Rogers and Hart or George Gershwin songs in their concerts or on their records because that was one of the things we were against. We were trying to become known by our own work, our own compositions.
FJ: Would you ever consider breaking that rule?
KMM: Oh, sure, but it is a spiritual thing. I probably would have a whole lot more money if I would record things that are more popular, but I don't know, it just worked this way on a spiritual level. It is very deep.
FJ: On your CIMP recordings, Dream Of... and South Eastern, you have been working in a trio form.
KMM: That is a tuba and drums.
FJ: Why didn't you play flute on South Eastern or Dream Of... ?
KMM: I lost my flute. Somebody stole it. One day, I was coming from rehearsal. I had my flute hooked up on the end of my saxophone case. It was tied with a belt or something around the case. I stopped at a newsstand to get some candy. After I got the candy, I picked up my horn and the flute fell off the end of the horn. I walked back down to the train and sat down to wait for the train. I looked down and saw that the flute had come off of my saxophone and so I ran back up there to the newsstand and asked the guy if he had seen anything and in New York, nobody saw nothing. I ran down a couple of corridors and I didn't know which way to run, but I was running, trying to find the guy who had picked up my flute, but I didn't see nobody.
FJ: And the future?
KMM: I have a new record coming out on Entropy. It's something we did when we did this mini tour of the United States. We went to Cleveland. We went to Madison, Wisconsin and Detroit, Michigan. We did this record in Detroit. It is supposed to be coming out at the end of this month. I just came back from Poland. It was OK. We played three cities in Poland. I am waiting for this record to come out on Entropy. I want to see what it will sound like. We had a pretty good groove in Detroit and that is where it was recorded, in Detroit.
FJ: Are you finding work apart of those brief dates?
KMM: No, no, New York is not a place where you work at. New York is a place where you live at. You live in New York and you work the world. Basically, you don't get too much work in New York. If you go to Europe and your name starts ringing in Europe, then the people in the United States will start to give you some action. If you don't become a success in Europe, they won't give you any action in the United States. Even if you impress the people in Europe, you still don't work that much in the United States. You still have to go on the road and work one time out of the year in New York. When you do get a gig in New York, you get a pretty good gig and make a nice amount of money, but you don't work regularly here in New York. You just live here. You work by being on the road and going to other places. I guess it is because my name hasn't really caught hold in Europe. I don't know what it is or why. I can't get a regular date here in New York. It would help things. Once my record becomes popular, I might be able to get a gig here in New York on a regular basis for a little while.
I was first exposed to jazz in 1961 (at age 10) when I was in a shopping arcade in Southport, England with my parents. I fell in love with the music playing over the PA system; Take Five by the Dave Brubeck Quartet
I was first exposed to jazz in 1961 (at age 10) when I was in a shopping arcade in Southport, England with my parents. I fell in love with the music playing over the PA system; Take Five by the Dave Brubeck Quartet. After going through Rock 'n Roll, the Beatles and Heavy Metal/Hard Rock phases over the next eight or so years, I finally bought my first jazz album; We're All Together Again for the First Time by Dave Brubeck, Paul Desmond and Gerry Mulligan. I was hooked on jazz, and still am 40+ years later.
I moved from England to the USA in 2002, and founded the Brookfield Jazz Society in 2005.
I became editor of the quarterly IAJRC Journalin 2012. The magazine goes to the worldwide membership of the IAJRC (International Association of Jazz Record Collectors) and many major libraries and educational establishments around the world.
As well as being the editor of the IAJRC Journal, I write about jazz and review CDs, vinyl, DVDs and books on jazz.
Login to your All About Jazz member account to submit articles and press releases, upload images, edit musician profiles, add events and business listings, communicate with other members via personal messages, submit inqueries or contribute any content.
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Women have become the digital mainstream. In the US market, women make up just under half of the online population, but they spend 58 percent of e-commerce dollars. Women are online gamers, shoppers, bloggers, and social media consumers. And yet, we still don’t know how to design for them.
The immediate impulse when designing for women is to “shrink it and pink it,” meaning products are splashed with the color pink, and content and messaging are dumbed down. But women want what’s relevant to them. They want products and online experiences that are intuitive, not insulting to their intelligence. They want function, not frills.
This session reviews the historical and contemporary landscape of designing for women. We’ll review misguided, yet well-intentioned designs based on assumptions and stereotypes that have flopped. Likewise, we’ll review success stories of well-designed products and experiences that truly meet women’s needs. We’ll also look at when gender should factor into your design and when it shouldn’t. Ultimately, when designing for women (or men, or both), you’ll want to get it right.
by David Hogue
Interfaces and devices are providing more and more power and functionality to people, and in many cases this additional power is accompanied by increasing complexity. Although people have more experience and are more sophisticated, it still takes time to learn new interfaces, information, and interactions. Although we are able to learn and use these often difficult interfaces, we increasingly seek and appreciate simplicity.
The Complexity Curve describes how a project moves from boundless opportunity and wonderful ideas to requirements checklists and constraints then finally (but only rarely) to simplicity and elegance. Where many projects call themselves complete when the necessary features have been included, few push forward and strive to deliver the pleasing and delightful experiences that arise from simplicity, focus, and purpose.
In this session, David M. Hogue, Ph.D. - VP of Experience Design, applied psychologist, and adjunct faculty member at San Francisco State University - will introduce the Complexity Curve, discuss why our innovative ideas seem to fade over the course of a project, explain why "feature complete" is not the same as "optimal experience", and offer some methods for driving projects toward simplicity and elegance.
The job of a web designer these days includes designing for content that changes, is highly dynamic, and often does not yet exist. Gone are the halcyon days of static, 5 page websites that are just as rigid as a printed brochure (let's be honest, we don't miss that). This reality has created a great deal of debate within our industry and a fair amount of difficulty in our design processes.
In this session we'll cover some basic design concepts and principles that can be applied when designing for CMS-driven websites. We'll also outline some tips and tricks for your design process, and explore some of the biggest hurdles and potential pitfalls in designing for yet created and ever-changing content.
by David Womack
What makes an experience—any experience—compelling? A well–told story transcends any particular medium and this presentation will focus on principles of narrative—such as plot, setting, and point–of–view—as they apply to designing digital products, websites, social media, and apps.
By the end of the presentation, you will have a solid understanding of the principles of creating compelling stories and will be able to apply narrative techniques to the processes of creating and analyzing interactions. We’ll talk about why some digital experiences take off while others fizzle, how to define systems without using site maps, and innovative uses for user journeys.
by Leonard Souza and Sean Coulter
Physical architecture is about how environments interact with people. Interaction design is about the mind moving through abstract spaces. Somehow the two must intersect.
This session is aimed at taking two design disciplines (physical architecture and interaction design) and finding where they relate, and how they can learn from one another. Interaction design has taken a lot from the field of architecture's creative and scientific process. For example, wireframes are very similar to blueprints (construction documents). These similarities are ever present between the two. Truly, both fields blend art and science, as well as both sides of the mind. Expect to come away with a high-level understanding of how phenomenology influences our interactions, tangible and intangible, and how cognitive science can be used to manipulate perception. This talk will be a lot of fun, so come down with an open mind and a lot of questions!
9th–13th March 2012
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The European Union, EU, has provided 54 Million Euros as grants to six Nigerian States to enhance public financial management and strengthen good governance.
Mr. Samuel Eloho, the National Coordinator of State and Local Government Reforms, SLOGOR, a project managed by the World Bank in collaboration with Nigeria’s Ministry of Budget and National Planning, stated that the European Union grant was also “to improve transparency, accountability and quality of public finances at State and local government levels.”
Eloho made this statement in Calabar, the Cross River State capital, southern Nigeria, during a two-day retreat with a theme “Fiscal Policy Reform and Economic Growth at the Sub-national Level of Government in Nigeria: Opportunity for the SLOGOR project.”
The National Coordinator said that six pilot States were selected as beneficiaries for the project and these included “Anambra, Cross River and Osun States from southern Nigeria, while Jigawa, Kano and Yobe in the northern parts of Nigeria.”
According to Eloho, the fund, which was available, would be accessed by the States based on the degree of their performance.
“We are talking about 54 Million Euros here. This amount is spread into components in each of the States. Accessing it depends on their performance. If the State is not doing well, it cannot draw down as the other State, which is doing well,” said Eloho.
The World Bank Task Team Leader of the SLOGOR project, Mr Ikechukwu Nweje, said the project, which was initiated in January 2015, has witnessed a slow start.
Nweje said “today between 22 and 26 States are not able to meet their financial needs, we are helping them reform their public financial management system. We need the States to budget appropriately and be accountable as well as give foreign investors the confidence that their money is secured.”
He described public financial management reforms as critical for the survival of each Nigerian State particularly with the challenges of the economic recession.
Also the Permanent Secretary, Ministry of Budget and National Planning Mrs. Nana Fatima urged the benefiting States “to evolved effective strategies for achieving highly inclusive economic growth as well as develop fiscal measures that would help provide a roadmap for the attainment of improved economic performance in the States.”
Fatima further encouraged the six States to ensure the funds were accessed, adding that “this will help us get development down to the grassroots, to the sub-national levels and if the programme does well, it could be replicated in other States.”
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DefiantJS (GitHub: hbi99/defiant.js, License: MIT) by Hakan Bilgin is a library for searching JSON documents with XPath expressions.
Do you need to query large JSON structures? Do you end up coding loops to parse the JSON and identify the data that matches your query? DefiantJS offers a better way. DefiantJS extends the global JSON object with a "search" method that enables lightning-fast searches using XPath expressions.
It comes with something called "snapshot search" that allows you to quickly search large documents. It's used like this:
var snapshot = Defiant.getSnapshot(data); // Snapshot search - this is more than 100 times faster than 'regular search' found = JSON.search(snapshot, '//item');
The project's documentation has interactive examples that you can try out, so you can get a feel for how XPath expressions work.
Mprogress.js (GitHub: lightningtgc/MProgress.js, License: MIT) is a Material Design-inspired progress bar. It can display a progress bar at the top of the screen like Android applications, but you can also place it within other page elements as well.
It uses a simple constructor function called
Mprogress, and you can start the progress indicator animation with
start. When the task has finished you call
var mprogress = new Mprogress(); mprogress.start(); // Slow things happen here mprogress.end();
It has other methods as well, like
set for changing the position, and it supports video-style "buffering" indicators where two bars are used to show the current playback position and the point at which the data has been buffered. The project's GitHub page has animated gifs that illustrate each of the animation types.
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The problem with working on changing education is that everyone has an opinion. You went to school didn’t you? So, you are an expert. And, if you have a well known name because you were on TV a lot about entirely different issues, you are still an expert on education. Fareed Zakaria has published a book on the value of a liberal education and a part of that book appeared in yesterday’s Washington Post. Here is a quote from that article to give you an idea about his point of view:
public officials have cautioned against pursuing degrees like art history, which are seen as expensive luxuries in today's world. Republicans want to go several steps further and defund these kinds of majors. "Is it a vital interest of the state to have more anthropologists?" asked Florida's Gov. Rick Scott. "I don't think so." America's last bipartisan cause is this: A liberal education is irrelevant, and technical training is the new path forward
Since I am always talking about education, I can tell you that this is a very typical response to what I say. Earlier this week I was asked about Shakespeare: “Don’t you think kids should still read Romeo and Juliet?” And in a different conversation the same day, when I questioned the wisdom of teaching algebra: But algebra teaches you how to think. My usual reply is that it is sad that these people never were able to think before they learned algebra.
The issue is neither liberal arts nor algebra nor the idea of training everyone to become a programmer. I think people should learn what they want to learn. What a radical idea! Teachers should be guides and mentors, not fountains of knowledge. Learning should be fun. We should not “teach evolution” nor should we not teach evolution. We should not teach Dante or Cervantes (which any Italian or Spaniard will tell you we must teach). We should let kids follow their own interests. What are their interests by the way?
The Bureau of Labor Statistics polled several hundred children who live in and around New York City (in 2012) who were between 5 and 12 years old. These are the career aspirations that they found the kids had in order of most desired:
In the U.K. they surveyed 1,000 children aged 6-16 and the results were similar. They found that the top ten dream careers for children were:
1. Professional Athlete
3. Secret Agent
4. Fire fighter
10. Zoo Keeper
Since it was the STEM Centre that did this survey they determined that were all STEM careers and wasn’t that wonderful?
Could we just let kids be firemen (in simulation) until they get bored with that and then let them keep a simulated Zoo? Could we let them try to be detectives and astronauts (in simulated worlds) or let them try to be actual writers and actors if that is what they want to be?
Why wouldn’t it be the school’s job to make sure that the fireman curricula taught about the physics of firefighting, and the chemistry of what causes fires, and how to deal with stressed people, and how to address the public in a crisis? Are these things STEM or are they the liberal arts? Who cares?
Could we let an aspiring actor play Romeo but allow him to research the part and think about how to rewrite Romeo for modern times and to learn why Verona was different from modern day Duluth? Why can’t we help our aspiring musicians learn to think hard about music, write music, and figure out how the music business works? Could all those things teach you to think too?
What definitely does not teach you to think is learning the right answer to put on a multiple choice test about Romeo and Juliet, or Cervantes, or Dante.
The problem here is that any university graduate (especially ones from the Ivies it seems) think that the courses they were forced to take in college have broadened them and made them better people. (This is the very definition of Cognitive Dissonance.) They never got to live an alternative life however. They never got to do something other than sit in a classroom and listen to lectures and prepare for tests or write essays about subjects they were forced to study, but may not have found very interesting. People are different. They should be allowed to be different.
Our idea of education is a very elitist one. We are worried that everyone should have to read Romeo and Juliet. But why? How often does that come up in real life? We don’t need literature in order to discuss these same life issues. Discussing life through the works of Shakespeare sounds appealing to intellectuals, but it really is the hard way to do it and may never actually get the attention of most of the population who could be, and should be, in these same discussions.
I, on the other hand, am worried that everyone should be capable of asking hard questions of politicians who spout nonsense and that everyone should learn to do something that is valuable in the society in which they live so they can earn a living. By no means do I think that they should be taught only technical skills but neither do I think that kids should be forced to study the liberal arts.
We learn to think by thinking. We think even as small children, amazingly, without the help of algebra or art history. What happens is that people stop kids from thinking by telling them the truth and failing to have conversations with them that might challenge their beliefs or force them to defend their ideas. We learn to think through intellectual engagement and intellectual combat, not through indoctrination.
Our entire notion of school is wrong. We need to stop “teaching” and we need to start letting kids explore their own interests with adult guidance. There is no need to defend the liberal arts. Make the choices interesting and then give them many choices. By this I do not mean choices of courses to take. Enough with courses and classes. Let them choose experiences to have. It is our job to build potential experiences for them, guide them through the ones they have chosen, and offer alternatives when they change their minds.
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http://educationoutrage.blogspot.com/2015/03/zakaria-and-ivy-graduates-keep.html
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en
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There is some buzz around at the moment about clean eating and its benefits on the body and the planet. By avoiding chemicals, preservatives, and refined sugars you’re achieving a more positive impact on our environment and reducing the likelihood of developing serious health conditions, like cancer. Other health benefits include immune boost, energy boost, improved cholesterol levels, and more.
Keep in mind, a clean eating plan cannot work alone to achieve certain fitness goals. Incorporate an exercise program, positive thinking and a long term attitude for a completely healthy way of life.
The key to clean eating is all about preparation. Making sensible decisions in the supermarket, ensures you keep on track.
Here are some quick guidelines to giving it a go. Print them out and stick them on the fridge – Clean Eating Guidelines
Find some recipes from our friends at Lorna Jane – 7 Day Clean Eating Program
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<urn:uuid:57880baa-cb6b-4802-aa7e-b7819736006c>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.cardiotech.com.au/_blog/Latest_Fitness_News/post/the-facts-about-clean-eating/
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en
| 0.940096
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0 Members and 1 Guest are viewing this topic.
I think light is a bit of a misnomer the radiation generated at the 15MK core of the Sun is presumably gamma radiation that gets degrade down to visible/UV as it fights it's way out
This depends upon exactly how light interacts with hot dense matter. The emission of photons is followed by a drop in energy of an electron, because of the heat and density the emissions will be a continuous process under these conditions as will absorption. So the uncertainty of an individual photon making it to the surface will be high.
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<urn:uuid:84cf50f0-20f6-48a1-9b43-00546130cea5>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.thenakedscientists.com/forum/index.php?topic=50689.0
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280718.7/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00401-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.947566
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| 2.28125
| 2
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The Navy only has one location for enlisted basic training: the Great Lakes Naval Training Center in Illinois. All new recruits will spend boot camp here, but don't worry about doing drills in inclement weather; unlike the other branches of the U.S. military, most of Navy boot camp is conducted indoors.
This means there are indoor marching and drill, the confidence course is indoors and even weapons like shotguns and pistols are fired indoors. This makes a lot of sense if you think about it: much of Navy life and duty is spent aboard a ship or in a submarine.
The Recruit Training Command processes more than 50,000 recruits through Navy boot camp per year.
But before you can take part in Navy basic training, you must pass an initial fitness assessment. Your recruiter administers this test. The initial standards are listed below.
Navy Standards for Male Recruits
1.5-mile run: 12:30
1.5-mile run: 13:30
1.5-mile run: 14:00
1.5-mile run: 14:30
Navy Standards for Female Recruits
1.5-mile run: 15:00
1.5-mile run: 15:30
1.5-mile run: 16:08
1.5-mile run: 16:45
Passing the Navy Swim Test
During the first week of basic training, you will also have to pass a Navy 3rd Class Swim Test. If you can't swim, don't worry. The Navy instructors will teach you how (at least well enough to pass this test). Obviously, this is going to be a crucial skill to have in a branch of the service where you're likely to see a fair amount of time at sea.
In order to graduate from Navy basic training, you must score at least a "Good (Low)" score on the normal Navy Physical Readiness Test (PRT). For men age 17 through 19, that means 62 sit-ups, 51 push-ups and running 1.5 miles in 11 minutes. For women in this age bracket, they'll need to do 62 sit-ups, 24 push-ups and 1.5 miles in 13 minutes, 30 seconds.
Requesting Leave After Basic Training
The Navy does not usually grant leave (time off or vacation) immediately after basic training. When you graduate from Navy basic, you'll proceed to your Navy A-School (job school). Your first leave will be when you graduate from A-School or around 10 days during the Christmas period, whichever happens first. If you enlisted under the GENDET or GTEP programs (no guaranteed job), your first leave will be at the discretion of your supervisor.
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<urn:uuid:657e0ddb-b99c-4173-83d9-9f5b2f3a6581>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.thebalancecareers.com/things-to-consider-when-deciding-whether-to-join-the-navy-3354799?utm_source=emailshare&utm_medium=social&utm_campaign=shareurlbuttons
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882571989.67/warc/CC-MAIN-20220813232744-20220814022744-00476.warc.gz
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en
| 0.921183
| 703
| 1.867188
| 2
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While we mainly install, remove, update and otherwise manage software on Debian and Ubuntu based systems using apt-get, the lower level packaging system that apt-get actually relies on is dpkg.
You can use dpkg to list all of the installed packages on the current system. Do this by passing the –get-selections option. The following is the command that would get all of the packages, sort them, and list them into an installed-packages file.
dpkg --get-selections|sort > installed-packages
Now you can do the same on your second Debian or Ubuntu server except you might want to name your file something like installed-packages2.
With those two files ready you can now compare them. Copy over the first file to the second system (or vice versa) and run the diff command to see the differences.
diff -u installed-packages installed-packages2 > compare-servers
This would compare the two lists and throw the results into compare-servers text file. Name it whatever you like. The -u option makes the results a little more readable, but you can alternatively use the -y option which will format the results in two columns, first representing the first file, and second representing the second file.
Studying the differences between package lists can help you figure out what the differences are between two server setups in terms of installed software, what does one have that the other doesn't. If you want to replicate installed packages of one system to another, or in other words, install all of the packages which are installed on the first system to the second system, you can do that with dpkg and apt-get.
First run the following to get dpkg to select packages to install, marking them for installation:
dpkg --set-selections < installed-packages
And then run this apt-get command to get those packages installed:
This also allows you to quickly and easily restore a given system after a fresh install, if you've saved the list of installed packages from a previous system before you deleted it. It is also possible to compare and restore system settings from the /etc directory, but that is beyond the scope of this post.
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<urn:uuid:d739a6f1-aa4b-447b-aa2d-8b59c02f8697>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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https://www.unixtutorial.org/2014/09/how-to-use-dpkg-to-compare-two-linux-servers/
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560280763.38/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095120-00519-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.927023
| 451
| 2.375
| 2
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Presented in this paper is a procedure for selecting the performance weights for a class of nonlinear feedback systems modeled by a truncated Volterra series. The performance weight selection addresses the trade-offs between closed-loop performance and closed-loop stability. The class of feedback systems considered are regulating systems subject to step disturbances. The methodology is based on two recent results concerning closed loop stability for this class of nonlinear feedback systems. These stability conditions can be formulated as an problem where the performance weights are systematically identified. This synthesis procedure is applied to the idle speed control of a Ford 4.6L V-8 fuel injection engine. Through this application, the design trade-off between closed-loop performance and stability is illustrated.
Synthesis of Nonlinear Feedback Systems in a Volterra Representation
Contributed by the Dynamic Systems and Control Division for publication in the JOURNAL OF DYNAMIC SYSTEMS, MEASUREMENT, AND CONTROL. Manuscript received by the Dynamic Systems and Control Division September 2000. Associate Editor: Y. Chait.
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Glass, J. W., and Franchek, M. A. (July 23, 2002). " Synthesis of Nonlinear Feedback Systems in a Volterra Representation ." ASME. J. Dyn. Sys., Meas., Control. September 2002; 124(3): 382–389. https://doi.org/10.1115/1.1485749
Download citation file:
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<urn:uuid:79be2376-e1af-4113-ae19-f8edb9b8cf3d>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.asmedigitalcollection.asme.org/dynamicsystems/article-abstract/124/3/382/456595/H-Synthesis-of-Nonlinear-Feedback-Systems-in-a?redirectedFrom=fulltext
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2022-33/segments/1659882570651.49/warc/CC-MAIN-20220807150925-20220807180925-00467.warc.gz
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en
| 0.89742
| 344
| 1.625
| 2
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The water table fluctuation method for determining recharge from precipitation and water table measurements was originally developed on an event basis. Here a new multievent time series approach is presented for inferring groundwater recharge from longterm water table and precipitation records. Additional new features are the incorporation of a variable specific yield based upon the soil moisture retention curve, proper accounting for the Lisse effect on the water table, and the incorporation of aquifer drainage so that recharge can be detected even if the water table does not rise. A methodology for filtering noise and non- rainfall- related water table fluctuations is also presented. The model has been applied to 2 years of field data collected in the Tomago sand beds near Newcastle, Australia. It is shown that gross recharge estimates are very sensitive to time step size and specific yield. Properly accounting for the Lisse effect is also important to determining recharge.
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<urn:uuid:3d25df7d-5d5c-452e-a084-8a4691886fe0>
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://ogma.newcastle.edu.au:8080/vital/access/manager/Repository/uon:160
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s3://commoncrawl/crawl-data/CC-MAIN-2017-04/segments/1484560279169.4/warc/CC-MAIN-20170116095119-00218-ip-10-171-10-70.ec2.internal.warc.gz
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en
| 0.922921
| 175
| 1.78125
| 2
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