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I found the following information in the comments section of a blog that was critiquing the Mayan-Georgia connection. The author of this comment, Bill Tiffee, provides a wealth of information about research made through the years that support a connection between the Native American tribes of the U.S. and their counterparts south of the Rio Grande in Mexico. Read his comments below:
I believe the famous Zelia Nuttall was the first to propose a link between Georgia (Etowah) and the Maya.(Comparison between Etowan, Mexican and Mayan designs in Etowah Papers (1932).
And of course the dominant paradigm prior to the 1970s was that Mesoamerica and the SECC region were closely linked. A handful of scholars, including Timothy Pauketat, Peter Peregrine, Alice Kehoe and Stephen Lekson, have continued to champion theories very close to those of Richard Thornton….
RETHINKING NORTH AMERICA; Timothy R. Pauketat firstname.lastname@example.org
“My research interests in archaeoastronomy and ancient religion have been developed in part through my participation in a working group on pan-American cosmology at the Santa Fe Institute, organized by Linda Cordell, George Gumerman, and Murray Gell-Mann. There and in other ways I have benefitted from working with and learning from Robert Hall, who happens to also have done early work at the Emerald site, the focus on future work and key in what is going to be another radical change in how we understand Cahokia. Via Bob, others at the SFI, and influential figures such as Alice Kehoe, Mesoamerica has reemerged in what Steve Lekson would call a big-historical re-thinking of North America.
“Mesoamericanists will be interested in the connection I found between Osage priest texts and the Vienna Codex:
Kehoe, Alice B. 2007. Osage Texts and Cahokia Data. In Ancient Objects and Sacred Realms, edited by F. Kent Reilly III and James Garber. Austin: University of Texas Press,
and in this entire volume, which includes my paper suggesting the name Powhatan was a praise name from Maya Pahuatun:
Kehoe, Alice B. 2005 Wind Jewels and Paddling Gods: The Mississippian Southeast in the Postclassic Mesoamerican World. In Gulf Coast Archaeology, the Southeastern United States and Mexico, ed. Nancy Marie White. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Pp. 260-280.
Alice kehoe (wiki entry)
“Kehoe emphasizes that, from these stale and false notions of ancient Native American history, much has been missed in the archaeological record of the Americas that is only just now coming to light. This history is now being reinterpreted through the new knowledge and understanding of peoples who built towns and even cities (e.g. Cahokia) of pyramidal mounds and other forms of monumental architecture surrounding huge ceremonial plazas. For instance, in examining the most recently discovered archaeological evidence of Cahokia, Kehoe suggests that this largest known center of Mississippian culture should best be termed a state. She argues that the Mississippian, often called “mound-building,” culture had close trade and communication links with civilizations of Mesoamerica (Mayas, Aztecs, their predecessors and contemporaries) and that this link is readily apparent from the archaeological record. She argues that trans-Gulf contact between the Mississippi Valley and Mesoamerica was quite likely, with communication and trade occurring either on foot, by canoe, or both, leading to clear similarities in the culture, religion, and art of the SECC, Midwest, and Mesoamerica (Kehoe 2005 Wind Jewels and Paddling Gods: The Mississippian Southeast in the Postclassic Mesoamerican World. In Gulf Coast Archaeology, the Southeastern United States and Mexico, ed. Nancy Marie White. Gainesville: University Press of Florida. Pp. 260-280).
Gulf Coast archaeology : the southeastern United States and Mexico /Authors:White, Nancy Marie. | Society for American Archaeology. — Meeting — (2001 : — New Orleans, La.)Published by : University Press of Florida,
Archaeologist Alice Kehoe(professor emeritus of anthropology at Marquette University), is another prominent scholar who continues to support close ties between American and Mesoamerican cultures. Kehoe notes that the “Tolteca may have traded, perhaps via nations in the Huasteca, across the gulf and up the Mississippi lacks hard evidence (other than filed human incisors), but hard evidence for Highland Mexico itself in this period is relatively limited and subject to much debate…Evidence for contacts, for shared conceptualizations, does exist in similarities between Early Postclassic Mexico and contemporary Mississippian (e.g. Carlson 1981; Hall 1984; Gillespie 1991). Some of the strongest parallels are in iconography (especially if mound-and-plaza architecture is counted as iconography)…. Phillip’s tenacity in rejecting Mississippian-Mesoamerican contacts even when evidenced on Gulf of Mexico shells transported to eastern Oklahoma, is a strong example of the power of core beliefs in this discipline.”
“the principle of actualism, not to mention Occam’s Razor, posits Cahokia to be a market hub, and one that was likely to ship goods downriver. Downriver from Cahokia leads into the gulf of Mexico and the ports of the Huastec and Maya. Huge platform pyramidal mounds constructed around great plazas-the central theater of power signaled by an imposing wall-neighbored by relatively well-constructed (wall-trench) houses with a variety of finely polished open bowls, cups, and jars, amid miles of hamlets among raised fields of maize and squashes? This form for a metropolis was standard in Mesoamerica…The parsimonious hypothesis is that Cahokia’s pyramidal mounds and plazas and ‘green city’ farmsteads and hamlets, which replicate the general Mesoamerican pattern of the urbs, embody architectural conceptions originating in Mexico.” (Assembling the Past; studies in the Professionalization of Archaeology at 169).
Among archaeologists, there is a maxim that absence of evidence is not evidence of absence, yet this lack of evidence is offered as the primary grounds to dismiss decades of careful analysis of the links between the Mesoamerican and North American pyramid building cultures, even to the extreme of stating that such contacts can no longer be “seriously hypothesized.” The real question is whether there are plausible explanations for the lack of evidence of trade, and history is replete with examples of closed trading systems(US gunboats under the command of Commodore Perry shelled Japanese ports in 1853 in order to force them open to trade).
Given the number of wars in history that have their roots in trade conflicts, the two cultures may have also simply agreed to trade in their own exclusive zones(the Mesoamerican one obviously extended into the southwestern United States). A state of hostile relations between the two cultures could also account for the lack of trade. The absence of evidence means very little in terms of what influence the two cultures had on each other, a link that may well go back to 3000 BCE, the Maya creation era of 3114 BCE.
The Mexican Connection and the far west of the American Southeast
© 2008 Society for American Archaeology
73(2) 2008 227-277
New World archaeologists have long agreed that there was prehistoric cultural interaction between the southeastern United States and Mesoamerica, but seldom are the details of such potential relationships discussed, especially recently. The farthest westward extent of Southeastern cultural influences, as shown through the distributions of fiber-tempered pottery, Archaic and Woodland mounds, later platform mounds, ceramic styles, and other material culture, seems to be east Texas. Only a few Mexican artifacts have been found at the edges of the Southeast-obsidian at Spiro and coastal Texas, asphalt-covered pottery extending northward from Mexico into southern Texas-though general ideological connections, not to mention the sharing of maize agriculture, seem obvious. In northeast Mexico, outside the Mesoamerican heartland, Huastecan people made artifacts similar to types in the Southeast. But long-distance interactions overland or via the Gulf of Mexico were apparently sporadic, despite some common cultural foundations. Strong Southeastern cultural identities plus the presence of the north Mexico/south Texas desert may have discouraged movement into the Southeast of many important Mesoamerican traditions, such as cotton growing and beer drinking.”
In less enlightened times during the post-World War II era, it was commonplace for scholars to suggest links between the Mesoamerican cultures and those of southern America, particularly Spiro, where the most prized treasures of SECC art were found. According to David Sutton Phelps:
“Mesoamerican influence on the culture of the eastern United States has long been recognized and variously discussed in the literature of the past 60 years. While the majority of these discussions have recognized the existence of relatively direct diffusion from Mesoamerica to the Southeastern United States, they have dwelled primarily on attempts to correlate traits and establish the possible routes of contact…The cultural exchange between Mesoamerica and the Southeastern United States may have begun as early as 3000 B.C.” (“Mesoamerican Glyph Motifs on Southeastern Pottery,” by David Sutton Phelps, International Congress of Americanists, 1965).
As late as 1968, Robert Silverberg would write that “Beyond much doubt the basic Mississippian ideas stemmed from Mexico, for they follow Mexican thought in many ways…Though the Mexican influence on Hopewell and Adena is still a matter for conjecture, there is little doubt that Mexican thought underlies the Mississippian Tradition.” (Silverberg; Mound Builders of Ancient America: The Archaeology of a Myth, 296)
There is also a long history linking Spiro to the Huastec Indians, and recent research lists Tula, Hidalgo as a Huastec rather than a “Toltec” site.
MacNeish (1947) gave a list of traits “which he believes connects Spiro and the Southeast with Mesoamerica, particularly into the Huasteca area of northeastern Mexico.” (James Griffin; An interpretation of the Place of Spiro in Southeastern Archaeology, 1950).
Wicke (1965) noted that various scholars have considered the problem of Mesoamerican cultural influences in the eastern United States. They “agree in general on a Mesoamerican origin for temple mounds. Eastern temple mounds are larger than the earliest ones from Mesoamerica and, like them, are characterized by groups of four around a plaza, superimposed construction, frequent eastward orientation of the principal platform of a group, and capping by a temple structure. The Huastec region of northeastern Mesoamerica seems to show the closest architectural similarities to the southeastern United States.” (Wicke; Pyramids and Temple Mounds: Mesoamerican ceremonial architecture in Eastern North America; American Antiquity, vol 30, April 1965 at 409).
On the other side of the border fence, modern Mexican scholars such as Alfredo Austin and Leonardo Lujan have no difficulty connecting the Mexican cultures to the “American” natives: “The
Huastecs also had contact with the Mississippi Basin in the southeastern US, as shown by the similarities in the motifs on luxury items in both place.” (Mexico’s Indigenous Past; Austin et al at 264).
Huastec art figures “frequently sport extensive and complicated tattoos” (just as the Tula encountered by de Soto had tattoos around the nose and mouth), and “many of the sculptures have adornments identifying them with Quetzalcoatl or with death gods.”(at 264). They also note that Huastec ceramics have been found at Tula Xicocotitlan in the state of Hidalgo, and list Tula as a “Huastec” site(at 264), which supports recent scholarship which views Tula Xicocotitlan not as a “Toltec” culture but rather as Huastec. Aztec myths also speak of a “Huastec Lord” at Tula(Cambridge History of the Native Peoples of the Americas; ed. Bruce Trigger et al, 184 )
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Subcompact cars are no longer the models you buy because you can’t afford anything better. Today’s small cars are safer than the tiny tin cans of yesteryear, and they have better performance. Car companies are also putting high-tech features like Bluetooth into small cars, so you can get one that’s nearly as well-equipped as a high-end car.
The 2012 Ford Fiesta is emblematic of this trend, and reviewers love its peppy urban performance, high-end feel, and extensive options list. Even though you can outfit it with Ford’s SYNC system, which allows you to use voice commands to control most of the interior systems, the Fiesta is no budget-buster. The Fiesta can get up to 40 miles per gallon (m.p.g.) on the highway and starts at just $13,200. It’s also a top safety pick for the Insurance Institute for Highway Safety (IIHS), an honor it earned for its strong crash-test performance.
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WASHINGTON — When the Senate prepared to take up final action on the Chemical Weapons Convention Thursday, advocates of the treaty thought they had the ultimate weapon: emotional blackmail. Who could vote--in an election year, no less--against a treaty whose lofty goal is to eradicate chemical weapons?
Amazingly, enough senators to defeat this treaty. Which is why, faced with the prospect of defeat on the floor of the Senate, the Clinton administration pulled the treaty at the very last moment. But it is not dead by any means. If Clinton wins re-election he will undoubtedly bring it back to the next Congress, where it will deserve to be buried again.
The fatal problem with the chemical weapons treaty is that it is unverifiable. Sure, it has elaborate inspection procedures. And an even more elaborate UN bureaucracy to oversee them. No treaty is complete without that nowadays. As a result, the treaty will be perfectly able to detect the development of chemical weapons by free, open governments that have never used and have no intention of using chemical weapons. (Indeed, the United States is now actively destroying its Cold War stockpile.)
And the treaty will be perfectly useless at preventing development of chemical weapons by closed societies such as Iran, Iraq (which in 1988 blatantly violated the current treaty banning the use of chemical weapons), Libya, Syria and North Korea. These are precisely the places where chemical weapons are being made today for potential use against the United States or its allies.
How can anyone seriously defend this treaty as verifiable when Iraq--subject to a far more intrusive inspection regime than anything contemplated under the CWC--is nonetheless going ahead with its chemical (and nuclear and biological) weapons programs right under our noses? When North Korea, signatory and subject to all the fancy inspection provisions of the Nuclear Non-Proliferation Treaty, went blithely ahead and with impunity made nuclear bombs?
And these are violations by countries that had submitted to intrusive international inspection. Yet we already know that Libya, North Korea and Syria have not agreed to sign the CWC and thus will be subject to no chemical weapons inspection at all! Not to worry. The treaty will definitively banish the threat of chemical attack by Belgium.
All arms control treaties have problems with verification. But with chemical weapons, the problem is inherently insoluble. Consider the (nuclear) START treaties with Russia: Hard to verify, but at least they involve fixed numbers of large objects--missiles--with no other use and not that hard to find. Chemical weapons, on the other hand, involve small quantities of everyday stuff that is impossible to find.
How small? The sarin nerve gas used for the Tokyo subway attack was manufactured by the Aum Supreme Truth cult in a single room.
Treaties are not feel-good devices. They are not expressions of hope. They are means of advancing peace by putting real constraints on the countries that pose threats.
The chemical weapons treaty is part of a larger administration scheme to build a new post-Cold War structure of peace through the proliferation of paper. Yesterday, a test-ban treaty. Today, chemical weapons. Tomorrow, a biological weapons convention and strengthening the ban on anti-ballistic missiles.
The Clinton administration calls the chemical weapons treaty "the most ambitious arms control regime ever negotiated." Its ambition is matched only by that of the Kellogg-Briand Pact, also an American brainchild, also promulgated to great international applause. (Frank Kellogg, Coolidge's secretary of state, won the Nobel Peace Prize for it.) All parties to that piece of paper pledged the renunciation of war forever. The year was 1928. Germany and Japan were signatories.
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|Saturday, Jan 5, 2013 - 12:00 AM
"Workshop 1. Foundations"
Meet the eight teachers in the video programs and find out what kinds of literary experiences have had the most meaning for them. The group talks about how they have brought a love of literature to their students. Observe the teachers in their classrooms and see how this love of literature directly informs their work. D
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Murthy, ISN and Reddy, MRS (1989) ECG Synthesis Via Discrete Cosine Transform. In: Annual International Conference of the IEEE Engineering in Medicine and Biology Society, 1989. Images of the Twenty-First Century, 9-12 November, Seattle,WA, Vol.2, 773 -774.
Results on modelling and synthesis of ECG from its component waves are presented after a suitable transformation. The transformed components add up to the transformation of the complete beat (CB) and thus enable synthesis of ECG. Pole-zero modelling of the transformed signals by Shanks method proved very successful.
|Item Type:||Conference Paper|
|Additional Information:||Copyright 1990 IEEE. Personal use of this material is permitted. However, permission to reprint/republish this material for advertising or promotional purposes or for creating new collective works for resale or redistribution to servers or lists, or to reuse any copyrighted component of this work in other works must be obtained from the IEEE.|
|Department/Centre:||Division of Electrical Sciences > Electrical Engineering|
|Date Deposited:||29 May 2006|
|Last Modified:||19 Sep 2010 04:27|
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Mexico: Streets Not Paved with Gold
The global population has hit a staggering 7 billion and in many of the world’s largest cities, overcrowding is forcing some, especially the young, to live life on the streets. We travel to Mexico City to go deep inside their perilous world.
21st Century - Show 60 - Mexico: Streets Not Paved with Gold
Script (pdf): http://www.un.org/webcast/pdfs/21century60Mexico.pdf
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Direct Multi-Step Estimation And Forecasting
This paper surveys the literature on multi-step forecasting when the model or the estimation method focuses directly on the link between the forecast origin and the horizon of interest. Among diverse contributions, we show how the current consensual concepts have emerged. We present an exhaustive overview of the existing results, including a conclusive review of the circumstances favourable to direct multi-step forecasting, namely different forms of non-stationarity and appropriate model design. We also provide a unifying framework which allows us to analyse the sources of forecast errors and hence of accuracy improvements from direct over iterated multi-step forecasting. Copyright 2007 The Author. Journal compilation © 2007 Blackwell Publishing Ltd.
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Volume (Year): 21 (2007)
Issue (Month): 4 (09)
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References listed on IDEAS
Please report citation or reference errors to , or , if you are the registered author of the cited work, log in to your RePEc Author Service profile, click on "citations" and make appropriate adjustments.:
- Chevillon, Guillaume, 2009. "Multi-step forecasting in emerging economies: An investigation of the South African GDP," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 25(3), pages 602-628, July.
- Clements, Michael P. & Hendry, David F., 1996.
"Multi-Step Estimation for Forecasting,"
The Warwick Economics Research Paper Series (TWERPS)
447, University of Warwick, Department of Economics.
- Janine Aron & John Muellbauer, 2002.
"Interest Rate Effects on Output: Evidence from a GDP Forecasting Model for South Africa,"
IMF Staff Papers,
Palgrave Macmillan, vol. 49(Special i), pages 185-213.
- Janine Aron & John Muellbauer, 2002. "Interest rate effects on output: evidence from a GDP forecasting model for South Africa," CSAE Working Paper Series 2002-04, Centre for the Study of African Economies, University of Oxford.
- Aron, Janine & Muellbauer, John, 2002. "Interest Rate Effects on Output: Evidence from a GDP Forecasting Model for South Africa," CEPR Discussion Papers 3595, C.E.P.R. Discussion Papers.
- Ing, Ching-Kang, 2003. "Multistep Prediction In Autoregressive Processes," Econometric Theory, Cambridge University Press, vol. 19(02), pages 254-279, April.
- Neil R. Ericsson & Jaime R. Marquez, 1998.
"A framework for economic forecasting,"
International Finance Discussion Papers
626, Board of Governors of the Federal Reserve System (U.S.).
- Schorfheide, Frank, 2005. "VAR forecasting under misspecification," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 128(1), pages 99-136, September.
- Weiss, Andrew A, 1996. "Estimating Time Series Models Using the Relevant Cost Function," Journal of Applied Econometrics, John Wiley & Sons, Ltd., vol. 11(5), pages 539-60, Sept.-Oct.
- Chatfield, Chris, 1993. "Calculating Interval Forecasts," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 11(2), pages 121-35, April.
- David Hendry, 2000. "A General Forecast-error Taxonomy," Econometric Society World Congress 2000 Contributed Papers 0608, Econometric Society.
- Clements,Michael & Hendry,David, 1998.
"Forecasting Economic Time Series,"
Cambridge University Press, number 9780521634809, December.
- Clements, Michael P. & Hendry, David F., 1998. "Forecasting economic processes," International Journal of Forecasting, Elsevier, vol. 14(1), pages 111-131, March.
- Weiss, Andrew A., 1991. "Multi-step estimation and forecasting in dynamic models," Journal of Econometrics, Elsevier, vol. 48(1-2), pages 135-149.
- Chatfield, Chris, 1993. "Calculating Interval Forecasts: Reply," Journal of Business & Economic Statistics, American Statistical Association, vol. 11(2), pages 143-44, April.
- R. Bhansali, 1996. "Asymptotically efficient autoregressive model selection for multistep prediction," Annals of the Institute of Statistical Mathematics, Springer;The Institute of Statistical Mathematics, vol. 48(3), pages 577-602, September.
- Michael P. Clements & David F. Hendry, 2001. "Forecasting Non-Stationary Economic Time Series," MIT Press Books, The MIT Press, edition 1, volume 1, number 0262531895, March.
- Fildes, Robert & Stekler, Herman, 2002. "The state of macroeconomic forecasting," Journal of Macroeconomics, Elsevier, vol. 24(4), pages 435-468, December.
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Overview of the Parent Support Group (PSG)
All parents are encouraged to become actively involved with the school through the Parent Support Group.
The goal of the Parent Support Group in QSI is to make the learning environment the best possible place for children. To achieve this goal, the Parent Support Group (PSG) will:
1. Work to enhance communication among parents as well as between parents and the school.
2. Organize educational and social events for QSI students and/or the school community.
3. Assist classroom educators in ways that allow for more efficient and productive use of classroom management time.
4. Enrich the regular classroom curriculum.
5. Promote fund-raising events in order to purchase items or services the school might not easily obtain.
6. Develop events that encourage student involvement and understanding of the local community or host country.
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Here's the announcement from the Department of Fish and Game:
Jan. 4, 2011
Alexander Creek pike removal project funded
The Alaska Department of Fish and Game was recently awarded $635,000 from the Alaska Sustainable Salmon Fund for a four-year program to accelerate efforts to remove northern pike from the Alexander Creek drainage in Northern Cook Inlet.
Coupled with funds appropriated by the Legislature last session, this award will allow the department to further the objectives of removing spawning northern pike through intensive gillnetting. A program for enumerating king salmon smolt in the area will also be initiated to help monitor the effectiveness of pike removal.
Northern pike, which are not native to areas south and east of the Alaska Range, have been illegally introduced into a number of river basins where they have had very detrimental impacts on other fisheries resources.
Alexander Creek in the Susitna River basin is one of the most heavily impacted systems. As an extension of ongoing efforts to gauge distribution and relative abundance of pike within this drainage, a concerted effort will now be made to significantly reduce pike numbers.
The overall objective is to restore salmon and resident species populations in this once highly popular fishing destination to long-term sustainable levels that will again provide important sportfishing opportunities.
"We thank the Legislature and the local area partnerships for their support of our efforts to reduce the negative impacts of invasive northern pike," said Charles Swanton, director of the ADF&G Sport Fish Division. "The investments made should be returned many fold in terms of economic and social benefits resulting from successful implementation of this project."
Additional information on ADF&G management plans for aquatic nuisance species and northern pike is available here.
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Daniel Reisel is here to talk about our brains. In particular, how we might change them–and how this kind of thinking might just change the tenor of society as a whole. He introduces us to Joe, who’s 32, and a murderer. Reisel met Joe in Wormwood Scrubs, a high-security prison that houses England’s most […]
Stories for "brain development"
New parents talk to their babies constantly — not because the babies will understand, but because they want to encourage brain development. Tiffany Shlain offers a fascinating idea in the TED Book Brain Power: does the global brain of the internet need similar prodding? In the book, which is accompanied by this short film, Shlain […]
Can we draw instructive parallels between the development of the human brain and the emergence of the electronic global ‘brain’ of the Internet? New research in neuroscience suggests that, yes, we can. In the new TED ebook, Brain Power: From Neurons to Networks, filmmaker Tiffany Shlain explores the links between the two. The book also arrives concurrently […]
[ted id=1573 width=560 height=315] Read Montague is interested in the human dopamine system — or, as he puts it in this illuminating talk from TEDGlobal 2012, that which makes us “chase sex, food and salt” and therefore survive. Specifically, Montague and his team at the Roanoke Brain Study are interested in how dopamine and valuation […]
[ted id=1563 width=560 height=315] Teenagers can sometimes feel like a different species. According to neuroscientist Sarah-Jayne Blakemore, who gave this fascinating talk at TEDGlobal 2012, this isn’t a coincidence. While 15 years ago it was assumed that brain development was completed in childhood, scientists now know that the brain continues to develop through a person’s […]
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D. Only at high frequencies
The question was posed to me in unit test.
I’d like to ask this question from Simulation in chapter SIMULINK and GUIs of MATLAB
Explanation: This block is treated as an ideal constant voltage source. It can be used in place of the voltage source already present in Simulink toolbox.
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Rabat, November 13th. Xinhua News Agency reporters in the Middle East region: Coronavirus Pandemic continues to spread in the Middle East. Morocco, Algeria, and the Palestinian Gaza Strip reported new highs in the number of new cases on the 12th, and Iran, the most severely affected country, reported new cases in a single day. The number of cases has increased by more than 10,000.
The Iranian Ministry of Health said on the 12th that there were 11,517 new confirmed cases of Coronavirus in Iran, 457 new deaths, and 5,461 new cases cured; a total of 726,585 confirmed cases, a total of 40,121 deaths, and a total of 541,566 cured cases.
According to data released by the Ministry of Health of Morocco on the 12th, the country has 6195 new confirmed cases of Coronavirus in the past 24 hours, setting a record for the highest number of new confirmed cases in a single day since the outbreak; a total of 276,821 confirmed cases, a total of 4570 deaths, and a total of 226,040 cured cases.
The pandemic data released by the Palestinian Ministry of Health on the 12th showed that in the past 24 hours, 823 new cases were confirmed, a total of 72,967 cases; 5 new deaths, a total of 617 cases; 657 new cases were cured, a total of 64,431 cases. In the densely populated Gaza Strip, 311 new cases were confirmed on the same day, a total of 9,542 cases; 1 new death, a total of 44 cases; 282 new cases were cured, a total of 6,418 cases.
In Algeria on the 12th, 851 newly diagnosed cases, a total of 65108 cases; a total of 2111 deaths; a total of 43437 cases were cured. The country’s newly confirmed cases hit a record high for 3 consecutive days. Epidemiologist Professor Mohamed Belhochin said that the peak of the pandemic was due to the fact that the people did not strictly observe the epidemic prevention measures a few weeks ago, and there is a risk of insufficient medical conditions.
The Ministry of Health of Jordan said on the 12th that a total of 24,128 people were tested for the Coronavirus on the same day. There were 5,685 new confirmed cases, a total of 132,086 cases; 80 new deaths, a total of 1,547 cases. According to Jordan’s Petra News Agency, Jordan’s Minister of Tourism and Antiquities Naif Fayez was diagnosed with Coronavirus on the 12th. He said he is currently in stable physical condition and is in self-isolation.
Kuwait added 773 new confirmed cases on the 12th, a total of 134932 cases; a total of 830 deaths; a total of 125593 cases were cured. On the same day, the Ministry of Health of Kuwait formally requested the Ministry of Education to change all stages of student examinations to online until the students can receive Coronavirus vaccine.
The Ministry of Health of Saudi Arabia announced on the 12th that 311 new cases were confirmed in the country on the same day, a total of 352160 cases; a total of 5605 deaths; a total of 339,114 cases were cured. Saudi Arabia’s Assistant Minister of Health Abdullah Asiri said on the 11th that Saudi Arabia has signed an agreement to obtain two or three vaccines that have entered the final stage of clinical trials in advance.
Data released by the Lebanese Ministry of Health on the 12th showed that 1,847 newly diagnosed cases, a total of 100,703 cases; a total of 775 deaths; and a total of 55,706 cured cases. The Ministry of Interior of Lebanon issued a decree on the 12th to “close the city” from 5:00 on the 14th to 5:00 on the 30th. During this period, there will be a curfew from 17:00 to 5:00 the next day; vehicles are restricted to odd and even numbers; all shopping malls, restaurants, bars, etc. are closed; beaches and public swimming pools are closed.
Some countries in the Middle East updated the cumulative number of confirmed cases on the 12th: 511,806 in Iraq; 404,894 in Turkey; 322,068 in Israel; 119,442 in Oman; 135,132 in Qatar; 1100,95 in Egypt; 76,106 in Tunisia; 71,804 in Libya; 6,486 in Syria .
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- Open Access
An assessment of adult mosquito collection techniques for studying species abundance and diversity in Maferinyah, Guinea
Parasites & Vectors volume 13, Article number: 150 (2020)
Several mosquito collection methods are routinely used in vector control programmes. However, they target different behaviours causing bias in estimation of species diversity and abundance. Given the paucity of mosquito trap data in West Africa, we compared the performance of five trap-lure combinations and Human Landing Catches (HLCs) in Guinea.
CDC light traps (LT), BG sentinel 2 traps (BG2T), gravid traps (GT) and Stealth traps (ST) were compared in a 5 × 5 Latin Square design in three villages in Guinea between June and July 2018. The ST, a portable trap which performs similarly to a LT but incorporates LEDs and incandescent light, was included since it has not been widely tested. BG2T were used with BG and MB5 lures instead of CO2 to test the efficacy of these attractants. HLCs were performed for 5 nights, but not as part of the Latin Square. A Generalised Linear Mixed Model was applied to compare the effect of the traps, sites and collection times on mosquito abundance. Species identification was confirmed using PCR-based analysis and Sanger sequencing.
A total of 10,610 mosquitoes were captured across five traps. ST collected significantly more mosquitoes (7096) than the rest of the traps, but resulted in a higher number of damaged specimens. ST and BG2T collected the highest numbers of Anopheles gambiae (s.l.) and Aedes aegypti mosquitoes, respectively. HLCs captured predominantly An. coluzzii (41%) and hybrids of An. gambiae and An. coluzzii (36%) in contrast to the five traps, which captured predominantly An. melas (83%). The rural site (Senguelen) presented the highest abundance of mosquitoes and overall diversity in comparison with Fandie (semi-rural) and Maferinyah Centre I (semi-urban). Our results confirm the presence of four species for the first time in Guinea.
ST collected the highest number of mosquitoes suggesting this trap may play an important role for mosquito surveillance in Guinea and similar sites in West Africa. We recommend the incorporation of molecular tools in entomological studies since they have helped to identify 25 mosquito species in this area.
Control programmes which target malaria and other vector-borne diseases need to be specific to the country or region in which they are implemented. In order to choose the best intervention(s), it is essential to know which mosquito species are both present and transmitting human pathogens in a given area. For example, the primary vectors of malaria in Africa often display primarily endophagic and endophilic behaviour and therefore can be targeted by interventions such as indoor residual spraying (IRS) or through the use of long-lasting insecticidal nets (LLINs). Despite primary vectors contributing to the majority of the transmission of mosquito-borne diseases, secondary vector species can play an essential role in maintaining residual transmission , be less affected by interventions focused on primary vectors and increase in dominance and relative importance [2, 3]. Therefore, control programmes that do not target secondary vectors may have reduced success . In order to monitor the effectiveness of a control programme, mosquito abundance and composition before and after intervention deployment can be determined by undertaking entomological surveys.
Different collection methods are available to collect entomological data, among which human landing catches (HLCs) are the gold standard method for collecting human-biting mosquito species . However, HLCs only collect anthropophilic, host-seeking mosquito species. Therefore, additional methods of adult mosquito sampling can be used indoors and outdoors to exploit different aspects of mosquito feeding and resting behaviour including anthropophily, zoophily, endophily, exophily, endophagy and exophagy. However, trap comparison studies are necessary to determine trap efficacy given the variety of different mosquito species behaviours. Factors that can influence the abundance, species composition, female physiological status (gravid, blood-fed, etc.) and infection prevalence of the collection include trap design, use of attractants and location [6,7,8]. Therefore, it is important to consider trap bias to decide which one is most appropriate for mosquito monitoring and surveillance objectives in a given location. Although some traps have been compared to HLCs in East Africa , to our knowledge only a few studies have compared the performance of mosquito traps in West Africa (for example, in Ghana and Senegal ). In Western Kenya, catches rates for An. gambiae (s.l.) were high for both CDC light traps (LT) and HLCs performed outdoors compared to HLCs performed indoors suggesting traps can play an important role in malaria entomological surveillance .
Guinea is a West African country with a high prevalence of vector-borne diseases [10, 11] where more than 55% of the population is affected by poverty . Major outbreaks of human diseases include a yellow fever virus (YFV) outbreak in 2000 where Aedes aegypti, the major YFV vector in urban areas, was not found in the rural areas , suggesting other mosquito species were likely involved in transmission. Despite significant transmission of malaria, lymphatic filariasis and sporadic outbreaks of arboviruses, relatively few medical entomological studies to date have been undertaken in Guinea [14,15,16,17,18,19,20,21,22]. Therefore, there is a need to undertake entomological surveys using diverse collection methods to determine the most appropriate mosquito trapping methods to use for surveillance.
We compared the performance of five adult trapping methods to determine mosquito species abundance and diversity in Maferinyah sub-prefecture, Guinea, and provide evidence towards the most suitable trap for surveillance. To our knowledge, only larval collections, pyrethroid spray catches, exit traps, aspirators, HLCs and LT have been used in Guinea to collect mosquitoes [16, 19, 22,23,24]. In this study, we selected gravid traps (GT), Stealth traps (ST), LT and BG sentinel 2 traps (BG2T) with two different lures (BG and MB5) in comparison with HLCs to test new trapping methods not previously used in Guinea to capture the highest diversity of mosquito species. The abundance and diversity of mosquito species captured was assessed in three locations presenting different geographical conditions, i.e. rural, semi-rural and semi-urban, and the results of this entomological survey are discussed in the context of mosquito surveillance and vector control strategies.
In order to compare mosquito diversity and determine the efficacy of different trap types between rural, semi-rural and semi-urban locations, three sites were selected for mosquito collections using traps: Senguelen, Fandie and Maferinyah Centre I, respectively (Fig. 1). The corresponding coordinates in decimal degrees of latitude and longitude are as follows: Senguelen (9.411, − 13.375), Fandie (9.53, − 13.239) and Maferinyah Centre I (9.546, − 13.281). HLCs were performed in Senguelen. All the study sites are located in the Maferinyah sub-prefecture, located within the Forecariah prefecture, in the Kindia region of Guinea. For the trap comparison, five sampling locations were chosen within each site, with a minimum of 50 m between each one. The coordinates of sampling locations were recorded using GPS (eTrex 10, Garmin). A description of sampling locations and coordinates is given in Additional file 1: Table S1. Mosquito collections were undertaken between June and July 2018.
BG sentinel 2 traps (Biogents, Regensburg, Germany), CDC light traps (John W. Hock, Gainesville, Florida, USA), Reiter-Cummings gravid traps (BioQuip, Compton, California, USA) and Stealth traps (John W. Hock, Gainesville, Florida, USA) were used for mosquito collections. BG-lure (NH3, lactic acid and hexanoic acid) or BG-MB5 lure (NH3, lactic acid, tetradecanoic acid, 3-methyl-1-butanol and butan-1-amine) (Biogents, Regensburg, Germany) were used with BG2T (BG2-BG and BG2-MB5, respectively). To allow a direction comparison between the two lures, we did not include the use of carbon dioxide (CO2) with BG2T. ST is a novel trap that has not been widely tested to date and has eight ultraviolet LEDs in addition to an incandescent light which turn off automatically during the day. The portability of the ST (of a smaller weight and size than LT) is advantageous over significantly larger BG2T and GT. However, ST is more delicate than the LT since the operation mechanism is exposed, unlike in the LT, where it is protected inside the cover. The incandescent light of the LT was operational for 24 hours. CO2 was used as an attractant for LT and ST for the duration of the 24 h, directed into the vicinity of trap inlets using plastic containers. It was prepared by mixing 280 g of sugar and 5 g of yeast in 500 ml of water . In each of the three sites, water collected locally from shallow sunlit ponds was used for the GR trap. A 5 × 5 Latin Square design was applied in each site (Fig. 2). The traps were placed in five sampling locations of one site at 19:00 h. Mosquitoes were collected every 12 hours and the traps were rotated to the next sampling point every 24 hours, so two collections (day and night) per trap per sampling point were obtained (Fig. 2). Since each site had 5 sampling points, each trap/site had a total of 10 collections. A total of 50 collections were obtained per site. Since this study was developed in 3 sites, a total of 150 collections were obtained (30 collections per trap) (Additional file 1: Table S2). Five HLCs were undertaken over 5 nights alongside mosquito trapping in Senguelen. Landing mosquitoes were collected outdoors from 20:00 to 02:00 h using manual aspirators in teams of 5 to 6 volunteers per night.
Collection of environmental data
Temperature and relative humidity were recorded at each sampling point every 5 min using EL-USB-2 data loggers (Lascar Electronics, UK) and averaged over the 12-h period of each collection. Presence or absence of rain was recorded by field workers (Additional file 2: Figure S1).
Identification of mosquitoes
Mosquitoes collected from traps and HLCs were morphologically identified using keys [26,27,28] and stored in RNAlater at − 80 °C. A subsample of 370 mosquitoes collected using traps was selected for molecular identification. At least one specimen of every morphologically identified species and unidentified specimens from each of the five traps and each of the three trapping locations were chosen for sequencing to confirm the identification. Genomic DNA was initially extracted from individual males morphologically identified as Culex (Cx.) using DNeasy-96 extraction kits (Qiagen, Manchester, UK) according to the manufacturer’s protocol with minor modifications. Genomic DNA extraction (as opposed to RNA extraction) was required as difficulties with ACE multiplex end-point PCR assays on cDNA used to determine species within the Cx. pipiens complex has previously been observed. RNA extraction was undertaken on individual females morphologically identified as within the genera Aedes, Anopheles and Eretmapodites using RNeasy-96 extraction kits (Qiagen) according to the manufacturer’s protocol with minor modifications. RNA was reverse transcribed into complementary DNA (cDNA) using a High Capacity cDNA Reverse Transcription kit (Applied Biosystems, Warrington, UK). A final volume of 20 µl contained 10 µl RNA, 2 µl 10× RT buffer, 0.8 µl 25× dNTP (100 mM), 2 µl 10× random primers, 1 µl reverse transcriptase and 4.2 µl nuclease-free water. Cycling conditions were 25 °C for 10 min, 37 °C for 120 min and 85 °C for 5 min.
Different PCR assays were carried out depending on the genus. For discrimination of species of the An. gambiae complex, an end-point PCR to detect the SINE200 insertion and a multiplex PCR for amplification of an intergenic spacer (IGS) region were used. Amplification and sequencing of regions of the cytochrome c oxidase subunit 1 (cox1) gene and the internal transcribed spacer 2 (ITS2) region from the nuclear ribosomal DNA was used for confirmation of An. squamosus and the rest of the Anopheles species collected, respectively. For identification of Culex species, amplification and sequencing of an alternative fragment of the cox1 gene was used. Since this specific fragment did not provide enough variability to discriminate between Cx. quinquefasciatus and Cx. p. pipiens, an ACE multiplex end-point PCR assay was used for discrimination. For identification of Aedes and Eretmapodites, in addition to confirmatory testing of Cx. cf. sitiens samples, amplification and sequencing of a further cox1 gene fragment was undertaken. Primers and conditions of all PCR assays are described in Additional file 1: Table S3.
PCR assays were performed in a Bio-Rad T100 thermocycler and PCR products were visualised in precast Invitrogen 2% agarose E-gel cartridges (containing SYBR gold stain) in an E-Gel iBase power system (Invitrogen, Warrington, UK) using a 100 bp DNA ladder (NEB) for product size analysis. For barcoding, PCR products were submitted to Source BioScience (Source BioScience Plc, Nottingham, UK) for PCR reaction clean-up, followed by Sanger sequencing to generate both forward and reverse reads. Sequencing analysis was carried out in MEGA7 as follows. Both chromatograms (forward and reverse traces) from each sample were manually checked, edited, and trimmed as required, followed by alignment with ClustalW and checking to produce consensus sequences. Consensus sequences were used to perform nucleotide BLAST (NCBI) database queries [37, 38]. Full consensus sequences were submitted to the GenBank database under the accession numbers MN545862–MN545865 (ITS2), and MN552290–MN552306 (cox1) (Additional file 1: Table S4). Confirmation of species was considered complete for sequences with an identity to a particular species given by BLAST of greater or equal to 98%, and where no other species also gave identities at this level.
Functions “filter”, “select”, “group_by”, “n” and “summarise” from package dplyr were used in RStudio for data handling. A Generalised Linear Mixed Model (GLMM) with the Negative Binomial distribution was applied to the data with the function “glmer.nb” from package lme4 in RStudio to compare the effect of the traps, sites and collection times on the abundance of mosquitoes. Function “glht” from package multcomp was used for multiple comparisons between the levels of each fixed effect. Trap, Time and Site were included as fixed effects. Sampling point was included as a random factor. Temperature and Humidity were included as covariates; with Rainfall included as a binary factor. ANOVA was used to compare model fit by stepwise deletion of non-significant variables, using the Aikaike information criterion (AIC) as an indicator of a better model fit. Simpson’s diversity index per Trap, Site and Time was calculated to compare the species diversity. Simpson’s diversity index indicates a high diversity when it is close to 0 and low diversity when it is close to 1.
Comparison of five adult mosquito traps
A total of 10,610 mosquitoes were trapped by the five adult mosquito traps across the 30 collection intervals (15 days and 15 nights) of the study. In terms of abundance, the ST captured the highest percentage of the total number of mosquitoes collected (67%), followed by the LT (24%), the BG2-MB5 lure (4%), the GT (3%) and the BG2-BG lure (2%) (Table 1). The diversity of species was measured using the Simpson’s diversity index. Results showed that the BG2-BG captured the most diverse range of mosquito species (Simpson’s diversity index of 0.157), followed by the GT (0.241), BG2-MB5 (0.24), LT (0.415) and ST (0.484) (Table 1).
The majority of the mosquitoes collected across this study belonged to the genera Anopheles, Aedes and Culex. However, the ST and LT captured one and two Uranotaenia mosquitoes respectively, the BG2-MB5 captured two Mansonia and the BG2-BG captured one Eretmapodites (Table 1). Regarding the sex of collected mosquitoes, 38% of the specimens captured by the LT and ST were males, whereas for the other traps, males were less than 22%. GT caught the highest proportion of gravid females, whereas unfed females represented the highest proportion of the catch in other traps. Blood-fed females made up the smallest group, with the BG2-MB5 trapping the highest relative proportion. The total numbers of blood-fed females were too low for comparative blood-meal analysis (Table 1).
‘Damage state’ of the specimens was also annotated and assessed. No specimens were damaged by the gravid trap, less than 10% of the specimens were damaged in both BG2T and 10% of specimens were damaged in the LT (data not shown). However, the ST resulted in the highest proportion of damaged mosquitoes at approximately 20%, of which nearly one quarter could not be morphologically identified (Table 1). Although the ST captured the largest number of mosquitoes, this trap also collected a large number of non-target Diptera and ants, making sorting of the specimens time-consuming (Fig. 3).
Generalised linear mixed model for mosquito abundance
A negative binomial GLMM was used to determine statistical differences between the abundance of mosquitoes captured by each trap. The results indicated that the following parameters influenced the number of mosquitoes collected: Site (Maferinyah Centre I, Senguelen and Fandie), Time Period (evening and morning), Trap (BG2-BG, BG2-MB5, GT, LT, ST) and Sampling Point (random factor). Rainfall, Temperature and Humidity did not significantly influence the data, so they were removed from the model. The final, best-fit model was: Abundance~Site+(1|Point)+Time+Trap. According to this model, there were no significant differences between the abundance of mosquitoes captured by the GT, the BG2-MB5 and the BG2-BG (Additional file 1: Table S5). However, there were significant differences between the abundance of mosquitoes captured by GT and LT (Tukey, Z = − 3.41, df = 145, P = 0.006), between LT and BG2-MB5 (Tukey, Z = 3.64, df = 145, P = 0.003) and between LT and BG2-BG (Tukey, Z = 4.16, df = 145, P < 0.001). Also, significant differences were found between the abundance of mosquitoes captured by the ST and all the rest of the traps: ST and BG2-MB5 (Tukey, Z = 6.94, df = 145, P < 0.001), ST and BG2-BG (Tukey, Z = 7.38, df = 145, P < 0.001), ST and GT (Tukey, Z = 6.53, df = 145, P < 0.001) and ST and LT (Tukey, Z = 3.46, df = 145, P = 0.005) (Additional file 1: Table S4). Regarding sites and collection intervals, more mosquitoes were captured in Senguelen than in Maferinyah Centre I (Tukey, Z = 5.03, df = 87, P = 0.0004) and Fandie (Tukey, Z = 3.78, df = 87, P = 0.0005) and significantly more mosquitoes were captured during the night than during the day (Tukey, Z = − 10.52, df = 58, P < 0.0001).
The above model was used to assess the effectiveness of the different traps at capturing Aedes, Anopheles and Culex mosquitoes in general, and An. gambiae (s.l.) and Ae. aegypti species in particular, since they are the main vectors of disease (Table 2). The results showed that the ST was the best trap at capturing Aedes mosquitoes, although it only showed to be significantly better than the GT (Tukey, Z = 3.47, df = 145, P = 0.005). Both BG2T were significantly better overall at capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes: BG2-BG vs LT (Tukey, Z = − 2.74, df = 145, P = 0.045); BG2-BG vs ST (Tukey, Z = − 3.32, df = 145, P = 0.008); BG2-MB5 vs LT (Tukey, Z = − 3.57, df = 145, P = 0.003); BG2-MB5 vs GT (Tukey, Z = − 2.92, df = 145, P = 0.027); BG2-MB5 vs ST (Tukey, Z = − 3.92, df = 145, P < 0.001). The ST collected the greatest number of Anopheles spp. and An. gambiae (s.l.) in particular, although no significant differences were seen when compared with the other traps. The ST captured significantly more Culex mosquitoes than both BG2T and GT (Tukey, df = 145, P < 0.001) and that LT (Tukey, Z = 3.54, df = 145, P = 0.003). Finally, the LT captured significantly more Culex than both BG2T (Tukey, df = 145, P < 0.001) and GT (Tukey, Z = − 2.74, df = 145, P = 0.048).
Comparison of An. gambiae complex species collected using HLCs and adult mosquito traps
A total of 1940 An. gambiae (s.l.) females were collected from Senguelen across 5 nights. Randomly selected subsamples of 86 and 236 specimens of the An. gambiae (s.l.) mosquitoes collected from Senguelen using HLCs and adult mosquito traps respectively, were selected for molecular identification and comparison of species composition (Fig. 4). Results showed that An. melas was the predominant species (85%) caught by adult mosquito traps, whereas it was collected at the least frequency (10%) using HLCs. Anopheles coluzzii and An. gambiae × An. coluzzii hybrids were the most abundant species collected using HLCs (40% and 35% respectively), whereas these were 12% and 2% of the collections, respectively, using adult traps. Anopheles gambiae represented 15% of the individuals collected using HLCs whereas this species was only 1% of the individuals collected using adult traps.
Species composition in the Maferinyah subprefecture
Senguelen was the site with the highest number of mosquitoes (5784) followed by Fandie (4094) and Maferinyah Centre I (732) (Table 3). The diversity of the species from the day collection (07:00 to 19:00 h) was similar to the night collection (19:00 to 07:00 h) in Senguelen and Maferinyah Centre I, presenting a Simpson’s diversity index of around 0.2 and 0.3 respectively. However, Fandie showed a high diversity in the day collection (0.142) and a low diversity in the night collection (0.48) (Table 3). A total of 25 species were found across the three sites (using a combination of morphological and/or molecular identification), belonging to the genera Aedes, Anopheles, Culex, Eretmapodites, Mansonia and Uranotaenia. One Toxorhynchites brevipalpis was also captured during a morning collection in Fandie by the BG2-BG. However, the power failed to one of the traps during this round, and therefore the collection could not be included in the analysis.
A subsample of 370 specimens were selected for molecular identification. This subsample included 249 Anopheles, 24 Aedes, 96 Culex and 1 Eretmapodites individual. These numbers represented 47.2%, 2.7%, 1.1% and 100%, respectively, of the total number of collected mosquitoes within each genus (Additional file 1: Table S6A). The 370 specimens selected for molecular identification were chosen in order to confirm the species identity of mosquitoes collected using all traps across the three sites, representing 1.4%, 8.5% and 4.4% of the total collections from Fandie, Maferinyah Centre I and Senguelen, respectively (Additional file 1: Table S6B).
In total, 20 species were confirmed by Sanger sequencing (Additional file 1: Table S4). An. coustani was confirmed by sequencing a fragment of the ITS2 region. A combination of ITS2 fragment sequencing and species-specific end-point PCRs [30, 31] allowed the identification of the following species of the An. gambiae complex: An. gambiae, An. coluzzii and An. melas. Anopheles squamosus was confirmed by sequencing a fragment of the COI gene . Sequencing of a different fragment of the cox1 gene confirmed the presence of Lt. tigripes, Cx. watti and individuals from the Cx. pipiens complex. A combination of the cox1 gene fragment sequencing and the ACE multiplex PCR confirmed the presence of Cx. pipiens, Cx. quinquefasciatus and hybrids in Guinea. Sequences with 94.88% identity to the species Cx. watti were also generated, but this would more likely be indicative of a closely related species with no sequences available on GenBank currently. Top BLAST results from some Culex individuals resulted in most significant alignments with Cx. sitiens sequences, generating maximum identities ranging from 97.19% to 97.64% with this fragment of the cox1 gene . Further confirmation attempts of these individuals, utilising one of the alternative cox1 fragments as geographically closer Cx. sitiens GenBank sequences (from Kenya) were available for comparison for this fragment, resulted in maximum identities of 97.57%. Although these identities are just below the 98% threshold, it is likely this species is Cx. sitiens, but that the sequences from Guinea exhibit genetic variation to those for this species currently available on GenBank, or, that this is a very closely related species. To avoid the possibility of inaccurate confirmation, individuals from this species are referred to as Cx. cf. sitiens. Sequencing of the alternative cox1 fragment confirmed the following Aedes species: Ae. aegypti, Ae. vittatus, Ae. fowleri, Ae. cumminsi, Ae. argenteopunctatus and a species within the Ae. simpsoni complex. Top BLAST results for Aedes individuals that resulted in Ae. luteocephalus and Ae. denderensis presented a maximum identity of 91.19 and 92.14%, respectively, suggesting these individuals were closely related species which have no sequences currently available in GenBank. The analysis of the same cox1 sequence also confirmed the presence of Er. intermedius.
To our knowledge, this study provides the first entomological survey in Guinea that compares the mosquito species abundance and diversity using a range of different adult mosquito traps. Other studies in West Africa have utilised some of these traps individually, such as LT in Guinea and Sierra Leone , and GT in Ghana . This is also the first study that compares the performance of a ST with other mosquito traps to catch mosquitoes in a field setting. The results presented in our study show significant differences in the abundance of mosquitoes captured by the ST and the rest of the traps. The ST captured the greatest number of mosquitoes, followed by the LT, BG2T with MB5 lure (BG2-MB5), GT and BG2T with BG lure (BG2-BG). Therefore, the use of LT, and particularly ST, would be recommended for studies that are aiming to obtain large numbers of particular mosquito species. The fact that ST captured significantly more mosquitoes than LT (P = 0.00492) is surprising considering that their performance is similar: when the light attracts the mosquitoes, they get trapped after passing through a fan. The addition of a UV light, a smaller size and black and camouflage fabric are the only features that make the ST different to the LT. The ST can be used in four different ways by combining two types of light and the presence or absence of CO2. For this study, both lights and CO2 were used, so further studies should compare the efficacy of the ST when performing with the other combinations. Since the ST, followed by the LT, captured the highest proportion of male mosquitoes, they could be utilised in studies looking at male behaviour. In general across the traps, sites and collection intervals, all the study collections presented a greater number of females than males. However, interestingly this composition was reverted in two collections, and a greater number of males was captured in sampling points C and E in Fandie. The fact that these two sampling points may have been located next to a swarm could be a potential explanation .
Previous studies suggest that the LT are optimal for catching Anopheles ; however, the main genus captured by the LT was Culex. In contrast, the ST was the best at capturing the largest number of Anopheles mosquitoes in general and An. gambiae (s.l.) in particular. According to Costa-Neta et al. , the higher the intensity of the light source, the higher the number of Anopheles captured. This may be one reason why the ST captured the greatest number of Anopheles (Tables 1 and 2). Previous studies also suggest that the GT are good at catching Culex , and this was indeed the main genus captured by this trap. However, the ST collected significantly more Culex mosquitoes than the GT (Tables 1 and 2). As expected, the GT also captured the highest proportion of gravid females. Additionally, all of the specimens were un-damaged, since the design of the trap allows the collection of specimens without passing through a fan, so its use could be beneficial to capture mosquitoes with the objective of establishing a colony or screening for arbovirus transmission.
Due to the small sample size, no conclusions can be made regarding the best collection method for Eretmapodites, Mansonia and Uranotaenia mosquitoes. Although the ST showed the best performance in terms of abundance of mosquitoes captured, this trap also caused significant damage to specimens, making morphological identification time-consuming and inaccurate. One reason for this damage could be the high density of collected specimens (Fig. 3a), which remained in the trap for up to 12 hours during trapping intervals, depending on trap entry time. In addition to this, the presence of ants and big Diptera could have also contributed to this damage (Fig. 3a, b). Another reason could be the low protection that this trap confers to the collected specimens from rainfall, due to the small surface area of the cover/rain shield, resulting in wet and clumping specimens (Fig. 3c). Therefore, the performance of the ST could potentially be improved by using it for shorter periods of time or by swapping collection bags more often, to reduce the high densities of mosquitoes within the same collection bag. Also, by choosing locations offering greater protection from rainfall, which could help reduce damage to the specimens.
The BG lure is designed to attract mainly Aedes whereas the MB5 lure was specifically designed for Anopheles [48, 49]. Although BG2T with BG lure have been used in Burkina Faso , to our knowledge no traps have been used in West Africa with the MB5 lure so far, so both lures were tested in the two BG2T in this study. Previous studies suggest that the BG2T in general are effective for catching Aedes mosquitoes , and that the addition of the BG lure improves this . In this study, no significant differences were seen in the number of Aedes mosquitoes (at genus level) captured by the five different traps, although the high proportion of Aedes specimens captured by the BG2-BG (Table 1), in comparison with the rest of the traps, suggests the composition of the BG lure is good at attracting this genus in particular. This finding also supports previous studies which have also shown the good performance of this trap-lure combination at capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in Brazil . Additionally, both BG2T presented the best performance at capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes in comparison with the rest of the traps, with no differences between the two lures (Table 2), suggesting two possibilities: first, it is the design of the trap and not the lure that works so well at capturing Ae. aegypti mosquitoes. Secondly, the addition of the lure improves the attraction of Ae. aegypti mosquitoes but no difference is present between the BG and the MB5 lures at attracting this species. Both BG2T demonstrated effective performance at capturing Anopheles mosquitoes (as reported by Pombi et al. ). The MB5 lure was designed for attracting Anopheles mosquitoes , and indeed it was demonstrated to be better than the BG2-BG at capturing Anopheles mosquitoes and in particular An. gambiae (s.l.). However, no significant differences were detected between both (Table 2), indicating that the MB5 lure needs further improvement in order to obtain more effective collections of this genus. Furthermore, these results are also only comparing lures without the addition of CO2, so further studies are needed to determine the impact of CO2 on the efficacy of BG2T. The use of lures in BG2T also introduces an inherit bias given the lures are designed to specifically attract individual species. Although the number of Anopheles (and An. gambiae (s.l.)) captured by both BG2T was lower than the number captured by the ST, no significant differences were observed between the ST and the two BG2T (Table 2). Therefore, BG2T could be used for studies specifically looking at Anopheles. According to the results of this study, an increased number of trapping intervals would be recommended for BG2T use to increase the number of Anopheles mosquitoes captured. However, we are aware that the BG2T are commonly used with CO2, and that its replacement with two lures may be the reason why these traps did not capture as many mosquitos as LT and ST (used with CO2) in this study. Thus, further assessment of the BG2T used with different baits (including CO2) would be necessary to determine the optimal performance of this trap in this area.
Diversity takes into account richness (number of different species) and evenness (comparison of population size of each species). Although the number of species captured by the LT and ST was higher than the other traps (high richness), the difference in the number of specimens from each species was higher than the other traps (low evenness). Therefore, the diversity of the mosquito populations captured by LT and ST was the least diverse. The BG2-BG presented the most diverse collection of mosquitoes, followed by the GT and the BG2-MB5. Although our data suggest these traps could be used in studies looking for maximum species diversity, it could also be observed that the BG2T failed to collect large numbers of the most abundant species, although this could be due to the lack of CO2. In contrast, LT and ST would be recommended for studies requiring a large number of mosquitoes of a particular species, with exception of some species (see Table 4).
Human landing catches are the gold standard method for measuring exposure of humans to mosquito bites . However, this method is labour-intensive and faces ethical considerations , as operators are potentially exposed to pathogens during collections. Since adult mosquito traps are an affordable and easy to use alternative which provides reliable entomological data about malaria transmission , we compared both methods specifically targeting the major malaria vectors in the An. gambiae complex. Human landing catches captured predominantly An. coluzzii, An. gambiae and hybrids, but they only captured a small percentage of An. melas. Alternatively, more than three quarters of the trap collections were An. melas and only a small percentage was An. coluzzii, followed by a smaller proportion of An. gambiae and hybrids. Anopheles gambiae and An. coluzzii are highly anthropophilic, whereas An. melas is considered opportunistic, feeding on humans when available and on other mammals otherwise . Although different cues such as lights and lures that mimic human odours are used in mosquito traps to try to attract host-seeking females, as expected, HLCs are more effective at attracting anthropophilic Anopheles species. Therefore, this method would still be recommended for targeting species with this behaviour. These results also suggest that an improvement in lures or trap design is needed to better mimic human cues and increase the number of anthropophilic species captured. Some studies have tried this in the past by modifying BG sentinel traps to increase the captures of An. darlingi and An. arabiensis mosquitoes and use them as an alternative for HLCs. However, others have also shown that HLCs are still more effective at capturing Anopheles species in comparison with adult traps, whose main collections comprise culicines , as seen in the present study. Since in our study both methods (HLCs and mosquito traps) were undertaken outdoors, no conclusions can be made about which method would work more effectively for targeting different feeding and resting behaviours.
Senguelen, a rural site, presented the highest relative abundance of mosquitoes, whereas Maferinyah Centre I, a semi-urban site, presented the lowest relative abundance. In terms of mosquito species diversity, the former was also more diverse than the latter. The fact that the rural site was surrounded by dense vegetation and breeding sites, as opposed to the semi-urban environment, could explain these differences. Both Senguelen and Maferinyah Centre I presented similar diversities between day and night collections. However, Fandie presented the highest diversity during the day and the lowest diversity during the night, likely due to the most diverse range of day-biting species present in this semi-rural area. As expected, the abundance of mosquitoes captured during the night was significantly higher than the day collection, since some of the most abundant mosquitoes of the collection, such as Cx. quinquefasciatus, are night biters. The highly abundant Cx. cf. sitiens were also mostly collected at night, indicating similar behaviour to Cx. sitiens which are known night biters . Some day-biting mosquitoes, like Ae. aegypti, may have been found in the night collection, as well as some night biters, like An. gambiae (s.l.), may have been found in the day collection, likely due to the inclusion of dawn and dusk in the night and day collections respectively.
Traditionally, identification of mosquitoes has been carried out using morphology. Although morphological identification is faster and more economical for large numbers of specimens, inaccuracies can result from specimens that do not present obvious and exclusive features. We used molecular identification in this study to confirm the identity of at least one specimen of every morphologically identified species from each of the five traps and each of the three trapping locations to provide greater certainty on our morphological identification in addition to unidentified specimens.
As an example, one of the female mosquitoes collected using HLCs presented long palps, typical for the genus Anopheles, but it was white in colour and did not present the common wing and leg patterns of many species of the Anopheles genus (Fig. 5). This individual female could not be identified by experienced entomologists using Anopheles keys so DNA was extracted from this individual and PCR with Sanger sequencing revealed this species to be An. coluzzii. Random mutagenesis could be a potential explanation for this phenotype. Since molecular tools can complement and improve morphological identification of mosquitoes, it would be recommended to combine both for further entomological investigations.
Among the species whose presence was confirmed in Guinea using molecular methods, we identified important vectors of disease such as An. gambiae and Ae. aegypti. This suggests the potential for transmission of malaria, lymphatic filariasis and also several arboviruses of medical importance in this area of Guinea. Although they were found in Guinea, no evidence of pathogens transmitted by Cx. watti and Lt. tigripes was found from literature searches. The specimen from the genus Eretmapodites collected during this study was confirmed to be Er. intermedius. However, only Er. silvestris, Er. inomatus and Er. quinquevittatus have been found to be positive for Spondweni virus, Zika virus and Rift Valley fever virus, respectively . Mansonia uniformis and Uranotaenia mashonaensis (both previously reported in Guinea) have been confirmed to be vectors of disease, but since no confirmation of species was undertaken for the collected Mansonia and Uranotaenia mosquitoes, further studies are needed. There have been historical arboviral outbreaks in Guinea so additional work should be undertaken to characterize vector longevity, anthropophily/zoophily and susceptibility to infection to determine the vectorial capacity for disease transmission in this country . Toxorhynchites brevipalpis and Lt. tigripes mosquitoes are not vectors of human pathogens but their larvae, together with Er. intermedius larvae, play an important role as predators of other mosquito larvae ; further investigation looking at larval density should be undertaken in Guinea. Of all the species recorded in this study in Maferinyah sub-prefecture, those identified as Cx. cf. sitiens were the most abundant. Culex sitiens have the ability to survive in brackish water and if these individuals present in Guinea share this characteristic, they may therefore have more options for breeding sites. Culex sitiens can travel long distances and the Cx. cf. sitiens collected in this study were found in all three sites, some 30 km away from the coast where Cx. sitiens might be expected to breed . Anopheles squamosus and An. coustani (s.l.) are secondary vectors of malaria and have been shown to be highly anthropophilic . Anopheles melas has not historically been classified as an important malaria vector, particularly when coexisting with An. gambiae or An. arabiensis (major malaria vectors). However, An. melas can tolerate brackish water and has been demonstrated to be anthropophilic if there is abundant availability of human hosts , so it could play an important role in transmission of malaria in the coastal regions of Guinea. To our knowledge, Ae. simpsoni (s.l.), Cx. p. pipiens and Er. intermedius have not been reported in Guinea [14, 15, 18, 19, 21]. The identification of these species, in addition to the potential presence of Cx. sitiens (or a very closely related species), further supports the need to undertake regular entomological surveys to determine mosquito species diversity. In the present study, more than 10,000 mosquitoes were collected in 15 days (30 collection intervals) and 20 species were confirmed from a representative subsample, despite the limitation of definitive species confirmation not being possible for certain specimens due to the absence of sufficiently close comparative sequences available on GenBank. Therefore, it is likely that additional species remain to be reported in Guinea and their potential role in transmission of mosquito-borne diseases needs to be evaluated.
Mosquito surveillance studies often incorporate both adult mosquito traps and HLCs. This study provides evidence for the comparative performance of five different mosquito trap-lure combinations, in comparison with HLCs in Guinea. The five adult traps mainly collected members of the An. gambiae complex with opportunistic feeding behaviours, whereas HLCs were shown to preferentially collect anthropophilic species, demonstrating HLCs may still provide the optimal way to collect primary malaria vectors. However, the ST collected the largest number of mosquitoes and also the largest number of different species across the three study sites, indicating it has beneficial properties for mosquito surveillance, in Guinea and similar sites in West Africa, to provide important entomological data on diverse mosquito populations. Due to the damage that this trap causes to the specimens, its performance could be optimised when used in shorter collection intervals and/or when sufficiently protected from adverse weather. This study has shown the importance of combining molecular tools with the morphological identification of specimens to improve entomological studies, revealing the presence of 25 mosquito species in this region of Guinea.
Availability of data and materials
The dataset generated, analysed and supporting the conclusions of this article are available in the OSF repository, https://osf.io/pfma3/.
BG sentinel 2 trap
BG sentinel 2 trap with BG lure
BG sentinel 2 trap with MB5 lure
generalized linear mixed model
Human Landing Catch
CDC light trap
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The authors would like to acknowledge Cheryl Whitehorn for her assistance with the morphological identification of some specimens. The authors would like to thank Ralph Harbach of the Natural History Museum (London, UK) for looking at one of our mosquito samples for morphological identification. The authors are grateful to the three communities of Senguelen, Fandie and Maferinyah Centre I, and in particular the families which kindly offered their yards for this study. The authors would also like to acknowledge Mohamed Yattara and the 18 workers who contributed to the maintenance of the traps in the field, as well as the Centre de Formation et de Recherche en Sante Rurale de Maferinyah for hosting the field work aspects of this study.
Funding was provided by a Bayer Research and Travel Grant for Vector Control and a London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine MSc Trust Fund Grant, both awarded to CCU. CLJ and TW were supported by a Wellcome Trust/Royal Society Sir Henry Dale Fellowship awarded to TW (101285/Z/13/Z). LAM was supported by an American Society for Microbiology/Centers for Disease Control and Prevention Fellowship and a Sir Halley Stewart Trust grant. PH was awarded a Bayer Research and Travel Grant for Vector Control and a London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine MSc Trust Fund Grant, as well as a Helena Vrobova Scholarship and a Royal Society of Tropical Medicine and Hygiene Small Grant. SRI was supported by the President’s Malaria Initiative (PMI)/CDC. The funders had no role in study design, data collection and analysis, decision to publish, or preparation of the manuscript.
Ethics approval and consent to participate
The study protocol was reviewed and approved by the Comite National d’Ethique pour la Recherche en Sante (030/CNERS/17) and the institutional review boards (IRB) of the London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine (#14798 and #15127) and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, USA (2018-086); all study procedures were performed in accordance with relevant guidelines and regulations. Fieldworkers participating in human landing catches were provided with malaria prophylaxis for the duration of the study.
Consent for publication
The authors declare that they have no competing interests.
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Coordinates and description of the sampling points in Maferinyah Centre One, Senguelen and Fandie. Latitude and longitude were obtained using GPS (eTrex 10, Garmin). Table S2. Number of mosquitoes collected per site, sampling point, time period and trap. Note that 150 collections were performed in total: 50 collections per site (× 3 sites); 30 collections per trap (× 5 traps); 10 collections per sampling point (× 15 sampling points). Table S3. PCR assays. Primers, final volumes and conditions of each PCR assay are shown. Table S4. Species confirmed by molecular analysis. Sequencing, or a combination of sequencing and species-specific end-point PCR were used to confirm species. A representative specimen from each species is shown, with GenBank accession numbers for sequences generated in this study provided. Table S5. Statistical differences between the abundance of mosquitoes captured by the five traps. Table showing the results of the final Generalised Linear Mixed Model: Abundance ~ Site + (1|Point) + Time + Trap for the difference in the abundance of mosquitoes captured by the 5 traps. Table S6. Mosquitoes used for molecular identification. Number and proportion of mosquitoes used for molecular ID within each genus (A), each trap and each site (B).
Environmental data. Temperature (a, c, e), relative humidity (b, d, f) and presence of rain (blue drops) in each study site are shown. Graphs represent the temperature and relative humidity in each sampling point (a-e in Maferinyah Centre One, f-j in Senguelen and k-o in Fandie) across 10 collection intervals (5 days and 5 nights) per site. Note that each interval starts with a night collection followed by a day collection except day 10 in Senguelen, which starts with a day collection due to an interval repetition.
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Cansado-Utrilla, C., Jeffries, C.L., Kristan, M. et al. An assessment of adult mosquito collection techniques for studying species abundance and diversity in Maferinyah, Guinea. Parasites Vectors 13, 150 (2020). https://doi.org/10.1186/s13071-020-04023-3
- BG sentinel 2 trap
- CDC light trap
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|Scientific Name:||Gulo gulo|
|Species Authority:||(Linnaeus, 1758)|
Gulo luscus Linnaeus, 1758
Mustela gulo Linnaeus, 1758
|Taxonomic Notes:||Some authors (e.g. Hall 1981) have regarded the North American Wolverine as a species, Gulo luscus, distinct from the Eurasian Wolverine G. gulo. Most recent accounts (Jones et al. 1992, Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere 1995, Wozencraft 2005) treat luscus as a subspecies of G. gulo, following Degerbol (1935) and Kurtén and Rausch (1959).|
|Red List Category & Criteria:||Least Concern ver 3.1|
|Contributor(s):||Maran, T. & Wozencraft, C|
The Wolverine is listed as Least Concern because of its wide distribution, remaining large populations, and the unlikelihood that it is in decline at a rate fast enough to trigger even Near Threatened. It occurs at low density and many populations appear to be relatively small and isolated (Ruggiero et al. 2007). There have been large past declines in some of its range but there is evidence of resurgence in some places of its historical distribution (Rowland et al. 2003). Thus although there is an overall continued decline due to human persecution and land-use change, the global decline of this species is not at a rate sufficient to qualify for categorisation even as Near Threatened as of 2015. However, in the mid-2000s the European Mammal Assessment determined that the European populations of Wolverine were in steep decline and would warrant a category of Vulnerable (A2c). Thus, the Least Concern global listing is driven by the large populations which remain in northern Asia and North America. Wolverine still faces some threats such as over-exploitation through hunting and trapping, predator-poisoning programmes and habitat resource extraction that caused the contraction of its historical range. More data on population trends, especially in northern Asia, might result in this species being re-assessed as Near Threatened or even Vulnerable in the near future.
|Previously published Red List assessments:|
|Range Description:||Wolverine has a circumpolar distribution, corresponding with the Boreal zone of the northern hemisphere (Kvam et al. 1988). Its resident range reaches from Scandinavia across the Russian Federation (including Siberia), Mongolia, and northern China (provinces of Heilongiang, Xinjiang, and Inner Mongolia) to Alaska (USA), Canada and the western lower states of the United States of America (Wyoming, Idaho, Montana, Washington, Oregon and California) (Whitman 1999). During the 19th century, Wolverine disappeared from its southernmost European range mainly through persecution, but also because of deforestation and other human developments. In Europe the species is now found, mainly north of 60ºN, in Norway, Sweden, Finland, and the European part of Russia. It is a rare vagrant (from Russia) to Estonia (T. Maran pers. comm. 2015).|
It has been recorded over the altitudinal range of at least 300-2,400 m a.s.l.
Native:Canada; China; Finland; Mongolia; Norway; Russian Federation; Sweden; United States
|Range Map:||Click here to open the map viewer and explore range.|
|Population:||Wolverine distribution and abundance reduced notably in the 20th century in the United States of America (Pasitschniak-Arts and Larivière 1995), and during the 19th century, species disappeared from the south of its European distribution mainly through persecution, but also because of deforestation and other human developments. After this substantial range reduction, there is evidence of resurgence in some places of its historical distribution (Rowland et al. 2003). Throughout its range, Wolverine occurs at relatively low densities and requires large home ranges, typically of 100-600 km² (Whitman 1999). Densities are never high (Makridin 1964, Aubry et al. 2007), and it has been found to be less abundant than is Grey Wolf Canis lupus, even in optimal habitats (Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere 1995). Densities range from one per 500 km² in Scandinavia to one per 65 km² in Montana, USA (Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere 1995).|
In North America, substantial populations occur in northern Canada and Alaska. In the USA outside Alaska, the population in Montana is considered to be the largest and most stable one, given its close proximity to healthy populations in Canada (Cegelski et al. 2003). Many wolverine populations appear to be relatively small and isolated (Ruggiero et al. 2007). In North America, population density estimates range from one animal per 65 km² in Montana (Hornocker and Hash 1981) to one per 200 km² in northern British Columbia (Quick 1953), Alaska (Becker and Gardner 1992), and the Northwest Territories (Lee and Niptanatiak 1993). Lofroth and Krebs (2007) estimated densities in British Columbia using existing Wolverine distribution, Wolverine food, ecosystem mapping and human development data. Estimates ranged from 6.2 Wolverines/1,000 km² in high-quality habitat to 0.3/1,000 km²in low-quality habitat. Their total population estimated for British Columbia was 3,530 Wolverines.
The European population was recently estimated at approximately 2,260 individuals: 1,400 in European Russia (Novikov 2005), 150 in Finland, 326 (±45) individuals in Sweden and 269 (±32) individuals in Norway (Sæther et al. 2005). The southern Norwegian population was naturally re-established during the late 1970s and was a result of protective legalisation (Landa and Skogland 1995). To the east, the eastern Russian Wolverine population is believed to comprise more than 18,000 individuals (Novikov 2005). The species is not abundant in Mongolia, but still relatively widespread: it is only found in northern taiga habitats in Hentii and Hövsgöl mountain ranges (Bannikov 1954, Dulamsteren 1970), northern parts of Hangai Mountain Range and Mongol Altai Mountain Range (Dulamtseren et al. 1989). The European distribution is connected to the eastern Russian population along the Urals. The overall European population forms a relatively continuous distribution with five geographically distinct subpopulations.
1. The Scandinavian population has shown a low genetic variability and subdivision among populations indicating that the Wolverine in Scandinavia has lost variation through a previous bottleneck and that the current populations are the result of a recent common genetic background (Walker et al. 2001, Flagstad et al. 2004). A recent population estimate is of 580 individuals (at or over one year of age) with approximately 200 in Norway and 380 in Sweden (Larsson 2005, van Dijk et al. 2005). The population has a continuous distribution and is narrowly connected to the Finnish – western Russian population along the border of the country of Finnmark in the northernmost parts of this population's distribution. An initial genetic analysis indicated a clear genetic distinction between these populations (Ø. Flagststad pers. comm. 2006). In its southern distribution, the Scandinavian population is a source for the southern Norwegian population (Walker et al. 2001; Flagstad et al. 2004, 2006) as well as a source for the Swedish forest population(s) close to the Gulf of Bothnia in southern Sweden (Hedmark 2006).
2. The southern Norwegian population was naturally re-established during the late 1970s and was a result of protective legalisation (Landa and Skogland 1995). This population has recently increased in numbers and distribution, but is currently kept at around 100 individuals by various control measurements (Flagstad et al. 2006). Genetic surveys have shown that the southern Norwegian population is genetically distinct from the Scandinavian population, but the geographic gap between the southern and the main Scandinavian population to the north and east decreased from 100-200 km by the early 1990s to near-connectivity by 2006. Exchange of individuals is limited and the southern Norwegian population seems to form a sink (Landa et al. 2000a, 2000b, Flagstad et al. 2006).
3. Swedish forest Wolverine occurrences were naturally established during the mid 1990s (Hedmark 2006). These new occurrences, in two localities, were probably established by as few as 2 and 2-4 individuals respectively, and by the mid 2000s consisted of 2 and 10 individuals, respectively (Hedmark 2006). Non-invasive genetic surveys showed that these occurrences have little, if any, contact with the main Scandinavian wolverine population (Hedmark 2006).
4. The Finnish – western Russian population, in recent decades, increased in size and distribution in Finland, but decreased in Russia (Landa et al. 2000a, 2000b). The western Russian population is estimated to be approximately 1,400 individuals (Novikov 2005). To the west this population is narrowly connected to the Scandinavian population along common borders with Norway and Sweden. Initial genetic analysis indicated a clear genetic distinction between the Scandinavian population and the Wolverines in northern Finland (Ø. Flagststad pers. comm. 2006). It is unclear how the western part of this population (Finland, Kola, Karelia) connects along the narrow isthmus between the White Sea and Lake Onega in Western Russia. This area is judged as an extremely important connection for the northern element of the taiga fauna (Lindén et al. 2000) and these concerns should be further investigated. To the east, the European Russian population has a wide connection to the much larger eastern Russian population adjoining along the Urals in western Siberia. The eastern Russian population is believed to comprise more than 18,000 individuals (Novikov 2005).
5. The Finnish western population was established by translocating Wolverines from domestic Reindeer Rangier tarandus herding areas in the north during the 1980s-1990s. It is estimated to comprise about 10-15 individuals and seems to reproduce naturally (Kojola 2005). The gap between this and the Karelia distribution is about 200-300 km and little is known about exchange between these populations. This population should be judged as isolated from other populations pending further knowledge.
|Current Population Trend:||Decreasing|
|Habitat and Ecology:||The Wolverine inhabits a variety of habitats in the alpine, tundra, taiga, and boreal forest zones, including coniferous, mixed, and deciduous woodlands, bogs, and open mountain as well as tundra habitats (Mitchell-Jones et al. 1999). Snow is generally regarded as an important component of its seasonal habitat requirements (Banci 1987, Hatler 1989). Wolverine habitat selection is negatively affected by human activity, including roads, infrastructure, and back-country recreation (May et al. 2006; Krebs et al. 2007). It has vast home-ranges (Landa et al. 1998), varying from 100 to 500 km² for males and 100 to 200 km² for females, and good dispersal abilities. Faecal DNA sampling has detected dispersal distances of more than 500 km (Flagstad 2005, Flagstad et al. 2006). Hornocker et al. (1983) considered this species to be solitary, with large home ranges and extensive seasonal movements. It is largely nocturnal with some daylight activity (Whitman 1999).|
The Wolverine has an average life expectancy of 4 to 6 years in the wild, with a maximum of about 13 years (Pasitschniak-Arts and Lariviere 1995). It reaches sexual maturity at 2.5 years. It breeds in early spring to late autumn with litters of 1-5 young (mean litter size: 3) born between February and April (Whitman 1999).
The Wolverine is thought to have evolved to scavenge from the kills of wild ungulates abandoned by other carnivores such as lynx Lynx and Grey Wolf Canis lupus, as well prey animals felled by disease or injury. It also actively hunts smaller animals such as rodents, hares Lepus, musk-deer Moschus, roe Capreolus and wild sheep Ovis. Given the appropriate snow conditions it will also hunt larger animals such as moose Alces. Conflicts arise when Wolverines prey on livestock such as sheep or Reindeer. Given its dependence on other hunters for much of its scavenged food, the Wolverines is able to carry and cache large amounts of meat for later consumption.
|Generation Length (years):||7|
|Use and Trade:||For information on use and trade, see under Threats.|
Within its current range, extensive human activities continue to pressure Wolverine populations and habitat (Krebs et al. 2004). Overhunting (often by trapping), as well as predator-poisoning programs and resource extraction caused Wolverine populations to contract in the eastern and south-western portions of the species's historical range in North America since the early 1900s (Banci 1994).
The Wolverine is potentially locally threatened by its fragmented distribution and presumed low genetic diversity, as well as by 'population control' hunting and other consequences of perceived conflicts with people resulting from depredation of livestock. While this species inhabits a zone that is particularly affected by climate change (Rosenzweig et al. 2007), habitat change is not fast enough to be considered a major threat to it in the next three generations. Ample forest and tundra with suitable prey stocks are available throughout much of its range. A low rate of human land-use expansion into this range increases the frequency of interaction people, notably in conflict over livestock depredation. Given the remoteness of these locations, tolerance of Wolverines taking livestock is low and in some areas 'population control' hunting is used as a proactive means to avoid loss of animals. In Norway, where almost 10,000 sheep are believed to be killed by Wolverines each summer, government committees have instituted annual harvest quotas in an effort to control livestock losses; however, these quotas may not be sustainable as they are set very high even in relation to the most liberal estimate of Wolverine population size, and it is unclear whether this hunt actually reduces the numbers of sheep and semi-domestic deer lost to predators.
Wolverines are scarce in Europe today. Their continued survival is threatened because of their small and fragmented distribution, and the potential for their future survival may be weakened by the likelihood of low genetic diversity. Habitat loss per se is not a substantial threat. Large areas of Norway, Sweden and Finland are still covered by forests and mountains that offer a suitable prey base and habitat for Wolverine. These are not wilderness areas, and the species comes into conflict with a low, but crucial, number of human land uses. There are no large areas within Wolverine distribution with no livestock conflict potential. This results in a difficult situation for wildlife managers who are forced to try and balance Wolverine conservation against the conflicts with livestock. In Norway, farmers no longer use traditional sheep-herding methods that once deterred depredation, so Wolverines are often controlled in an effort to protect livestock. Poaching also occurs. In Russia, over-harvesting and declines in key prey species are threats.
1 and 2. The Scandinavian and southern Norwegian populations are subject to illegal killings because of depredation conflicts (sheep, domestic reindeer). The scope of this is difficult to quantify. Furthermore Wolverines are sensitive to human disturbance (settlements, public and private roads, etc.) especially near their dens (May et al. 2006). Most people in Norway are settled in southern Norway.
3. In the Swedish forest population/occurrence, high genetic similarity among individuals in the two areas indicates inbreeding, possibly including brother-sister matings (Hedmark 2006). Inbreeding depression and demographic stochasticity are therefore likely to be threats (Pimm et al. 1988). These forest dwelling Wolverines live outside the distribution of 'domestic' Reindeer, which form the most common prey for Wolverines further north (Landa et al. 1997). Establishment in the forest landscape is judged to be a way of reducing Wolverine conflict with the domestic Reindeer industry (Hedmark 2006).
4. In the Finnish – Western Russian population, about half the Finnish population lives within the Reindeer management area in the north (Kojola 2005), in conflict with this industry (Landa et al. 2000a, 2000b) with associated illegal killings. The scope of this is unknown. The Russian economic depression during the 1990s is believed to have led to widespread poaching of ungulates, and to a reduction of the domestic reindeer herding industry through large calf/breeding losses. This is believed to have indirectly reduced the Wolverine’s numbers and distribution in the European and most human-populated part of Russia (Landa et al. 1997, 2000a, 2000b; Novikov 2005). In Russia the Wolverine is harvested for fur, apparently without harvest restrictions. Russia has not yet ratified the Bern Convention.
5. The Finnish western population is small and presumably isolated: it is likely that it will face inbreeding problems (Hedmark 2006) as well as being exposed to demographic stochasticity (Pimm et al. 1988). Inbreeding depression and demographic accidents are therefore main threats, especially because these forest-dwelling Wolverines live outside the distribution of semi domesticated reindeer.
The Wolverine is recorded from a number of protected areas. However, because of its high spatial requirement, very few reserves will contain the full home ranges of more than a small number of individuals (Schreiber et al. 1989).
European range states have different monitoring and management regimes varying from strict protection in Finland and Sweden, licensed harvest and control measurements in Norway to legal harvest year-round in Russia. In North America, Wolverine management issues include regulating trapper harvest, preventing human disturbance at denning sites, and mitigating for habitat loss and fragmentation (Krebs et al. 2004).
Key conservation measures that need to be implemented revolve around minimising conflicts resulting from depredation of livestock, reducing legal and illegal hunting of Wolverines, establishing well-planned conservation areas and carrying out surveys to gain a better understanding of the species's population and ecology.
Farmers and local communities should be educated in and encouraged to adopt husbandry practices that will minimise depredation of livestock thereby reducing conflicts. Economic incentives could encourage farmers to conserve Wolverines on their land instead of hunting them. A compensation and education programme has been implemented in Sweden with Reindeer herders, where the herders profit financially from identifying dens on their land and protecting them; similar programmes could be applied elsewhere in the species's range.
Governments and researchers require a more solid knowledge of Wolverine population dynamics, prey relationships, habitat-use and distribution, to ensure that legal, government-permitted hunting quotas are appropriate and small, localised, endangered populations are protected. Better enforcement of laws that prohibit Wolverine hunting is required in applicable parts of the species's range, with higher penalties to discourage poachers. Governments need also improve coordination between wildlife conservation and agriculture programmes to ensure that conservation areas are established in regions with little risk of conflict with farmers and herders.
The Wolverine has been petitioned twice for listing under the federal Endangered Species Act in the conterminous United States, but the most recent petition was denied citing lack of information on distribution, habitat requirements, and threats (United States Fish and Wildlife Service 2003). In North America, the eastern Wolverine population continues to be Endangered, and the western population remains Special Concern. The species is listed on Appendix II of the Bern Convention and Annex II* and Annex IV of the EU Habitats and Species Directive. European range states have different monitoring and management regimes varying from strict protection in Finland and Sweden, licensed harvest and control measurements in Norway to legal harvest year round in Russia.
1. The Scandinavian population is covered by both Swedish and Norwegian management regimes, which are quite different. However, both Norwegian and Swedish populations are monitored through annual counting of active natal dens (Landa et al. 1998) and non-invasive faecal DNA surveys (in southern areas). There is cooperation and data exchange between the two national programmes. The Swedish national interim goal is to reach a minimum of 90 annual Wolverine reproductions (requiring approximately 575 individuals over one year of age) (Riksdagen 2000). Sweden has international obligations through the Bern Convention for the conservation of the European wildlife and habitats, the regulation of trade through the European Council Regulation on the protection of species of wild fauna and flora, and the EU Habitats Directive. The Wolverine is in Sweden is officially listed as 'endangered' and is not subject to hunting. However, recently a few family groups have been killed in the purpose of reducing conflict with the domestic Reindeer herding industry in northern areas. Norway was recently (2003) divided into six different management regions with politically appointed management boards (Miljøverndepartementet 2003). The Norwegian national goal is to control the total population within the limits of 39 yearly active reproductions (21 within the Norwegian part of the Scandinavian Wolverine population) (Miljøverndepartementet 2003). The total of 39 breedings equals approximately 250 individuals >1 yr of age. Control measurements, killing of family groups in early spring and licensed harvest is used as a management tool to restrict Wolverine distribution and predation on unattended sheep during summer and domestic Reindeer all year around. Wolverines in Norway are covered by the Bern Convention (Bern 1979) and as of 2005 were officially listed as 'vulnerable'.
2. The southern Norwegian population is subject to the same measures and legislation as the Norwegian part of the main Scandinavian population.
3. The Swedish forest population/occurrence is totally protected; also see description for the Scandinavian population for further details.
4. The Finnish – western Russian population is subject to different management between Finland and Russia. In Finland the species is monitored through a national fauna monitoring programme based on tracks crossing fixed 4x4+4 km triangles. Wolverine has been fully protected in Finland since 1982. In Russia, Wolverine, a game/pelt species, is monitored via tracking surveys and numbers are estimated based on daily pats and a calculation coefficient (Novikov 1994, 2005).
5. The Finnish western population, which is small and introduced, seems to function without the presence of semi-domesticated Reindeer, Grey Wolf Canis lupus, or lynx Lynx. Across the country the species has been fully protected since 1982. A research project comparing nutritional ecology of Wolverines within the three national areas of the species's distribution has been initiated. A future aim is to develop non-invasive molecular genetic monitoring of Finland Wolverines, similar to that conducted in Scandinavia (Kojola 2005).
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May, R., Landa, A., Van Dijk, J., Linnell, J. D. C. and Andersen, R. 2006. Impact of infrastructure on habitat selection of wolverines Gulo gulo. Wildlife Biology 12: 285-295.
Miljøverndepartementet. 2003. Rovvilt i norsk natur. Storitingsmelding nr. 15 (2003-2004). Oslo.
Mitchell-Jones, A.J., Amori, G., Bogdanowicz, W., Kryštufek, B., Reijnders, P.J.H., Spitzenberger, F., Stubbe, M., Thissen, J.B.M., Vohralik, V. and Zima, J. 1999. The Atlas of European Mammals. Academic Press, London, UK.
Novikov, B. 2005. The contemporary condition of wolverine populations and numbers in Russia. 1st International Symposium on Wolverine Research and Management. Jokkmokk, Sweden.
Novikov, B.V. 1994. The modern state of the population and numbers of the Wolverine. Lutreola 3: 22-27.
Pacifici, M., Santini, L., Di Marco, M., Baisero, D., Francucci, L., Grottolo Marasini, G., Visconti, P. and Rondinini, C. 2013. Generation length for mammals. Nature Conservation 5: 87–94.
Pasitschniak-Arts, M. and Larivière, S. 1995. Gulo gulo. Mammalian Species 499: 1-10.
Persson, J., Landa, A., Andersen, R. and Segerstrom, P. 2006. Reproductive characteristics of female wolverines (Gulo gulo) in Scandavia. Journal of Mammalogy 87: 75-79.
Pimm, S.L., Jones, H.L. and Diamond, J. 1988. On the risk of extinction. American Naturalist 132: 757-785.
Quick, H. 1953. Ocurrence of porcupine quills in carnivorous mammals. Journal of Mammalogy 34: 256-259.
Riksdagen. 2000. Sammanhållen rovdjurspolitik. Regeringens proposition 2000/2001.
Rosenzweig, C., Casassa, G., Karoly, D.J., Imeson, A., Liu, C., Menzel, A., Rawlins, S., Root, T.L., Seguin B. and Tryjanowski, P. 2007. Assessment of observed changes and responses in natural and managed systems. In: M.L. Parry, O.F. Canziani, J.P. Palutikof, P.J. van der Linden and C.E. Hanson (eds), Climate Change 2007: Impacts, Adaptation and Vulnerability. Contribution of Working Group II to the Fourth Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, pp. 79-131. Cambridge University Press, Cambridge, U.K.
Rowland, M. M., Wisdom, M. J., Wales, B. C., Johnson, D. H., Copeland, J. P. and Edelmann, F. B. 2003. Evaluation of landscape models for wolverines in the interior Northwest, United States of America. Journal of Mammalogy 84: 92-105.
Ruggiero, L. F., McKelvey, K. S., Aubry, K. B., Copeland, J. P., Pletscher, D. H. and Hornocker, M. G. 2007. Wolverine Conservation and Management. Journal of Wildlife Management 71(7): 2145-2146.
Saether, B. E., Engen, S., Persson, J., Broseth, H., Landa, A. and Willebrand, T. 2005. Management strategies for the wolverine in Scandinavia. Journal of Wildlife Management 69: 1001-1014.
Schreiber, A., Wirth, R., Riffel, M. and Van Rompaey, H. 1989. Weasels, civets, mongooses, and their relatives. An Action Plan for the conservation of mustelids and viverrids. IUCN, Gland, Switzerland.
United States Fish and Wildlife Service. 2003. Endangered and threatened wildlife and plants: 90-day finding for a petition to list as endangered or threatened Wolverine in the contiguous United States. Federal Register 68: 60112-60115.
van Dijk, J., Brøseth, H., Landa, A., Andersen, R. and May, R. 2005. Status and distribution of Wolverines in Norway. In: Anon. (ed.), 1st International Symposium on Wolverine Research and Management., Jokkmokk, Sweden.
Walker, C.W., Vilà, C., Landa, A., Lindén, M. and Ellegren, H. 2001. Genetic variation and population structure in Scandinavian Wolverine (Gulo gulo) populations. Molecular Ecology 10: 53-63.
Whitman, J.S. 1999. Wolverine (Gulo gulo). In: D.E. Wilson and S. Ruff (eds), The Smithsonian Book of North American Mammals., pp. 175-177. Smithsonian Institution Press, Washington, D.C., U.S.A.
Wozencraft, W.C. 2005. Order Carnivora. In: D.E. Wilson and D.M. Reeder (eds), Mammal Species of the World: A Taxonomic and Geographic Reference. Third Edition, pp. 532-628. Johns Hopkins University Press, Baltimore.
|Citation:||Abramov, A.V. 2016. Gulo gulo. The IUCN Red List of Threatened Species 2016: e.T9561A45198537.Downloaded on 27 October 2016.|
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Presentation on theme: "Are solar flares a health hazard?. Though we’re far more likely to suffer from accidents or illnesses originating on Earth, we can’t help but wonder what."— Presentation transcript:
Are solar flares a health hazard?
Though we’re far more likely to suffer from accidents or illnesses originating on Earth, we can’t help but wonder what dangers might fall from the sky. Chance of being struck by lightning: 1 in 750,000 Chance of being hit by a meteor: 1 in 150 trillion
Do solar flares pose a health risk here on Earth? First, a little background information ….
Sunspots give rise to flares, the most violent events in the solar system. In a matter of minutes, a large flare releases a million times more energy than the largest earthquake.
Solar flares are rated as C (weakest), M (middle) or X (strongest). A typical strong flare might measure X-1 to 2.
Since late October 2003, giant sunspots have been causing numerous X-class flares. On November 4 the sun emitted a flare measured as X-28, the strongest in recorded history.
During solar flares, astronauts in the International Space Station must take refuge in a shielded area to avoid exposure.
Increased solar activity can interfere with or even cripple satellite function.
How do solar flares affect us on Earth? Radio blackouts may disrupt communication. Increased radiation may penetrate as far as the upper atmosphere.
What about exposure on Earth? Our atmosphere protects us from most radiation, so solar flares have almost no effect on the Earth’s surface.
Crew and passengers on aircraft flying at high altitudes may be exposed to radiation equal to a medical chest x-ray.
Auroras are visible at more southerly latitudes than usual. In the US auroras have been seen as far south as Oregon, Michigan and Wisconsin. Solar flares offer a unique opportunity:
Unless you’re an astronaut in space, the risks from solar flares are extremely low, so sit back and enjoy the view.
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In the course of recent years, individuals have been jabbering about cryptocurrency using the best crypto signals. Right away, this business sounded terrifying however individuals began creating trust in it. You might have known about Ether and Bitcoin. The two of them are digital currencies and utilize the Blockchain Technology for most elevated security conceivable. These days, these monetary forms are accessible in a few kinds. We should find out about it.
How Might Cryptocurrency Help you?
Taking everything into account, this sort of cash can’t be faked as it’s in computerized structure and can’t be switched or falsified, not at all like the Mastercards.
Purchasing genuine property includes outsiders, like legal counselors and legal officials. Thus, postponements can happen and additional expenses might arise. Then again, Bitcoin contracts are planned and implemented to incorporate or avoid outsiders. The exchanges are speedy and settlements can be made right away.
Commonly, there is no exchange charge assuming you need to trade Bitcoin or some other money. For confirming an exchange, there are minors who get paid by the organization. Despite the fact that there is zero exchange charge, most purchasers or vendors recruit the services of an outsider, like Coinbase for the creation and upkeep of their wallets. In the event that you don’t have a clue, these services work actually like Paypal that offers an electronic trade framework.
Recognizable proof of robbery
Your vendor gets your full credit line when you furnish them with your charge card. This is valid regardless of whether the exchange sum is tiny. All things considered, what happens is that Visas work depends on a “pull” framework where the online store pulls the necessary sum from the record related to the card. Then again, the computerized monetary forms highlight a “push” component where the record holder sends just the sum needed with no extra data. Thus, there is no way of robbery.
As indicated by measurements, there are around 2.2 billion individuals who utilize the Internet yet not every one of them approaches traditional trade. Thus, they can utilize the new type of installment strategy.
All things considered, a worldwide PC network called Blockchain innovation deals with the information base of Bitcoin. All in all, Bitcoin is under the organization of the organization, and there is no focal position. All in all, the organization deals with a shared based methodology.
Since cryptocurrency does not depend on the trade rates, exchange charges or financing costs, you can utilize it universally without experiencing any issues. In this way, you can save a great deal of time and cash. As such, Bitcoin and different monetary standards like this are perceived everywhere. You can rely on them.
In this way, on the off chance that you have been searching for an approach to put away your additional cash, you can think about putting resources into Bitcoin. You can either turn into an excavator or financial backer. Be that as it may, ensure you know what you are doing. Security isn’t an issue however different things are imperative to be remembered. Ideally, you will discover this article supportive.
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New Report Finds GE Crops Don’t Increase Yields but Do Increase Herbicide Use
Editor's Note: Just mere days after the New York Times reported that GE technology doesn’t increase crop yields but does increase overall pesticide use (including herbicides), the U.S. EPA has cleared the way for more farmers to use a powerful herbicide on GE crops. Known as Enlist Duo, the chemical concoction has two active ingredients: 2,4-D and glyphosate, the former infamously used during the Vietnam War as an active ingredient in Agent Orange. The EPA has already approved Enlist Duo in 15 states, a decision that Earthjustice has repeatedly challenged. Now, cotton, corn and soybean farmers in 19 additional states can use Enlist Duo to treat weeds.
“First generation GE crops were a disaster, causing herbicide-resistant weeds to infest millions of acres of farmland. Agribusiness now wants to double down with a quick fix, so the EPA is approving Enlist Duo, turning a blind eye to the health and environmental impacts of this nasty chemical cocktail, “says Earthjustice managing attorney Paul Achitoff, who has been fighting for more than a decade to strengthen regulations for GE crops.
This past weekend, the New York Times dropped a bombshell. The long-heralded promise that genetically engineered, or GE, foods—will increase crop yields while decreasing chemical pesticide use is, well, a big fat fallacy.
The Times came to this conclusion after extensively analyzing independent, academic and industry-funded research on both crop yields and overall pesticide use in the United States and Canada. It compared those findings to agricultural research in Europe—which chose 20 years ago to reject GE technology while the U.S. and Canada moved full steam ahead.
Though the Times’ conclusion is a big blow to the biotech industry’s credibility, it’s not all that surprising. After all, the industry’s bottom line depends on increasing sales of pesticides, so it’s doubtful that it would make a product that would decrease the need for these chemicals.
“Farmers and the public are now waking up to what we’ve been saying for years: GMOs accomplish the biotech industry’s goals to sell more toxic chemicals but very little else,” says Earthjustice attorney Paul Achitoff, who has been fighting for more than a decade to strengthen regulations for GE crops.
Clearly the biotech industry is losing in the court of public opinion. But rather than back down, it’s actually doubling down on its frankenbabies—by creating an even more toxic set of next-gen GE crops and the pesticides engineered to resist them.
That’s why Earthjustice is continuing its efforts to stop this ongoing environmental disaster. And we’re taking the fight to the place where the impacts of GE technology and pesticides are felt the most—in Hawai’i—where the Aloha State’s year-round warm weather has made it ground zero for experimental field trials of GE crops. Our efforts to rein in GE technology include:
1.Defending the right of people of Hawai‘i to protect themselves from GE crops and the harmful pesticides that they’re modified to withstand. After years of watching local regulators sit on their hands, the counties of Kaua‘i, Maui and Hawai‘i recently approved ordinances to restrict GE crops. Unsurprisingly, the biotech industry challenged the move, so we stepped in on the side of the people, and we’re now awaiting a decision from the Ninth Circuit Court of Appeals.
2.Pushing to revoke the Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture’s authority to enforce pesticide regulations. For years, the department has failed to enforce pesticide use violations and has allowed a large backlog of pesticide complaints and investigations to accumulate. Earthjustice petitioned the EPA in August, asking it to step in and do the agriculture department’s job.
3.Suing Hawai‘i’s Agribusiness Development Corporation in Hawai‘i’ for violating the Clean Water Act by polluting waters along Kauaʻi’s west side. The state agency manages a 40-mile drainage ditch system that each day funnels millions of gallons of polluted waters into popular recreational sites. This open sewer is fouled by GE crop fields, a landfill, a wastewater treatment plant and populated areas. Earthjustice is also suing the state Department of Health for abdicating its constitutional duties to conserve and protect these water resources.
4.Asking the EPA’s Office of Enforcement and Compliance Assurance to investigate the recent pesticide poisoning that sent employees of Syngenta to the hospital. Last January, workers walked into a Syngenta field on Kauaʻi’s west side and were taken to the hospital for treatment after the company sprayed the field with the pesticide chlorpyrifos. Syngenta has refused to provide information about the incident, such as how many workers were affected or what treatment they received, whether Syngenta had directed them to enter the field, and whether warning signs had been posted.
5.Suing the Hawai‘i Department of Agriculture and the Agribusiness Development Corporation for their failure to limit pesticide exposure of Native Hawaiians in West Kaua‘i and on Moloka‘i. In both areas, large populations of Native Hawaiians live very close to large-scale spraying operations, and as a result they are constantly subjected to pesticide drift. Earthjustice is arguing that the agencies are violating Title VI of the Civil Rights Act of 1964 by exposing Native Hawaiians in West Kaua‘i and on Moloka‘i to more pesticides than other population.
While we continue to stay busy in the courts, it’s hopeful to see that the court of public opinion is on our side. Stay tuned for more updates on our litigation.
Fertile Grounds is a blog series that examines the challenges and opportunities in ensuring access to healthy, sustainable and affordable food for all. We talk about the entire lifecycle of food—from seed selection and planting to consumption and disposal—because there is potential for improvement throughout. We’re informed by the expertise of our many clients and allies and by Earthjustice’s years of work to ban harmful pesticides, encourage sustainable farming methods, reduce pollution, support farmworker justice and promote a healthy relationship between farmers and communities.
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The United Nations' highest court has drawn a new maritime boundary between Peru and Chile, awarding Peru parts of the Pacific Ocean but keeping rich coastal fishing grounds in Chilean hands.
Not going to please anyone but it's also not going to bring anyone to fits.
The decision by the International Court of Justice (ICJ) on Monday ends decades of debate about how to carve up the fish-rich Latin American waters.
"The Court has defined the course of the maritime boundary between the parties without determining the precise geographical coordinates," Judge Peter Tomka said, calling the decision an "equitable solution".
Peru had wanted a maritime border heading roughly southwest, perpendicular to the point where the two countries' land border meets the ocean, while Chile had insisted the border should extend from the coast parallel to the equator.
The court found a compromise by saying a border already existed parallel to the equator extending 80 nautical miles from the coast, and then drawing a line southwest to a point where the countries' 200-mile territorial waters end.
Peruvian historian and columnist Nelson Manrique said the decision was "not going to please anyone but it's also not going to bring anyone to fits."
Both Chile's and Peru's presidents said earlier that their countries would respect the judgement, which was swiftly criticised by the the head of Chilean delegation, Albert van Klaveren Stork.
"We deeply regret this decision, which in our opinion is unfounded," he said.
Patricia Majluf, a leading Peruvian fisheries scientist, said the area up to 80 miles that remains in Chilean hands was where Chilean boats fished the most, and the verdict was unlikely to cost any Chilean fishermen their jobs.
"All the anchoveta is fished in that zone," she said. The anchovy species is converted into fish meal for an insatiable global market that uses it in animal feed and fertiliser.
Species such as shark and mackerel are caught between the 80-mile limit and the 200-mile territorial water limit of both nations, but it is a far less lucrative industry, Majluf said.
Peru's fishing industry estimates the annual catch in the region to be worth approximately $200m.
For many, the court case launched in 2008 by Peru was a matter of national pride. Chile seized its three northernmost provinces during the 1879-83 War of the Pacific from Peru and Bolivia, which lost its only coast in the conflict.
Former Peruvian President Alan Garcia, whose government brought the case before the Hague-based court, urged his countrymen to fly the flag on Monday and encouraged employers to let people await the judgement at home.
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It's Time to Get Serious About Cyber-Security
By Samuel Greengard
Humans have a penchant for continually kicking the proverbial ball down the field. Why deal with a problem if it's not an emergency? Within the enterprise--where almost everyone is completely overworked and overloaded--we see this play out every day. What isn't positioned directly in front of a person's face or foot might as well not exist. There are simply too many balls to juggle--or kick.
However, it's important to know which balls are the most important. For CIOs and other senior executives, taking an eye off security can have dire consequences. Hacking and cyber-attacking are now endemic.
Last October, U.S. Defense Secretary Leon Panetta warned that a “cyber Pearl Harbor” was possible, if not eminent.
That statement was greeted by mostly yawns from the business community.
Yet, a Verizon study found that 96 percent of attacks against IT infrastructure occur simply because they aren't difficult. Four in five victims had a bull’s-eye painted on their sites because they were viewed as targets of opportunity.
Let's hope something wakes corporate and government executives from a Rip Van Winkle world-class slumber. After President Obama signed Executive Order 13549 on Feb. 12 (it attempts to build a framework for addressing cyber-security in a more holistic way), cyber-security began to grab headlines.
Then the other shoe dropped. The New York Times reported that the Chinese Army is launching major cyber-attacks against the U.S. There have been plenty of other reports that Iran and North Korea have launched cyber-strikes against U.S. banks and other institutions.
Observers say there's no time to waste, especially as cloud computing takes hold and organizations go digital. Financial institutions, hospitals, utilities, retailers and government networks are all at risk. "Unfortunately, U.S. critical infrastructure is vulnerable and security is weak overall," states Jonathan Gossels, president and CEO of SystemExperts, a Sudbury, Mass. security risk analysis consulting firm.
He's hardly alone. Michela Menting, cyber-security senior analyst at ABI Research, warns that we're approaching the tipping point and immediate action is necessary. "Hostile nations are picking the information superhighway apart and the U.S. risks losing a very costly digital advantage," she warns.
The takeaway? It's time for CIOs and others to stop kicking the ball and get on the ball.
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Last week, Marc Lynch struggled to unravel the continuing impact of social media on the Arab Spring:
[N]egatives such as sectarianism, fear, and hatred spread as rapidly on social media as do more positive ideas. The success of the Tunisian revolution inspired Arabs everywhere to believe that victory was possible, and Egypt’s success convinced many that victory was inevitable. But the reverse also proved true. The bloodbath in Syria, like the horrors of Iraq in the mid-2000s, had a chilling effect on popular mobilization. By midway through 2011, it was already clear that the end of the story did not have to be partying in Tahrir Square — it might be butchered women and children littering the streets and massive dispossession and grief. The sectarian hatred and division fueled by the Syrian bloodshed flowed through social media just as effectively as the unifying message of the early Arab Spring.
Brian Ulrich’s perspective:
As a historian, I am struck by how often changes in the information environment appear in explanations for revolutions. What I know of the French Revolution comes from basic reading and conversations with a colleague in order to teach my world history survey, but there is definitely the idea that in the mid-1700’s a critical mass of literate urban dwellers began reading and spreading information contained in pamphlets, a culture which took an increasingly political turn in the aftermath of the debacle of the Seven Years’ War, and that King Louis XVI was simply unable to effectively engage with or manage the newfangled “public opinion.” Juan Cole wrote of something similar in Egypt’s 1881 Urabi Revolt. When I think of Iran’s Tobacco Revolt and Constitutional Revolution, I think in part of the telegraph and the spread of ideas and information via labor migration. I have no idea if similar developments figure in the contemporary developments in China, Russia, and Mexico. None of these situations, however, led quickly and easily to a happy and united community under a new political framework, an expectation much of the public has had of the Arab Spring that probably owes more to memories of the transitions of the fall of communism than the longer history of popular uprisings.
In a follow-up post gathering responses, Lynch clarifies his stance:
I believe that the underlying transformation of the Arab public sphere enabled by the radical, rapid spread of new information technology represents the single most enduring and profound change of the last decade. It is one of the primary obstacles to the return of traditional Arab authoritarianism, and to the emergence of a new Islamist domination. The effects of that structural change, like those of any structural change, are complex and unpredictable, and can’t be reduced to reassuring narratives of “democratization” or frightening narratives of “state collapse.” The new information environment empowers politics, which do tend to be messy and contentious and unsatisfying. That’s good, but it doesn’t guarantee any particular outcome.
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Sr. Mary Ann Walsh of the USCCB looks at the use of social media by Catholics in a new post up at the USCCB website here. I was astounded to learn that 100,000 people visit the USCCB website daily to consult the Readings of the Day. There is an obvious fruit of the Council, no?
The use of social media is enormously complicated. I am currently up here in Connecticut and do not get the washington Post delivered to my door in the morning and I find using the Post's or the Times' website enormously frustrating. Amongst other problems, the web almost never invites serendipity. But, use it we must, and as Sr. Mary Ann demonstrates, it is be used well by hundreds of thousands of Catholics.
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Ford starts sales of fully autonomous cars by 2025
American automaker Ford in its development plans by 2025 intends to produce fully autonomous models for mass pruduction. Bloomberg reports that Ford cars in the near future will have neither steering wheel nor pedals, meaning that the driver does not even needed for the movement. The President and Chief Executive Officer of Ford Motor Company Mark Fields ensures that autonomous vehicles become available to millions of people, not just those who can afford to spend millions of dollars on luxury cars.
Before making cars into mass production, Ford is going to provide innovative cars to mobile services such as taxi among which can be Uber and Lyft companies. It is expected that the company will have totally tested autonomous cars by 2021. At this moment, Ford is testing the mechanism in Fusion models. The cars is equipped with front cameras, radar and ultrasonic sensors.
For the movement of autonomous cars were used 3D maps with high resolution, containing information about the type of road markings, geographic location, topography and important objects such as road signs, buildings or trees. Sensors generate 2.8 million laser reflections per second, allowing you to scan the surrounding area with high accuracy.
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‘The View From The Shed’…an excerpt
A Psychological and Spiritual Journey into Perspective
…. Chapter Nine: Perspective/Introspection
‘In Acceptance… A single point of view is but one step upon a staircase. A valid perspective, the multiple of all steps gleaned. An overview simply lines upon a ladder. An insight, the three dimensions of every step dreamed. Reality, is a flat smooth surface. Delusion, the air in errant movement above. Madness, the belief of knowing. Omniscience, the acceptance of love.’
My cat talks to me incessantly. For a time I thought he was always asking for something, as indeed he so often does: let me outside, feed me, want water, pat me, arrange my food just so… and the like. But I’ve begun to realize he is often comfortable when he vocalizes, no look of expectation, but a calm relaxed cat trying to say something. I’ve learned many of his sounds, as to his asking, but I just wish I understood the conversations we appear to be having. He must think I’m an idiot, unable to understand the simply queries of a cat, when I, a human being that uses complex language, has not a clue.
Truly, I tend this cat with all my being, catering for his every whim, as I believe he is my responsibility in life, my choice, and therefore I wish to give him every opportunity to lead a blissful, fulfilled life and know that he is loved selflessly and completely. And to this intent he responds one hundred and ten percent in return.
I sit in the warm embrace of my shed, Beast at my feet, and begin to think about ‘perspective’ and indeed how it changes as we discover more complete truths in life. Our viewpoint can only ever be from one place, and that place is the culmination of all our experience and learning, biases and wishes, and can never be definitive. We may express opinion, and that may be agreed to or rejected, right or wrong, but thinking that truth resonates completely within us, is a delusion. We may be an expert on a subject, have the best qualifications the world offers and still be ignorant, for there is no end to truth, and what we feel is finite is rarely so.
The more selfless the wisdom gleaned, the more free it is in truth and therefore compelling. When our opinions become driven by pride, the truths are often tainted and fall short of our own expectations. The old adage best describes it…’the more we learn, the more we realize how little we know.’ If we can accept truth, regardless of how that impacts on us personally, then it may resound within us, as if it were born there. And further, it may fly without our ego’s intention, as a separate entity, that can reside within us, yet not be colored by other intentions.
If we can nurture all knowledge with love and kindness and that intent guides the espousing of it in our daily process, then truth is untainted and in its freedom may find others that may adopt it. Kindness is one aspect of love that compels so much good fortune in life, if only people would recognize its potential to heal and transform. A gentle inquiry, a simple smile, a gesture of goodwill can change a person’s day completely and once effected can attract all manner of positivity to further improve a circumstance. These simple kindnesses seem to have been lost in daily life, everyone too busy to care and consider anybody else. Yet, if you take the time to give freely to strangers, it not only betters their day, but yours as well. Love and kindness promote themselves by the giving, and the results are often startling.
Introspection is a valid and important step forward to realizing one’s inner truths and also the biases and fears we hold subconsciously. When we investigate our responses and discover from where they have come, we begin to grasp who we are, how we react to the world, and if indeed we need to change to better ourselves and life. Our perspective then transforms becoming a more unencumbered view of reality, and not corrupted by past biases and learned behaviors that distort our viewpoint. Then our perspective becomes embraced by truth rather than what we want it to be, and revelation then grows as a seedling, to be nurtured for future clarity.
When our past behaviors and biases drive our lives without thought or consideration, delusion becomes our state of being, living life as if our false reality were true and accepting it completely. ‘Believing your own press’ is an apt statement, and so many people live by choice in delusions that supports beliefs about themselves and their past. There is no convincing these people, as their delusion is truth as far as they are concerned. What they don’t see is the game they themselves propagate to hold onto past like a security blanket.
What says wisdom more than the revelation of not knowing, for learning will not ensue without it,
and arrogance our most brash ignorance. The more we learn, the more we understand how little we know, and pride a steed that rears up in striking show, but carries us to no destination.
The wise learn that silence is potential, not lost in a myriad of conflict and bias, and without recognition of itself, the wise simply allow life to fall where it may, in observance. Humility is wisdom’s plinth, a foundation to learn without the stain of design, only to glean reality’s disciplines without the ideals of ego’s assumptions. Wisdom cannot recognize itself, for that infers attainment, which proffers not in learning, as knowing is a consequence, not a definitive affirmation.
Tony DeLorger © 2017
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Breastfeeding is ideal for both the infant and the new mother. Breast milk is the natures creation to perfectly match your newborn babys sensitive digestive system. It is perfectly balanced in water, protein, carbohydrates and fat, enormously rich in vitamins, minerals and antibodies. Even the temperature is ideal for the soft mouth of your baby. This is the secret formula, prepared by the nature to keep your baby healthy and ensures her proper growth and development. The perfectly balanced ingredient in breast milk builds up babys resistance against chronic diseases. The close contact between the baby and the mother during feeding time leads to strong emotional bond between them.
A good start with breastfeeding is the first step for the culmination of wonderful mother-child relationship. But breastfeeding at first appears to be dreadfully difficult to most of the young mothers. Then in every culture, the new mothers are exposed to countless myths relating to breastfeeding that only adds to the complexities. But with the help from the experts, the difficulties can be easily overcome to make it smooth. In fact, breastfeeding proves to be an enjoyable experience for both the mother and the child, and not a boring tiresome procedure for the mother. Here we have tried to clear confusions relating to some common breastfeeding myths that tend to make breastfeeding experience unnecessary complex for the uninitiated mothers.
Many women do not produce enough milk and that supply of milk during the first 3 or 4 days after birth is insufficient are two commonly believed myth, which have little scientific base. The complain that in spite of being in the breast for a considerable time, the baby is still hungry, is not the effect of insufficient quantity of milk, but the poor latching of the baby on mothers breast. For this reason, the proper breastfeeding starts with the learning of proper way of latching on the baby.
As contrary to the myth that a baby should be on the breast for fifteen to twenty minutes on each side, there can be no such fixed time. If the baby is actually sucking the milk for more than ten minutes, he may not need to drink from the second side. If the baby does not drink and only nibble or goes to sleep within minutes on the first side and repeat it on the second, it indicates, the baby is not properly latched on and not getting the flow. In such cases mothers are advised to compress the breast to create an increased flow of milk.
The myth that the nursing mother should be selective in her diet is not at all true. At the best she should aim at getting a balanced and healthy diet. Neither does she needs to avoid particular foods, nor does she need to consume more of a particular type of food. As contrary to popular belief, the colic or air in the babys stomach is not the result of what the mother eats.
The milk supply does not also depend on the quantity of the mothers food intake. The common belief that nursing mothers need around 500 extra calories per day simply lacks universal base, as there are instances of women taking low calorie diet produce milk that is sufficient for the child. It is generally recommended that the mothers food intake should be determined by her appetite.
Nursing mothers milk cannot dry up suddenly. Milk production can vary during various times of the day, but it can not stop abruptly. With the baby growing there occur certain changes that make it appear that the flow of milk suddenly dropped drastically.
In such cases, the baby needs to be breastfed more frequently than before and within a few days the flow will be normal once again. You can also help your baby to get more milk through breast compression.
Sometimes the mothers are advised against resuming breastfeeding after a few days gap because of the belief that it turns the milk sour. It is an absolutely wrong conception.
Even a century ago, breastfeeding until 3 or 4 years of age was a normal part of life in many cultures. But in modern days, breastfeeding for long receives criticisms from many blocks of the society. But the mothers should always remember that there is no alternative for mothers milk for building a happy and healthy future for your child.
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.ezilon.com/articles/articles/199/1/
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WASHINGTON (May 27, 2014) – The Chemical Activity Barometer (CAB), a leading economic indicator created by the American Chemistry Council (ACC), has reached its highest peak since February 2008, while also posting its highest year over year gain since September 2010. Measured on a three-month moving average (3MMA), the CAB realized a healthy 0.8 percent gain over April, and is up a solid 4.1 percent over this time last year. The data reflect upward revisions for the previous five months, suggesting more than just a rebound from the adverse winter months.
“The index reveals that the underlying fundamentals are good,” said Dr. Kevin Swift, chief economist at ACC. “Based on weekly data, production-related indicators showed healthy growth in May, beating the average 0.3 percent gain in the first quarter,” he added.
Though housing starts improved last month and sales of existing and new homes were up, activity within the construction-related plastic resins segment was mixed. In contrast, activity within the pigments and other performance chemistry markets, such as adhesives, sealants, and paint additives was stronger. Likewise, upward performance within the electronics chemicals sector was encouraging as the semiconductor industry is a bellwether of the industrial cycle. Furthermore, gains in oilfield chemicals suggest that the boom in unconventional oil and gas continues to progress, enhancing overall economic growth.
The Chemical Activity Barometer has four primary components, each consisting of a variety of indicators: 1) production; 2) equity prices; 3) product prices; and 4) inventories and other indicators. Overall results in the four primary components of the CAB were positive, with chemical equity prices continuing to outpace the broader market.
The Chemical Activity Barometer is a leading economic indicator derived from a composite index of chemical industry activity. The chemical industry has been found to consistently lead the U.S. economy’s business cycle given its early position in the supply chain, and this barometer can be used to determine turning points and likely trends in the wider economy. Month-to-month movements can be volatile so a three-month moving average of the barometer is provided. This provides a more consistent and illustrative picture of national economic trends.
Applying the CAB back to 1919, it has been shown to provide a longer lead (or perform better) than the National Bureau of Economic Research, by two to 14 months, with an average lead of
eight months at cycle peaks. The median lead was also eight months. At business cycle troughs, the CAB leads by one to seven months, with an average lead of four months. The median lead was three months. The CAB is rebased to the average lead (in months) of an average 100 in the base year (the year 2007 was used) of a reference time series. The latter is the Federal Reserve’s Industrial Production Index.
The CAB comprises indicators relating to the production of chlorine and other alkalies, pigments, plastic resins and other selected basic industrial chemicals; chemical company stock data; hours worked in chemicals; publicly sourced, chemical price information; end-use (or customer) industry sales-to-inventories; and several broader leading economic measures (building permits and new orders). Each month, ACC provides a barometer number, which reflects activity data for the current month, as well as a three-month moving average. The CAB was developed by the economics department at the American Chemistry Council.
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<urn:uuid:6e7f4220-8902-46a7-ae67-2a34703f8d48>
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http://www.chem.info/article/2014/05/solid-market-rebound-expansion-expected-continue
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Monday, July 20, 2015 to Friday, July 24, 2015
The World Bank’s Agricultural Finance Support Facility (AgriFin) in cooperation with Amret, a leading microfinance institution in Cambodia, is inviting senior MFI professionals and bankers from around the world to participate in a study tour to learn about innovative agricultural lending practices in Cambodia.
Approximately 25 participants will have the opportunity to:
- learn about the agricultural lending operations of Amret, the loan products it offers for a wide range of clients, and processes and procedures that enable Amret to manage risk effectively;
- visit Amret’s field offices and get a close look at farm operations managed by Amret’s clients;
- examine how mobile banking enables Amret to increase penetration in rural areas and reach agricultural clients in a more cost-effective way; and
- engage and build professional relationships with a diverse range of international agriculture finance experts.
The program will be held in English and will provide banking and MFI professionals with in-depth technical understanding of Amret’s operations and demonstrate how a financial institution can penetrate a new market in a successful manner. Lessons garnered from this study tour will help participants improve and expand their agriculture finance in their home institutions.
The Study Tour is designed for MFIs and banks from outside Cambodia interested in expanding their agriculture finance business line. Participants should be experienced MFI professionals and bankers (lending, credit or risk managers) knowledgeable about agricultural lending and with an interest in learning more about this innovative lending products and services.
Deadline to register is June 30th, 2015.
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<urn:uuid:417be3d1-78e0-4286-b447-08e0e8227a11>
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.rfilc.org/events/cambodia-study-tour-how-can-mfis-and-banks-better-serve-agricultural-clients-2/
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Distress Signals from Earth
Program #EHRP001. Recorded in Fort Collins, CO on February 17, 2014.
A steady stream of reports on the deterioration of the environment is issued. There is a brief flurry of media coverage. The corporate-funded climate change deniers make counter claims. We wake briefly to the crisis then most of us lapse into a couch potato stupor. Neoliberal dogma and an almost mystical belief in capitalism makes almost certain that little will be done to avert coming calamities. Charades called climate summits offer nothing more than photo ops of smiling world leaders and vacuous press releases. We blithely turn our heads away from reality. As the ice caps melt it is not just penguins and polar bears that are in danger. The wider implications for the planet and humanity are profound. What level of catastrophe is it going to take for business as usual policies to change? Will we hear the distress signals from Earth?
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A Call to Action
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A Radical Environmental Paradigm
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Clean Energy Victories
Many people see the crisis posed by climate change clearly but governments, largely influenced by money coming from coal, oil and natural gas corporations, do not act. Huge demonstrations from...
Climate Change Solutions 2-Pack
2CDS Tim Flannery – Solutions to the Climate Crisis The Paris Climate Change summit has come and gone. The results? Kind of like what Naomi Klein, author and activist, says: Your...
Climate Justice 2-Pack
2 CDs Tom Hayden – A Global Warning The winds of political change blow from all directions. For many decades they’ve blown hardest from the Right – a corporate-friendly, conservative agenda involving...
Climate Justice 3-Pack
3 CDs Christian Parenti – Climate Crisis Traditionally, the main reasons for the migration of people have been war, persecution, and poverty. But in coming decades, they will be eclipsed...
Fossil Fuel 3-Pack
3 CDs Rob Larson - Fossil Fuelishness Historian Barbara Tuchman once wrote the “rejection of reason is the prime characteristic of folly.” The lack of urgency in addressing the eco-crisis is an...
Fracking and Public Health
Fracking doesn't sound like something the earth, or any community, or any language would wish upon itself. What is it exactly? Fracking is a technique that involves the injection of...
Klein Climate 2-Pack
2 CDs Naomi Klein – The Radical Leap Political organizers are aware of “wedge issues” that divide us and “web issues” that bring us together. What could be more unifying than...
Native American Women & Environmental Struggles
Native American women are in the frontlines of numerous struggles to protect and save the environment. Indian reservations are the sites of much environmental degradation. Native American women lead resistance...
Solutions to the Climate Crisis
The Paris Climate Change summit has come and gone. The results? Kind of like what Naomi Klein, author and activist, says: Your doctor tells you that you have dangerously high...
The Climate Cliff
The most dangerous cliff we are facing is not a financial one but rather the climate one. The warming of the Earth’s temperature and what it portends is not just for penguins...
The Future of Civilization
When it comes to climate change the operative word is “hot” with “record” and "unprecedented" closely following. UN conferences on climate do little beyond the powerful issuing grandiose proclamations about...
Transitioning to Climate Justice
Climate change, you’ve heard of that. But climate justice? The Global Justice Ecology Project describes it: “Climate justice is the understanding that we will not be able to stop climate...
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China and Soybeans – level 1
A tariff is a special fee. Countries make other countries pay tariffs when they sell or buy things.
Right now, there is a trade war with the US and China. The US changes its tariffs for China. Next China changes its tariffs. They remove some American goods from the tariffs. These are goods like pork and soybeans. This makes people feel calmer about the trade war.
China picks soybeans because they are important to the US. The US says that soybeans are about half of the American important crops. Soybeans also make up about 30% of money for crops from the USA.
Difficult words: fee (the money which you have to pay), trade war (when two countries change how they sell or buy things to make others change how they sell or buy), goods (things), crop (a plant or animal that you grow and sell for money).
You can watch the original video in the Level 3 section.
What do you think about this news?
LEARN 3000 WORDS with NEWS IN LEVELS
News in Levels is designed to teach you 3000 words in English. Please follow the instructions
How to improve your English with News in Levels:
- Do the test at Test Languages.
- Go to your level. Go to Level 1 if you know 1-1000 words. Go to Level 2 if you know 1000-2000 words. Go to Level 3 if you know 2000-3000 words.
- Read two news articles every day.
- Read the news articles from the day before and check if you remember all new words.
- Listen to the news from today and read the text at the same time.
- Listen to the news from today without reading the text.
- Answer the question under today’s news and write the answer in the comments.
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"There's a solid four years of analysis that has to occur" before decisions are made on procurement requirements, said Col. William T. Nuckols, director of the Mounted Requirements Division at the Maneuver Center of Excellence. Nuckols chaired an NGCV panel at the Association of the U.S. Army's Institute of Land Warfare "Hot Topic" forum focusing on Army Ground Combat Platforms.
"This is not a short-term endeavor," Nuckols said. "This is a multi-decade effort to get us to the first unit equipped in 2035."
But fielding the Next-Generation Combat Vehicle by then means major decisions must be made by 2025, he said, pointing out that's just eight years from now.
Dr. John Gordon IV, senior policy researcher for RAND, said the threats facing combat vehicles in the future will shape the NGCV.
The biggest threats to combat vehicles now are rocket-propelled grenades, armor-piercing-guided munitions known as APGMs, and improvised explosive devices or mines, he said.
"Non-state actors are heavily armed with these systems, as well as state-level opponents," he said.
The penetrating power of shape-charged weapons have "increased dramatically," he said. Many now have tandem warheads to deal with things like explosive-reactive armor.
"Modern APGMs can go through a meter of armor plate after they blast through an explosive-reactive armor array," Gordon said. "That's pretty difficult to cope with."
Biofuels offer a cheaper and readily available alternative to diesel or gas, he said. The Defense Advanced Research Projects Agency, known as DARPA, is experimenting with algae to produce biofuels, he said.
Hydrogen fuel-cell technology is available now, he said, but it's dense. Hydrogen fuel cells today would need to be two or three times the size of diesel fuel tanks, he said, so there are challenges that need to be worked out.
"Fuel cells coupled with other technology, like high-capacity batteries" might be able to energize weapons like lasers, he said.
Fuel cells can also be coupled with diesel to save money on fuel and decrease the logistics footprint on the battlefield, he said. And electric energy from braking can also be stored in capacitors and re-used.
A turbo-charger can also recover waste energy from the exhaust system, he said. This technology is currently being used in Formula One racing cars. Electricity can be generated from the expanding exhaust fumes, and heat loss from vehicles can also be converted to energy.
"The big advantage of electric drives is," Paulson said, "we'll be able to supply more power to combat vehicles to support future weapons like high-intensity lasers, rail guns, or active protection systems and improved situational-awareness electronics."
While laser technology is emerging for weapons, Dr. Bryan Cheeseman said more research needs to be conducted to use directed-energy for vehicle protection. Cheeseman is the team leader of the Material Manufacturing and Technology Branch, Army Research Laboratory.
Vehicles of the future will need 360-degree protection, he said. Threats from above could come in the form of unmanned aircraft; threats on the side from conventional weapons and threats underneath from IEDs.
Active protection systems could detect and destroy incoming rounds, he said, adding that technology has been proven valuable. Additionally, more S&T focus needs to be put toward using directed energy as force-field-type protection.
Many advanced-composite materials are being looked at for armor protection, he said, adding that nanotechnology and nano-grain metals are also possible.
External suspension is another technology that can help protect against underbelly blasts, he said. Hydro-mechanical and hydro-pneumatic suspension are among them.
"From an underbody perspective, we can say we can mitigate a large portion of the threats that are out there," Cheesman said. But that comes with more weight and cost.
SOURCES- US Army
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<urn:uuid:5d6d3ff1-b4a5-467c-922f-8b65c11d94e5>
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Recently I carried the last of my father’s ashes into the Sierra mountains that he loved. His many glorious trips to those high-altitude wilds produced stories that to some extent defined his life. As a final remembrance, I delivered the dusty remnants of that life to a forest of enormous, ancient trees to leave beneath a pile of cones fallen from the canopy of pines. The wind sang his eulogy, welcoming his memory back to places that had seemed home to him. The pine needles received his remains to join them in becoming soil.
As I sat there contemplating this last gesture of remembrance, I gazed upward along the tall trunks through the swaying branches to the blue of the clear mountain sky hovering above. I saw then the forest for the trees. As my father’s remains literally joined the community of that mountainside, I came to realize that all of us, despite our station in life, despite what others may perceive of us, despite who we have been or may yet become, every one of us becomes the forest, just as every tree in its singularity embodies the complexity of the forest in a dramatic struggle to embrace a perfect balance of being. Ashes to ashes, dust to dust, the soil takes us in to become the nutrients feeding new lives, the saplings that in a century or two will tower above the forest floor as home, protector, food source for a million other new lives, each destined to become again ashes, dust, and the soil that nurtures the possibility of life on earth.
In the lives of trees we are reminded the elusive truth that we are never our singular selves, never completely taken over by our needy ambitions or petty attempts to squeeze the most from our brief time on this earth. We fool ourselves with the delusion of selfhood, forgetting that we have been, will be again, a forest tied by our roots to others, embraced by wind and sun and rain, battered by lightning and firestorms, by blizzards and raging flooded rivers, but always bound to the centuries of the forest life, the greater horizon of a breathing organic being that is always at once both ancient and new.
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CC-MAIN-2022-33
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https://www.tsbremer.com/ashes-to-dust-soil-to-trees/
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Koulukino (School Cinema Association) has a simple and clear principle: as many pupils as possible should see a film during the school day, in a real cinema, and have the opportunity to discuss what they saw afterwards.
A film is a brilliant pedagogical tool. It provides various topics for discussion, introduces foreign cultures, offers the watcher powerful experiences and the chance to identify with the characters, and enhances one’s understanding of oneself and the surrounding world. All this while enjoying the film! The important thing is to share the film experience. Teachers become media educators by encouraging discussion and sharing their own insights and feelings about the film.
The Koulukino association generates learning materials related to big screen films for all educational levels from pre-school to upper secondary education. The film-related learning materials are available on the Koulukino website, free of charge for non-commercial use. The purpose of the learning materials is to encourage more in‑depth discussion of the themes of the films and to enhance film literacy and the film experience.
The methods of processing the films vary considerably depending on the target group and the themes of the learning material. For example, the films and the learning materials could be used as a tool for practising information retrieval, or for developing group work or emotional skills. Discussion exercises encourage students to think and argue. The learning materials also include plenty of writing and analysis exercises, as well as various exercises related to arts, music and sports. A film is a great tool for phenomenon‑based learning and for examining cross-curricular themes. Our learning materials additionally cover the basics of film narrative and film culture, from viewing angles to film critique. The learning materials have been created by class teachers, kindergarten teachers, subject teachers and experts in various fields.
The Finnish Ministry of Education and Culture financially supports the Koulukino association in order to encourage the integration of media education into basic education. Moreover, all cinemas in Finland have committed to organising Koulukino screenings.
The member organisations of the Koulukino association include production companies, distributors, film centres and film-related associations.
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https://www.koulukino.fi/en/
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About the Author: Michele Peters serves as the Special Assistant in the State Department's Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs.
The Bureau of Educational and Cultural Affairs’ groundbreaking ExchangesConnect global social network promotes mutual understanding among youth and adults of all ages by highlighting cultures, customs, and values through user-generated content and multimedia tools (forums, photos, video, podcasting, etc). We welcomed our 10,000th member this month, and this thriving community continues to grow!
Members from more than 180 countries are initiating and engaging in educational, entertaining, and thought-provoking conversations. Members share their personal experiences, views and cultures, sometimes centered on particular themes. They counter stereotypes and open minds.
And, where else can you gain a firsthand account of a young woman’s experience voting for the first time in local elections in Iraq, converse with a young Palestinian living in Gaza, or learn about all the great Global Youth Service Day projects classrooms in which Afghanistan, Bangladesh, Tajikistan are engaged?
As an open, inclusive social networking site, Connect.state.gov gives people around the world a voice and a connection to the world around them. Rather than my singing the praises of this global online community, read what some of the members have to say:
“I would like to say hi and thank to ExchangesConnect that enables everyone from around the globe to have a space to exchange their culture, traditions and so forth. It is also fascinated to have a say with everyone from different cultures so that we can avoid culture misunderstanding. Hope all enjoy as I do.”
“ExchangesConnect is a great place to share your experiences that I had in U.S.A. being an exchange student. It's safe as it is administered by U.S. Department of State. It is also beneficial for students that are not on exchange programs but they can read the experiences of the exchange members and learn from it. I would say I am having a wonderful time so far with ExchangesConnect and I will keep in touch with it.”
“I am a middle school teacher in a small rural town in Oregon, U.S.A. ...We are in the beginning stages of exploring other cultures. I am interested in schools/individual students both in North America and throughout the world!”
“I thought I'd join this forum since my 17 y/o son has applied to NSLI-Y. I hope I might learn something more about the program from other parents and learners who have experienced the program.”
“My two top reasons for participating in ExchangesConnect are: (1) to share and to get information with others and from others about my own country that how I can reconstruct it. (2) To practice the English language and to interact with new people and create a sound friendship with them.”
“I am international student from Egypt. I have been in the United States of America for seven months. I am interested in exchange culture because I think that it is very important to know about the others and let the other to know about you. I have had a great time in the U.S.A. I like communicate with the other nationalities. I have loved the American culture. People attitudes, respect each other, the education system, and a lot of other points. I am so glad for Obama. My favorite times when I watch his speech. He is very nice and smart president.”
“I really want to have this experience ... and to feel what it's like to be an American teen-age .... I really want to learn about the new world culture ... and teach them mine, because just in this way we can make peace, by creating some kind of understanding.”
At this writing, 10,287 ExchangesConnect members from over 180 countries are sharing 5,168 photos, 378 blogs, 329 discussion forums, and learning more about the people from around the world.
ExchangesConnect is also on Twitter, which was launched January 15th with bloggers from around the world covering the U.S. Presidential Inauguration. We now have over 500 followers and counting. Twitter extends the ExchangesConnect mission by connecting with exchange participants and contributing to the general online conversation about international exchange.
Join ExchangesConnect and become part of a growing global community of people interested in cross-cultural dialogue and international exchange. Also, check out the “Mascot Challenge”...just announced!
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Our Mission is to be Southwest Florida's Premier Episcopal Preschool.
Our standard is child-directed, developmentally appropriate education that emphasizes rich and creative experiences and develops the love of learning. We understand that each child is unique with different, valued gifts. We encourage each child to respect the rights of others, develop independence, build self confidence, and attain the fullest capacity for emotional development.
Our school is enhanced by the rich and varied support we receive from our families, parishioners, preschool and church staff and local organizations. Participation is encouraged in a variety of ways, all are welcome!
Educational development stems from creative play, which is a major component of our instructional program. We have incorporated the nationally recognized CREATIVE CURRICULUM as the basis of our classroom activities. This highly regarded developmental curriculum provides cognitively stimulating and physically challenging opportunities for growth and development in all areas. We feature activities and materials that focus on literacy, dramatic play, art, music, science, mathematics and fine and gross motor development.
Housed on the grounds of the Saint Boniface Episcopal Church on Siesta Key, our amply sized classrooms exceed national standards. We are continuingly upgrading our two playgrounds to create beautiful and enjoyable areas. One playground "natural" play area, incorporates a butterfly garden, wooden stepping blocks, sand and water experiences, and wonderfully sculpted oak trees. Our small playground is designed for the safety of our friends 2 and under. We provide an outdoor classroom experience for both playgrounds, as well as vegetable gardening. We also have a large indoor area for fitness and gross motor activities providing safe, creative, and stimulating activities for children.
We welcome children from 12 months to 5 years of age. Our preschool program for the 2015-2016 school year is from 9:00 a.m. to 12:00 p.m. Monday through Friday, with 2-, 3- and 5-day schedules. Before-care (8:30 - 9:00 a.m.) and After-care (12:00 - 3:00 p.m.) options are also available. Each of our classrooms focuses on free choice activities at a variety of centers including books, dramatic play, science, art, math, etc. Children are engaged in free play activities and outdoor play for substantial time throughout the day, enriching their minds and bodies.
Classes begin in early September and finish mid-May.
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One of the cornerstones of the circular economy is the recycling of materials to encourage a reduction in the consumption of raw materials.
Paper, unlike other materials such as aluminum, cannot be endlessly recycled. Indeed, repeated paper recycling processes alter the mechanical and chemical properties of the fibers. While some of these fibers are lost in the converting process, a large proportion of such fibers can be recycled up to 7 times; progressively, however, the performance is reduced, fibers shorten, and eventually weaken. To ensure the highest possible quality and keep its cycle renewable, recycled paper needs virgin fibers, i.e., those obtained directly from trees.
Fedrigoni uses only FSC-certified cellulose from sustainably managed forests to obtain this raw material.
Let’s deepen the topic in this Bit on Sustainability.
Bits on Sustainability are written by Fedrigoni’s Sustainability Team and are part of the Group commitment to spreading a culture of sustainability.
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A Sous Chef is the culinary chef located just below the executive or head chef in a kitchen’s chain of command. Therefore, the Sous Chef has a vital role in any commercial kitchen. As second-in-command, he/she has a large amount of responsibility i...
Key Skills : sous chef,chef,cook,chef assistant,kitchen coordinator
RS50,000 To 2,00,000Mumbai, Mumbai Suburb, Thane, Navi Mumbai
DESIGNATION: Steward, Captain, housekeeping
DEPARTMENT : F & B service & Housekeeping
REQUIREMENT : HOTEL MANAGEMENT GRADUATE or HSC WITH AN EXP OF Fresher -2 YEARS INTO Steward, Captain, housekeeping (HOTEL or RESTAURANT INDUSTRY)
SALARY : ...
Should have experience in Indian food cooking (Preferred fast food preparation experience like Frankies, Wraps/Rolls, etc)
Ask candidate to call client before going for interview.
Job Responsibility :
Prepare and cook food according to recipes, q...
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Find information on common issues.
Ask questions and find answers from other users.
Suggest a new site feature or improvement.
Check on status of your tickets.
mage:ic:kinetics1 - Diffusion in 1D and 3D
10 Mar 2014 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Michael L. Falk
This module guides students through two analyses of diffusion problems using the COMSOL finite element software. Students are then asked to use what they have learned to guide the design of a drug...
Silvaco Athena - Part 2
04 Aug 2011 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Dragica Vasileska
This set of powerpoint slides describes the diffusion and the oxidation process. Also briefly described are etching and epitaxy process.
Nanotechnology Animation Gallery
22 Apr 2010 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Saumitra Raj Mehrotra, Gerhard Klimeck
Animations and visualization are generated with various nanoHUB.org tools to enable insight into nanotechnology and nanoscience. Click on image for detailed description and larger image download....
Illinois ECE 440: Diffusion and Energy Band Diagram Homework
28 Jan 2010 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Mohamed Mohamed
This homework covers Diffusion of Carriers, Built-in Fields and Metal semiconductor junctions.
Drift Diffusion Lab: First-Time User Guide
13 Jun 2009 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Saumitra Raj Mehrotra, Benjamin P Haley
This first-time user guide provides introductory material to Drift Diffusion Lab on nanoHUB. It includes a tour of the Rappture interface, which notes key inputs and typical outputs. It also...
Computational Nanoscience, Lecture 21: Quantum Monte Carlo, part II
5.0 out of 5 stars
20 May 2008 | Teaching Materials | Contributor(s): Jeffrey C Grossman, Elif Ertekin
This is our second lecture in a series on Quantum Monte Carlo methods. We describe the Diffusion Monte Carlo approach here, in which the approximation to the solution is not restricted by choice...
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Viruses are constantly changing through a process of mutation. We have recently identified several new and emerging variants of the virus (SARS-CoV-2). There are currently five VOC or (Variants of concern) identified within the United States. Variants of concern are being watched closely to monitor their transmission levels and make sure they do not elevate to variants of high consequence. Thankfully no variants of high consequence have been identified yet however we must remain vigilant against COVID-19.
1. UK variant (B.1.1.7)
This variant was first uncovered in the UK in September of 2020 by November a quarter of the cases in England tested positive for the variant. By December 2020 the B.1.1.7. variant had become the dominant strain in the UK. This is also the same time the B.1.1.7. was first identified in the United States. According to initial studies this variant is 43-90% more transmissible than the traditional COVID-19 strain. Dr. Rochelle Walensky, director of the Center for Disease control and Prevention, said in a news briefing that the prevalence of "variants of concern" is increasing and that "Based on our most recent estimates from CDC surveillance, the B.1.1.7. variant is now the most common lineage circulating in the United states.
2. South Africa variant (B.1.351)
This variant was first detected in the US at the end of January 2021 and initially discovered in December 2020 in South Africa. This variant is similar in structure to the B.1.1.7. variant, as of right now there is "no evidence" to suggest this variant causes a more severe case of COVID-19. However, it has shown the ability to become dominate virus in the area. These variants can present travelers with a fresh virus they have yet to build immunity towards.
3. Japan/Brazil variant (P.1:)
This variant was first detected in the US in January 2021 and initially identified during routine screening at an airport in Japan, January 2021. Four travelers at Japans Haneda airport and contains 17 individual mutations differing significantly from previous strains. There is some evidence to suggest this variant is more infectious than other strains.
4. California variant (B.1.427)
According to the CDC the B.1.427 is 20% more transmissible than its predecessor causing it to become to dominant strain in California. There is no evidence that this strain is linked to higher rate of mortality.
5. California Variant 2 (B.1.429)
According to the CDC the B.1.429 is 20% more transmissible than its predecessor but has been a rare occurrence. B.1.427 is a far more common variant with B.1.429 currently representing lower levels of infection. Variant B.1.429 shares many attributes with Variant B.1.427 with the main differences found in its spike protein mutations. While (B.1.429) spreads more rapidly than the original SARS-CoV-2 virus. However it's thought to be less transmissible than B.1.1.7 and B.1.351.
It's important to remember it's completely normal for viruses to mutate. This happens naturally when viruses infect and begin to multiply within a host cell. There are currently 5 variants identified as concerning, but none yet classified of high consequence. It's important to continue to do your part by wearing a mask to prevent the formation of future variants.
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Meditation involves concentrating the mind on subject of thought without any distractions [Meditation and concentration].
The methods used in the practice of Buddhism are called Buddhist meditation.
Buddhists identify meditation with mental growth. In meditation, one uses object to concentrate and direct their attention.
The object may be breathing sensations, physical sensations of the body, visual images or sounds.
The core of Buddhist meditation is practicing eight fold noble path.
The eight fold noble path are right thought, right view, right speech, right effort, right concentration, right livelihood, right action and right mindfulness.
Three types of Buddhist meditation are mostly used in United States.
Three types of Buddhist meditation:
- Insight meditation: This is also referred as mindfulness or vipassana. This meditation comes from Thailand and Burma. This method involves observing body sensations and thoughts which come and go. If your attention drifts, you return to the observation. Observing and watching yourself can lead to deep insights about your real identity.
- Zen meditation: This meditation comes from Japan and Korea. You should perform meditation without thoughts. Second way of performing zen meditation is watching your sensations and thoughts as they come and disappear. Third way of performing zen meditation is teacher asks the student to solve a puzzle.
- Tibetan meditation: It is called vajrayana which came from Tibet. Of all the three types mentioned, Tibetan practice is the one with cultural influences from its native area. It includes wide range of concentration, devotional and insight practices.
Buddhist meditation teachings:
- In Buddhist meditation, attentiveness to the movements of the body is to be cultivated. It teaches the meditation and mindfulness.
- After practicing this meditation, it should not leave selfishness and egoism.
- One should attain detachment on the objects for clear thinking.
- Focusing your mind and keeping it steadily on a single point which is nothing but concentration.
Benefits of Buddhist meditation:
- In busy lives, thoughts will disturb the mind and there will be no peace. Through meditation, you can avoid unnecessary thoughts and can keep your mind clear. You can attain comfortable and peace of mind with free of thoughts.
- With meditation, your concentration improves. Concentrating the mind on a single point improves your attentiveness, alertness and memory. You can attain wisdom with concentration.
- If your mind is peaceful, you will be happy. Practicing meditation has many benefits. The blood pressure can be normalized, stress can be reduced [Stress management techniques], heart problems can be reduced and you feel relaxed. If your health problems are solved, you will be free of problems and can lead a happy and healthy life.
- Buddhist meditation has many psychological and medical benefits. it boosts the immune system, slows down the aging process [Anti aging medicine], promotes sense of well being, and develops cortical matter in the brain.
Buddhist meditation is widely accepted to achieve goals such as spiritual blissfulness and physical relaxation. It functions as a therapy for reducing pain and stress. Buddhist meditation brings self fulfillment. It must be practiced according to one’s conviction and faith.
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Step 30: Use the curved lines under the body as guides to draw the wyvern's tail. First darken the lines and don't overlap the shape of the wings. At the tip of the tail, draw an arrow-like shape using a couple of angled lines. Draw a series of short, angled lines along the tail for more spikes. The spikes curve behind the tail at the top. You can make them bigger if you'd like or not draw them at all.
Step 31: For a cleaner look, erase as much as you can of the initial guide lines. Don't worry about erasing all of the guides. It's okay to leave some behind. Re-draw any final sketch lines you may have accidentally erased.
Final Step: Add some shading to your wyvern drawing for more detail. Use a dark value for the shadows to give the figure more dimension and volume. Pick the direction of the light source when shading so that the shadows are consistent with it. Now use a medium value to shade the rest of the body. Vary the pressure on your pencil to get different degrees of tonal value. For a more detailed guide on how to shade, check out this tutorial: How to shade.
Don't worry about shading too smoothly; the rough value gives the skin texture. Wyverns are mythical, so you can shade yours differently if you'd like. You can even color it! But shading can be time-consuming, so be patient and take breaks. If you make the value on the body as dark as the shadows, make the shadows darker.
Add some lines to the wings for veins. Make the spikes darker and draw a few lines on the chest for scales. If you'd like, you can add stripes to your wyvern using a darker value. For a more rough, almost granite-like texture, add squiggly lines all over the body. Don't overthink it. Just add random squiggly lines all over the body. Don't forget to pause the video to draw at your own pace.
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He applied the “Page 99 Test” to his new book, The Treasures of Alexander the Great: How One Man's Wealth Shaped the World, and reported the following:
Imagine judging a movie by watching its 99th minute, or asking customer number 99 whether to order the soup of the day, or worse yet, walking through a bookstore and reading page 99 of everything on the shelves. The catch, call it catch-99 if you wish, is that Ford Madox Ford’s random sample works only if the rule itself fails. The moment it succeeds and becomes common practice, film-makers will make sure that minute 99 is a thriller, restaurants will treat customer 99 to the finest cuisine, and publishers will tell typesetters to flag page 99 for special editing: Rules are made to be brokered. Meanwhile, for those curious about page 99 of The Treasures of Alexander the Great, it falls exactly half way through the text (the notes begin on page 199). Appropriately, page 99 reflects half the story. It captures the noble side of the young king’s character and conquests. There readers discover that Alexander singled out his mother and sister to share in his war-won wealth, and that his generosity extended as well to the royal women of Persia and to the wives, widows, and concubines of his soldiers. This is the good-hearted leader of the Greeks who warred to make a better world for winners and losers alike. He built cities and temples, funded the arts, honored the deities of diverse lands, and left money enough to raise the standard of living for generations to come. A different sampling, however, takes the reader into the darker corners of this great drama. The vast treasures that Alexander shared and invested were the spoils of war, and it does no good to bleach the blood out of history. War transfers wealth violently through battles, sieges, massacres, confiscations, enslavement, deportation, and even outright extermination. This book calculates as fully as possible not only the good that Alexander did in his short life, but also the evils that his victories unleashed.Learn more about The Treasures of Alexander the Great at the Oxford University Press website.
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This statement is both literal as well as figurative. While it connotes the actual numerical value of the mathematical concept of Pi, it also denotes the real-world applications of the formula, which enhances it figurative value in our lives. Pi is one of the more enduring as well as endearing concepts that make mathematics fun to learn!
Find your online maths tutor here.
First, a bit of history.
The symbol of Pi, "π" has been derived from two Greek words, viz. "περιφέρεια" (meaning periphery) and "περίμετρος" (meaning perimeter). The Welsh mathematician William Outright is the first documented user of the symbol in the year 1647. However, it only gained popularity in 1748 with the publication of Leonhard Euler’s “Introduction to Analysis of the Infinite.”
In mathematical terms, the formula Pi translates to the ratio between the circumference of a circle and its diameter. Pi is an irrational number and its approximation stands at 3.14 or 22/7.
“If it is merely another formula, why does Pi hold a unique place in mathematics?”
Read on to find out the fascinating story of this unassuming mathematical formula that, as you will discover, is essentially at the core of most things in our everyday life.
Tracing Origins and Evolution
- Going by historical and archaeological inquiries and records, it was the Babylonians who can be credited with the discovery of the value of Pi ( 2000 BCE). They achieved this feat by calculating the perimeter of a hexagon within a circle and then assuming that the ratio of this hexagonal perimeter to the circle’s circumference was 24/25.
- The Rhind Papyrus ( 1650 BCE), discovered in 1855 also indicates that ancient Egyptians studied and used Pi. We find mention of the value of Pi in the early historical Indian text, Shatapatha Brahmana (c. 700 BCE) as 25/8 (3,125).
In 250 BCE, the celebrated mathematician Archimedes devised a method to accurately determine the value of Pi and published his findings in the essay, 'Measurement of a Circle'. This mathematical genius astutely figured out ways to estimate the perimeters for polygons with twice as many sides, to arrive at the approximate value of 220/71 <Pi <22/7.
“Archimedes’ principles outlived him by two thousand years!”
Challenge yourself to find out how many of these mind-boggling mathematical paradoxes you know of!
Life after Archimedes
If you thought that scientific inquiry was a leisurely activity in the old world, you are grossly mistaken. Following Archimedes’ approximation of the value of Pi, there started a positive competition among contemporary mathematicians as well as those of posterity to determine more and more digits of Pi.
See the best maths tutorial on Superprof IN.
- 5 decimal places: Liu Hui adapted Archimedes’ approximation in the 3rd century CE to expand Pi decimals to the nearest one hundred-thousandth.
- 6 decimal places: Tsu Chung Chih followed it up by expanding Pi decimal to the nearest millionth (3.141592) in the 5th century CE.
- 14 decimal places: A further ten centuries down the line, Persian astronomer Jemshid al Kashi expanded Pi decimal to 14 decimal places.
“The race to expand the Pi decimal system did not affect the West until the 17th century CE when Leonardo da Pisa Fibonacci added an interesting twist to the enigmatic story of Pi.”
- 20 to 32 decimal places: German mathematician Ludolph Van Ceulen is credited with the determination of the first 20 decimals of Pi in 1596, using a whopping 480 billion sides of polygons (60 * 233). He then moved on to devise the first 32 decimals in the year 1615. To honour his contributions, the number Pi is also referred to as Number of Van Ceulen.
Heated Competition and a Matter of Prestige
The discovery of analysis and differential calculus proved to be a defining moment in the long evolutionary history of Pi. This led celebrated mathematicians such as John Wallis, James Stirling and Isaac Newton to deduce that Pi was not only geometrically perceived but also be found in the form of a series.
- From 71 to 100 decimal places: Abraham Sharp got to 71 correct decimal places of Pi in 1699, only to be outdone by John Machin in 1706 who expanded it to a 100 decimals using the arctan function.
- The advent of the modern-day computer is continuing to push Pi decimal expansion to several thousand billion. The mantle has now been transferred from human to machines. But, the human quest to broaden the horizons of knowledge is never-ending.
"Did you know that there is a group of individuals calling themselves the 1000-club who can recite the first thousand decimal places of Pi? Members include David Thomas (22,500 digits), Mark Aarøe Nissen (22544 digits)."
Still evolving, Pi has provided mathematicians with more mysteries and paradoxes than perhaps the entire gamut of mathematical theories!
The Properties that Make Pi Unique
As already mentioned, Pi is an irrational number. This means that cannot be written as a fraction of two whole numbers (like a rational number). Confused, yet?
Additionally, Pi decimals cannot be predicted. In fact, there exists no mathematical model, not even the mighty computer, on record that can predict Pi decimals. Now, that is unique indeed!
"The discovery of Pi was seen by ancient mathematicians as an affront to God!"
In The Realm of Transcendence
Pi is a transcendental number, which means it cannot be the solution to any polynomial equation with integer coefficients.
However, formulas bind Pi to other mathematical constants such as the Golden Ratio, which corresponds exactly to the construction methods of the Fibonacci sequence.
Is Pi normal?
Mathematicians are still debating whether Pi is a normal number. In other words, it is still a matter of conjecture if Pi can have a finite sequence of decimal places. This has ensured that interest in the concept of Pi has not diminished even after four millennia!
Pi is also an integral part of statistical and probability studies, as exemplified in Buffon’s needle problem.
There is a Pie in Everything!
Yes, you saw that right. Pi is an inescapable part of our everyday life experiences. And, we are not talking geometry classes alone.
Whenever you look at a circle, any circle (such as the Sun, or even a light bulb), you will know that you are looking at Pi.
"Even the famous uncertainty principle of Heisenberg has the presence of Pi in it."
Hey Cheops! Do you rest inside a pyramid or a Pi-ramid?
Ever wondered how advanced ancient Egyptians truly were in their spirit of inquiry? Just take a look at the magnificent pyramid, err…the Pi-ramid. Calculate the ratio between the perimeter of the base of the pyramid and double the height. Voila! You have your Pi. Was this intentional or a mere coincidence? Perhaps, we will never know.
The Marriage of Mathematics and Literature
For the sceptics who refuse to see the beauty of literature in mathematics or vice versa, here is some food for thought. Our beloved Pi seems to be a peacekeeper between worlds. Don’t believe us? Here is some poetry for inspiration. This is also a fun activity for coding enthusiasts and amateurs!
The following stanza gives thirteen digits of π:
See, I have a rhyme assisting
3 1 4 1 5 9
my feeble brain,
2 6 5
its tasks sometimes resisting.
3 5 9 9
Bet we got your interest piqued!
"Here is a fun fact to make you fall in love with Pi: two math teachers, A. Beveridge and J. Shan, used the mathematical Pi to figure out the lead character in GOT! Even if you are not a GOT fan, you simply cannot ignore the powerhouse that is Pi."
A Quick Wrap-up
We leave you with a few thoughts to ponder and decide if Pi truly deserves the attention and adulation of a mathematical enigma.
- Pi has a fascinating history that has kept mathematicians hooked to it for nearly 4000 years, across geographical boundaries.
- Mathematicians are still unravelling the secrets of Pi. This can only mean that the mystery is far more deep-rooted than originally thought. The symbol of Pi has become a universally celebrated icon.
- Studies into the concept of Pi have helped restore greatness to the subject of mathematics.
- A slew of extraordinary properties, unlike any of its mathematical peers, has made Pi a really special phenomenon. Scientists continue to explore and discover the everyday presence of Pi in our lives.
The greatness of Pi has been recognized by scientists and mathematicians the world over. To mark this, March 14th is celebrated as Pi Day. Now, that is what true devotion looks like. We won’t be surprised to find out that the symbol of Pi is worshipped as a God in some corner of the globe!
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Holi is just around the corner and Indians are leaving no stones unturned to ring in the festive celebrations. This year, the festival of colours would be celebrated on 2nd March 2018. In parts of Uttar Pradesh, Holi celebrations begin a week in advance. In regions of Braj and Mathura, men and women revel in the celebrations with a unique ritual called lath-maar Holi. Men go around with shields and women have the right to playfully beat them on their shields with sticks. Colours, water guns and traditional sweets and snacks make Holi one of the most loved and fun-filled festival of the subcontinent. Colours play a significant role in Holi celebrations. Smearing everybody in hues of different colours is symbolic of bridging the gap we have created amongst ourselves. On the day of Holi, people from different communities and regions come together and paint themselves with colours of love, compassion and unity. The popular saying, ‘Bura Na Maano Holi Hai’ carries the ethos of the unifying element of Holi. Anybody can apply gulal on anybody without feeling conscious about their position in the society.
Around this time of the year, markets are filled with colours of every kind. Many of these colours are sourced from cheap chemical-based ingredients that can possibly trigger a variety of skin allergies. These cheap chemical-based colours have become a rage today. In older times, people would make their own colours and play with them. Natural Holi colours are safe and quite easy-to-make. Here are some natural ways to make Holi colours.
The bright yellow gulal is a trademark of Holi, and also one of the most popularly purchased colours around the time of Holi. According to beauty expert Suparna Trikha, sandalwood powder/paste could be used to get a subtle yellow colour. The sandalwood stick can be beaten into powder or mixed with rosewater or coconut oil for a paste. Dried orange peels could also be used to churn out bright-hued yellow colour, says Suparna. Sun dry orange peels for over 2-3 days. Spread all the peels on a tray and cover with a thin cloth. Put all the dried peels into a food processor and grind till you get a fine powder.
(Also Read: Holi 2018 Special: 10 Savoury Dishes You Should Definitely Prepare This Holi!)
Go green this Holi with natural green colour made in the confines of your own home. Suparna says, “There are many ways in which you can get rich green colour. Spinach, neem powder and mint powder can be used to get a fine green colour”. Just make a paste, mix it in water and play!
(Also Read: Holi 2018: A Fully Prepared Holi Lunch Menu For A Memorable Holi Party)
Another Holi staple are cheeks smeared in bright red gulaal. Beauty expert Suparna Trikha says, “For a beautiful red colour, you can use rose petals.” Take a few rose petals and dry them under the sun for a few days. Crush the dried petals using a mixer. You can also add flour, if you want the colour in more quantity.
(Also Read: 10 Best Holi Recipes)
For a lovely pink colour, you can use beetroot. Sun dry beetroot bits for over 2-3 days. Grind all the dried beetroot bits in a food processor till you get a fine and pretty pink coloured powder. Mix besan or gram flour to the beetroot powder to up the quantity.
This Holi, say no to chemical-based colours and have a happy and safe Holi 2018!
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A quad-core CPU would certainly give developers more power to play with, but in order to be able to make full effect of this, existing apps would need to be rewritten. Depending on how well Apple puts together its SDK (Software Development Kit) then this could be simple or complex.
But the real issue related to a quad-core CPU isn't related to the apps. Instead, it's down to having to run off of a finite power source.
There's also no doubt that a beefier CPU would put a significant dent in battery life, so once again Apple is in a position where it is having to balance making the iPad more powerful against keeping battery life at an acceptable level. Both the first-generation iPad and the iPad 2 had a battery rated for 10 hours of usage. So I'd be surprised if Apple deviated from this figure with the iPad 3.
This means that the boffins at Apple are going to have to find more precious Watts from somewhere. Components that are more efficient will no doubt help, but it's hard to see how a quad-core CPU (especially if combined with a retina display screen and a more powerful GPU) won't need to be backed up by a bigger battery.
Then last week the rumors relating to the iPad 3's processor took an interesting twist when a photo surfaced on the Chinese forum WeiPhone purporting to be the new main board showing a processor (or more accurately, an SoC or System on a Chip) with A5X markings.
Most of the rumors relating to a quad-core part had suggested it would be called A6. A5X suggested a revised A5 processor rather than new part. If the photo was real (and I still have my doubts about it) then it seemed that the iPad 3 wasn't going to have a quad-core CPU after all.
Another rumor to the rescue … this time in the form of code snippets from the iOS 5.1 beta, which suggested that Apple has added support for two new processors, codenamed S5L8945X and S5L8950X. The original A4 chip in the iPad was called codenamed S5L8930X, while the A5 chip in the iPad 2 was S5L8940X.
This suggests that the S5L8945X could be an updated A5 processor, and that the S5L8950X is the new A6. Does this indicate for sure that Apple has two new iPad 3 processors in the pipeline?
No, it doesn’t. In fact, there are a number of reasons why Apple might do this. Apple might indeed be planning to release two flavors of iPad, each with different processors. But maybe these references are for development purposes, or maybe these codes don’t refer to iPad processors at all, but instead they’re for other devices that can run iOS.
I think that a faster processor in the iPad 3 is a given, and if Apple can squeeze in quad-core silicon, so much the better.
One of the key selling points of the iPhone 4S has been the built-in Siri voice assistant that lets you ask her (or him, depending on your country) all sorts of cool things. For instance, what the weather’s going to be like, details about upcoming appointment or even for suggestions on where to hide a dead body.
Given the popularity of Siri on the iPhone 4S, I think that it’s a no-brainer to suggest that the iPad 3 will come equipped with Siri. It’s just too good of a feature to pass up.
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January 10, 2013 article on CNET.com by Elizabeth Armstrong Moore
A new study finds the majority of doctors copying potentially out-of-date information from previous notes and other documents and pasting them into patient progress reports.
Ah, the old copy/paste. Such a handy keyboard shortcut for such a wide range of applications. But would you want your doctor using it while maintaining your oh-so-personal and unique-to-you medical records?
Because chances are good that your doc does, according to new research out of Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine. Excuse me while I take a moment to summarize, rather than copy and paste, some key findings from the research.
Assistant professor of medicine and lead author Daryl Thornton and his team scrutinized 2,068 electronic patient progress reports at an ICU in Cleveland. Some 62 residents and 11 attending physicians had their gloved hands in these documents over the course of five months as they updated the files of 135 patients.
Thanks to software typically used to detect plagiarism, the researchers found that 82 percent of residents’ notes and 74 percent of attending physicians’ notes contained material that had been copied from previous records or other documents. And the offending “material” was not just a phrase or two; at least 20 percent of the records had been inserted from elsewhere.
While the copying behavior may range from harmless time saving to the insertion of downright erroneous information, the researchers readily admit that they set out to find prevalence of copying and did not delve into why the physicians did this or what effect, if any, this behavior has on actual patient care.
And now, if I may be so bold as to copy from the study itself, the researchers conclude: “Further studies should focus on further elucidating the factors influencing copying in the ICU and the effects of copying on patient outcomes.”
For now, if you’d like to catch your own doctor in the act, simply request your medical records and see if they are current and appear to be about you. You should be able to see most of the notes, though in some states, such as New York, the physician can deny access to his or her “personal notes and observations.”
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Experiment on International Space Station aims to improve cancer detection
Tengfei Luo had certain hypotheses about what would happen during his scientific experiment, conducted in June aboard the International Space Station, to form water vapor bubbles in an environment without gravity.
His goal was to engineer material surfaces to make bigger bubbles that adhere to the surface rather than grow buoyant and detach like they do on Earth. He ended up getting both less and more than he expected in his first beyond-this-world experience.
“What I found interesting is that the bubbles did detach,” Luo said of the near real-time videos beamed back from space. “They did grow bigger than what we saw on Earth. There’s no gravity there, which means we’re probably seeing the physics we would like to see. There is a competition between other factors that led them to detach.”
Against expectations, Luo said, the bubbles grew slowly but suddenly detached at once while still at different sizes.
“If my previous hypothesis was correct, the bubbles will detach when they grow to a certain size,” he said. “But that didn’t seem to be the case, so we don’t know what’s going on and we need to find out.”
A SpaceX Falcon 9 rocket launched from Cape Canaveral on June 3, 2021. It connected with the ISS two days later, and astronauts inserted the experiment the following day. It returned to Earth on another resupply flight about a month later.
Luo ultimately hopes to use bubbles to concentrate biomarkers in blood samples so that cancer can be detected and treated far earlier. To get there, the professor in the Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering at Notre Dame needs to better understand the competing physical forces involved in the dynamics of bubbles.
In a time when science is under assault from people who doubt its advice about everything from masks to vaccines, Luo is excited that his experiment did not follow his expectations.
Instead, it opened up new doors of inquiry.
Besides unexpected results, there was a glitch in the experiment. The camera inside the fully automated, self-contained experiment box failed to move to three different bubble-blowing surfaces down the line after capturing video of the first one.
Still, Luo estimates he accomplished about 70 percent of his goals.
“We got some valuable information,” Luo said. “I think it’s a good start. We do believe what we learned from the attempt can potentially lead us to design better things in biodetection.”
Luo was born in China and came to the United States in 2005 to get his doctoral degree at Michigan State University. After postdoctoral work at MIT, he landed a job at Notre Dame and started a lab studying molecular-level energy and mass transport.
Renamed the MONSTER (Molecular/Nano-Scale Transport and Energy Research) Lab in 2019, Luo’s group hopes to improve diagnostic capabilities for life-threatening diseases, including certain cancers, by better understanding how bubbles form, grow and detach from solid surfaces with different nanoscale features. If cancerous cells can be collected through bubbles when they are still at low concentrations, then this method could increase sensitivity and improve early cancer detection.
In a 2020 study published in Advanced Materials Interfaces, Luo successfully used laser heating to generate bubbles in a solution containing biological molecules. The researchers found they could attract those biomolecules to the bubble and deposit them on the surface, creating a “highly concentrated island.” The National Science Foundation provided funding for biosensing research.
“We are proposing to use this bubble method to concentrate when we collect, for example, a blood or saliva sample,” Luo said. “We want to concentrate the biomolecules to a small location so that we have higher density of these biomarkers so that they can be more easily detected.”
The biomarkers take some time to transport to the surface of the bubble in a phenomenon called Marangoni flow, so the bigger the bubble and the longer it can be maintained without detaching, the better. The biomarkers then quickly drain to the base of the bubble and are deposited there, where they can be measured.
Several competing factors can influence bubble dynamics: gravity, which affects the buoyancy of a bubble; capillary force, which is at the interface of the bubble and a solid surface; and the minimization of surface tension due to the bubble trying to be spherical in the liquid. Luo’s experiment aboard the ISS tested how bubbles behave in the absence of gravity.
“The capillary force pins the bubble on the surface,” Luo said. “But the bubble wants to complete its perfect spherical shape. And then, under gravity you have the surface tension and buoyancy working together. We cannot decouple these forces. But on the ISS, we’re able to decouple them. Then we can better understand how the bubble dynamics get influenced by these different factors.”
The unexpected detachment of his bubbles in the ISS experiment calls for further study, Luo said. That will include detailed analysis of high-resolution videos and terrestrial experiments.
“We want to find out what is the key mechanism that’s dominating the bubble detachment,” Luo said. “If the capillary force is the one, then that would give us opportunity to tune the surface condition, so that the bubble can grow larger, and the larger the bubble we get the more sensitive our biosensors can get.”
Liftoff Into Space
Luo has been working toward the experiment on the ISS since about 2015. His team realized zero-gravity spaces that can be artificially created would not last long enough for his experiments.
“Being a Notre Dame grad, I wanted to see Notre Dame really move forward in space research for different types of benefits, especially back here on Earth.” —Jonathan Volk
Around the same time, Jonathan Volk, a Notre Dame engineering alumnus working at the Center for the Advancement of Science in Space (CASIS) came to Notre Dame to promote scientific work on the ISS. Volk set up a meeting with former dean Peter Kilpatrick and Mark McCready, then chair of chemical and biomolecular engineering, and several interested faculty.
“Being a Notre Dame grad, I wanted to see Notre Dame really move forward in space research for different types of benefits, especially back here on Earth,” said Volk, who is now director of commercialization strategies for a consulting company called Space Commerce Matters, which promotes science and commercialization in space. “The experiment Tengfei wanted to propose has great terrestrial applications in health care, looking at nanoparticles, and also for water purification.”
CASIS focuses on space research with terrestrial applications, while the better-known NASA focuses on research and exploration affecting space. Volk gave several examples of past CASIS projects: Proctor and Gamble improving the shelf life of their cleaning products, Delta researching droplet formulation to use less water in showers, and Goodyear experimenting in silica to make tires more environmentally friendly.
Luo received funding from CASIS and began work on the ISS project in 2018, but encountered a number of delays, including postponement due to the COVID-19 pandemic. For the experiment, he needed a device that could create a water bubble and record visuals and readings of the bubble’s behavior without the use of a laser or biomolecules — which would have cost more and created safety hazards.
“We are doing fundamental research,” Luo said. “We design the experiment, but somebody needs to convert that idea into a fully automated, flight-ready apparatus.”
Luo said the first implementation partner got halfway through the project and said it would need another million dollars to finish. So he found a new partner, Space Tango, to build a container lab that can be inserted into a slot on the ISS and run on its own. Space Tango specializes in designing and building automated hardware for use in space.
The experiment is housed in a small cube, known as a CubeLab, which is equipped with four fluid compartments, thermal capabilities to heat the surfaces, and four different copper surfaces with different scales of structures, or engineered surfaces, ranging from 100 nanometers to a few microns.
“We think there may be a structure size that can provide the optimal pinning force to grow a larger, more stable bubble,” he said.
The CubeLab experiments on each substrate only took a few minutes, but they had to be repeated several times, and there was a cooling time of several hours between each bubble heating. The total run time was about three weeks. Unfortunately, a camera malfunction prevented it from moving to the other three substrates to record video for comparative purposes. Luo and his team did receive temperature and pressure readings as well as heating power values, in addition to high-resolution videos of the first position with the smallest nanostructure surface.
“We are going to do a deep dive into the videos in the next two weeks to see what interesting things we can find,” Luo said in August. “The data from the one surface we got can already shed light on the importance of gravity on the bubble dynamics.”
Luo isn’t deterred. He said the experience has been unique and the results interesting. He understands that scientific experiments inherently involve risk in order to push the boundaries of human knowledge. Space Tango has indicated it plans to send the CubeLab to the ISS again. In the meantime, Luo may devise a workaround here on Earth.
“We can potentially develop some computational models with certain assumptions and use the ISS experimental results to validate these models,” Luo said. “We then use these models to predict what would have happened for other surfaces that we were not able to capture.”
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Nature or nurture? A seemingly simple question, yet one that has taxed philosophers and scientists almost without interruption since the turn of the last millennium.
Still, with few exceptions, no scientist today would sincerely argue that human behaviour is a matter of either nature or nurture. Rather, almost everyone agrees that it is the interaction between the two that is of significance.
So, if everyone is an interactionist, why all the fuss? For one thing, the belief that nature (read genes) somehow causes behaviour, or what the historian of science André Pichot has termed “DNA-mania” remains unstintingly popular. The most fashionable exposition of this view can be traced back to the publication of Richard Dawkins’s The Selfish Gene, in which he made the case for a gene’s-eye view of human behaviour.
In the 30 years since the publication of The Selfish Gene, a great many pages have been devoted to what can sometimes seem a lost battle against DNA-mania. The latest addition to this literature, Denis Noble’s The Music of Life, is perhaps also the most eloquent.
At the heart of this book is a direct rebuttal of Dawkinsian-inspired biology. But unlike many similar accounts, which often descend into vitriol in their condemnation of Dawkins and the science he unleashed, Noble tries not to take sides. The main difficulty with The Selfish Gene, he writes, is that it is misunderstood. Dawkins’s gene-centred view of the world was only ever meant as “a colourful metaphor to interpret scientific discovery in a particular way”.
But like all metaphors, Dawkins’s gene-centred view only retains its usefulness so long as we recognise that it remains just that – a metaphor. It is not a scientific hypothesis, to be tested and examined empirically. Rather, it is a useful way of conceptualising one particular explanation of the human condition, in this instance a reductionist view of organisms.
Noble’s point is that Dawkins’s metaphor is not the only one available. And so he sets about revising many of Dawkins’ original concepts, giving new meaning to what were once – and sometimes still are – considered scientific fact.
Noble’s alternative, what he calls “systems biology” and elsewhere described as developmental systems theory, is that to understand human behaviour requires an analysis of the different levels at which it takes place and the interaction between those different levels.
To privilege the genes as the primary cause of behaviour makes little sense, whether empirically or metaphorically. Leave behind the deadweight of DNA-mania, and we may just begin to see how the development of an individual organism is the consequence of a unique web of interactions between its genes, complex molecular interactions within and across cells, as well as the nature and consequence of physical, biological and socio-cultural environments through which it passes during development.
These developmental dynamics must be incorporated into any plausible account of how an organism forms, grows and changes over the course of its life. Systems biology is based on an appreciation of this constant interplay between nature and nurture, biology and experience, yet such an appreciation remains lacking in most accounts of human behaviour, including many that claim to be “interactionist”.
It is difficult to say just what impact Noble’s book will have on both academic and lay circles. After all, others have made very similar points, sometimes more comprehensively. But perhaps if enough readers pick up this articulate book, Noble’s goal may yet be achieved – a radical switch of perception in which life emerges as a process, as “the ebb and flow of activity in an intricate web of connections”.
Women between revolution and counter-revolution
Animated film retells Anne Frank’s story
A pick of the highlights
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“Industry has long fascinated PLoS Medicine, but our focus on food is new.” In an editorial today, the editors introduce the PLoS Medicine series on Big Food that includes 8 articles publishing over the next 3 weeks, each critically examining the influence of the food industry in the health arena.
The truth is, the series was almost a year in gestation. As editors we started thinking about the food and beverage industries in early 2011 after it was revealed that the UK government rather shamelessly appointed representatives from the drinks industry to committees determining national public health policy, which led us to write an editorial admonishing medical journals (ourselves included):
If medical journals and public health advocates are concerned with corporate conflicts of interest, inappropriate marketing to children, impotent self-regulation, and general flouting of the rules, why are we ignoring the alcohol industry?
We began to think critically about our role as a journal. Any medical journal editor will tell you that “food and drink” studies get a lot of attention—they’re well read, often covered by the press, and seem to resonate with readers interested in bettering their health and bodies. We realized, though, that our “food and drink” studies tend to focus on personal behaviour as the source of health problems (over/eating, drinking) rather than on the industry behaviour that shapes our food choices and consumption.
So, a series on Big Food was born.
I was delighted when Marion Nestle, preeminent scholar on the topic of food politics whose books and blog continue to track the activities of the food industry, accepted my invitation to serve as guest editor. (There is no relation between Professor Nestle and the Nestlé company, by the way.) Bringing in David Stuckler’s expertise in sociology and the political economy complemented Marion’s nutrition expertise and together we brainstormed ideas and authors.
There was no shortage of topics to address – from the epidemiology of risky foods and the marketing and lobbying activities of the food and beverage industries to the dual crisis of overproduction and food insecurity, functional foods, food safety and environmental issues, as well as engagement tactics with industry. The list goes on and on.
An extra challenge was finding authors from around the world, especially the developing world. Disappointingly, many had already established links with food companies (including some prominent groups, which surprised me)—authors with industry ties were not permitted to write for the series per our editorial policies and the goals of the series.
In addition to perspectives from countries around the world, we are delighted to be publishing contributions from leading scholars in the area such as Raj Patel, author of Stuffed and Starved, whose Wikipedia profile describes him as “the rock star of social justice writing” and Kelly Brownell, director of the Rudd Center for Food Policy and Obesity, a frequent commentator on the obesity epidemic who has called the food industry “powerful, pernicious and predatory.”
It’s the great joy of being a general medical editor—I’ve learned so much from our guest editors and authors about the place of Big Food in the health arena, not least that interest and journalism around the subject are growing, and the examination of the role of the food industry is more and more a matter of global health concern. We’re happy to be part of the debate.
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There is no special diet for hypothyroidism. Only thing is certain things should be avoided as they affect thyroxine hormone action. So avoid soy beans, soy containing products, cabbage, cauliflower, broccoli, radish, mustard and coffee. Plus should use whole grain flour for roti and chapati. Also should consume good deal of green leafy vegetables, salads and fruits. Also should avoid high fat containing milk products, sweetened aerated drinks, highly processed food products. Plus a daily exercise of at least 1 hour is required.
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Book appointment with top doctors for Diet Chart treatment
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Large bells such as this were common in the Edo period to mark time for communities. They were often paid for by collecting coins from parishes and locales, and then melted down for the metal. These bells are clapper-less and were struck with a large wooden beam. With the introduction of Western clocks into Japan, fewer large bells, like this one, were needed. Modernity also called for replacing the traditional calendar based on the zodiac with a January to December year. Bells continued to be made, but their use was more commemorative and ceremonial than practical.
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WHAT IS STUDENT GROUP TRAINING?
Essentially, it's where we give you all the information you need to operate as a committee and prepare for term one. We go over all the basics from how to put on events, to how to spend your group funds. The training is essential for your group, and all of the sessions should be attended by at least one representative from your committee.
The essential training day for committee members of sports and societies.
On this training day you will cover the following:
- Intro to GSU
- Representing UoG & GSU
- Health and Safety
- Marketing and GDPR
It is crucial as President, Chair or Treasurer that you attend this session as you will not be able to attend welcome fairs, run trial sessions or operate as a society or team.
Register to attend to ensure you get all the information you need in the run-up to this training session.
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The database contains cumulative bibliographical information on books translated and published in about one hundred of the UNESCO Member States between 1979 and 2009 and totals more than 2.000.000 entries in all disciplines: literature, social and human sciences, natural and exact sciences, art, history and so forth.
The references registered before 1979 can be found in the printed editions of the Index Translationum, available in all National depository libraries and at the UNESCO library in Paris.
By publishing this list, to serve as a reference work, UNESCO provides the general public with an irreplaceable tool for making bibliographical inventories of translations on a worldwide scale. International cooperation makes the "Index Translationum" a work tool that is unique in the world. Each year, the bibliography centres or national libraries in the participating countries send the UNESCO Secretariat bibliographical data on translated books in all fields of knowledge. Periodicals, articles from periodicals, patents and brochures are not included.
Index Translationum celebrated its 80th anniversary in 2012. To celebrate this day, a debate on the usefulness and the future of this tool was hold on April 23rd, 2012 at UNESCO’s Headquarters.
This event brought together Index Translationum users as well as experts in translation field and book marketing specialists.
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EPISODE 1 of Seeking For a New Port meets the surfers of Alaska.
"The idea behind Seeking For a New Port is to touch base with watermen, artists, and surfers from Alaska to South America." Said Adam de Wolfe "Learning how they create balance between the virtual world and real world. Marc-Andre Laurin and the crew will be examining how computers have changed where these creatives live, surf, and relationships they have with kids and friends and over all lives."
This series of shorts attempts to wrestle with the changing face of today's world, examining how tech can both add and exclude you from the natural world.
This project will be jumping in episodic bounds down the West Coast of the Americas, from Alaska's northern tip to the southern reaches of South America. Next stop Tofino, Canada.
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The Hong Kong Special Administrative Region (HKSAR) government refuted claims made by a group of overseas politicians and individuals in an open letter to Chief Executive Carrie Lam. The allegations were considered unfounded and misguided.
The letter called for an international-level probe into the role of Hong Kong police in the protests, if Lam fails to set up an independent panel for the purpose.
"We are gravely concerned that the claims in their letter are biased and misleading. The HKSAR government must rebut them to ensure they truly understand the extent of violence by radical protesters and the attacks they have made on the police and citizens," the government spokesman said.
Over the past six months' unrest, no protesters have been killed as a result of direct police action, while several policemen have been seriously injured, according to the report published on the government official website.
This is the stark reality that foreign politicians and organizations, including the signatories of the open letter, must be made aware of, it added.
The spokesman also stressed that police do not initiate actions against protesters and only respond with appropriate and proportionate force when protesters take part in illegal activities.
"The HKSAR government fully recognizes that freedom and the rule of law are the core values of Hong Kong and the cornerstone of our long-term prosperity and stability, and the HKSAR government is determined to safeguard these core values at all times," the spokesman further stated.
The spokesman made clear that since Hong Kong's return to the motherland, the "One Country, Two Systems" principle and the high degree of autonomy had been faithfully implemented in strict accordance with the Basic Law of the HKSAR.
The Basic Law clearly stipulates that the HKSAR is an inalienable part of the People's Republic of China (PRC). Foreign politicians and organizations should not interfere in any form in the internal affairs of the HKSAR, the spokesman emphasized.
"Such action, coupled with the threat of Magnitsky sanctions, would be a gross interference in Hong Kong's governance and autonomy as well as the sovereignty of our nation. No government would tolerate such action or bow to such pressure," the spokesman added.
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Rhuddlan, Denbighshire, UK
Rhuddlan castle was built by Edward I between 1277 and 1282 on the River Clwyd. The river was deepened to allow ships to bring in supplies to the castle rivergate.
In 1284, the Statute of Rhuddlan officially brought Wales under English rule.
Use your mouse to move around the map of Rhuddlan Castle
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When it comes to Iraq, reporters appear intent on omitting or fabricating news.
The latest battles in Basra, Iraq’s second largest city and a vital oil seaport, furnished ample instances of misleading and manipulative practice in corporate journalism today. One commonly used tactic is to describe events using self-styled or “official” terminology, which deliberately confuses the reader by giving no real indication or analysis of what is actually happening.
Regardless of the outcome of the fighting that commenced upon the Iraqi army’s march to Basra 24 March, and which proved disastrous for Prime Minister Nuri Al-Maliki, we have been repeatedly “informed” of highly questionable assumptions. Most prominent amongst them is that the “firebrand” and “radical” Moqtada Al-Sadr — leader of the millions-strong Shia Sadr Movement — led a group of “renegades”, “thugs” and “criminals” to terrorise the strategically important city. Naturally, Al-Maliki is portrayed as the exact opposite of Al-Sadr. When the former descended on Basra with his 40,000-strong US- trained and equipped legions, we were circuitously told that the long-awaited move was cause for celebration. The media also suggested we had no reason to doubt Al-Maliki’s intentions when he promised to restore “law and order” and “cleanse” the city, or to question his determination when he described the Basra crusade as “a fight to the end”. If anyone was still unsure of Al-Maliki’s noble objectives they could be reassured by the Bush administration’s repeated verbal backings, one of which described the Basra battle as “a defining moment”.
Reporters parroted such assumptions with little scrutiny. Even thorough journalists seemed oblivious to the known facts: that the Iraqi army largely consists of Shia militias affiliated with a major US ally in Iraq, Abdul-Aziz Al-Hakim and his Supreme Islamic Council for the Islamic Revolution in Iraq (SCIRI); that the SCIRI’s Al-Badr militias have rained terror on the Iraqi people — mostly Sunnis, but increasingly Shias as well — for years; that the Sadr movement and SCIRI are in fierce contest for control of Iraq’s southern provinces, and that the US allies are losing ground quickly to the Sadr Movement, which might cost them the upcoming provincial elections scheduled for October 1, 2008; that the US wanted to see the defeat and demise of Sadr supporters before that crucial date because a victory for Sadr is tantamount to the collapse of the entire American project predicated on the need to privatise Iraqi oil and bring about a “soft” partitioning of the country.
Al-Hakim is pushing for what is being termed a super Shia province with its centre in Basra; Sadr is demanding a unified Iraq with a strong central government. Al-Hakim wishes to see a permanent American presence in the country; Sadr insists on a short timetable for withdrawal. The US’s major quandary is that Sadr reflects the views of most Iraqis. His possible victory in the south in fair elections could position him as the new nationalist leader, and a unifying force for Iraqis.
What we are rarely told is that Al-Maliki, although prime minister, is helpless without the validation of Al-Hakim. The latter’s SCIRI is the main party in the ruling bloc in the Iraqi parliament. Al-Maliki’s own Daawa Party is smaller and much less popular. In order for the coalition to survive another term, Sadr needed to suffer a major and humiliating defeat. Indeed, it was a “defining moment”, but the “criminal gangs” of Basra — and Najaf, Karbala, Diwaniyah, Kut and Hillah — have proven much stronger than the seemingly legitimate Iraqi Security Forces (ISF) and their Al-Badr militias. Even the atrocious US bombardment of Basra proved of little value, despite many civilian deaths. More, the additional thousands of recruits shoved into the battlefield — tribal gunmen lured by promises of money and power by Al-Maliki — also made little difference. News analysts concluded that the strength of the “criminal gangs” was underestimated, thus someone had to be blamed.
First, Al-Maliki was blamed for acting alone without consulting with the US government. Even presidential candidate John McCain jumped at the opportunity to chastise Bush’s man in Iraq for supposedly acting on his own behest. US Ambassador to Iraq Ryan C. Crocker was quoted in the April 3 New York Times as saying, “the sense we had was that this would be a long-term effort: increased pressure gradually squeezing the Special Groups.” Really? Would the US allow Al-Maliki to execute a “long-term effort” — which is costly financially, politically and militarily — without its full consent, if not orders?
Second, blame was shifted onto Iran. The media parroted these accusations again with palpable omissions. It is true that Sadr is backed by Iran. It is partly true that he is serving an Iranian agenda. But what is conveniently forgotten is that Iran’s strongest ally in Iraq is Al-Hakim’s SCIRI, and that the central government in Baghdad considers Tehran a friend and ally. Indeed, it was pressure from the latter that weakened Al-Maliki’s resolve in a matter of days. On March 24, Al-Maliki announced his “fight to the end”, and on April 4 he ordered a halt to the fighting and compensation for the families of the “martyrs”. What took place during this short window of time is an Iran-brokered agreement.
Naturally, skewed reporting leads to slanted conclusions. No, the lesson learnt is not that the Iraqi army requires more training and funds, which would necessitate the US and other forces to prolong their stay in the country. It is rather that the tide has turned so fast in Iraq, whereby the new enemy is now largely Shia, and one which envisions a unified and free Iraq which controls its own resources; that Iran’s influence in Iraq has morphed to the point of guaranteeing a win-win situation, while the US is playing with a lot fewer cards; that US firepower has proven less effective than ever, and that the upcoming elections could create a nightmare scenario whose consequences could remove the sectarian label from Iraqi violence and replace it with a nationalist one.
Reporters can be quisling, incompetent and parrots of official accounts. Regardless, no matter how they wish to term it, the battle of Basra is likely to change the nature of the US fight in Iraq for years to come.
RAMZY BAROUD teaches mass communication at Curtin University of Technology and is the author of The Second Palestinian Intifada: A Chronicle of a People’s Struggle. He is also the editor-in-chief of PalestineChronicle.com. He can be contacted at: firstname.lastname@example.org
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Walk the talk on punishment of Philex mine disaster, DENR told
GREEN group Kalikasan-People’s Network for the Environment challenged the Department of Environment and Natural Resources (DENR) to walk the talk of holding the Philex Mining Corporation accountable for the recent mining disaster it caused in its Pacal Mine in Itogon, Benguet by exercising its police powers. This was in response to the exchanges between Philex and DENR on the mining company’s refusal to pay the P1.034 billion fine imposed on them.
“DENR is mandated to oversee, supervise and police our natural resources but we have yet to see this in the series of tailings dam failures caused by Philex. All operations of Philex should be immediately closed and their permits cancelled for defying the law in the same breath that DENR ordered and easily enforced the closure of countless dumps, saw mills and other environmentally destructive operations in the past, This is in fact long called for, as this is not the first time that Philex has skirted responsibility for its mining disasters,” said Clemente Bautista, national coordinator of Kalikasan PNE.
Records of mining disasters since 1982 have pegged the number of tailings dam failures that occurred in the various mining projects of Philex to be at least five. This included the collapse of the Padcal Mine’s older tailings pond that spilled 80 million metric tons which went unpunished.
“The issue with Philex goes beyond their refusal to pay for the pollution of Balog and Agno River. The greater issue at hand is why these irresponsible miners that are historically serial offenders to our environmental laws are still not met with action that has teeth. Even with just preliminary independent data at hand, the causality of Philex’s negligence and the resultant biological death of the affected Balog River should have elicited a stronger penal reaction from DENR,” Bautista reiterated.
Kalikasan PNE cited the initial findings of the recent environmental investigation mission (EIM) that it co-conducted with other people’s organizations and cause-oriented formations from October 26-28, 2012. No signs of aquatic organisms were observed during the EIM’s assessment of biological indicators in the waters of Balog River and its confluence with Agno River.
“The scent of rotten fish pervaded the air, indicating the possibility of fish kills induced by the deluge of mine tailings. It complimented our observations of the high turbidity of the affected waters, which prevents the penetration of sunlight and have likely affected the productivity of aquatic vegetation and massively disrupted the food chain,” Bautista recalled.
The EIM also gathered water and sediment samples to assess the levels of total suspended solids (TSS) and the toxic heavy metals in the affected water bodies. Laboratory results are still pending.
“Philex cannot keep hiding behind their ‘Force Majeure’ card as it was clearly established that the company used their tailings dam beyond its lifespan, making it structurally compromised. Reliable 50 and 100-year rainfall records in Padcal are respectively pegged at 658.6mm and 731.3mm, clearly above the amounts that came from the typhoon and monsoon storms blamed for the period. This proves that Philex failed to anticipate the flood risks,” said Bautista.
“This wanton disregard for strictly ensuring environmental safety warrants the closure of Philex’s operations. This cannot happen again, and letting Philex off the hook sets the precedent for its continued lax management of its mines. It also emboldens other irresponsible large-scale miners to do the same,” Bautista said.
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We live in a society of total consumption: not just the physical consumption of things but also the conceptual consumption of ideas. We’re always on the lookout for tasty new morsels of information and unusual experiences to add to our ever-expanding mental collections.
Mere things like your wattle and daub hut, several oxen and a shiny necklace are no longer impressive; now you need to have followed the Inca trail, formed an opinion on G. K. Chesterton’s Christian apologetics and be familiar with the Higgs boson’s role in a grand unified theory.
Negative conceptual consumption
The idea that people are voracious consumers of concepts is far from new, but it is only just starting to filter into the psychological literature. In an article published in the new Annual Review of Psychology, Dan Ariely and Michael I. Norton point out that conceptual consumption is especially useful for explaining why people choose certain types of apparently negative experiences (Ariely & Norton, 2009; PDF).
Take horror movies for example. Over the years all sorts of explanations have been offered for why people voluntarily expose themselves to scary movies: that there is a certain type of pleasure mixed in with the fear (Andrade & Cohen, 2007); that they are relieved when it’s over; that they enjoy the ‘rush’ while knowing there is no threat. But as any horror nut will tell you, there’s more to it than that.
Horror movies may be a minority taste but there are all sorts of other common situations in which people choose experiences they know are going to be unpleasant. In a study carried out by Keinan and Kivetz (2008) participants were offered the choice of a free trip to either a Marriott Hotel in Florida or an ice hotel in Quebec. Strangely (for me anyway!) the majority preferred the ice hotel despite thinking the Marriot would be more pleasurable.
People will also happily make strange choices about food. In another study by Keinan and Kivetz (2008) participants were offered a choice between ‘normal’ flavours of ice-cream and a tasty bowl of bacon ice-cream. By now you’ll be unsurprised to learn that many preferred bacon flavour despite knowing it would be less pleasurable.
The experiential CV
All three of these examples are partly explained by people’s desire for conceptual consumption. When people choose the ice hotel, the scary movie and the bacon ice-cream, they are choosing more than just the experience itself. They know the movie will frighten them, the icy bed will be uncomfortable and the bacon ice-cream will be weird, but there is a clear payoff in conceptual consumption. It’s not just bragging rights, they also like the very idea of each of these things and they want to ‘possess’ the experience.
It’s also about self-image. People want to see themselves, and be seen by others, as interesting people who choose a variety of different experiences for themselves. It’s what Keinan and Kivetz refer to as ticking the boxes on our experiential CVs. Collecting experiences is really very similar to collecting bottle-tops, postcards or Furbies, but much cooler — perhaps because the balance of consumption is weighted away from the physical and more towards the conceptual.
Positive conceptual consumption
The fact that conceptual consumption can be used to understand why people choose apparently negative experiences is it’s strength. Why people might choose positive experiences is less of a mystery, but the idea can still expose some interesting quirks:
- Feature creep: people frequently choose products with many features which they never use. This may be primarily so they can then show off their purchase to others. Just the idea of having a better camera than other people is enough to snuff out boring thoughts about usability. Of course manufacturers are well aware of this, hence electronics are packed with endless features most of us never use.
- Charity: giving to charity seems to confer positive benefits on the giver. Giving our own money to others does actually seem to make us happier than spending it on ourselves (Dunn, Aknin & Norton, 2008). Here it’s possible that the idea of charity makes us happier than having the money or equivalent goods.
- Second Life: people in virtual worlds happily convert their real-world money into virtual money to buy clothes for their avatars (the object representing themeselves) or to decorate their virtual homes. When viewed through the lens of conceptual consumption this makes perfect sense.
Looking around, conceptual consumption is everywhere. Things like books, TV programmes, blogs, newspapers and magazines — all of which give us new ideas and new ways of seeing the world — are just the tip of the iceberg. Even what we might think of as primarily physical consumption isn’t really that physical after all. Advertisers understand this only too well: what they are trying to sell aren’t just products but ideas, often in the form of ‘lifestyles’.
As Ariely and Norton point out even something as simple as eating a cookie is fraught with conceptual questions. What about the diet we just started? Is the cookie organic? What will our co-workers think if they see us eating it? The questions go on and on.
Our minds love consuming concepts almost as much as our bodies crave food. Like our appetite for food, though, our appetite for ideas is only satisfied for a short period before we become hungry again, so hopefully this nugget of conceptual consumption will keep you going until the next click…
→ This post is part of a series on consumer psychology:
- How Beliefs and Values Influence What Tastes Good
- Six Psychological Reasons Consumer Culture is Unsatisfying
- Buying Green is About Being Seen
- Faking It: The Psychological Cost
- Why Loud Music in Bars Increases Alcohol Consumption
- Why Do People Watch Scary Movies, Stay in Ice Hotels or Eat Bacon-Flavoured Ice-Cream?
- How to Choose Between Experiential and Material Purchases
- Ads For Unhealthy Foods Increase Children’s Consumption 45%
- Diners Spend More In Lavender-Scented Restaurant
- Barry Schwartz on Why Too Much Choice is Bad for Us
- Sex Doesn’t Sell (Neither Does Violence)
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It drew out her long look, and he soon enough saw why. A spasm came into her face, the tears she had already been unable to hide overflowed at first in silence, and then, as the sound suddenly comes from a child, quickened to gasps, to sobs. She sat and covered her face with her hands, giving up all attempt at a manner. "It's how you see me, it's how you see me" — she caught her breath with it — "and it's as I AM, and as I must take myself, and of course it's no matter." Her emotion was at first so incoherent that he could only stand there at a loss, stand with his sense of having upset her, though of having done it by the truth. He had to listen to her in a silence that he made no immediate effort to attenuate, feeling her doubly woeful amid all her dim diffused elegance; consenting to it as he had consented to the rest, and even conscious of some vague inward irony in the presence of such a fine free range of bliss and bale. He couldn't say it was NOT no matter; for he was serving her to the end, he now knew, anyway — quite as if what he thought of her had nothing to do with it. It was actually moreover as if he didn't think of her at all, as if he could think of nothing but the passion, mature, abysmal, pitiful, she represented, and the possibilities she betrayed. She was older for him to-night, visibly less exempt from the touch of time; but she was as much as ever the finest and subtlest creature, the happiest apparition, it had been given him, in all his years, to meet; and yet he could see her there as vulgarly troubled, in very truth, as a maidservant crying for her young man. The only thing was that she judged herself as the maidservant wouldn't; the weakness of which wisdom too, the dishonour of which judgement, seemed but to sink her lower. Her collapse, however, no doubt, was briefer and she had in a manner recovered herself before he intervened. "Of course I'm afraid for my life. But that's nothing. It isn't that."
He was silent a little longer, as if thinking what it might be. "There's something I have in mind that I can still do."
But she threw off at last, with a sharp sad headshake, drying her eyes, what he could still do. "I don't care for that. Of course, as I've said, you're acting, in your wonderful way, for yourself; and what's for yourself is no more my business — though I may reach out unholy hands so clumsily to touch it — than if it were something in Timbuctoo. It's only that you don't snub me, as you've had fifty chances to do — it's only your beautiful patience that makes one forget one's manners. In spite of your patience, all the same," she went on, "you'd do anything rather than be with us here, even if that were possible. You'd do everything for us but be mixed up with us — which is a statement you can easily answer to the advantage of your own manners. You can say 'What's the use of talking of things that at the best are impossible?' What IS of course the use? It's only my little madness. You'd talk if you were tormented. And I don't mean now about HIM. Oh for him — !" Positively, strangely, bitterly, as it seemed to Strether, she gave "him," for the moment, away. "You don't care what I think of you; but I happen to care what you think of me. And what you MIGHT," she added. "What you perhaps even did."
He gained time. "What I did — ?"
"Did think before. Before this. DIDn't you think — ?"
But he had already stopped her. "I didn't think anything. I never think a step further than I'm obliged to."
"That's perfectly false, I believe," she returned — "except that you may, no doubt, often pull up when things become TOO ugly; or even, I'll say, to save you a protest, too beautiful. At any rate, even so far as it's true, we've thrust on you appearances that you've had to take in and that have therefore made your obligation. Ugly or beautiful — it doesn't matter what we call them — you were getting on without them, and that's where we're detestable. We bore you — that's where we are. And we may well — for what we've cost you. All you can do NOW is not to think at all. And I who should have liked to seem to you — well, sublime!"
He could only after a moment re-echo Miss Barrace. "You're wonderful!"
"I'm old and abject and hideous" — she went on as without hearing him. "Abject above all. Or old above all. It's when one's old that it's worst. I don't care what becomes of it — let what WILL; there it is. It's a doom — I know it; you can't see it more than I do myself. Things have to happen as they will." With which she came back again to what, face to face with him, had so quite broken down. "Of course you wouldn't, even if possible, and no matter what may happen to you, be near us. But think of me, think of me — !" She exhaled it into air.
He took refuge in repeating something he had already said and that she had made nothing of. "There's something I believe I can still do." And he put his hand out for good-bye.
She again made nothing of it; she went on with her insistence. "That won't help you. There's nothing to help you."
"Well, it may help YOU," he said.
She shook her head. "There's not a grain of certainty in my future — for the only certainty is that I shall be the loser in the end."
She hadn't taken his hand, but she moved with him to the door. "That's cheerful," he laughed, "for your benefactor!"
"What's cheerful for ME," she replied, "is that we might, you and I, have been friends. That's it — that's it. You see how, as I say, I want everything. I've wanted you too."
"Ah but you've HAD me!" he declared, at the door, with an emphasis that made an end.
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The duration of Bagong Buwan is 1.83 hours.
bagong buwan ............ _mk lavato
Bagong buwan - 2001 is rated/received certificates of: Philippines:PG-13
Bagong Liwanag was created in 2007.
Kilusang Bagong Lipunan was created in 1978.
Ang Bagong Kampeon was created on 1985-07-01.
Bagong Alyansang Makabayan was created on 1985-05-01.
The population of Bagong Silangan is 89,256.
1428: Bagong Silang
buwan ng wika acronym
buwan araw bagay
Tagalog Translation of "BUWAN NG WIKA: Language month
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Osenton Law Offices Family Law Attorney Explains Florida Supreme Court’s Same-Sex Custody Ruling
Brandon, FL (Law Firm Newswire) February 24, 2014 - Advocates are hailing a recent ruling by the Supreme Court of Florida as an important step forward for gay rights in the state.
A Florida woman who donated an egg to her lesbian partner filed a lawsuit when the birth mother left the state with the child without informing the plaintiff after the couple ended their relationship. The two had planned to raise the child together. The state's highest court ruled by a vote of 4-3 that the egg donor had parental rights, and it ordered a lower court to arrange for child support and visitation.
“The significance of this case for gay and lesbian couples is that the women had no legal union, but simply agreed to raise the child together,” said Brandon family law attorney O. Reginald Osenton. “The Supreme Court said that trumped the notion that an egg donor relinquishes parental rights.”
The birth mother relied on a 1993 law governing sperm and egg donation to argue that her former partner had no say in the child's life. The 1993 law asserts that donors relinquish all parental rights. The Supreme Court ruled that the law was not applicable to the case because the egg donor showed “a commitment to raising the child by assuming parental responsibilities.”
The dissenting justices said that granting parental rights to the donor mother would interfere with the birth mother's rights.
Earlier, a trial judge ruled that state law granted the donor mother no rights, but said he hoped his decision would be overturned on appeal. It was. An appeals court declared that both women had parental rights — a decision the high court then upheld.
In its ruling, the Supreme Court referred to another landmark gay rights case. In 2010, an appellate court overturned Florida's 30-year-long ban on adoption by same-sex couples. The American Civil Liberties Union (ACLU) of Florida represented Martin Gill, the plaintiff in that case, and wrote a “friend of the court” brief in the egg donor case. ACLU attorney Daniel Tilley said that the recent decision “cements and builds upon” the gay adoption victory.
“The ruling was a close one, with three justices dissenting, and Floridians still have a lot of work to do for same-sex couples' rights,” Osenton said. “Still, these recent cases are very encouraging.”
Osenton Law Office, PA
500 Lithia Pinecrest Road
Brandon, Florida 33511
Call: (813) 654-5777
- Why you may need a parental power of attorney
If you are the parent of young children, you may occasionally need to leave them in the care of a close friend during a quick business trip, or perhaps with the grandparents while you take a kid-free holiday. Or, you may routinely leave your children in the care of a nanny. When and if you […]
- Special Limits on Wage Garnishment
In a previous blog post, http://www.brandonlawoffice.com/2016/06/heres-how-much-of-your-wages-can-be-garnished-to-pay-your-debts, we covered the broad limitations that federal and state laws place on wage garnishment. Wage garnishment is when a creditor sues you to have part of your income diverted directly to them to pay your debts. There are certain general limitations on how much of your income may be […]
- Here’s how much of your wages can be garnished to pay your debts
If you do not pay your debts, your creditors may try to take a portion of your income directly from your employer. This is called wage garnishment. Fortunately, there are limits to how much of your income may be garnished so that you can hopefully keep paying your basic living expenses. The limits are based […]
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suggested that growth point signaling can be an evolutionary adaptation of a historical macropinocytic amplifier regulating Akt and cell growth (Kay et al
suggested that growth point signaling can be an evolutionary adaptation of a historical macropinocytic amplifier regulating Akt and cell growth (Kay et al., 2018). EGF, had been inhibited by nocodazole. These total outcomes indicate that whenever receptor signaling produces low degrees of PI3K activity, CDRs facilitate community amplification of phosphorylation and PI3K of Akt. This article comes with an connected First Person interview using the first writer Rabbit Polyclonal to PLD2 of the paper. (Bloomfield and Kay, 2016). Macropinocytosis could be activated by development factors, chemokines and different additional stimuli (Swanson, 2008; Egami et al., 2014; King and Buckley, 2017; Yoshida et al., 2018). In macrophages, excitement with macrophage-colony stimulating element (M-CSF) or the chemokine CXCL12 elicits membrane ruffles, which type cup-shaped constructions that close into huge endocytic vesicles known as macropinosomes (Yoshida et al., 2009; Yoshida et al., 2015b; Pacitto et al., 2017). Macropinosomes either recycle towards the plasma membrane or fuse with lysosomes. Excitement BMPS of murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs) using the development factors platelet-derived development element (PDGF) or epidermal development element (EGF) elicits an alternative solution pathway to glass development through actin-rich cell surface area ruffles, which reorganize to create round dorsal ruffles (CDRs). CDRs agreement and often near type macropinosomes (Bryant et al., 2007; Dubielecka et al., 2010; Hoon et al., 2012; Araki et al., 2007). CDRs as well as the round ruffles that comprise macropinocytic mugs can localize substances associated with sign transduction, including phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K) and its own item phosphatidylinositol (3,4,5)-trisphosphate (PIP3) (Yoshida et al., 2009, 2015b; Mercanti et al., 2006). Additionally, the forming of CDRs or closure of mugs into macropinosomes needs PI3K (Wymann and Arcaro, 1994; Araki et al., 1996; Hooshmand-Rad et al., 1997; Valdivia et al., 2017), which implies that CDRs and macropinocytic mugs are self-organized constructions that want PIP3 for full morphogenesis. Macropinocytosis offers a system for activation of mTORC1 (mechanistic focus on of rapamycin complicated-1), a proteins complicated that regulates rate of metabolism and cell development in response to indicators generated by development factors or additional ligands in the plasma membrane (Saxton and Sabatini, 2017). mTORC1 can be triggered at lysosomal membranes by two little GTPases, Rag and Rheb (Saito et al., 2005; Sancak et al., 2010; Hall and Betz, 2013; Sabatini and Saxton, 2017). In fibroblasts and macrophages, macropinosomes induced by receptor activation deliver extracellular nutrition into lysosomes, where lysosome-associated membrane proteins complexes detect the improved luminal concentrations of proteins and result in the activation of Rag GTPases (Yoshida et al., 2015b, 2018; Zoncu et al., 2011). Activated Rag recruits mTORC1 from cytosol to lysosomes (Sancak et al., 2008, 2010). Additionally, development factor receptor excitement of PI3K generates PIP3 in plasma membrane, which recruits BMPS the serine/threonine kinase Akt (Akt1; referred to as proteins kinase B also, PKB) via its PH-domain (Manning and Toker, 2017). Akt can be phosphorylated by PDK1 on threonine 308 and by mTORC2 (mTOR complicated-2) on serine 473 (Ebner et al., 2017a, 2017b; Zhang et al., 2003). Phosphorylated Akt (pAkt) induces the phosphorylation of TSC2, an integral part of the TSC proteins complex that is clearly a GTPase-activating BMPS proteins (Distance) for Rheb (Potter et al., 2002; Inoki et al., 2002, 2003; Garami et al., 2003). Phosphorylated TSC complicated dissociates from lysosomes, removing its Distance activity towards Rheb and therefore permitting Rheb activation of mTORC1 in the lysosomal membrane (Menon et al., 2014). Therefore, development element signaling to mTORC1 in fibroblasts and macrophages includes a vesicular pathway, where macropinosomes deliver extracellular proteins to lysosomes for activation of Rag, and a cytosolic pathway where receptor-mediated excitement of PI3K activates the AktCTSC1/2CRheb pathway. The cytosolic pathway could be initiated within macropinocytic CDRs and cups through localized amplification of PI3K. AktCGFP can be recruited to LPS-induced macropinocytic mugs in macrophages (Wall structure et al., 2017) also to macropinosomes induced by energetic Ras (Porat-Shliom et al., 2008). In response to CXCL12, macrophages expressing fluorescent protein-tagged PH-domain probes display PIP3 enriched in membranes of macropinocytic mugs (Pacitto et al., 2017). Immunofluorescence staining localizes Akt phosphorylated at threonine 308 to macropinocytic mugs. These results claim that PIP3 era in CDRs or macropinocytic mugs facilitates Akt phosphorylation and downstream signaling for the cytosolic pathway (Yoshida et al., 2018). The glass structure can boost PI3K-dependent activation of Akt. In macrophages, inhibitors of actin cytoskeleton dynamics or of macropinosome development decrease phosphorylation of Akt in response to CXCL12 (Pacitto et al., 2017). In MDA-MB-231 cells, phosphorylation of Akt in response towards the G-protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) ligand lysophosphatidic BMPS acidity (LPA) needs PI3K catalytic subunit p110 and Rac-dependent macropinocytosis (Erami et al., 2017). On the other hand, Akt phosphorylation in response to PDGF and M-CSF, in MEFs and macrophages, respectively, can be insensitive.
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The Media in the United States is in a downward spiral. They have magnetized their minds to the elimination of Donald Trump. Their singular focus is well beyond the balance of mental health, they are out of bounds in their infatuation. They wake up thinking about him and go to sleep dreaming about him.
But what if he disappeared tomorrow?
America is not about a single leader. That is part of the premise of our form of government. It is part of the promise of the Declaration of Independence. The first and greatest President of the United States lived this example. He led America to victory against the British and then he went home.. He carefully and quietly guided the Constitutional Convention and then he went home. He served reluctantly as the first Chief Executive and then he went home. Shortly after that he was gone.
The greatest was the never number one in his own mind. He was never the singular focus of the American press until he was gone.
Donald Trump does not define America nor the American system of government. No president ever has, nor ever can, unless we the people lose our way and our minds and our history.
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Parashat Ki Tisa
The Bible teaches that G-d is the same yesterday, today, and forever. The fact that He does not change is an important truth. In this week’s Torah portion HaShem states the importance of the Shabbat. Man is not under the Torah today, because the Torah is not in force. Without a Temple much of the Torah commandments cannot be done. Because the Torah is a unit, a partial Torah is no Torah at all. Man returns to the status of Abraham and is called to walk by faith. There is an inherit relationship between the Word of G-d (Scripture) and faith. Faith is applying Scripture to one’s life. Hosea the prophet reveals that Israel will be in a dispensation where there will not be a king or a functioning priesthood. Man will have to personally struggle with applying Scripture to his life; not because he is under an obligation to do so, but because he should have a desire to live in a manner pleasing to G-d. In other words, man utilizing the Holy Spirit is free and in a state of spiritual maturity to choose to obey the commandments, not out of compulsion, but because he desires to live in a manner pleasing to G-d.
In regard to Shabbat, the seventh day of the week, the believer in Messiah Yeshua is not obligated to keep it more than he is obligated today to offer sacrifices. However the believer, understanding that there are benefits, even blessings attached to the Shabbat is free to embrace it and experience the positive elements contained in the Shabbat. This week’s parasha reveals what these positive elements are.
First the Shabbat is a sign between the children Israel and G-d (see Ex. 31:13). In other words the Shabbat is one of the things that demonstrates that a person has a relationship with G-d; the G-d Who has a sanctifying influence in a person life. For the text says, “…you shall keep My Shabbats, for it is a sign between Me and you throughout your generations, to know that I am the L-rd, Who makes you holy.” When Torah law was enforced one who violated the Shabbat was put to death (see Ex. 31:14-15). This truth was stated twice to show just how serious G-d is about the Shabbat.
We are also told that Shabbat is considered Holy to HaShem. G-d likes holy things and you and I should like the things that G-d likes. Finally we are told that through the Shabbat comes a refreshing. Notice that the text says, “…for in six days the L-rd made the heaven and the earth, and on the seventh day He rested and was refreshed” (Ex. 31:17). If G-d Himself kept that Shabbat and was refreshed by it, how much more would man be spiritually renewed by ceasing from our earthly responsibilities one day each week and dedicating it to G-d in faith. Be careful and don’t make the error that many have made, believing that this Scripture teaches that man should set aside one day each week. This is not what the text says. G-d has sanctified the seventh day and only the seventh day to be a means of spiritual refreshment and blessing in your life. Although you are not under an obligation to embrace the Shabbat today any more than Abraham was, it might be wise to prayerfully consider doing so. Shabbat Shalom!
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Grinding ice generates Saturn moon's icy plumes
The planet is therefore too compact to be made mostly of hydrogen gas, like Jupiter, the researchers say, but not compact enough to be a rocky 'super Earth', as some had speculated. Instead, they believe it must be made mostly of an exotic form of water.
Although the parent star is much cooler than the Sun, the planet orbits 13 times closer to the star than Mercury's orbit around the Sun. That means the surface must be a blazing hot 300° C or more, keeping water in its atmosphere in vapour form.
But the high pressures in the planet's interior would compress the water so much that it would stay solid even at hundreds of degrees Celsius -- the expected temperatures inside the planet. There are a variety of exotic 'hot ice' states possible in such conditions, with names like 'Ice VII' and 'Ice X'.
"Water has more than a dozen solid states, only one of which is our familiar ice," says team member Frederic Pont of Geneva University. "Under very high pressure, water turns into other solid states denser than both ice and liquid water, just as carbon transforms into diamond under extreme pressures."
Saturn's gravity causes ice on its moon Enceladus to grind together, generating the plumes of ice crystals and water vapour seen in recent years by the Cassini spacecraft, new calculations suggest.
The findings suggest that any liquid ocean on the moon may be buried beneath an icy shell several kilometres thick, making it difficult to ever retrieve a liquid sample that could be tested for life.
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An enormous amount of physical information; that is, information from and about the world is available today as the cost of communication and instrumentation has fallen. However, making use of that information is still challenging. The information is frequently siloed into proprietary systems, available only in batch, fragmentary, and disorganized. The sMAP project aims to change this ....Tell me more
The Storm platform was designed to meet all the requirements of a general purpose modern wireless platform.Tell me more
The OpenBAS platform provides integrated automation and control across all the subsystems of buildings including HVAC systems, lighting, general control, and energy management.Tell me more
Software Defined Buildings (SDB) seeks to design, engineer, and evaluate the foundational information substrate for cyberphysical systems in a concrete, canonical form - creation of efficient, agile, model-driven, human-centered building systems. Modern commercial buildings provide increasingly integrated Building Management Systems, but are typically closed or based on proprietary interfaces, are difficult to extend, and it is expensive to add new capabilities. Key underlying technology trends driving building system design are the rapidly declining costs of new cyber technologies, e.g., ubiquitous wireless communications, mobile devices, cheap embedded processing, and scalable processing and storage in the Cloud. The research challenge is how to extend the building “machine,” to harness these trends, making it better, more capable, and more efficient. Our approach is to develop software-defined buildings, to shatter existing stovepipe architectures, dramatically reduce the effort to add new functions and applications without “forklift upgrades,” and expand communications and control capabilities beyond a single stand-alone building to enable groups of buildings to behave cooperatively and in cooperation with the energy grid.
This material is based upon work supported by the National Science Foundation under grants CPS-1239552, and the NSF Graduate Research Fellowship Program. Any opinions, findings, and conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the author(s) and do not necessarily reflect the views of the National Science Foundation.
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Revolution By Intimidation
Guest column, India Today, April 28, 2008
The Maoist victory in Nepal elections represents another setback for India in a troubled neighbourhood and calls into question the sustainability of its open-border policy.
Having helped sow the wind in Nepal, India now will reap the Maoist whirlwind. New Delhi first ceded strategic space in Nepal to outside powers and the United Nations and then, in an intimidation-plagued environment, encouraged a process that has sprung a nasty surprise.
Yet, no sooner had the Maoists triumphed in the elections than New Delhi’s after-the-fact rationalizations began.
Nepal is not just another neighbour but a symbiotically linked state with close cultural affinity and open borders with India that permit passport-free passage. The Indo-Nepal equation is deeper than between any two European Union members. Indeed, ever since the1950 Chinese annexation of Tibet eliminated the outer buffer, Nepal has served as an inner buffer between India and China.
The Maoist victory presents India with new potential challenges. It is likely to embolden other revolutionaries in the red corridor from Pashupati to Tirupati that the way to secure power is to wage unbridled violence until the established order gives in to a political and constitutional restructuring.
Equally significant is that India now will have to openly vie with China for influence in a state that had been its security preserve for more than half a century. Maoist leader Prachanda’s pledge of “equidistance between India and China” despite Nepal’s 1950 security treaty with New Delhi underscores Beijing’s gain. At a time when China is still battling a Tibetan uprising, the Nepal events arm it with additional leverage to dissuade New Delhi from playing the Tibet card.
It is karmic justice that the monarchy, which for long sought to play the China card against India, now faces extinction from the very forces — the Maoists — it initially helped rear to counter the India-friendly Nepali Congress.
The poll outcome raises the spectre that radicalization could extend from the polity to the military, as the victors seek to integrate their former fighters into the security forces. The Maoists’ stint in office, however, could help gradually defang them by making them indistinguishable from other politicians.
The new situation signals three likely developments. First, Nepal’s rocky and troubled path to democracy since 1990 is unlikely to end, with the polls marking only the newest chapter in a blemished experiment. Second, India’s relationship with Nepal is set to become more complicated, with little progress likely on addressing Indian security concerns or harnessing hydropower reserves for mutual benefit. And third, the Maoists’ hard part comes now on the twin issues of governance and Constitution framing.
Those who sought to bring about a revolution by chipping away at state institutions are being called upon to reverse state atrophy. It won’t be easy for them to embrace what the situation demands — consensus building. If anything, they are likely to make India a convenient scapegoat for their failures in office.
Despite its proverbial aversion to hard decisions, India today is left with no soft options. An open-border policy is sustainable only if India moves its security perimeter to the Nepalese frontier with Tibet. The onus must be placed on the Maoists to show through actions that the government they lead deserves sustained Indian assistance, or else these revolutionaries will take Indian aid and also damn India.
New Delhi ought not to shy away from employing the immense leverage it holds: Nepal’s topography, with mountainous terrain sliding southward into plains, shapes its economic dependence on India. The ethnic Madhesis who populate the Terai, Nepal’s food bowl, are India’s natural constituency, and that card is begging to be exercised.
The author is professor of strategic studies at the Centre for Policy Research.
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VIDEOGAMMA Rack is the first device of the new collection of gamma counters. It permits measurements without the need for dowloading tubes from the rack. The instrument is the first in the world to carry tubes automatically to the rack and to the detection system. Moreover, it is the very first time where measurement happens in an area that is different from where tubes are placed. This ensures that there will be no interference.
- Options: : gamma, automatic, radioactivity
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The holidays are a time of celebration and a time to catch up with family and friends. Unfortunately, the holidays are also peak DUI season. The combination of travel, friends and family and celebration– which often also involves alcohol– means that the time between Thanksgiving and New Year’s is the time when people are most likely to get a DUI. It’s also a time when the risk of DUI-related fatalities is higher than normal.
In addition to an increase in numbers travelers on the road and social gatherings that may involve alcohol, the holidays can bring inclement weather that make accidents more likely to happen. Poor road conditions (ice, snow) and decreased visibility as a result of snow, ice and fogged-up windows can contribute to the potential risk of any driver, impaired or not.
This doesn’t mean, however, that every DUI stop during the holidays will result in a conviction. Police officers can still fail to adhere to required protocol during the winter months, and still sometimes administer breath tests with miscalibrated equipment during the arrest.
A DUI can wreak havoc on your life, whether you get one during the holidays or at another time of year. You could face jail time, license suspension, and could lose employment or educational opportunities as a result of a conviction. If you’ve been charged with DUI over the holidays, it’s as important to seek the advice of an experienced DUI attorney who can analyze your situation and inform you of your best options for moving forward. Whether you made a judgment error or believe that you’ve been wrongly charged with DUI, an attorney who is knowledgeable about the DUI legal process can help protect your rights and your future.
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Grain Research Laboratory
The research conducted by the Canadian Grain Commission’s Grain Research Laboratory falls under two categories: crop research and technology research.
Crop research programs include:
- Bread and Durum Wheat Research
- Milling and Malting/Research on Barley and Other Grains
- Wheat Enzymes, Asian Products and Analytical Services
- Pulse Research
Research related to crops assesses Canadian grain harvest quality and studies how grading factors affect end-use properties. Crop research also develops new uses for Canadian grain and evaluates new varieties as part of the variety registration process.
Technology research programs include:
- Variety Identification Research and Monitoring
- Trace Organics and Trace Elements Analysis
- Grain Biotechnology Research
Research related to technology evaluates and develops methods used to assess the quality and safety of Canadian grain.
Annual Program Report
Download the Grain Research Laboratory, Annual Program Report, 2015 (PDF, 3,64 mb) for more information about our research and activities.
Cargo quality monitoring
Provides analytical testing of export grain shipments (example, mycotoxins, pesticides, variety composition) to ensure they meet Canada’s grading and quality parameters.
Plant breeder line evaluation
Provides testing and recommendations for the advancement of breeder line seed.
Harvest Sample Program
A yearly survey of the crop quality for that year’s harvest. Producers send in a voluntary sample of their harvest, and in return receive a free, unofficial Canadian Grain Commission grade. Data from this survey is used to generate a harvest quality report of Canadian grain.
Requests for service analysis
Provides analytical services of samples submitted by the industry for testing, at times for a fee.
For more information about programs and research in the Grain Research Laboratory, please contact us.
You may also use the Government Electronic Directory Services (GEDS) to find the contact information for a specific Canadian Grain Commission employee.
- Date modified:
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Finance minister says this one-time tax imposed to reduce budget deficit | No more subsidies, petroleum levy to go up to Rs50 | Taxable income level for salaried class announced in budget withdrawn
ISLAMABAD – Minister for Finance Miftah Ismail on Friday informed the National Assembly that the coalition government has decided to impose 10 per cent ‘super tax’ on the affluent class to reduce the budget deficit.
“The purpose of imposition of ‘super tax’ is to reduce the budget deficit in order to end reliance on foreign assistance,” said the Finance Minister while winding up the debate on budgetary proposals.
About the Imran Khan-led government’s economic policies, the Finance Minister commented that the country was near to default but now it was on the path to progress.
Giving details of the super tax, the minister explained that individuals and companies earning Rs 150 million annually will have to pay one percent additional tax, two percent additional tax on Rs 200 million income, three percent on Rs250 million income and four percent additional tax on Rs 300 million income. “This next tax will be valid only for this term (one year),” he announced.
About the budgetary proposals by the opposition, Miftah said most of the recommendations suggested by parliamentarians in their speeches would be incorporated into the budget. Clarifying the taxes announced by Prime Minister Shehbaz Sharif, he said that no indirect taxes had been imposed and neither had any tax been imposed on consumption. “This government has taxed the rich segment of the society,” he said announcing that tax would be imposed over the companies owned by the sons of PM Shehbaz.
About his own company, the Minister said his companies will also pay Rs200 million more in taxes. “If we are asking others to pay more taxes we also contribute in this cause,” the finance minister said. He also said the government had committed to the IMF that the primary deficit of Rs1,600 billion recorded this year would not only be brought down but also there would be a surplus of Rs153 billion.
“An additional tax of 1pc would be imposed on individuals and entities whose annual income exceeded Rs150 million on account of poverty alleviation,” he said mentioning that those with an annual income of over Rs200 million would be subject to an additional tax of two percent.
He said those earning more than Rs250 million to three percent and those having an annual income of more than Rs300 million would be taxed four percent of their income. “This will be onetime tax for the fiscal year 2022,” he said mentioning that this government has identified 13 sectors that had earned significant profits this year.
He said they have decided that companies that have an income of more than Rs300 million will be subject to a super tax of ten percent for a year.
The minister said the companies working in cement, steel, sugar, oil and gas, fertiliser, LNG terminals, textile, banking, automobile assembling, cigarettes, beverages, chemicals and airline sectors would have to pay this tax.
He said the entities in the rest of the sectors would have to pay this one-time additional tax amounting to four percent of their income. The Minister said that there were around 9 million retail shops in the country and this government wanted to bring 2.5 to 3 million of these shops into the tax net.
“A new scheme had been introduced under which the income tax and sales tax that these shops have to pay have been fixed with their electricity bills,” he said adding under this initiative, small shops would have to pay a fixed tax of Rs3,000 monthly and big retailers Rs10,000. He said retailers who were dealing in gold and had shops of 300 square feet or less would have to pay a fixed income and sales tax of Rs40,000. And for bigger shops, the sales tax had been reduced from 17pc to 3pc, he added. He said that a similar scheme of fixed tax would be announced for realtors, builders and car dealers.
“This tax is on their income and not expenses, and this is why it will not increase inflation but increase our revenue,” he said. About the oil marketing companies, the finance minister said these entities had to pay a minimum tax of 0.75pc, which had been reduced to 0.5pc. He said, 5pc commission was cut on outgoing indenters at the time of receipt. “This has now been reduced to 1pc.”
He said Overseas Pakistan who had a NICOP would be considered included in the list of active taxpayers. Whereas, they would not be charged any additional taxes while buying a property. The Minister said families of martyrs and war-wounded individuals would be exempted from tax on income from plots, Ismail said and added that sales tax on skin and hides and surgical instruments had also been removed.
He also said that the tax target, which was initially set at Rs7.004 trillion had been increased to RS7.47 trillion. At the same time, he added, the target of non-tax revenue that was set at Rs2 trillion had been revised down to Rs1.94 trillion. He said the government intended to introduce a bill for exempting the residents of these areas from paying income tax. Companies and industries operating in these areas would be brought into the tax net, he said. The minister said as a result of this “farmer-friendly” budget the country would become self-reliant in the production of edible oil.
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The primary symptom of endometriosis is pelvic pain, often associated with your menstrual period. Although many women experience cramping during their menstrual period, women with endometriosis typically describe menstrual pain that's far worse than usual. They also tend to report that the pain has increased over time.
Common signs and symptoms of endometriosis may include:
- Painful periods (dysmenorrhea). Pelvic pain and cramping may begin before and extend several days into your period and may include lower back and abdominal pain.
- Pain with intercourse. Pain during or after sex is common with endometriosis.
- Pain with bowel movements or urination. You're most likely to experience these symptoms during your period.
- Excessive bleeding. You may experience occasional heavy periods (menorrhagia) or bleeding between periods (menometrorrhagia).
- Infertility. Endometriosis is first diagnosed in some women who are seeking treatment for infertility.
- Other symptoms. You may also experience fatigue, diarrhea, constipation, bloating or nausea, especially during menstrual periods.
The severity of your pain isn't necessarily a reliable indicator of the extent of the condition. Some women with mild endometriosis have extensive pain, while others with advanced endometriosis may have little pain or even no pain at all.
Endometriosis is sometimes mistaken for other conditions that can cause pelvic pain, such as pelvic inflammatory disease (PID) or ovarian cysts. It may be confused with irritable bowel syndrome (IBS), a condition that causes bouts of diarrhea, constipation and abdominal cramping. IBS can accompany endometriosis, which can complicate the diagnosis.
When to see a doctor
See your doctor if you have signs and symptoms that may indicate endometriosis. The cause of chronic or severe pelvic pain may be difficult to pinpoint. But discovering the problem early may help you avoid unnecessary complications and pain.
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"Zipcars" Make City Travel Easier
July 18, 2003
A new company called Zipcar offers urban residents round-the-clock access to private cars for short-term round-trip use, creating an economical alternative to car ownership that is more convenient than public transit.
- Zipcar clients pay a one-time membership fee and can use a Zipcar at anytime, paying per mile and per hour to use a car.
- Members make online reservations for how long they would like to use a given car, and that information is sent to the Zipcar via wireless technology.
- Cars are parked in convenient locations around the city, and the customer waves a Zipcard over the door to automatically unlock the car.
Zipcar is currently operating in Boston, New York City, Denver and Washington, D.C. Some 6,200 members are using 200 cars so far, and Zipcar's owner, Robin Chase, estimates that this means 3,000 less cars parked on city streets.
Because Zipcar is not a car rental company, it has had to deal with a regulatory system that doesn't quite know how to define it for tax, zoning and insurance purposes.
Though Zipcar has only existed for three years, Chase hopes that the innovation and popularity of her idea will someday lead to "a transit pass and a Zipcard" for every urban resident.
Source: Kit J. Nichols, "Wheels on Demand," Pioneering Spirit, Summer 2003, Pioneer Institute.
Browse more articles on Tax and Spending Issues
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CAUSES OF DEATH
Causes of death data are a significant and important input to health and social policy formulation and planning as well as health related research and analysis. For example, causes of death data provides insight into the diseases and factors contributing to life expectancy, potentially avoidable deaths, years of life lost and leading causes of death. Causes of death statistics, together with statistics pertaining to births and deaths, make up the ’vital statistics’ component of Australia's civil registration system, providing an important foundation for both population statistics as well as health statistics. Australia, as a member state of the World Health Organisation (WHO), supplies data annually to the WHO on deaths by age, sex and cause of death, as compiled from the civil registration system by the Australian Bureau of Statistics.
This publication presents statistics on the number of deaths for reference year by state or territory of Australia, sex, selected age groups, and causes of death classified to the WHO's International Statistical Classification of Diseases and Health Related Problems (ICD). Introduced in 1999, Version 10 of the ICD has been used to code causes of death data for the reference years 1997 onwards. For further information see Explanatory Notes 34-38.
In Australia, causes of death statistics are recorded as both underlying cause and multiple cause. The underlying cause is the disease or injury which initiated the train of morbid events leading directly to death. Multiple causes are all causes and conditions reported on the death certificate that contributed to, were associated with or were the underlying cause of the death (see Glossary for further details). Multiple causes of death data allow access to a greater range of detail in relation to some causes of death. Analysis of multiple causes of death data complements analyses of underlying cause and offers greater insight into the morbid processes at the end of life.
In 2012, there were 147,098 deaths registered in Australia, 166 (0.1%) more than the number registered in 2011 (146,932). The standardised death rate (SDR) decreased to 5.5 deaths per 1,000 standard population in 2012, down from 5.6 in 2011. Standardised death rates are calculated using the 2001 total population of Australia as the standard population (see Glossary for more information).
In 2012, males accounted for 50.8% (74,794) of registered deaths, a slightly higher proportion than females, who accounted for 49.2% of registered deaths (72,304).
The number of deaths for both males and females has increased compared with 2003 (68,330 and 63,962 respectively), but the increase has been larger for females. In 2003 there were 107 male deaths per 100 females. In 2012 this sex ratio dropped to 103 male deaths per 100 females.
Further details on numbers of deaths registered can be found in Deaths, Australia, 2012 (cat. no. 3302.0).
Ranking causes of death is a useful method of describing patterns of mortality in a population. The ABS ranks leading causes of death in this publication based on research presented in the Bulletin of the World Health Organization, Volume 84, Number 4, April 2006, 297-304, which provides a standard approach to presenting leading cause data and allows for international comparisons. For further information see Explanatory Notes 41-43.
In 2012, Ischaemic heart disease, defined as ICD-10 codes I20-I25, was the leading underlying cause of death in Australia. Ischaemic heart disease includes angina, blocked arteries (heart) and heart attacks. It was the underlying cause of 13.6% (20,046) of all registered deaths in Australia, accounting for 14.6% (10,907) of all male deaths, and 12.6% (9,139) of all female deaths registered in 2012. Ischaemic heart disease has been the leading cause of death in Australia since 2000, however, the proportion of deaths due to this cause has decreased from 19.2% (25,439) in 2003.
Cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69) was the second leading cause of death, accounting for 7.3% (10,779) of deaths in 2012, while Dementia and Alzheimer's disease (F01, F03, G30) was the third leading cause, accounting for 7.0% (10,369) of deaths. The fourth leading cause of death was Malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus and lung (C33, C34) accounting for 5.5% (8,137) of deaths in 2012, while Chronic lower respiratory diseases (J40-J47) was the fifth leading cause accounting for 4.5% (6,649) of deaths.
Gender differences are evident in the order of leading causes of death. For both males and females, Ischaemic heart disease is the leading cause of death. However, for males, Malignant neoplasm of trachea, bronchus and lung is the second leading cause of death, while for females, Dementia and Alzheimer disease is the second leading cause.
The graph below shows the top 5 leading causes of death for males, females and persons from 2003 to 2012. Further information on leading cause of death for 2012 is presented in the Leading Causes of Death section of this publication.
Footnote(s): (a) Causes of death data for 2012 are preliminary and subject to a revisions process. See Explanatory Notes 29-33 and Technical Notes, Causes of Death Revisions 2006, in Causes of Death, Australia, 2010 (cat. no. 3303.0) and Causes of Death Revisions 2010 and 2011 in this publication.;(b) The causes listed in this graph are the five leading causes of death for males, females and total persons, based on the WHO recommended tabulation of leading causes. See Explanatory Notes 41-43 for further information.;(c) See Explanatory Notes 81-98 for further information on issues for consideration when interpreting time-series and 2012 data.
Underlying Causes of Death
The table below presents summary causes of death data for each major chapter of the ICD-10. Almost one third (29.9%) of all deaths in 2012 were assigned to the Diseases of the circulatory system (I00-I99) chapter, which accounted for 43,946 deaths. Neoplasms (C00-D48) also accounted for almost one third (29.6%) of deaths (43,505).
Further information on selected causes for 2012 is presented in the Underlying Causes of Death by Selected ICD-10 Chapters section of this publication.
Multiple causes of death include all causes and conditions reported on the death certificate (i.e. both underlying and associated causes; see Glossary for further details). For the 147,098 deaths registered in Australia in 2012, there were 465,047 causes reported giving a mean of 3.2 causes per death. The mean number of causes reported per death varies with age, sex and underlying cause of death. In 18.7% of all deaths, only one cause was reported, while 37.0% of deaths were reported with three or more causes.
Malignant cancers (C00-C97) contributed to 33.0% (48,598) of all deaths as either an underlying or multiple cause. Where the underlying cause of death was Malignant cancers, it was most commonly the only cause of death mentioned on the death certificate. Ischaemic heart diseases (I20-I25) contributed to 24.4% (35,946) of all deaths as either an underlying or multiple cause. Where the underlying cause of death was reported as Ischaemic heart diseases, Heart failure (I50-I51) and Hypertensive diseases (I10-I15) were most commonly mentioned as an associated cause. For deaths from Diabetes (E10-E14), Ischaemic heart diseases (I20-I25) were most commonly listed as an associated cause, and for deaths from Cerebrovascular diseases (I60-I69), the most common associated causes were Hypertensive diseases (I10-I15) and Dementia and Alzheimer's disease (F01, F03, G30).
For further detail on multiple cause, see the Multiple Causes of Death section of this publication.
All coroner certified deaths registered after 1 January 2006 are subject to a revisions process. For further information, see Explanatory Notes 29-33 and Technical Notes, Causes of Death Revisions, 2006 in Causes of Death, Australia, 2010 and Causes of Death Revisions, 2010 and 2011 in this publication.
For information regarding data quality, see Quality Declaration - Causes of Death Data, Summary, Quality Declaration - Perinatal Data, Summary and Deaths of Aboriginal and Torres Strait Islander Persons.
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When chronic Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism has you feeling like crud, few things are more insulting than someone telling you to "keep your chin up" or "think positive." Such advice sounds like a brush-off from someone who has no idea what it is to struggle with fatigue, depression, weight gain, hair loss, and other frightening, life-altering symptoms.
Today, an estimated 27 million Americans suffer from a thyroid disease. Of those with hypothyroidism, about 90 percent have Hashimoto’s, an autoimmune disease in which the immune system attacks and destroys the thyroid gland.
Many thyroid sufferers also struggle with other autoimmune diseases or health conditions doctors treat with little more than a psych consult or antidepressants: fibromyalgia, chronic fatigue, Lyme disease, and irritable bowel syndrome are among these.
Positive thinking can help you cope with Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism
The research regarding positive thinking during illness is mixed. But it does suggest while positive thinking can't guarantee a cure, it can help you better cope with your Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism and comply with your treatment plan.
A study published in early 2012 showed subjects with chronic disease who thought of something that made them feel good each morning and who used self-affirmation techniques when encountering obstacles exercised more and were better about complying with their treatment plan. Older studies show patients with a positive spiritual belief system suffer from less depression and are better able to handle their medical situation.
Don't pressure yourself to be positive
Conversely, some studies show no correlation between positive thinking and health outcomes, such as in the case of cancer survival rates. If anything, the pressure to "be positive," which has become trendy in some circles, can be stressful or make one feel like a failure if the illness progresses or doesn’t improve.
Taking action to lower stress can increase positivity
The truth is, Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism can be difficult and involve emotional lows. And while stifling emotions to appear positive is unlikely to be helpful, plenty of evidence shows lowering stress with a positive outlook improves overall health and well-being. The same techniques that lower stress can also foster a more positive attitude, hence improving your resilience in the face of Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism.
If anything, coping better is more about positive doing than positive thinking. Adopting a few small and seemingly meaningless strategies can add up to significant gains in well-being.
For instance, in the study mentioned earlier, researchers asked participants to think of something that made them feel better—a sunny beach or a proud moment—upon waking each morning and when experiencing a setback. Participating in a spiritual, religious, or philosophical practice has been shown to help many, and social connections improve the odds of survival by 50 percent. Although Crossfit or Zumba may not be in the cards for someone struggling with fatigue from Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism, research nevertheless shows exercise relieves anxiety. Exercise can be as gentle as a half-hour walk several times a week or some time in the pool.
Look at brain chemical or thyroid imbalances to boost positivity
Also, when you have been struggling with Hashimoto’s hypothyroidism, other health factors, such as poor brain neurotransmitter activity, may also play a role in depression, anxiety, and a generally negative outlook. In these cases, natural remedies for symptom relief may be appropriate. Ask my office for suggestions.
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WASHINGTON (TIP): A PTI report filed by Lalit K Jha on November 6 recounts how US First Lady won the hearts of Indians when she was in India and of Indian Americans here in the US. The report says, three years after she mesmerized Indians with her rhythmic dance in Mumbai, Bollywood dance made its official White House debut when US First Lady Michelle Obama danced to the tune of peppy Hindi tracks in the East Room along with Indian-American children. Michelle, who led the Diwali celebrations at the White House for the first time, lit the ‘diya’ amidst chanting of Vedic mantras. In 2009, President Barack Obama attended the Diwali celebrations for the first time at the White House. “This holiday is celebrated by members of some of the world’s oldest religions not just here in America but across the globe. Diwali is a time for celebration… As Barack and I learned during our visit to India, it’s a time to come together with friends and family, often with dancing and good food,” she said. “Diwali is also a time for contemplation and reflection. It’s a time for us to think about our obligations to our fellow human beings, particularly those who are less fortunate than we are. And as we light the diya – the lamp – we recommit ourselves to the triumph of light over darkness, of good over evil,” she said before lighting the ‘diya’.
Michelle was garlanded by Mythili Bachu, the Chair for the Council of Hindu Temples of North America, amidst applause from a select Indian-American audience. “We got to practice a little Bollywood this afternoon,” she told the audience at the East Room. Giving some of the poses from the Bollywood dances she did earlier in the day, Michelle said she danced along with the kids who were seated in the front rows of the East Room. “We had a wonderful time. It was the first time that we did Bollywood in the State Room here at the White House,” she said amidst applause from the audience, which comprised of the who’s who of the Indian- American Community members and those in the Obama Administration. Obama has the distinction of appointing the largest number of Indian-Americans in any presidential administrations yet. Wearing a glamorous skirt especially made for the occasion by India-born eminent designer Naeem Khan, Michelle gave a few poses from the dance number. “Of course, as you all know, I think I can dance,” she said in an apparent reference to her dance in Mumbai three years ago when she celebrated Diwali. “But not as good as they can dance,” she said, referring to the expert dance by members of the Gold Spot Band, the New York-based popular Indian-American band. Michelle also used the occasion to remember the victims of Oak Creek Gurdwara.
“As we gather here this Diwali, we remember that there is still evil in the world. And I’m thinking today about what happened in Oak Creek, Wisconsin just last year when an act of unthinkable violence shook a community to its core. But I am also thinking of how in the face of such evil, we also witnessed the power of goodness and forgiveness,” she said. “The families and community leaders I met when I visited Oak Creek just weeks after the tragedy, they showed us such courage and grace. Instead of giving in to bitterness or despair, they honored those they lost through service,” she said. “They honored those they lost through educating others about their faith and standing up to prejudice in whatever form it takes. I’m also thinking of all the people across America and around the world who held prayer vigils during that time and sent messages of love and support, and held the people of Oak Creek in their hearts,” she said.
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How to Share Your Own Files Using BitTorrent
Most of us are comfortable using BitTorrent to download files, but the popular file-sharing protocol is also a great tool for sharing your own stuff with family, friends, or the world at large. Here’s the basics of creating your own torrent.
Proven by the popularity of BitTorrent sites, torrents offer a well-known method of peer-to-peer file-sharing. Torrents are useful for sharing large files with family and friends, as well as with a wide audience. It has been estimated BitTorrent traffic may account for over 40 percent of all internet traffic.
Note: Despite common misconceptions to the contrary, BitTorrent can be and often is used to share files legally and isn’t just used for piracy.
How BitTorrent Works
Developer Bram Cohen designed and released BitTorrent back in July 2001. Back then, there was only one torrent application—the so aptly named BitTorrent. What made BitTorrent different from previous peer-to-peer sharing programs was that it utilized bandwidth more efficiently while discouraging leeching. (In layman’s terms, “leeching” is when one user downloads a file, but does not allow uploads, therefore limiting other users from downloading the file. A leecher takes more than what he gives.)
What basically happens when you open up a torrent in a BitTorrent client is that the program automatically finds other users who have a portion of or the whole file you want to download. It accomplishes this task by using trackers. Your BitTorrent client will then download multiple and different pieces of the same file from different users at the same time while also sharing any pieces they’ve already downloaded, greatly improving the overall speed of distribution.
For more torrent jargon, people who share the whole file are known as “seeders.” It’s optimal to pick a torrent that has at least one seeder sharing, or you risk your download never being finished. It is for this reason that hugely popular files are often quicker to download than more obscure ones.
What You Need To Get Started
To create your own torrent, you’ll need a basic torrent client to get started off on the right path. Windows is primarily dominated by torrent program uTorrent, while Mac users will find that Transmission may be more up their alley. (uTorrent is available for Mac, but it’s not as full-featured.) Linux users may want to try Azureus or KTorrent.
How To Create Your Own Torrent
In general, creating a torrent to share your own files is very simple. All you need is a good torrent program to get you started on sharing your personal files. In your favorite torrent program, go to the File menu and click the option to create a new torrent. Then you’ll need to select the source/files that you want to share in your torrent. It can be a single file, or even a directory. After this step, you’ll need to input some public or private trackers into your torrent. It’s possible to use more than one, but in general one is enough.
Here’s a list of some uTorrent public trackers, courtesy of TorrentFreak:
After that’s done, you’ll need to specify whether your torrent is a private torrent or not (if you’re using a private tracker, you’ll need to. If you aren’t, you can most likely leave this part alone). Then all that’s left to be done is to save the torrent file and send it to your friends or whoever else you want to share it with. TorrentFreak has a specific step-by-step guide for some of the most popular BitTorrent programs out there, but the concept is basically the same for all clients.
source : lifehacker.com
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Meditation For Being In Present Moment - 5 Present Breaths
The 5 Present Breaths Meditation was created to guide you to develop and experience a state of mind known as The Present Moment—The state of Stillness.
Why do we want to be in the Present Moment?
When the mind is in the Present Moment, it is in a state of Stillness and Awareness.
This is a powerful state of mind from which insight and enlightenment is naturally born.
If one wishes for greater happiness in their life, one must address the causes of their unhappiness. But to address Them, one must first become aware of them.
By learning to be Still and be Present in every moment, one will naturally realize the causes of their Unstillness and Unpresentness.
The Present Moment Is A Happy moment
Through the practice of the 5 Present Breaths, the mind will be dragged into the Present moment deeper and deeper with each breath.
And as we begin to experience the peacefulness of the present moment, one will begin to encounter the wandering thoughts surfacing, pulling one away from the Present moment.
So the 5 Present Breaths is not only a practice for one to experience the joy of being in the Present Moment, but it is also a practice for one to uncover their wandering thoughts.
Realize that the deeper we can be aware of our wandering thoughts, the deeper we will be able to release them and experience deeper peace. Ultimately and naturally, we will also realize the deeper causes of our wandering thoughts.
The more you meditate, the more you will know yourself!
"This course was about basic medication at its finest. I enjoyed learning the practice taught within the course, and I highly recommend it, especially to beginners." - Robert Kirk
"Jonny John Liu gives a well presented presentation.... Really enjoyed the 5 Present Breath Meditation and will carry on with the rest of your courses." -Vicki Skelton
"Thank you for the insight. I now know that I can meditate the right way. Awesome free course." - Michael Hornidge
If you wish to explore deeper into the infinite consciousness, you can try the Creator's Meditation Course - a 22 day guided meditation which will teach you how to meditate deeply to develop Self-Knowing and Self-Transformation. Through Anapana we learn Vipassana -Jonny
I have 8 + other courses which you can find by clicking on my profile icon.
· Transform Your Mind, Transform your life
· The Creator's Meditation - 22 Day meditation course
· The Creator's Absorption - Transform Your Anger Into Happiness
Who this course is for:
- Anyone who wishes to experience the Present Moment
- Anyone who wish to develop Inner Stillness
- Anyone who wish to learn Meditation
- Anyone who wish to Develop higher level of Inner Awareness
Jonny John Liu is the founder of CreationWithinCreation - a website where he teaches people how to address their Sufferings - Fears - Negativities - everything to do with addressing Unhappiness to create greater Happiness. There you will be able to find all of his written work and techniques.
Jonny has an unique way of teaching. Instead of feeding his students truth, he also instructs them to validate the truth from experience. Thus with all information in which he gives he provides the students a Path to actually experience it for themselves, because it is only through this way that one can achieve inner transformation at the deepest level.
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WASHINGTON — It was the kiss heard around the galaxy.
Fifty years ago — and only one year after the U.S. Supreme Court declared interracial marriage was legal — two of science fiction's most enduring characters, Captain James T. Kirk and Lieutenant Nyota Uhura, kissed each other on "Star Trek."
It wasn't romantic. Sadistic, humanlike aliens forced the dashing white captain to lock lips with the beautiful black communications officer. But the kiss between actors William Shatner and Nichelle Nichols in "Plato's Stepchildren" would help change attitudes in America about what was allowed to be shown on TV and made an early statement about the coming acceptance of interracial relationships in a United States still struggling with racism and civil rights.
The kiss between Uhura and Kirk "suggested that there was a future where these issues were not such a big deal," said Eric Deggans, national television critic for National Public Radio. "The characters themselves were not freaking out because a black woman was kissing a white man ... In this utopian-like future, we solved this issue. We're beyond it. That was a wonderful message to send."
"Plato's Stepchildren," which first aired on Nov. 22, 1968, came before Star Trek morphed into a cultural phenomenon. The show's producers, meanwhile, were concerned about one of the main episode elements: Humanlike aliens dressed as ancient Greeks that torture the crew with their telekinetic powers and force the two USS Enterprise crew members to kiss.
Worried about reaction from Southern television stations, showrunners filmed the kiss between Shatner and Nichols — their lips are mostly obscured by the back of Nichols' head — and wanted to film a second where it happened off-screen. But Nichols said in her book, "Beyond Uhura: Star Trek and Other Memories," that she and Shatner deliberately flubbed lines to force the original take to be used.
Despite concerns from executives, "Plato's Stepchildren" aired without blowback. In fact, it got the most "fan mail that Paramount had ever gotten on Star Trek for one episode," Nichols said in a 2010 interview with the Archive of American Television.
Officials at Paramount, the show's producer, "were just simply amazed and people have talked about it ever since," said Nichols.
While inside the show things were buzzing, the episode passed by the general public and the TV industry at that time almost without comment, said Robert Thompson, a Syracuse University professor of television and popular culture.
"It neither got the backlash one might have expected nor did it open the doors for lots more shows to do this," Thompson said. "The shot heard around the world started the American Revolution. The kiss heard around the world eventually did ... but not immediately."
This was a world where interracial marriage had just become legal nationwide.
In 1967, the year before "Plato's Stepchildren" aired, the Supreme Court struck down nationwide laws that made marriage illegal between blacks and whites, between whites and Native Americans, Filipinos, Asians and, in some states, "all non-whites
Only 3 percent of newlyweds were intermarried that year. In 2015, 17 percent of newlyweds — or at least 1 in 6 of newly-married people — were intermarried, according to a Pew Research Center analysis of U.S. Census Bureau data.
Most television — outside of the news — was escapist fare and not willing to deal with the raucous atmosphere in the 1960s, Thompson said.
"It was so hard for television in the 60s to talk about the 1960s," he said. "That kiss and that episode of Star Trek is an example of how every now and again television in that period tried to kick the door open to those kinds of representations."
Gene Roddenberry, Star Trek's creator, and his team had more leeway because he was writing about the future and not current life, experts said.
"Setting Star Trek three hundred years in the future allowed (Roddenberry) to focus on the social issues of the 1960s without being direct or obvious," Shatner said in his book "Leonard: My Fifty-Year Friendship with a Remarkable Man."
A later episode entitled "Let That Be Your Last Battlefield" highlighted the folly of racism by showing a generations-long battle between two people from the same planet who thought each other to be subhuman - one was black-skinned on the left side and white on the right, while the other was the opposite.
Throughout the ensuing decades, interracial relationships with black and white actors became more prevalent on television, spanning multiple genres. From comedies like "The Jeffersons" and "Happy Endings," to dramas such as "Parenthood," ''Six Feet Under" and "Dynasty," and back to sci-fi with the short-lived "Firefly."
The trend is still not without its detractors. In 2013, a Cheerios commercial featuring an interracial couple and their daughter drew thousands of racist comments online.
Historians have noted that interracial kisses between blacks and whites happened on British television during live plays as early as 1959, and on subsequent soap operas like "Emergency Ward 10."
In the U.S., interethnic kisses happened on "I Love Lucy" between the Cuban Desi Arnaz and the white Lucille Ball in the 1950s and even on Star Trek in 1967 with Mexican actor Ricardo Montalban kissing Madlyn Rhue in the "Space Seed" episode.
Other shows like "Adventures in Paradise" and "I Spy" featured kisses between white male actors and Asian actresses, and Sammy Davis Jr. kissed Nancy Sinatra on the cheek on a December 1967 episode of her televised special "Movin' with Nancy."
Whether another kiss came first doesn't really matter.
"For whatever reason, that one between Captain Kirk and Lieutenant Uhura seems to be the one that is marked as the milestone," Thompson said.
It stands out because it had a profound effect on viewers, Nichols said in 2010.
"The first thing people want to talk about is the first interracial kiss and what it did for them. And they thought of the world differently, they thought of people differently," she said.
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After not seeing the word patent in my daily information routine for a few weeks, I saw it twice today – first in an article titled Turning Patents Into ‘Invention Capital’ (in the NY Times) and then in Region Sustains Robust Patent Production in the WSJ. Both stirred me up early this morning, but for different reasons.
If you are interested in patents, I encourage you to read Turning Patents Into ‘Invention Capital’ as I’m very interested in your reaction. I’d love to hear what you think in the comments (anonymous is fine if you are concerned about attribution on this one.) I have an opinion and this article didn’t add anything to my thoughts (which is partly why I’m looking for yours as I’m curious what others think.) So I hit Ctrl-W and went to the next tab in Chrome.
The title of Region Sustains Robust Patent Production was fine (and yes it refers to Silicon Valley), but the first sentence in the article made me nuts:
“The economic slump has yet to damp innovation in Silicon Valley, at least not by one widely followed measure: patent production.”
It’s a short article that basically states that Silicon Valley received a similar percentage of utility patents granted in the US in 2009 that it did in 2008 and 2007.
“Silicon Valley denizens received 13,231, or 7.9%, of the total 167,350 "utility" patents granted in the U.S. in 2009, according to IFI Patent Intelligence, a unit of Wolters Kluwer Health that analyzes patent data from the U.S. Patent and Trademark Office. That is on par with Silicon Valley’s share of patents nationwide in 2008 and 2007, according to IFI.”
Other than the factual statement, there is no possible way the conclusion made in the first paragraph can be extracted from this data. The primary flaw here is that patents take many years to be granted. The number of patents granted in 2009 has nothing to do with the innovation activity in 2009!
Now, I don’t believe that patent activity correlates to innovation. While this might have been true in the 1970’s, there are so many factors in today’s broken patent system that undermine this. The article even points one out in the list sentence:
“Like many tech firms, Cisco offers some financial incentives to employees who file and receive patents, he (Tony Bates, SVP at Cisco) says.”
The “pay to file” dynamic is a mechanism that undermines the integrity of the patent system. Here’s the issue: assume I am a huge company that pays my engineers on average $100k / year. I offer $1k for every patent filing they make during work time. So, as an engineer, you can increase your compensation by 1% for every patent you file (forget about whether it actually gets granted). As the large company, I’ve got a huge legal machine in place to file the patents – all you need to do as an engineer is going through a prescribed process, write up a bunch of stuff that gets dropped into the patent application, and come to a few meetings to review the patent application. Is that worth an additional 1% of your comp regardless of the quality of the application? Sure!
Regardless of whether you think patents are useful, this is just such a crummy indication of “innovation”.
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What is a final group project report?
The objective of a final group project report is that you learn about the application of subject-specific methodologies, data analyses, report writing, and group project management. Your final group project report may be either with a given topic or set of data, or you may be required to select an appropriate topic yourselves. If you are not given a topic or set of data, you are required to select one specific topic with appropriate issues; search for, collect and filter the information that is relevant to the topic and issues.
In both cases you are required to:
Length and Focus
The length of final group project reports in Applied Mathematics varies. They should normally be about 1,500 to 2,000 words and 10 to 20 pages long. The focus of a final group project report can be on the application of particular subject-/topic-specific methodologies, or on the synthesis and analysis of subject-/topic-specific data.
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If we research through our history books we will find that war has been part of our lives since the beginning of our time Sometimes our reasons for fighting are simple other times they are not Religion soil and prejudice are just a few reasons for why are world has seen bloodshed In one part of the world all three reasons are the cause This area is known as the Middle East As far back as mankind can remember the Middle East has been a battleground A ground in which people of different beliefs and ambitions have shed blood on On one side there are Jews believing that Israel is their religious birthright In the other there are Muslims believing that Israel is their place of worship For the last fifty-two years Israel has been a country The majority of Israels population is Jewish with a small percentage of Muslims In spite of Israels strong Jewish population it still has many weaknesses If you look at a map you will see a vast region of land In the center of this region you will find a tiny country named Israel All of Israels neighboring countries are populated and governed by Muslims To many people this seems like a problem in itself However the problem is much more implicit Within Israels neighboring countries lies a threat much greater than a religious belief Although religion is the main instigator shoddy education resources and a corruptive economy take the lead In order to understand the meaning of this you must first see a picture of daily life in these areas In most Middle Eastern Arab countries life is very dreary Schooling is poor and most children do not attend Instead children spend their days wondering the streets making meats change Resources are very low other than oil most Arab countries have no major exported resources Therefore crime is very high and most men join
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Chiropractic Journal of Australia : CJA September 2012
96 Chiropractic Journal of Australia Volume 42 Number 3 September 2012 baseline to 119.9° postoperatively, and internal rotation (in 90° hip fexion) from 11.5° to 23.9°.30 Early to mid-term results from surgical procedures demonstrate good to excellent clinical outcomes in 75- 80% of patients.31 Factors associated with a good outcome include minimal radiographic DJD, limited cartilage damage at surgery, young age and labral repair (rather than debridement).29 The three main causes of treatment failure were marked DJD, extensive chondropathy, and age older than 35 years at the time of surgery.32 These fndings underscore the importance of early diagnosis and timely treatment for symptomatic hips.15 Role of Chiropractic An important goal is to improve awareness of FAI among chiropractors, who are often the primary contact for patients presenting with this disorder. However, the majority of publications regarding FAI have been documented within the orthopaedic literature. Therefore, it is reasonable to presume that the greater part of the chiropractic profession is not familiar with FAI. The majority of conditions treated by chiropractors are of a neuromusculoskeletal nature.33 It has been suggested that the prevalence of FAI is as high as 14% within the general population.14 It is logical to deduce that patients with FAI (and its associated symptomatology) are presenting to chiropractors relatively frequently. An insuffcient awareness of FAI has been shown to lead to diagnostic delays of approximately two to four years.3,15 As such, the chiropractic profession is an important position to appropriately assess and diagnose these patients early, and offer evidence- based clinical recommendations in order to improve the management of FAI. Based upon the current evidence, surgical intervention has been demonstrated to be the most successful treatment approach for FAI in the absence of advanced degenerative changes to the hip.8 However, whilst surgical procedures demonstrate good to excellent clinical outcomes (if performed prior to secondary degenerative changes), there is a lack of evidence to support or refute the use of conservative treatment interventions.25 In cases of FAI where exacerbating activities can be modifed or removed, conservative management may provide improvement in function and symptoms.25,27 However, it must be emphasised that conservative management will not eliminate the underlying morphological abnormalities, and therefore, will not improve hip range of motion.27 For a chiropractor to serve as the conservative management alternative, it is the opinion of the author that an individualised multi-modal approach to management should be used. Multi-modal chiropractic management incorporates a combination of therapies and techniques including adjusting (manipulation) and mobilisation, soft tissue and stretching techniques, rehabilitation and corrective exercises, taping, physiological therapeutics, nutrition and training (activity) advice/programs in order to address both the acute (pain) phase and the chronic (rehabilitation) phase.34,35 Chiropractic manipulation and mobilisation should address the entire kinetic chain (lumbar spine, sacroiliac, knee, ankle and foot joints).36 Caution should be applied with manipulation/mobilisation of the hip joint, as attempts FEMOROACETABULAR IMPINGMENT JAROSZ to passively improve hip range of motion may exacerbate FAI symptoms.7,12,19,28 However, hip manipulation/ mobilisation techniques involving long-axis traction may be benefcial.36 The author utilises active release (ART) and myofascial release (MFR) soft tissue techniques; post- isometric relaxation (PIR), proprioceptive neuromuscular facilitation contract-relax-antagonist-contract (PNF-CRAC) and active isolated stretching (AIS) techniques to address both neuromuscular and connective tissue factors, and promote hip abduction, external rotation and extension.25,27 Exercise therapy focusing on hip extension, abduction and external rotation may provide an improvement in function and pain symptoms, and allow independent patient management through a home exercise program.25,27 Patient education concerning activity modifcation (e.g. avoiding activities involving repetitive, forceful or hyper-hip fexion), as well as the potential need for MRI-arthrography, and orthopaedic referral, must be emphasised. In cases of FAI where patients are unable to remove or modify their activities (as occurs with semi-elite and elite athletes), or when patients fail to respond to conservative management, referral for MRI-arthrography is warranted. The presence of articular cartilage or labral pathology necessitates referral and evaluation by an orthopaedic surgeon who specialises in hip joint preservation procedures.7 For FAI that requires co-management, chiropractors serve an important role in the diagnosis, prehabilitation (multi-modal treatment approaches utilised prior to surgical intervention) and post-surgical rehabilitation. For further information regarding clinical presentation and multi-modal chiropractic management of FAI, please refer to the article “Femoroacetabular impingement and its relevance to chiropractors. Part II: a case series”. (Forthcoming) CONCLUSION FAI has been increasingly recognised over the past fve to six years as a major cause of pain and premature degenerative changes in the hips of young adults. Early diagnosis is crucial in order to improve the management of this condition and avert the pathological progression from impingement to end- stage DJD. FAI typically presents as insidious onset groin pain in physically active adults aged 20 to 50 years, often in association with sporting activities. On examination, internal rotation in fexion is markedly limited in comparison to the other side. A positive impingement test is possibly the most important clinical fnding indicative of FAI. The plain flm radiographic signs of the Cam and pincer morphological abnormality are often overlooked because they are not looked for routinely. When detected, these radiographic signs provide the diagnosis of FAI, provided they are consistent with the clinical fndings. MRI-arthrography to evaluate acetabular chondropathy and labral pathology is considered the gold standard. The diagnosis is based on the synthesis of the clinical pain presentation, a positive impingement sign, and imaging studies demonstrating morphological abnormalities associated with FAI. Chiropractors are in an important position to appropriately assess and diagnose patients with FAI, and offer evidence-based clinical recommendations in order to improve the management of this disorder.
CJA June 2012
CJA December 2012
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Make Your Own "Weather" Map
Students develop and apply a variety of strategies to solve problems, with an emphasis on multi-step and non-routine problems. They acquire confidence in using mathematics meaningfully.
7th - 10th Math 3 Views 5 Downloads
Language Focus and Vocabulary Unit 8.1: Sentence Forms, Travel and Weather
Practice a range of skills with a worksheet that covers both grammar and vocabulary. After working with imperative sentences, kids move on to sentences that include forms of going to and will and won't. The second half of the worksheet...
3rd - 8th Math CCSS: Adaptable
Hands On Activities and Projects in Algebra 1, Algebra 2, Geometry, & Personal Finance
Your learners will enjoy this conglomerate of hands-on activities and projects that can be used in algebra one and two, geometry, and personal finance. Rich in math standards, these projects reach into learners' lives to motivate and...
9th - 12th Math CCSS: Adaptable
New Review Reducing Road Accidents
By making the following changes to the roads, we can prevent several accidents. A multiple-day lesson plan prompts pupils to investigate accidents in a small town. Pairs develop a proposal on what to do to help reduce the number of...
6th - 9th Math CCSS: Adaptable
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SAN ANTONIO – Pre-K 4 SA educates 2,000 students every year through its four education centers, and now those students, who are as young as 4 years old, are working to help others in the community via the Gracias San Antonio initiative.
Sarah Baray, the CEO of Pre-K 4 SA, said the yearlong initiative helps children learn about giving back to the community. In this project, children are auctioning off their art — all for a good cause.
“I myself have my eye on a few pieces and I put in a few bids and it all goes to a good cause,” she said. “And then we even have people that will bid from across the country,”
The idea is grounded in the belief that children are not just future citizens but are active citizens today.
“They learn about that nonprofit throughout the year. And this year they chose the THRU Project, which is helping youth as they age out of the foster care system,” Baray said.
It is a simple process that can do a lot of good.
“The children have worked with local artists to create art pieces which are now on exhibit at our East Center, and we are auctioning those pieces off to the public. And the money raised through that online auction will be used to support the THRU Project,” Baray said.
People can bid on the art online and in person. Bidding ends at 11:45 p.m. Sunday, April 24. The exhibit will be open to the public from 3-4 p.m. Tuesday and Wednesday.
The program not only teaches kids about voting, but also teaches them how to be contributors to the community.
“And one of the things that happens throughout the year that really inspires the children for these art pieces is they go on city explorations with their teachers and their families to see all the great things that are going on in San Antonio,” Baray said.
This year’s goal is to raise $10,000 for the foster children in the THRU Project.
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For more than 10 decades the Colt Government Model 1911 has been without challenge the most recognized, most imitated, most influential, and most used semiautomatic handgun in the world. Some call it the best pistol ever. It is to autoloaders what the Colt Single Action Army is to revolvers. If anything, the Model 1911 pistol—in all its forms, chamberings, and variations—is more popular today worldwide than it has been at any time since John Browning applied for the basic patents under-lying its design. No other firearm on earth can match its record for longevity, versatility, and performance.
Its basic mechanical design, based on John Browning’s original 1898 patent for a recoil-operated autoloader mechanism, has been the foundation or point of reference for virtually every other centerfire autoloading pistol subsequently produced by handgun manufacturers everywhere for the entire 20th and 21st centuries, and it is more widely copied and imitated than any other pistol ever made. It held its position as the official sidearm of the U.S. Armed Services for 75 years, which is longer than any other continuous-use military arm in any nation’s history.
Due to its extremely widespread use by military forces in many nations, more people have handled or fired some form of the Model 1911 pistol at least once in their lives than any other sidearm ever made. Worldwide, dozens of parts assemblers and manufacturers are presently producing clones and semiclones of the Model 1911, plus a gazillion parts and component makers, and not to mention the authentic versions still offered by Colt.
Even now, after more than a full decade in the 21st century, when high-tech double-action autoloaders with space-age polymer components firing high-pressure metric-designation cartridges have swept many military and law enforcement markets, the venerable all-steel Government Model single action in original .45 ACP chambering remains a continuingly strong seller. Demand for the Model 1911—in all chamberings, all configurations, from all manufacturers and custom pistolsmiths—is, in fact, at an all-time high. After the full-size 5-inch Model 1911 itself, the 4-inch “Commander” format has been the most popular variant among those who carry a 1911 concealed for more than 50 years.
Why has the Model 1911’s position been so strong, so dominant, for so long? Simple. Its straightforward, user-friendly design cannot be outclassed for reliability, accuracy, endurance, and effectiveness. It pretty much shoots where you point it, goes bang every time you squeeze the trigger, and is hard to wear out.
- <h2></h2>A strong testament to the Government Model’s enduring position as top gun is the fact that the world of autoloader sport and competition shooting remains dominated by the classic-form Model 1911.
I have marveled over my first real experiences with this gun as an instructor at the 3rd U.S. Army Non-Commissioned Officer’s Academy at Ft. McClellan, Alabama, back in the early 1970s. I was detailed to shoot pistol demos for the infantry training battalion there. The instructor cadre used Model 1911A1 .45s straight from the post armory that had originally entered service during World War II and had received nothing but maintenance from the mixed-parts piles ever since. God only knows how many thousands of infantry trainees had handled them or how many hundreds of thousands of hardball rounds they’d fired. They were rough and worn (some would rattle when you shook them), but I never picked up even one that wouldn’t still shoot the chest out of a standard military silhouette target at 50 feet with a magazine full of hardball 230-grain FMJ ammo.
Another strong testament to the Government Model’s enduring position as top gun is the fact that the world of autoloader sport and competition shooting remains dominated by the classic-form Model 1911. It is the predominant centerfire pistol format at the annual Camp Perry National Championship Bullseye pistol matches, and it’s the pistol design of choice for a vast majority of USPSA/IPSC action shooters—in spite of a temporary popularity for double-action based pistols. Most of the world’s top pistol competitors briefly tried other designs, then returned to the proven Model 1911.
Moreover, the Government Model design is not limited to its original .45 ACP application and in action-pistol competition circles is primarily chambered for the .38 Super, 9x23mm Winchester, and other 9mm-caliber rounds. On the top end the Model 1911’s mechanical ability to handle high-intensity cartridges was demonstrated by Colt’s successful introduction of a 10mm Delta Elite version of the Government Model back in 1987. And Colt (as well as many others) has offered scaled-down, smaller-frame Model 1911 formats for smaller, personal defense-oriented cartridges like the .380 ACP as well. Whenever new auto cartridges have come along, the Model 1911 has demonstrated that it can accommodate them and even handle loads like the .357 Magnum, .45 Win Mag, and .44 Magnum in beefed-up adaptations, such as the Coonan Arms and Grizzly Win Mag pistols.
How well can a Government Model 1911 pistol shoot? Generally, a top-of-the-line Colt-manufacture .45 Gold Cup new from the box can be reliably expected to deliver 2.5-inch, five-shot average groups at 25 meters from a rest. Give it to a top-grade pistol-smith for refinement and you’ll get a gun that will put match-grade loads into a 1-inch circle at that distance. The same holds true for Gold Cup-type 1911s from top manufacturers, such as Kimber, Les Baer, and Springfield Armory. A standard-grade basic .45 ACP Government Model setup from any of the good-quality platform manufacturers will usually hold in the 3.5- to 4.0-inch area to start, and if you take such a plain-Jane pistol to the same good pistolsmith, he can turn out an end product as good as the tuned Gold Cup. The basics are there; they just need to be worked up.
Accuracy of the Model 1911-form autoloader, in any chambering, is dependent on two primary factors: a solid lockup of the slide to the frame in battery and close fitting of the barrel bushing. In the premium-grade Colt Gold Cup, for example, less than solid slide-to-frame fit is cured by the simple expedient of extra care taken in the factory to hand match individual slides to frames and to polish and hone their fitting. Sloppy barrel-to-bushing fit, the cause of most of the accuracy problems with earlier solid-bushing, service-grade Government Models in general, was corrected in the Series 70 redesign by the introduction of the collet bushing, which “grips” the specially configured barrel with spring-tension “fingers” that ensure there’s no slack between the barrel and the bushing at the muzzle. The barrel is thus held more firmly in relation to the line of the sights.
Government Model 1911 pistols from manufacturers other than Colt will perform as well right out of the box as is the quality of the company producing them. Some are really exceptional, holding tightly to the original Model 1911 manufacturing specifications and dimensions. Some are solid, middle-of-the-quality-road products that deliver an excellent value for the price. Some are truly horrendous. But unless the manufacturing quality is so bad that the basic reference points and dimensional relationships of the parts are not within standard specifications, even the most inexpensive and sloppily fitted Government Model clone can be custom upgraded into a premium-performance pistol.
This is why “generic” Model 1911s from companies other than Colt are used so widely by top-line pistolsmiths to build high-end competition guns or tactical and defense guns. The cost of the basic gun is less than the brand-name version, and the same refinement work is going to be done to it anyway. If the basic specs are there, it doesn’t matter whether the rollmark on the slide says Colt or MyGarage GunWorks—the end product is going the be the same $2,000 worth of refinement. The only difference is what you pay for the starting point.
All of which emphasizes why all the top pistolsmiths and spokesmen for Model 1911 manufacturers with whom I have spoken about the Government Model’s past and future are uniformly convinced its long-term prominence is guaranteed for as long as firearms exist: versatility and adaptability. Among handguns, the Model 1911 is the most customized and customizable platform in existence. The list of calibers and uses to which it has been applied is essentially endless. It is a proven foundation for more different handgun applications than any other pistol design imaginable.
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Hip-hop is an art form that shares similarities with West African culture, for example the rappers and griots. Every hip-hop artist shares a story through verse commonly referred to as rap, and the same can be said about the griot who conveys history through poetry. The use of instruments is also an important aspect of these cultures because it allows for the listener to retain information differently, whether through voice or music. However, it is important to understand the significance of these artistic mediums of expression and the way in which the West African culture is manifested through popular culture.
Hip-hop artists from all over the world–Africa, Europe, the Caribbean, and the Americas–can all agree that the culture stems from the griot culture. In a recent BBC article, “Africa’s musical crusaders: New generation of griots” the author states, “West Africa’s griots or jails, are often referred to as hereditary praise-singers, yet they are so much more. . . . They were reporter, storyteller, poet, composer and musician. Their skill in communicating and in mediation made them, according to Tounami Diabate, Mali’s kora-playing wizard and the world’s most famous griot, ‘the needle that sews’” (n.p. 2014).
Akala, an English hip-hop artitst, would also agree that “a griot was a poet, musician, singer, all of which you have to train for, but was also in some senses a political advisor. In other senses, a genealogist, a historian, and they were charged with memorizing literally thousands of poems” (TEDx Talks. 2013.). Unfortunately, griots were treated as outcasts within their society (Chang, 275), but these men were also responsible for helping to maintain a culture by memorizing history and passing it onto the next generation (Enter: hip-hop).
The word “hip-hop” has significant value because it represents much more than music. If we look at the etymology of the words “hip” and “hop” individually, we will see that it has West African and other African roots: “the very word ‘hip-hop’ comes from the Wolof word ‘hippie,’ which means to open your eyes and see; ‘hop’ from the English signifying ‘movement.’” (TEDx Talks. 2013.). Once hip and hop are combined, a new word and meaning is created: “intelligent movement.”
KRS-One, a New York-based rapper respected for his longstanding involvement with this youth culture, released a song titled “Hip Hop Lives (I Come Back)” in which he further explains the meaning of hip-hop:
“hip means to know, it’s a form of intelligence,
to be hip is to be update and relevant,
hop is a form of movement, you just can’t observe a hop,
you gotta hop up and do it,
hip and hop is more than music,
hip is the knowledge, hop is the movement,
hip and hop is intelligent movement” (HipHopLivesToday. 2009).
Although these cultures are separated by land and ocean, we can see that hip-hop and the griot traditions are united by music, poetry, and history. So, what do these two cultures look and sound like when they are combined?
Blitz the Ambassador is also a New York hip-hop artist of Ghanaian descent who uses this medium of expression to connect African and American traditions. In his recent album Afropolitan Dreams he recorded a song that compares the rapper and the griot:
“on one side a man whose past foretold the prophecy,
the other side a man whose future beholds the legacy,
one reps the royalty, the voice of the kingdom,
the other knows his loyalty, the hood that he came from,
one plays the kora, djembe, xylophones,
the other rocks the MP, turntables, microphones,
they both tell the stories of the warriors that passed,
one on the battlefield, the others on the Ave.,
one memorizes, the other one writes this,
one tells the village, the other tells the projects,
and they both on the road less traveled,
separated by time, the future unraveled,
from the ancient Mali empire to the Empire State,
from Sundiata Keita to Jam Master Jay, let the story be told” (JakartRec. 2010).
Blitz also has a live recording on Youtube that incorporates a 12-piece band and a griot who sings and plays the stringed instrument djembe.
I highly encourage you to listen to these artists and visit the International and Area Studies Library where a librarian can help you find more information on West Africa.
For more information on the Africana Collections and Services, please go to the following link:
If you are interested in learning more about the Center for African Studies, the courses they offer, networking, or attending any of their events, click on the link below:
To read the BBC article on “Africa’s musical crusaders: New generation of griots” and discover other artists from Africa, you may check the following link:
If you would like to learn more about the artists referred to in this article, you can go to the following links (arranged in alphabetical order by artist name):
Blitz the Ambassador:
Blitz the Ambassador. 2014. Afropolitan Dreams [CD]. Direct Current MGMT.
Chang, Jeff. 2005. “Follow For Now: The Question of Post-Civil Rights Black Leadership,” in Can’t Stop Won’t Stop: A History of the Hip-Hop Generation. New York, NY: St. Martin’s Press, 275.
HipHopLivesToday. 2009. “Hip Hop Lives (I Come Back) [HD].” YouTube. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=ZRmbCa4FLnY. Accessed October 5, 2014.
JakartRec. 2010. “Remembering The Future (Live with 12 piece band).” YouTube. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=IowevMwCkhY. Accessed October 5, 2014.
TEDx Talks. 2013. “The Evolution of the Emcee: Akala at TEDxSalford.” YouTube. YouTube. http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=rgM-WXr-0gM. Accessed October 5, 2014.
n.p. 2014. “Africa’s musical crusaders: New generation of griots.” BBC News: Africa. BBC. http://www.bbc.com/news/world-africa-29162685. Accessed October 5, 2014.
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Ian Buruma, Professor of Democracy, Human Rights, and Journalism at Bard College, recently examined the implications of the Rolling Stones’ first-ever concert in Cuba in the wake of revived U.S.-Cuba relations. Following Obama’s historic visit to the country, a free concert might seem relatively minor. But to truly understand the importance of this concert, one must understand what rock and roll meant to people living under Communist dictatorships.
In Cuba and the former Soviet bloc alike, governments saw rock music as subversive capitalist excess, and subsequently banned it as a threat to public order. While rock fans in Western democracies enjoyed the music for music’s sake and considered any political slant from musicians to be merely posturing, under communist regimes it was linked to more serious rebellion. “The forbidden sounds—loud, anarchic, sexy—offered an escape from the drabness of a tightly policed normality.” In front of an adoring crowd of thousands who had grown up beneath this cloud of censorship, Mick Jagger echoed President Obama’s sentiments for Cuba’s future. Change may be slow to come, but it’s finally started.
The full article is available here.
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When and Why Do Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Make a Difference? Explaining the Marginal Impact of ENGOs in Different Types of Democratic Systems
Böhmelt, T., Bernauer, T., Koubi, V. When and Why Do Environmental Non-Governmental Organizations Make a Difference? Explaining the Marginal Impact of ENGOs in Different Types of Democratic Systems. European Political Science Review, Forthcoming
50 Pages Posted: 11 Dec 2013
Date Written: December 5, 2013
Conventional wisdom suggests that environmental non-governmental organizations (ENGOs) play a major role in pushing states towards more ambitious environmental policies. However, demonstrating that this presumption is in fact true is rather difficult, because the same system structures of democracies that may create more opportunities for ENGO activities are also, on their own, conducive to better environmental policies. This leaves open the possibility that the additional (marginal) impact of ENGOs on policy-making is smaller than presumed. In trying to disentangle these effects, this paper examines the influence of ENGOs contingent on key structural characteristics of democratic systems. We develop the argument that presidential systems with a plurality electoral rule per se tend to provide more environmental public goods, which induces a smaller marginal impact of ENGOs. Conversely, parliamentary systems with a proportional representation electoral rule are likely to provide fewer environmental public goods, which allows for a larger marginal impact of ENGOs. We find robust empirical support for these hypotheses in analyses that focus on the ratification behavior of 75 democracies vis-à-vis 250 international environmental agreements in 1973-2002.
Keywords: democracy; environmental non-governmental organizations; international environmental politics, parliamentary systems, presidential systems, plurality voting, proportional representation
Suggested Citation: Suggested Citation
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An ongoing list of overheard theater fallacies
I’m incredibly fortunate – I actually make money in the arts. As the administrator for a community theater and a published playwright, my paychecks are directly related to all things theater. It’s a wonderful thing.
It also lends me a particular perspective. I hear from all types, including eager young actors, cynical techs, disillusioned writers, egocentric directors – and you can pretty much switch adjectives and objects at will. And so when certain clichés start to take form, I have the advantage of placing them in a certain context. Thus, I present to you an ever-expanding compendium of theater fallacies. Have you said, or believed, any of these pearls of wisdom? I know I have.
“It’ll Sell Itself!”
Usage: We need a hit, so let’s produce ‘The Sound of Annie of Oz Grease Superstar.’ No worries – it’ll itself!
The Reality: No. It won’t.
There are certain staples out there that community theaters know – just know – will be successful. We learn this from experience. JCS always seems to bring the crowds, right? And hell, the grandparents alone will pay back the exorbitant royalties of Annie or Wizard of Oz – so bring on the moppets! But it don’t always work out that way. Sure, parents and grandparents will come see their precious little snowflakes, and rock musicals tend to bring out the curious non-theater types. But hoping the name alone will entice the crowds is a big mistake. After all, once a title is part of the zeitgeist, it’s probably been turned into a movie and produced into the ground by every theater in a 30 mile radius…so much of your target audience has been there, done that. Your particular production might be the greatest thing since that bass solo in “You Can Call Me Al,” but the name alone won’t be enough to entice the crowds.
And here’s the trickier part – the people choosing theatrical seasons are, by definition, “theater people.” They possess a certain taste and insight that much of our target audience does not. You and I can name the musical that won the Tony last year – can they? When it becomes available, we theatergeeks will jump all over it, but we’re not the ones buying tickets, we’re the ones auditioning and finagling our way into free seats. Things like “Tony and Pulitzer winning” look great in marketing blurbs, but they don’t translate into sales. And I won’t even get into the production itself, except to say word-of-mouth is a powerful tool…few things can kill a show like a cast who discourages friends & family from coming to see it.
So what DOES sell a show? Damned if I know. Damned if anybody knows. Hell, look on Broadway, where it’s all movie tie-ins and celebrities – even Disney can’t tell a hit from a flop until it’s way too late. On a local scale, the only thing that really seems to work is the unadulterated enthusiasm of the production crew itself. Seems that if the cast & crew love what they’re doing, people will come.
“If the cast & crew love what they’re doing, people will come.”
Usage: See above entry.
The Reality: Not so much.
I’m not saying it hurts. I’m just saying that no amount of cast loveydovey is going to promote a show. If said loveydovey translates into grassroots promotion – poster hanging, phone calls, impromptu street performances – it helps. But I’ve seen many shows that faltered despite the genuine enthusiasm of the cast & crew. Sometimes, the audience just doesn’t feel the love (in simpler terms, the show ain’t as good as the cast thinks it is). But often, I think those producing the show begin to assume their love is contagious, and will spill out into the atmosphere, enticing viewers like the smell of a bone entices Tex Avery dogs. It doesn’t. I’m thrilled for those in theater who have a wonderful experience – that’s what it’s all about. Now go hang some posters, willya?
“It’s all politics.”
Usage: You know why no one will produce my play and/or cast me? I don’t know the right people. It’s all politics.
The Reality: Yes, but not quite like you think.
Theater people are notoriously…unique. Think about what we do – we devote much of our lives to either pretending we are someone else or enabling others to pretend. At some level, we are constantly auditioning, showing someone our most vulnerable side so that they may judge us and decide our fate. Or, worse yet, we ARE the judges, watching person after person (often our friends, but not at that moment) parade their talents so that we can decide whether or not they fit into our “vision.” Our level of personal security is…oh, let’s say “skewed.”
Therefore, when things don’t go our way, it is very easy to blame the politics of theater. No one will produce my script because I don’t know the right people. They won’t cast me because I don’t have a chummy relationship with the director. And there might be some truth to the matter.
However, there’s an inherent surrender in comments like these. The truth is, theater – local or otherwise – is a small business, as the awesome Gary Garrison will tell you. If you don’t have connections, MAKE THEM. Lord knows I knew nobody in the playwriting biz when I started, and I can now count many amazing and successful writers among my friends…and those friendships have led to opportunities I never imagined. And really, all I did was send emails, go to productions whenever I could, and generally make an effort to connect with my fellow writers, to learn from them, to listen to them, and (especially?) to drink with them. I’ve had the luck and fortune to be able to travel, to take classes and seminars, to visit – granted, not everyone has that luxury. But isn’t that (along with odd abbreviations and kitty pics) what the internets are for?
And as for you actors & directors – yep. All things being equal, a director will choose someone they know & love over working with an unproven entity. Again, though – theater is a small, small world, and your rep, good or bad, will get around. Trust me. No one wants to work with people they…don’t want to work with, whether the gig is paid or volunteer. So how ‘bout your connections? Take a good, honest look at yourself and your history. Did you spend time complaining about the production to your fellow castmates, people who were actually having – or trying to have – a good time? Did you talk smack about your fellow actors to your friends, leaving said friends wondering what you’re saying about them to others? Were you obnoxious during auditions? A frequent absentee during rehearsals? (Let me tell ya, folks – if you must have a vice, make sure it ISN’T being the guy who calls in sick all the time.) Trouble-makers come in all shapes and sizes, and “insecurity” is no excuse…we’re ALL insecure, brother. When it comes down to it, them what duz the castin’ are going to choose the nice, supportive person over the talented painintheass every time. Politics? Not really. Just common sense. Being at the helm is a hugely daunting task – every move gets second-guessed, not least by yourself. Those of us who do it want to make things as stress-free as possible, and that means keeping the nasties at bay.
Now, this doesn’t mean there aren’t back-scratchers out there, just like there are in every gig. And it doesn’t mean good actors & writers aren’t getting screwed out of great roles & shows because those in charge had their blinders on. But if they’d rather work with an old buddy over you, hey – it’s their loss. And probably a theatrical venture you’d rather not take. In the meantime, please remember that the best, most lasting connections start by being friendly and supportive, even (especially) behind backs.
More shattered illusions coming soon to a post near you…
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Jobs growth has been frustratingly slow in this recovery. The headline unemployment rate is down to 6.1%, but there's still a lot of slack in the labor market. Wages are stagnant, long-term unemployment is strikingly high, and an unusually large number of Americans are so discouraged about their prospects that they've stopped looking for work.
So what's holding us back from a full recovery? Maybe taxes are too high. Or perhaps regulation is holding us back. Or too many people are going on disability. Or maybe—this theory is especially popular now—there's something wrong with the workforce we have. Too many liberal arts majors, not enough welders and truckers and computer scientists.
The problem with those theories is that they are way too local. The jobs shortfall isn't just an American thing—it's global. Earlier this week, the World Bank released a report on jobs in the "G20" group of major world economies. Missing jobs and stagnant wages is a story all around the world. Here's a snapshot from the report, showing how far below the pre-crisis trend jobs growth has been:
So what is it that's holding almost everyone back? The World Bank chalks it up to a weak "aggregate demand"—but that only gets us halfway to an answer. What's harder and more controversial is figuring out why demand for goods and services, which is what ultimately convinces employers to hire, has been so sluggish. One possibility is that consumers are too nervous to kick-start a virtuous cycle, where they buy more and thus spur more production and more hiring. The report notes that consumers around the world found themselves mired in debt after the crash, and that the growth in their income has been disappointing. In advanced economies, the share of GDP that goes to employee pay and benefits has declined substantially.
But to bring the story back home to U.S., at least, the anxious consumer alone isn't a good enough answer anymore. As economist Brad DeLong points out here, consumption in the U.S. isn't actually down by that much. What is down, he says, is construction and government spending. And on government spending, what's true in the U.S. has been true with a vengeance in Europe, where policymakers have pursued government austerity policies.
Rethinking education, or how we train the workforce, or tax policy, or regulations might very well help economic growth in the long run. Finding some way to boost the mood of consumers couldn't hurt, either. But the big-picture view suggests a deeper problem. The economic crisis blew a massive hole in the global economy. And more than five years later, the evidence is mounting that governments around the world just did too little, too late to help mend the gap.
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Our eco friendly rectangular bowls are sustainable alternative to plastic and styrofoam packaging. Lids made from renewable resource naturally fallen leaves are great for take out needs for restaurants, coffee shops, cafe and catering business. This bowl can be used with the Lid.
- 100% Natural & biodegradable
- 100% compostable
- Ethically sourced
- Chemical Free & Non-Toxic
- Microwave and Refrigerator safe
- Suitable for all types of food including hot and wet.
- Very Sturdy and Premium quality
- Since they are completely natural, there is no risk of any chemicals or flavours leaching into the food
The process of making palm leaf dinnerware is as eco-friendly as the product. The fallen leaves are hand-picked by local farmers in a village of Southern India and then washed in spring water, dried in sun, and then heat pressed and sterilized into a final shape to produce sustainable and elegant dinnerware. No Trees are ever harvested or cut in the entire process.
These palm leaf products are one of the most durable and eco-friendly disposables available on the market.
Bowls are meant to be single-use, however, they can be reused if taken care of. After use, you can throw it in your home compost or green bin and it will break down in less than 90 days.
We recommend keeping the package in a dry location and keeping it sealed until ready for use.
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At only 17 years old, she’s the youngest Nobel Prize laureate ever. Malala Yousafzai was an activist before she was even a teenager, writing a blog about life in a Pakistan where education was denied to girls such as herself by Taliban rule. Soon after, she became the subject of a BBC documentary, and it wasn’t long after that, that an attempt was made on her life by a gunman on board a school bus.
Despite being shot, Malala survived – and the world hasn’t been the same since. The attack even spurred a UN petition in her name that would eventually lead to Pakistan’s first Right to Education Bill.
Malala Yousafzai is still fighting for access to education for children all over the world, receiving the 2014 Nobel Peace Prize for her work. She has recently donated some award money towards the reconstruction of schools in Gaza.
It’s hard to believe that in the United Kingdom, where Malala now lives, she’s not even old enough to vote – yet she is an inspiration and testament to what is possible with hope and determination. So in honour of Malala Yousafzai’s award, we’ve put together this list of ten more young activists who are also doing their part to change the world:
In 2005, teenager Darius Weems embarked on the journey of a lifetime – a 11,000-kilometre road trip across America to raise money and awareness of the disease that he’s living with, Duchenne muscular dystrophy. It spurred a well-known documentary called Darius Goes West and now at 25 years old, the young activist is still as active as ever.
Update: Darius Weems passed away in October, 2016 at the age of 27. From a statement released by his organization: “Joy. Camaraderie. Love. Those are the emotions he would want us to feel — emotions that he embodied in his lifelong fight against DMD, and that he spread through countless individuals across the hundreds of thousands of miles of roads that he traveled.”
A few months ago, a 12-year-old from North Carolina restored everybody’s faith in the future of politics. Madison Kimbrey gave this moving speech after the state passed some questionable legislation. She now writes her own blog called Functional Human Being, covering topics including feminism and how to get young people mobilized in politics.
In September, Harry Potter star Emma Watson stunned the world with this poignant address as UN Women Goodwill Ambassador. She’s now instrumental in launching the UN campaign He for She, which calls on men to be equally responsible for promoting gender equality.
This young lady started SlutWalk in 2011 with a small group of friends, dressing up in fishnets and revealing outfits to make a powerful statement about rape culture. The movement quickly spread from Toronto around the world, including Singapore, India and South Korea. Jarvis continues to dedicate her life to queer and feminist activism.
Ryan Hreljac was just six years old when he used his chore money to help build wells in Africa. Those were the humble beginning of the Ryan’s Well Foundation. Now 21 years old, Hreljac has raised millions of dollars for water and sanitation projects in third world countries.
At only 15 years old, Liza Yaroshenko is awfully young to be living with the HIV virus. But she’s decided not to let the disease control her life. Yaroshenko has become an activist for raising awareness about the epidemic in her native country Ukraine, as well as around the world. She’s spoken in Ukrainian parliament and continues to work with lobby groups and other organizations.
This 17-year-old is the latest winner of Good Housekeeping’s young campaigner of the year award for launching a campaign against female genital mutilation in her hometown of Bristol. She started a Change.org petition that was a major success, garnering over 200,000 signatures, and continues to work for local charities.
It’s a big deal to speak out against China’s oppressive and censoring regime – which makes what this six-year-old did even more amazing. Pang Pang made this public plea for his adoptive grandparents to be returned. They disappeared after organizing a rally against government corruption.
Asean Johnson brought a crowd (and the Internet) to tears last year, with these words against school closures in Chicago. The video got over 350,000 YouTube views. He’s still a regular kid at school in the Windy City, but continues to campaign as a member of the local student union.
At nine years old, Katherine Figueroa didn’t choose a life of activism, but was pushed into it. Her parents were deported in a worksite raid, leaving the little girl — born in America — entirely on her own. She marched, rallied and her family was released – but that was just the beginning of Figueroa’s journey. She is still campaigning Congress against deporting people who haven’t committed serious crimes.
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What Is Woodworking?
Woodworking suggests a lot of things, but here’s reasonably monotonous meaning I created that most hobbyists will most likely agree with
Woodworking is a productive craft that entails cutting, shaping, as well as joining timber to develop attractive and/or valuable planar woodworking wikipedia things.
There is nothing physically requiring about woodworking and also you can construct at your own speed. The basic concepts are simple to discover, yet it’s a hobby that will always stay fresh and also challenging as your skills progress. If you like problem-solving, you will love woodworking. I’ve gone to this for over 40 years and also face new difficulties with every project I build.
It belongs to the procedure. It’s additionally awarding to produce really trendy things for your residence using your hands and mind. As a whole, woodworking is an extremely singular experience: if you are a bit introverted and love handling tasks from start to finish, you will enjoy woodworking.
Who Are Woodworkers?
There utilized to be 2 stereotypes of woodworkers. The grouchy shop teacher that taught a truly dull class to kids that didn’t want to exist, and the retired grandpa who puttered around in his garage with a lot of time to construct a periodic birdhouse.
Fortunately, those stereotypes are no longer real. There is more diversity in woodworking currently than ever before, thanks to on the internet communities and the affordability of devices and materials.
In the past ten years there has actually been a significant surge in 2 groups of individuals making woodworking a pastime. First, women. It wasn’t that long ago when a female woodworker was unusual. Today, females woodworkers are widespread. There is absolutely nothing about woodworking that any person can not do.
The 2nd big demographic spike has actually been among millennials, individuals in their 20s and 30s. I hear from people at all times that operate in silicon valley or simply have some sort of office task as well as really feel the need to make things with their hands.
What’s The Difference In Between A “Manufacturer” And A “WoodWorker”?
A manufacturer is a fairly brand-new term that has actually emerged in the past years or two. It’s an all-inclusive term for people who like to dabble in different crafts. This might indicate a little woodworking, metalworking, epoxying, concreting, computer programming, electronic devices, 3D printing, cooking, stitching, knitting, fashion jewelry making, sculpting, porcelains, robotics, also having fun with Legos. So generally, we are all makers.
A woodworker is a manufacturer that is primarily thinking about discovering and refining the craft of producing points out of wood. In some cases we bring various other products right into our projects, but the focus gets on the timber. It’s a cost effective, classic product that’s very easy to build with.
Ted’s 16,000 Woodworking Plans
I’ve had my eye on Ted’s 16,000 woodworking prepare for time.
It appeared as well great to be real. Although I’m not a devoted woodworker, I figured if I made one or a few of the tasks from the set it would be cash well spent.
My curiosity got the most effective of me. I sucked it up as well as bought it. They provide a reimbursement so I figured if it was entirely worthless I could request my refund.
Is is too excellent to be real?
Not actually. It’s respectable. It’s not perfect, however it’s excellent.
A few of the strategies are so negative however are consisted of simply to increase the sales pitch of “16,000” strategies.
And afterwards a few of the strategies are great. Some are fine. I’m not amazed it’s not best. It’s a huge collection and also combination of different plans for all sort of products.
Below’s the way of thinking you should have if you acquire Ted’s Woodworking. Approve the truth you won’t such as every plan. In fact, accept you will most likely refrain from doing 90% or more of them for any number of factors such as the plans misbehave and/or they aren’t tasks you desire to construct.
BUT, the few plans that you simulate which are suitable top quality, if you develop them, will be make the cost of this electronic collection of woodworking strategies worth it.
Who should acquire Ted’s Woodworking?
This is for individuals who like do it yourself projects. The majority of the strategies are classified “beginner”, “intermediate” or “innovative” which is practical.
Even if you’ve never built anything or done any woodworking, this is a respectable set of strategies to get going with due to the fact that there are newbie projects included.
You can construct all sort of stuff for your residence. See the checklist of plan classifications listed below.
At the end of the day, if you do the strange DIY task or meddle woodworking, this is a good collection of strategies to have in your stock.
Regarding the Product
I haven’t counted to see if there are 16,000 strategies, but I confirm there are a lot of them.
Thankfully they are well organized so you can discover specifically what you’re searching for.
Ted’s Woodworking is provided as a PDF download. It’s actually a series of PDF downloads (see plan classifications above).
However, you can likewise buy the DVD edition however it costs an extra $19.95 (I didn’t pay $19.95 for the DVD version).
Some terrific woodworking strategies: Obviously if a plan is something you want to construct and also the strategy is described sufficient to make sure that you can complete the job it’s excellent.
Nonetheless, some of the jobs are old and also the plans are poor high quality … so negative you’ll possibly just disregard them.
On the PLUS side, there are many superb projects worth building. For example, the loft bed strategy above is superb (one of many).
Well Organized: I was relieved after buying Ted’s Woodworking that I really did not have to filter via thousands of PDF pages. Instead, Ted at the very least place some initiative right into organizing the plans in numerous categories. This made locating some respectable strategies really simple.
As a matter of fact, the participants’ area is really easy to use as well as well organized.
Good value for money: One or two finished projects from this item makes it worth the money. I have no doubt I’ll obtain my cash’s worth in the future and also I’ve yet to look into every single strategy included. I have actually found enough quality jobs that I recommend the item worth offered it’s rather inexpensive.
Price: It’s not extremely costly. Given that it’s a digital download, you don’t have to pay for a pricey publication, which is great.
Motivation: One benefit of there being numerous strategies is simply by combing with the plans I created new task concepts I had not considered previously.
Some horrible strategies: Sadly several of the strategies are horrible which implies you have to spend time filtering through the bad strategies. I would prefer an item with fewer strategies with each one be premium quality.
Woodworking Videos: These are a joke. Luckily it’s simply a reward so I really did not care. I believe these damage the product. The video clips are mostly from YouTube. Ted just brushed with YouTube searching for woodworking videos and also put them in the participants’ location. I looked into a few of the video clips and also they weren’t worth enjoying.
On the whole, I’m satisfied. I located several tasks worth doing and the strategies were adequately detailed that I would certainly be able to construct them.
It’s a terrific stock to carry hand despite the fact that I have no prompt need. If ever I wish to construct something, I have an excellent set of plans to check out.
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A transgender woman is suing CrossFit after the popular fitness brand refused to let her compete in the women’s division of the CrossFit Games.
Personal trainer Chloie Johnson is seeking $2.5 million in damages, charging discrimination, intentional infliction of emotional distress and unfair competition, CNN reports. Johnson underwent gender reassignment surgery in 2006 and is legally recognized as a woman by the state of California.
CrossFit representatives say they are merely attempting to preserve a level playing field for their annual competition, which attempts to determine the fittest man and woman who partake in the company’s training regimen. The company states that Johnson would have an unfair advantage over other women because she was born as a male.
“We have simply ruled that based upon [Chloie] being born as a male, she will need to compete in the men’s division,” Crossfit reps said in a letter to Johnson, via TMZ. “The fundamental, ineluctable fact is that a male competitor who has a sex reassignment procedure still has a genetic makeup that confers a physical and physiological advantage over women.”
“Our decision has nothing to do with ‘ignorance’ or being bigots—it has to do with a very real understanding of the human genome, of fundamental biology, that you are either intentionally ignoring or missed in high school.”
Johnson’s lawyer, Waukeen McCoy, disputes the notion that his client would have an unfair advantage in the CrossFit Games, citing the fact that she’s undergone hormone therapy for several years. “[Johnson] doesn’t have an advantage over other women,” McCoy said, via CNN. “She’s been on estrogen for such a long time.”
“She’s female,” McCoy added. “She’s legally female. A corporation like CrossFit, they’re doing business in California."
Johnson’s lawsuit also notes that CrossFit’s policy of requiring competitors to reveal their birth gender essentially forces transgender individuals to “out” themselves in order to participate. “If I am going to be forced to out myself, I want it to be for the good of all transgendered people and athletes, not because of a company’s discriminatory policies,” Johnson said in a statement.
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Monday, October 5, 2009
Wave goodbye to energy problems?
Could wave and tidal energy be efficient means of generating electricity? Could this coastal resource then power the extremely energy intensive desalination process? My research project this semester is exploring the current literature on these new technologies and applying this information to the potential for use in desalination. Since my project this summer, coastal watersheds have become more and more interesting. Saltwater intrusion is already causing many coastal areas (including Virginia) to turn to desalination as a means for providing fresh water to the growing populations. While renewable energy technologies continue to advance and become more efficient, ideas such as wave and tidal energy have not been explored in terms of environmental impact and sustainability. I will post more information as I collect it but I am extremely eager to determine if these new energies could provide enough electricity for the inevitable increase in desalination water treatment plants.
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¹ Source: wiktionary.com
Definition of Rabic
1. pertaining to rabies [adj] - See also: rabies
Click the following link to bring up a new window with an automated collection of images related to the term: Rabic Images
Lexicographical Neighbors of Rabic
Literary usage of Rabic
Below you will find example usage of this term as found in modern and/or classical literature:
1. Chambers's Encyclopaedia: A Dictionary of Universal Knowledge (1901)
"In default of this demonstration, it seems to many that both the practice and the theory of rabic inoculation lack security and ..."
2. The Journal of Comparative Pathology and Therapeutics (1907)
"The author recalls that Pasteur, Roux, and Babes have on several occasions observed the recovery of animals which had been inoculated with the rabic virus ..."
3. Public Health Papers and Reports by American Public Health Association (1901)
"Report of cases attended in the Anti-rabic Institute, from the 23d of April, 1888, to the 31st of August, 1901: Number of cases of Inoculation from animals ..."
4. General health laws by California State Board of Health (1914)
"DISTRIBUTION OF ANTI-rabic VIRUS [Act approved! ... and distribute free of cost, under such regulations as may be necessary, anti- rabic virus to be used in ..."
5. Medical Record by George Frederick Shrady, Thomas Lathrop Stedman (1890)
"... be anti-rabic inoculations. Dr. WD Greene has been appointed health physician to Buffalo, NY Dr. Fraser C. Fuller has been appointed surgeon to Charity ..."
6. The Life & Experiences of Sir Henry Enfield Roscoe by Henry Enfield Roscoe (1906)
"... Institut Pasteur—Anti-rabic Treatment—Pasteur's letters—Speech on Anti-vivisection—Pasteur's Character and Work—The Lister Institute—Election to French ..."
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FoodBank Victoria launches school breakfast programs in Victoria
Educational experts estimate that the effectiveness of two-hours of learning is lost when a child goes to school hungry.
FoodBank Victoria has also announced that it is introducing a new school breakfast program.
This follows the May 2015 announcement that the Victorian government would be pledging $13.7 million to assist FoodBank Victoria feed school children.
The program will see 500 of the state’s most disadvantaged schools receive free food for students in need. FoodBank Victoria believes that the additional school breakfast funding initiative will enable the feeding of 25 000 extra students on top of those already receiving meals from FoodBank Victoria.
Share the Warmth campaign continues
Australian Food News has also recently reported upon FoodBank Victoria’s running of its Share the Warmth winter campaign. The campaign aims to feed the underprivileged hungry over the winter period. With each $1 donation, FoodBank Victoria is able to provide the retail equivalent of $9 of healthy food.
There are two weeks remaining to donate to this winter campaign, and readers are encouraged to do so and to assist by initially visiting the FoodBank Victoria website.
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1.1 Tucked away in Indiana Universitys Lilly Library is a previously unknown manuscript copy of a basso continuo treatise in the hand of Marc-Antoine Charpentier, the only known autograph of Charpentiers theoretical writings. The manuscript is included in Traité daccompagnement et de composition, which is found in the front portion of a composite volume (call number MT530 .B73) that also contains a printed treatise (Pierre Borjon de Scellerys Traité de la mvsette, avec vne novvelle methode, pour apprendre de soy-mesme à joüer de cét instrument facilement, & en peu de temps [Lyon: Girin and Rivière, 1672]) and a manuscript play (Au Loup, signed and dated Votre fille Helaine … 1695). The manuscript Traité is the subject of my doctoral project in harpsichord at the Indiana University Jacobs School of Music, an annotated transcription and translation of this work on continuo and composition. Patricia Ranum kindly agreed to look over my transcription and translation, and identified Charpentiers hand in the manuscript. This identification has been corroborated by Catherine Cessac.
1.2 The Traité consists of 33 leaves, which contain text and musical examples. Leaves 1–27 are in an unidentified hand. The last 6 leaves, on different paper, are the portion copied by Charpentier. The first page of this section is numbered XLI in the upper left corner, evidently in Charpentiers hand (see Figure 1).
1.3 The manuscript is apparently unknown to scholars and does not appear to be a copy of another treatise; its authorship is unknown. A comparison with contemporaneous French accompaniment and theoretical treatises published ca.1650–1750 shows that the final six leaves are similar in format and content to parts of Charpentiers Rules of Composition (known from secondary copies), and that the Traité as a whole seems to be an original work. The Traité combines the discussions of accompaniment and composition, often treated separately, to a greater extent than other sources, stressing the compositional aspects of basso continuo practice.
1.4 My forthcoming annotated transcription and translation will be prefaced with a detailed description of the entire Traité. Ranum has posted her own findings regarding the Charpentier portion of the manuscript on her Web site (http://www.ranumspanat.com/xli_prologue.htm).
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Any authorized redistribution of an item published in JSCM must include the following information in a form appropriate to the medium in which it is to appear:
This item appeared in the Journal of Seventeenth Century Music (http://www.sscm-jscm.org/) [volume, no. (year)], and it is republished here with permission.
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Website Design and Development by Crooked River Design.
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If you are looking for a notes application, we recommend that you look no further because you have hit the right place. It is well known that there are several copies that are responsible for fulfilling the function of a scorer, but most do not meet the expectations of users. Well, that is over. In this publication we will discuss the possibility of downloading OneNote for Windows 10, an application that was launched on the market by the Microsoft company and belongs to the Productivity category. With this application, your notes at your fingertips, and they will be saved automatically, thus increasing your mobility. Customers’ time and privacy are valued more than most other organizers. To install OneNote for Windows 10, you just have to click on the download link at the end of this article.
OneNote for Windows 10 for Windows Phone
OneNote is your digital notepad to capture and organize any data between your devices. It gives you the ability to jot down your ideas, keep track of class or meeting notes, clip from the web or create a to-do list, as well as sketch and draw your ideas. You can write anywhere on the page and free your imagination.
OneNote for Windows 10 is available on mobile devices with the Windows Phone 8.1 operating system or later versions.
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Louie Psihoyos is pretty serious about the environment. His house is solar powered, he drives an electric car—the license reads VUS for “Vehicle Uses Sun,” it’s also the reverse of SUV—and yeah, he’s making a movie that may change the way we treat our planet.
Psihoyos isn’t the first (or the last) to make a film that highlights how we’re killing the planet and guilting us to change our habits, but the Oscar-winning filmmaker of The Cove has more in store with his next film, 6, than exposing our sins.
Screened as a work-in-progress at the Tribeca Film Festival, 6 (which producer Fisher Stevens said at the screening may not be the film’s final title) stands for our current state with the planet, as we’re on the verge of our sixth extinction (the last was that of the dinosaurs). From endangered sea life being sold on the black market for food and remedies in China, to the amount of carbon in the air, 6 is a fascinating work that at times is harder and more chilling to watch than anything exposed in The Cove. And like his previous film, Psihoyos exposes the atrocities going on in the world (like the hunting of giant manta rays for their gills) by using customized cameras and undercover methods. But unlike The Cove, 6 is a giant story that Psihoyos hopes to end with the filming of an unprecedented project where his team will project images of endangered species on the New York City skyline, in essence driving home their message on a larger scale than any film can.
A day after the screening we caught up with Psihoyos to talk about the dangers of what he and his team do and why his films are more than just activism.
Movies.com: It was interesting to hear your philosophy about making movies is not really making a good film but starting a movement.
Louie Psihoyos: Well it’s not that I don’t care to make a good film, it’s just that the priority is starting a movement as opposed to making a movie. It’s a different mindset. Some of the filmmakers on the scene were like, “Let’s make it a great movie,” and I’m like, “I don’t give a damn if it’s a great movie.” A movie is $10 and a box of popcorn, a movement is something that changes minds and hearts. It’s a different goal and a higher objective. I really do want to get a billion people activated on this movement so we can create that tipping point to create change. It’s a big issue, so to me a movie is the most powerful weapon in the world, I call it the weapon of mass destruction. You drop a bomb you kill people; you make a film you create allies that creates more allies.
Movies.com: And a good example of that is the executive producer of Blackfish was motivated to make that movie after seeing The Cove.
Psihoyos: Well, I don’t want to take credit for Blackfish, but it was fascinating to find that out.
Movies.com: Was this film on your mind before making The Cove?
Psihoyos: Yes, I wanted to do something on species extinction and then went and made The Cove. Then I was literally at Sundance and I took two books with me. One was Terra by Michael Novacek, he runs dinosaur digs all over the world. And he was talking about the sixth mass extinction. And I thought that was kind of depressing so I picked up the other book which was A Reef in Time, it’s by John Veron, who is in the movie, and he says that previous to every mass extinction on the planet there’s always this carbon spike. It’s almost always a precondition to mass extinction. And I thought, this is the biggest story in the world and nobody’s paying attention to it. So I thought this is a sign here to pay attention to, that I should attempt to do the story. And people said it’s just too big of a story, don’t attempt it. So I thought how can you tell this big story in a way that gets people emotional and creates an activist philosophy?
Movies.com: In a world with such short attention spans, is the biggest challenge how to craft this story so people stay with it through all its layers?
Psihoyos: I think we think that people only have a propensity to think in 140 characters, but I think if people get swept up in this story it can be like Game of Thrones or any other episodic show you’re addicted to. I think we’ve dumbed down with movies and books our expectations of what the public wants more than with TV shows. I think people are ravenous for in-depth information and clever story. The trick here is to weave in all these stories we want to tell in a way that it doesn’t feel fractured, that it feels fluid. And have it not feel like a Nova piece. What we did with The Cove is we took this unconventional path of using a team of activists with special skills, an Ocean’s 11 team if you will, to break into the cove and create this awareness. And it was enormously successful in terms of the awareness it created and the change it caused and I thought let’s do an Ocean’s 12.
Movies.com: You would think that you’d be a marked man in the black-market fish trade, but you are front and center doing the undercover busts in this film.
Psihoyos: Actually, in Korea we put prosthetics on to make us look Korean. We really had Hollywood makeup people come and make us up, and it was so uncomfortable, if you ever had to wear a mask for two days and I’m not talking about a rubber mask but it’s glued on. It’s really uncomfortable and it’s really dangerous because it’s hard to keep it held together, especially when people are close up to you. So we took that out of the movie because we felt it was too much. But it was all real. That bust that happened from that trip helped stop endangered species being sold in Korea.
Movies.com: But when you guys brought down the Hump in L.A., you personally could never have gone in there.
Psihoyos: That’s why we used two of our operatives. At that point we were signing autographs in China and Korea. The reason we went to Korea wearing prosthetics was because the first time we went there we were signing autographs on the street. So it’s become more and more difficult to do that work. Luckily I’m aging quicker now with these movies so I don’t look like how I did in the beginning of them. What’s interesting is people come up to me about doing other films and they all involve undercover work. Fortunately we have a whole bunch of people who want to help us with that and there’s a lot of things you can do to change how you look. I mean, I was sitting next to Leo DiCaprio last night.
Psihoyos: We snuck him in and he’s watching the movie with me and he’s got his hat way down and just slid down in his seat. You would never know.
Movies.com: Is there a rush to do these undercover jobs and pull them off?
Psihoyos: It’s more fear than a rush. It’s out of that category of this is fun. Because when you go into these places and you get caught it’s not good. We busted that guy Mr. Li who was selling whale meat and he’s protected by the government. Six other whale-meat operations shut down after we did that bust, he’s bulletproof. He’s the biggest. So if we got caught over there the people would be on his side.
Button-hole cameras are illegal in China, and this isn’t in the movie because we weren’t recording, but at the airport we went through their equivalent of TSA and these two uniform security guys come running after me with the bags that I checked. The rest of the team scattered because we’re in the airport and we said if anyone gets caught everyone scatter so we all don’t go down. And they come at me and ask if this is mine, and of course it had my name on it, and they pulled out the button-hole cameras, they ask if these are mine, I said, “Yes,” and they go, “They’re illegal.” And I’m like, “Oh, really?” But he was talking about the lithium batteries were illegal to put on the plane. So he had a bunch of plastic bags and helped me put them in. He didn’t know what the cameras were. But there I thought I was done.
Movies.com: Talk a bit about the New York City projection you’re creating.
Psihoyos: There have been five major extinctions in the history of the planet, we’re going through a sixth one right now. I bet 99 percent in New York City didn’t know that. So what we want to do is create a massive projection, the biggest in the world and basically give endangered species a voice. So you have animals that are almost 10 feet tall that are about to go extinct on iconic buildings so it’s put in people’s minds what’s going on in New York City. And if that happens in New York City it’s going to happen all over the world. In one fail swoop on a three-day weekend event you’ll have every person in the world with access to media aware of what’s going on.
It won’t be like 20 years from now people saying, “I didn’t know.” This is the biggest story in the world and it’s not being told. My planetology friends tell me that World War II will be a footnote compared to what’s going on right now. It’s the most important story because it’s not just about losing species, it’s about losing the biologic engine of the planet that supports all life.
Movies.com: This is such a huge and important story, as you say. Once you’re done with it and it’s given the exposure that’s needed, what stories are left for you to tell?
Psihoyos: They say when you're done with a documentary you're only halfway there. We're still working on The Cove issues. It's five years after the movie came out and we still have a team that works full time on exposing issues related to that. I'm sure we're going to have another team, including myself, working on this. The mission expanded but the work goes on.
That's the difference between making a Hollywood film. Two months later they're on to the next movie. They are probably on to the next movie as they're in post. We're going to be working on this issue for many years. We may have another film lined up but we never give up. “We sold enough Coca-Colas time to go onto the next one.” This is our life. Hollywood just thinks of audiences as butts in seats, I think of audiences as a mind and heart in the seats, a potential person out there who can change the world. I know this sounds grandiose, but it's the mission of this film. And it was great last night but we're not done yet. It's a good start to something potentially great. But we're not there yet.
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