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We've gone through basic theory and major components over the last several articles, so by now you should be fairly comfortable with overall circuitry. Now, we'll cover just a few more common devices and then draw a simple circuit and follow an electron through it. Ready?
This was touched-on before but it's worth special attention. Remember that certain devices require considerable current (amps) and that, in turn, require thicker wire. High current devices require big, heavy switches to handle the current. Unfortunately, these would be ugly and expensive, so engineers use relays.
A relay consists of a small coil of wire around a central iron core. When the actuating switch energizes the coil this core moves heavy-duty contacts together, thus allowing high current to be passed to the device. That's how a small switch can control a high-current device.
You already know the starter solenoid is a high-current relay. Other devices that typically utilize relays are the horns, power antenna, air conditioning compressor, power seats, power windows, engine cooling fans, and power tops. Sometimes, headlights and accessory driving lights use them too. It's important to know this because many electrical failures occur in the relays themselves!
Almost everything in a car is wired through a fuse. Fuses are designed to fail when too much current is drawn through the device. This prevents heating of the wires and subsequent melting of the insulation, followed usually by fire!
Fuses are simple in design. Inside a fuse is a soft wire with a specific cross-sectional thickness. This dimension dictates how many amps can be carried before the wire melts. Too many amps and the fuse fails, saving the rest of the circuit from damage. Pretty neat, huh?
Most of any car's fuses are located in the fuse panel, but some are in-line. In-line fuses are found under the dash and in the engine compartment.
Fusible Links, another kind of fuse, are used in many cars and are almost always found in the wiring harness in the engine compartment. These are molded, single-purpose links in the wire which are designed to melt under extreme conditions (usually a crash which might crush wires together, causing a huge short circuit). Your car's schematic will show their use and location.
Let's look at a fairly typical horn circuit and see how various components are put together to form a working system:
Horn Relay Diagram
Notice that battery voltage travels through a high current wire (red) through the relay to the horn and also through a smaller wire (blue) through the ignition switch to the relay's low-current coil. The first thing you should be aware of is that the horn circuit is always "hot" or "live" when the ignition switch is turned on and all that's needed is a path to ground.
That path is completed when you push in the horn button. When the button is pushed the ground connection is made, energizing the relay's coil "A". The coil's iron core (in this particular design) pulls down arm, connecting high-current contacts "B". High current then flows from the battery to the horn (the horn is connected to ground because it's mounted to the chassis of the car). See how it works?
Actually, one thing is missing from this circuit. There has to be a fuse somewhere in the circuit! The high-current wire from the battery might go through an appropriate fuse on the fuse panel or there might be an in-line fuse near the horns (it depends upon the production engineering decisions as to the most economical placement, but your schematic drawing will show its location).
Also, your car's designers might have fused the low-current side of the relay as well. Check the schematic.
Suppose the horns don't work. Where do you start your troubleshooting? Here's a good procedure:
1. Check the fuses.
2. Check for voltage to the horns at the horn connector. Push the horn button or jump the wire to ground to actuate the relay. If you have voltage the horns should be operable, so search elsewhere for the problem.
3. Check for voltage at the horn button. While there, check to be sure the button's contacts touch each other when pushed. If everything's ok, go to the relay.
4. With someone pushing the horn button, check for voltage (on the low-current wire coming from the dash) on the relay. If there is voltage, the relay isn't working, right?
That's right. Now you have isolated the problem to the relay and only two things can be wrong: either the relay's coil isn't energizing (due to an internal broken wire) or the high-current contacts are being drawn together but no current is passing through (remember high-resistance connections?). If the coil is bad the relay must be replaced. If the contacts are charred, file them smooth.
Automotive circuits are quite simple in design. Remember always that the factory used as little wire as possible, so look at the schematic diagram to see where multiple connections are made. Remember also that your friendly electron travels through several devices on its way to doing its work so you need to systematically trace the path.
Schematic diagrams are printed way too small in the manuals. Take your drawings to a copier that enlarges and blow them up to easily-readable size. Tape all the sheets together into one big drawing an you will find that tracing electrical paths becomes very straightforward.
With a little practice and patience you will no longer fear your car's electrical system.
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Did Pope Francis change church teaching on homosexuality?
c. 2013 Religion News Service
(RNS) With his open and easygoing manner, Pope Francis charmed the media as much as the faithful during his successful visit to Brazil, the first international pilgrimage of his pontificate.
But it was the pope’s remarks about gay priests, made during a free-wheeling press conference on the return trip to Rome, that drew the most headlines, raising questions about whether the pontiff was signaling a change in the church’s approach to this volatile issue.
When asked by reporters about rumors of a “gay lobby” of clergy in the Vatican who were exposing the Holy See to blackmail schemes and scandal, Francis at first joked that while there’s a lot of talk about such a lobby, “I have yet to find on a Vatican identity card the word ‘gay.’ ”
Then, in a more serious vein, he added:
“I think that when we encounter a gay person, we must make the distinction between the fact of a person being gay and the fact of a lobby, because lobbies are not good. … If a person is gay and seeks the Lord and has good will, who am I to judge that person?”
Francis also cited church teaching to argue that gays should never be marginalized: “The problem is not that one has this tendency (to homosexuality); no, we must be brothers. This is the first matter.”
Blogs and social media immediately exploded with commentary that either hailed — or lamented — the pope’s words as a shift in Catholic teaching on the role of gays and lesbians in the church.
But did Francis really signal such a change?
As far as church teaching, the pope said nothing that would indicate that there would be any change in the tenet that homosexuality is, as the Catholic catechism states, “objectively disordered.” Church teaching holds that because same-sex relations cannot lead to children they are against the natural moral law, and homosexuality has been condemned in Scripture.
Yet no one really expected Francis to announce any change to that doctrine, even if he could, and certainly not during an off-the-cuff exchange with journalists.
What the pope did appear to do, however, was to push back against a 2005 policy instituted by Pope Benedict XVI, his immediate predecessor, which stated that men with “deep-seated homosexual tendencies” could not be ordained. In a 2010 interview, Benedict again underscored that view, saying “Homosexuality is incompatible with the priestly vocation.”
Francis took a different tack on Sunday (July 28) night.
“Pope Francis seems to feel that as long as a gay priest is not acting out sexually, he should not be judged,” said Richard Gaillardetz of Boston College, president of the Catholic Theological Society of America. “And he apparently sees no impediment to that priest serving the church well.”
It’s also notable that during his news conference, Francis defended one of his first major appointments, that of Monsignor Battista Ricca to help oversee the scandal-plagued Vatican Bank. Since his promotion, Ricca has been the target of an intense whispering campaign that accuses Ricca of having had at least one gay affair years ago.
Francis instead denounced such witch hunts and added that “if a person, or … priest or a nun, has committed a sin and then that person experienced conversion, the Lord forgives and when the Lord forgives, the Lord forgets.”
But the biggest message that Francis sent, and the most substantial change he made, was in tone.
Throughout his discourse there was none of the clinical, distancing talk of gays and lesbians as “objectively disordered.” Nor did Francis say, as Benedict did, that homosexuality “is one of the miseries of the church.”
As the Rev. James Martin noted, Francis even used the word “gay,” and in a positive sense, whereas popes and Vatican officials have traditionally spoken only of “homosexuals.”
“This is a sea change,” said Martin, a U.S. Jesuit and popular author.
“This may be a matter of ‘style’ in some sense, but in this case style matters,” Gaillardetz explained in a statement that echoed the poet Robert Frost. “One can appeal to our doctrinal tradition in order to justify moral rigidity and exclusionary attitudes or one can appeal to our doctrinal tradition as a call to be instruments of mercy and compassion. Francis has chosen the latter course and it has made all the difference!”
Observers have already detected an effort by Vatican officials to soft-pedal the pope’s comments, while some Catholics on the right were trying to explain them away — a campaign that Ross Douthat, a conservative and Catholic columnist for The New York Times, rejected as undermining the pope’s clear intention.
“Conservative Catholics suggesting there’s no news in the pope’s remarks are parsing the words, downplaying their context and spirit,” Douthat tweeted.
Francis’ openness with the media marks another difference from his predecessor, who answered only scripted questions by the Vatican’s chief spokesman, the Rev. Federico Lombardi.
During the 80-minute conversation, Francis touched on several other issues of Catholic doctrine:
* Francis reaffirmed the church’s ban on ordaining women to the priesthood, saying the issue had been definitively resolved by Pope John Paul II. “That door is closed,” he said, though adding that Catholic theologians needed to reflect more on the role of women in the church.
* On the other hand, the pope advocated “mercy” for divorced and remarried Catholics, who are currently banned from receiving Communion if they do not have a church annulment.
* Answering a question about the scandal-ridden Vatican Bank, the pope referred to the investigation he launched on the bank’s activities and status, stressing that all options were on the table for its future, including its outright closure.
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Canadians everywhere recognize Remembrance Day, every November 11th at 11 a.m. tp remember the brave people who have served in the nation’s defence.
Ensure children understand the significance of Canada’s Remembrance Day through:
- simple reading booklets
- learning about Canadian symbols
- reading comprehension activities
- writing prompts
- poetry templates
- bulletin board ideas
- and much more!
Page Count: 80
With our popular eBook format, you receive a secure PDF file. Instantly download to your computer, tablet or mobile device. Our practical, ready-to-go materials will reduce the amount of your free time spent preparing for class. Just print or project what you need, when you need it!
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Heavy smoke visible from US 93 as ‘Big Sandy Fire’ burns near Wikieup
WIKEIUP, AZ (3TV/CBS 5) -- A new wildfire has sparked near Wikieup, prompting evacuations for nearly two dozen people as it burns an estimated 150 acres.
The Arizona Department of Forestry and Fire Management reported Saturday night that the Big Sandy Fire is threatening multiple structures as dense vegetation burns not far from Big Sandy Wash, just miles away from town. Smoke is visible along U.S. 93, and officials note that the wind-driven fire is creating numerous spot fires in the area. About 20 people have been evacuated so far. As a result, crews have ordered additional resources, including a hot shot crew.
It’s not yet clear what sparked the fire, how many structures are threatened, or the exact origins of the fire. About three months ago, a similar fire sparked close to the U.S. 93, causing a 90-mile stretch of the highway between Kingman and Wickenburg to close for hours. That fire, called Fig Spring Fire, burned only about three acres before being fully contained.
Stay with Arizona’s Family for updates.
Copyright 2022 KTVK/KPHO. All rights reserved.
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Tips for a Healthy Pregnancy
All women want to lead a healthy lifestyle during their nine months of pregnancy, but sometimes the lure of “eating for two,” and forgoing the gym for an evening on the couch gets in the way of a woman’s best intentions. Studies after studies show just how important it is to maintain healthy lifestyle during pregnancy. Not only does baby benefit, but following birth, the new mom has a much easier time getting back to her pre-pregnancy weight and regaining control of her health.
Fortunately, there are number of simple tips that a mom-to-be can follow.
- Eat a balanced diet, one that combines a healthy carbohydrate, lean protein and beneficial fat in each meal or snack.
- Never go too long without food. This can send blood sugar levels plummeting, which can affect the baby as well. Therefore, always have a stash of healthy snacks on hand such as fruit, almonds, granola bars and string cheese.
- Maintain your exercise routine. Pregnancy is not a license to let your gym pass expire. Exercise does not increase the risk for pregnancy in low risk or normal pregnancies. In fact, exercise has been shown to greatly benefit a healthy pregnancy and post-partum recovery.
- Take time for yourself. Whether it’s a prenatal massage, a yoga class or simply reading a good book, regularly allowing yourself to unwind, relaxed both you and your baby.
It goes without saying that the most important action a woman can take in ensuring a healthy pregnancy is to maintain regular medical visits with your doctor throughout the entire term of your pregnancy. Always talk to your doctor about strategies and behaviors you can incorporate into your lifestyle to make for a healthy pregnancy.
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Before moving into any country you have to understand everything about the country and its rule. It is a safety for the immigrants. When it comes to Germany there are many things are there to know about. It is on the top five positions on the favorable country list. It is because of some good performing stuff such as,
- Education system
- Employment opportunities
People who are all winning to shift to another country then they will probably be having this as one of their options.
The upcoming is going to explain about how to Deutschland Umzüge
For immigration, there should be a good or valid reason. For that some of them are,
- Employment immigration to Germany
- Education immigration to Germany
- Entrepreneur immigration to Germany
- Reunions of the family immigration
- Residence permits immigrations
Requirements for immigration:
Are you finding the way to go to Germany then you have to fulfill the upcoming criteria? People have many ways to get immigration but everyone cannot able to get easily. For that, there are some specific requirements and some of them reach it equally and some of them go in different ways.
The criteria are listed below,
- The financial stability should be proved
- The health should be in perfect condition
- Language proficiency should be needed
- Visa from the German embassy
Let us discuss all it in detail.
- This is different in each of the cases and it depends on the way that immigrant takes place. While immigration is under the criteria of employment, entrepreneur, residence then the people should prove whether they can able to live financially by themselves or not. If they prove it then they will give the immigration.
- Though you go to Germany for work you have to show them that you can stay there by yourself till you get the job as well as the salary.
- If you want to move to Germany then the essential thing you want to take you with is the complete health insurance coverage.
- Without having a valid health insurance cover the authorities will never accept your request of getting a visa.
- There are many health insurance cover freelances are available to know about that detailedly.
- If you want to live in Germany then you have to know the German language of Germany. At least on the basic view.
- The proficiency will be categorized under type ways A, B, C. And all these three have two parts. It will be like,
- A – A1, A2
- B – B1, B2
- C – C1, C2
- A is the basic level and C is the advanced level but you have to complete the A level then only you will get the permit.
German visa is under many types. They are,
- Study visa
- Seeking job visa
- Working visa
- Scientist visa [guest]
One can apply to the residence permit once they stayed in German for 12 continuous months.
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Jay Pritzker, of Hyatt Hotels, was behind the reorganization of Braniff International and brought it out of Bankruptcy in December 1983 at the request of Captain Glenn Shoop and other former Braniff employees (Captain Jim Olsen was forming Sun Country Airlines at the same time). Pritzker had been a former Navy Pilot. When they brought it out of bankruptcy, they changed the name to "Dalfort Corporation." Dalfort Corporation, was really Braniff Airways, reorganized in Nevada. Braniff, Inc. was a new company started with the majority of the stock owned by Dalfort Corporation...It was Braniff Inc.'s parent company. In fact Dalfort Corporation, fell under another Corporation called Hyatt Air, which controlled several corporations.
Although Pritzker went on record saying he had never been involved
in the aviation industry, he is shown on The Board of Directors of Continental
Airlines in the 1961 and 1962 Annual Reports with none other than
Harding Lawrence. Also, Pritzker elected Troy Post, the man who had hired
Lawrence in 1965, to the "new" Dalfort/Braniff, Inc. 1984
Board of Directors.
HOWEVER, former Braniff pilot and one of Braniff's few Concorde pilots, Glenn P. Shoop, (see the "Concorde" area on this page for his signature on the inagural flight in 1979)
was also elected to the new Braniff Board of Directors.
Braniff used the Lemmon Avenue base, originally built in 1957 for Braniff Airways, as its
new headquarters. The selected 727-200s were flown over from D/FW airport to receive
a new paint scheme of red, white, blue and grey. Many ex-Braniff Airways employees donated their time for free in refurbishing the 727s.
This included re-painting each aircraft, installing new carpeting, re-installing Braniff's leather seats which were already in most of the "ultra" sheme aircraft.
This audio file is "public domain" and may be downloaded for personal use. If you plan to post it on another website, we would appreciate the credit. Thanks.
On March 1, 1984, Braniff flew its first flight as Braniff, Inc. from Dallas/Fort
Worth to New Orleans on N453BN. The second flight was Dallas to Houston (George W. Cearley, Jr. and Delta's Steve Caisse were on this flight) on N446BN. Both 727-227s. Braniff initially served 18 cities which were: Dallas/Fort Worth, New York/Newark, Philadelphia, Washington D.C., Miami, Detroit, Denver, New Orleans, Houston, Austin, San Antonio, Los Angeles, Las Vegas and San Francisco. They also flew Braniff's original four cities: Oklahoma City, Tulsa, Kansas City and Chicago. "The Braniff Terminal" at D/FW was used as the main HUB with 30 leased 727s. (Most from BRNF Liquidating Trust).
The Company operated 170 daily departures.
Joe H. Mitchell, a great supporter of "The Braniff Pages" was made Manager of Administrations at D/FW. He also became president of the Dallas and Houston BIC (Braniff International Council) Clubs...a post formerly held by Harry E. McKillop. Although Mr. Mitchell only owned 100 token shares of the club. The B.I.C. clubs were necessary because liquor could only be sold through private clubs in Dallas and Houston at the time. Joe served as the liason between B.I.C. and the Texas Alcohol and Beverage Commision.
Things started off sort of rocky for the new Braniff. In November, Braniff substanially
reduced scheduled service, terminated leases on 10 of its 30 727s, and re-defined its
role by focusing on long-haul routes at lower fares.
This seemed to work, as Braniff announced a net income of $1.6 million on May 1st.
Also this year, "The Braniff Pages" Managing Director flew Braniff from Austin
to Denver. The flight was extremely nice, but unfortunately it was almost empty.
1985 also saw expansion into Mexico, with flights to Mexico City and Acupulco. (making it, unofficially, Braniff International once again.)
In March of 1986, Braniff's fiscal year ended with a positive net income of $23 million.
Also that year, Braniff joined other airlines listing on American Airlines SAABRE reservations system. However, there has been some debate (to this day) that SAABRE always favoured American's flights first even if another airline offered a lower fare.
Braniff's short success was fleeting after March's reported $9 million loss.
This did not, however, stop Braniff from expanding. Braniff picked up (leases) 10 737-200s from Polaris leasing. These 737s had been owned by Western Airlines, and were sold to polaris by Delta after the Western - Delta merger. All the ex-Western machines had been manufactured in 1968 and 1969.
By now, Braniff was flying 20 727-200s and 10 737-200s. A total of 30 aircraft.
In December 1987, Braniff looked at merging with Pan American World Airways, but the deal never went through. (Ed Acker, John Casey and Mary Wells-Lawrence were at Pan Am at the time...all members of the former Braniff Lawrence Group i.e. "Lawrencian Empire.")
In January, Braniff signed a joint services agreement with commuter airline Florida Express which commenced using the Braniff name.
Four months later, in April, Braniff acquired Florida Express adding 24 new cities and new gates at its Kansas City and Orlando hubs.
THE BEGINNING OF THE END
In June, 1988 BIA-COR Holdings, Inc. - Core Group led by Jeffrey Chodorow (who would reform Braniff one more time in 1991 and steal the rest of the companies' assets) and Arthur Cohen bought Braniff from Dalfort Corporation. Scot Spencer also joined the team, who, as you will find out, was thrown in jail for his involvement in Braniff III. They borrowed LARGE sums of money to pay Pritzker and Post for the airline. A new management team was brought in, and Bill McGee was named Chairman, president and CEO. McGee was formerly with Piedmont Aviation, Inc. (Piedmont Airlines). Dalfort, led by Pritzker in 1988, still held a substantial stake in Braniff, Inc.
The new team placed an order for 12 new Fokker 100 aircraft. The Fokkers were meant to replace the leased BAC-111's which Braniff had been flying on shorter routes. (the F100s were never delivered due partly to back up orders from American Airlines and US Airways), and announced a 52% increase in flights from Kansas City after Eastern Airlines decides to abandon Kansas City as a hub leaving a number of gates open for Braniff.
In October, they made it official by consummating a merger with BIA Acquisitions. In December, Braniff placed orders for 50 new Airbus A320-200 aircraft from GPA Leasing in Ireland, with an option for 50 more. A total of 100 aircraft.
In 1988, the main HUB of Braniff became Kansas City in the Fall, and D/FW was reduced to two gates (17 & 18 in Terminal 2W). Although, it still maintained "mini-hub" status at D/FW with 9 cities served. The other gates were sold to American Airlines or leased to Northwest, United, Mexicana and Pan Am. The airline was now flying to over 45 cities with three hubs: Kansas City, Orlando and D/FW.
1989 - THE LAST YEAR
In December 1988 and all through 1989, Braniff leased eleven more Boeing 737-200s from American Airlines (which they had received through the Air California merger), BIA-COR and Polaris V leasing. One 737, leased from American, was a 737-200A.
Florida Express ceased using the name Florida Express, and all assets became property of Braniff, Inc. Braniff announced acquisition of 28 jet parking positions at Kansas City.
In April, Braniff was flying to 40 locations, 39 domestic, one in the Bahamas. It had a fleet of 57 aircraft ( 24 B727-200s, 14 B737-200s and 18 BAC-111s)
Through the rest of the summer, Braniff went on a "loan spree" borrowing money from: Singer-link, Bank of America, Airbus Service Company, Inc., European American Bank, GPA Ireland and Columbia Savings and Loan. Chodorow and Cohen, allegedly, made off with this money sealing Braniff II's fate. The first Airbus A320 was delivered in July, 1989. N901BN would be only one of two A320's Braniff would fly. Braniff took delivery of four more A320s in September.
For the second time, Braniff filed for Chapter 11 on September 28th.
Braniff Inc. (Braniff II) stayed open until 1998 with Joe Mitchell and Heather Wyman handling the liquidation of all assets, paying off creditors and paying former employees. Heather Wyman was given the final title of Chairman and CEO of Braniff Inc.
If greed played a tiny role in Braniff Airways shutdown in 1982, and a bigger role in the shutdown of Braniff II, then it played THE STARRING role in the conception of "Braniff III." Jeffery Chodorow, with Scot Spencer, (both of whom bought Braniff II from Jay Pritzker) defrauded thousands of people and conned corporations left and right while burying the Braniff name firmly and finally into the mud.
The operation was set up at Dallas/Fort Worth in 1991. Braniff III leased a hanger, ironically, across from the old "Braniff Place" World Headquarters. They bought Austin-based "Emerald Airlines," which was bankrupt, and absorbed their three DC-9-14s.
With two original Braniff 727s, N406BN and N409BN, and eight leased 727s, Braniff III operated scheduled services from D/FW Airport and New York. (Chodorow was running the airline from his two New York restaurants). They painted one former-Emerald Air DC-9, and operated it on Nassau flights. At least 800 employees (perhaps over 1,000) worked for Braniff III, mostly former Braniff employees from Braniff Airways or Braniff, Inc.
Chodorow quickly put Braniff into bankruptsy in 1992 making off with millions. He was jailed for a short period, but his pal Scot Spencer got a longer sentence. Chodorow was involved in the NBC series, "The Restaurant," in 2002, which is bringing him more publicity than he wanted.
"In 1996, Jeffrey Chodorow, former Braniff International Airlines owner and board chairman pleaded guilty to two felony counts that charged him with impeding the Transportation Department's airline continuing fitness program and obstructing enforcement of aviation statutes. Chodorow received four months in jail and four years of supervised release for comparable offenses. Chodorow was ordered to pay $1.25 million in restitution to the estate, plus a $40,000 fine. Chodorow was accused of concealing the continuing involvement of Braniff executive Scot Spencer in the management of the airline, after the DOT banned Spencer from the company. Braniff ceased operations in 1992 and left 20,000 passengers without transportation and lost more than $1 million in ticket payments, and banks and other creditors were out $14 million. He only spent FOUR months in jail because he claimed his 10-year-old son (who allegedly had "Tourettes Syndrom") could not live without him."
They also tried to sell the remains to a fledgling carrier named "Skybus" in 1992. "Skybus" was the brain-child of a former Pan American pilot. The New York Times Article from 1992:
"August 12, 1992
COMPANY NEWS; SKYBUS PRESIDENT WILL MAKE BID FOR BRANIFF AIRLINES
James Dent, president of Skybus, which has yet to put a plane in the sky, said yesterday that he would bid $825,000 for Braniff Airlines. Mr. Dent said he intended to use Braniff's operating certificate to fly a low-cost, no-frills shuttle between Florida and New York. Skybus will offer a $99 one-way fare with no reservations. Mr. Dent, a former Pan American World Airways pilot, said he was awaiting assurances from the Federal Aviation Administration and the Transportation Department that the certificate was current and usable. Skybus, formed in February, includes 100 primary investors that include former employees from Pan Am, Eastern and Midway. To get Skybus up and flying will take an additional $1.5 million, Mr. Dent said. Last week, a New York entrepreneur, John Catsimatidis, who owns Capitol Air Express, offered $750,000 for Braniff. The Federal Bankruptcy Court in New York gave Mr. Dent until today to make his bid. Braniff stopped flying last month, saying that fare wars destroyed its business.
The bid was never placed, and "Skybus" never took off.
Braniff International Airlines, Inc. should have never happened...at least not with Chodorow and Spencer "Minding the Store."
A reader of the Braniff Pages, "Pastel Jet," sent us the full legal story (23 pages) on "The Smoking Gun" website.
Irma Ellis, who had worked for all three Braniffs became the liquidation officer for Braniff III. The name "Braniff," its logos, servicemarks, paint schemes and trademarks were aquired by a trust in New York where it it resides today.
Bill Jackson is the first person to set up a website devoted to Braniff in 1995. However, he goes missing in 1997, and has not updated his page since.
"The Braniff Pages" goes on-line on September, 1998 at the request of John Paul Braniff, Sr. It is redesigned on January 1, 1999 with a complete history from 1927-1992.
In December, 1999, two more Braniff sites go up. One run out of New York City, and the other by Carlos Yudica in Miami.
2000 and beyond...
In March 2001, the FIRST annual Braniff reunion (for all departments) was held at Lonesome Dove Ranch North of D/FW. Larry Hutton, Roland Upton and Joe Mitchell set up the event. The turnout was over 600, and it was aired on the 6pm news.
In the Spring of 2001, a non-profit employee database website reached "up and running" status with pictures from the 2001 Braniff Reunion.
In August of 2001, "The Braniff Pages" celebrated its 4 year anniversary. (Many thanks to the hundreds and thousands of people who have made it a success!)
On September 11th 2001 THE WORST use of commercial aviation took place. Islamic Terrorists seized two trans-continental Boeing 767s from United and American and flew them into the "Twin Towers" of "The World Trade Center" killing all passengers, crew, occupants of The trade Center and hundreds of valiant Police and Firefighters.
On the same day, two more aircraft were hijacked. An American B757 was crashed into the Pentagon in Washington, D.C., and a United B757 was hijacked over Ohio and crashed near Pittsburgh. The same Islamic Terrorist Group linked to the middle east caused these incidents as well.
September 2001, Harding Luther Lawrence (Braniff president 1965-1980) was inducted into the Oklahoma Aviation Hall of Fame.
Lawrence was born in Oklahoma.
- 16 January 2002, Controversial Ex-President Harding L. Lawrence dies at his multi-million dollar Villa on the Exclusive Island of Mustique. See story below...
Personal Photo from Martha Leonard "Pat" Zahrt
Harding is in the middle leaning over
Ex-Braniff President Harding L. Lawrence dies.
When Harding L. Lawrence took over Braniff in 1965, he changed the airline, and perhaps, the airline industry itself forever.
Mr. Lawrence, who influenced Braniff for 15 years, died on the 16th of January at his Villa on the Very Private Island of Mustique. He was laid to rest on the Island on the following Sunday with only close family in attendance.
Lawrence was brought in to Braniff in 1965 after Troy Post of "GreatAmerica Corporation" bought the airline. He resigned in 1980, after economic pressures and mounting debt.
Some comments from our readers on Mr. Lawrence:
"THE 20th century visionary of style and class for commercial
aviation,worldwide. It was a distinct privilege to serve as an officer
with Harding during the mid and late 70's. He defined , demanded, and delivered "customer service " like no Airline before or since. We were all proud to be identified with his standards for our airline, if not always with his methods of instruction!
I was with Braniff from 1973 thru 1979 , beginning as Director, Marketing Analysis and completing my tenure as Staff Vice President, Market Planning. Those 7 years proved to be the best learning experience of my 32 year aviation career."
-Braniff Vice President
"Small, stodgy and poorly run are fightin' words to most Braniff aficionados
as the Dallas based carrier was an International Carrier with consistent
profits pre-Harding Lawerence.
But Harding gave us Flying Colors, Pucci
Uniforms, the infamous Air Strip, The Concorde, Braniff World Headquarters at
DFW, Fat Albert, the Calders and more than anything else, STYLE!
turned the aviation industry upside down, Harding also built the coffin that
Braniif was placed into by overexpansion and some rather questionable
accounting procedures that eventually led to bankruptcy. It is said that
during the initial days of deregulation if someone told Harding Lawerence to
go to hell, he'd file a route application!
So long to a true industry
pioneer who leaves this world a little more colorful by his contributions!"
Thanks to Business Analyst and Reporter David Johnson for letting us know!
- 12 May 2002, The 2nd Braniff Reunion took place at Lonesome Dove Ranch. Hundreds of ex-employees gathered for the 20th Anniversary of Braniff's First shutdown in 1982. Despite that sad memory, The Braniff Family lives on and continued to celebrate that day.
FOR 2003-2006 BRANIFF EVENTS, SEE OUR MAINPAGE or THE B-LINER PAGE!!!
Former Braniff VP Harry McKillop gets Bush Award
Harry McKillop (Braniff 1966-1980) taken at his office in Plano 2007 by Juan Garcia
If you ask people who worked with Harry McKillop at "Exchange Park" in the 1960s and 70s, many of them don't have kind words.
However, the man who helped Ross Perot on "The Peace on Earth" missions and was a principal in the Flight 352 Dawson Electra Crash was recognized during a ceremony aboard Air Force One in Waco, Texas where President Bush awarded him the Department of Defense Medal for Exceptional Public Service.
"He could perform miracles," said Sharon Holman, who was a secretary to Mr. Perot and was on a plane with the wives. "He was like a magician, pulling rabbits out of the hat when there weren't even hats."
Mr. McKillop said his low profile has helped him stay under the radar and work around governments – even his own – when it made sense.
"You begin to see the frustrations in the bureaucracy and going through channels," he said. "I picked up an appetite for seeing holes. I figured as an individual effort, we could get a lot further," - Harry McKillop
McKillop moved quickly up the chain at Braniff from Cargo to Head of European Operations in the late 70s. (He might also have been a director of "International Forwarding" in Houston). He left Braniff along with Harding Lawrence in 1980, and took up a job at Pan Am with former Braniff Alums C. Ed Acker, John Casey, Russell Thayer and Mary Wells-Lawrence. Alegedly performing "humanitarian missions" along the way.
After Pan Am went bust, he became Perot's "right hand man" which is a post he holds to this day.
Some of his "humanitarian missions" have taken him to Vietnam, Laos, Cambodia, China, Kosovo, Russia, Peru and Iraq.
His wife, Rebecca McKillop is ironically a Pilot for American Airlines where she has been trained on flight simulators by a former Braniff Pilot.
Senator Kay Bailey Hutchinson, who is the chairperson of The Frontiers of Flight Museum at Love Field, along with U.S. Rep. Sam Johnson, R-Plano nominated Mckillop for the D.O.D. award.
McKillop standing by Bulkhead (appropriately where Cargo was stored) on a Braniff 707-327C in 1969 (Perot Systems)
April 1968 B-Liner Article on Harry McKillop at Cargo Dinner by Pat Zahrt:
McKillop and Ross Perot's Friend MURPHY MARTIN DIES
By JOE SIMNACHER / The Dallas Morning News
He did numerous stints at WFAA-TV (Channel 8) in Dallas and ABC network television and radio in New York.
He covered the assassination of President John F. Kennedy and the trial of Jack Ruby, who shot Lee Harvey Oswald, presumed assassin of John F. Kennedy. He also worked with Ross Perot to improve the plight of American POWs and MIAs during the Vietnam War, and he directed the Oak Cliff Chamber of Commerce.
Martin died Thursday night, hours before his 83rd birthday, of complications of heart disease at UT Southwestern University Hospital.
"There is nothing like the news business," Martin said in a 2001 interview for the Oral History Collection at the The Sixth Floor Museum at Dealey Plaza.
He was born on the Fourth of July 1925 in Groveton, Texas, south of Lufkin, where he graduated from high school in 1942.
He was introduced to the idea of a career in radio one evening after graduating from high school. He was hanging out in downtown Lufkin, when the owner of the local radio station asked him to fill in for the on-duty announcer he had just fired.
The emergency duty led to his first broadcast job, paying $27.50 for a 60-hour week. A neck injury prevented Martin from joining the military during World War II.
He attended North Texas State College, now the University of North Texas, on a partial scholarship, playing saxophone in a dance band.
He majored in journalism, was sports editor for the student newspaper and did some football play by play for the campus radio station.
Martin married during his junior year and became a traveling salesman in Kansas, Missouri and Nebraska for a Denton lingerie and sleepwear company.
In March 1949, he returned to Lufkin to be sports director and commercial manager at the facility his former radio station employer was building.
Martin called high school football games for Magnolia Petroleum Co., which held the broadcast rights. That included six years of Texas high school playoffs.
In August 1955, he was the first anchor for Lufkin's new television station, KTRE, where he was also sales manager and director of news and sports.
In 1959, he auditioned to be an announcer for the Baltimore Orioles. On a trip to New York as one of five finalists, he visited ABC Sports, where an executive urged him to see Mike Shapiro, manager of WFAA-TV, about a job in the Dallas market.
In 1961, Martin joined WFAA's AM radio unit until a position opened to anchor the evening television newscasts.
In February 1963, he was hired by ABC to anchor the network's late-night news program. His network career included being a pool reporter on the Gemini spaceflights and covering the New York visit of Pope Paul VI. He also anchored coverage of the 1964 Republican and Democratic national conventions.
On Nov. 22, 1963, Martin had just arrived at work to prepare for his late-night news program when his mother-in-law called from Texas to tell him that President Kennedy had been shot.
Martin spent the rest of his day in New York reporting on the assassination, calling Dallas sources by telephone. He was the ABC anchor on the story in New York the rest of that week. Murphy Martin.
He covered Oswald's graveside service in Dallas the next week and in 1964 returned to Dallas to cover Ruby's trial, flying back to New York to do weekend radio newscasts.
In 1967, Martin became anchor of WFAA's 6 and 10 p.m. newscasts. He also was head of the station's documentary production and special projects department.
Martin also hosted a Sunday program on Channel 8, "Face to Face with Murphy Martin," on which he interviewed such people as Robert Oswald, who had written a book about his brother.
In 1970, Martin left Channel 8 to work for Ross Perot as president of United We Stand, his organization to assist Americans who were prisoners of war or missing in action in Southeast Asia.
He worked for Channel 8 again from 1972 to 1975.
In 1977, Martin became executive vice president of the Oak Cliff Chamber of Commerce, a post he held until 1980.
His career included being pre-game and halftime announcer for Dallas Cowboys home games.
"That was fun," he said in his oral history, "and I saw a lot of things happen, and it got me a Super Bowl ring I never could get another way."
Martin is survived by his wife of 45 years, Joyce Martin of Dallas; a son, Mike Martin of Dallas; two grandchildren; and four great-grandchildren.
Ms. Martin said her husband's love for his work lasted throughout his career.
"He did always say, 'There never was a day that I didn't want to get up and go to work,' " she said.
She remembered him as "a man of integrity – that's for sure – a kind and compassionate man."
His signature sign-off:
"That's my time; thank you for yours."
Martin was involved in The "Peace on Earth" Charter. And was a spokesman for Braniff through the Lawerence years.
Visit our "links" page for more history.
This Photo, taken by National Geographic, sums up my feelings for Braniff.
We, like the man in the shadows, are observers "through the glass" of time looking at this once great power of aviation. ("747 Braniff Place" pictured)
We can no longer fly Braniff, but we wish we could.
Braniff 737 acquired from Air California via American. It is painted in an expermental paint scheme. This was nicknamed "The Reebok" scheme because it looked like a tennis shoe.
Notice "BI" is back on the tail
This was applied in Braniff II's last year, 1989.
Photo Braniff, Inc. and Matt McPhee
Former Braniff Airbus 320 N901BN
Picture taken by a US Airways employee in 2006 during a heavy check
America West aquired N901BN and just painted over the Braniff titles
US Airways has aquired the former America West plane and is planning to repaint it
During the paint removal in January 2006, they found the original Braniff titles.
Acquired from American Airlines/Air California.
This was one of the very first planes
re-painted in the 1977 "Ultra" Scheme.
Braniff III 727-100 Series
(Earlier version of the 727)
The short-lived Braniff III
leased any plane they could.
This unknown 727 is painted
with original 1965 Braniff titles
which Braniff III brought back in 1991.
Braniff III DC-9-14
Painted in a solid color blue
Braniff III bought Austin based
"Emerald Air" and its three DC-9s.
This DC-9 was the only one put in service.
It was sold to a Mexican carrier in 1993.
Another View of
Braniff III's DC-9-14
This DC-9 was the only one put in service.
This photo was probably taken in the Dominican Republic.
(Notice the Lockheed Electra Tail to the left!)
photos on this page are provided by: Joe H. Mitchell, Irma (Jenson) Ellis, Heather Wyman, Pat Zahrt, George W. Cearley Jr., Boeing/McDonnell Douglas Aircraft Co., British Aerospace Coporation (BAC-BAE), The Dallas Historical Society, UTD, The "Clipped B's", John Paul Braniff, Sr., Mo McMahanon, John McFarlane, Wanda Brown, Diane Muse, C.R. Smith, Chuck Beard, Marv and Carol Degroote, The Braniff
Family, thebranifffamily.org, Carl and Carrie Shea and Watts Communications' Private Braniff Collection.
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After arraignment, the case proceeds to hearings before a judge that is assigned to the case from that point on. Most, but not all, judges schedule what is called a pretrial.
The pretrial is an opportunity for the prosecutor and defense attorney to discuss the charges, motions to suppress evidence, motions in limine, and the relative strengths and weaknesses of the case. In some cases, the matter is scheduled for additional pretrials to speak with witnesses or review other evidence or legal issues.
In many cases, the pretrial will be the first time that the prosecutor makes a plea bargain offer. A plea bargain is essentially what the prosecutor is willing to accept short of taking the case to trial. If the defendant accepts the plea bargain, the plea is taken before the judge in open court and the defendant is adjudged guilty of whatever criminal offense is agreed upon.
In misdemeanor cases, the judge will generally proceed directly to sentencing. In felony cases, the matter is generally referred to probation for a pre-sentence investigation and scheduled for a sentencing hearing.
If the plea offer is rejected, the case proceeds to trial, either to the judge or to a jury.
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Space to play or pause, M to mute, left and right arrows to seek, up and down arrows for volume.
BTN Classroom Episode 8, 2022
Petrol is more expensive in Australia now than it’s ever been and it’s having a big impact on a lot of people, this year the Sydney Harbour Bridge turns 90, so we find out more about this impressive feat of engineering and how the bridge became a symbol of Australia, learn about Australia’s space goals and past and future Aussie astronauts, Cale meets a sports scientist working with the Adelaide Crows and finds out how science and technology is helping footy players to be the best they can be, we take a look at the life of aviation pioneer Nancy Bird Walton.
BTN Transcript: Episode 8 - 22/3/2022
Hey, I'm Amelia Moseley and you're watching BTN. Thanks for joining us again, let's jump into it and see what's coming up on today's show. We'll find out about the science behind footy, celebrate the birthday of a famous bridge and learn about the plan to get an Aussie into space.
Reporter: Jack Evans
INTRO: All that soon, but first today to petrol prices. You might've noticed they've been pretty high recently. In fact, fuel is more expensive in Australia than it's ever been before, and experts reckon it could get even worse. So, what's going on? Here's Jack to explain.
SAM: Okie dokie, I'm off to worky derky.
DAZZA: Well, I hate to be a Debbie downer but with petrol prices this high you can't take the car.
SAM: Hmm I'm sure I'll figure something out.
Yep, with petrol prices at record highs. Some people are finding an alternative way to get around. Although I'm not sure anyone's using a broom stick. At the moment, right around the country, petrol is well over 2 dollars a litre and in some places over 3 dollars a litre. That's a lot. If you go back 10 years when you guys were little it was around $1.40. Now it's the most expensive it's ever been in Australia, and it's set to get worse. But why?
Well, there are a few things that add to the cost of petrol, but the biggest factor by far is oil. Oil is that thick black stuff that's pumped out of the ground and then refined to make petrol and while it can be found around the world, most of the oil we use comes from just a handful countries
The price of oil depends a lot on supply and demand. If there are more cars on the road it can go up and it can go down if for some reason no-one's driving, like during a pandemic. On the supply side oil producers can control how much they pump out to make sure it's profitable. During the pandemic a lot of suppliers slowed down production and it hasn't' ramped up everywhere yet, even though we're all back on the road. Then there's Russia, it's one of the world's biggest oil producers. But recently many countries and oil supply companies decided to stop buying oil from Russia because of its invasion of Ukraine. Which means the demand to buy oil from other places is really high.
DR SARAH HUNTER, KPMG SENIOR ECONOMIST: The ongoing conflict in Ukraine is creating significant uncertainty and volatility in global fuel markets. And that's really driven up global fuel prices to near record highs.
Experts say you might start to notice other things going up in price too. You see as the cost of fuel rises so does the cost of making anything that uses a petroleum product, like fertiliser and some plastics. Along with anything that needs to driven, shipped or flown from place to place, which is, well, a lot of things. It means groceries could become more expensive because of the additional costs that comes with transporting them. Many are calling on the federal government to step in and help by cutting the fuel excise. Basically, that's a tax or amount of money that the government places on top of the price of petrol. At the moment it's set at 44.2 cents per litre, but some would like it temporarily dropped.
STEVEN MARSHALL, FORMER PREMIER OF SOUTH AUSTRALIA: It doesn't need to be permanent but while we're in this elevated fuel price situation, we'd really love to see some relief coming from the federal government.
But not everyone agrees it's the answer, because that tax contributes about 20 billion dollars to the economy. And some reckon in the long run it could cause big problems.
CHRIS RICHARDSON, DELOITTE ACCESS ECONOMICS: You can't solve a problem caused by President Putin in Europe with tax relief in Australia.
But while petrol prices stay high it'll mean, for some people at least getting around will be less of this and more of this. No not that. For the last time people don't fly around broomsticks unless you're a witch.
Do you know the name of this world leader? It's Ukrainian President Volodymyr Zelensky. Last week he spoke directly to the German Parliament and to US Congress asking for help to stop Russia's invasion of Ukraine.
VOLODYMYR ZELENSKY, UKRAINIAN PRESIDENT: President Biden, you are the leader of the nation, your great nation. I wish you would be the leader of the world.
What Aussie state got a new leader on the weekend? It was South Australia. Labor leader Peter Malinauskas was elected as the state's 47th premier after defeating Steven Marshall at the polls.
Can you name the space telescope that just took this photo of a star? It's James Webb. The space telescope arrived at its new home, about 1.5 million kays away from Earth, back in January and now it's ready to go. The pic shows that everything is working really well, and the telescope should be able to fulfill it's 10 billion dollar mission.
Do you know why this 12-year-old British school girl was invited to the BAFTA Film Awards last week? She was the star of a prize-winning film, she campaigned for more Disney characters with glasses, or she wrote a prize-winning script. It's B. Lowri wrote a letter to Disney in 2019 asking for more bespectacled princesses, not knowing her wish was about to come true. The director of Encanto, who shared her dream, was so impressed with the letter he asked Lowri to come to the awards.
This enormous vegetable, nicknamed Dug the potato, was unearthed by New Zealand gardeners last year. Dug was thought to easily be the biggest potato in the world weighing in at a whopping 7.8 kilograms. But the claim's now been officially rejected. Do you know why? Well, Dug's not actually a potato. DNA testing found it's actually a gourd tuber. Sorry Dug.
Harbour Bridge Birthday
Reporter: Amal Wehbe
INTRO: On the weekend we celebrated the 90th birthday of one of Australia's most famous man-made landmarks, the Sydney Harbour Bridge. Amal paid it a visit on its special day. Take a look.
Oh, the Sydney Harbour Bridge. What an Aussie icon. You've inspired us, helped us celebrate and hosted a whole bunch of visitors over the years. Wait, is that me? And who could forget when you saw aliens. OK well that part wasn't actually real.
AMAL: And now you're celebrating your 90th birthday. So, how does it feel?
Yeah, it's pretty hard to imagine Australia without the iconic Sydney Harbour Bridge. But getting the Sydney Harbour Bridge built was quite the journey, with a fair bit of drama along the way. But we'll cross that bridge when we come to it.
The idea of building a bridge here actually goes back to as early as 1815. People wanted a more convenient way to get across the harbour because for years, they'd had to rely on ferries and boats. But it wasn't until about 100 years later that things actually got moving. In 1900, the New South Wales government committed to building the bridge. And they ran a worldwide design competition. But the winning design didn't actually get used, in fact none of these early designs ended up being the bridge we see today. Changes in government, the economy, and Australia's involvement in the First World War all led to delays and disagreements over the bridge. But eventually a design by Sir Ralph Freeman was chosen and on the 28th of July 1923 work began overseen by engineer John Bradfield known as the father of the Harbour Bridge.
The bridge created thousands of jobs which is why it was known as the 'Iron Lung'. It kept workers employed in the Great Depression in the 1930s at a time when many Aussies were struggling. But building it was dangerous and 16 people died in the construction of the bridge. The Sydney Harbour Bridge is big. It was a huge project using 53,000 tonnes of steel, 30,000 litres of a special coloured 'Bridge Grey' paint for just one coat. And used 6 million hand-driven rivets. All up it cost 1.5 billion dollars in today's money. And in 1930 all that hard work led to this special moment when the two halves met. Over 9 years these guys managed to build, what was at the time, the world's widest and tallest steel arch bridge. It was nearly the longest too but during construction the builders of the Bayonne Bridge in New York added 7 metres just to beat out the Sydney Bridge.
AMAL: Are you still bitter about that?
Bridge one-upping aside, Aussies came out in droves for the big opening on the 19th of March 1932. There were parades, songs and even a 9-year-old boy who rode his pony 1,000 kilometres on his own, just to see the bridge. But the celebrations took an unexpected turn when the ribbon cutting ceremony got interrupted by Captain Francis de Groot storming in on his horse. He was upset that no members of the royal family were invited. But the premier Jack Lang still got his moment.
The year it opened, 11,000 vehicles crossed the bridge each day, now it's about 160,000. And over time the bridge has become well a lot more than just a way to get around. In 1993 the New Year's Eve bridge fireworks tradition began. In 1998 it was opened up for people to climb. And 2000 saw the walk for reconciliation. The bridge has been a part of some of Australia's biggest moments so, here's to you bridge.
AMAL: You don't talk much do you? Anyways, cupcake? I got it for your birthday.
Women's History Month: Nancy Bird Walton
Rookie Reporter: Anastasia
Meet Nancy Bird Walton. Nancy was born in Kew New South Wales in 1915. And just like a bird, she always wanted to fly. In fact, when she was little, she'd climb on fences and pretend to be a plane. When she was 13 Nancy left school to help out in her dad's shop but a trip to the fair changed everything. She took a joy ride in a Gipsy Moth aeroplane and her future was set. When she was 17, she convinced world famous pilot Charles Kingsford Smith to take her on as a student. At 19 Nancy made history as the youngest women in the Commonwealth to get her commercial pilot's licence which meant she could carry passengers and make a living from flying. Her first plane, a Gipsy Moth, just like the one she'd flown in the air at the fair. Except now she was the pilot.
Nancy travelled around with her co-pilot, Peggy McKillop, offering joy rides for 10 shillings. The two were often called Big Bird and Little Bird. While on tour she met Reverend Stanley Drummond, who asked her to help set up an air ambulance service in far western New South Wales. And that's exactly what she did, flying out nurses to take care of people a long way from hospitals. Nancy was known as the 'angel of the sky' saving lives across the country. During the Second World War she trained women to assist men in the Royal Australian Airforce. And in 1950 she started the Australian Women's Pilot Association to encourage more women to get involved in aviation and give female pilots a community. Nancy kept her pilot's licence until three years before her death at the age of 93. She taught girls and women that you should chase after your dreams because the sky's the limit.
NANCY BIRD WALTON: It doesn't matter how black the sky is or how bad the storm clouds may be the sun is always shining up top.
Reporter: Cale Matthews
INTRO: Now, have you ever dreamed of being an astronaut? Well, I know I have but turns out, it's not that easy. In the past the only way for Aussies to get up there was to join an overseas space agency. But Australia's government wants to change that and recently it gave our space agency more money to work on getting an Aussie into space. Cale found out what it takes.
ASTRONAUT: That's one small step for man, one giant leap for mankind.
CALE: G'day mate. Welcome to the moon. Wanna snag?
ASTRONAUT: Huh, who are you?
BRUCE THE AUSSIE ASTRONAUT: Me? I'm Bruce the Aussie Astronaut, but me mates just call me Brucey.
OK, I'll admit, this isn't what Aussie astronauts look or sound like. They're a bit more like this.
ANDY THOMAS, AUSTRALIAN ASTRONAUT: We flew over south Australia about 20 minutes ago, and it was really an amazing sight to fly over.
Meet our cosmic trio. Australia's only bona fide astronauts. This guy, Phillip K Chapman was our first one. In 1967 he did all the training to go into space, but eventually stayed on Earth and worked as Apollo 14's chief scientist. In 1984 Paul Scully-Power went one better becoming the first Aussie in space. He was an oceanographer and spent 8 days aboard the space shuttle Challenger snapping pics of the Earth's ocean currents. Then there's the last Aussie to go to space, Andy Thomas. He ended up going on 4 missions and tallied a total of 177 days in space. All of these guys had to become US citizens and fly with NASA in order to get to space, but that could be about to change.
ENRICO PALERMO: There isn't any aspect of Australian modern day life that doesn't rely on space technology.
That's Enrico Palermo and he's head of the Australian Space Agency, which means he's kind of in charge of all things deep space down under, like clearing up space junk, sending Aussie made rovers to Mars and getting Aussie astronauts back in space.
SCOTT MORRISON, PRIME MINISTER OF AUSTRALIA: We are a space nation, and we are an astronaut nation.
This month the PM announced $65 million dollars' worth of funding for the ASA. Half of that will be used to set up 3 new space ports or rocket launching sites across the country. Right now, we only have 4. There they are.
BRUCE THE ASTRONAUT: The other half will be used to send up our next Aussie astronaut into space. Can I get down now?
ENRICO PALERMO: Space has an incredible capacity to inspire. I mean, there isn't many children, including myself that didn't want to be an astronaut when they grew up.
He says private space companies like Space X and Blue Origin have made it way easier and cheaper to get people up and out of Earth and while it might be a few years away, there's no reason why you guys couldn't be our next Aussie astronaut.
ENRICO PALERMO: It takes a lot of focus and dedication. Study hard, you know, the disciplines of science and math and engineering are particularly important but also the life sciences, medicine and art, and really follow your passions.
So for all you budding space cowboys and cowgirls out there, it's time to brush up on your engineering or physics, or art or whatever you choose and maybe one day you can be like Bruce.
BRUCE THE ASTRONAUT: Do you reckon the moon is made of lamington?
BRUCE THE ASTRONAUT: Yeah, nah, nah, me neither. Me neither mate.
The AFLW Finals series has finally arrived, and it was up to the Kangaroos and the Dockers to kick things off. The Roo's went into the game as favourites but were absolutely crushed by a dominant Freo 69 to 31. Freo's next game will be a much bigger challenge against the table toppers the Adelaide Crows.
Meanwhile the AFL men's season is well and truly underway. Last week Melbourne took on the Western Bulldogs in a grand final rematch. And although it was a new season it was the same result. After being down by 4 goals in the 2nd quarter Melbourne stormed home to a 26 point victory. But the game of the round was between the Adelaide Crows and the Fremantle Dockers. With 10 seconds left Docker's defender Heath Chapman spoiled this kick with only centimetres to spare giving Fremantle a 1 point win.
And finally, Dutchman Kjeld Nuis has shattered his own speed skating world record by 10 kilometres per hour by breaking the 100 kilometres per hour barrier.
KJELD NUIS: I hit 103 kilometres an hour. I literally flew over the ice.
Reporter: Cale Matthews
INTRO: Let's stick with the sports theme now, but also get a little science-y. Cale caught up with a sports scientist who works with the Adelaide Crows to find out how technology's used to help AFL players get ready for the season. Check it out.
I think we can all agree that since the 1930s, Aussie Rules has come a long way. I mean I haven't worn my suit and top hat to a game in ages. These days the players jump higher, they're a little bit faster, and kick a whole lot better. And a big part of that is in how today's players prepare, train, and look after themselves, and that involves a lot of help from people you won't see on the field.
CALE: G'day Jarryd, here we are at the Adelaide Footy Club. Can you tell me what you do here?
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: Yeah, Hi Cale, I'm the sports scientist here at the Crows.
Sports scientists like Jarryd have an important job. They often study areas like biomechanics, which can help athletes improve specific techniques, diet, which help athletes put the right food in their body for their sport, and strength and conditioning so they can get into and stay in tip top shape.
CALE: When we think of science and technology often you think of gadgets, are there any gadgets sports scientists use?
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: It's funny you asked that, I've got one right here. This is called a GPS tracker, and the players wear that for all their training sessions and all their games.
Yep tucked into the top of every AFL players guernseys are these fancy trackers which use satellites to collect data on almost everything.
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: We can measure how fast people run, how far they run, how many times they change direction, how many times they jump, their top speed, yeah it's becoming pretty endless with what we can measure with this.
CALE: Now, does that mean if I wear one of these GPS trackers, I could be an AFL athlete?
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: Well it's funny you say that, I reckon there's only one way to find out. Let's get this one on you and we'll head out to AAMI stadium to find out.
CALE: This is a boyhood dream let's do it.
CALE: Alright, I've got the oval to myself I'm gonna have a bit of a run around and we'll check my stats, check my data, but first I'm going to kick a goal. Watch this. Did you get that? I'm a bit puffed.
CALE: Now Jarryd, I know it looks like I've been running out in the rain, but this is pure sweat and hard work, can you run me through some of my stats here.
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: Yeah, absolutely Cale, so look you're right it was a tough session today, almost two kilometres covered. You've sped up 15 times, accelerating is a really hard thing to do, so you've done a great job there, and your max speed, 7.7 metres per second, so you're pushing up to 30 kilometres per hour.
CALE: Some of the blokes in the AFL, what are you looking at your max velocity? What's their max speed?
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: Ooh that's a good one, I reckon most of the AFL guys are somewhere around that 34 to 35 kilometres per hour, so hey with a bit of training you never know what we could make of you.
CALE: Come on.
After all of the Crows games Jarryd goes through the data from the players and looks at ways, he can improve their training or things they could be doing better on game day.
JARRYD WALLACE, SPORTS SCIENTIST: We really want to know how much high speed they've done, accelerating, decelerating, running, jumping, changing direction. They're all the things that we are concerned about to help them get better and prepare for next week.
Teams are always searching for ways to get an edge over their opponents and it's people like Jarryd who help to separate the best from well, the rest.
Well, that's all for this week but don't worry, we'll be back with more soon. As always you can jump online to check out more stories and specials in the meantime, oh, and there are also resources there for your teachers too, so make sure you let them know. And don't forget Newsbreak will be right here every weeknight with all the big stories. Have an awesome week and I'll see you soon. Bye.
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Around 1967 Ford Motor Company decided to design a small size car called the Ford Pinto. The automobile industry at the time (and still is) was highly competitive and very cyclical. In the late 1960's, America began to see the influences of foreign vehicles. Prior to that, cars were bigger and less fuel efficient, allowing the Japanese to gain substantial market share with the smaller, more economical vehicles, and the need to react to this pressure was even greater at Ford. Even though they held the number two spot in market share behind General Motors, they only held a 22.3% market share compared to General Motors at 46.4%, a very significant difference.
There was strong competition for Ford in the American small-car market from Volkswagen and several Japanese companies in the 1960's. In order for Ford to stay competitive and fight off competition, they rushed its newest car the Ford Pinto into production in much less time than is usually required to develop a car.
The regular time to produce an automobile was 43 months; Ford took only 38 months. Before production, the engineers at Ford discovered a major flaw in the cars' design. In nearly all rear-end crash test collisions the Pinto's fuel system would rupture extremely easily. Safety was not a major concern to Ford at the time of the development of the Pinto. Lee Iacocca, who was in charge of the development of the Pinto, had specifications for the design of the car that were uncompromising. These specifications were that "the Pinto was not to weigh an ounce over 2,000 pounds and not cost a cent over $2,000." (1) Any modifications even if they did provide extra safety for consumers that brought the car closer to the Iacocca's limits were rejected.
On August 9, 1977,
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Monday, February 15, 2010
Today is President's Day
If there isn't an aspect of history or politics that I don't have a healthy interest in other than state/local politics it may well be Presidential politics. The history of the Presidency is interesting in and off itself because it had evolved over the years.
I've developed this conclusion once or twice during the course of this blog. If we rank our Presidents in terms of "great" or "near-great" we largely expect them to be active. If there was an issue during their presidency, how did they meet it or otherwise were they able to meet it selectively. Granted depending upon the historian or the political scientist, there may well be a subjective conclusion attached to it.
For instance is there anyone out there who may not consider Franklin Delano Roosevelt a great President because of his handling of the "Great Depression". That is instead of successfully weathering the storm Roosevelt instead only prolonged any potential suffering during that period of time.
Or was Abraham Lincoln truly correct in engaging in open warfare against the Confederate States of America in order to say force them back into the Union. Although granted, the previous administrations of Franklin Pierce and James Buchanan had only made the sectional strife that led to the Civil War a lot worse by either their actions or inactions.
Either way whether you're a credential historian or merely an history or political buff you may have your ideas. Hopefully you have all the time in the world to debate who you think was the greatest or near-great president of all-time.
Who do you think was a good President?
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De VVAK organiseert een lezingenprogramma rond het thema ‘India’, met Professor Jos Gommans over zijn nieuwste publicatie, Rijksmuseumconservator Anna Slaczka, onderzoeker Isabella Nardi en conservator Amélie Couvrat Desvergnes. Aansluitend een bezoek aan de tentoonstelling Indiase miniaturen.
Datum en locatie
Datum: 3 juni 2018, 14:00-17:00
Locatie: Auditorium Rijksmuseum
14.00 uur Anna Slaczka
Curator South Asian art Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
14.15 uur Jos Gommans
Professor of Colonial and Global History Leiden University
Title lecture: Indo-Dutch Entanglements in the Age of Rembrandt, on Gommans’ latest book The Unseen World (March 2018) that offers a connective, comparative and entangled perspective on the relations between the Netherlands and India during the seventeenth century.
14.45 uur Isabella Nardi
Independent researcher (PhD, SOAS) specialized in South Asian art history with particular reference to painting and visual culture from Rajasthan (16th-20th century)
Title lecture: Kṛṣṇa Overturning the Cart: unfolding the visual history of a page from the ‘Palam’ Bhāgavata Purāṇa.
15.30 uur Amélie Couvrat Desvergnes
Paper conservator Rijksmuseum Amsterdam
Title lecture: Pahari paintings and drawings from the Rijksmuseum: techniques of production and approach to conservation.
16.00 uur Bezichtiging Indiase miniaturen in het Aziatische Paviljoen
Jos J.L. Gommans holds the chair of Colonial and Global History at the University of Leiden. He specializes in the early modern history of South Asia and its connections with the outside world. His major publications include The Rise of the Indo-Afghan Empire, c.1710-1780(Leiden, 1995; Delhi, 1999; Delhi, 2018) and Mughal Warfare: Indian Frontiers and High Roads to Empire, 1500-1700(London, 2002). More recently he focused on the history of the Dutch colonial empire, published two historical atlases and Exploring the Dutch Empire (London 2016) with Catia Antunes and The Dutch Overseas Empirewith Piet Emmer (Cambridge, forthcoming). This year an omnibus of his work was published as The Indian Frontier: Horse and Warband in the Making of Empires (Delhi 2018).
Isabella Nardi (PhD, SOAS) specializes in South Asian art history with particular reference to painting and visual culture from Rajasthan (16th to 20th centuries). Currently, she is researching the history of devotional painting and photography from the Hindu pilgrimage town of Nathdwara. In the past she worked and published on Sanskrit technical treatises on the theory of painting and their relation to the practice of Indian traditional arts. Formerly, she was Research Fellow at the Metropolitan Museum of Art and Visiting Professor at Jawaharlal Nehru University, University of Oregon and Cleveland State University.
Amélie Couvrat Desvergnes-MA- is a book and paper conservator specialized in Islamic and Indo-Islamic manuscripts and paintings. She worked at the Museum of Islamic Art in Qatar and more than ten years as free-lance conservator in France. At present she works the paper atelier of the conservation department at Rijksmuseum Amsterdam. She has conducted several research projects in the field Technical Art History and Materiality and she is now focusing her interest in Pahari drawings and paintings from the Rijksmuseum.
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Phil Noble / Reuters
Britain's National Health Service is under strain in terms of resources and funding and now the Local Government Association, which represents more than 370 councils in England and Wales, agrees with doctors that it would alleviate the pressure on GPs if people did not go to visit them when they have "minor ailments."
The LGA took over responsibility for public health in 2013 and has been liaising with local councils and GPs to find ways to streamline the service and save money for the benefit of the public.
The LGA said in a statement on November 5 that "millions of GP visits are unnecessary, and for minor ailments such as coughs, colds, back pain and insect bite[s] where patients could instead be helped to treat themselves."
According to the LGA report titled "Helping People Look After Themselves," people should "stop and think" about going to the doctors for ailments or injuries that are deemed unnecessary for a visit to the doctors.
The report says that "minor conditions and illnesses are responsible for approximately 57 million GP consultations and 3.7 million A&E admissions every year, costing the NHS more than £2 billion."
The LGA listed the statistics for "minor ailments" that would free up millions of doctors appointments for people who need it more:
- 5.2 million GP consultations are for blocked noses
- 40,000 for dandruff
- 20,000 for travel sickness
- 3.7 million visits to A&E (19% of all admissions) were for self-treatable conditions such as a sprain (38 per cent), flu (17%), colic (13%) and insect bites (13%).
"We need a new culture of care, where people stop and think before calling the doctor," said the Chairman of the LGA's Community Wellbeing Board, Cllr Izzi Seccombe.
"GPs and A&E departments are already overstretched. However many appointments are unnecessary and for minor conditions that a person could treat or manage themselves. But patients need to be helped in learning how to look after themselves, for example in managing long-term conditions such as heart disease or diabetes, and GPs can play a key role in this."
The report comes off the back of the the Academy of Medical Royal Colleges — which represents all 21 medical royal colleges in the UK — recent announcement that there are a list of treatments that bring little or no benefit to the patient and should no longer be used.
This is aimed at making the NHS more efficient and save money and echoes the LGA's push to make sure only the people that really need treatment get the time and resources they need to be seen to.
Professor Ian Banks, Self Care Forum Trustee and former A&E doctor, said in the LGA report: "Most people are entirely capable of looking after themselves most of the time, self-treating when it's safe and knowing where and when to seek help when they need it.
"There will always be others however, who might need a bit more support to become empowered and confident in making the right health decision. Self care is not no care. Far from it, for example you will find the local pharmacist an excellent source of health advice and information. There are also reputable health information websites such as NHS Choices or the Self Care Forum website."
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Subject: Ospreys Dimensions (inches): 30 x 36 Medium: Oil on linen Description: In the summer of 2009 I travelled to the beautiful Cairngorms Mountains. It was here I encountered this family of Osprey. It is an awesome site to see the nest silhouetted against the misty dawn lit sky. The stillness of daybreak was interrupted only by the squawking of the Osprey young as the adult birds approached the nest.
Ospreys usually raise 2-4 chicks on a very large nest. The nest can measure 1.5m wide and reach up to 2m thick. The pair return from migration to the same nest each year and begin a 5 month process to raise another brood. The chicks in this painting are approximately 4 weeks old, they were participating in lots of wing stretching; by 8 weeks they take their first flight then embark on the task of learning how to catch fish by emulating the parents.
Vulnerable (UK) : Species of Special Concern Estimated Population: 148 pairs in Britain Summer Migrant from Africa arriving late MarchWingspan: 150cm (average)
Original Available For Sale:
Price: $9,000.00 US
Limited Edition Available:
Edition Size: 20 Price: $200.00 US
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Taking advantage of the opportunity of so many people from movements gathering in Beijing during the Asia-Europe People’s Forum, the Transnational Institute and Focus on the Global South convened informal nightly meetings between 13 and 15 October 2008. We took stock of the meaning of the unfolding global economic crisis and the opportunity it presents for us to put into the public domain some of the inspiring and feasible alternatives many of us have been working on for decades. This statement represents the collective outcome of our Beijing nights. We, the initial signatories, mean this to be a contribution towards efforts to formulate proposals around which our movements can organise as the basis for a radically different kind of political and economic order.
The global financial system is unravelling at great speed. This is happening in the midst of a multiplicity of crises in relation to food, climate and energy. It severely weakens the power of the US and the EU, and the global institutions they dominate, particularly the International Monetary Fund (IMF), the World Bank and the World Trade Organisation (WTO). Not only is the legitimacy of the neoliberal paradigm in question, but the very future of capitalism itself.
Such is the chaos in the global financial system that Northern governments have resorted to measures progressive movements have advocated for years, such as nationalisation of banks. These moves are intended, however, as short-term stabilisation measures and once the storm clears, they are likely to return the banks to the private sector. We have a short window of opportunity to mobilise so that they are not.
The challenge and the opportunity
We are entering uncharted terrain with this conjuncture of profound crises – the fall out from the financial crisis will be severe. People are being thrown into a deep sense of insecurity; misery and hardship will increase for many poorer people everywhere. We should not cede this moment to fascist, right wing populist, xenophobic groups, who will surely try to take advantage of people’s fear and anger for reactionary ends.
Powerful movements against neoliberalism have been built over many decades. This will grow as critical coverage of the crisis enlightens more people, who are already angry at public funds being diverted to pay for problems they are not responsible for creating, and already concerned about the ecological crisis and rising prices – especially of food and energy. The movements will grow further as recession starts to bite and economies start sinking into depression.
There is a new openness to alternatives. To capture people’s attention and support, they must be practical and immediately feasible. We have convincing alternatives that are already underway, and we have many other good ideas attempted in the past, but defeated. Our alternatives put the well-being of people and the planet at their centre. For this, democratic control over financial and economic institutions is required. This is the ‘red thread’ connecting up the proposals presented below.
Proposals for debate, elaboration and action
o Introduce full-scale socialisation of banks, not just nationalisation of bad assets
o Institutionalise full transparency within the financial system through the opening of the books to the public, to be facilitated by citizen and worker organisations
o Introduce parliamentary and citizens’ oversight of the existing banking system
o Apply social (including conditions of labour) and environmental criteria to all lending, including for business purposes
o Prioritise lending, at minimum rates of interest, to meet social and environmental needs and to expand the already growing social economy
o Overhaul central banks in line with democratically determined social, environmental and expansionary (to counter the recession) objectives, and make them publicly accountable institutions.
o Create people-based banking institutions and strengthen existing popular forms of lending based on mutuality and solidarity
o Safeguard migrant remittances to their families and introduce legislation to restrict charges and taxes on transfers
o Close all tax havens
o End tax breaks for fossil fuel and nuclear energy companies
o Apply stringent progressive tax systems
o Introduce a global taxation system to prevent transfer pricing and tax evasion
o Introduce a levy on corporate profits with which to establish citizen investment funds (see below)
o Impose stringent progressive carbon taxes on those with the biggest carbon footprints
o Adopt controls, such as Tobin taxes, on the movements of speculative capital
o Re-introduce tariffs and duties on imports of luxury goods and other goods already produced locally as a means of increasing the state’s fiscal base, as well as a means to support local production and thereby reduce carbon emissions globally
Public spending and investment
o Radically reduce military spending
o Redirect government spending from bailing out bankers to guaranteeing basic incomes and social security, and providing universally accessible basic social services such as health, education, child care, housing, water and electricity
o Use citizen funds (see above) for supporting the very poor and indigenous communities
o Make interim arrangements for people who may lose their homes due to defaults on mortgages caused by the crisis, such as renegotiated terms of payment and prevention of evictions
o Stop privatisations of public services
o Establish public enterprises under the control of parliaments, local communities and/or workers
o Improve the performance of public enterprises through democratising management – encourage public service managers, staff, unions and consumer organisations to collaborate to this end
o Introduce participatory budgeting over public finances at all feasible levels
o Invest massively in improved energy efficiency, low carbon emitting public transport, renewable energy and environmental repair
o Control or subsidise the prices of basic commodities
International trade and finance
o Introduce a permanent global ban on short-selling of stock and shares
o Ban on trade in derivatives
o Ban all speculation on staple food commodities
o Cancel the debt of all developing countries – debt is mounting as the crisis causes the value of Southern currencies to fall
o Phase out the World Bank, IMF, and WTO
o Phase out the US dollar as the international reserve currency
o Establish a people’s inquiry into the mechanisms necessary for a just international monetary system
o Ensure aid transfers do not fall as a result of the crisis
o Abolish tied aid
o Abolish neoliberal aid conditionalities
o Phase out the paradigm of export-led development, and refocus sustainable development on production for the local and regional market
o Introduce incentives for products produced for sale closest to the local market
o Cancel all negotiations for bilateral free trade and economic partnership agreements
o Promote regional economic co-operation arrangements, such as UNASUR, the Bolivarian Alternative for the Americas (ALBA), the Trade Treaty of the Peoples and others, that encourage genuine development and an end to poverty
o Introduce a global system of compensation for countries which do not exploit fossil fuel reserves in the global interests of limiting effects on the climate, such as Ecuador has proposed
o Pay reparations to Southern countries for the ecological destruction wrought by the North to assist peoples of the South to deal with climate change and other environmental crises
o Strictly implement the ‘precautionary principle’ of the UN Declaration on the Right to Development as a condition for all developmental and environmental projects
o End lending for projects under the Kyoto Protocol’s “Clean Development Mechanism” that are environmentally destructive, such as monoculture plantations of eucalyptus, soya and palm oil
o Stop the development of carbon trading and other environmentally counter-productive techno-fixes, such as carbon capture and sequestration, agrofuels, nuclear power and ‘clean coal’ technology
o Adopt strategies to radically reduce consumption in the rich countries, while promoting sustainable development in poorer countries
o Introduce democratic management of all international funding mechanisms for climate change mitigation, with strong participation from Southern countries and civil society
Agriculture and industry
o Phase out the pernicious paradigm of industry-led development, where the rural sector is squeezed to provide the resources necessary to support industrialisation and urbanisation
o Promote agricultural strategies aimed at achieving food security, food sovereignty and sustainable farming
o Promote land reforms and other measures which support small holder agriculture and sustain peasant and indigenous communities
o Stop the spread of socially and environmentally destructive mono-cultural enterprises
o Stop labour law reforms aimed at extending hours of work and making it easier for employers to fire or retrench workers
o Secure jobs through outlawing precarious low paid work
o Increase employment through the establishment of new public enterprises
o Guarantee equal pay for equal work for women – as a basic principle and to help counter the coming recession by increasing workers’ capacity to consume
o Protect the rights of migrant workers in the event of job losses, ensuring their safe return to and reintegration into their home countries. For those who cannot return, there should be no forced return, their security should be guaranteed, and they should be provided with employment or a basic minimum income
These are all practical, common sense proposals. Some are initiatives already underway and demonstrably feasible. Their successes need to be publicised and popularised so as to inspire reproduction. Others are unlikely to be implemented on their objective merits alone. Political will is required. By implication, therefore, every proposal is a call to action.
We have written what we see as a living document to be developed and enriched by us all. A future occasion to come together to work on the actions needed to make these ideas and others a reality will be the World Social Forum in Belem at the end of January 2009.
We have the experience and the ideas – let’s meet the challenge of the present ruling disorder and keep the momentum towards an alternative rolling!
Transnational Institute, The Netherlands
Focus on the Global South, Asia
Red Pepper magazine, United Kingdom
Institute for Global Research and Social Movements, Russia
JS – Asia/Pacific Movement on Debt and Development (JS APMDD), Asia
RESPECT Network Europe, Europe
Commission for Filipino Migrant Workers (CFMW), Netherlands
Ecologistas en Accion, Spain
For individuals and to add your name visit casinocrash
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Mass civil disobedience in Sudan
A three-day general strike has brought Sudan to a stand still as people mobilise against the government and inequality. Jenny Nelson writes.
Mustang film review: Three fingers to Erdogan
Laura Nicholson reviews Mustang, Deniz Gamze Erguven’s unashamedly feminist film critique of Turkey’s creeping conservatism
What if the workers were in control?
Hilary Wainwright reflects on an attempt by British workers to produce a democratically determined alternative plan for their industry
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Uranium news from Saskatchewan and elsewhere for September 28 to October 4, 2013
by Greg Klein
Next Page 1 | 2
Lakeland Resources begins Riou Lake ground campaign
Field work has begun at Lakeland Resources’ TSXV:LK Riou Lake project along the Athabasca Basin’s north-central rim. In an October 2 announcement the company outlined the agenda for its Gibbon’s Creek target, just three kilometres from the town of Stony Rapids. Initial work will consist of surface prospecting and boulder sampling, soil gas radon surveying, line-cutting and ground DC resistivity geophysics, with the goal of identifying winter drill targets.
The campaign follows eight months of preparation in which Lakeland studied a volume of previous data, director Ryan Fletcher tells ResourceClips.com. “There was over $3 million of geophysics from UEX and a considerable amount of work by Eldorado Nuclear before they merged into Cameco,” he says. “We’ve been going over their information.”
There was over $3 million of geophysics from UEX and a considerable amount of work by Eldorado Nuclear before they merged into Cameco. We’ve been going over their information.—Lakeland Resources
director Ryan Fletcher
Eldorado found numerous boulders grading up to 4.9% uranium oxide (U3O8) and soil samples between five and 10 parts per million uranium, compared to background levels up to 1 ppm. Geophysics showed a gravity low measuring about three kilometres by one kilometre at the end of a conductive zone over 15 kilometres long.
Fourteen historic holes found anomalous radioactivity, geochemistry or both. With the benefit of recent modelling, assays reveal a structural co-corridor up to one kilometre long and 100 metres wide. UEX Corp TSX:UEX flew its $3-million airborne geophysics in 2005, but Lakeland is the first to bring modern ground exploration techniques to the project.
Among Gibbon’s attractions are shallow depths to the unconformity, Fletcher points out. “They’re about 50 metres to 200 metres, which means more holes for our shareholders’ money. If we get a discovery it’s more likely to be open pittable, which would mean better economics and a more strategic project for M&A. That’s what Patterson Lake South had. They went from boulder results to radon results, then they found a high-grade, near-surface discovery.”
Apart from historic data and shallow targets, Fletcher cites other cost-saving potential. “Our crews are based out of the community of Stony Rapids, just a few kilometres from Gibbon’s. A year-round highway, power and all the infrastructure for exploration are basically right adjacent to the target.”
With the program managed by Athabasca veterans Dahrouge Geological Consulting, Fletcher looks forward to a steady stream of news. “For a brand new, smaller market cap company, investors are going to start getting a lot of information from the field.”
Fission closes $11.25-million private placement
Assuming all approvals fall into place, a bought-deal private placement will bring $11.25 million to Patterson Lake South’s future sole owner. On October 3 Fission Uranium TSXV:FCU reported a syndicate of underwriters led by Dundee Securities agreed to buy 7.5 million subscription receipts, exchangeable into flow-through shares, at $1.50. The deal includes an option to buy an additional 15%.
Proceeds will be held in escrow until Fission closes its acquisition of Alpha Minerals TSXV:AMW, currently a 50/50 joint venture partner in PLS, and spins out its other properties. The subscribers won’t receive shares in the spinco. The entire amount’s designated for PLS exploration.
Rockgate considers alternatives to takeover by Denison
Still studying their options following an unsolicited takeover bid from Denison Mines TSX:DML, Rockgate Capital TSX:RGT directors on October 1 urged their shareholders to take no action until further notice.
Denison offered 0.192 of its share for each Rockgate share, a proposal strong enough to defeat a previously proposed Rockgate merger with Mega Uranium TSX:MGA. Nevertheless Rockgate’s board emphasized that Denison proposed a change of control, as opposed to a “merger of equals with Mega.”
Rockgate added that “in the absence of a preliminary economic assessment or other study, mining companies are commonly valued on an enterprise value/pound U3O8 multiple.” Denison’s offer works out to “a $0.09/lb multiple which is significantly below the average multiple of $4.37/lb paid on other relevant, development uranium transactions completed post the Fukushima accident,” Rockgate stated. Since September 27 “the implied Denison offer has declined a further 11%.”
Rockgate further stated that Denison sought conditions that weren’t “subject to a materiality threshold or other objective criteria, but provide Denison with sole discretion” whether to proceed. “In addition, the minimum tender condition of 90% is very high….”
Karoo signs LOI for three Zambian projects
Karoo Exploration TSXV:KE announced a letter of intent September 30 to acquire a portfolio of Zambian uranium properties from ASX-listed African Energy Resources. Under the deal Karoo would pay US$2 million and issue shares and warrants worth $500,000 at a share price “based on any offering completed by Karoo concurrent with this acquisition.”
The package includes the Chirundu, Kariba Valley and North Luangwa Valley projects. African Energy, which focuses on its Botswana coal assets, has a JORC-compliant resource for two Chirundu deposits with open pit potential. The Njame deposit shows:
- a measured category of 2.7 million tonnes averaging 0.035% for 2.1 million pounds U3O8
- an indicated category of 3.7 million tonnes averaging 0.025% for 2.1 million pounds
- an inferred category of 6.6 million tonnes averaging 0.024% for 3.5 million pounds
The Gwabe deposit shows:
- a measured category of 1.3 million tonnes averaging 0.024% for 700,000 pounds
- an indicated category of 3.6 million tonnes averaging 0.031% for 2.5 million pounds
- an inferred category of 800,000 tonnes averaging 0.018% for 300,000 pounds
Karoo holds five uranium exploration licences in southern Tanzania. The company began trading on September 4 following a reverse takeover involving United Uranium.
Next Page 1 | 2
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Why Fuel Management is More Important Than Ever For Businesses
When it comes to saving money for your business, you have to be careful about where you cut the budget. Many companies begin by cutting payroll, but by cutting payroll, you’re putting more stress on other employees. Business owners need to start thinking outside of the box. A great way to save money, for example, is to cut down on fuel costs. In this article, you will learn why fuel management is more important than ever for businesses.
When we talk about fuel management, we’re talking about watching how much fuel your company uses. This can refer to car, truck, multi-modal, or aviation fuel. It all depends on the kind of travel your business engages in. The trick here is to decide which kind of travel is most affordable for your business. If your company can’t operate without large deliveries, then try to focus more attention on trucks. Get your trucks into a fleet program for easier management. If you provide aviation services to your customers, then look at your aviation program and ways to get discounts to save money.
The truth is that the price of fuel is going to remain high, and it might even get higher. If you have trouble believing this, then read the news and watch the markets. You’ll see that fuel is actually a very fickle thing. The price might go down a little now and then, but don’t be fooled. Especially with the geopolitical situation, fuel prices are bound to rise again in the near future. Be smart when it comes to fuel. Only use what you need, and make sure you’re utilizing a fuel card program that gives you discounts.
In a world where reducing cost is essential for any business to prosper, you have to concentrate on waste. If you look at records and receipts, you will no doubt see that fuel is probably used irresponsibly. By joining a fleet program and monitoring the amount of fuel used, you will be able to save money by making more responsible decisions. In today’s tough economic climate, making the right decisions with regard to expenses is more important than ever.
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All listings for this product
About this product
- DescriptionThis book provides an introduction to research and research methods in crime and justice and related areas, including police, prisons and criminal justice policy making. It is less of a dry 'how to' book, but is concerned rather to provide a wide-ranging source book that illustrates the kind of research that has been done in particular areas, the findings of previous studies and the range of possible research methods and approaches - both qualitative and quantitative. It highlights clearly the social problems and opportunities presented by studies in crimilogy and criminal justice. Each chapter contains a section on the (often igred) relationship between the topic of study, desired outcomes and suitable methods, with a wide range of illustrative case studies. Here the approach is practical - pointing out the pitfalls of research, such as the inadvisability of some methods, the dangers of some topics/methods. The book also reflects on the philosophies of research and includes discussions about the way the choice of methods will be reflected in the findings and vice versa. This book will be essential reading for crimilogy students and other researchers on crime and justice.
- Author BiographyLouise Westmarland is Senior Lecturer in Criminology at the Open University. She has written widely on police and policing, specifically on various aspects of police culture such as in her book Gender and Policing: Sex, Power and Police Culture (Willan 2001) -- and on violence and police culture, ethics and integrity. Most recently she has co-authored Creating Citizen-Consumers: Changing Publics and Changing Public Services (Sage 2007).
- Author(s)Louise Westmarland
- PublisherTaylor & Francis Ltd
- Date of Publication19/04/2011
- SubjectSocial Issues, Services & Welfare
- Place of PublicationCullompton
- Country of PublicationUnited Kingdom
- ImprintWillan Publishing
- Content Note1 black & white illustrations, 6 black & white tables, 1 black & white line drawings
- Weight456 g
- Width156 mm
- Height234 mm
- Spine13 mm
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Christ intends for His churches to be led by men who meet certain qualifications. In his letters to Timothy and Titus, the apostle Paul writes very plainly about what the elders of a church must be. The main concern is character.
They must be men whose lives are exemplary in holiness.
In addition to this, however, men who would shepherd God’s flock must also be doctrinally sound. They must believe truth sincerely and be able to teach it clearly. In the first chapter of Titus, after highlighting the moral qualifications that every elder is to possess, Paul makes this point in verse 9. An elder, he writes, “must hold firm to the trustworthy word as taught, so that he may be able to give instruction in sound doctrine and also to rebuke those who contradict it.”
Churches are to be served by pastors who are sound theologians. That idea strikes many as strange today because the last one hundred years have witnessed a separation of those two roles. Pastors belong in churches while theologians, we have been led to believe, belong in universities and seminaries.
Paul’s instruction to Titus, however, forces us to admit that every pastor is called to be a theologian. The truth that God has revealed in His Word is to be explored, understood, believed, taught, and defended. That describes the work of a theologian, and pastoral ministry cannot be effectively carried out by a man who does not engage in this kind of effort.
Churches are to be governed by the Word of God. Those men who bear the responsibility to lead a church have no alternative but to be well grounded in Scripture.
A pastor must be firm in his grasp of the Word “as taught,” or, more literally, “according to the teaching.” Paul is referring to what by that time had become a recognized body of doctrinal teaching. Before a man can be qualified to serve in the role of pastor in a church he must “hold firm” to the doctrines of God’s Word. That is, he must understand these doctrines and believe them. Neither superficial thinking about nor half-hearted commitment to the teachings of Scripture will suffice for the man who would be a pastor in the church of Jesus Christ. This means that pastors are to be men who give themselves to diligent study and who constantly cultivate humble faith.
Paul mentions two reasons why a pastor must be a careful theologian. The first has to do with his responsibility to nurture and care for the flock that he serves. Shepherds must feed their sheep and the only diet that God has prescribed for His people is His Word (Heb. 5:12–14; 1 Peter 2:2). An overseer in the church must be “able to teach” (1 Tim. 3:2) because it is through the ministry of the Word that believers are nourished. As David Wells rightly suggests, a pastor is a truth-broker whose primary responsibility is to study, proclaim, and apply God’s Word so that “moral character is formed and Christian wisdom results” in the people of God. This is the first reason a pastor must be a theologian — so that he can “give instruction in sound doctrine.”
But a pastor must not only teach God’s people, he must also defend them. He must affirm truth and refute error, both of which require discernment born of careful study. The church of Jesus Christ has always been plagued with people who “contradict” sound doctrine. It is the job of pastors to rebuke such persons so that their error does not spread like gangrene through the church (2 Tim. 2:15–18).
The pastor must be “well instructed,” Calvin writes, “in the knowledge of sound doctrine; the second is, that, with unwavering firmness of courage…and the third is, that he make his manner of teaching tend
The greatest theologians in the history of the church have been faithful pastors. And the greatest pastors in the history of the church have been careful theologians. Obviously, the names appearing on both lists (with rare exceptions) are the same.
Augustine, Luther, Calvin, Gill, Edwards, Fuller, Spurgeon, and Lloyd-Jones were pastor-theologians. They were men who took the apostolic qualifications for elders seriously and, in fulfillment of their calling to shepherd God’s people, faithfully gave themselves to the work of theology.
J.I. Packer has wisely noted, “To be a good expositor…one must first be a good theologian. Theology…is what God has put into the texts of Scripture, and theology is what preachers must draw out of them.”
If we hope to see renewed spiritual vitality come to our churches, then we must insist that those who serve as pastors recognize that inherent in their calling is the responsibility to be sound theologians. Only then will God’s people be properly instructed in the way of Christ and effectively protected against the errors and heresies that corrode spiritual health.
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In case you are a growing sound/radio author, how would you break into the specific universe of composing for sound instead of sight? Indeed, likewise with all expert composing fields, sound/radio journalists need to attempt to figure out how to get around that difficult dilemma: radio and sound makers are probably not going to just consent to commission a history assuming you don’t as of now have a set up arrangement of histories, yet how would you develop an arrangement of work in case you’re never offered the chance to really compose a content that is created or communicated? Everything’s somewhat of a bad dream, and a similar issue is found in the entirety of the composing scenes; without an arrangement of work distributers and abstract specialists are apprehensive to bring you onto their books…but you need somebody to face a challenge and work with you, in any case that portfolio won’t ever emerge! Luckily there are a few makers and distributers out there that comprehend this conundrum circumstance and are glad to work with new writers and authors, and it’s these people or associations that you need to search out in your mission to getting an introduction as it were.
Whenever you’ve distinguished some possible 먹튀사이트 makers for your sound/radio material, then, at that point next thing you need to guarantee is that your content is introduced properly. It is a significant ability to move language from the printed page into scripts that can be performed by an entertainer by means of a receiver, and that can connect with audience members.
Sound judgment has a task to carry out with radio contents. Radio by and large permits 10 minutes of broadcast appointment for perusing a content, and would generally part a book or printed text into 14 scenes. In a short time, an entertainer can find out around 1450 words. So you’d need to figure out how to gather your content down into close to 14 lumps of around 1450 words. This may mean a gigantic separating of your unique content which is in every case hard however important assuming you need your content to be ideal for radio. Recall as well, that you’ll need to end every one of these lumps on some type of a precipice holder, to captivate audience members back for the following portion.
The book recording world has marginally various necessities, given the idea of the item. The book makers would have the option to disclose to you how long worth of listening they need remembered for every book recording; yet on the off chance that you haven’t worked with the makers previously, investigate a portion of the work they’ve effectively distributed and attempt to guarantee that your content conforms as far as word consider their continuous distributions.
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Constructed in the lower levels of Castle Sturmvoraus, it housed the Summoning Engine rebuilt by Vrin and Prince Aaronev VI after Loremistress Milvistle arranged for the original device to be destroyed.
In addition to the Engine and various pieces of scientific apparatus, the Chapel was decorated with feminine statuary and paintings and the Geisterdamen Goddess symbol. Whether regular rituals were performed in the Chapel as well is unknown.
The Chapel could be easily accessed by Sturmhalten Deepdown. The base was effectively destroyed on evacuation, with tunnels collapsed as the Geisterdamen retreated, but the original plans to were trumped by Prince Tarvek for track-covering.to the in the
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This distinctive basket belonged to the archives of renowned Australian artist Margaret Preston (1875–1963). Preston was ‘one of the first artists to advocate the use of Aboriginal designs and motifs in Australian art. From the 1920s she travelled widely in Australia studying and searching for Aboriginal art’, which influenced her work for much of her career. She promoted ‘an art form that was a blend of Aboriginal tradition and contemporary styles’.
(Claire Baddeley, Motif and meaning: Aboriginal influences in Australian art 1930–1970, 1999, pp. 3–4. For further reading, see A changing relationship: Aboriginal Themes in Australian Art 1938–1988, (exh. cat.), SH Ervin Gallery, 1988)
Visitors to this exhibition have recently provided information that this basket is not by an Australian Aboriginal maker as originally documented, but likely to be from Buka Island off New Guinea. One anecdote related that, in the 1950s, Buka women would come to the larger Manus Island and sell such baskets on market days to navy personnel stationed there.
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4.1 of 51 Ratings
Examination of a 13-year-old boy with asymptomatic poor posture reveals increased thoracic kyphosis that is fairly rigid and accentuates during forward bending. The neurologic examination is normal. Spinal radiographs show 10 degrees of scoliosis at Risser stage 2, and there is no evidence of spondylolisthesis. A standing lateral view of the thoracic spine is shown in Figure 41. The kyphosis corrects to 50 degrees. Management should consist of
a Charleston bending brace at night.
an extension-type spinal orthosis.
posterior spinal fusion with instrumentation.
anterior spinal release and posterior spinal instrumentation.
Select Answer to see Preferred Response
A 13 year-old boy is brought to your office because his mother is concerned about his poor posture. A lateral radiograph shows thoracic kyphosis of 38 degrees. This likely represents:
Normal range of thoracic kyphosis
Adolescent idiopathic scoliosis
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Harvard University, History of Art and Architecture
Professor in late Medieval or Early Modern Spanish and/or Hispanic Art and Architecture (tenured or tenure-track)
|Institution Type:||College / University|
|Location:||Massachusetts, United States|
|Position:||Assistant Professor, Associate Professor, Full Professor|
The Department of History of Art and Architecture seeks to appoint a tenure-track or tenured professor in late Medieval or Early Modern Spanish and/or Hispanic Art and Architecture. The appointment is expected to begin on July 1, 2014. The appointee will be responsible for instruction, course development, and advising at the undergraduate and graduate levels. Doctorate or terminal degree by the time the appointment begins. Demonstrated excellence in teaching and research is desired. Candidates for a tenured appointment should also evince intellectual leadership and impact on the field and potential for significant contributions to the department, University, and wider scholarly community.
Please submit the following materials through the ARIeS portal (http://academicpositions.harvard.edu), no later than October 15 2013: cover letter, curriculum vitae, teaching statement, research statement, candidates for a tenure-track position are also required to submit names and contact information of 3-5 references (three letters of recommendation are required, and the application is complete only when all three letters have been submitted), and candidates for a tenure-track position are also required to submit two writing samples.
Candidates for a tenured position should submit materials through the Aries portal via the following link: http://academicpositions.harvard.edu/postings/4888
Candidates for a tenure-track position should submit materials through the Aries portal via the following link:http://academicpositions.harvard.edu/postings/4877
Harvard is an Equal Opportunity/Affirmative Action employer. Applications from women and minorities are strongly encouraged.
Thomas B.F. Cummins
|Primary Category:||Architecture and Architectural History
|Secondary Categories:||Art and Art History
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1911 Encyclopædia Britannica/Algae/Chlorophyceae
II. Chlorophyceae.—This group includes those algae in which the green colouring matter, chlorophyll, is not accompanied by a second colouring matter, as it is in other groups. It consists of three subdivisions—Conjugatae, Euchlorophyceae and Characeae. Of these the first and last are relatively small and sharply defined families, distinguished from the second family, which forms the bulk of the group, by characters so diverse that their inclusion with them in one larger group can only be justified on the ground of convenience. Chlorophyceae include both marine and freshwater plants.
Euchlorophyceae in their turn have been until recently regarded as made up of the three series of families—Protococcales, Confervales and Siphonales. As the result of recent investigations by two Swedish algologists, Bohlin and Luther, it has been proposed to make a re-classification of a far-reaching nature. Algae are withdrawn from each of the three series enumerated above and consolidated into an entirely new group. In these algae, the colouring matter is said to be yellowish-green, not strictly green, and contained in numerous small discoid chromatophores which are devoid of pyrenoids. The products of assimilation are stored up in the form of a fatty substance and not starch. A certain inequality in the character of the two cilia of the zoospores of some of the members of the group has earned for it the title Heterokontae, from the Greek κοντός, a punting-pole. In consonance with this name, its authors propose to re-name the Conjugatae; Akontae and Oedogoniaceae with a chaplet of cilia become Stephanokontae, and the algae remaining over in the three series from which the Heterokontae and Stephanokontae are withdrawn become Isokontae. Conjugatae, Protococcales and Characeae are exclusively freshwater; Confervales and Siphonales are both freshwater and marine, but the latter group attains its greatest development in the sea. Some Chlorophyceae are terrestrial in habit, usually growing on a damp substratum, however. Trentepohlia grows on rocks and can survive considerable desiccation. Phycopeltis grows on the surface of leaves, Phyllobium and Phyllosiphon in their tissues. Gomontia is a shell-boring alga,
|A. Chlamydomonas sp., unicellular; chr., chromatophore; p., pyrenoid;
n., nucleus; p.v., pulsating vacuoles; e.s., eyespot.
|H. Oedogonium sp., intercalated growth by insertion of new piece (a)
|B1. Volvox sp., with a, antheridia, and o, oogonia.||K. Struvea sp., showing branches forming a net-work.|
|B2. Volvox sp., surface view of a single cell showing connexions.||L. Caulerpa sp., showing portion of axis with leaf-like and root|
|C. Pandorina sp., a 16-celled colony.||like appendages.|
|D. Hydrodictyon, a single mesh surrounded by 6 cells.||M1. Chara sp., axis with leaf-like appendages and a branch.|
|E. Microspora sp., showing H-pieces in the wall.||M2. Chara sp., apical region.|
|F. Entoderma sp., endophytic in Ectocarpus.||N. Botrydium, a simple siphonaceous alga with root-like attachment.|
|G. Coleochaete sp., growing as a plate.||O. Acetabularia Mediterranea, mushroom-like calcareous
A, C, E, F, G, H, K, L, M1, M2 from Engler and Prantl, Pflanzenfamilien, by permission of William Engelmann; B1, N from Vines, Students’ Text Book of Botany, by
permission of Swan Sonnenschein and Co.; B2, D, O from Oltmanns, Morphologie u. Biologie der Algen, by permission of Gustav Fischer.)
Dermatophyton grows on the carapace of the tortoise and Trichophilus in the hairs of the sloth. Certain Protococcales and Confervales exist as the gonidia of the lichenthallus.
The thallus is of more varied structure in this group than in any other. In the simplest case it may consist of a single cell, which may remain free during the whole of the greater part of its existence, or be loosely aggregated together within a common mucilage, or be held together by the adhesion of the cell-walls at the surface of contact. The aggregations or colonies, as they are termed, may assume the form of a plate, a ring, a solid sphere, a hollow sphere, a perforate sphere, a closed net, or a simple branched filament. It is not easy in all cases to draw a distinction between a colony of plants and a multicellular individual. In a Volvox sphere, for example, there is a marked protoplasmic continuity between all the cells of the colony. The Ulvaceae, the thallus of which consists of laminae, one or more cells thick, or hollow tubes, probably represent a still more advanced stage in the passage of a colony into a multicellular plant. Here there is some amount of localization of growth and distinction of parts. It is only in such cases as Volvox and Ulvaceae that there is any pretension to the formation of a true parenchyma within the limits of the Chlorophyceae. In the whole series of the Confervales, the thallus consists of filaments branched or unbranched, attached at one extremity, and growing almost wholly at the free end. The branches end in fine hairs in Chaetophoraceae. In Coleochaetaceae the branches are often welded into a plate, simulating a parenchyma. In all Conjugatae and most Protococcales, and in the bulk of the Confervales, the thallus consists of a cell or cells, the protoplast of which contains a single nucleus. In Hydrodictyaceae, Cladophoraceae, Sphaeropleaceae and Gomontiaceae this is no longer the case. Instead of a single relatively large nucleus, each cell is found to contain many small nuclei, and is spoken of as a coenocyte. This character becomes still more pronounced in the large group of the Siphonales. Valoniaceae and Dasycladaceae are partially septate, but elsewhere no cellulose partitions occur, and the thallus is more or less the continuous tube from which the group is named. Yet the siphonaceous algae may assume great variety of form and reach a high degree of differentiation. Protosiphon and Botrydium, on the one hand, are minute vesicles attached to muddy surfaces by rhizoids; Caulerpa, on the other, presents a remarkable instance of the way in which much the same external morphology as that of cormophytes has been reached by a totally different internal structure. Many Siphonales are encrusted with lime like Corallina among Red Algae. Penicillus is brush-like, Halimeda and Cymopolia are jointed, Acetabularia has much the same external form as an expanded Coprinus, Neomeris simulates the fertile shoot of Equisetum with its densely packed whorled branches, and in Microdictyon, Anadyomene, Struvea and Boodlea the branches, spreading in one plane become bound together in a more or less close network. Characeae are separated from other Chlorophyceae by a long interval, and present the highest degree of differentiation of parts known among Green Algae. Attached to the bottom of pools by means of rhizoids, the thallus of Characeae grows upwards by means of an apical cell, giving off whorled appendages at regular intervals. The appendages have a limited growth; but in connexion with each whorl there arise, singly or in pairs, branches which have the same unlimited growth as the main axis. There is thus a close approach to the external morphology of the higher plants. The streaming of the protoplasm, known elsewhere among Chlorophyceae, is a conspicuous feature of the cells of Characeae.
The Chlorophyceae excel all other groups of algae in the magnitude and variety of form of the chlorophyll-bodies. In Ulva and Mesocarpus the chromatophore is a single plate, which in the latter genus places its edge towards the incident light; in Spirogyra they are spiral bands embedded in the primordial utricle; in Zygnema they are a pair of stellate masses, the rays of which branch peripherally; in Oedogonium they are longitudinally-disposed anastomosing bands; in Desmids plates with irregular margins; in Cladophora polyhedral plates; in Vaucheria minute elliptical bodies occurring in immense numbers. Embedded in the chromatophore, much in the same way as the nucleus is embedded in the cytoplasm, are the pyrenoids. Unknown in Cyanophyceae and Phoeophyceae, known only in Bangiaceae and Nemalion among Rhodophyceae, they are of frequent occurrence among Chlorophyceae, excepting Characeae. Sometimes several pyrenoids occur in each chloroplast, as in Mesocarpus and Spirogyra; sometimes only an occasional chloroplast contains pyrenoid at all, as in Cladophora. The pyrenoid seems to be of proteid nature and gelatinous consistency, and to arise as a new formation or by division of pre-esixting pyrenoids. When carbon-assimilation is active, starch-granules crowd upon the surface of the pyrenoid and completely obscure it from view.
Special provision for vegetative multiplication is not common among Chlorophyceae. Valonia and Caulerpa among Siphonales detach portions of their thallus, which are capable of independent growth. In Caulerpa no other means of multiplication is as yet known. In Characeae no fewer than four methods of vegetative reproduction have been described, and the facility with which buds and branches are in these cases detached has been adduced as an evidence of affinity with Bryophyta, which, as a class, are distinguished by their ready resort to vegetative reproduction.
With regard to true reproduction, which is characterized by the formation of special cells, the group Euchlorophyceae is characterized by the production of zoospores (Gr. ζῳ̂ον, animal, σπορά, seed); that is to say, cells capable of motility through the agency of cilia. Such ciliary motion is known in the adult condition of the cells of Volvocaceae, but where this is not the case the reproductive cells are endowed with motility for a brief period. The zoospore is usually a pyriform mass of naked protoplasm, the beaked end of which where the cilia arise is devoid of colouring matter. A reddish-brown body, known as the eyespot, is usually situated near the limits of the hyaline portion, and in the protoplasm contractile vacuoles similar to those of lower animals have been occasionally detected. The movement of the zoospore is effected by the lashing of the cilia and is in the direction of the beak, while the zoospore slowly rotates on its long axis at the same time. Usually two cilia are present; in Botrydium and Hydrodictyon only one is present; in certain species of Cladophora four; in Dasycladus a chaplet, and in Oedogonium a ring of many cilia. The so-called zoospore of Vaucheria is a coenocyte covered over with paired cilia corresponding in position to nuclei lying below. In all other cases, zoospores are uninucleate bodies. Zoospores arise in cells of ordinary size and form termed zoosporangia. In unicellular forms (Sphaerella) the thallus becomes transformed into a zoosporangium at the reproductive stage. In the zoosporangia of Oedogonium, Tetraspora and Coleochaete the contents become transformed into a single zoospore. In most cases repeated division seems to take place, and the final number is represented by some power of two. In coenocytic forms the zoospores would seem to arise simultaneously, probably because many nuclei are already present. The escape of zoospores is effected by the degeneration of the sporangial wall (Chaetophora), or by a pore (Cladophora), a slit (Pediastrum), or a circular fracture (Oedogonium). Zoospores are of two kinds: (1) Those which come to rest and germinate to form a new plant; these are asexual and are zoospores proper. (2) Those which are unable to germinate of themselves, but fuse with another cell, the product giving rise to a new individual; these are sexual and are zoogametes (Gr. ζῳ̂ον , animal, and γαμέτης, γαμετή , husband, wife). When two similar zoogametes fuse, the process is conjugation, and the product a zygospore (Gr. ζυγόν, yoke). Usually, however, only one of the fusing cells is a zoogamete, the other gamete being a much larger resting cell. In such a case the zoogamete is male, is called an antherozoid or spermatozoid, and arises in an antheridium; the larger gamete is an oosphere and arises in an oogonium. The gusion is now known as fertilization and the product is an oospore. Reproduction by conjugation is also known as isogamy, by fertilization as oogamy. When zoospores come to rest, a new cell is formed and germination ensues at once. When zygospores and oospores are produced a new cell-wall is also formed, but a long period of rest ensues. All investigation goes to show that an essential part of sexual union is the fusion of the two nuclei concerned. It is interesting to know, on the authority of Oltmanns, that when the oosphere is forming in the oogonium of Vaucheria, there is a retrocession of all the included nuclei but one. That the antherozoid of Vaucheria contains a single nucleus had been inferred before.
From a comparison of those Euchlorophyceae which have been most closely investigated, it appears probable that sexual reproductive cells have in the course of evolution arisen as the result of specialization among asexual reproductive cells, and that in turn oogamous reproduction has arisen as the result of differentiation of the two conjugating cells into the smaller gamete and the larger male gamete. It would further appear that oogamous reproduction has arisen independently in each of the three main groups of Euchlorophyceae, viz. Protococcales, Siphonales and Confervales. Thus among Volvocaceae, a family of Protococcales, while in some of the genera (Chloraster, Sphondylomorum) no sexual union has as yet been observed, in others (Pandorina, Chlorogonium, Stephanosphaera, Sphaerella) conjugation of similar gametes takes place, in others still (Phacotus, Eudorina, Volvox) the union is of the nature of fertilization. No other family of Protococcales has advanced beyond the stage of isogamous reproduction. Again, among Siphonales only one family (Vaucheriaceae) had reached the stage of oogamy, although an incipient heterogamy is said to occur in two other families (Codiaceae, Bryopsidaceae). Elsewhere among Siphonales, in those cases where reproductive cells are know, the reproduction is either isogamous or asexual. Among Confervales there is no family in which sexual reproduction—isogamy or oogamy—is not known to occur among some of the component species, and as many as four families (Cylindrocapsaceae, Sphaeropleaceae, Oedogoniaceae, Coleochaetaceae) are oogamous. On these, as well as other grounds, Confervales are regarded as having attained to the highest rank among Euchlorophyceae. Although the phenomena attending isogamous and oogamous reproduction respectively are essentially the same in all cases, slight variations in both instances appear in different families, attributable doubtless to the independent origin of the process in different groups. Thus, although isogamy consists in typical cases of a union of naked motile gametes by a fusion which begins at the beaked ends, and results in the formation of an immotile spherical zygote surrounded by a cell-wall, in Leptosira it is noticeable that the fusion begins at the blunt end; in a species of Chlamydomonas the two gametes are each included in a cell-wall before fusion; and in many cases the zygote retains for some time its motility with the double number of cilia. Again, in oogamous reproduction, while in general only one oosphere is differentiated in the oogonium, in Sphaeroplea several oospheres arise in each oogonium; and while the oospheres usually contract away from the oogonial wall, acquiring for themselves a new cell-wall after fertilization, in Coleochaete the oosphere remains throughout in contact with the oogonial wall. The oosphere is in all cases fertilized while still within the oogonium, the antherozoids being admitted by means of a pore. There is usually distinguishable upon the surface of the oosphere an area free from chlorophyll, known as the receptive spot, at which the fusion with the antherozoid takes place; and in many cases, before fertilization, a small mucilaginous mass has been observed to separate itself off from the oosphere at this point and to escape through a pore. In Coleochaete the oogonial wall is drawn out into a considerable tube, which is provided with an apical pore, and this tube has a somewhat similar appearance to the imperforate trichogyne of Florideae to be hereafter described. In certain species of Oedogonium minute male plantlets, known as dwarf males, become attached to the female plant in the neighbourhood of the oogonia, thus facilitating fertilization. Indeed the genus Oedogonium exhibits a high degree of specialization in its reproductive system, considering that its thallus has not advanced beyond the stage of an unbranched filament.
Many Euchlorophyceae are endowed with both asexual and sexual reproduction. Such are Coleochaete, Oedogonium, Cylindrocapsa, Ulothrix, Vaucheria, Volox, &c. In others only the asexual method is yet known. When a species resorts to both methods, it is generally found that the asexual method prevails in the early part of the vegetative period and the sexual towards the close of that period. This is in consonance with the facts already mentioned that zoospores germinate forthwith, and that the sexually-produced cell or zygote enters upon a period of rest. It is known that zoogametes, which usually conjugate, may, when conjugation fails, germinate directly (Sphaerella). In rare cases the oosphere has been known to germinate without fertilization (Oedogonium, Cylindrocapsa). The germination of a zygospore or oospore is effected by the rupture of an outer cuticularized exosporium; then the cell may protrude an inner wall, the endosporium, and grow out into the new plant (Vaucheria), or the contents may break up into a first brood of zoospores. It is held that in Coleochaete a parenchyma results from the division of the oospore, from each cell of which a zoospore arises.
Reproduction is also effected among Euchlorophyceae by means of aplanospores and akinetes. Aplanospores would seem to represent zoospores arrested in their development; without reaching the stage of motility, they germinate within the sporangium. Akinetes are ordinary thallus cells, which on account of their acquisition of a thick wall are capable of surviving unfavourable conditions. Both aplanospores and akinetes may germinate with or without the formation of zoospores at the initial stage.
Among Conjugatae reproduction is effected solely by means of conjugation of what are literally aplanospores. Among those Desmidiaceae which live a free life, two plants become surrounded by a common mucilage, in which they lie either parallel (Closterium) or crosswise (Cosmarium). Gaps then appear in the apposed surfaces, usually at the isthmus; the entire protoplasts either pass out to melt into one another clear of the old walls, or partly pass out and fuse without complete detachment from the old walls. Among colonial Desmidiaceae, the break-up of the filament is a preliminary to this conjugation; otherwise the process is the same. The zygospore becomes surrounded with its own wall, consisting finally of three layers, the outer of which is furnished with spicular prominences of various forms. In Zygnemaceae there is no dissolution of the filaments, but the whole contents of one cell pass over by means of a conjugation-tube into the cavity of a cell of a neighbouring filament, where the zygospore is formed by the fusion of the two protoplasts.
|A. Spirogyra sp., in conjugation.||E3. Coleochaete sp., zoospore.
|B. Zoospore of Pandorina. B2 3 4,
stages of conjugation.
|F1 2 3. Protosiphon, conjugation of
|C. Ulothriz sp., zoospores escaping.
C2 3, stages of conjugation.
|G. Derbesia sp., zoospore with
chaplet of cilia
|D1. Oedogonium sp., oogonium
at a moment of fertilization
with dwarf male attached.
|H1 Chara sp., oogonium and
antheridium at a node on
a lateral appendage.
|D2. Oedogonium sp., zoospore
with crown of cilia.
|H2. Chara sp., antherozoid.|
|E1. Coleochaete sp., with anthe-
ridia and an oogonium.
|K1. Vaucheria sp., oogonium and
antheridium before fertilization.
|E2. Coleochaete sp., fertilized egg
with investment of filaments.
|K2. Vaucheria sp., after fertilization.|
(A from Cooke, British Freshwater Algae, by permission of Kegan Paul, Trench, Trübner
and Co.; C, E, F, G, H, K from Englef and Prantl, by permission of Wilhelm Engelmann;
B1 from Vines, by permission of Swan Sonnenschein and Co.; B2, D from
Oltmaxms, by permission of Gustav Fischer.)
In these cases the activity of one of the gametes, and the passivity of the other, is regarded as evidence of incipient sex. In Sirogonium there is cell-division in the parent-cell prior to conjugation; and as two segments are cut off in the case of the active gamete, and only one in the case of the passive gamete, there is a corresponding difference of size, marking another step in the sexual differentiation. In Zygogonium, although no cell-division takes place, the gametes consist of a portion only of the contents of a cell, and this is regularly the case in Mesocarpaceae, which occupy the highest grade among Conjugatae. Some Zygnemaceae and Mesocarpaceae form either a short conjugating tube, or none at all, but the filaments approach each other by a knee-like bend, and the zygospore is formed at the point of contact, often being partially contained within the walls of the parent-cell. It would seem that in some cases the nuclei of the gametes remain distinct in the zygospore for a considerable time after conjugation. It is probable that in all cases nuclear fusion takes place sooner or later. In Zygnemaceae and Mesocarpaceae the zygospore, after a period of rest, germinates, to form a new filamentous colony; in Desmidiaceae its contents divide on germination, and thus give rise to two or more Desmids. Gametes which fail to conjugate sometimes assume the appearance of zygospores and germinate in due course. They are known as azygospores.
The reproduction of Characeae is characterized by a pronounced oogamy, the reproductive organs being the most highly differentiated among Chlorophyceae. The antheridia and oogonia are formed at the nodes of the appendages. The oogonium, seated on a stalk cell, is surrounded by an investment consisting of five spirally-wound cells, from the projecting ends of which segments are cut off, constituting the so-called stigma. The oosphere is not differentiated within the wall of the oogonium, but certain cells known as wendungszellen, the significance of which has given rise to much speculation, are cut off from the basal portion of the parent-cell during its development. The antheridia are spherical orange-coloured bodies of very complex structure. The antherozoid is a spirally-coiled thread of protoplasm, furnished at one end with a pair of cilia. It much more resembles the antherozoids of Byrophyta and certain Pteridophyta than any known among other algae. The fertilized egg charged with food reserves rests for a considerable period, surrounded by its cortex, the whole having assumed a reddish-brown colour. On germination it gives rise to a row of cells in which short (nodal) and long (internodal) cells alternate. From the first node arise rhizoids; from the second a lateral bud, which becomes the new plant. This peculiar product of germination, which intervenes between the oospore and the adult form, is the proembryo. It will be remembered that in Musci, the asexual spore somewhat similarly gives rise to a protonema, from which the adult plant is produced as a lateral bud. The proembryonic branches of Characeae, one of the means of vegetative reproduction already referred to, are so called because they repeat the characters of the proembryo.
Before leaving the Chlorophyceae, it should be mentioned that the genus Volvox has been included by some zoologists (Bütschli, for example) among Flagellata; on the other hand, certain green Flagellata, such as Euglena, are by some botanists (for example, van Tieghem) among unicellular plants. A similar uncertainty exists with reference to certain groups of Phaeophyceae, and the matter will thus arise again.
A census of the Chlorophyceae is furnished below:—
- Confervoideae—12 families, 77 genera, 1021 species.
- Siphoneae—9 families, 26 genera, 271 species.
- Protococcoideae—2 families, 90 genera, 342 species.
- Conjugateae—2 families, 33 genera, 1296 species.
(De Toni’s Sylloge Algarum, 1889.)
- Characeae—2 families, 6 genera, 181 species.
(Engler and Prantl’s Pflanzenfamilien, 1897.)
III. Phaeophyceae.—The Phaeophyceae are distinguished by the possession of a brown colouring matter, phycophaein, in addition to chlorophyll. They consist of the following groups:—Fucaceae, Phaeosporeae, Dictyotaceae, Cyrptomonadaceae, Peridiniaceae and Diatomaceae. Of these the first three include multicellular plants, some of them of great size; the last three are unicellular organisms, with little in common with the rest excepting the possession of a brown colouring matter. Fucaceae and Phaeosporeae are doubtless closely allied, and to these Dictyotaceae may be joined, though the relationship is less close. They constitute the Euphaeophyceae, and will be dealt with in the first place.
Euphaeophyceae are almost exclusively marine, growing on rocks and stones on the coast, or epiphytic upon other algae. In tidal seas they range from the limits of high water to some distance beyond the low-water line. On the British coasts zones are observable in passing from high to low water mark, characterized by the prevalence of different species, thus:—Pelvetia canaliculata, Fucus platycarpus, Pucus vesiculosus, Ascophyllum nodosum, Fucus serratus, Laminaria digitata. Some species are minute filamentous plants, requiring the microscope for their detection; others, like Lessonia, are of considerable bulk, or, like Macrocystis, of enormous length. In Fucaceae, Dictyotacea, and in Laminariaceae and Sphacelariaceae, among Phaeosporeae, the thallus consists of a true parenchyma; elsewhere it consists of free filaments, or filaments so compacted together, as in Cutleriaceae and Desmarestiaceae, as to form a false parenchyma. In Fucaceae and Laminariaceae the inner tissue is differentiated into a conducting system. In Laminariaceae the inflation of the ends of conducting cells gives rise to the so-called
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Pronunciation: (un-vāl'),[key] —v.t. 1. to remove a veil or other covering from; display; reveal: The woman unveiled herself. 2. to reveal or disclose by or as if by removing a veil or covering: to unveil a monument; to unveil a secret; to unveil a truth.
—v.i. to become revealed by or as if by removing a veil.
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The ILCA/NLPU on-farm alley farming project: Considerations on data collection and evaluation
MetadataShow full item record
Permanent link to this item: http://hdl.handle.net/10568/51169
Presents ILCA's on-farm alley farming research activities in the humid zone of Nigeria. Discusses the problems in data collection and analysis, soil variability, management variability, problems of labour estimation, land clearing & preparation, planting & management, tree prunning & utilization and monitoring & evaluation procedures.
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The location appears to have been occupied by trappers before being overrun by feral ghouls. However, there is still a working turret outside of the tunnel, presumably set up by the trappers.
There is an open gate within a barricade across a small gulch, with one working turret. Inside the west wall of the gulch is the entrance to the tunnel which takes you south to Pine Crest Cavern.
There are three ways to enter the cavern: a one-way entrance from the Pine Crest Cavern that allows the player to fall through a tunnel and roots into a pond of water, the two-way entrance from the former trapper camp in Kitteredge Pass and a hidden opening a bit west of the Kitteredge Pass. This last entry is hidden behind a bush on the side of a hill, it is most likely where the ghouls came through.
This article is too short to provide more than rudimentary information about the subject. You can help Nukapedia by expanding it.
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Remember the Disney cartoons/movies that showed the young men driving
hot rods made from Model T's and Model A's? I'm trying to remember if
the time period was pre 1940 and the guys were playing ukuleles and
the cars had a coon tail on the antenna. I seem to remember straw hats
and school team letter jackets too. I remember watching the cartoons
and movies on our B$W TV back in the 1950's. 8-)
The first time I recall hearing that joke was on "I'm Dickens, He's Fenster"
which was around the time JFK was assassinated.
but it's still funnier than ever!
Well, up north here my jerking knee kinda sympathizes with your POV, but
not enough to get my BP spiked over it. But in some parts of USA (all
the way from western LA through middle CA, and parts of FL too for that
matter), I'll point out that Spanish was there before English was. Not
to mention ancestors of many families still living there. They never
moved, the border did. And although mass media never made much note of
it, their culture has been continuously practiced there far longer than
the area was part of USA, even as a territory. So who is pushing out
who? Cultural and genetic borders seldom line up with the lines drawn on
a map. Most of the areas mentioned above that were settled in
pre-Anglo days revel in the their Mexican/Spanish heritage. Northerners
are not that different- even 230 years later, it is clear mainstream US
culture is a product mainly of English heritage. Most of our language,
most of our laws, the way our military is set up (right down to the
'noble class' officers vs. the 'commoner' enlisted ranks), the way our
universities work, and so on and so on. And since we outlawed Official
royalty when we kicked King George out, we created our own surrogates.
(You could go back 100-some years and switch the Windsors and Kennedys,
and both would have felt right at home.)
I'm the son of immigrants from far northern Europe, and although they
kept speaking the mother tongue and pining for home, they didn't make us
(8 kids) speak it, or participate in cultural events related to our
heritage. They wanted us to assimilate, and not be 2nd or 3rd generation
refugees. Of course, they never thought USSR would collapse, and their
home country would regain any semblance of a free government. Boy were
they surprised. My mother moved back and reclaimed the old family
properties. I went to visit once, and kind of regret how cut off I am
from all that. But even as a kid, I never could learn languages worth a
damn, so I won't frustrate myself by trying.
That goes to say you should never click on any link provided by anyone.
The poster may be spoofing and even if a description is provided a
spoofer would not stop short of lying.
Be safe. Pull the plug and jam all the usb ports so no one can insert a
usb drive, hammer some door shims in the cd/dvd drives.
Sure spoofing happens. Probability depends on the arena. Another "PART of
determining whether to click on a link".
Works fine for my 9V DeWalts. I even run them off 12V 7AH and 3AH UPS
batteries. Plenty of torque, more than the original batteries since I'm
technically 'overvolting' but since it has a variable speed trigger, I never
really run it flat out. Much cheaper than buying a rebuilt pack and the
smaller 3AH batteries are about the same size as the original pack. I broke
open the old dead pack, pulled the connector off it and attached it to the
battery with strapping tape. Not very elegant looking, but much, much
cheaper than a rebuilt pack.
I never did, either. That's why I began using UPS gel cell batteries
instead of rebuilding or replacing the DeWalt drill packs. I got the
original two drills and 4 total battery packs on sale at Wal-mart for $50
but the cost of a single replacement battery pack was nearly $40. Not
acceptable. All four packs quickly failed (poor design - center cell always
failed first from overheating) so the drills had plenty of life left to
So I took some 12VDC AGM 7AH and 3AH batteries
($10 to $20 bucks each if you look around, $50 if you don't) and connected
them to the proprietary connector I removed from the dead battery packs
using slide on quick disconnects. When they run low, I attach them to a $10
gel cel float charger. After three NiCad DIY pack rebuilds and one very
impressive short-circuit meltdown, I abandoned pack rebuilds and switched to
gel cell lead-acid rechargeables.
Of course, it only works well on 9 to 12VDC powered drills . . .
On Sun, 14 Nov 2010 19:18:44 -0500, "Robert Green"
I like that. Good for working where's there's no power.
And you don't have to toss a tool.
But now you're dragging cord AND battery packs around.
Seem to defeat the purpose of "cordless."
In my case, I've been able to attach the 3AH battery to the base of one
drill, so there's no cord to deal with at all. The other one's set up for
running off a cigarette lighter plug which makes it useful for work inside
the car/van. It means I don't have to drag out the large 110VAC extension
cords nor worry about any possible electrocution issues.
I find it particularly useful to use on my little garden tool cart when I
run around the whole house in the spring, drilling holes with an earth auger
to lay down termite bait tubes. The 7AH hour battery sits on the cart (it's
got a cigarette socket attached to it) and I plug the drill cord into that.
Allows me to go around the house without getting an extension cord hung up
in all the shrubs and such. A great deal, considering I didn't have to pay
as much for a replacement pack of a defective design that probably wouldn't
have lasted any longer than the original packs.
HomeOwnersHub.com is a website for homeowners and building and maintenance pros. It is not affiliated with any of the manufacturers or service providers discussed here.
All logos and trade names are the property of their respective owners.
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Stuck on your essay?
Get ideas from this essay and see how your work stacks up
Word Count: 1,412
Success at college is important no matter where you are attending school Every college or university wants their students to succeed and to go on to be employed after the student completes their education Do you think your school that you attend or attended did everything that could be done to help you succeed A school could assume that they currently are providing a sufficient amount of options for their students to succeed Do they really know that what they are providing is what their student needs Does the school play a role in a students success Is it completely up to the studentWhen you are exploring your options for different colleges as a senior in high school signing up for college visits is a starting point What are the qualities that you look for When attending college visits most future students look at the beautiful campus and residence life Basing our choices solely on criteria that have little to do with the success of the education system What is the college looking for from you The college will be interested to see how well you have done in your past years in high school Colleges will be interested to see if you were academically successful and will also look at your class rank If you were very active in high school you are likely to be active when attending college Another thing that colleges look at when reading you application is the score on the ACT and SAT depending on where you live and where you plan on going to school for either test These variables are factors that all lead to success at college according schools around the United States In the article Predicting Success in College the authors mention that Motivational variables may play a key role in predicting both kinds of success in collegeHarackiewicz et al 562 this
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While Google has trademarked the product name "Google Glass" without difficulty, the tech giant took one step further -- and is attempting to claim the word "glass," something U.S. trademark regulators are not keen on accepting.
The U.S. Patent and Trademark Office received an application last year from Google asking for a trademark on the single word "Glass." However, two main objections have been raised: one that the trademark is too similar to other existing products and so consumers may become confused, and the other that "Glass" -- even considering Google's futuristic font used in marketing campaigns -- only describes the product.
In the same way you could not trademark the word "jacket" to describe a clothing product, regulators say that words which only describe an item do not have trademark protection under federal law. Since Google Glass is made of glass, it cannot be trademarked, trademark officials say.
The problem isn't one Google is taking lying down. In response to the objections, trademark attorneys for the tech giant sent back a 1,928-page letter defending the application.
While most of the letter is simply clips and media references concerning Google Glass, the attorneys also argued that the wearable technology is made from plastic and titanium, and the trademark application should be accepted as the headset is already established within the market.
No final decision has been made by the trademark office.
As noted by The Atlantic, this isn't the first time a household name has tried to trademark words commonly used in the English language. Apple has tried to trademark the phrase "startup," Facebook attempted to trademark "book," and Microsoft once attempted to claim the words "rare" and "natural."
Read on: The Wall Street Journal
This post was originally published on Smartplanet.com
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Study Materials for Class 6 to 12 Maths & Science (Physics, Chemistry & Biology) - Free PDF download
Get free Online Study Materials for CBSE, ICSE, IIT JEE Main & Advanced, NEET, and Other Boards like NCERT Textbook Solutions, Syllabus, Revision Notes, Important Questions, Important Formulas, Previous Year Question Papers & Sample Papers with Solutions to help you to score well in your Examinations. By studying from the free exam materials, students can get exam-ready and ace any Competitive exams with ease.
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Despite enjoying a fair bit of local support, local human rights organizations (LHROs) in the Global South are still largely dependent on foreign funds. To better tap into local resource pools, LHROs will have to rethink their funding strategies, and perhaps reconsider some of their activities. A contribution to the openGlobalRights debate on Funding for Human Rights. Türkçe, Español, Português, Français, עברית ,العربية
How important is international funding to local human rights groups worldwide? Oddly enough, there has been little published research on the topic. Pressured by angry nationalists and vengeful governments, human rights activists and donors prefer to keep money questions out of the spotlight.
Indeed, we know of only two existing studies. In 2006, a Nigerian scholar published research on 20 of his country’s 100 human rights groups, the vast majority of which were foreign-supported. Two years later, Israeli researchers published a study based on interviews with 16 of the country’s 26 human rights groups, and said that more than 90 percent of their budgets came from Europe and the United States. Neither study, however, shed light on conditions elsewhere in the world.
To rectify this gap, we began by interviewing 128 human rights workers from 60 countries in the Global South and former Communist region. Then we assembled lists of all the local rights groups we could find in Rabat and Casablanca (Morocco), Mumbai (India), and Mexico City and San Cristóbal de las Casas (Mexico). Our team identified 189 groups in total, all of which were non-governmental, domestically headquartered, politically unaffiliated, and legally registered.
Because NGO workers are understandably reluctant to discuss finances with strangers, we began with a general question: In your opinion, what percentage of human rights organizations in [your country] receives substantial funding from foreign donors? We summarize their answers in Figure A below.
Mean estimates ranged from a high of 84% in Rabat and Casablanca to a low of 60% in Mumbai. The Indian and Mexican estimates were statistically indistinguishable, given the closeness in estimates and the small sample sizes involved.
Next we asked respondents: In your view, how many human rights organizations in [your country] raise substantial local funds? We summarize those answers in Figure B below.
“Very few” was the most common response, and the responses were statistically indistinguishable across samples.
We then asked respondents whether their own organizations received foreign funds, and the number of positive responses ranged from 67% to 89% per sample, as summarized in Figure C.
This doesn’t say much about the relative weight of foreign funds, however. Precise budget questions were too sensitive for our face-to-face surveys, but 49 respondents volunteered information on how much of their annual organizational budgets derived from foreign funds. To build on this data, we sent follow-up surveys to all 233 of our respondents, and received details from another 47 persons. We summarize all 96 answers in Figure D below.
In three of the four samples, respondents said foreign funding comprised more than half their organization’s budget. Mumbai was the exception, likely as a result of India’s long-standing restrictions on overseas aid to local organizations.
Why does foreign aid dominate?
Is it poverty?
Many respondents said their countries were too poor to support local rights groups. Upon closer examination, however, this explanation seems unsupported. Consider the above-cited Israeli study, which discovered that local rights groups depend heavily on foreign aid. In 2008, the year that research appeared, Israel’s Purchasing Power Parity (PPP) – adjusted per capita income – was $25,600, ranking it 38 of 180 countries globally. Whatever the reason for Israeli rights groups’ foreign aid dependence, per capita income was not among them. Consider also Figure A: Respondents said that Moroccan rights groups were more likely than those in India to receive “substantial” foreign aid, but Morocco’s per capita income was 25% higher than India’s. And while respondent estimates for India and Mexico were statistically indistinguishable, Mexico’s per capita income was 77% higher than India’s.
Per capita income, it seems, doesn’t explain all that much.
How about culture?
Perhaps ordinary people don’t support human rights groups because they oppose human rights ideas? In Israel, experts say Jewish citizens associate the term “human rights” with Palestinian interests. Given Israeli-Palestinian tensions, aren’t Jewish Israelis simply unwilling to fund their enemies’ allies?
Again, a closer look suggests otherwise. In 2003, an Israeli survey found that 53% of the public thought it was “very important” (20%) or “somewhat important” (33%) to protect Palestinian rights. In 2008, another survey found that 52% of the public thought Israeli NGOs were either “very” (9%) or “somewhat” (43%) reliable sources of human rights information. With this number of supporters in a relatively wealthy country, Israeli rights groups should, in theory, be raising at least some local cash. So why don't they?
Other studies show that human rights ideas enjoy broad support internationally. In 2008, a global consortium asked 47,241 people in 25 countries for their views on specific human rights, including torture, political rights, women’s rights, religious freedom, and economic and social rights. In every country, they found, the norms enshrined in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights received “robust support,” as did the notion of United Nations intervention to promote these ideals. Importantly, the survey teams found little support for the notion that people worldwide lived in different moral universes.
Some human rights issues, of course, are particularly sensitive, and are therefore likely to face broad-based popular social or religious resistance; issues of gender, family and sexuality come most readily to mind. Still, our own surveys show that local human rights groups enjoy a fair bit of local support, just as they do in Israel.
Figure E displays the results of our national surveys in Mexico and Colombia, along with our regional surveys in India (Mumbai) and Morocco (Rabat and Casablanca). We asked more than 6,000 people how much they trusted their country’s human rights groups, rescaling their answers from 0 to 1, with the latter representing the highest level of trust.
Human rights groups received reasonably high scores, ranging from 0.43 in Morocco to 0.59 in Mexico. With that kind of domestic support, local rights groups should, in theory, be able to raise some money locally.
So why don’t they?
The reasons are varied. Many respondents cited fear of government retribution; citizens didn’t give money to human rights groups because these would-be donors feared that the government would seek revenge. Other respondents said that human rights organizations themselves are unwilling to raise money locally because they don’t want to fall prey to local political pressures. Political parties, wealthy individuals, and local corporations may be willing to contribute money, but they’d demand too much in return. More often than not, respondents said, distant international donors exert less political control than potential local benefactors.
One of the most common explanations cited by our respondents was local philanthropic preferences. Although most every country has a charitable sector, individual philanthropists as well as charities in the Global South often prefer to channel their funds to concrete projects such as building schools or hospitals, or tangible services such as food, shelter and clothing. The work of human rights groups, by contrast, seems intangible and alien. Here it isn’t the human rights principles themselves that are the problem, but rather the human rights style, based as it is on research, public advocacy, policy analysis, and lobbying.
In international donor circles, human rights are a recognized theme, with routine application procedures and earmarked budgets. Local donors are likely to be skeptical and idiosyncratic, but international donors need little convincing; they already support that type of work. Although human rights advocacy work may be an accepted “thing” internationally, it has yet to become broadly popular in many Southern countries.
Finally, human rights workers must grapple with the unpleasant possibility that the work they do is simply not sufficiently useful. Development critic William Easterly writes eloquently that much international aid is wasted on projects for which there is little popular demand. When real demand exists, he argues, development entrepreneurs will figure out a way to supply that need. If contemporary human rights work isn’t attracting many local “buyers,” perhaps it hasn’t yet figured out how to offer something that sufficient numbers of people want, need, and are willing to support financially?
To raise more local money, human rights groups will have to hire new kinds of people, develop new social ties, and build new fund-raising capacities. They may also have to figure out a better “market niche,” in which they offer something so valuable that local donors, big and small, will want to pitch in.
Across the developing world, domestic rights groups have convinced international donors that their work is valuable, meaningful, and worth supporting. Now, the real task lies in convincing their publics, rich and poor, of the same thing.
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27,100 (2001 census). Ethnic population: 171,000 (2001 census).
Assam, Nagaon, Karbi Anglong, Kamrup, Sibsagar, and Lakhimpur districts; Meghalaya, Khasi Hills district.
Literacy rate in L2: 62% for Assam (2001 census). Literacy rate higher in the plains. In the hills, equally low among men and women. Don Bosco school (Karbi Anglong District) teaches Tiwa up to class 4. Dictionary. Grammar. NT: 1972.
A Scheduled Tribe. Traditional religion, Hindu.
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BARCELONA, Spain, and BRUSSELS — NSF International, an independent global organization that writes standards, tests and certifies products for the water, food and consumer goods industries, has expanded its collaboration with Laboratorio Dr. Oliver Rodés (LDOR), which has been Spain’s premier water testing laboratory for more than 110 years. Through this collaboration, LDOR will work with NSF to test and certify Spanish water treatment, distribution and plumbing products to facilitate their export to North America and other key markets.
Through LDOR and NSF International’s joint efforts, Spanish manufacturers now have access to global compliance expertise for water treatment, distribution and plumbing products, as well as continued access to testing and certification services for bottled water. As an NSF partner laboratory, LDOR will promote and support NSF services in both Spain and Portugal.
Certification through NSF International to multiple country-specific regulations streamlines the process of exporting products to multiple markets. The NSF certification process helps manufacturers compete globally by verifying that their products meet the precise requirements of each country. To earn NSF certification, a product must undergo extensive testing to verify it meets the product design, material and performance requirements for each market. NSF also conducts unannounced audits of production facilities to verify that processes are in place to ensure the products being manufactured also meet the same criteria as those tested.
LDOR has been testing and certifying bottled water and beverage products against European Union requirements for chemical, microbiological and radiological contaminants since 2007. This agreement between NSF and LDOR continues to benefit companies throughout Europe, North Africa and the Middle East.
Jordi Oliver-Rodés Sen, Director of LDOR, says "The first agreement signed with NSF International has opened doors for many companies. For LDOR, it is a great recognition for a prestigious institution such as NSF International to put trust in our laboratory. With this second agreement, we expect to help additional companies earn the certifications required to export their products. NSF is a resource for all companies wishing to certify and differentiate their products through excellence and quality.”
Tarik Bellahcene, EMEA Managing Director of NSF International, says “NSF International has worked with companies in Spain and Portugal for more than 25 years, offering multiple certification services in water, food equipment and food safety. Expanding our collaboration with a respected institution such as LDOR in Spain will extend and raise the quality of our services to local manufacturers.”
For more information on NSF International’s drinking water and beverage programs, contact NSF’s business development team at email@example.com or visit NSF’s water program web page.
You can also email firstname.lastname@example.org, email@example.com, firstname.lastname@example.org and email@example.com (China) for additional information.
About Laboratorio Dr. Oliver Rodés: Laboratorio Dr. Oliver Rodés (LDOR) serves hundreds of companies across Europe in the bottled water, pharmaceutical and waste water industries. Since 1902, LDOR has been recognized as Spain’s foremost bottled water and natural mineral authority. Currently, LDOR conducts testing for more than 100 different trademarks of bottled water across Europe. Jordi Oliver-Rodés Sen, the great-grandson of the laboratory’s founder, continues the family tradition as general manager of the company.
About NSF International: NSF International is a global independent organization that writes standards, tests and certifies products for the food, water and consumer goods industries to minimize adverse health effects and protect the environment (nsf.org). Founded in 1944, NSF is committed to protecting human health and safety worldwide. NSF is a World Health Organization Collaborating Centre for Food and Water Safety and Indoor Environment.
NSF led the development of the American national standards for all materials and products that treat or come in contact with drinking water. In 1990, the U.S. EPA replaced its own drinking water product advisory program with these NSF standards. Today, all major plumbing codes require certification to NSF standards for pipes and plumbing components in commercial and residential buildings. NSF International is accredited by the American National Standards Institute (ANSI).
Additional NSF services include sustainability standards development, claims and product verification through NSF Sustainability; food safety and quality programs through the NSF Global Food Safety Division; and testing and certification programs for bottled water and beverages, dietary supplements and consumer product industries.
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By the end of August, a total of 2 248 asylum seekers had been registered in Norway this year, a decrease of 73 % compared with last year.
he number of people seeking asylum in Norway has not been so low since 1997.
By the end of August last year, some 8 329 asylum applications had been registered.
‘2015 was without doubt an extraordinary year. So it is not surprising that the fall in numbers has been so big this year. However, the change we are seeing cannot just be attributed to the last two years. Not since 1997 have so few people sought asylum in Norway,’ said Minister of Immigration and Integration Sylvi Listhaug (Progress Party).
In August this year, 281 asylum seekers came to Norway. According to figures from the Directorate of Immigration (UDI), the figure for August has not been lower since 1997. In August 1997, 199 asylum seekers were registered in Norway. The pattern is the same for the period January to August; between January and August 1997, 1 178 asylum applications were registered, compared with 2 248 during the same period this year. This year, there have been 241 applications from asylum seekers declaring themselves to be unaccompanied minors. This is a decrease of 88 % compared with the same period in 2015, when 1 957 such applications were received.
‘There are several reasons why there are fewer asylum seekers coming to Norway. The closure of borders in a number of countries has had a major impact on the number of arrivals in northern Europe. However, we are also seeing that the number of arrivals is even lower in Norway than in Sweden and Denmark. The comparison with Denmark, which has tended to have fewer asylum seekers than Norway in recent years, is particularly interesting. We believe that the measures we have implemented have had an impact on the number of asylum seekers coming to Norway,’ Ms Listhaug said.
‘We will nevertheless monitor developments closely throughout the autumn, and do not rule out the possibility that the situation could change,’ Ms Listhaug said.
Source: government.no / Norway Today
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HOW CALCIUM CHLORIDE SAVES ROADS AND MONEY
- Improved dust control: Calcium chloride retains moisture for prolonged periods. This unique property
helps to hold down dust and stabilize unpaved road surfaces, creating smooth-riding
roads that last.
- Reduced routine maintenance costs: Since calcium chloride treated roads need less maintenance than roads treated
with other materials, you can save on labor, equipment and fuel costs. By maximizing
compaction, calcium chloride also provides a longer lasting road.
- Reduced gravel replacement costs: Up to 80% of the cost of aggregate replacement can be saved when calcium chloride
is properly applied.
- Reduced construction costs: Because calcium chloride speeds compaction, less rolling is required to achieve
greater density-which translates into greater labor savings. When used with full
depth reclamation, calcium chloride can help reduce road reconstruction costs
by as much as 50%.
CONTROLLING DUST FOR LESS
Calcium chloride is a cost-effective-and highly effective-agent for dust control.
- Can be reworked when the road surface is moist.
- reduces grading costs by as much as 50%
- reduces replacement cost of gravel and other materials by up to 80%
- reduces labor costs
- poses minimal threat to the environment, because it resists leaching. In fact,
calcium chloride is used in food processing, fertilizers and as a nutrient in
APPLYING CALCIUM CHLORIDE FOR DUST CONTROL
- Blade and shape the surface to allow water to drain off properly.
- Apply liquid calcium chloride using a tank truck with a rear-mounted distribution
bar that spreads the liquid evenly over the road.
- For proper road maintenance, apply a second time later in summer.
CALCIUM CHLORIDE LEAVES OTHER AGENTS IN THE DUST
- Watercan't resist evaporation like calcium chloride; that's why water can only lay
dust instead of control it. Once the water evaporates, you will have to water
the road again. And frequent road watering adds up to greater operating costs.
- Oil is messy, chokes roadside foliage, and causes a crusty, pot holed, crumbling
road surface when it dries. Oil also costs at least three times as much as calcium
- Oil emulsions are less expensive than oil alone, but as the water evaporates, the problems
of oil-messiness and a crumbling surface -remain.
- Lignosulfonate, a by-product of paper mills, is less expensive than calcium chloride, but it
lasts a fraction of the time. Frequent reapplication is necessary due to wash-out
caused by rain-which translates into extra costs and reapplication maintenance
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As the man who paid £150,000 for an unmade bed and £1m for a 20ft anatomical model, Charles Saatchi has long known that cutting edge art is an expensive business. Now, so do visitors to his showpiece exhibition space.
The Saatchi Gallery, which has attracted more than 300,000 customers since it moved into the splendour of County Hall, opposite the Houses of Parliament, has been named as one of the two most expensive museums in the world.
A survey by The Art Newspaper of 50 museums in Europe, America and Japan found that the Saatchi Gallery, which houses the highlights of Mr Saatchi's vast collection of so-called BritArt, was second only to the Guggenheim in New York by charging £8.50 for a full price adult ticket.
The fee is substantially more than that at some of the world's most important museums, such as the Metropolitan Museum in New York, which charges $12 (£7.11) per adult, the Vatican Museums (€10 or £6.94), the Hermitage in St Petersburg (€8.75) and the Louvre (€7.5). The New York Guggenheim charges $15 (£8.89) while the Museum of Fine Arts in Boston also costs $15 for a ticket that allows two visits.
Critics of Mr Saatchi, who enjoys a controversial reputation as Britain's foremost patron of contemporary art, said the entrance fee to his gallery was out of proportion to its contents.
David Lee, editor of The Jackdaw magazine, said: "I would say there is an inverse relationship between the price you pay to get into the Saatchi gallery and the artistic significance of what you see.
"You can't compare it to a truly great museum like the New York Met and yet you have to pay more. If you really want a price comparison with the Saatchi then you should look at how much it costs for a seat at the circus. They are the same thing, a variety of stunts interspersed with a few bits of good work."
Supporters of the Saatchi Gallery said its prices had not discouraged visitors since it opened in April this year. By the time of the closure of its first temporary exhibition of work by Damien Hirst in September, it had been seen by 320,000 people. The Art Newspaper, one of the art world's leading journals, said it estimated the annual total would be more than 500,000, representing an income of about £4m.
The paper pointed out that its survey was not exhaustive and did not take into account the cost of living in each of the countries. But it added: "The running costs of the [Saatchi] gallery are undisclosed but on these visitor figures the gallery is likely to generate a surplus. It may prove difficult, however, to sustain visitor numbers at this level in the long term."
The gallery, which says that the majority of its visitors would not be classified as traditional "art enthusiasts", refused to comment on the survey's findings. But a spokeswoman, who said the gallery's visitor numbers had "far exceeded expectations", pointed out that the entrance charge covered both the permanent collection and a temporary exhibition. Entry to other current temporary exhibitions costs £7 at the National Gallery, £8 at Tate Modern and £9 at the Royal Academy.
Mr Saatchi, who made his name as half of the advertising agency he ran with his brother Maurice, has personal control over what is displayed in the gallery from his 2,000-piececollection. Among the exhibits are works that have fuelled debate on the value of contemp-orary art, including Tracey Emin's My Bed, her unmade bed featuring cigarette packs and condoms, and Damien Hirst's Hymn, a 20ft anatomic model.
The survey said Spain was the cheapest of those countries that charge for entry to their museums, with the Prado in Madrid costing just €3.
ENTRY PRICES FOR COSTLIEST MUSEUMS
1: Guggenheim, New York $15 (£8.89)
2: Museum of Fine Arts, Boston $15 (£8.89) (includes two visits)
3: Saatchi Gallery, London £8.50
4: Mori Museum, Tokyo ¥1,500 (£8.22)
5: Fondation Beyler, Berne Sfr16 (£7.07)
6: Frick Collection, New York $12 (£7.11)
7: Metropolitan Museum of Art, New York $12 (£7.11)
8: Museum of Modern Art (MoMA), New York $12 (£7.11)
9: Vatican Museums, Rome €10 (£6.94)
10: Kunsthistorisches Museum, Vienna €10 (£6.94)
Source: The Art Newspaper
- More about:
- Art Exhibitions
- Charles Saatchi
- Newspapers And Magazines
- New York City
- Saatchi And Saatchi
- St. Petersburg
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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http://www.independent.co.uk/news/uk/this-britain/saatchi-gallery-joins-the-art-worlds-elite-for-the-most-expensive-entrance-fees-78293.html
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Scones, similar to American biscuits, are a type of pastry, which is often served at breakfast or tea, especially in Britain. The dough is usually made in the shape of a round which is cut into triangles, although scones can also be cut into squares or made using a cookie cutter. These soya spelt scones are so tasty when eaten warm. They can be also served at room temperature with clotted cream, jam or honey.
- Preheat oven to 200C/400F and line a baking tray with parchment paper. In a mixing bowl, whisk together the flours, brown sugar, salt, and baking powder.
- Cut the butter into small pieces and blend into the flour mixture with your finger tips. The mixture should look like coarse crumbs. Stir in dried cranberries and white chocolate chips. Add in milk and egg. Stir until just combined. Do not over mix.
- Transfer the dough to a lightly floured work surface and knead briefly. Gently pat the dough to form a 2cm-thick round. Use a 3.5cm fluted cutter to cut out 16 discs. Dip the cutter into flour between cutting to prevent dough sticking to it.
- Place them to the prepared lined tray and then brush the top of the scones with milk or cream. Bake in the middle of the hot oven for about 15 minutes or until beautifully browned and puff.
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http://angiesrecipes.blogspot.de/2012/04/soya-spelt-scones-with-cranberry-and.html
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How do I tell my boss that he's not motivating his sales staff?
I don't want to cause conflict. I recently went to work in a new small retail business as part of a commissioned sales team. I don't want to lose this job as it provides me with flexible hours but this is becoming uncomfortable and frustrating.
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Basically, there are two different kinds of conflicts: task conflicts and emotional conflicts. Task conflicts center on what to do or how to do it. These conflicts often act as catalysts, motivating and inviting us to explore our differences. When we set out to resolve our task conflicts by engaging in dialogue and brainstorming we are often able to figure out the best ways to achieve common goals or reach wise decisions.
Emotional conflicts--or personality clashes--are the result of psychological dynamics that operate underneath the surface. These are the conflicts that occur when one or both parties to a conflict feel trivialized or devalued. Often, task and emotional conflicts will occur together or a task conflict can become misinterpreted and inflamed, creating suspicion, competition and emotional conflict.
The good news is that the conflict you are describing is a task conflict. If you are willing to approach your boss and your boss is open to hearing what you have to say, you can have a magnificent result--that includes increased respect and commitment. On the other hand, if your boss is not the kind of person who is open to working through a conflict you will do serious damage to your relationship. How well do you know this man? Can you predict his reaction?
Before you do anything, prepare. Make some notes about the situation and your feelings. Write about where you are, where you want to be and how you might get there. Write down some concrete examples that demonstrate your points. Consider the best, worst and probable outcome to your dispute.
Does your boss know that something is bothering you? When you are done writing you should know if you are willing to risk letting the relationship (and your job) go--or not. Remember, just like you cannot put the toothpaste back in the tube, you cannot take back your words once you have shared them with someone else. If you do decide to bring your concerns to your boss here is a plan to follow:
1. Be committed. Be willing to come to the table and stay there. Let your boss know that you are you committed to him and your job. Tell him--in your own words--"Because I am committed to you and my job, seeing this as a long term situation, I want to find solutions that work best for the business and for all of us."
2. Set the stage. Sit down at a time when you are both clear headed and able to give this important conversation the time and energy it deserves.
3. Speak from the heart. Do not point fingers of blame. Instead focus on finding a solution that works for everyone. This is collaboration.
4. Listen, listen, listen. Listen as if you are an outside observer with no prior knowledge of the situation. Twenty years in the mediation business has taught me that there are at least two sides to every story. You may be very surprised when you hear the rest of the story.
5. Give yourselves time to think and process the information.
6. Define the emotions. How much do the feelings of dismissed, discounted, disenfranchised or disrespected come into play? Sometimes, just defining these emotions is enough to resolve the dispute.
7. Don't leave things unresolved. If no immediate resolution is available, suggest that you sleep on it and meet again at a future date and time.
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https://www.entrepreneur.com/answer/222094
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Sand is a highly sought-after raw material and is used, among other things, for the production of glass and computer chips. However, by far the largest part is processed in construction. Because sand is absolutely necessary for the production of concrete. The global construction boom of recent years has helped annual sand consumption triple to about 50 billion tons. The problem: Sand cannot be produced just like that, but is the result of long-term natural processes. Moreover, sand is not just sand. For example, the abundant desert sand cannot be used for the production of concrete. As a result, the deposits that can be developed without any problems are slowly running out. In some cases, therefore, entire stretches of coast are illegally cleared. Or sand is removed from the seabed – which shakes the local ecosystems enormously. Scientists from Australia and Switzerland may have now found a solution.
Mining waste is piling up in gigantic quantities
They are dependent on so-called ore sand. It will also be demolished today. Because it is a waste product of mining. Mining waste is generally produced in huge quantities. It is estimated that this is the largest waste stream of all, with 30 to 60 billion tons per year. The mining companies all have to make a huge effort to safely store these amounts of unwanted material. This does not always work: in Brazil alone, there have been several fatal accidents in recent years due to dam breaches at catchment basins. However, if the sand-like materials could be separated and sold to the construction industry at an early stage, it would greatly reduce the quantities produced. The researchers therefore teamed up with mining company Vale and took corresponding samples at a Brazilian iron ore processing plant. The result: some of the alleged waste can actually be used as a substitute for sand in industrial processes and in the production of concrete.
The ore sand can in many cases be used locally
Theoretically, this could solve two problems: less sand should be extracted from environmentally hazardous locations and the amount of mining waste would be reduced. The climate can also benefit. However, the balance here largely depends on the transport routes. The researchers therefore examined the location of the mines in question. At least a third of them have a sufficiently large demand for sand within a radius of less than fifty kilometers. Only China would be able to replace one billion tons of sand per year in a climate-friendly way. The challenge now is to develop processes with which the valuable ore sand can be separated easily and cheaply from the rest of the waste stream. It could help in this regard that, for example, the Brazilian government has already issued stricter rules for handling mining waste. So the corporations would be happy to get rid of at least some of it.
Via: The Standard
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SAN DIEGO, California (CNN) -- This week, like a lot of Americans, I have Pakistan on my mind -- again.
Ruben Navarrette Jr.: The United States has leverage with Pakistan in the form of military and economic aid.
The last time was in August when that country made a cameo appearance in the 2008 presidential campaign. When Sen. Barack Obama suggested getting out of Iraq and moving "onto the right battlefield in Afghanistan and Pakistan," and then pledged, if elected president, to go into Pakistan if our military was in hot pursuit of "high-value terrorist targets" (read: Osama bin Laden), his opponents pounced.
Rudy Giuliani suggested that Obama should be more accommodating of Pakistan's president, Gen. Pervez Musharraf. Mitt Romney said that Obama was "confused as to who are our friends and who are our enemies." Sen. John McCain called Obama's remarks "kind of typical of his naivete." And Sen. Hillary Clinton said that Obama's foreign policy views were "irresponsible and frankly naive."
And while U.S. intelligence agencies put bin Laden in the remote tribal areas of western Pakistan, the Pakistani ambassador to the United States insisted that, if the U.S. military went into his country after bin Laden, it would destabilize the region.
You don't say. What do you call what is happening now?
In a power grab intended to head off a likely decision by the country's Supreme Court declaring him ineligible to serve another term, Musharraf has declared a state of emergency, suspended the constitution, limited freedom of the press, detained more than 1,000 lawyers and opposition leaders, and put the next round of elections on hold indefinitely. With that, a key U.S. ally in the war on terror -- and a nuclear power to boot -- seems to be spinning out of control.
Now for the really depressing part: The United States seems powerless to stop it. Speaking for his administration, President Bush said Monday that it is "our hope" that Musharraf will "restore democracy as quickly as possible."
Hope? Easy, Mr. President. You don't want to be too aggressive. You might scare him off. Is hope all we have left when dealing with Pakistan? What about the leverage that should come from providing the country with military and economic aid to the tune of -- according to the Center for Strategic and International Studies -- at least $10 billion since September 11, 2001?
By comparison, the amount of aid that Great Britain plans to give Pakistan -- $493 million over the next three years -- seems like a pittance. And yet the Brits say that they're reviewing their aid package in light of the crackdown and demanding that Pakistan's government release all detainees.
That's a splash of moral leadership -- and a good example for the United States to follow. After all, what good is having a friend in that part of the world if it is no friend of freedom and democracy? And, if expedience has us cozying up to a petty dictator who puts his interests before those of his country, what makes us think that -- when push comes to shove -- he won't put his interests before ours? And, if that's true, tell me again why this relationship is worth preserving.
Ruben Navarrette Jr. is a member of the editorial board of the San Diego Union-Tribune and a nationally syndicated columnist. You can read his column here.
The opinions expressed in this commentary are solely those of the writer. E-mail to a friend
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IIHS: new pickups less safe for passengers than for drivers
California residents who own a newer pickup truck should know that there may be a discrepancy between drivers-side safety and passengers-side safety. The Insurance Institute for Highway Safety began crash testing both sides in 2017, and after a round of crash tests involving 11 newer two-row pickups, it discovered that passengers are indeed at a higher risk for injuries or death than drivers.
The following is their ranking of the vehicles. At the bottom was the Toyota Tundra with "poor" performance. It struggled to maintain its structure in the crash tests. Unlike some of the other vehicles tested, the Tundra has not been recently overhauled; its last major redesign was in 2014, which may partly explain the results.
Above that were five vehicles with a "marginal" rating. Four of them were GM products: the Chevrolet Silverado 1500, Chevrolet Colorado, GMC Canyon and GMC Sierra 1500. The Nissan Frontier was the fifth. Two vehicles, the Honda Ridgeline and the Toyota Tacoma, received a score of "acceptable." The last three, the Ford F-150, Ram 1500 and Nissan Titan, were scored "good."
By comparison, all but two of the pickups scored "good" for drivers-side performance. The Toyota Tundra and Nissan Frontier scored only "marginal." The IIHS wants the auto industry to know that both drivers and front passengers deserve the same level of protection.
Passengers who sustain a personal injury may be able to file a personal injury claim, even if it is against the driver of the vehicle they were in. A successful claim can often reimburse one for medical expenses, lost wages, future lost income and pain and suffering. However, auto insurance companies can be aggressive in fighting claims. This is why victims might want a lawyer by their side. A lawyer may handle all negotiations, taking the case to court if they fall through.
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| 0.972375
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Resources for Small Entities
The DOT's Regulatory Information Web site
We encourage small entities to review a variety of resources provided on this Web site to help you obtain information about DOT rulemakings. We also try to ensure that our documents are drafted in plain language and make guidance available on the Internet. To see suggested plain language resources, click here. As resources permit, links will be created between Internet sites containing agency statutes, regulations, and guidance/interpretations, to make it easier for small entities to understand how to comply with our rules.
Small Business Administration Chief Counsel for Advocacy
The SBA's Chief Counsel for Advocacy provides helpful information and advice to agencies as they are considering and developing regulatory proposals. That office also has issued guidance on how to prepare a regulatory flexibility analysis under the Regulatory Flexibility Act; we use the analysis to consider the impact of proposed and final rules on small entities. To determine whether an entity is "small," agencies rely on size standards issued by SBA.
Small Business and Agricultural Regulatory Enforcement Ombudsman
Small businesses concerned with the way agencies conduct on-site inspections, compliance assistance, or other enforcement related communications or contacts may submit those comments to the Ombudsman at http://www.sba.gov/ombudsman.
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Judge says barriers should be used at SeaWorld
ORLANDO — Physical barriers between trainers and killer whales are a viable way to prevent hazards to workers at SeaWorld, an administrative law judge ruled in a decision that also reduced a federal fine against the theme park in a trainer's death. Administrative law Judge Ken Welsch issued the decision obtained by The Associated Press Wednesday in response to Sea World Orlando's appeal of two citations issued by the Occupational Safety and Health Administration for the death of trainer Dawn Brancheau in 2010. He said OSHA's recommendation that SeaWorld use the barriers to protect trainers working with killer whales was "feasible." "SeaWorld's contention that it was unaware working with killer whales presents a recognized hazard is difficult to reconcile with numerous comments made over the years by SeaWorld management personnel ..." the judge wrote.SeaWorld had said its safety protocols were sufficient to protect trainers. The order could prevent trainers from performing with killer whales in the water during shows, a move SeaWorld and its trainers have opposed. "There's not an awful lot we're going to be able to say about the training, at least beyond the general contours of it, until we have reviewed" the decision, said SeaWorld spokesman Fred Jacobs . The judge also reduced OSHA's fine against SeaWorld Orlando to $12,000 from $75,000 and changed a "willful" citation to "serious." A "willful" violation indicates an employer acted with intentional disregard or indifference, and that wasn't the case with SeaWorld, the judge wrote. "The record demonstrates SeaWorld constantly emphasized safety training and was continuously refining its safety program," Welsch said. Brancheau, a 40-year-old veteran trainer who adored whales, had just finished a show on Feb. 24, 2010, when she began rubbing a 22-foot male whale named Tilikum from a poolside platform. He suddenly grabbed her ponytail in his jaws and pulled her in. Witnesses said the whale played with Brancheau like a toy. An autopsy showed she died of drowning and blunt-force trauma to her head, neck and torso. Tilikum also was involved in the death of a trainer at a marine park in British Columbia in 1991. In a separate incident, the body of a man who had sneaked into SeaWorld was found draped over Tilikum in 1999. The man either jumped, fell or was pulled into the frigid water and died of hypothermia, though he was also bruised and scratched by Tilikum.
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http://www.tbo.com/news/judge-says-barriers-should-be-used-at-seaworld-409804
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TEHRAN, Iran, Sep. 21
The Head of the Iranian Automotive Parts Manufacturers Association said the production of some imported car parts for Iranian vehicles has started and will reach up to 90 percent capacity soon.
“The US sanctions have caused car part manufacturers to produce 3,000 types of car parts, including metal parts and swift springs, which were used to be imported from abroad,” Head of the Iranian Automotive Parts Manufacturers Association, Mohammad Reza Najafi Manesh said, Trend reports citing IRNA.
He went on to say that the major manufacturers of auto spare parts are located in Tehran province and benefit from the latest technology so they offer a quality product to the market.
“At present, $3-3.5 billion worth of auto parts are imported,” he said. “The localization of some auto parts prevents one to two billion dollars of foreign currency outflow.”
“The standard parts and equipment required by the two major automakers of the country (IKCO and Saipa) have been imported during the last three months and have been stored in customs warehouses,” he announced.
Najafi Manesh announced that more than 100,000 defective vehicles have been stuck in Iran Khodro and Saipa parking lots. “It is estimated that with the clearance of these auto parts from Customs, between 50,000 and 60,000 vehicles will reach customers.”
“The main part of the deficit of car manufacturers is electronic parts which are not made in Iran. These electronic parts have currently being cleared from Customs,” he added
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https://en.trend.az/business/economy/3302334.html
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Virgil Goode on Foreign Policy
Constitution Party presidential nominee; former Republican Representative (VA-5)
No embassies in Libya; no dictating by the UN
Q: What about the attack on the US embassy in Benghazi, Libya?
GOODE: If I were president, we wouldn't have had the ambassador and that group in Libya. We would not be there, unless Congress, as provided in the
U.S. Constitution, made a declaration of war. We would not be dictated and suggested to by the United Nations and other countries of the world. We need to follow the constitutional process. The constitutional process would be for
Congress to make a declaration. So if I'd have been president, then the incident would never have happened, and you wouldn't be in an argument of how much the
State Department knew and when and whether they provided sufficient security. If they weren't there, they wouldn't have been killed.
Source: Democracy Now! Expanded Second Obama-Romney 2012 debate
, Oct 16, 2012
Curtail expenditures to the United Nations
I oppose the placement of our Armed Forces under United Nations command. We need to curtail expenditures to the UN, the World Bank, the IMF, and to foreign nations. Our sovereignty, in my opinion, should always be paramount.
I also vigorously oppose Agenda 21 and other globalism schemes so harmful to the citizens of the United States.
Source: 2012 presidential campaign website goodeforpresident2012.com
, Apr 21, 2012
Voted YES on cooperating with India as a nuclear power.
Congressional Summary:US-India Nuclear Cooperation Approval and Nonproliferation Enhancement Act:
- Approves the US-India Agreement for Cooperation on Peaceful Uses of Nuclear Energy.
- Declares that it is US policy to prevent the transfer to India of nuclear equipment, materials, or technology from other participating governments in the Nuclear Suppliers Group or from any other source; and
- any nuclear power reactor fuel reserve provided to India for use in safeguarded civilian nuclear facilities should be commensurate with reasonable reactor operating requirements.
Proponent's argument to vote Yes:Rep. HOWARD BERMAN (D, CA-28): Integrating India into a global nonproliferation regime is a positive step. Before anyone gets too sanctimonious about India's nuclear weapons program, we should acknowledge that the five recognized nuclear weapons states have not done nearly enough to fulfill their commitments under the Nuclear
Nonproliferation Treaty, including making serious reductions in their own arsenals, nor in the case of the US in ratifying the Comprehensive Test Ban Treaty.
Opponent's argument to vote No:Rep. BARBARA LEE (D, CA-9): In withholding my approval, I seek not to penalize the people of India but, rather, to affirm the principle of nuclear nonproliferation. Jettisoning adherence to the international nuclear nonproliferation framework that has served the world so well for more than 30 years, as approval of the agreement before us would do, is just simply unwise. It is also reckless.
Approval of this agreement undermines our efforts to dissuade countries like Iran and North Korea from developing nuclear weapons. By approving this agreement, all we are doing is creating incentives for other countries to withdraw from the Nuclear Nonproliferation Treaty.
Reference: US-India Nuclear Agreement;
; vote number 2008-H662
on Sep 27, 2008
Voted YES on deterring foreign arms transfers to China.
To authorize measures to deter arms transfers by foreign countries to the People's Republic of China, A YES vote would grant the President the ability to place sanctions on any individual or country that violates the arms embargo, including:
Reference: East Asia Security Act;
Bill HR 3100
; vote number 2005-374
on Jul 14, 2005
- Denial of participation in cooperative research and development
- Prohibition of ownership and control of any business registered as a manufacturer or exporter of defense articles or services
- Removal of all licenses relative to dual-use goods or technology
- Prohibition of participation of any foreign military sales
Voted NO on reforming the UN by restricting US funding.
To reform the United Nations, by limiting the US contribution to the UN by up to one-half by the year 2007, if the following reforms are not made:
Reference: United Nations Reform Act;
Bill HR 2745
; vote number 2005-282
on Jun 17, 2005
- Requires the creation of an Independent Oversight Board with the authority to evaluate all operations of the UN
- Instructs the UN to implement procedures to protect whistle-blowers, individuals who reveal wrongdoings within an organization to the public or to those in positions of authority
- Obliges the creation of a uniform code of conduct for all UN officials
- Requires the shifting of the funding mechanisms of certain organizational programs from the regular assessed UN budget to voluntarily funded programs
- Compels the US President to influence the Secretary General of the UN to waive diplomatic immunity for UN officials under investigation or charged with serious criminal offences
- Creates a certification of UN cooperation to provide documentary evidence to member states investigating the Oil-for-Food program
Voted NO on keeping Cuba travel ban until political prisoners released.
Stop enforcing travel restrictions on US citizens to Cuba, only after the president has certified that Cuba has released all political prisoners, and extradited all individuals sought by the US on charges of air piracy, drug trafficking and murder.
Bill HR 2590
; vote number 2001-270
on Jul 25, 2001
Voted YES on withholding $244M in UN Back Payments until US seat restored.
Vote to adopt an amendment that would require that the United States be restored to its seat on the UN Human Rights Commission before the payment of $244 million in funds already designated to pay UN back dues.
Reference: Amendment sponsored by Hyde, R-IL;
Bill HR 1646
; vote number 2001-107
on May 10, 2001
Voted NO on $156M to IMF for 3rd-world debt reduction.
Vote on an amendment that would transfer $156 million from foreign military financing to the Highly Indebted Poor Countries [HIPC] Trust Fund. The HIPC Trust fund is designed to help debtor countries pay off the money they owe to multilateral agencies such as the World Bank and the International Monetary Fund.
Reference: Amendment sponsored by Waters, D-CA;
Bill HR 4811
; vote number 2000-397
on Jul 13, 2000
Voted NO on Permanent Normal Trade Relations with China.
Vote to give permanent Normal Trade Relations [NTR] status to China. Currently, NTR status for China is debated and voted on annually. The measure contains provisions designed to protect the United States from Chinese import surges and the administration would have to report annually on China's compliance with the trade agreement. The bill establishes a commission to monitor human rights, labor standards and religious freedom in China.
Reference: Bill sponsored by Archer, R-TX;
Bill HR 4444
; vote number 2000-228
on May 24, 2000
Voted NO on $15.2 billion for foreign operations.
Vote on a bill to provide $15.2 billion for foreign operations in FY 2000. Among other provisions, the bill would provide $1.82 billion over three years for implementation of the Wye River peace accord in the Middle East. In addition, the measure would provide $123 million in multilateral debt relief and would contribute $25 million to the United National Population Fund.
Reference: Bill sponsored by Callahan, R-AL;
Bill HR 3196
; vote number 1999-572
on Nov 5, 1999
Foreign aid often more harmful than helpful .
Goode adopted the Republican Liberty Caucus Position Statement:
As adopted by the General Membership of the Republican Liberty Caucus at its Biannual Meeting held December 8, 2000.
- WHEREAS libertarian Republicans believe in limited government, individual freedom and personal responsibility;
- WHEREAS we believe that government has no money nor power not derived from the consent of the people;
- WHEREAS we believe that people have the right to keep the fruits of their labor; and
- WHEREAS we believe in upholding the US Constitution as the supreme law of the land;
BE IT RESOLVED that the Republican Liberty Caucus endorses the following [among its] principles:
Source: Republican Liberty Caucus Position Statement 00-RLC12 on Dec 8, 2000
The United States should not be answerable to any governing body outside the United States for its trade policy.
- Foreign aid is often more harmful than helpful and should be curtailed.
- US military personnel should always be under US command.
International Criminal Court decisions not valid for US.
Goode co-sponsored that International Criminal Court decisions not valid for US
OFFICIAL CONGRESSIONAL SUMMARY: Prohibits the use of appropriated funds for the establishment or operation of the International Criminal Court. Declares that any action taken by or on behalf of the Court: (1) against any member of the US armed forces shall be considered an act of aggression against the US; or (2) against any US citizen or national shall be considered an offense against the law of nations.
SPONSOR'S INTRODUCTORY REMARKS: Rep. PAUL: This bill prohibits funds made available by the US Government from being used for the establishment or operation of the International Criminal Court. Perhaps the most significant part of the bill makes clear that any action taken by or on behalf of the Court against members of the US Armed Forces shall be considered an act of aggression against the US.
In May 2002, Pres. Bush took the commendable step of repudiating the Statute of the International Criminal Court. The Court is an illegitimate body even by the
UN's own standards. The Statute of the International Criminal Court was enacted by the UN General Assembly, whereas according to the UN Charter, the authority to create such a body lies only in the UN Security Council.
The International Criminal Court puts US citizens in jeopardy of unlawful and unconstitutional criminal prosecution. The Court does not provide many of the Constitutional protections guaranteed every American citizen, including the right to trial by jury, the right to face your accuser, and the presumption of innocence, and the protection against double jeopardy.
Members of the US Armed Forces are particularly at risk for politically motivated arrests, prosecutions, fines, and imprisonment for acts engaged in for the protection of the US. I hope all members of this body will join me in opposing this illegitimate and illegal court.
LEGISLATIVE OUTCOME:Referred to House Committee on International Relations; never came to a vote.
Source: American Servicemember & Civilian Protection Act (H.R.1154) 03-HR1154 on Mar 6, 2003
Page last updated: Oct 22, 2012
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Adventures in Eighteenth-century Papermaking
By Hannah L Wills, on 21 July 2017
By Hannah Wills
Earlier this summer, I gave a talk with some of the other engagers at our ‘Materials & Objects’ event at the UCL Art Museum. In preparing for the event, we were all challenged to think about the objects, materials, and physical ‘stuff’ that we work with on a daily basis. As I’ve written about before, my research focuses on the notebooks and diaries of a late eighteenth-century physician and natural philosopher, Charles Blagden (1748-1820), who served as secretary to the Royal Society. One of the things I’m interested in is how Blagden used his notebooks and diaries to keep track of his day-to-day activities, as well as the business of one of London’s major learned societies. Record keeping and note taking was a central part of Blagden’s life, and it’s owing to his impressive record keeping habit that there’s one material I handle in my research more than any other: eighteenth-century paper.
When I began preparing my talk for ‘Materials & Objects’, I started to think about how I might bring paper, a relatively mundane material, to life. My initial reading on the craft of papermaking told me that despite it being a 2000-year old process, making paper by hand has changed relatively little between then and now.[i] Out of curiosity, I decided to do an experiment, and to see if I could replicate some of the processes of eighteenth-century papermaking at home, in my kitchen.
The first stage in the papermaking process is to select the material from which the paper is going to be made. In the eighteenth century, this would typically have been cotton and linen rags. Towards the end of the century, shortages of rags, in part caused by an increased use of paper for printing, meant that makers began to experiment with other materials. In 1801, the very first book printed on recycled paper was published in London—that is, paper that had been printed on once before already.[ii]
Having selected the material, the next step is to break it down, making it into a pulp. When papermaking was first introduced in Europe in the twelfth century, rags were wetted, pressed into balls, and then left to ferment. After this, the rags were macerated in large water-powered stamping mills.[iii] In the eighteenth century, a beating engine, or a Hollander, was used to tear up the material, creating a wet pulp by circulating rags around a large tub with a cylinder fitted with cutting bars (see below).[iv] For my purposes, I found a kitchen blender worked well to break up scraps of used paper from my recycling bin at home, ready to make into new blank sheets.
Having been broken down, the liquid pulp mixture is then transferred to a container. In the eighteenth century, someone known as the ‘vatman’ would have stood over this container and dipped a mould into the solution at a near-perpendicular angle. Turning the mould face upwards in the solution before lifting it out horizontally, the vatman would have pulled out the mould to find an even covering of macerated fibres assembled across its surface. It is these fibres that would later form the finished sheet of paper.[v]
The moulds used in papermaking determine several features of the finished sheets of paper, including shape, texture and appearance. The type of mould first used in European papermaking was known as a ‘laid’ mould. This mould typically featured wires laced horizontally into vertical wooden ribs, meaning that when the mould was pulled out of the vat, the pulp would lie heavier on either size of the wooden ribs, giving vertical dark patches and the characteristic markings of ‘laid’ paper.[vi]
In mid-eighteenth century Britain, a new type of mould became widely used, developed by the Whatman papermakers based in Kent. This mould was known as a ‘wove’ mould, and had a much smoother surface, consisting of a fine brass screening that was woven like cloth. These moulds imparted a more uniform and fabric-like texture to individual sheets.[vii]
For my own papermaking, I chose to dip a piece of fine sieve-like material into my makeshift vat, aiming to replicate partially the texture and appearance of a ‘wove’ mould. The implement I chose for this was a small kitchen pan splatter guard, made up of fine mesh that when pulled out of the vat would hold a layer of fibres on its surface.
After the mould was pulled from the vat, the eighteenth-century vatman would pass it on to a coucher who would remove the sheet from the mould, before pressing it between felts to remove the water.[viii]
In order to remove my sheet of paper from the mould, I placed another sieve-material implement over the top of the fibres and pressed down with a sponge. With a tea towel placed underneath, this worked to remove much of the water without the need for a proper press. Pulling the top piece of sieve away from the bottom, I was left with a drier surface of fibres, which could be carefully lifted off the mould, and set aside to dry.
At this point in the eighteenth-century process, sheets were ‘sized’—dipped into a gelatinous substance made from animal hides that made the sheet stronger and water resistant.[ix] After my sheets had been left to one side to dry for a few hours, I decided to experiment by writing on them. I had not applied size to any of my sheets, so found that when I wrote on them the ink spread out, giving a sort of blotting paper effect.
After having size applied, sheets in an eighteenth-century papermill would have undergone a number of finishing stages. These included polishing and surfacing, processes that gave the paper a more uniform appearance.[x] With my own sheets of paper, I found passing a warm iron over the surface achieved a similar effect, removing some of the creases and wrinkles that had appeared during drying.
It is after these final finishing and drying processes that sheets of paper are ready to be packaged up and sent to the stationer’s.
Replicating historic crafts and processes is not new within the discipline of history. One of my favourite examples is a paper that was published in 1995, in which the historian Heinz Otto Sibum recreated the experiments of the scientist James Prescott Joule (1818-1889) in determining the mechanical equivalent of heat. By trying to recreate the experiment from Joule’s notes, Sibum revealed that Joule made frequent use of the bodily skills he developed while working in the brewing industry, such as the ability to measure temperatures remarkably accurately by using only his elbow.[xi] Often, attempting to replicate an experiment or craft will reveal just how much it relies upon implicit bodily skills, or tacit knowledge, the kinds of ‘knacks’ that are not written down but are simply known to those who perform an activity regularly.
In attempting to replicate the craft of eighteenth-century papermaking, I really only approximated the process, making substitutions for equipment and improvising a number of techniques, particularly when it came to removing my delicate wet sheets of paper from the mould. I think the biggest lesson I learnt was to have a greater appreciation of the material, and just how many skills and processes went into crafting each sheet of paper in the eighteenth century. Characteristics of individual sheets such as colour, texture and markings had not caught my attention in the archives previously, but I now find them fascinating for what they can reveal about the nature of the fibres used, the construction of the paper mould, and the processes followed by each individual papermaker.
[i] Dard Hunter, Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft (New York: Dover, 1978), 178.
[ii] Ibid., 309-33.
[iii] Ibid., 153-55.
[iv] Theresa Fairbanks and Scott Wilcox, Papermaking and the Art of Watercolour in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Paul Sandby and the Whatman Paper Mills (New Haven: Yale Center for British Art in association with Yale University Press, 2006), 68.
[v] Hunter, Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, 177.
[vi] Ibid., 114-23.
[vii] Ibid., 125-27. See also Fairbanks and Wilcox, Papermaking and the Art of Watercolour in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Paul Sandby and the Whatman Paper Mills.
[viii] Papermaking and the Art of Watercolour in Eighteenth-Century Britain: Paul Sandby and the Whatman Paper Mills, 71.
[ix] Hunter, Papermaking: The History and Technique of an Ancient Craft, 194.
[x] Ibid., 196-99.
[xi] Heinz Otto Sibum, “Reworking the Mechanical Value of Heat,” Studies in History and Philosophy of Science Part A 26, no. 1 (1995): 73-106.
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Save Money on Pet Care
Suzanne Stowe |
AUGUST 12, 2009, 3:55 P.M. EDT
These days, with high unemployment rates and many people losing their homes, it is more important than ever to save money whenever we can. While I certainly don’t advocate skimping on pet care, there are many ways to save money on your pet supplies and even routine medical care if you just work a little at it.
Fido appreciates the good
care and food he receives.
Here are some money-saving tips:
- Use coupons on pet food, treats and toys. On our own websites, the big pet-supply stores occasionally offer discount coupons. You can clip coupons in the Sunday papers and go online to sites that offer coupons. Many manufacturers also offer coupons on their own websites, even on premium foods.
- Many shelters and pet retailers have low-cost vaccination clinics. You can save a significant amount of money on routine vaccines, including rabies. Sometimes you have to wait in line, but spend the time talking to other pet owners about your favorite pets. My local shelter even offers a discount on microchipping.
- My pet-sitting company offers current customers a $10 credit for everyone they refer that uses our service. There is not a limit on the savings, so if you refer five people who use us, you can save $50!
- Some veterinarians also offer referrals or have coupons in the Pennysaver or other coupon books.
- Attend pet fairs and pet shows. Many of the exhibitors at these shows will give you multiple coupons. At a recent event, I received three coupons for free 4-pound bags of food that saved me $30.
- If you need your pet spayed or neutered, most communities have at least one or two veterinarians that offer low-cost procedures. If you don’t know of any in your area, contact your local humane society to see if they can recommend someone. Don’t put off this important procedure just because of cost.
- Yesterday in the newspaper I read about another local humane group that is offering free pet food to anyone who has lost their job. They stressed the fact that they will not turn anyone away. If you have lost your job, take advantage of the resources available to you. When you can, you can pay it back by making a donation to your local shelter.
- If your pet is on regular medication, get the prescription from your vet and order medications online. When my cat was on subcutaneous fluids, I did this and was able to buy supplies at a fraction of the cost I had been paying at the vet.
Even in these tough times, please make sure your pet gets the care it needs. Schedule your regular veterinary exams but use the above ideas to offset some of the costs of caring for your best friend.
- Read more Confessions of a Dog Sitter -
Give us your opinion on Save Money on Pet Care
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PolyU's Research Paper Sheds New Light on Container Terminal Management
The research results of a PolyU team have shed new light on buyer-supplier relationship (BSR) in container terminal operations. The findings, highlighting supplier commitment in BSR, were released through the International Journal of Shipping and Transport Logistics (IJSTL).
Managing a BSR is challenging due to organisational differences in operations priorities and the challenge is salient in container terminal management where there are various upstream and downstream parties.
"While previous studies focused on downstream management, i.e., the provision of container services, we looked into the upstream – supplier management – which is vital to achieving performance goals." Professor Edwin Cheng, Dean of the Faculty of Business and co-author of the article says.
In the present globalised market, managing BSR between container terminals, as buyers, and service providers of container terminals, as suppliers, is an important part of logistics management. Entitled "A study on the antecedents of supplier commitment in support of logistics operations", the paper addresses the queries of enterprises on factors that nurture and damage supplier commitment. Survey data collected from 358 service providers of a global container terminal operator show that "implicit contract" encourages while "business uncertainty" discourages supplier commitment.
"Implicit contract", which refers to mutual understanding and expectations of partner firms of their roles and responsibilities in a BSR, contributes to developing a trusting relationship and strengthening cooperation between different parties. It complements explicit contract, which specifies the obligations of partner firms but does not take account of all the contingencies. Respondents of the survey evaluated their relationships with the container terminal operator in several key facets, including mutual understanding of remedies for failure, responsibilities of each party, coping with unplanned events, and handling and resolving disagreements.
"Business uncertainties" perceived by suppliers deter them from making long-term investment and accommodating the needs of buyers. To reduce uncertainty, it is recommended that buyers improve the transparency of information about sales volume, demand requirements, order size, and order cycle. The paper stresses the delivery of supplier inputs "at the right time in the right quality and quantity to fully satisfy the operations requirements of buying firms".
The paper, published in IJSTL (Vol. 4, No. 1/ 2012, pp. 5–16), is co-authored by Dr Christina W. Y. Wong, Dr Kee-hung Lai, Dr Y. H. Venus Lun, and Professor Edwin Cheng of the Shipping Research Centre, Faculty of Business, PolyU. Hot Papers captured in Thomson Reuters' Web of Knowledge include very recently published papers (from the past two years) that show an unusual rate of citation in the current period.
Regina Yu | Research asia research news
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Voters in Berks County's eastern school districts will encounter few actual races on their Election Day ballots, so voting in most places for unopposed candidates will be an exercise in formality.
Only in the Fleetwood Area, Brandywine Heights Area and Boyertown Area School districts will the voters be given a choice. Candidates in the Kutztown Area and Hamburg Area school districts face no opposition.
In Region 1 of the Fleetwood Area School District, which represents the borough of Fleetwood, a quirk in Pennsylvania's election laws has caused the name of the Republican incumbent to appear on the Democratic ballot and the name of a Democratic newcomer to appear on the Republican ballot.
Michael P. Clark, the Democrat, and Philip L. Garrett, the Republican, both ran as cross-filed candidates in the spring. Then each lost his party's nomination but gained that of the opposition's.
Clark, 35, is a television technician for Clark's TV and Appliance store, a family business owned by his uncle. A high school graduate, his race for the school board is his first try for political office.
Garrett, 58, is a professor of education and psychology at Kutztown University. He has a bachelor's degree from Gettysburg College and master's and doctoral degrees from Catholic University in Washington, D.C. A member of the School Board since 1977, he sits on the Berks County Intermediate Unit board and the Berks County Vocational-Technical School joint operating committee. He previously held a seat on Fleetwood Borough Council and was its financial director.
Three candidates are running for two seats in Region 3, which represents Richmond Township.
Sandra A. Kohler, 37, of Fleetwood R.4 is on a leave of absence from her job as a teacher of cosmetology at the Bryland School of Cosmetology in Reading. She is a high school graduate with an additional year of professional schooling. A Democrat whose name is cross-filed on both ballots, her race for the School Board is her first try for elective office.
Steven S. Stetka, 38, of Fleetwood R.4 is a senior principal process engineer at Air Products and Chemicals and holds a bachelor's degree in chemical engineering from Syracuse University. A Republican, he is completing his first term on the board and has been its president since 1981.
Kenneth L. Schlegel, 38, of Fleetwood R.2 is a self-employed farmer in his family's partnership. A graduate of Kutztown High School, his candidacy for the School Board is his first run for political office. He is a Democrat.
Three incumbents and two newcomers are vying for four seats on the Brandywine Heights Area School Board.
Gerald W. Meck, 41, of Rockland Township is completing his first term on the board. A graduate of Brandywine Heights High School, he is a bridge foreman for the Pennsylvania Department of Transportation. He is a Democrat whose name appears on both ballots.
Timothy T. Malone, 36, of Fleetwood R.1 is running for his first full term after being appointed to fill a vacancy on the board almost two years ago. He is a Democrat whose name appears on both ballots. A distribution supervisor at Air Products and Chemicals, he holds a bachelor's degree in business administration from Pennsylvania State University.
Gloria Reinert, 38, of Bechtelsville R.1 graduated from high school and holds various clerical positions at Stauffer Manufacturing Co. in Red Hill. A Republican, her name appears on both tickets. This is her first campaign for elective office.
Dawn A. Cunningham, 27, of District Township is a licensed practical nurse at Reading Rehabilitation Hospital. She holds a high school diploma and attended a year of nursing school. A Republican, her race for the School Board is her first attempt to win a political office.
Carol A. Romig, 40, of Mertztown R.1 is completing her first term on the board. She has been its president for the past two years. A Republican, her name appears on the Democratic ballot as the result of her cross-filed candidacy in the primary, in which she lost the GOP nomination. She is a graduate of Kutztown University.
The only contested race in the Boyertown Area School District is for a two- year term in Region 2, which represents the borough of Boyertown. The election is being held to fill a mid-term vacancy that occurred since the spring primary.
Norman H. Ritter, 46, is a production supervisor for Stanley G. Flagg, near Pottstown. He is attending Ursinus College in Collegeville. A Republican, he has been an unsuccessful candidate for the office twice before.
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As u r feeding the baby.
Feeding increases the hormone prolactin
in the body which suppresses the hormones responsible for menses. u will land into lactational ammenorrhoe which itself serves as a natural form ofcontraception
So feeding will either cause irregular menses or ammenorrroeah.
But still if u have doubt of pregnancy
Get a pregnancy test done and pelvic scan done.
If it is positive then u can continue your pregnancy by consulting your gynaec.
Secondly if u are not pregnant then u can take pills for withdrawal bleeding.
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5. Scirpus flaccidifolius (Fernald) Schuyler, Rhodora. 69: 198. 1967.
Scirpus atrovirens Willdenow var. flaccidifolius Fernald, Rhodora 40: 396. 1938
Plants cespitose; rhizomes short, tough, fibrous. Culms: fertile ones lax, reclining, inflorescences lopping over to (or nearly to) ground; nodes without axillary bulblets. Leaves 7–11 per culm; sheaths of proximal leaves light brown or whitish; proximal sheaths and blades with septa few to many, conspicuous or not; blades 30–63 cm × 9–14 mm. Inflorescences terminal, rarely also with 1 lateral inflorescence from distal leaf axil; rays ascending or divaricate (usually both in same inflorescence), proximal branches smooth, distal branches smooth or scabrellous, rays often bearing axillary bulblets; bases of involucral bracts green or margins brown or at least speckled with red-brown, not glutinous. Spikelets in dense clusters of 3–19 (largest cluster with 12 or more), spikelets sessile, ovoid or broadly ovoid, 3–4 × 2–3 mm; scales blackish with pale midribs, elliptic or broadly elliptic, 1.3–1.9 mm, apex mucronate, mucro 0.1–0.2 mm. Flowers: perianth bristles persistent, 6, slender, straight or curved, shorter than to slightly exceeding achene, with retrorse, thin-walled, round-tipped barbs in distal 0.2–0.5, enclosed within scales; styles 3-fid. Achenes almost white, elliptic or obovate in outline, plano-convex or plumply trigonous, 1–1.2 × 0.4–0.6 mm. 2n = 54.
Fruiting late spring–early summer (Jun). Wooded bottomlands; of conservation concern; 10–20 m; N.C., Va.
Scirpus flaccidifolius is the most distinctive member of the S. atrovirens complex. The structure of the inflorescence is similar in all of these species, with a few long, nearly erect rays and many shorter, spreading to reflexed rays. The length of the rays is very variable in S. flaccidifolius, as in related species, but they may be very long in S. flaccidifolius, with the long, erect rays often being 15 cm or more (rarely to 25 cm).
Scirpus flaccidifolius is known from only six populations in its very limited range (less than 100 km across). It is very tolerant of human disturbance and does not seem to be declining.
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CITY OF PHILADELPHIA PERSONNEL DEPARTMENT
ADMINISTRATIVE LIBRARIAN 2
This is library management work with responsibility for directing, through subordinate supervisors, the technical or public services operations for a major function of a large municipal library system. Employees in this class set and implement policies for a processing, branch extensions, central public services, collection development, or a public service support division. Work includes evaluating existing programs, services, and functions, coordinating the activities and functions of subordinate divisions, and determining staffing needs. This position is different from the lower level position because of the responsibility of establishing and implementing divisional policies and procedures. Employees in this class report to the Deputy Director.
ALLOCATING FACTORS: (The following conditions must be met for a position to be allocated to this class.)
- This position must head one of the Public Service divisions or the Processing Division within the Free Library.
- The position must be responsible for directing, through subordinate supervisors, a technical or public services operation.
TYPICAL EXAMPLES OF WORK (ILLUSTRATIVE ONLY)
- Directs, through subordinate supervisors, the review and evaluation of library services, operations, procedures, programs, policies, goals and objectives through review of reports, and special analyses on a continual basis; compares them with standard library procedures and practices and with library objectives and goals; prepares recommendations for changes to revise existing operations and programs, provides for new programs and hours of service to meet library objectives and goals; implements changes.
- Establishes divisional policies and procedures for the acquisition, cataloging, collection care, preservation, restoration, organization, physical preparation, and maintenance of library materials intended for public use; ensures operational conformance to technical standards, the application of computerized technology and the systematic and efficient flow of library materials; evaluates automated system applications for use in the divisions; evaluates the products and services of library materials vendors; prepares contracts and deals with vendors of on-line services.
- Works with administrative staff to formulate general library policies, budgets, procedures, organization, and goals, priorities and objectives; serves on Director's Advisory Council and administrative committees.
- Develops and implements procedures to coordinate the function to which assigned with other library and administrative functions; oversees the preparation of information for outside funding proposals; reviews and approves work schedules; supervises, through subordinate supervisors, the hiring, recruiting, discipline of employees.
- Participates, analyzes and provides input for capital and operating budgets; locates any financial discrepancies on materials budget; allocates appropriations to program areas of responsibility; prepares, reviews and approves requisitions for materials, equipment and supplies for divisional use; manages operating or materials budget for division; determines library materials budget for various collections, prepares annual and other reports for the division.
- Represents the Free Library at professional conferences and meetings on technical services practices.
- Speaks before community, school and other groups to describe services and functions of the library and to stimulate reading interests; meets with community groups in the planning process for provision of services to explain library's objectives and to ascertain community views on services offered and the location of branches and regional libraries.
- Develops library materials collection throughout the library system; sets standards for collection development and maintenance; determines trends in reader choices.
- Directs library material acquisitions, cataloging and classification operations, and the physical maintenance of material through subordinate supervisors; researches, evaluates, and implements library material processing methods, equipment, and procedures; determines processing policy.
- Reviews and evaluates library services, operations, procedures, programs, goals and objectives from personnel observation, written and oral reports and special analyses; compares them with standard library procedures and practices and with library objectives and goals; evaluation of children, young adult, and adult services throughout the library system; develops standards for removal and transfer of unwanted library materials; prepares recommendations for changes to revise existing operations to meet library objectives and goals; implements approved changes.
- Works with administrative staff to formulate general library policies, budgets, procedures, organization and goals, priorities and objectives; confers with other division chiefs and administrators to plan for the provision of public services in the most efficient manner.
- Evaluates automated systems applications for use in the division; prepares contracts and deals with vendors of on-line services.
- Works with contract architect on layout and design of new facilities or redesign of existing facilities to provide better services; collaborates with architects for building renovations.
- Conducts site-visits to observe physical condition of facilities, adequacy of staffing, opening and closing schedules, and provision of services.
- Performs related work as required.
REQUIRED KNOWLEDGE, SKILLS AND ABILITIES
- management principles and practices and their application in solving library operational problems.
- the principles, techniques and procedures of large public library operations and organizations.
- modern concepts of technical services, building planning, library design, space utilization and evaluation of equipment needed for effective work flow utilization and distribution of library materials.
- public and private funding available for library services and programs.
- publishing industry, bibliographic network, and vendor services related to technical services.
- methods of preparation of budget requests and requests for grants.
- methods and practices for development, supervising and training of staff.
- effective methods of promotion of services and programs in the community to achieve library objectives.
- methods and techniques for assessing public needs for library services and for evaluating library services and programs in relation to these needs.
- the principles, methods, and techniques used in the acquisition, cataloging, classification, and maintenance of library materials.
- computer networks, hardware and software used in library operations.
- analyze and evaluate library services and to make recommendations to provide library programs to meet public needs.
- present ideas effectively, both orally and in writing
- establish and maintain effective working relationships with associates, community organizations and the general public.
- analyze, manage, and allocate funds for division budgets.
MINIMUM ACCEPTABLE TRAINING AND EXPERIENCE (The following statement represents the minimum training and experience standards which will be used to admit or reject applicants for tests. Applications submitted by candidates for this class will be reviewed based on training and experience requirements as approved on 5/95.)
PHYSICAL AND MEDICAL REQUIREMENTS
Possession of a fifth year degree from an accredited school of library science;
Four years of librarian experience;
Two years of library experience at the second supervisory level and one year of experience at the Administrative Librarian level;
Two years of librarian experience at the second supervisory level and two years of experience managing a major reference and information department or managing a regional library.
- Ability to physically perform the duties and to work in the environmental conditions required of
a position in this class.
PAY RANGE: EP25
Class Established: 7/77
Latest Spec. Revision:
CSC: 2/03, Ad Board: 7/03
END OF JOB CLASS SPECIFICATION - 9B62
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Dr Vishesh Sood, a final-year radiology registrar working at the Red Cross Children’s War Memorial Hospital in Cape Town, received a Discovery Foundation Award to investigate the value of using an abdominal ultrasound to diagnose TB in children.
Mention the words ‘abdominal ultrasound’ and ‘tuberculosis’ in the same breath to radiologists or physicians and you will have yourself a debate. However, for paediatricians, it does offer significant value when all other factors are considered.
Dr Vishesh Sood, a final-year radiology registrar working at the Red Cross Children’s War Memorial Hospital in Cape Town, explains, “As doctors, we prefer to avoid radiation from CT scans in a young child, while access to MRIs are limited, making ultrasounds particularly useful.”
Radiologists and their colleagues working with children have become somewhat accustomed to the unpredictability of abdominal ultrasound scans to provide indicators for TB because of the wide variation in reporting. However, there is often a request for abdominal ultrasound scans when there’s a ‘failure to thrive’ diagnosis, or when a child doesn’t gain weight at the expected rate, and TB is a possible reason.
Going where few have dared
Dr Sood decided it was time to take on a difficult task. “I think it’s as simple as nobody getting around to researching this. Consultants are busy and do not necessarily have the time to undertake all of the possible research questions that arise. I came across so much talk about it, so I decided to go for it.”
He plans to study the use of abdominal ultrasound scans in the diagnosis of paediatric TB. Because abdominal ultrasound scans can detect features of TB, it has become a popular diagnostic tool. However, determining whether imaging results such as enlarged lymph nodes or splenic abscesses are consistent with TB is not an exact science yet.
“We know there is a high likelihood that a scan displaying such features will be abdominal TB, but other conditions can also present this way. We only hope that our colleagues think and report about it in the same way, though at present, it tends to be quite variable,” Dr Sood says. His research will be aimed at standardising the reporting of ultrasound exams for abdominal TB (indeterminate, normal, or likely to be TB), and clarifying the parameters for use of the investigation.
He will do this by reviewing hundreds of examination findings over five years, from January 2013 to December 2018, at Red Cross Children’s War Memorial Hospital, calculating the percentage of those considered positive for abdominal TB, and the range of diagnostic findings. Two paediatric radiologists will also review the positive findings to see that they agree on the features representing abdominal TB. Vishesh will then correlate this data with a number of clinical and biochemical parameters relating to a TB diagnosis.
He adds that when considering environmental factors like TB infection in family members, patients with HIV will be more likely to spread their TB infection.
Asked why the abdomen is a target for diagnosing TB when it normally affects the lungs, Dr Sood says that because of South Africa’s high prevalence of HIV and malnutrition, patients routinely present with TB that has spread to the abdomen or brain, and that TB meningitis is all too tragically common.
Children are innocent victims of TB
“The sad part is that children are innocent bystanders in this epidemic. They’re not responsible; it’s in their environment. If they are exposed and don’t get treated, it’s not their fault. Their entire lives can be derailed by a single episode that is treated too late, resulting in advanced lung disease. It affects their growth and development, their ability to go to school, play with their friends and to get on with their lives,” he says.
“Also, once their lungs are damaged, they’re predisposed to different kinds of infections throughout their lives. We see young adults coughing up blood because they previously had TB and now have an aneurysm in their thorax. It’s very sad,” he adds.
His GP mom was a huge influence
Dr Sood was born in the United Kingdom and his parents immigrated to South Africa when he was two years old. He went to Westerford High School in Rondebosch, studied medicine at the University of Cape Town and did his internship at Tygerberg Academic Hospital and his community service in Kimberley. Going into medicine was almost a no-brainer, he says. His mother, Geeta Dua, was a doctor at the Red Cross Children’s War Memorial Hospital where she still consults.
Dr Sood wants to sub-specialise in cardio-thoracic or interventional imaging, where minimally invasive techniques are used to perform complex procedures with significantly less morbidity. “I’ll need to go overseas to train at a high-volume centre, probably Australia, America or even Canada where my brother is working as a GP,” he says. Hopefully, his return to South Africa will further benefit his patients.
Improving accuracy is resource-friendly endeavour
Dr Sood’s success will have many benefits for patients and doctors. “If I can say that this test will be useful in certain well-defined clinical contexts that support the findings, there will be less pressure on resources all round, meaning that waiting times across disciplines will reduce.”
Asked what interventions he thought alleviate the burden of TB across South Africa, Vishesh says that besides TB’s social determinants, earlier diagnoses and appropriate interventions that can be followed through are of utmost importance.
“One of the biggest problems is treatment over long periods. For various reasons, adherence falters and TB patients becomes resistant to medicine. This is a scenario where medicine is hard to come by and you can have 18 months of treatment with no result,” he concludes.
About the Discovery Foundation
Each year, the Discovery Foundation gives five different awards to outstanding individual and institutional awardees in the public healthcare sector.
The Discovery Foundation is an independent trust with a clear focus to strengthen the healthcare system by making sure that more people have access to specialised healthcare services.
Since 2006, the Discovery Foundation has invested more than R230 million in training and support for more than 400 medical specialists and institutions. The grants support academic research and clinical science, sub-specialist training, rural medicine as well as programmes to develop public healthcare resources. For 2019, Discovery Foundation awarded 42 grants to medical specialists working in South Africa’s healthcare sector to the value of R27 million.
When 2019 Discovery Foundation Sub-Specialist Award recipient Dr Nontsikelelo Gubu-Ntaba was still in high school, her mother completed a Bachelor of Education degree. Seeing her mother pursue her dreams has inspired Dr Gubu-Ntaba to study further.
Dr Kershinee Reddy has received a Discovery Foundation Sub-Specialist Award to study Paediatric Oncology at Stellenbosch University. She’s determined to return to KwaZulu-Natal after her training to help children fight cancer.
With his Discovery Foundation Rural Individual Fellowship Award, Dr Andrew Oyemwimina investigated the prevalence of HIV infection among paediatric patients who were admitted to hospital in 2016 – the first study of its kind in the Eastern Cape.
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Photographing the Northern Lights
Image credits: Antti Pietikainen
Capturing the Lights
We know that as well as seeing the Northern Lights in all their dazzling glory, a goal for most of our clients is also to capture their remarkable beauty on camera. Over the years we have seen such truly beautiful Aurora photography that it is easy to see why. Whilst a picture or video can never quite be the same as a live show, an image which shows the spectacular colours or a timelapse video that shows the shimmering, dancing and swirling movement of the lights is something to be treasured forever.
As the local guides and suppliers in Lapland become aware of this desire to view the Northern Lights on film, more of our trips are moving towards helping our guests achieve this aim.Read more
In Torassieppi, we have two trips dedicated to photography in which an experienced guide will lead you out each evening to a vantage point and share their knowledge and tips with you on how best to photograph the Northern Lights. There are day excursions too so you can capture the beauty of Lapland with photos of the stunning scenery as well as huskies and reindeer.
We also offer a popular photography evening on our Abisko trips, organised by renowned photographer Chad Blakley and operated by one of his expert guides. This is the perfect excursion for those who may have the enthusiasm to capture the Aurora but may not have the correct equipment, as you will be issued with a camera and tripod. All you need is an SD card so you can take your photos home with you!
With our trips to Tärendö, Menesjärvi and Nellim, the guides are growing ever more experienced in photography and will be happy to offer advice and guidance on how to get the ideal photo should the conditions be in your favour.
The basics of Aurora photography
As standard digital cameras grow increasingly sophisticated, those with settings that can be changed manually can often capture the Northern Lights.
To get the best chance of getting that perfect photo however, you will need a D-SLR camera with a wide angle lens (10-24mm) and fast aperture 1.4-3.5.
To take the photo you will need to set your camera to a long exposure time (around 15 to 20 seconds per picture) and we would advise using a sturdy tripod to ensure the image is as stable as possible. It is worth trying a variety of exposure settings to see which image works best for you.
Some hints and tips
Over the years we have been given many bits of advice on photographing the Northern Lights.
Firstly make sure you take spare batteries and memory cards. With the cold temperatures batteries can run down quicker than expected so keep the spare ones in an internal pocket close to your body warmth.
Learn the settings (zoom, aperture, exposure for example) on your camera beforehand so that you know what you are doing when you’re there and are able to capture the moment. You also don't want to have to spend too long adjusting settings at sub-zero temperatures.Read more
It might help for you to get a remote or cable shutter as it can be hard to press the buttons with gloves on the camera itself without causing the camera to shake. Remember as you are far from any light pollution it will be dark so head torches can be useful.
Experienced photographers will recommend getting a head torch with a less intrusive red light as it will not ‘dazzle’ others as much as a white light and negatively affect your night vision.
We fully understand that you will want to capture the beauty of the Northern Lights on film, but don’t forget to look up from your camera and enjoy the live show too!
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Why is art full of naked people?: & other vital questions about art
Susie Hodge (Author)
DescriptionArtists ask questions when they make art - and viewers ask questions when they look at art. This gently provocative book provides an engaging way for young people to start asking and answering questions for themselves. Why is art full of naked people? is structured around 22 questions, each one tackled over two spreads. The opening spread explores the question and answer, inviting the reader to study a full-bleed image of an important artwork. The second spread shows a selection of work on the theme from across history, showing how art can run with an idea to hugely different ends. The tone of the text is fresh and informal but not flippant.
Thames & Hudson Ltd
8 September 2016
Earn By Promoting Books
Earn money by sharing your favourite books through our Affiliate programme.Become an Affiliate
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Buy this item and earn 4,350 reward points.
An audience member selects a bulb. The magician takes it, concentrates on it, and produces a flash out of it. Then he covers the bulb with a plastic all around and gives it to an audience member, so that nothing from the outside can interact with the bulb. The magician steps back and after exerting tremendous mental powers directed at the bulb, it turns on gradually and a few seconds later turns off gradually.
Comes complete with gimmicked bulb, normal bulb, charger, bulb socket and 4 pages of instructions.
- Strong visual effect for stage and close-up performers.
- Can be repeated anytime, anywhere.
- Very easy to do so that you can concentrate on the presentation.
- Rechargeable self contained mechanism, sealed within the bulb.
- Luminous flux of about 90 lumens.
- E27 standard bulb base.
- R60 standard bulb shape.
- Controlled by microprocessor and highly integrated electronics within the base of the bulb.
Note: The charger included is valid for all the countries of the world, because it can be plugged into networks with 110V to 240V, but may need an additional physical adaptor depending on the country you live in.
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Indian Education Advocate
Other Educational and Civil Rights Resources
My School My Rights LGBTQ+, Disability, and Cultural Regalia click here
A Guide to Parts of an IEP (Individual Education Plan) click here
Native American Parent Technical Assistance Center:
What's Important to Native Youth? click here
List of Local Tribes and Contact Information click here
School has to be Free for all students: Know Your Rights click here
School has to be Free for all students: Know Your Rights
How to File a Complaint against the School for fees/charges related to school attendance click here
How to File a Complaint against the School for fees/charges related to school attendance.
Filing an OCR Complaint click here
Tips and resouces for filing an Office for Civil Rights Complaint.
Tribal, Cultural & Religious Items at Graduation by the ACLU Foundations of California: click here
Under California law, you have the right to wear tribal regalia such as an eagle feather at your school graduation ceremony.
My School, My Rights by the ACLU: https://www.myschoolmyrights.com/
As a student, you have rights at school. But one in five high school students do NOT graduate in four years. Stop the pushout of California students and STAND UP for your RIGHTS.
Letter re: The Right to Wear Regalia at Graduation by ACLU and NARF
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1. Framework Paper 1 Enterprise Architecture Framework Research Paper Francisco J. Valentin University of Maryland University College IFSM 311 7980 Enterprise Architecture (2162) April, 24 2016
2. Framework Paper 2 Introduction The purpose of this paper is to describe The Open Group Architecture Framework (TOGAF) and the appropriate applications within the overall context on an Enterprise Architecture (EA) system. In addition, analyze and examine the significant impact on how an EA system influence, support, and enable an organization’s ability to a strategic decision making. Finally, answer how the EA is going to respond and adjust to the different business conditions. Description of Framework – Quality In 2009 The Open Group Architecture Framework, an independent industry association, was created and has maintained an enterprise framework known as TOGAF. It builds on an earlier framework known as TAFIM, or Technical Architecture Framework for Information Management, originally devised by the U.S. Department of Defense. As described by TOGAF (2013), it "provides the methods and tools for assisting in the acceptance, production, use, and maintenance of an enterprise architecture. It is based on an iterative process model supported by best practices and a re-usable set of existing architecture assets." The Open Group Architecture Framework is a reliable, practical method used to outline and develop an architecture enterprise that meets the needs of an organization. TOGAF allows companies to benefit of a structured approach to organize and govern its own software technology making sure that software development projects meet business objectives; having as its primary goal to develop its Architecture Development Method (ADM) as an industry standard method, and its tools and technologies can be used with any recognized enterprise framework.
3. Framework Paper 3 Description of Framework – Coverage The purpose of The...
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Presidential candidate Abdullah Abdullah has called on Afghan election organisers to stop counting ballots over fraud allegations, in the latest hurdle to the country’s first transition of power.
Millions of Afghans turned out for Saturday’s run-off poll to choose a successor to President Hamid Karzai, who is constitutionally barred from running for a third term.
The run-off pitted Abdullah, a former foreign minister, against former finance minister Ashraf Ghani. Neither candidate secured the 50 percent needed to win outright in the first round on April 5.
Abdullah, a former anti-Taliban fighter, said preliminary figures and other evidence collected by his team showed mass fraud had undermined the process, and demanded counting be frozen.
“From now on, today, we announce that we have no confidence or trust in the election bodies,” Abdullah said. “I call on all our observers to abandon monitoring and return to our provincial offices.”
Afghanistan’s foreign backers have long worried that complaints of fraud coupled with a close outcome could give the losing candidate ground to refuse to accept defeat, leading to a struggle for power in the conflict-plagued country.
Abdullah suggested that the election might be saved if the United Nations decides to intervene and oversee the counting process, but a UN spokesman said the international body regretted Abdullah’s announcement.
Foreign troops heading toward exit
The critical election was held as most foreign troops are preparing to withdraw from the country, leaving behind a still strong Taliban insurgency and a deepening economic crisis.
Over his final term in office, Karzai’s relationship with the West has grown increasingly bitter, culminating in his refusal late last year to sign a deal with the United States allowing it to leave a small contingent of US troops to stay beyond 2014.
Despite the billions spent on reconstruction, Afghanistan relies on aid for much of its income and some donors may refuse to disburse cash if there is no international force on the ground.
Karzai’s administration has failed to pass laws demanded by the international community. As a result of the impasse, Afghan banks risk being put on an international blacklist later this month, potentially disrupting $10 billion worth of annual imports.
(FRANCE 24 with REUTERS, AFP)
Date created : 2014-06-18
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If you're the person who works at a desk with hundreds of hot pink and yellow Post-It notes pasted all around your computer, then it might be time for you to upgrade to Postica. It's a new application that creates virtual sticky notes that can be shared with friends.
Postica provides a blank space where notes can be dragged around and saves their location so that it looks the same on any computer. It's fairly simple to attach a file, change the color of a note, and e-mail it to another user.
Postica, like the wiki-style app Protonotes, might be useful for those of you who enjoy using Post-Its 2.0 and have been wanting to share your desktop notes with your friends. It might even save time for setting aside files instead of e-mailing them to yourself.
But if you already use the hundreds of "reminder" and "file-sharing" apps, software, and sites that exist, Postica probably won't phase you in the least.
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Best Fruit Trees to Grow in Zone 3: Top 5 Favorite Cold Climate Fruit Trees
Let's talk about the best zone 3 fruit trees to grow in Alberta and other cool climates. Growing fruit where it's cold may be more difficult than those growing fruit in warm climates, but is completely possible with many options to choose from. There are many fruits that actually need a climate with a freezing over winter. Select one or all of these top 5 fruit trees to grow in your zone 3 backyard.
What Fruit Trees Grow in Cold Climates?
I am sure you will all agree that the fruit you grow yourself simply tastes better than any you can buy at the grocery store. It is typically more nutritious too and easily grown organically.
Read below to find out more about the best fruit trees to grow in zone 3. This is not an
exhaustive list, these are just some of my favorites that I have found grow well in cool climates.
Zone 3 Apple Trees
Apple trees are usually the first tree that people think of when they want to plant a fruit tree in their yard. Did you know that there are thousands of different varieties of apples grown in North America? However, only some of them are suitable for cultivation in zone 3.
Here is a list of some of the best tasting zone 3 apple trees:
Duchess of Oldenburg
You will find these zone 3 apple varieties not only hardy, but sweet and crunchy with excellent flavor. Some store longer, others are best consumed quickly or great for preserving.
Zone 3 Cherry Trees
Sour cherries are one of the best fruits to grow in zone 3. Why sour ones and not sweet ones?
The reason is very simple, this type of cherry flowers a little later than sweet cherries and therefore aren't as likely to be damaged by late frosts. Don't dismiss this option too quickly because of the term sour. The term "sour" refers more to the type of tree than to the taste of the fruit itself. Some growers swear that the taste of sour cherries is much sweeter than sweet cherries when they are fully ripe.
Cherries can come in tree or bush varieties. Something for every growing space.
The best zone 3 cherry trees are:
"Romance series" including Cupid, Romeo, Juliet, Carmine Jewel, Crimson Passion, Valentine (most recently developed hardy varieties from Saskatchewan, said to be the best tasting)
Evans Cherry (developed in Saskatchewan)
Zone 3 Plum Trees
Did you know that plums are members of the prunus family, just like cherries? When planting plums, it is crucial to understand their pollination needs. Some varieties are self-fertile and can produce fruit alone but will be more productive with cross pollination with a different variety. Many plums require another tree of the same group for pollination. Plums are differentiated as Asian (Japanese) plums, European plums, and hybrids. Take not of what varieties you have and learn their pollination needs.
Canada Plum and American Plum are extremely hardy, wild plum varieties that are excellent pollinators for other cultivated varieties and essential for pollination of many hybrid varieties. They also produce edible fruit but is smaller and sometimes not as sweet, though great for processing. There are a variety of hardy plum trees to choose from for growing in zone 3.
Great plum tree varieties to grow in zone 3:
Pembina plum (hybrid)
Mount Royal (European, one of the only self-fertile hardy varieties, considered the best hardy blue plum)
Toka Plum (hybrid)
Waneta Plum (hybrid)
For information on harvesting plums read The Best Time to Harvest Plums.
Zone 3 Apricot Trees
Although it may come as a surprise, it is very possible to grow these lush, sweet, and tart stone fruit trees in cool climates. Varieties are limited but tasty!
Apricot trees are typically self-fertile but will benefit from a second pollinator for increased production.
Zone 3 apricot tree varieties are:
Tip: Plant apricot trees in a northern location to prevent them from blossoming too early in the spring and risking losing the blossoms to frost. *Did you know? Most plums, apricots, and cherries are in the same Prunus genus and are often capable of pollinating each other! Nanking cherries work well as pollinators for many plum and apricot varieties. This is where we get "pluots" and "plumcots" and cherry plums!
Zone 3 Pear Trees
There is a plethora of hardy pear cultivars available today if you know where to source them. Some are extremely hardy, even to zone 2. Some are small, some are large, many different flavors and textures available. Pears are groups into two categories of European and Russian. They have different qualities. In general, the European varieties are sweeter and softer while the Russian/Asian varieties are crispier with some acidity and complex flavour. There are some beautiful hardy Russian varieties. It is best to source pear trees from knowledgable hardy tree nurseries.
Some hardy pear varieties to grow in your zone 3 backyard:
Early Gold Pear
Golden Spice Pear
Russian hybrid varieties Krazulya, Vekovaya
Where to Purchase
When purchasing fruit trees to grow in cool climates, be sure to find out for sure what zone you are and to check the tags of fruit trees you plan to purchase to ensure it is suitable for your zone. It has happened to me often that I am looking at a tree being sold in my zone 3 area, only to find out the tag states it is only hardy to zone 4 or 5. Trees listed as zone 1 or 2 will also be hardy in zone 3. Fruit trees from big box stores are sometimes mislabeled for zone. Do your research before purchasing.
Though you can sometimes find trees at local store garden centers, the selection is limited and the tree quality is not always dependable. Local greenhouses may have better selection and more knowledgeable staff.
Consider ordering from nurseries knowledgeable in hardy fruit tree varieties. Not only will you receive superior quality plants, but you will have a much great selection of trees appropriate for you growing zone and knowledgeable staff to assist you in your selections. Some excellent Canadian nurseries for ordering fruit trees online are Hardy Fruit Tree Nursery and Whiffletree Farm & Nursery
These were my favorites, what I consider the best fruit trees to grow in zone 3.
Let me know, if you could plant only one fruit tree in your zone 3 backyard
which one would you choose? Share your favorite in the comments below.
Thank you to Tony Manhart for providing this guest post and to Stefanie for editing and adding in your knowledge.
Tony Manhart is the founder and editor in chief at Gardening Dream. Tony’s enthusiasm and rich experience in all things related to growing plants have led him to share his knowledge with gardening aficionados all over the world. When he is not working around his garden, Tony spends his time writing tips and tricks on various subjects related to plant cultivation and soil maintenance.
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Cinnarizine helps to prevent sickness and dizziness.
It can be taken by adults and by children over 5 years of age.
The most common side-effect is feeling drowsy.
|Type of medicine||An antihistamine|
|Used for||Travel sickness; symptoms caused by balance or movement problems such as vertigo, tinnitus, and Ménière's disease|
Arlevert® (a combination brand of cinnarizine with dimenhydrinate to treat vertigo)
Nerves situated inside your ear send messages to your brain with information about your movement. Along with messages from your eyes and muscles, these nerves help your body to maintain a good sense of balance. If the nerves in one of your ears send too many, too few, or wrong messages to your brain, it conflicts with the messages sent from your other ear, your eyes, or your body. Your brain then gets confused and this can cause dizziness and a spinning sensation (vertigo), and can make you feel sick.
Travel sickness is caused by repeated unusual movements during travelling. These repeated movements, such as going over bumps or around in a circle, send lots of messages to your brain. The balance mechanism in your ear sends different signals to those from your eyes, which results in your brain receiving mixed and confusing messages. This is what causes you to feel sick.
Cinnarizine helps reduce the feelings of sickness and vertigo caused by problems such as these. It is available on prescription, or you can buy it without a prescription at a pharmacy. It can be taken by adults and by children over the age of 5 years.
Before taking cinnarizine
Some medicines are not suitable for people with certain conditions, and sometimes a medicine may only be used if extra care is taken. For these reasons, before you start taking cinnarizine it is important that your doctor or pharmacist knows:
- If you are pregnant or breast-feeding.
- If you have prostate problems, or have been experiencing difficulty passing urine.
- If you have any problems with the way your liver works or with the way your kidneys work.
- If you have any of the following conditions: increased pressure in your eye (glaucoma), epilepsy, or Parkinson's disease.
- If you think you may have a blockage in your intestines.
- If you have a rare inherited blood disorder called porphyria.
- If you are taking any other medicines. This includes any medicines you are taking which are available to buy without a prescription, such as herbal and complementary medicines.
- If you have ever had an allergic reaction to a medicine.
How to take cinnarizine
- Before you start this treatment, read the manufacturer's printed information leaflet from inside your pack. It will give you more information about the tablets and will provide you with a full list of the side-effects which you may experience from taking them.
- Take cinnarizine exactly as your doctor or pharmacist tells you to. It is usually taken three times daily.
- If you are taking cinnarizine to prevent travel sickness, take the first dose two hours before you are due to travel. If you are going on a long journey, you can then take further doses every eight hours if needed. If you are giving cinnarizine to a child, check the label carefully to make sure you are giving the correct dose for the age of your child. Make sure you leave eight hours between each dose.
- If you are able, take cinnarizine after a meal or with a snack.
Getting the most from your treatment
- Cinnarizine can cause drowsiness. If this happens, do not drive or use tools or machines. Alcohol will make the drowsiness worse, so it is best not to drink alcohol while you are on cinnarizine.
- If you are having an operation or any treatment (particularly if it is to test for an allergy), tell the person carrying out the treatment that you are taking an antihistamine called cinnarizine.
- If you buy any medicines, check with a pharmacist that they are safe to take alongside an antihistamine. This is because a number of other medicines can interfere with the way cinnarizine works and can increase the risk of side-effects.
Can cinnarizine cause problems?
Along with their useful effects, most medicines can cause unwanted side-effects although not everyone experiences them. The table below contains some of the most common ones associated with cinnarizine. You will find a full list in the manufacturer's information leaflet supplied with your medicine. The unwanted effects often improve as your body adjusts to the new medicine, but speak with your doctor or pharmacist if any of the following continue or become troublesome.
|Common cinnarizine side-effects (these affect less than 1 in 10 people)||What can I do if I experience this?|
|Feeling sleepy||If this happens, do not drive or use tools or machines. Do not drink alcohol|
|Other cinnarizine side-effects||What can I do if I experience this?|
|Headache, dry mouth, indigestion, stomach upset||These should soon pass, but if any become troublesome ask a pharmacist to recommend a suitable remedy|
If you experience any other symptoms which you think may be due to the tablets, speak with your doctor or pharmacist for further advice.
How to store cinnarizine
- Keep all medicines out of the reach and sight of children.
- Store in a cool, dry place, away from direct heat and light.
Important information about all medicines
Never take more than the prescribed dose. If you suspect that you or someone else might have taken an overdose of this medicine, go to the accident and emergency department of your local hospital. Take the container with you, even if it is empty.
This medicine is for you. Never give it to other people even if their condition appears to be the same as yours.
Do not keep out-of-date or unwanted medicines. Take them to your local pharmacy which will dispose of them for you.
If you have any questions about this medicine ask your pharmacist.
Further reading & references
- Manufacturer's PIL, Stugeron® 15 mg; Janssen-Cilag Ltd, The electronic Medicines Compendium. Dated September 2013.
- British National Formulary; 68th Edition (Sep 2014) British Medical Association and Royal Pharmaceutical Society of Great Britain, London
Disclaimer: This article is for information only and should not be used for the diagnosis or treatment of medical conditions. EMIS has used all reasonable care in compiling the information but make no warranty as to its accuracy. Consult a doctor or other health care professional for diagnosis and treatment of medical conditions. For details see our conditions.
Dr Hannah Gronow
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The Optimist's Daughter (Vintage International) (Paperback)
This Pulitzer Prize–winning novel tells the story of Laurel McKelva Hand, a young woman who has left the South and returns, years later, to New Orleans, where her father is dying. After his death, she and her silly young stepmother go back still farther, to the small Mississippi town where she grew up. Along in the old house, Laurel finally comes to an understanding of the past, herself, and her parents.
Eudora Welty was born in Jackson, Mis-sissippi, in 1909. She was educated locally and at Mississippi State College for Women, the University of Wisconsin, and the Columbia University Graduate School of Business. Her short stories appeared in The Southern Review, Atlantic Monthly, Harper’s Bazaar, The New Yorker, and other magazines. She lectured at a number of colleges, held the William Allan Neilson professorship at Smith and the Lucy Donnelly Fellowship at Bryn Mawr, and was a lecturer at the Conference of American Studies at Cambridge University. She worked under grants from the Rockefeller and Merrill foundations and the National Institute of Arts and Letters, and held a Guggenheim Fellow-ship. She was given honorary degrees from Smith, the University of Wisconsin, Western College for Women, Denison University, the University of the South at Sewanee, and Millsaps College in Jackson. She also received the M. Carey Thomas Award from Bryn Mawr, the Brandeis Medal of Achievement, and the Hollins Medal; her novel The Ponder Heart was awarded the Howells Medal for Fiction by the American Academy of Arts and Letters. Eudora Welty died in 2001.
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FACE STUDY (DRAW THE OTHER HALF)
Level: Junior, Middle School, High School
Grades: Gr. 3 - 12 | Age: 11 yrs and up | Written by:
[Katie is an artist from Oshkosh]
Students will use a magazine photo of a person, cut in half, as the beginning of a drawing. Half magazine picture, half drawing.
What You Need:
- Helping the student to see and understand correct facial placement.
What You Do:
- plain paper
- pencil (color pencils if you choose)
- photographic image of face
- desk or drawing board
- Find a photograph of a person's face/head.
- Student cuts the face in half the long way. (one eye, half nose and half mouth)
- Student tapes photo onto a sheet of paper, leaving room beside it.
- Student finishes the drawing of the face (they can keep the cut off portion for reference, as needed).
- Student signs their work.
I Can Draw Faces
I Can Draw Faces will show you in simple, easy steps how to build up the form of the head and face.
How to Draw Faces
Written for children ages 9-12.
This content has been printed from:
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We cannot say precisely who kept the log, but "Sam Gould" is written on one of the first pages, and a Samuel Gould of Killingly appears to have had family links to the slave trade. If Gould was the author, he might have held the position of supercargo or first mate on the Africa, the Good Hope and the Fox, because he seems to have held responsibilities that were congruent with both jobs.
A supercargo functioned as the owner's onboard representative and kept careful track of provisions, which this writer did, and also documented the men's tasks each day, and our writer did that, too. As the owner's representative, the supercargo had an interest in seeing that the men were busy, very busy. But the first mate might also have been responsible for keeping a backup log to the captain's, and for keeping track of wind, weather and ship's speed.
[ This signature appears on one of the first pages in the log, and there is a reference within the log to Gould family slaves. The evidence around the log's authorship is circumstantial, but the document very possibly could have been written by a man named Samuel Gould. ]
What is certain is that the log traveled with this logkeeper from ship to ship to ship.
The handwriting in the log is eerily similar to the writing in the will of a Samuel Gould who died in Fairfield County in 1769. Marc Seifer, a handwriting consultant in Kingston, R.I., made a preliminary analysis of the two documents. "I think that the Samuel Gould will could be written by the person who wrote the Captain's log," he writes. "I found a lot of similarities with the capital letters, such as the D in particular, the N, S and E. Also, there are other similarities in the smaller letters and overall style such as the swing back on the d's." Seifer also noticed similarities in the way the numbers were written in the two documents.
But there were differences, he pointed out, and "styles were highly conforming in those days with regards to penmanship."
And a last, small footnote about the identity of the logkeeper continues to intrigue. When the log was purchased by the Connecticut State Library in 1920, the library also acquired, from the same collection, a record book of provisions for the frigate Trumbull, which was outfitted at New London. Among the crewmen on board the Trumbull in 1777 was one Nathan Gould. Early state veterans' records show that he served in the War of Independence aboard the Trumbull, and died in 1827 at the age of 71. Like the Samuel Gould whose final will and testament poses such interesting questions, Nathan Gould died in Fairfield.
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What’s air worth to you? Some well-heeled buyers are demanding ultra-luxe air purification systems prior to moving in — and developers are catching on.
For instance, to attract buyers – and hypochondriacs — the developers of 155 East 79th Street, a condominium currently under construction on the Upper East Side, will boast ventilation technology that cleanses air with a hospital operating-room-grade purification system, according to the Wall Street Journal.
And in the Hamptons, developer Peter Sabbeth is installing a $5,000 air-ventilation system in his latest spec home. The system not only exchanges air, it also uses heat from the outgoing stale air to maintain temperature and humidity. The 5,500-square-foot, six-bedroom, five-bathroom home is listed for $5.95 million.
“There’s a real big conversation in the building industry and building-science community about these things,” Barry Stephens, business development and technology director for Zehnder, a Switzerland-based company that sells energy-efficient ventilation systems, told the Journal. “Things are changing rapidly.”
Prices for a high-end system range from about $4,500 for a typically sized apartment to about $10,000 for a very large home. A system for a large apartment building can cost more than $1 million. [WSJ] – Christopher Cameron
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https://therealdeal.com/2014/06/28/air-purification-systems-are-the-latest-luxury-amenity/
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This standard was last reviewed and confirmed in 2019. Therefore this version remains current.
ISO 12567-2:2005 specifies a method to measure the thermal transmittance of roof windows and projecting windows. It does not include: edge effects occurring outside the perimeter of the specimen, energy transfer due to solar radiation on the specimen and effects of air leakage through the specimen.
Status : PublishedPublication date : 2005-10
Edition : 1Number of pages : 25
Technical Committee:Test and measurement methods
Buy this standard
|
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This book focuses on homework, a topic of popular interest that is not well represented in the professional literature. Both the popular and the research literature have focused on homework as viewed from the outside, that is, on the nature of the homework itself. The focus here is on homework from the inside, on the student who does the homework. The goals of this book are to (a) give counselors, teachers, and parents a theoretical understanding of homework; (b) provide them with a way to assess each student’s motivation to do homework and personal profile of home learning preferences; and (c) introduce them to methods and materials designed to facilitate their meeting the formidable challenge of helping children do their homework more effectively. Another important goal of the book is to open up a new research topic that has been almost totally neglected until now. The book consists of 10 chapters and is divided into three parts.
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| 0.981178
| 180
| 3.125
| 3
|
by Nico Serrano:
Everyday we work towards our ultimate goal, for runners the goal is to finish each race with a better time, beating their previous best at all cost. These individuals put in hard work to get better and get stronger. Behind the grandeur of all the medals and accomplishments is where they build their foundation, what people don’t see are the hundreds if not thousands of kilometers these athletes go through every training day so that they could be better.
What these individuals have is the understanding of the bigger picture, building habits that lead to becoming a more well rounded athlete and individual. They understand that a 100% commitment to whatever you invest your time into is something important and should be taken seriously.
The idea of creating habits and laying the foundation for the future is something that can be taken and borrowed from these runners. The dedication to better oneself and their vision is a trait that should be paralleled, however most people often neglect it. The habits and the ability see the bigger picture can be adapted to financial planning.
Financial planning and preparation is often ignored by young professionals who start earning, they often don’t see beyond their next paycheck because of the you only live once or YOLO mentality that they often see in the media. Thus, planting the seeds now for a better future isn’t a top of mind ideology but is essential to the future of young professionals.
Though financial planning and running might seem like two totally contrasting behaviors, the drive and commitment needed to succeed in both are more paralleled and intertwined than most people realize. The ideology of building habits, such as waking up everyday at 5:00 am to run 5 kilometers might seem like an absurd and unrelated reality to someone who will start financial planning and saving. However, the all-in commitment of sacrificing now because it will be better in the future is present in both.
The underlining truth is, both undertakings don’t get results overnight. Reaching your goal of finishing a marathon isn’t just a mindset, but an investment of both time and action; a runner has to think of small goals before finishing a full 42-kilometer marathon. Financial planning is an action plan centric activity, where starting with small increments of savings and executable action plans is a key step to achieving the ultimate goal of financial freedom.
All the sacrifice that is put in to bettering yourself will translate to every endeavor that each and every individual will do. Planning for the future might not be as sexy as buying that new phone or that trendy leather jacket, but if you think about it, these items are want items and are not essential items. Sacrificing now for your financial future is making sure that you’ll never go back and say I should have started earlier.
The reality is, financial planning for young professionals is challenging because of the world that we live in now. The world of social media always keeps us connected and when we scroll through it our friends seem to always be having fun, frequently going on trips, partying, and just generally enjoying the now. Nonetheless, undertaking the challenge of financial planning is a must because if you don’t start planning now then when. In the end, running and financial planning both involves giving up some comforts now so that you’ll have a great foundation for the future and win at whatever you choose to do. For runners this involves getting faster, which would result in getting more medals, for young professionals saving some now so that they will have a financially secured future.
About the Contributor:
Francis Nico Serrano is an RFC (Registered Financial Consultant, IARFC) cum laude graduate, RFP (Register Financial Planner) graduate and is the youngest unit manager in the life insurance industry. Francis Serrano, a visionary who dreams big and always aims for more while balancing his time in order to sit back and laugh with family and friends. Nico, as his closest colleagues call him, is a leader by example who knows how to empower his team. An active member of different organizations such as Manila Jaycees and LUAP, he serves as the youngest board member for the latter organization. He ensures that he lives his life to the fullest and pushes his limits by competing in triathlons and full marathons.
Do you have an interesting article to share? Contact FinancePH and we will have it posted!
FinancePH is an advocacy group founded in 2014 by a group of financial advisors.
"To help you become prosperous” in your finances, career and business by spreading financial literacy through financial advisors, seminars, articles and social media.
Contact us if you have questions on how to save, invest and insure yourself.
Visit our FB page to view our upcoming seminars that you can attend.
View the whole FinancePH team here.
Read Our Previous Blogs:
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
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| 0.962635
| 995
| 2.15625
| 2
|
On a daily basis you may run multiple numbers of programs and applications and have no knowledge on how much memory is being used or how many instances of the same program is running.
CRP (Control Running Programs) is a solution that will control all running programs within your windows session. In the section Instance Controlling’, you can specify how many instances of a particular program will run at the same time, preventing memory overflow and instant program spawning from other programs.
How To Programs with CRP?
Utilities,Control Running Programs,Free Software
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CC-MAIN-2017-04
|
http://techie-buzz.com/softwares/get-better-control-of-running-programs-with-control-running-programs.html
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|
en
| 0.894565
| 113
| 2.125
| 2
|
In a show of force, supporters of the Shiite cleric Sadr stormed twice last week in Baghdad’s heavily fortified green zone, which houses government buildings and western embassies, and staged a lengthy sit-in in parliament on Sunday.
While al-Sadr’s supporters oppose the appointment of a new prime minister, these protests also signal a deep political rift between Iraq’s rival Shiite blocs and a powerful hand that analysts say is being played by Iran from afar.
“Iran will be a party to this conflict,” said Ihsan Al Shammari, professor of politics at the University of Baghdad and head of the Iraqi Center for Political Thought.
“And Sadr is aware that Iran can push the Coordination Framework to try to increase its influence on the political scene in Iraq,” he added.
The pro-Iran and anti-Sadr Shia bloc includes politicians linked to Tehran, including former Prime Minister Nouri al-Maliki. It also includes paramilitary groups heavily armed by Iran.
The latest unrest follows nine months of political stalemate, bickering and accusations that have stymied the formation of a government after Sadr emerged as the biggest winner in October’s parliamentary elections.
Sadr’s victory threatened to sideline the Iranian-linked Shia blocs that had dominated Iraqi politics for decades.
In what has been called a “tectonic shift” in Iraqi politics, Sadr in June asked his political bloc to resign from parliament after refusing to cooperate with opposing blocs. This move showed Sadr’s true strength: his ability to mobilize supporters in the streets in large numbers and with great force.
As part of a potentially escalating movement, the Coordination Framework on Sunday called on protesters to also take to the streets on Monday.
“Iraq’s political system is on the brink of irreparable collapse, and the country is heading towards a civil war between Sadr and his supporters of Iran,” said Ranj Alaaldin, a visiting fellow at the Foreign Policy Program at the Brookings Institution, a think tank in Washington.
While some experts say the current political stalemate is deeply rooted in Iran’s level of influence over its neighbor, others do not believe Iran is the driving force behind the conflict.
“I think the motives for this conflict are primarily internal rather than differences over Iran,” said Mohammed Shummari, chairman of the Sumeria Foundation in Baghdad.
“There is a transformation in Iraqi politics and the growing ambitions of various parties who want to consolidate power,” Shummari said, adding that allegations of ties to Iran have become a tool — mostly used by non-Iranian blocs — to discredit their rivals.
Although Sadr has positioned himself against both Iran and the United States for years, the popular cleric has not always been consistent with Tehran.
When protesters first broke into parliament on Wednesday, they denounced the candidacy of Mohammed Shia al-Sudani for prime minister, a figure nominated by the Coordination Framework and widely seen as an ally of the pro-Iranian Maliki.
But the real problems go far beyond al-Sudani’s candidacy, Al-Shammari says, adding that the discontent is primarily centered around what is perceived as attempts by Iran-linked Shiite blocs to isolate Sadr and exclude him from politics.
Sadr warned that if the demands of the protesters were not met, then he was not to blame for the ensuing chaos.
“The current revolution is Sadrist,” he wrote on Twitter. “If you miss this opportunity, don’t blame me.”
Despite efforts to reduce tensions, Alaaldeen believes it will be difficult to see Sadr retreat “unless he is given the government he originally wanted.”
“This remains the longest political stalemate [in Iraq] since 2003,” Al-Shammari said, adding that even if it were resolved, it was unlikely to be the last crisis the oil-rich country faced.
“The political system is facing a great paralysis,” he said, warning that “reaching the moment of collision will mean that this split has reached an unprecedented level.”
The first ship with Ukrainian corn is heading to Lebanon
Turkish Defense Minister Hulusi Akar said on Monday that the first grain ship to depart from the Black Sea port of Odessa since the early days of the war in Ukraine will deliver Ukrainian corn to Lebanon.
- Background: Speaking to Turkey’s state-run Anadolu news agency, Akar said the first ship under the UN-brokered export deal will anchor off the coast of Istanbul around 3:00 pm Istanbul time on Tuesday. Then the vessel will inspect the Joint Coordination Center, which oversees the export of Ukrainian grain. Akar added that it is carrying over 26,000 metric tons of corn. After screening, he will head to his final destination in Tripoli, Lebanon.
- Why is it important: Hit by the economic crisis, the deadly Beirut bombing in 2020 and the burden of the Covid-19 pandemic, Lebanon has seen a 46% increase in the number of people in dire need of support this year, according to the UN. Before the Russian invasion, Lebanon was more than half dependent on wheat imports from Ukraine.
Iran flood death toll rises
At least 69 people have died in floods and landslides that have damaged cities across Iran, the Iranian Red Crescent tweeted Friday.
- Background: At least 45 people are still unaccounted for in Tehran and three other provinces, according to Nejad Jahani, the Iranian Crisis Management Organization’s deputy. Jahani also said that about 20,000 houses were damaged during the recent flood. Iran has been fighting heavy rains, deadly floods and landslides for two weeks now. The Red Crescent said damage in the southern province of Fars was caused by flooding from a dam on the Rodbal River near the town of Estaban.
- Why is it important:BUT study A study on the effects of climate change in Iran found that periods of extreme wet and dry periods are becoming more frequent, and periods of extreme heat and more frequent flooding across the country are becoming longer. In 2019, more than 70 people died in Iran due to flooding after record rainfall.
Iran responds to EU offer to save nuclear deal
Iranian Deputy Foreign Minister Ali Bagheri Kani said Sunday that Tehran has responded to an EU proposal to step up the 2015 nuclear deal amid reports of Iran’s rapid progress in its nuclear program.
- Background: EU foreign policy chief Josep Borrell said last week that he had proposed a new draft text to revitalize the nuclear deal, officially known as the Joint Comprehensive Plan of Action (JCPOA). “We shared our proposed ideas, both in substance and in form, to pave the way for an early conclusion of the negotiations in Vienna, which were aimed at resolving the devastating complex situation caused by the unilateral and illegal withdrawal of the United States,” the message says. Kani said on Twitter. The minister did not give details about the ideas proposed by Iran.
- Why is it important: Iran is currently enriching uranium well above the 3.67% limit set by the nuclear deal. As talks continue to stall, Mohammed Eslami, head of the country’s atomic energy agency, on Monday echoed comments made by senior adviser to the supreme leader Kamal Kharrazi in July, saying: “As Mr. Kharrazi mentioned, Iran has the technical capability to build an atomic bomb. but such a program is not on the agenda.”
The clashes erupted after hundreds of demonstrators attempted to make their way to the Republican Palace – the office of the President of Sudan – but were met by police, who fired tear gas at the protesters in response.
The protests began after a CNN investigation based on numerous interviews with senior Sudanese and U.S. officials and arrays of documents examined by CNN painted a picture of a complex multi-year Russian scheme to extract Sudan’s wealth in an attempt to shore up Russia against Western sanctions becoming increasingly tough and supportive military actions of Moscow in Ukraine.
Evidence unearthed by CNN also suggests that Russia colluded with Sudan’s military leadership, allowing billions of dollars of gold to bypass the Sudanese state and deprive the impoverished nation of hundreds of millions of government revenues.
The investigation was widely disseminated in Sudan and caused a public outcry. Hours after the report was aired, messages began to circulate on WhatsApp and other social networks used by pro-democracy activists.
Nima Elbagir, CNN
What’s in trend
Four days before the second anniversary of the deadly Beirut bombing on August 4, the city’s port went viral on Lebanese social media for a different reason.
On Sunday, two wheat silos collapsed in the port. Buildings that survived the massive explosion in 2020 smoldered and burned for weeks, filling parts of the Lebanese capital with the smell of smoke.
The fire was caused by rising temperatures in the country.
According to state media, the collapsed part was the most fragile after the explosion and was supposed to fall.
This was confirmed by Ali Hamieh, Lebanese Minister of Public Works and Transport, who told Al Jadeed television that two bunkers had collapsed and other bunkers were expected to collapse as well.
The 2020 explosion killed more than 200 people and injured more than 6,500 people. Shockwaves rise above the city, overturning cars, shattering windows and causing some houses to collapse.
According to then Prime Minister Hassan Diab, the explosion was caused by 2,750 metric tons of ammonium nitrate, an explosive material stored in the port without preventive measures.
Lebanon’s economic woes have been no stranger to headlines, but the pace of their decline over the past two years has been exponential. The inflation rate in June was 210%, while the exchange rates fluctuated sharply from day to day.
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This report describes the typical weather at the Roseburg Regional Airport (Roseburg, Oregon, United States) weather station over the course of an average October. It is based on the historical records from 1990 to 2012. Earlier records are either unavailable or unreliable.
Roseburg, Oregon has a mediterranean climate with dry warm summers and mild winters. The area within 25 mi of this station is covered by forests (95%) and croplands (4%).
The month of October is characterized by very rapidly falling daily high temperatures, with daily highs decreasing from 74°F to 59°F over the course of the month, exceeding 85°F or dropping below 51°F only one day in ten.
Over the course of October, the length of the day is decreasing. From the start to the end of the month, the length of the day decreases by 1:24 hours, implying an average day-over-day decrease of 2.7 minutes.
The shortest day of the month is October 31 with 10:18 hours of daylight; the longest day is October 1 with 11:42 hours of daylight.
The earliest sunrise is at 7:11am on October 1; the latest sunset is at 6:54pm on October 1; the latest sunrise is at 7:48am on October 31; the earliest sunset is at 6:06pm on October 31.
Daylight savings time is observed in 2012 but it neither starts nor ends in October, so the entire month is in daylight time.
The median cloud cover ranges from 33% (mostly clear) to 76% (partly cloudy). The trend is for the sky to be becoming very rapidly cloudier with the median cloud cover increasing by 43% from the start to the end of the month.
On October 1, the clearest day of the month, the sky is clear, mostly clear, or partly cloudy 49% of the time, and overcast or mostly cloudy 32% of the time.
On October 31, the cloudiest day of the month, the sky is overcast, mostly cloudy, or partly cloudy 55% of the time, and clear or mostly clear 26% of the time.
The probability that precipitation will be observed at this location varies throughout the month. Precipitation is most likely around October 31, occurring in 48% of days. Precipitation is least likely around October 1, occurring in 25% of days.
Throughout October, the most common forms of precipitation are light rain and moderate rain.
Light rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 58% of those days with precipitation. It is most likely around October 31, when it is observed during 28% of all days.
Moderate rain is the most severe precipitation observed during 31% of those days with precipitation. It is most likely around October 30, when it is observed during 15% of all days.
Either snow is exceptionally unlikely to fall at this location in October or this station does not reliably report precipitation types.
The relative humidity typically ranges from 41% (comfortable) to 95% (very humid) over the course of a typical October, rarely dropping below 24% (dry) and reaching as high as 100% (very humid).
The air is driest around October 1, at which time the relative humidity drops below 50% (comfortable) three days out of four; it is most humid around October 31, rising above 93% (very humid) three days out of four.
Dew point is often a better measure of how comfortable a person will find the weather than relative humidity because it more directly relates to whether perspiration will evaporate from the skin, thereby cooling the body. Lower dew points feel drier and higher dew points feel more humid.
Over the course of a typical October, the dew point typically varies from 40°F (dry) to 52°F (very comfortable) and is rarely below 33°F (dry) or above 58°F (comfortable).
Over the course of October typical wind speeds vary from 0 mph to 9 mph (calm to gentle breeze), rarely exceeding 13 mph (moderate breeze).
The highest average wind speed of 3 mph (light air) occurs around October 1, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 9 mph (gentle breeze).
The lowest average wind speed of 2 mph (light air) occurs around October 31, at which time the average daily maximum wind speed is 7 mph (light breeze).
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Also note that Noam Chomskey was just awarded the Syndney Peace Price.
The Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism
By John Pilger
Information Clearing House
Thank you all for coming to the 12th annual award of the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism. Some would say there are too many awards for journalism that merely celebrate the status quo. The Martha Gellhorn Prize is very different. We believe it’s the most prestigious and sought-after award for journalism in Britain because it recognises that the best journalists are subversives – because the truth is so often subversive.
Let me quote in full why we give it: “This prize is in honour of one of the 20th century’s greatest reporters. It’s awarded to a journalist whose work has penetrated the established version of events and told an unpalatable truth. It’s validated by powerful facts that expose establishment propaganda, or ‘official drivel’, as Martha Gellhorn called it.”
Martha Gellhorn, an American who settled in Britain, is renowned as a war reporter. She was more than that. As both a reporter and humanitarian she was also a pioneer: one of the first in Vietnam to report what she called “a new kind of war against civilians”: a precursor to the wars of today.
She and I became good friends. All my fellow judges have that in common; we knew Martha and understood what she meant by “official drivel”.
Her phone calls were memorable. She would call me very early in the morning and open up the conversation with one of her favourite expressions – “I smell a rat”.
When George Bush senior invaded Panama in 1990, pursuing his uppity, former CIA buddy General Manuel Noriega as a pretext for controlling the Panam Canal, the media reports made little mention of civilian casualties. My phone rang. “I smell a rat,” said Martha.
The next day she was on a plane to Panama. She was then in her 80s. She went straight to the slums of Panama City, and walked from door to door, interviewing ordinary people. That was her way.
She estimated some 6,000 people dead from the American bombing that had accompanied Bush’s invasion. She then flew to Washington and stood up at a press conference and asked a general: “Why did you kill so many people then lie about it?”
Try to imagine the BBC asking that. That is what we are honouring today. Truth-telling, and guts.
This year is different from previous years. It has been a momentous year in journalism that has forced us to modify the rules, such as each submitted article running to at least 1500 words. For the first time, we have gone to the internet and searched for work you are unlikely to read in a newspaper. The choice was amazing. For this reason we are giving a Martha Gellhorn Special Award.
There are the three finalists for the Special Award. They are Umar Cheema, who writes for the website The News International in Pakistan. His work exposing official corruption is simply astonishing. Let me give you a flavour. Here is the first paragraph to one of his pieces:
ISLAMABAD: An officer convicted by the National Accountability Bureau (NAB) of financial and economic crimes for 14 years has been appointed head of the Federal Investigation Agency’s (FIA) Economic Crime Wing (ECW) by the PPP government after his crime record was concealed during the promotion process [because] he is a friend of President Asif Ali Zardari.
Imagine writing that in Pakistan, a country in turmoil. Umar Cheema has been harassed and tortured. On Tuesday, the body of another courageous Pakistani journalist Saleem Shahzad was found, murdered. Umar was due to fly to London to be with us today, but the British High Commission in Pakistan refused to expedite his visa within 12 days of his application – knowing that we wanted to honour him. A disgrace.
The second finalist for the Special Award is Charles Clover of the Financial Times. What impressed us was his powerful investigation into far-right gangs in Russia and their links to the government. This was brave, tenacious and meticulous work. The third Special Award finalist is Jonathan Cook, who is based in Nazareth. I have been reading Honathan’s work on the internet for years. On Palestine and Israel, I can think of no more reliable source. His de-coding of propaganda and analysis is so good, so consistent, it is always bracing.
Jonathan Cook and Charles Charles Clover, together with Umar Cheema, are the winners. It was impossible to choose. Each of you receives a cheque for £2000.
I mentioned that this was a momentous year for journalism. A revolution is taking place: a revolution in information that threatens old power orders, in politics and journalism. WikiLeaks is at the forefront of this revolution.
When he founded WikiLeaks in 2006, Julian Assange wrote, “The goal is justice, the method is transparency.” This moral dimension of truth-telling and justice has been largely ignored, and WikiLeaks has been portrayed as a phenomenon of the hi-tech age, which it is. But it is much more. It reveals what our politicians say in private, and how they lie in public. It tells us how wars begin and how innocent men, women and children are killed and maimed in faraway places, in our name.
This information is precious for it not only informs; it empowers people rising up in countries such as Egypt and Tunisia and Palestine.
In 2008, when he was running for president, Barack Obama, said: “Government whistleblowers are part of a healthy democracy and must be protected from reprisal.” As president, Obama has pursued and prosecuted more whistleblowers than any other US president. Bradley Manning for one.
And this prize-giving occasion pays tribute to the heroism of that young man.
Julian Assange is an editor, publisher and journalist in the oldest and finest tradition of our craft. He is brave. He is a true agent of people; and I should say that those who dismiss him a hacker merely betray themselves as hacks.
WikiLeaks has given the public more scoops and more truth than most journalists could imagine: certainly more than those who police the perimeters of the mainstream media, who indulge in a censorship by omission and who understandably feel threatened by Assange and WikiLeaks, whose independence and achievements stand in vivid contrast to their own.
In March 2008, a Pentagon secret document made clear its plans to destroy trust in WikiLeaks. Criminalising and smear would be the methods. One of the ways of fabricating a charge against Julian Assange in Washington is to somehow prove he is not a journalist and is therefore not protected by the First Amendment. We judges were unanimous. The award of the Martha Gellhorn Prize for Journalism repudiates that slur; above all, it honours a remarkable recipient.
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Organisational learning: an exploration of learning strategy practices in Malaysia
Arshad, Mohd Anuar (2008) Organisational learning: an exploration of learning strategy practices in Malaysia. PhD thesis, Murdoch University.
This study explores the Malaysian understanding and definition of the concept and terminology of organisational learning (OL) as well as the learning strategies and practices Malaysian organisations use to implement learning. As part of Malaysia's Vision 2020, the government has made a substantial and public commitment to promoting organisational learning to assist industry move to a first world economy status. A number of authors have defined organisational learning as a process of knowledge acquisition that involves continuous change to create, acquire, and transfer knowledge (Garvin 1993; Miller 1996; Williams 2001). The objective is to explore if this conceptualisation has been accepted and implemented within Malaysia and if not, where opportunities exist to improve both the understanding and practice of Organisational Learning.
The study explores the understanding of OL and the learning strategies practiced by Malaysian organisations. In-depth interviews were conducted among human resources managers, executives, professors and lecturers from the manufacturing, health, government and academic sectors in Malaysia. The information gathered was analysed using Nudist (v6) software to interrogate and explore similarities and differences in responses within and across the sectors. Trends emerging from the data were drawn together to present a picture of what happens in practice and to identify opportunities to improve and better manage the implementation of organisational learning and knowledge management strategies.
The results suggest Malaysian industry representatives were, in general, able to define OL as a concept, however there was variable evidence that it is being implemented effectively in organisations. The manufacturing respondents had a higher level of understanding of OL than other industries. In practice, learning strategies also vary; health organisations emphasize seminars and conferences, the manufacturing sector emphasizes experiential learning, government departments focus more on attachment and exposure, whereas academic respondents were more reliant on self-learning. Overall, the most popular learning strategy is structured training and development programs, which suggests more needs to be done to inculcate learning strategies within the various industries. Those industries with stronger implementation patterns favoured a specialist department to provide a hub for handling knowledge and skills acquisition, for both internal and external learning sources. In contrast, the understanding of knowledge management was much lower, and indeed, the term was unfamiliar to some respondents.
These findings may be limited due to the small size of the sample and the findings being from a management perspective. Nonetheless, given the government's strong commitment to organisational learning and the current lack of empirical industry studies within Malaysia, this study serves as a benchmark. It does identify that the uptake of OL is still relatively limited and more needs to be achieved to promote a greater understanding of OL if it is to be successfully implemented in Malaysia.
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We are hoping to get our buddies, the Common Ravens (will they try to nest there again?), plus raptors, winter waterfowl, a Great Blue Heron or two, two kinds of cormorants, and other various assorted sundries that we might see along the Hackensack River or above the marshes.
We might even throw in a little history about this amazing place.
Brought to you by the nice folks at the Bergen County Audubon Society and the Meadowlands Commission.
Full listing follows.
Roy, a frequent contributor to this blog, is one of the photographers you'll see on Disposal Road, manning a Hubble Telescope of a lens.
Roy was also the one photography-first participants in the Meadowlands 2012 Big Year competition, and he not only saw more than 100 birds but he photographed roughly half of them as well.
You can see Roy's Meadowlands Big Year photos here.
Two more of Roy's photos, with his descriptions, follow.
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Lava continues to flow from Mauna Loa just outside the boundaries of Hawai'i Volcanoes National Park, a few miles east of Pu'u 'O'o.
From 5:00pm until 8:00pm, visitors can drive over a lava covered highway, to a section of roadway that is still clear to park. Everyone must back into your parking spot, incase a quick getaway is in order - no joke. You then make the 15 minute hike over an old flow, to a roped off viewing area to see lava pour into the ocean at night.
The viewing area is roped off for your own safety. In November of 2005, 35 acres of shoreline (the 'lava bench') collapsed into the ocean. About 10 years before that, a similar collapse occurred. It is wise to stay within the roped off area.
It's quite a spectacular experience, but be aware that your hike back will be in complete darkness, over very sharp, hardened black lava. The park rangers organising the viewing say people get hurt every single night, without fail. Be prepared with your flashlight, decent hiking shoes, water and some common sense. It's a spectacular sight.
If you are exceptionally brave, you can take a 'lava boat' ride, which brings you within a few hundred feet of the hot lava flowing into the ocean. Note the 'lava boat' in the bottom left of this picture.
We opted for the hike.
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Dec 22, 2018 · Fault finding logic in this case would be to follow boilers sequence to try to establish at which stage boiler fails when it does go into the 'flame failure' Sequence of Main 24HE is as follows: call for heat from thermostat or call for hot water; fan starts; air pressure switch makes contact and send singal that fan is OK to PCB
Boilermaker Career. Boilermakers play an important role in our society. According to National Scarce Skills List, Boilermakers are listed as one of the top skills shortage in South Africa. They are in critical demand manufacturing industries.
May 07, 2021 · The Boiler Room; Welcome to BuffyForums! We're glad you found us. If you've an interest in discussing Buffy, Angel, the Whedonverse or other shows and media, in fanart or fanfiction then you are definitely in the right place. Feel free to click on the Forums link and browse around.
with a boiler at the back, this solitary Moose works completely independently. Foamer Jack can be placed wherever you like but his favourite spot is next to your rinser. Best way to start (any) quality foaming is always with a cool & clean jug. All you need to get Jack hooked up is a power source and water supply for fresh filtered water.
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Sep 22, 2008 · THANKS TO THE efforts of Local 614 members (Groton, Conn.) the U.S. Navy christened its newest Virginia-class nuclear-powered attack submarine, the New Hampshire, on June 21, a date that coincided with the 220th anniversary of New Hampshire's statehood. The fifth Virginia class to be built, she was completed months ahead of schedule at General …
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Nov 04, 2016 · Page 2 of 2 < Prev 1 2. NY_Rob In the Trades. Joined: Feb 23, 2016 Location: Boost continues until the boiler reaches the maximum supply temperature set point (6:cH) based on the outdoor reset curve. The boiler will Thanks Dana for your advice I think you're right having the proper hydronic design is best and then work from there.
Boiler House Bldg #2 Keeler 09/21/2020 Kelley Walls, Cert of Comp# 3178 21204 409 Public Service Company of Oklahoma - Comanche Power Station 6601 SE 60th Unit 2 Deltak 4508 17209 PSO Southwest Generating Station PSO Rd 1 73094 Caddo Unit 1 South Babcock 1951 4580 232 Crude Unit Del-tak 79745 13352
Boiler service. £70. Our costs are ballpark averages – get a local tradesperson to quote now. Many common boiler issues can be repaired, saving on the cost of a new boiler. However, every boiler repair will be different due to a wide range of factors affecting the price. Usually, the amount you pay will fall into the range £100 – £500.
View Amit Kumar's profile on LinkedIn, the world's largest professional community. Amit has 2 jobs listed on their profile. See the complete profile on LinkedIn and discover Amit's connections and jobs at similar companies.
Hispaania: sirvige veebilehel Europages, rahvusvahelisel B2B kontaktide hankimise platvormil, 11 potentsiaalset teenuseosutajat tööstuses gas boilers
HKB boiler solutions | 1.185 Follower auf LinkedIn The next generation steamboilers! | HKB boiler solutions provides tailor-made solutions worldwide for the production of steam and hot water. To clients all over the world, this company supplies tailor-made projects that stand out thanks to their excellent quality and optimum performance. The unique location of our business by the Maas …
For more information on D type watertube boilers, or to discuss your specific steam plant needs, contact the experts at Industrial Boiler & Mechanical. We provide everything you need including watertube boiler and auxiliary equipment sales, installation and startup, field service and repair, spare parts and more. Call (855) 753-BOILER today.
termoelectric. 150l. hajdu. 1 serpentina. rezistenta. electrica. Fără opinii Spune-ţi opinia. Descriere. Prepararea apei calde de consum la boilerul HAJDU IDE…F se realizează în mod indirect de către o centrală termică sau cazan pe …
It is recommended that all biomass boilers be checked annually by a qualified technician. The technician will: Undertake a full internal clean and inspection. Replace all worn components (grates etc.) Lubricate any applicable moving components. For appliances that automatically clean the flue a small compressor is installed with jets of air
The PurePro® line includes more than 1,000 products, parts, supplies, and accessories. When you choose PurePro for your residential and commercial projects, you can rest assured. Each product that bears the F.W. Webb PurePro private label is an unbeatable combination of quality, value, function, and warranty. From TRIO and Advantage boilers to
Piazzetta. Marble Processing. Air monoblocks . Thermo Pellet Fireplace Air Thermowood / Air Barbecue . Barbecue with Oven Customized barbecue Electric Barbecue Gas Barbecue Wood barbecue Pellet Boilers . Pellet Thermo Boiler Stoves . Pellet Stoves Wood Stoves Tables . …
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The Shinto religion is as old as the Japanese people. It has neither a founder nor sacred scriptures. Adherents believe that the world is created, inhabited, and ruled by kami, varied spirits running the gamut from those that reside in trees, rocks, oceans, and entire mountain ranges to spirits that act as guardians to various trades such as fisherman, laborers, or entire villages.
There’s no real way to describe kami other than the emotions it evokes: wonder, fear, and awe. Buddhists regard the kami as a manifestation of various Buddhas, but the Shintos believe that the Buddha is another kami or nature deity.
Shinto is one of two religions practiced by the Japanese people, the other being Buddhism. The two faiths have not always seen eye to eye on doctrine, but the differences haven’t altered their peaceful coexistence.
Shinto was affected by the influx into Japan of Confucianism and Buddhism in the sixth century. Unlike the migration of other religions to foreign locations, this one did not cause conflict and disruption, at least for some years. Instead, both arrivals melded into the culture and a cross-fertilization of religious and cultural influences took place.
During the first century of Buddhism in Japan, it had a great influence on the arts, literature, and sciences and was the dominant religion of the upper classes. Buddhism evolved and merged with many aspects of Shintoism to incorporate the worship of kami. Buddhist priests then began to run many Shinto shrines and Shinto priests were demoted to the lower steps of the hierarchy ladder.
From earliest recorded times until the later part of the nineteenth century, Shinto and Buddhism coexisted without incident. The intermingling of Buddhism and Shinto even extended to sharing some rituals. For instance, Buddhists supervised the preaching and conducting of funeral services; Shinto priests oversaw the birth and marriage rituals. This didn’t last forever, of course; eventually the Shinto priests wanted to establish and preserve their own identity. As a result, the Shinto priests began to assert their own ancient traditions in contrast to the foreign, more sophisticated Buddhist practices.
In 1868, things changed when the Emperor Meiji ascended to the throne. The Emperor used Japan’s myths — linking the sun goddess to the emperor — to promote being worshiped as a living god. He then put Shinto shrines and priests under governmental control; State Shinto became the national religion. Then the discord started. Buddhist estates were seized, temples were closed, and Buddhist priests were persecuted.
Interestingly, Shinto could not coexist with Catholicism that arrived in the form of European missionaries. Initially, the guests were welcomed. However, the influx of more missionaries and their message proclaiming loyalty to a pope in faraway Rome began to anger the Shinto. In 1587, Christian missionaries were banned from Japan. For the next fifty years, many initiatives were enacted to abolish Christianity from the islands of Japan.
The state was divided into two: Shrine Shinto (Jinja Shinto) and Sectarian Shinto (Kyoha). Jinja was the larger group of the two and was the original form of the religion. A third sect called Folk Shinto (Minkoku) also developed; it was not an organized sect and was centered in agricultural and rural families. Shinto has had a proclivity to form subsects; altogether, there are more than 600 of them. However, when State Shinto evolved it promulgated nationalistic and racist overtones. In State Shinto, priests became civil servants. Many of them opposed the regime, but to no avail; State Shinto became mandatory throughout Japan.
State Shinto played a very significant role in Japanese society during its involvement in the Second World War. It wasn’t until the defeat of Japan that it was officially discredited and banned by decree of the Allied occupation forces. Nevertheless, many Shinto followers apparently still held that the emperor was divine and a direct descendent of the sun goddess Amaterasu.
After the Second World War, Shinto was completely separated from the state and returned to being a nature-based, community-oriented faith. The shrines no longer belonged to the state, but to the Association of Shinto Shrines.
Shinto is very deeply rooted in the Japanese culture and traditions. It is an optimistic faith, believing all humans are fundamentally good and evil is caused by evil spirits. Its rituals are directedtoward avoiding evil spirits through rites of purification, offerings, and prayers. Shinto lacks a fully developed theology; it has no concepts that compare to Christian or other beliefs concerning the wrath of God or the dogma of separation from God due to sin. All humanity is regarded as kami’s child, so all life and human nature is sacred.
The absolute essence of Shinto philosophy is loyalty. It is of greater importance for a follower of Shinto to demonstrate loyalty than to do good deeds for others. A follower is absolutely loyal to the family, his superiors, his job, and so on. That doesn’t mean that Shinto followers don’t think about others. On the contrary, they would see the philosophy of loyalty as being the ultimate thought for others. So strong is the concept of loyalty that a person who commits harakiri (suicide by cutting one’s own stomach) does so to prove loyalty after having failed to meet the Shinto code of conduct.
The sun goddess Amaterasu is the closest that Shinto comes to having a deity. Her name means literally, “that which illuminates heaven.”
Traditions are preserved through the family. A love of nature is sacred; close contact with nature is equated to close contact with the gods. Natural objects are worshiped as sacred spirits; for instance, rocks, birds, beasts, fish, and plants can all be treated as kami. Physical cleanliness is paramount, which is why followers of Shinto frequently take baths, wash their hands, and rinse out their mouths.
There are three Shinto sects — Shrine Shinto, Sectarian Shinto, and Folk or Popular Shinto. Shrine Shinto revolves around the more than 100,000 shrines throughout Japan. Sectarian Shinto has five subsects: Pure, Confucian, Mountain, Purification, and Redemptive. The Purification Shinto performs rites of purification to purify the soul, mind, and body from evil. All the sects are concerned with the environment and the cleansing of pollution. Pure Shinto fosters nationalism and is opposed to foreign influences. Loyalty to the state is a central element. Confucian Shinto follows the ethics of Confucianism. Redemptive or Faith-Healing Shinto believes in a divine source such as the sun goddess.
Folk Shinto, the most diverse form of Shinto, involves superstition, the occult, and ancestor worship. Thousands of deities are part of Folk Shinto and many adherents have rituals that are centered on the kami-dana (kami shelf), a small shrine used for daily worship. Memorial tablets made from wood or paper are inscribed with the names of an ancestor. At special lifecycle events such as births, marriages, and anniversaries, candles are lit and the head of the family offers food and flowers to the deities.
Parishioners of a shrine believe in their kami as the source of life and existence. All the deities cooperate with each other. To live a life in accordance with the will of a kami is gives mystical power to the recipient and provides power and the approval of the particular kami.
In some shrines, statues of the kami are present, but images are not commonly found. The foremost Shinto shrine in Japan is the grand shrine of Ise, Amaterasu’s chief place of worship. The most common representation of the kami in a shrine is a mirror, which is what Amaterasu left behind to represent her presence.
Worship and Practices
Shinto does not have a schedule of regular religious services. Followers decide when they wish to attend a shrine. Some may decide to go when there is a festival, of which there are many, or on the firstand fifteenth of each month. Of course, some Shinto go every day.
A devotee attending a shrine follows a ritual. First, she must cleanse the mouth and hands (purity is a vital part of Shintoism). If a person has been in contact with blood — for instance, a menstruating woman — she is forbidden to enter. When a person enters the shrine area, she passes through a tori (bird), a special gateway to the gods that demarcates the finite world from the infinite world of the gods. Once inside the shrine, worshipers can buy a prayer board. Some have prayers printed on them or a depiction of an animal. Adherents believe that animals are messengers of the gods.
Once she approaches the shrine, the worshiper claps her hands together to let the kami know of her presence, then makes an offering of money, which is put into a box in front of the shrine. It is appropriate to bow twice deeply, clap the hands twice, bow deeply once more, and pray. When a priest is present in the shrine, he will bang a drum to alert the kami of his presence. In a purification ceremony, the priest will deliver prayers and then pass a purification stick over the head of the worshiper to draw out all the impurities.
Japan has over 80,000 Shinto shrines. Some, particularly in outlying districts, are tiny; others, elaborate and large. The small shrines seldom have a priest; the local people look after the shrine, opening the shrine doors at dawn and closing them at dusk.
Rituals and Customs
Shinto priests perform the rituals and are usually supported by young ladies (miko) in white kimonos. The young ladies must be unmarried; often they are daughters of priests. There are also a few female priests.
A newborn child is taken to a shrine to be initiated as a new adherent somewhere between thirty and 100 days after the birth. When boys are five years old and girls three years and seven years of age, they go to the shrine to give thanks for kami’s protection and pray for healthy growth. This is done at the Shichi-go-san (Seven-Five-Three) festival on November 15. Another festival for young men to commemorate their twentieth year is celebrated on January 15.
Japanese festivals are designed to express pride and patriotism. The New Year festival requires much preparation. Houses are cleansed of evil influences and the kami-dana is provided with new tablets,flowers, and other items. Special foods are prepared, and houses are decorated with flowers, straw, paper, pine branches, and bamboo sticks.
A Girl’s Festival is held each March 3; it is intended to honor family and national life. The Boy’s Festival is held each May 5 and is meant for families to announce to the community their good fortune in having male children.
A festival of the dead called Bon is held in the middle of the year in which souls of dead relatives return home to be fed by their families. At the conclusion of the feast, farewell fires light the way for the relatives on their journey home. As the majority of Japanese are both Shinto and Buddhist, they have their funerals in the Buddhist manner. Only those who adhere exclusively to Shinto will follow the Shinto ceremony and services.
The most famous Japanese festival is the ancient Cherry Blossom Festival, held in early spring. Obviously, it is the celebration of the cherry blossom trees, which can frequently be seen on the grounds of shrines or on holy mountains. This festival is another example of the Shinto reverence for nature.
New Year’s Day is the largest festival. It draws millions to shrines all over the country. There will be much praying and asking for blessings of the kami, and the celebration will mark the beginning of an auspicious new year.
There are no holy writings in Shinto, but they do possess some 800 myths, some of which have been enshrined. Shinto literature tends to be based on the interpretation of mythology. Two major texts formthe basis of the Shinto sacred literature: the Kojiki (Records of Ancient Matters) and the Nihon (Chronicles of Japan), written in 712 and 720 respectively. These derive from oral traditions and were passed on and compiled. Apparently, because of the lack of a Japanese alphabet at that time, they were written in Chinese characters to represent Japanese sounds.
Of all the myths’ subjects, the most famous and important one is about the sun goddess Amaterasu Omikami (Great Divinity Illuminating Heaven). One myth states that she was born from the god Izanagi when he used water to purify his left eye after a visit to the nether world. Another says she was born after intercourse between Izanagi and Izanami (Nihon Shoki 720 C.E.). She was the sun goddess and assigned to rule the High Celestial Plain. Later, she sent her grandson, Ninigi no Mikoto, to pacify the Japanese islands, having given him a sacred mirror, sword, and jewels that became the Imperial Regalia. Her great-grandson became the first Emperor Jimmu.
The Kojiki contains myths, legends, and historical information on the imperial court. The entire writings were re-evaluated by Moto-ori-Nori-naga, who wrote the complete Annotation of the Kojiki in forty-nine volumes.
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The Council of Graduate Schools’ (CGS) mission is to improve and advance graduate education in order to ensure the vitality of intellectual discovery.
The Conference’s purpose is to consider topics relating to graduate study and research which are of mutual interest and concern to the member institutions.
The Council of Historically Black Graduate Schools assists member organizations in increasing enrollment, retention, and graduation of African-American students in graduate programs and to prepare them to become future faculty and leaders.
The National Black Graduate Student Association, Inc. (NBGSA) is a non-profit, interdisciplinary, and student-run organization dedicated to improving the status of Blacks in higher education by systematically identifying and addressing their needs and concerns.
NAGPS has a threefold mission for the graduate and professional student community in the United States of America: (1) develop and sustain a member network to connect graduate and professional students and their associations, (2) provide resources and support to empower members, and (3) advocate at local and national levels on their behalf.
The National Postdoctoral Association (NPA) is a member-driven organization that provides a unique, national voice for postdoctoral scholars.
The mission of the Southern Association of Colleges and Schools is the Improvement of Education in the South Through Accreditation.
The NATIONAL ACADEMIC ADVISING ASSOCIATION (NACADA), promotes and supports quality academic advising in institutions of higher education to enhance the educational development of students.
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Industrial Technology Years 7–10 Syllabus
7.1Organisation of Content
Industrial Technology Years 7–10 is an elective course that builds on the knowledge, skills and experiences developed in the Technology (Mandatory) Years 7–8 Syllabus.
The major emphasis of the Industrial Technology Years 7–10 Syllabus is on students being actively involved in the planning, development and construction of quality practical projects. Students should be provided with a range of theoretical and practical experiences to develop knowledge and skills in a selected focus area.
A project report is required for each practical project completed and will form part of the overall assessment of each module.
Focus areas and modules
This syllabus covers a number of focus areas in the field of technology: Automotive, Building and Construction, Ceramics, Electronics, Engineering, Farm Maintenance, Leather, Metal, Multimedia/Photography, Polymers, and Timber.
Each focus area is divided into two compulsory core modules (50 hours each) that lead to a range of optional specialised modules to be studied for not less than 50 hours each. The core modules of each focus area include the design, production and evaluation of practical projects that develop basic understanding and skills. These are further enhanced through the specialised modules.
Individual modules (core and specialised) provide specific content related to the focus areas which will be developed in the key areas of:
Occupational Health and Safety (OHS)
Materials, Tools and Techniques
Links to Industry
Societal and Environmental Impact.
Modules are structured in a sequential manner, with the knowledge and skills developed in one module applied and enhanced through subsequent modules within the focus area. Schools may deliver consecutive modules concurrently to maximise the use of resources.
For each module, additional content is provided that will enable students to explore focus areas to a greater depth and breadth. Additional content is designed to deepen and broaden students’ knowledge and skills in both practical and theoretical contexts.
Syllabus content is to be delivered in accordance with all policies and guidelines relating to the safe handling, use, storage and disposal of tools, equipment, materials and chemicals.
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Fire hydrants out of service throughout Middlesboro
Published 2:32 pm Wednesday, November 27, 2019
If you travel throughout the city of Middlesboro, you may have noticed a few of the fire hydrants covered with orange bags. Middlesboro Fire Chief Robert England explained that there is no need to be concerned about these hydrants, and the bags are to let the fire department know which ones are operational and which ones are not.
“The fire hydrants that are currently covered in the city with the orange bags is to let us know…that they are out of service,” England said. “The reason that they are out of service can be one problem or another, from construction to the water flow to the hydrants.”
The water company is aware that the hydrants that are covered with the orange bags are out of service.
“The goal of the water company is to get those hydrants back in service as soon as possible, whether that be with man power or service parts,” he said. “The city does not own the water infrastructure. It’s the water service corporation and that is in its entirety, from the filtration plant down to the distribution plants to the water lines. It all belongs to Water Service Corporations of Kentucky.”
According to England, speaking strictly from the fire service side of the hydrants, hydrants have been strategically placed in areas depending on the fire load, variance, the type of buildings and the specific need for it.
“Anytime you have the commercial type and downtown areas, those are the hydrants to pay attention to because one connects to the next building to the next building,” he continued to explain. “Each one of our trucks only carries so much supply line that doesn’t come from a hydrant, so we like to keep a hydrant at 800 feet.”
He said that they can stretch out further than that, but it gives them a reasonable amount of time to establish a water source.
“Our trucks carry 1,000 gallons of water source and that may sound like a lot, but if you do the math we drain the tank fairly quickly,” England said.
England encourages the community to contact the water company to encourage them to fix the hydrants.
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Tetuán sentence example
Within the houses the ceilings are often exquisitely carved and painted in Mauresque designs, such as are found in the Alhambra, and the tile-work for which Tetuan is known may be seen on floors, pillars and dados.
The harbour of Tetuan is obstructed by a bar, over which only small vessels can pass, and the roadstead, sheltered to the N., N.W.
The present town of Tetuan dates from 1492, when the Andalusian Moors first reared the walls and then filled the enclosure with houses.
A Moorish custom-house is placed on the Spanish border beyond the fort of Santa Isabel, and is the only authorized centre of trade on the Riff coast between Tetuan and the Algerian frontier.
In 1860, it should be mentioned, he was present with the Spanish troops in Morocco, and took part in the battle of Tetuan.Advertisement
In point of cleanliness Tetuan compares favourably with most Moorish towns.
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|"Well, I think we should put it back in order for them, don't you?"|
Throughout his life, Harry has had many relationships with a variety of people. Because of his upbringing, he had few connections in his early years, the only people he truly interacted with being the abusive Dursleys. With his introduction to the wizarding world, this changed and he built connections with many of the residents of the magical community, both good and bad. His strongest relationships are with: Hedwig, his parents, his children, Hermione Granger, the Weasley family, Sirius Black, Albus Dumbledore, Rubeus Hagrid, Remus Lupin and Teddy Lupin.
- "No... NO! Hedwig... Hedwig..."
- —Harry moments after Hedwig's death[src]
Hedwig was the Snowy owl Hagrid bought Harry for his eleventh birthday, from Eeylops Owl Emporium in Diagon Alley. Hedwig was often Harry's only companion during the lonely holidays he spent with the Dursleys, and the bond that developed between them was a close one. Hedwig was usually very affectionate with Harry, which she showed by gently nibbling his ear or fingers. However, she was not above snubbing him out of jealousy or nipping him a bit harder than usual on the rare occasions he snapped at her.
Hedwig was also highly intelligent; she understood perfectly when Harry asked her to peck Ron and Hermione until they responded to him, and even flew, completely of her own accord, to where Hermione was on holiday in France, to ensure that Harry received a gift for his thirteenth birthday. In 1997, Harry was completely grief-stricken after Hedwig was struck by a Killing Curse during the Battle of the Seven Potters.
- "Harry, you are so loved. Mama loves you. Dada loves you."
- —Lily Potter's final words of support[src]
James and Lily Potter died when their son was only a year old. Harry barely knew them, but nevertheless regarded them with great reverence. He fiercely defended their memory if anyone spoke ill of them. In 1995 he punched Draco Malfoy for insulting his mother and he frequently became furious with Professor Snape, who taunted Harry that James was not the great man others made him out to be. Snape was, to Harry's horror proven right in the spring of 1996. Harry accidentally witnessed James bully Snape using the Levicorpus spell in one of Snape's memories, with Dumbledore's Pensieve. However, Harry was relieved to know that his mother was a fair and kind person, who neither participated in nor tolerated bullying and would stand up for those in need. Remus Lupin and Sirius Black later assured him that James had changed his ways, eventually becoming mature enough to win Lily over.
- "Lily's smile was widest of all. She pushed her long hair back as she drew closer to him, and her green eyes, so like his, searched his face hungrily, as though she would never be able to look at him enough."
- —Description of Lily's spirit upon seeing Harry[src]
The few times he ever saw his parents were through pictures given to him by Rubeus Hagrid, a vision within the Mirror of Erised, spectral forms which came out of Voldemort's wand during Priori Incantatem, stored memories within the Pensieve, and as lifeless corpses in a flashback that was triggered when he saw his now-ruined parents' house. The last known time he saw them where when he "summoned" them during the Battle of Hogwarts by using the Resurrection Stone. Both James' and Lily's spirits had "loving smiles on their faces" and told their son that they were tremendously proud of him, for being so brave and strong despite all the suffering and pain that he had been forced to endure, and gave him the support he needed to sacrifice himself to Voldemort. Harry described their presence as his courage, the very reason why he was able to keep putting one foot in front of the other, with his mother smiling at him, and his father nodding encouragement.
Albus Dumbledore maintained that Harry's greatest strength was his love for his parents and the love they had for him, and in part, this literally translated to the protection afforded to Harry by his mother's sacrifice. Harry eventually named two of his children after his parents, a gesture that clearly stated that he would always keep the memory of his parents alive and honoured. It is seen that both his parents call him a name of affection, as James calls Harry "son" and Lily calls him "sweetheart", it is very possible that they had a nickname for Harry when he was a baby.
After Lily and James Potter were murdered by Lord Voldemort, Harry was taken in by his maternal aunt, Petunia Dursley. Petunia had not been fond of her late sister, jealously and bitterly regarding her as a "freak" for her magical abilities. She took out her resentment on Harry, treating him poorly and depriving him of affection. When Harry was finally told about his wizarding background, Petunia admitted she had always feared he would turn out "like his parents". Though after years of neglect, Harry did not particularly care for his aunt either, he was concerned enough for the Dursleys to push them to go into hiding during the height of the Second Wizarding War. Just before departing, Petunia gave her nephew an odd, tremulous look, and seemed to want to say something more to him than goodbye, but ultimately just shook her head and left. She had wanted to wish him luck, and admit that her loathing of him and his world was born out of jealousy, but years of pretending that "normal" was best had hardened her too much.
During the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry was browsing through the repressed memories of Severus Snape that were given to him after the latter's death at the fangs of Nagini and explained Snape's true loyalties. In addition, Harry viewed many memories of Petunia as a child, and discovered the real reasons for her deplorable treatment of him: Petunia, as a child, was jealous of her sister for her magical abilities, and had written to Albus Dumbledore to accept her into Hogwarts so that she could learn magic herself. When this request was denied, Petunia responded by furiously rejecting the wizarding world in general and her sister in particular. However, Harry was more concerned with uncovering Snape's loyalties at the time. It is unknown if he ever revealed this information to anyone after the War.
- Dudley Dursley : "I don’t think you’re a waste of space."
- Harry: "Well... er... thanks, Dudley."
- Dudley Dursley : "You saved my life."
- — Harry’s farewell to Dudley[src]
Harry and his cousin Dudley did not get along very well for most of their early lives. While Vernon and Petunia treated Harry poorly, they spoiled Dudley to the extreme. Dudley constantly bullied his much smaller cousin throughout their childhood, but did his best not to provoke him after he found out that Harry was a wizard, though the two still got into an occasional argument and trading of insults.
This changed after Harry saved Dudley from a pair of Dementors that attacked them during the summer of 1995. When the Order of the Phoenix placed the Dursleys into hiding to keep them safe during the height of the Second Wizarding War, Dudley was the only member of the family to express concern for Harry's safety, asking his parents why Harry was not accompanying them and where he would go, if not with them. He also expressed remorse for his prior treatment of Harry, and the two shook hands before the Dursleys left.
The cousins eventually reconciled as adults, remaining on "Christmas card terms" and visiting each other occasionally. At these times, Harry's three children and Dudley's children would all play together while their fathers would sit together quietly.
- "Well, I've got news for you, boy... I'm locking you up... you're never going back to that school... never... and if you try and magic yourself out — they'll expel you"
- —Vernon meanly taunting Harry[src]
Vernon Dursley became Harry's uncle through Vernon's marriage to Harry's Aunt Petunia. Harry lived with the Dursleys after Albus Dumbledore appealed to Petunia and convinced her to take Harry in following the death of the Potters. Vernon seemed to resent this fact as much as, if not more than, his wife; he and Petunia begrudged Harry all but the meanest comforts, even forcing their nephew to sleep in a cupboard under the stairs until shortly before Harry's eleventh birthday. After Harry discovered his magical abilities, Vernon tended to take offence whenever Harry used words related or pertaining to magic in the house. Vernon rarely referred to Harry by name, instead referring to his nephew by pronouns or "[The] boy". Vernon seemed to take particular pleasure in showing Harry all he was missing, while simultaneously spoiling and indulging Harry's cousin, Dudley.
In 1995, when Harry and Dudley were attacked by Dementors, Vernon demanded that Harry leave, thinking it the only way to protect his family from Lord Voldemort, though Petunia disagreed after receiving a Howler from Dumbledore. In 1997, Harry and the Dursleys parted ways, thus ending the protection placed on Harry by his mother's sacrifice for as long he had a "home" with his blood relatives, or until he came of age. Vernon, Petunia, and Dudley were hidden by the Order of the Phoenix, to be protected from the Death Eaters, while Harry was transported to the Burrow prior to searching for Voldemort's Horcruxes. Vernon almost shook Harry's hand, but changed his mind and left the house quickly. It is unknown if the two ever met again.
- "I won't have this namby-pamby, wishy-washy nonsense about not hitting people who deserve it. A good thrashing is what's needed in ninety-nine cases out of a hundred. Have you been beaten often?"
- —"Aunt" Marge's extreme dislike of Harry[src]
Marge Dursley was Vernon's sister, whom Harry was forced to call "Aunt Marge" despite only being indirectly related to her, and despite the fact that Marge, in fact, hated Harry. She seemed to resent Harry's parents for having "left Harry to be a burden on their decent, hard working relatives", and called his mother the "bad egg" of Petunia's family, while assuming his father was a "good-for-nothing, lazy scrounger" after Vernon told her James had been unemployed.
She spoiled Dudley, giving him gifts and money, while she gave Harry dog biscuits, and was overjoyed to think he was being regularly beaten at St Brutus's Secure Centre for Incurably Criminal Boys. In 1993, Harry lost control of his magic, and inflated Marge like a balloon after she insinuated that Harry's parents had died as a result of their driving while drunk. She was found floating near a chimney in Sheffield, and her memory was modified by the Ministry of Magic; had the Wizarding community not been in a panic about Sirius Black's escape from Azkaban, the incident could have resulted in serious trouble for Harry.
- Ron Weasley: "I'm sorry. I'm sorry I left. I know I was a — a —"
- Harry: "You've sort of made up for it tonight. Getting the sword. Finishing off the Horcrux. Saving my life."
- Ron Weasley: "That makes me sound a lot cooler than I was."
- — Harry and Ron reconcile after the latter's return to the Horcrux hunt[src]
Ron Weasley became Harry's best friend during their first year at Hogwarts. Ron, along with his mother, brothers, and sister first met Harry at King's Cross Station, when Harry was unable to find platform 9¾. Ron sat across from Harry during the train ride and the two almost immediately bonded over the ample sweets Harry purchased from the Hogwarts Express food trolley, which Harry happily shared with Ron, who was unable to afford any sweets himself. Harry cemented his friendship with Ron by turning down Draco Malfoy's offer to help Harry avoid making friends "with the wrong sort", after Draco insulted Ron's family. After being Sorted into Gryffindor House together and sharing the same dormitory, the two grew even closer, and eventually gained another best friend in Hermione Granger when they saved her from a troll on Hallowe'en. As Ron was raised in a wizarding family, he was often called upon to explain customs and items that were commonplace to wizards, but completely new to Harry and Hermione, who had both been raised in Muggle society.
In the summer of 1992, after Dobby had prevented Harry from receiving any letters, Ron and his twin brothers (Fred Weasley and George Weasley) flew their father's Flying Ford Anglia to rescue Harry from Privet Drive. After spending a few days less than a month at Ron's home, Harry and Ron were supposed to return to school on the Hogwarts Express with Ron's other siblings. However, Dobby had blocked the entrance to the platform, and Harry and Ron were unable to board the train. Panicking, the pair flew the enchanted car to Hogwarts; however, they landed on the Whomping Willow and lost the car as well as broke Ron's wand. Later on in the year, when Hermione had been Petrified by Slytherin's basilisk, Harry and Ron ventured into the Forbidden Forest together, where they were rescued from a clan of Acromantula by the missing Ford Anglia. Ron also accompanied Harry down to the Chamber of Secrets the same year to rescue his sister Ginny.
Harry and Ron had a major falling out in 1994 when Harry was made a Triwizard Champion; despite knowing it to be completely contrary to Harry's character, Ron's insecurities initially led him to believe Harry had cheated in order to enter the tournament, but left Ron out of scheme to keep the resulting glory and attention for himself. However, Ron soon realised how badly he had misjudged the situation and apologised. Ron was later taken as the object Harry would "sorely miss" in the Second Task of the competition.
- Ron Weasley: "What are you doing? Are you staying, or what?"
- Hermione Granger: "I... Yes — yes, I'm staying. Ron, we said we'd go with Harry, we said we'd help —"
- Ron Weasley: "I get it. You choose him."
- Hermione Granger: "Ron, no — please — come back, come back!"
- — Ron leaves after a fierce row with Harry[src]
Harry and Ron had an even more serious falling out in 1997, when they, along with Hermione, were hunting Voldemort's Horcruxes; the negative energy within Slytherin's Locket affected Ron more severely than the other two, causing him to temporarily abandon his friends before regretting his decision, and returning to them as soon as he was able. During this outbreak, Ron thought that Harry and Hermione were in love, which momentarily disrupted Ron and Hermione's relationship.
Upon his return, Ron watched Harry follow the silver doe to Gryffindor's sword, and saved Harry's life after he jumped into a lake to retrieve it. When Harry finally opened the locket, Ron saw the part of Voldemort's soul transform into a supposed Harry and Hermione kissing, and it almost led him to believe that the imagined relationship between Harry and Hermione was real. However, Lord Voldemort underestimated how strong Ron really was, and so the locket was destroyed when Ron plunged the sword of Griffyndor into it and overcame his fears and worries. The hardships Ron and Harry faced together served to reinforce their bond, and they remained friends for life. Ron's fierce loyalty and sense of humour often helped Harry relax and have fun even in the darkest times of his life.
The two were like brothers, and would eventually become brothers-in-law when Harry married Ginny. Ron was an uncle of Harry's three children and became godfather to Harry and Ginny's eldest son, James Sirius Potter. Harry also had a niece, Rose Weasley and a nephew, Hugo Weasley, through Ron's marriage to Hermione. It can be assumed that out of all his nieces and nephews that Harry's closest to Ron and Hermione's children, it's also every likely that he might be godfather to one or both of them .
Harry and Ron initially found Hermione Granger to be stuck-up and arrogant. Eventually the three became best friends after Harry and Ron saved her from a troll in 1991. Hermione in turn, lied to keep them from getting in trouble. Her quick mind was at times the only thing that saved the three friends from potential failure in both life-threatening and everyday situations. Out of concern for her friend, Hermione often chided Harry for his recklessness; though this occasionally put some strain on their relationship, it often served to keep Harry on track, such as when he briefly considered pursuing the Deathly Hallows instead of the Horcruxes.
Hermione was always with Harry and was fiercely protective of him, from snapping at Lavender Brown when she doubted Harry's claim that Lord Voldemort returned to interceding when Dolores Umbridge was about to use the Cruciatus Curse on Harry. Hermione stood by Harry even when Ron doubted him during the Triwizard Tournament, accepting his story "without question". She also stood by him when Ron temporarily left them in 1997, despite her own romantic feelings for Ron. Harry, for his part, was quick to defend Hermione against Cho Chang, Draco Malfoy, and others who insulted her. He was also known to protect her physically on instinct when in dangerous situations. Hermione even saved Harry's life twice in 1997, first during the attack at Godric's Hallow on Christmas Eve and again during the ambush at the Lovegood House.
Though their friendship remained entirely platonic, at times their closeness engendered jealously or curiosity in others; especially those who had feelings for one or the other, including Cho Chang, Viktor Krum, and even Ron. When the two were briefly alone together during the search for the Horcruxes, Harry and Hermione experienced some "charged moments," in which the two "shared something very intense". It's also been stated that "in some ways Hermione and Harry are a better fit" than her and Ron. However, the two choose not to act on those moments and each remained devoted to Ginny and Ron, respectively.
As Harry himself described, Hermione was one of two of his best friends, akin to a sister. It could be further said she was like his older sister, protective and always trying to keep him in line. The two were also close enough to share their feelings with one another before sharing those feelings with their significant other. They provided the other with comfort and support when in emotionally stressing situations, as shown when Harry brought Hermione her possessions, when she left them behind in Transfiguration class after a nasty row with Ron. After Sirius Black's death Hermione proceeded to keep a close eye on Harry, looking for signs of distress that usually come with the loss of a loved one.
Through Hermione's marriage to Ron, and through Harry's marriage to Ginny, Hermione became his sister-in-law. She was also an aunt to his children and the godmother of his oldest son, James Sirius Potter. Harry also had a niece, Rose Weasley and a nephew, Hugo Weasley, through Hermione's marriage to Ron. It can be assumed that out of all his nieces and nephews that Harry's closest to Hermione and Ron's children. It's also every likely that he might be godfather to one or both of them. Harry's son Albus is shown to have a close relationship with Ron and Hermione's oldest Rose and Lily a close relationship with Hugo. Harry and Hermione also saw their children off to Hogwarts together in 2017 standing side-by-side waving and watching the train disappear.
- "The plan was, which I really hope I fulfilled, is that the reader, like Harry, would gradually discover Ginny as pretty much the ideal girl for Harry. She's tough, not in an unpleasant way, but she's gutsy. He needs to be with someone who can stand the demands of being with Harry Potter, because he's a scary boyfriend in a lot of ways. He's a marked man. I think she's funny, and I think that she's very warm and compassionate. These are all things that Harry requires in his ideal woman."
- —J. K. Rowling expands on Harry and Ginny as a couple[src]
Simply put, Harry was the love of Ginny Weasley's life. At age eleven Harry saw Ginny for the first time at King's Cross Station in 1991. However they did not formally meet until the summer of 1992, at which point it became blatantly clear that Ginny had a huge crush on Harry. Though the feeling moderated over time, until 1995 she was too shy and nervous around him to speak to him comfortably. She became even further embarrassed after Harry saved her from the Chamber of Secrets in his second year, when she had been possessed by a fragment of Lord Voldemort's soul. Hermione helped Ginny by advising her to be more like herself around Harry, and perhaps even see other people. Ginny took this advice, and Harry came to see her as she truly was: strong-willed, funny, stubborn, and compassionate.
The two became good friends in Harry's fifth year. The same year Harry started to enjoy her company as much as Ron or Hermione's, and she was also able to tell him to shut up and cheer up during his depression. Ginny would also defend Harry whenever she felt it was needed, such as; in 1992 when she stood up to Draco Malfoy and told him "to leave [Harry] alone". She also told off Blaise Zabini in 1996 when he insulted Harry and even stood up to Hermione, her close personal friend in defence of his use of the Sectumsempra curse on Draco Malfoy. In 1997 she told off her then boyfriend Dean Thomas for laughing at the fact that Harry was injured by Cormac McLaggen during a Quidditch match. On 11 July, 2014 Rita Skeeter remarked that Harry was "publicity-hungry" — just as Ginny was approaching and Rita was taken "unaccountably ill" with what some called "a jinx to the solar plexus". Ginny was also possessive of Harry seen when she was visibly displeased with the attention Gabrielle Delacour paid him at Bill and Fleur's weeding, and spoke up when his ex-girlfriend, Cho Chang, volunteered to take Harry to see Rowena Ravenclaw's Diadem, insisting that Luna take him instead.
After his relationship with Cho "fell apart" and Harry spent a good deal of time with Ginny at The Burrow in the summer of 1996, Harry's feelings for Ginny began to deepen and change. In his first potions class with Slughorn, the love potion Amortentia revealed he was attracted to "something flowery he had smelled at the Burrow", which later turned out to be Ginny's hair. After witnessing her kissing Dean Thomas, Harry started to feel jealous and fantasise about kissing her himself, although he determinedly tried to convince himself that his feelings for her were "elder-brotherly". He began having dreams about her of a seemingly intimate nature, even reflecting once that he was very glad that Ron could not perform Legilimency. One of the many reasons that Harry fell in love with Ginny is that she is rarely weepy, in stark contrast to Cho, who cried all over the place after her previous boyfriend was murdered.
Shortly after Ginny and Dean broke up, she and Harry spontaneously kissed at a Gryffindor Quidditch Cup victory party. The two began dating, and Harry regarded this time as one of the happiest in his life. However, after the murder of Albus Dumbledore, Harry decided to end things with Ginny, fearing that Voldemort would target her if he learned of their blossoming/growing strong romance and knowing that he would be leaving with Ron and Hermione to find Voldemort's Horcruxes. Ginny was upset, but respected Harry's decision, knowing that it was for "some stupid, noble reason" and maintained hope that he would return to her.
- "Harry looked around; there was Ginny running toward him; she had a hard, blazing look in her face as she threw her arms around him. And without thinking, without planning it, without worrying about the fact that fifty people were watching, Harry kissed her. After several long moments — or it might have been half an hour — or possibly several sunlit days — they broke apart."
- —Harry finally expressing his feelings in 1997[src]
The two soon saw each other again during the summer while Harry stayed at the Burrow. For Harry's seventeenth birthday, Ginny passionately kissed Harry as something for him to remember her by, but they were interrupted by Ron and Hermione. The former told Harry not to "mess Ginny around", as his sister had been "pretty cut up" when Harry ended their romantic relationship, though Hermione was more sympathetic towards the two of them. The two were soon separated for months as Harry tracked down Horcruxes with Hermione and Ron, while Ginny returned to Hogwarts, but still harboured pretty strong romantic feelings for one another. After Ron abandoned his friends, Harry took to staring at Ginny's dot on the Marauder's Map, and was worried when he heard that she, Neville, and Luna had got in trouble for attempting to steal Gryffindor's Sword for him.
When the Battle of Hogwarts broke out, Ginny was fierce in her determination to fight and give Harry time to find the lost diadem. Harry in turn wanted Ginny to stay out of the fighting, but was forced to ask her to leave the safety of the Room of Requirement when he, Hermione, and Ron needed to search it for Ravenclaw's Diadem. When preparing to sacrifice himself to Voldemort, Ginny was the last person about whom Harry thought. Harry's supposed death, the death of her one love was enough to drive Ginny to attack the incredibly powerful Bellatrix Lestrange alongside Luna and Hermione. Near the end of the battle, after Ginny was nearly murdered by Bellatrix Lestrange, Harry ran at Bellatrix rather than Voldemort, though Mrs Weasley got there first. When the battle was over Ginny was one of the first ones that rushed to hug him.
After the Second Wizarding War Harry and Ginny resumed their strong romance. Sometime between 1999 to 2002, they married and later had three children: James Sirius, Albus Severus, and Lily Luna. All three of the couple's children were named in honour of family members, friends, and allies (most of whom they are named after are deceased). Their marriage is shown to be mature and understanding, Harry also affectionately calls Ginny "Gin", rather her full name. It is also revealed that after the events in the Chamber of Secrets that people shut Ginny out of their lives, but Harry came to her and played a game of Exploding Snap. Ginny claims that she also felt specific love from Harry since that day and that his love for her always made her feel stronger. The couple was seen escorting their children to the Hogwarts Express in 2017. The two made Ginny's brother Ron and Hermione Granger the godparents to their eldest son and Neville Longbottom the godfather to their second son. It's unknown who Lily's godparent is, but it can be assumed that it's one of their closest friends. They also have several nieces and nephews, Harry's most likely closest to Ron and Hermione's children, Rose and Hugo Weasley.
Beginning in the summer of 1992, Harry came to spend many of his holidays with the Weasley family, at the Burrow. Through his friendship with Ron, and his later romance with Ginny, the Weasleys became far more of a family to him than the Dursleys ever were.
Molly Weasley announced to Harry's godfather that Harry was "as good as" one of her actual sons. Her boggart was of dead family members, one after another — included Harry. Molly was always keen to make sure Harry was taken care of; at one point Harry noted that she "fussed over the state of his socks and tried to get him to eat fourth helpings at every meal". Her caring sometimes led her to become overprotective of Harry. She strongly objected to the Order members giving Harry information regarding Voldemort during the summer of 1995. She even went as far as to give him, for his coming of age, her brother's watch. The watch was clearly a treasured family heirloom, and reminder of how much she had already lost in the struggle against Voldemort.
Arthur Weasley was a surrogate father to Harry who like his wife treated him like one of his own children. He opened his home to Harry for months at a time and invited him to family functions. Arthur unlike most entrusted Harry with sensitive information others had felt him too young to understand. Harry once saved Mr Weasley's life, after seeing him being attacked by Nagini in the Department of Mysteries before Christmas of 1995.
When Ron was poisoned in Harry's sixth year, and Harry saved him with a bezoar, Arthur pointed out how he had saved several members of the Weasley family. He also said that it was a good day for the Weasleys when Ron decided to sit with him on the train in 1991.
Twins Fred Weasley and George Weasley helped Harry out numerous times. They saved him from the Dursleys during the summer of 1992 with an enchanted car, gave him the Marauder's Map in 1993, as well as volunteered to be D.A. members in 1995 and later that same year, distracted Dolores Umbridge so that Harry could use her office to communicate with Sirius Black. The twins, whom Harry regarded as close friends, were also on the Gryffindor Quidditch team with Harry for four years. Harry gave his Triwizard winnings to the Weasley twins to start Weasleys' Wizard Wheezes. In their gratitude for the "start-up loan", they gave Harry products from their joke shop free of charge. Fred's death during the Battle of Hogwarts was one of the deaths that hit Harry the hardest.
Harry liked Percy Weasley the least of Ron's brothers, finding him pompous. He was however, genuinely shocked when Percy sided with the Ministry against him in 1995. Percy later came to his senses and fought alongside Harry in the Battle of Hogwarts. When Harry saw his sons off to Hogwarts, he thought he overheard Percy talking and "was glad to have the excuse not to stop and say hello", but not out of spite. He was also friends with Bill, describing him as "cool" upon first meeting him. Harry also participated in Bill's wedding with Fleur Delacour, and lived for a month at their house, Shell Cottage. He liked Charlie, who helped him out somewhat during the Triwizard Tournament. In his first year, Harry heard many times that Charlie was a great Quidditch player, and was very happy when he and his team lived up to Charlie's reputation.
After the end of the Second Wizarding War, Harry officially became part of the Weasley family through his marriage to Ginny.
Rowling stated that Harry "is never happier than when holidaying with the seven Weasleys".
- Albus Severus: "Dad, what if I am put in Slytherin?"
- Harry: "Albus Severus Potter. You were named after two headmasters of Hogwarts. One of them was a Slytherin and he was the bravest man I’ve ever known."
- Albus Severus: "But let’s say that I am…"
- Harry: "Then Slytherin House will have gained a wonderful, young wizard. But listen — If it really means that much to you, you can choose Gryffindor. The Sorting Hat takes your choice into account. "
- — Albus confides his fear solely to his father [src]
Harry had three children with Ginny Weasley: James Sirius, Albus Severus, and Lily Luna. The eldest James, was named after his paternal grandfather. He possessed an outgoing personality and was a troublemaker (like his namesake), he also liked to tease his younger brother. Albus on the other hand, was quieter and more thoughtful, much like his father. Lily, the youngest, was very like her mother in regards to personality.
Harry had a very strong connection with James, even though his oldest son didn't want to show it in front of other people (especially his friends and girls). Still, Harry was permitted hugs before James boarded the Hogwarts Express.
It's shown that Harry's second son Albus liked to stay next to him and looked to him for advice and comfort. For example, when Albus confided to Harry in a "whisper that was for his father alone" how very real his fear of being Sorted into Slytherin was. Harry responded that Albus and Severus were the names of two former headmasters of Hogwarts; one was a Slytherin, and "the bravest man I ever knew". He also informed his son that the Sorting Hat would listen to the wearer's choice. Harry knew that for a fact because it had considered putting him into Slytherin; this was something Harry had not shared with any of his other children. When saying goodbye to him, Albus hugged him and appeared to be holding his arm "extremely tight". Albus also closely resembled Harry, having the same eyes and untidy hair. He also expressed an interest in Harry's past, asking why the people on Platform 9¾ was staring at Harry.Albus' relationship with Harry became increasingly strained as his education at Hogwarts progressed. He didn't want to be seen with his father or even speak to him at times. When Harry presented Albus with the blanket in which he was wrapped in on his journey to the Dursley's, Albus lashed out at him in frustration and told him that he wished Harry wasn't his father. Harry responded by saying that sometimes he wished Albus wasn't his son, something that he regretted immediately.
- Albus Potter:: "I just wish you weren't my dad."
- Harry Potter: "Well, there are times I wish you weren't my son."
- — Harry and Albus have an intense disagreement[src]
The two continued to have a cold relationship, despite Harry's attempts to reconcile with him, until they finally sat down and talked. It is demonstrated that despite the difficultly in their relationship Albus forcibly told Scorpius to put 'dad' on the blanket instead of Harry. Albus even risks his own life in order to save his father from Delphi. Clearly demonstrating that he loves his father dearly. This dedication is returned when Harry jumps in front of his son when a Killing Curse is aimed at Albus. Harry is later found after the battle to be furious with Delphi for even attempting to murder his son. Harry insisted that he wanted to be a better father, and Albus wanting to be a better son. Albus also stays by his father's side as he watches the murder of his grandparents at the hands of Lord Voldemort, they embrace each other, reaching an understanding that they are going to try and do better by each other.
Harry and Lily love each other dearly and were seen holding hands while walking into Kings Cross, much like Lily's mother and maternal grandfather. Lily was jealous of her brothers as they boarded the train for Hogwarts, exactly as Ginny had been in 1991. Harry comforted her by reminding her that she would be joining them in two years.
It is seen through Harry's actions that he loves and cherishes each of his children very much. Harry's difficulties as a father likely stem from him not having a stable father figure in his own childhood, thus having no role model to base his parenting style off of.
Nieces and nephews
- " Hi, said Albus, sounding immensely relieved. Rose, who was already wearing her band new Hogwarts robes, beamed at him."
- —It's implied that the Potter and Weasley families spent much time together[src]
Harry had many nieces and nephews through the Weasley family. The children of Bill and Fleur were: Victoire, Dominique, and Louis. James announced that he had seen Teddy Lupin kissing Victoire at King's Cross Station, in 2017. The children of Percy and his wife Audrey, were Molly (named after her grandmother) and Lucy. Either Molly or both of the girls were attending Hogwarts in the 2017-2018 school year, because Percy was at King's Cross on 1 September 2017. The children of George and Angelina Johnson, were Fred (named after his late uncle) and Roxanne.
Harry was most likely closest to Ron and Hermione's children, Rose and Hugo, as they were the same ages as Albus and Lily, respectively, and Albus was "relieved" to meet up with Rose at King's Cross. Ron and Hermione were probably close to all of Harry's children as well, and Harry's eldest son, James is their godson. It is also highly likely that Ron and Hermione made Harry their daughter's godfather.
- Harry: "I'm sorry. I never meant you to have to deal with all of this."
- Fleur Delacour: "'Arry, you saved my sister's life. I do not forget."
- — Fleur's loyalty and respect for Harry[src]
Harry met Fleur Delacour in October 1994; his first opinion of her was that she was a very beautiful girl who looked like a Veela. Fleur initially paid him as little attention, as she did most of the younger Hogwarts students. She was even condescending towards him, calling him a "little boy" and believed (like everyone else) that he cheated his way into the tournament for a chance at personal glory. She was also give him looks, such as when he was wiping his wand down and accidently made sparks shoot out the end. After the second task, her attitude towards him changed, when Harry saved Fleur's younger sister Gabrielle Delacour. Fleur in turn became much kinder to Harry in her gratitude. She kissed him on both cheeks as a way of saying thank you and they became good friends. After the Triwizard Tournament was completed and the students were returning home she gave Harry a goodbye. The two also mourned Cedric Diggory, a friend to them both, who was murdered by Lord Voldemort during the Third Task.
In the summer of 1996 Fleur met Harry again at The Burrow, when Fleur was about to marry Bill Weasley, the eldest brother of Harry's best friend. While Fleur stayed at the Burrow, Harry seemed to be the only male who was unaffected by Fleur's beauty. This was possibly due to the platonic relationship that developed between them over the course of the tournament. She would often display affection for him, such as bringing him a breakfast tray while he was in still in bed and kissing him on both cheeks in a form of greeting and farewell. Like Ron and Arthur Weasley, Harry appeared to like Fleur and would defend her, much to the dismay of Molly, Hermione, and Ginny.
Eventually, Fleur joined the Order of the Phoenix and in 1997 she put herself in great danger during the Battle of the Seven Potters, acting as one of Harry's decoys. She was also very loyal to Harry. When her wedding was gate-crashed by Death Eaters, she did not tell them that Harry had been there. After the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor, Harry and his friends lived with Bill and Fleur for roughly one month at Shell Cottage. While at the cottage, Fleur cared for them all, much like a mother or an older sister. Also during that time she became protective of him and, by extension, his friends.
Eventually Harry married Ginny Weasley and, though marriage, Fleur became Harry's sister-in-law. Harry's godson, Teddy Lupin, was seen kissing Fleur's daughter, Victoire Weasley, at King's Cross Station in 2017. Harry had two nieces and a nephew through Fleur's marriage to Bill. It's quite possible that Harry became close to Fleur's children and in return she became close to his. Given the bond and experience that Fleur and Harry share as surviving champions of the 1994-1995 Triwizard Tournament, they likely shared a unique sense of camaraderie. Harry would also lecture Fleur's children during his frequent guest appearances in the Defence Against the Dark Arts classes at Hogwarts, giving them a chance to learn firsthand from their esteemed uncle in a non-familial perspective.
Harry met fellow Hogwarts student Luna Lovegood, a Ravenclaw, on 1 September, 1995 on the Hogwarts Express. Although Harry found the younger witch rather strange, he was grateful when she told him that she believed his claim that Lord Voldemort had returned. She seemed to be one of the few students who did. Harry and Luna became friendlier through Dumbledore's Army. After they fought together in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries Luna comforted Harry over the loss of his godfather, telling him about her late mother. She holds Harry's hand in the process and they both show some feelings for each other. The following year, Harry defended Luna and Neville Longbottom when Romilda Vane implied they were not worth spending time with, whereas the previous year he found the two as embarrassment to his standing in front of Cho Chang, and he later on invited Luna to attend Slughorn's Christmas Party with him.
During the year in which Harry, Ron, and Hermione went to hunt down Lord Voldemort's Horcruxes, Harry visited the Lovegood household, and found Luna decorated her bedroom with pictures of her five friends: Harry, Ron, Hermione, Ginny and Neville. Harry found this sight to be very touching, and felt great affection for Luna. Upon learning that Luna was being held hostage by the Death Eaters, Harry felt greatly worried, to the point of feeling some pity for her father for attempting to turn the trio in for ransom, but had confidence in Luna surviving nevertheless. In the prelude to the final battle, Luna aided Harry in his search for Ravenclaw's Diadem, having been the one to inform Harry of its existence in the first place, and she stunned Alecto Carrow when Harry was too shocked to move, which probably saved him from being held captive until Voldemort's arrival. Later when Harry was going to sacrifice himself, he realised that Luna was one of his closest friends and one of the persons he would like to see before his death.
After the Battle of Hogwarts, Luna was the only one who noticed that Harry wanted to get away from the victory party, and created a distraction so that he could go speak with Ron and Hermione in private. The two remained friends into adulthood and Harry gave his daughter the middle name "Luna" in honour of his friend. It's also quite possible that Harry became friends with her husband (Rolf Scamander) and close to her twins, Lorcan and Lysander.
Harry and Dobby had a very strong relationship. Dobby loved and respected him very much, to the point where he considered Harry to be his best friend. Dobby became a vitally important figure in Harry's life, and their relationship played a crucial role in Harry's ultimate defeat of Lord Voldemort. When Harry first met Dobby he was a bit confused. Throughout the year, when Dobby made attempts to drive Harry away from Hogwarts, causing some rather unpleasant results on the way, Harry made some threats that were never followed through. Near the end of the 1992–1993 school year, Harry freed Dobby from the slavery of the Malfoy family. Lucius became enraged and intended to attack Harry, but Dobby protected him by using a defensive spell. Dobby may have realised that he underestimated Harry, as Harry managed to stop Lucius' plot and survive the Chamber of Secrets.
Dobby was appointed to work at the kitchen of Hogwarts Castle in the paid service of Headmaster Albus Dumbledore, though even as a free elf, his loyalty always laid foremost with Harry. When Harry visited the kitchens and therefore Dobby, Dobby hugged him so tightly that Harry felt as though his ribs might crack. Dobby also aked if it would be alright if he vivited Harry from time-to-time, with Harry responding with an of course. Dobby visited Harry on Christmas day and presented him with a present, socks and when Harry tried them on Dobby's eyes misted with tears. In 1994, Dobby provided Harry with Gillyweed for the second task of the Triwizard Tournament.
In 1995, Dobby told Harry about the Room of Requirement and how to get inside. It is a secret room inside Hogwarts castle and cannot be seen even on the Marauder's Map. Harry and his friends used the room in Dumbledore's Army's meetings and practises. When Marietta Edgecombe betrayed Dumbledore's Army to Professor Umbridge, Dobby immediately warned Harry that the Inquisitorial Squad was going to attack, even though the house-elves had been forbidden to tell anyone, proving that he was far more loyal to Harry Potter than to Umbridge or Hogwarts in general. When he heard, Harry ordered Dobby not to punish himself for disobeying a direct order from Umbridge.
In 1996, Dobby had a fight with another house-elf, Kreacher after Kreacher insulted Harry. In 1998, Harry, Ron, Hermione, Luna Lovegood, Dean Thomas, Garrick Ollivander, and the goblin Griphook were captured and taken hostage at the Malfoy Manor. Alerted to their whereabouts by Aberforth Dumbledore, Dobby rescued the hostages in two groups, first Apparating Dean, Luna, and Ollivander to Shell Cottage, then returning to do the same for Hermione, Ron, Harry, and Griphook. Dobby dropped a chandelier on Bellatrix Lestrange to release Hermione from being held at knife-point, giving Ron the opportunity to take a wand and Disapparate with Hermione. Enraged by what he had done, Bellatrix threw the same silver knife at Dobby, mortally wounding him, just as he Disapparated with Harry and Griphook. Upon arriving at Shell Cottage, Harry discovered Dobby's wound and cried out for help as Dobby died in Harry's arms. Harry dug a grave without using magic and held a small funeral for the elf in the garden of Shell Cottage. Dobby's epitaph read "HERE LIES DOBBY, A FREE ELF". After the funeral, Harry remembered the one Albus Dumbledore had, and thought that Dobby deserved one just as grand.
It was the grief Harry felt for Dobby's death that ultimately grounded him, ridding Harry of the "weird, obsessive longing" to find the Elder Wand and the resentment for how little he felt Albus Dumbledore had actually disclosed during their time together. While digging Dobby's grave, Harry reflected on all Dumbledore had said about love, all that he had foreseen, and replaced his trust in the late Headmaster. Harry then made the conscious decision to continue his pursuit of Horcruxes, and not Hallows.
- Neville Longbottom : "All right, Harry. You're okay, are you?"
- Harry: "I'm fine. Thanks, Neville."
- Neville Longbottom : "We're all going to keep fighting, Harry. You know that?"
- — Neville's loyalty and willingness to fight beside Harry[src]
Neville Longbottom became Harry's dormmate in 1991, in their first year at Hogwarts. In 1996, Harry learned that the Prophecy that prompted Lord Voldemort to target his parents could have been referring to Neville. Though Harry sympathised with the fact that Neville's parents had been tortured into insanity by Bellatrix, Rodolphus and Rabastan Lestrange, and Barty Crouch Jr, he spent part of the journey to Hogwarts prior to his sixth year pondering how things could have been different if Voldemort had chosen to attack Neville, and he had become the "one with the power to vanquish the Dark Lord" instead of Harry.
In the initial years, Harry was quite friendly with Neville, though he was not as close to him as he was with Ron and Hermione. Harry helped out Neville in many occasions, such as in 1992, when he advised him to stand up to Draco Malfoy, who constantly bullied him. Harry and Neville became close friends only in their fifth year at school, when Neville took part in Dumbledore's Army, an organisation that Harry led and taught in opposition to Dolores Umbridge. Neville became highly devoted to the D.A. Harry's encouragement and training helped Neville not only improve his magical abilities, but gain badly needed confidence and incredible courage. He fought alongside Harry in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, where Neville saved Harry's life from the Death Eater Walden Macnair. In 1997, Neville was one of only three D.A. members who still checked their enchanted coin enough to receive Hermione's call for help prior to the Battle of the Astronomy Tower.
- "The thing is, it helps when people stand up to them, it gives everyone hope. I used to notice that when you did it, Harry."
- —Neville on how Harry inspires him[src]
In 1998, when Harry, Ron, and Hermione were on the run, Neville re-formed Dumbledore's Army with Ginny Weasley and Luna Lovegood, in resistance against Death Eaters Alecto and Amycus Carrow. Neville spoke out against their anti-Muggle rhetoric and habit of using the Cruciatus Curse on students. He did this regardless of the consequences, saying he noticed it always helped give people hope when Harry did that. When Harry returned, Neville deferred to his leadership and summoned the rest of Dumbledore's Army (who, in turn, contacted the Order of the Phoenix) believing Harry was there to lead a revolt. Harry and Neville fought together throughout the Battle of Hogwarts, and just before Harry sacrificed himself, he left Neville with the instruction to kill Nagini, Voldemort's snake and last remaining Horcrux. When everyone believed Harry to be dead, Neville openly defied Voldemort, who tried to burn him alive with the Sorting Hat, but failed due to Harry's sacrificial protection. Using the opportunity given to him by the sudden arrival of reinforcements, Neville completed the task Harry gave to him; he drew Gryffindor's Sword from the Sorting Hat and slew Nagini. In the process destroying the last Horcrux and rendering Voldemort mortal, thus allowing Harry to finally kill him.
Nineteen years after the battle, Neville was the Herbology teacher at Hogwarts, and taught Harry and Ginny's children, James and Albus. They both remain close friends in adulthood. Harry made Neville the godfather to his second son Albus.
Seamus Finnigan and Dean Thomas
- "Dean, Seamus. Good Holidays?"
- —Harry greets Dean and Seamus in the beginning of the 1995-1996 school year[src]
In addition to Ron and Neville, Harry’s room mates at Hogwarts were Dean Thomas and Seamus Finnigan. Although he was not as close to them as he was to Ron, Harry was nevertheless friendly with both of them.
Dean made a banner for Harry during his first Quidditch match, and believed him about the return of Lord Voldemort in 1995, unlike Seamus, eagerly joining Dumbledore's Army. However, Seamus eventually realised that Harry was telling the truth about Voldemort's return, he joined the D.A. and became friends with Harry again. Harry resented Dean slightly during their sixth year out of jealousy over Dean's romance with Ginny Weasley, on whom he had developed a crush. When Dean and Ginny split up, Harry's enmity lifted, though Dean then became upset when Harry kissed his ex-girlfriend soon after their break-up, in spite of this, he never seemed to carry any ill will towards Harry.
Dean, like the Trio, left Hogwarts in 1997, because he was unsure whether he was a Muggle-born or not. He was caught by a group of Snatchers, led by Fenrir Greyback, along with Ron, Harry and Hermione. During his rescue from Malfoy Manor, he was very reluctant to escape with Dobby and leave Harry behind and lived for a few days at Shell Cottage. Seamus and Dean eventually fought along with Ron in the Battle of Hogwarts.
- "Well, obviously, she’s feeling very sad, because of Cedric dying. Then I expect she’s feeling confused because she liked Cedric and now she likes Harry, and she can’t work out who she likes best. Then she’ll be feeling guilty, thinking it’s an insult to Cedric’s memory to be kissing Harry at all..."
- —Hermione Granger regarding Cho's feelings for Harry[src]
In his earlier years at Hogwarts, Harry was attracted to Cho Chang, a popular girl in Ravenclaw House and Seeker of their Quidditch team who was one year older than him. It was said that his stomach did "somersaults" whenever he saw her. During the Triwizard Tournament in 1994, Harry plucked up the courage to ask her to the Yule Ball, but was disappointed to find that she had already agreed to go with Cedric Diggory, though she seemed to genuinely feel bad about having to turn him down.
In their next year, following Cedric's tragic death, Harry and Cho grew closer, eventually sharing a kiss under the mistletoe. However, Cho was still mourning Cedric, and became unreasonably jealous of Harry's friendship with Hermione, which, compounded with Harry’s inexperience with girls, put a strain on their relationship; Harry, unimpressed with Cho's attitude and started to see her in a more negative light when the misunderstanding soured their first date's experience.
Although Harry was still attracted to Cho it said that his stomach reacted less violently when she was around, merely doing a "feeble lurch" rather than a somersault. The last straw was Cho's friend Marietta Edgecombe's betrayal of Dumbledore's Army to Dolores Umbridge; Cho defended Marietta and called the jinx Hermione had placed on the D.A. parchment a "horrible trick", both of which angered Harry. The two stopped speaking to one another, and Cho soon began dating Michael Corner. However, any animosity seemed to have vanished by 1998, as Cho was among the former D.A. members who returned to participate in the Battle of Hogwarts. Just before the battle, she offered to show Harry the Ravenclaw common room, and seemed disappointed when this offer was fiercely denied by Ginny Weasley. Harry, on the other hand, did not hesitate nor argue on Ginny's insistence on taking Luna instead.
One of the many points that Harry fell in love with Ginny is because she was rarely weepy. This contrasts with Cho, as she cried openly for many periods of time after Cedric's death, to which left Harry at a complete loss as to what to do at such moments. Along with Cho's desire to talk about Cedric's death with Harry (to which Harry refused), Harry's confusion and awkwardness turned to sheer annoyance, and he began to lose interest in her more and more for spoiling the mood, until finally he was too irritated at her tears when she cried at how Harry insulted Marietta, and told her off rudely.
- Hermione Granger: "Harry, I'm sorry, but I think the real reason you're so angry is that Dumbledore never told you any of this himself."
- Harry: "Maybe I am! Look what he asked from me, Hermione! Risk your life, Harry!... And don't expect me to explain everything, just trust me blindly... even though I don't trust you! Never the whole truth! Never!"
- Hermione Granger: "He loved you. I know he loved you."
- — Harry and Hermione discussing the secrets Dumbledore kept[src]
Albus Dumbledore was a mentor to Harry, akin to a grandfather figure. Dumbledore arranged for Harry to be rescued from Godric's Hollow after his parents' murder and left him in the care of his aunt Petunia Dursley in order to give him the benefit of the magical protection of his mother's blood. In Harry's fifth year, he admitted to Harry that he had not told him of the prophecy concerning himself and Voldemort, because he wanted to spare Harry the pain and responsibility it would burden him with for as long as possible. Though Harry was initially furious with him for the frustration he felt for being kept in the dark, the two continued to be close. By Harry's sixth year, Dumbledore took on the role of providing Harry with additional insights into the origins of Lord Voldemort, largely through the use of the Pensieve. He entrusted Harry with the task of getting a final, crucial memory from Horace Slughorn regarding Voldemort's knowledge of Horcruxes.
Dumbledore's death was greatly devastating to Harry, though he persevered in the impossibly difficult task Dumbledore had left him of finding and destroying each of Voldemort's Horcruxes. Harry had difficulty coping with the fact that there was much Dumbledore had not told him about his history with the Deathly Hallows and Gellert Grindelwald; however, when he learned during the Battle of Hogwarts that Dumbledore had supposedly planned all along for Harry to kill himself, Harry innately showed incredible faith in his mentor by serenely accepting the task. When Harry allowed himself to be struck by Voldemort's Killing Curse, his soul entered a state of Limbo, resembling King's Cross Station, where Dumbledore was waiting to speak with him.
- "I cared about you too much. I cared more for your happiness than your knowing the truth, more for your peace of mind than my plan, more for your life than the lives that might be lost if the plan failed. In other words, I acted exactly as Voldemort expects we fools who love to act."
- —Dumbledore explaining his feelings for Harry[src]
The fact that Dumbledore himself was there to meet Harry in a place between life and death attested to the bond of fellowship between them. They discussed all that had happened to Harry since Dumbledore's death, as well as things that had remained unsaid prior to it. At one point, Dumbledore seemed to beg for Harry's reassurance, uncharacteristically doubting some of the decisions he had made in the course of his life, which Harry easily gave him. Though Harry had felt some resentment for how little he felt Dumbledore had actually revealed of himself in their time together, Harry probably learned secrets and saw a side of Dumbledore that no one else knew during the events at "King's Cross".
Harry also had a unique relationship with the Dumbledore's phoenix, Fawkes; not only was Harry's wand one of the only two ever made with feathers from Fawkes's tail, but the phoenix found Harry in the Chamber of Secrets, helped him slay Slytherin's Basilisk, and provided Harry with the only known antidote to Basilisk venom: phoenix tears. Fawkes's song was a source of comfort for Harry on a number occasions before the phoenix left Hogwarts following Dumbledore's death.
Harry later named his second son Albus, after the Hogwarts Headmaster.
Rubeus Hagrid was Harry's first friend in the wizarding world. He was also Harry's first true friend as Harry was unable to make friends throughout his early childhood due to his isolation by the Dursleys'. In effect, he rescued Harry twice: once from the wreckage of his destroyed home, as a baby; second, from the Dursleys' to take him back into the wizarding world.
Both orphaned outsiders, Harry and Hagrid shared a bond that Harry never failed to honour. He constantly defended the half-giant against name-calling and mockery, and despite his disapproval, helped Hagrid protect various dangerous pets and raise his half-brother, Grawp. For example in his first year Harry along with his friends helped Hagrid find baby dragon Norbert a nre home, despite the risk that was involved. Harry also refused to believe Hagrid opened the Chamber of Secrets, when Tom Riddle's Diary showed him the memory. Discovering Hagrid's ancestry as a half-giant did nothing to deter their friendship; Harry showed no concern to begin with, and was in fact furious at Rita Skeeter for revealing it via media, which had caused much unwanted prejudice.
During the Battle of Hogwarts in 1998, Voldemort forced a distraught Hagrid to carry Harry's "corpse" out of the Forbidden Forest, during which time Hagrid expressed his fury with the centaurs for initially refusing to fight, prompting them to join in soon after. After the battle Harry and Hagrid shared an embrace both thankful that their friend was alive and uninjured.
Harry had a strong relationship with his Transfiguration teacher and Head of [Gryffindor House, Professor Minerva McGonagall. Minerva showed her care for Harry ever since she, Dumbledore, and Hagrid left him in the care of the Dursleys, in part because she had been quite fond of Harry's late parents. She was sort of a loving grandmother to him and expressed concern with both Dumbledore's choice trusting Hagrid to safely transport Harry to Little Whinging, and of the choice of family with whom Harry would stay. She spent hours on end spying on the Dursleys to get an insight to what life for Harry growing up would be like.It is unlikely, however, that she kept watch over Harry, as she would never go against Dumbledore's actions, no matter how much she disagreed with them.
When Harry arrived at Hogwarts, Minerva was pleased that he was Sorted into Gryffindor house, her house. When she saw Harry on a broomstick and the natural flying abilities he displayed, rather than punishing or expelling him, she brought him to see Oliver Wood, captain of the Gryffindor Quidditch team, announcing that she had found their new Seeker. In her gratitude for Harry accepting the position, McGonagall bought him a Nimbus 2000 for his first Quidditch game. However, Minerva's concern for Harry did not blind her to his misdemeanours around the school. Though she often let Harry off for breaking school rules, she only did so only under life-threatening circumstancesbut did not hesitate to give him detention for being out of bounds and in addiction taking points away from Gryffindor as well.
Though theirs was a typical student-teacher relationship for Harry's first three years at Hogwarts, after Harry was selected to become a Triwizard Champion, the sheer level of danger he faced seemed to warm her to him. In Harry's fifth year, McGonagall urged Harry not to give Dolores Umbridge or the Ministry any more ammunition to use against him, and she later stood up for him to Umbridge, promising to help Harry become an Auror if it was the last thing she did. Harry felt a powerful surge of anger when Umbridge later gloated that Minerva was too ill to talk to anyone after being hit in the chest with four simultaneous Stunners. McGonagall considered him a talented and likeable wizard and expressed pride at having Harry in her house. Harry in turn felt great affection for her.
When Harry secretly infiltrated Hogwarts shortly prior to the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry defended Minerva's honour against Alecto and Amycus Carrow who had been posted at the school by Voldemort. Amycus demanded to know where Harry was in the Tower and McGonagall asked why he would be there as he belonged in her house with clear pride in her voice. When Amycus Carrow spat at McGonagall, Harry was outraged to the point of attacking him with the Cruciatus Curse, and agreeing with Bellatrix Lestrange's assertion that one had to "really mean it" to perform it correctly. Although shocked by Harry's sudden appearance and his use of an Unforgivable Curse, Minerva was clearly touched. Though Minerva tried to convince Harry to flee out of concern for his safety, Minerva immediately joined Harry in retaking the castle and preparing for battle when he informed her that he was acting on Dumbledore's orders. Nearing the end of the Battle of Hogwarts, Minerva's devastation was clearly equal to that of Ron and Ginny Weasley and Hermione Granger, when she saw Rubeus Hagrid carrying Harry's seemingly dead body. She later duelled Voldemort head on in the final battle. When the battle ended with Voldemort's death at Harry's hands, Minerva was among the first to embrace him.
- "You have your mother's eyes."
- —Snape acknowledging that Harry is Lilly's son[src]
During his years in school, Harry's relationship with Potions Master Severus Snape was nothing short of deepest mutual loathing. When Harry first saw Snape in the Great Hall at Hogwarts, he got the initial feeling that Snape disliked him; only after his first Potions lesson did Harry realise the resentment dug much deeper. Harry soon learned that Snape saw Harry as a younger version of his father — a self-centred boy who enjoyed the attention paid to him, and was "so arrogant that criticism simply bounced off him."
In 1995, after having "looked inside" Voldemort 's mind, and discovering that Arthur Weasley, who was on guard duty at the Department of Mysteries, was to be killed by Nagini (Voldemort's snake) Dumbledore ordered Snape to teach Harry the skill of Occlumency. Occlumency would allow Harry to block his mind from Voldemort's Legilimency probing. A very tedious and trying set of lessons, at one point Snape provoked Harry into casting a Shield Charm, which allowed Harry to catch a glimpse of Snape's own memories. Later, when Snape left the room to attend to Montague, Harry entered the pensieve in order to see what memories Snape was hiding from him — which turned out to be of Snape being taunted by his father and the other Marauders, and of Snape calling Lily a Mudblood out of humiliation. This caused Harry great distress because he had never before believed a word of Snape's criticisms of James. Although humbling Harry somewhat towards Snape, they still retained a very strained and bitter relationship during Harry's remaining time at Hogwarts.
In 1994, Snape's relationship with Harry was further strained when Harry helped Sirius Black escape as Snape during that time believed that Sirius betrayed Harry's mother Lily Potter, whom he loved since childhood, to Voldemort. Harry, on the other hand, had learned that Sirius was innocent, having been framed by Peter Pettigrew, who was the actual culprit.
- "Harry felt as though his body was generating waves of hatred so powerful that it seemed incredible that Snape could not feel them burning him."
- —Harry's former intense hatred of Snape[src]
After Sirius was murdered during 1996 in the Department of Mysteries by Bellatrix Lestrange, Harry took savage pleasure in blaming Snape for his death. He believed that Snape's taunt to Sirius about his uselessness to the Order of the Phoenix was one of the main factors which caused Sirius to leave his house and fight. Harry's hatred of Snape reached its height in 1997 when he discovered that Snape had told Voldemort about the Prophecy involving him, which led Harry to believe that Snape had betrayed his parents. Harry raged at Albus Dumbledore for trusting Snape, only to have Dumbledore silence him. Later the same night Snape killed Dumbledore, which only seemed to confirm what Harry had come to believe about his former Potions master, resenting Snape almost as much as he resented Voldemort himself.
In 1998, Harry witnessed Voldemort order the death of Severus Snape, in an attempt to gain the allegiance of the Elder Wand. Despite his hatred of his former teacher, he still felt sorry for the way Voldemort had killed Snape without even feeling sorry for taking his life. As Voldemort left Snape mortally wounded by Nagini in the Shrieking Shack, Harry was able to obtain several memories that contained not only the truth about Snape's motives and unwavering allegiance to the Order of the Phoenix, but relayed a crucial message from Dumbledore. What Harry discovered about Snape's persistent love for Lily Evans also explained Snape's final act: he had instructed Harry to look at him, so he could die looking into the eyes Harry inherited from his mother.
By 2017, Harry considered Snape to be one of the bravest men he had ever known, and gave his second son, who was the only one of his children to inherit Lily's eyes, the middle name "Severus".[HP7] Harry ensured that Snape's portrait eventually found its rightful place among Hogwarts's previous headmasters.
Ironically, the two shared many similarities that neither of them were aware of. Both were half-blood wizards who grew up among Muggles. Both of their Muggle caretakers were cruel to them (Snape's father was implied to be abusive to Snape and his mother, while the Dursleys were neglectful towards Harry). Both Snape and Harry's childhoods involved Petunia (Snape was friends with Petunia's sister Lily, while Harry was Petunia's nephew). Both grew up wearing secondhand clothes (however, Snape was likely forced to wear them due to his family's poverty, Harry's relatives were simply reluctant to afford any major expenses on him). In addition, the two grew up virtually friendless until attending Hogwarts (Snape due to his unstable family life and secondhand clothes, Harry due to his relatives isolating him). Upon entering Hogwarts, Snape and Harry were bullied mercilessly, in Snape's case, by the Marauders (who were led by James Potter), and Harry by (ironically) Snape himself, Draco Malfoy, among others. Furthermore, both had at least one near-death experience during their Hogwarts: Snape was nearly killed in an abortive prank by the Marauders, while Harry repeatedly had Voldemort attempting to kill him. However, both Harry and Snape had at least one silver gleaming: their attraction to a redhead (Lily Potter and Ginny Weasley, respectively). Of course, Snape did not marry Lily (who married James and mothered Harry), while Harry himself did marry Ginny (with whom he had sired a child named Albus Potter).
- "Fame's a fickle friend, Harry. Celebrity is as celebrity does — remember that."
- —One of Lockhart's many pieces of "advice" to Harry[src]
Gilderoy Lockhart was Harry's Defence Against the Dark Arts professor in Harry's second year. Lockhart was a very handsome and famous author, who claimed he had done great deeds, but had in fact only taken credit for the deeds after erasing the memories of the actual doers: his only skill. Lockhart was extremely vain and highly self-obsessed; he assigned all of his own, very expensive, books for his class. Lockhart continually pulled Harry into the limelight against his will, often implying that Harry hoped to be as famous as Lockhart, which caused Harry a great deal of embarrassment and irritation.
In addition to this, Lockhart was an utterly incompetent teacher, a fact that became apparent to Harry during his first lesson with the author. After setting an irrelevant, narcissistic half-hour test, Lockhart released a cage of Cornish pixies into the classroom without giving any sort of instructions on how to control the creatures, and, in the resulting havoc, went on to instruct Harry and his friends Ron Weasley and Hermione Granger to round up the creatures after his own attempt had failed. At one point during the year, Lockhart's ineptitude caused unnecessary harm to Harry when, in a misguided attempt at first aid for a bone fracture, he used a spell that removed all the bones in his arm. This forced Harry to endure a painful night in the Hospital Wing on a course of Skele-Gro. This, combined with the fact Lockhart had arrogantly ignored Harry's refusal of treatment, soured their relationship further.
When Ginny Weasley had been taken into the Chamber of Secrets, Lockhart boasted that he knew exactly how to enter the Chamber and defeat the monster within; though McGonagall only challenged him to do so in order to shut him up, Harry and Ron, who actually did know how to get into the Chamber, tried to tell him what they knew, only to find him packing his things and getting ready to flee. At this point, Lockhart admitted the truth about his "accomplishments", bringing Harry's contempt for the incompetent, arrogant narcissist to boiling point. In the tunnels to the Chamber of Secrets, Lockhart attempted to erase Harry and Ron's memories, but fortunately for everyone except him, Lockhart attempted to cast the Memory Charm with Ron's broken wand, and the charm backfired. Harry, Ron, and Hermione encountered him again, with absolutely no memories but still using his battered peacock feather quill, as a permanent resident of St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries. Harry didn't have much sympathy for Lockhart for the attempt was all Lockhart's fault to begin with.
- "I miss having you in my classes, Harry. You were never much of a Seer, but you were a wonderful Object [...] "
- —Professor Trelawney, referring to how she kept falsely predicting Harry's premature death[src]
As Sybill Trelawney had a tendency to predict various grim deaths for Harry every Divination class, Harry was not especially fond of his Divination professor. Though most of Trelawney's predictions were nonsensical, in 1996, Harry learned it was Trelawney who had made the prophecy about him and Voldemort, and another in 1994 regarding the return of Peter Pettigrew to the service of Voldemort, though she was completely unaware of having done so.
Though Harry was not a huge fan of the subject, in general, Harry liked the other Divination professor, Firenze, a centaur who had saved Harry's life in 1991. During the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry saw Trelawney spiking crystal balls at the invading Death Eaters.
Despite his general dislike of Sybill for being mostly a fraud who kept annoying him with nonsensical predictions of his death, Harry was nevertheless disgusted when Dolores Umbridge dismissed the Divination professor for inadequate performance, a dismissal that was utmost cruel and unceremonious.
Harry's simple student-teacher relationship with Remus Lupin quickly developed into a strong friendship. A friendship that was akin to one that a kind, loving uncle and his favourite nephew would share.
Harry first met Remus when he was an infant. They met again in 1993 when Remus saved him from the Dementors on the Hogwarts Express. Remus had been appointed the Defence Against the Dark Arts Professor at Hogwarts for the 1993-1994 school year. He soon became Harry's favourite professor as well as a mentor of sorts. It was suggested that Remus' classes were how Harry discovered his extraordinary talent for Defence Against the Dark Arts. When Harry continued to be badly affected by Dementors, Remus agreed to give him private lessons to teach him the very advanced Patronus Charm. It was during these lessons that Harry discovered that Remus was one of his parents' oldest, dearest friends. Although Remus attempted to maintain a teacher-student relationship with Harry, he did act more as a close friend or a beloved uncle at times; with him answering his questions patiently, sharing Butterbeer after a private lesson, assisting him in avoiding trouble with Professor Snape, and even returning the Marauder's Map to Harry once he was no longer a professor. Harry in turn, became deeply fond of Remus and was upset to hear of his resignation after Severus Snape exposed him as a werewolf. He even attempted to try and talk him into staying on at Hogwarts but, it was futile, though Remus told him that it had been a real pleasure teaching him, and assured him that they would meet again.
The two indeed met again in the summer of 1995 when members of the Advance Guard of the Order of the Phoenix arrived to pick up Harry from Privet Drive. Although initially wary of intruders, Harry relaxed on learning of Remus's presence in the group, indicating that he still trusted his father's old dear friend despite a year without contact. During the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Remus protected Harry and Neville Longbottom from an attack by Lucius Malfoy and saved Harry's life by preventing him from running into the Veil in the Death Chamber in an attempt to save his godfather, Sirius Black.
Remus's undercover assignment with the werewolves prevented him from maintaining contact with Harry in the wake of his godfather's death, something about which he expressed regret. On the few occasions that they saw each other during Harry's sixth year, Harry was worried about Remus's increasingly haggard and gaunt appearance. He displayed a protective streak towards Remus, expressing anger over his forced resignation from Hogwarts and the general perception of werewolves.
In 1997, Harry was thrilled to hear of Remus's marriage to Nymphadora Tonks and was puzzled by Lupin's increasingly worried appearance. He was outraged when Remus temporarily left his wife for fear of their then unborn child becoming a werewolf. While Harry maintained his stance on their argument, he deeply regretted the harsh words he said to Remus in his anger. When Remus' son Teddy Lupin was born, Harry was relieved that Remus had clearly forgiven him, and was overwhelmed but delighted to be made Teddy's godfather. Remus also spoke about Harry on Potterwatch, saying that if Harry could hear him he would tell him to trust his instincts which were "nearly always right". This deeply affected Harry who was then informed by Ron that Lupin was back with Tonks, having apparently listened to what Harry had said despite the way he said it.
Of all the people who died during the Battle of Hogwarts, Remus's death along with those of his wife (Nymphadora Tonks) and Fred Weasley, were the ones that hit Harry the hardest. Remus was one of the spirits that was summoned by the Resurrection Stone to speak to Harry and give him the support he needed as he walked to what he believed was his death, indicating the almost familial bond between Remus and Harry.
In his copy of Fantastic Beasts and Where to Find Them, Harry wrote in the werewolf entry that they "aren't all bad". He and Teddy became very close after the war. Harry and his family had dinner with Teddy four times a week and Harry's children hoped that Teddy would either be married into the Weasley-Potter family, or Harry would ask Teddy to move in with the Potters.
Harry disliked Senior Undersecretary to the Minister for Magic, Dolores Umbridge, from the moment he first laid eyes on her, which was shortly before she voted in favour of Harry's undeserved expulsion from Hogwarts; her voice made the hair on the back of his neck stand up, and his hate for her boiled for reasons he could not explain at first. In the summer of 1995, Umbridge sent two Dementors after Harry and his cousin, Dudley Dursley, in an attempt to silence Harry from contradicting the Ministry of Magic's official position maintaining that Lord Voldemort had not returned to power. Harry was forced to use a Patronus to defend himself and Dudley from the Dementors, which resulted in Harry being summoned to the Ministry on the charge of using underage magic; if convicted, he would have been expelled from Hogwarts. Umbridge took part in Harry's prosecution and spoke in favour of his conviction, but Harry was cleared due to Albus Dumbledore's defence, as well as the impartiality of Amelia Bones and several other members of the Wizengamot. Though Harry was triumphant in his clearance, Umbridge kept glaring at him after leaving the courtroom, and he felt resentment for her voting his guilt.
- "As I told you once before, Mr Potter, naughty children deserve to be punished."
- —Umbridge's opinion of Harry[src]
Harry soon encountered Umbridge again when she was appointed Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts, by the Ministry. Harry was outspoken in his outrage at the Ministry's denial of Voldemort's return and their refusal to allow Hogwarts students to practise defensive magic, which Umbridge sadistically responded to by making him carve the words, "I must not tell lies", into the back of his own hand using a Black Quill. Umbridge clearly favoured Slytherin students, and presumably those who had ties to the Ministry in particular, as demonstrated by her allowing the Slytherin Quidditch team to re-form before any other, following the passage of Educational Decree Number Twenty-Four, and later giving Harry and the Fred Weasley and George Weasley lifetime bans from playing Quidditch after they attacked Draco Malfoy.
Umbridge monitored all incoming and outgoing mail, resulting in the injury of Harry's owl, Hedwig, and she made it nearly impossible for Harry, Ron and Hermione to visit Hagrid at his hut. When Harry publicly recounted witnessing Voldemort's resurrection in an interview with Rita Skeeter, published in The Quibbler, Umbridge banned him from Hogsmeade trips. One by one, Umbridge was robbing Harry of his reasons to want to stay at Hogwarts.
In order to offer students the practical defensive education Umbridge was denying them, Harry formed and led Dumbledore's Army. When they were betrayed to Umbridge by one of their members, Harry was nearly expelled from Hogwarts until Dumbledore convinced Cornelius Fudge that Harry only formed the organisation on his orders. Dumbledore was forced to leave Hogwarts to avoid being sent to Azkaban, after which Umbridge took the position of Headmistress and the students took to making things as difficult for her as possible.
Umbridge attempted to have Hagrid arrested after a couple of Nifflers were released in her office, despite his obvious innocence, which resulted in his going on the run and Professor McGonagall being seriously injured and temporarily disabled at St Mungo's Hospital. With seemingly no adults left for him to turn to, Harry attempted to use Umbridge’s fire, the only fire not being monitored by the Ministry, to check on Sirius Black, after having a vision that Sirius was being tortured in the Department of Mysteries. Remembering that Severus Snape was, in fact, a member of the Order of the Phoenix, Harry gave Snape the cryptic message, "he's got Padfoot at the place where it's hidden!" Umbridge nearly used the Cruciatus Curse on Harry in order to make him explain his statement, when Hermione intervened and tricked Umbridge into believing the D.A. had been building a weapon for Dumbledore in the Forbidden Forest. When Harry, Hermione, and Umbridge were confronted by a herd of centaurs, Umbridge's angry diatribe — in which she referred to the centaurs as "creatures of near-human intelligence" and "filthy half-breeds" — resulted in her being carried off into the depths of the forest.
After the Ministry finally acknowledged Voldemort's return to power, Umbridge was removed from Hogwarts. However, Harry was furious to learn later that year that Umbridge was still working for the Ministry. When Voldemort became the de facto Minister for Magic, with an Imperiused Pius Thicknesse as his puppet, Umbridge, knowingly or not, immediately showed sympathy for his agenda by taking part in the hunt for Harry Potter and branding him "Undesirable Number 1." When Harry, disguised as Albert Runcorn by way of Polyjuice Potion, met Umbridge again in 1997, she had become Head of the Muggle-Born Registration Commission, and was cruelly interrogating and trying innocent Muggle-born wizards and witches, before sentencing them to Azkaban for "stealing magic". When Umbridge taunted a Muggle-born witch by claiming Salazar Slytherin's locket was a family heirloom and proof of her relation to the pure-blood Selwyn family, Harry stunned Umbridge in a fit of anger. Hermione replaced the locket with a decoy, after which she, Ron, and Harry proceeded to free all the Muggle-borns awaiting interrogation.
After the Second Wizarding War, Umbridge was given a life sentence in Azkaban in regards to her crimes against Muggle-borns.
Harry first met Horace Slughorn in 1996, when he accompanied Albus Dumbledore in attempting to persuade the old Potions Master to come out of retirement. From the start, Harry was unsure how he felt about Slughorn; though he was clearly not someone with even the slightest inclination toward becoming a Death Eater, he seemed wholly more superficial and self-serving than the likes of people in the Order and most of Harry's other professors. Slughorn had a habit of nurturing and promoting students who would allow him to benefit from his connections to them later on; on the other hand, he seemed to take into account genuine merit as much status within the wizarding community, as he told Harry that his mother, who had no connections at all as a Muggle-born witch, was one of his all time favourite students.
Though he resisted, Slughorn ultimately could not pass up the opportunity to "collect" Harry, nor could he deny that there was no safer place to be than where ever Dumbledore was. Horace Slughorn resumed his post as Potions Master, and made quick work of inviting several choice students (which included Ginny Weasley, when he saw her perform an excellent Bat-Bogey Hex on Zacharias Smith, and later Hermione, the best in her year) in addition to Harry, to be a part of his Slug Club.
In due course, Harry realised that Dumbledore had not just wanted Slughorn back at Hogwarts because he needed to fill a position. During one of their private lessons, Dumbledore showed Harry a memory that belonged to Horace Slughorn, in which Slughorn was chatting with a group of Slytherin boys, including a young Tom Riddle. Riddle had apparently gifted Slughorn his favourite Crystallised Pineapple, was being being charming, and generally seemed to be building up to something. Indeed, when the other boys left, Riddle stayed behind, and slowly but surely made his way to his point; he wanted to know what Slughorn knew about Horcruxes. The room suddenly got hazy, and a voice that belonged to Slughorn but was clearly inorganic reprimanded Riddle for asking such a thing, before the memory abruptly ended.
- "You're a good boy. And you've got her eyes... just don't think too badly of me once you've seen it...."
- —Slughorn after giving Harry the real memory in 1997[src]
Dumbledore told Harry that original version of the modified memory would be of vital importance in understanding exactly what destroying Voldemort would entail, and tasked Harry with retrieving it. Aside from simply being "Harry Potter", Harry had three things that would help him do what even Dumbledore apparently could not: a reputation with Slughorn as an excellent potioneer, courtesy of the Half-Blood Prince, the vial of liquid luck he had won, also courtesy of the Prince, and Slughorn's fondness for Harry's own mother. A combination of all those things, as well as a healthy dose of mead and the opportunity to collect a few vials of Acromantula venom, allowed Harry to finally collect the memory that confirmed what Dumbledore had suspected Voldemort had done to travel "farther down the path to immortality than anyone else"; created not just one, but several Horcruxes.
Slughorn also fought alongside Harry during the Battle of Hogwarts, even taking on Voldemort directly with the aid of Minerva McGonagall and Kingsley Shacklebolt.
- "Don’t you turn your back on me, Harry Potter! I want you to look at me when I kill you! I want to see the light leave your eyes!"
- —Voldemort cruelly taunting Harry before their duel in the Little Hangleton graveyard[src]
Lord Voldemort, who sought to destroy Harry ever since the boy was an infant, was Harry's most dangerous enemy. Dumbledore described the relationship between Lord Voldemort and Harry as follows: "You and Lord Voldemort have journeyed together into realms of magic hitherto unknown and untested... Voldemort wrapped your destinies together more securely than ever two wizards were joined in history... both kin and mortal enemy". The two wizards had their destines locked together ever since a prophecy foretelling of a child "with the power to Vanquish the Dark Lord" was made and relayed in part to Voldemort, who decided to act, to prevent it from coming to fruition. Though two infants fit the description of "The Chosen One", Voldemort believed the son of James and Lily Potter posed the greater threat, as he, like Voldemort himself, was a half-blood.
To circumvent the prophecy, Voldemort went to Godric's Hollow to murder baby Harry. When Lily refused to move aside and allow Voldemort access to his true target, her loving sacrifice afforded Harry a protection so powerful it caused the Killing Curse Voldemort aimed at Harry to rebound. Voldemort's body was destroyed and the fragment of soul residing within it was forced to flee and exist in a weak, spectral form. In attempting to murder Harry, Voldemort unintentionally embedded a piece of his soul and some of his own abilities into Harry, as well as effectively marking Harry "as his equal". It was only after Voldemort attacked Harry that the latter became a Parselmouth, a trait Voldemort inherited from Salazar Slytherin, as well as the ability to see into Voldemort's mind on occasion — both tools that aided Harry in bringing about Lord Voldemort's end. As it happened, when Voldemort tried to murder Harry in the Forbidden Forest during the Battle of Hogwarts he was unable to because when Voldemort had used Harry's blood to restore his body, he had unwittingly bound Harry's life to his own. As such, the curse only destroyed the Horcrux piece of Voldemort’s soul within Harry, while Harry survived.
There are many features that both Voldemort and Harry share: both were only children who were "abandoned" at a very young age, too young to properly remember their parents. Both had grown up believing untruths about their parents (Harry was told that his parents were unemployed drunks who had died in a car accident, while Voldemort was allegedly told that his mother was from a circus). Lord Voldemort, like Harry, never knew his mother. Although he did meet his father, he only sought him out for revenge and murdered him. Harry only vaguely remembers both his parents, being too young when they were murdered to remember anything more than vague images and fleeting feelings. However, he had been able to connect with them through objects that once belonged to them such as, his father's Invisibility cloak and the Marauder's Map, his mother's letter, old photographs, and also his parents' friends. He also met their spirits via the Resurrection Stone. In addition, both boys wore second-hand clothes: Harry was given his repulsive cousin Dudley's enormous cast offs and Tom wore tatty hand-me-downs supplied by the orphanage. Both Riddle and Harry were friendless as children: Harry was kept isolated and denied a normal social life by his aunt and uncle, while Tom expressed his bitterness and loneliness by tormenting the other orphans, frightening them away.
- "There is no good and evil... There's only power, and those who are too weak to seek it...."
- —Voldemort words to Harry in 1992[src]
Both Harry and Voldemort were Parselmouths: wizards who have the ability to speak to snakes. This is less coincidental than it might seem, for Voldemort actually transferred this ability to Harry when attacking him. Voldemort was in Slytherin house and the Sorting Hat almost placed Harry into Slytherin, though Harry asked to be placed in some other House, thus, making it so his choices define who he is. Both boys had followers: Tom gathered a small group of "friends" through fear, intimidation, as well as tenuous promises and then later a whole group calling themselves the Death Eaters. Similarly, many students gravitated to Harry out of loyalty and a shared cause, but also curiosity and an attraction to his fame.
The two wizards also had "twin" wands: each wand contained the same phoenix feather wand core, that is later revealed to be from Fawkes, Dumbledore's pet phoenix. As well, both boys were unaware they were wizards until about the age of eleven, even though each could make unusual things happen. Both Harry and Tom were of great interest to Dumbledore and both felt their first home was Hogwarts. In addition, both achieved greatness in the Defence Against the Dark Arts class, however, each for different reasons. Both Harry and Voldemort were half-bloods, though that only matters to Tom Riddle. Both are also rule breakers: Harry, of course, feels justified when he does things like leaving his dorm after hours, entering the Forbidden Forest, as well as eavesdropping on teachers because he believes it serves a greater purpose. Tom might have engaged in similar activities, but if so, then he did this for darker and self-serving reasons, as well as without benefit of an Invisibility Cloak like Harry: while at school, Tom framed Hagrid for a girl's death, then went on to worse crimes.
- Lord Voldemort: "Potter doesn't mean that. Who else are you going to use as a shield today, Potter?"
- Harry: "No one. There are no more Horcruxes. It's just you and me. One of us is going to leave for good."
- — The final confrontation between Voldemort and Harry[src]
However, there are also many features that set Harry and Voldemort apart: during his Sorting, Harry requested not to be placed in Slytherin. It is unlikely Tom Riddle would have made a similar request, even if he was unaware what his ancestry was. Furthermore, Voldemort never had friends, only followers who feared him or hoped to gain some reward or advantage. Harry made many friends: his dorm-mates, the Weasley family, as well as many teachers: especially Hagrid, Remus Lupin, as well as (the real) "Mad-Eye" Moody. They supported Harry because they share a common belief. While both were half-blood, Harry's mother was Muggle-born, whereas Lord Voldemort's father was a Muggle, as well as incidentally, so was Snape's, which is why he called himself the "Half-Blood Prince".
Most importantly, Harry cared about the people around him, even pitying Draco Malfoy when the boy was ordered by Voldemort to assassinate Dumbledore. Harry had the ability to love and be compassionate, making him more vulnerable to suffering pain, but also capable of experiencing deep friendship and loyalty that helped guide him to greatness. For Voldemort, love, fidelity, or compassion are unknown and unwelcome concepts. Voldemort would demand loyalty and respect from his Death Eaters, but had little in return. Voldemort had a tendency to dispose of Death Eaters who either failed him, angered him, or were no longer of use to him. Despite literally sharing the same blood, Voldemort and Harry were also related by blood, however distantly, through their shared descent from the Peverells (Voldemort through the Gaunts and Harry through the Potters). This made them distant cousins.
It is possible that Harry won the allegiance of Voldemort's wand after the latter's death during their Duel in the Great Hall. If so, it is highly unlikely Harry will ever use the wand due to his personal history with both the wand itself and its original owner.
Voldemort and Harry share some things: The same wand cores and the same family because Harry Potter is related to Tom Riddle, they are related through the Peverell brothers.
Despite his long and twisted history with Voldemort, Harry did not allow his grudge against the man to interfere with making sound judgement when thwarting the Dark Lord's daughter Delphini's attempts to upset the timeline to be with her father. Harry even offered the wayward girl compassion and advice on learning to live as an orphan as he has long since learned to do. This shows that despite all that Voldemort did to Harry, his loved ones, and the world, Harry was, even after so many years, still the better man and mature and compassionate enough to spare his greatest enemy's daughter, as Harry was ruled by love and wisdom, not hatred or power. Harry was also able to empathise with her due to their shared status as war orphans and outsiders in their youth. Harry likely saw Delphini as the version of her father that he might have been had he been shown love and compassion. He also might have spared her in one last attempt to prove whether or not Voldemort still controlled his life.
- "Harry had never believed he would meet a boy he hated more than Dudley, but that was before he met Draco Malfoy."
- —Harry expressing his deep distaste for Draco Malfoy[src]
Draco Malfoy became Harry's rival almost from the moment they met at Madam Malkin's Robes for All Occasions in Diagon Alley. Draco came from a family that believed strongly in the importance of blood purity, thus he considered himself superior to most people. He bullied and insulted Muggle-borns and Gryffindors in particular. He was bitterly jealous of Harry's seemingly effortless heroism. Despite his strong hatred towards Draco, Harry had restraint towards Draco's taunts. He occasionally had to restrain Ron Weasley (and on one occasion, George Weasley) from attacking Draco and only resorted to violence if Draco insulted someone he cared about. Draco bit off more than he could chew in his ambition to be like his father (Lucius Malfoy) when he became a Death Eater at a young age. To punish his father, Voldemort ordered Draco to assassinate Albus Dumbledore, threatening his parents' lives if he failed. Although he let several Death Eaters into Hogwarts in 1997, Draco found himself unwilling to actually go through with murdering Dumbledore, even when given the opportunity to do so.
In 1998, when Harry was brought to the Malfoy Manor to be handed over to the Dark Lord, Draco was very reluctant to identify him. During the confrontation that ensued, Harry disarmed him winning both his hawthorn wand and, unknowingly, the Elder Wand. During the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry, Ron, and Hermione saved his life twice. First against Crabbe's Fiendfyre and from a masked Death Eater.
Because of his family's switching of sides during the Battle of Hogwarts, Draco was not sent to Azkaban for his crimes. By 2017, he was married and had a son. Draco saw Harry, Ginny, Hermione, and Ron at King's Cross Station when sending their children to Hogwarts, where he gave them a curt nod. While Draco and Harry eventually made peace, they were still not friends at this stage. It is also unknown if Harry ever gave Draco his original wand back, as Harry won its allegiance and it is never stated how a wand that has been won behaves towards its original master afterwards.
During the ensuing years, Draco managed a cordial relationship with Harry and his family due to Albus Potter being Draco's son, Scorpius's best friend. When Draco's wife died, he valued the positive effect that Albus had in preventing Scorpius from being completely isolated, reaching his son in a way he couldn't. During the crisis with Delphini, Draco confessed much to Harry during these events, including how much he envied Harry's friendship with Ron and Hermione. And when revealing the details of his wife's death and the effect it had on him and his son, Draco and Harry finally came to see eye-to-eye, and looked upon each other as friends for the first time, having gained a powerful and mutual respect for one another.
The first of Voldemort's servants to try to murder Harry was his Defence Against the Dark Arts Professor, Quirinus Quirrell. Though not a Death Eater, he encountered Voldemort in the forests of Albania, and was seduced into the Dark Lord's service by promises of wealth and power. Harry found out about Quirrell's true loyalties at the end of his first year, in the seventh of the Philosopher's Stone Chambers. This news also came with the discovery that Voldemort was actually sharing Quirrell's body, and the turban Quirrell wore was, in fact, hiding Voldemort's face on the back of Quirrell's head. When Quirrell attempted to grab Harry, he found he was unable to do so without experiencing unbearable pain, due to the power of Harry's mother's sacrificial protection. Voldemort detached himself from his servant to escape the pain and fled before Albus Dumbledore's arrival because Dumbledore could have killed him, leaving Quirrell to die. Over three years after Quirrell's death, Harry made a sarcastic remark about Quirrell's allegiance, and one year after that, he remarked snidely on how Quirrell died on the job, all of these showing Harry's lack of respect for the late professor.
Barty Crouch Jr
- Harry: "You're mad!"
- Barty Crouch Jr: "Mad, am I? We'll see! We'll see who's mad, now that the Dark Lord has returned, with me at his side! He's back, Harry Potter, you did not conquer him — and now — I conquer you!"
- — Harry Potter and Barty Crouch Jr, after Voldemort's return[src]
Harry first learned about the Death Eaters after the 1994 Quidditch World Cup Riot, where Barty Crouch Jr raised the Dark Mark in the sky. At the end of Harry's fourth year, he realised that the man he thought was Alastor Moody was actually Barty Crouch Jr, disguised by way of Polyjuice Potion.
Crouch attempted to murder Harry, but Professors Dumbledore, McGonagall, and Snape rushed into Moody's office and stunned him. When Dumbledore forced Crouch to drink Veritaserum, he revealed how he had escaped from Azkaban with the help his father and dying mother, and told Dumbledore about how Voldemort had helped him overpower his father, allowing Crouch to later Confund the Goblet of Fire to declare Harry a Triwizard Champion. Cornelius Fudge arrived at Hogwarts soon after with a Dementor for a bodyguard, and the latter subsequently gave Crouch the Dementor's Kiss. Barty Crouch Jr's role in the conspiracy behind the Triwizard Tournament was a key factor in Voldemort's return to full strength.
- "SHE KILLED SIRIUS! SHE KILLED HIM — I'LL KILL HER!"
- —Harry hatred for Bellatrix after she murdered Sirius Black[src]
Harry felt contemptuous of Bellatrix Lestrange from the moment he learned of her torturing of Alice and Frank Longbottom, his eyes immediately drawn to her picture wherever he saw it. Bellatrix in turn hated Harry as much as he hated her. She even volunteered for the task of killing him in 1997. Throughout their encounter in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Bellatrix goaded Harry with sarcastic baby-talk, mocking him for falling for Lord Voldemort's ploy and travelling to the Ministry of Magic to save his non-present godfather. She abandoned the baby-talk, however, becoming incensed when Harry used Voldemort's name — a mark of deep disrespect in Bellatrix's eyes.
After Bellatrix murdered Sirius Black, Harry seemed to hate her as much as, if not more than, he did Voldemort. He chased her into the Atrium of the Ministry in a fit of rage, where he tried (unsuccessfully) to torture her by use of the Cruciatus Curse. He even had to restrain himself from destroying her wand, which he managed to procure during the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor. Bellatrix would later murder both Nymphadora Tonks and Dobby the house-elf in 1998, also nearly killing Ginny Weasley during the second round of the Battle of Hogwarts. In the latter incident, Harry, who had been hurrying towards Voldemort in the Great Hall, noticed the danger to Ginny's life and made a beeline for Bellatrix instead. He was beaten to her, however, by Molly Weasley's abrupt intervention.
Though she spoke disparagingly of the fact that Harry was a half-blood, and vehemently denied Harry's claims that Voldemort was the same, Bellatrix despised Harry mostly out of loyalty to her master, the man with whom she had developed an obsessive infatuation. As such, Bellatrix more or less hated anyone who challenged or threatened Lord Voldemort. Regardless of his feelings, Harry recognised that Bellatrix made a fearsome opponent; while he hated her as his godfather's murderer, he acknowledged that she was also a "witch of prodigious skill and absolutely no conscience".
As Harry's hate towards Bellatrix was prominent amongst the many other Death Eaters, he tended to focus on her whenever her picture was shown in the Daily Prophet, or when her name came up. It was due to this relationship that he saw the resemblance between Bellatrix and her younger sisters, Narcissa Malfoy and Andromeda Tonks, to the point of even nearly mistaking the latter for Bellatrix herself.
- "You're going to kill me? After I saved your life? You owe me, Wormtail...."
- —Harry reminding Pettigrew that he had once saved his life[src]
Pettigrew once a friend of Lily and James Potter and was also the man who betrayed Harry and his parents to Lord Voldemort, which resulted in Lily's and James' deaths and Harry being marked as the "Boy Who Lived". Harry initially believed Peter Pettigrew had been courageous for challenging the alleged traitor, Sirius Black, despite appearing so comparatively timid and weak; Harry even compared him to his own friend Neville Longbottom. As Scabbers, Harry felt that Hermione should at least feel responsible when Crookshanks allegedly ate him, when in truth Peter faked his death a second time.
After Sirius Black escaped from from Azkaban in 1993, the alleged convict made his way to Hogwarts. As Sirius was mumbling "he's at Hogwarts" in his sleep people assumed that he supposedly had the goal of killing Harry in a crazed bid that would bring Lord Voldemort back to full power. In reality Sirius was making his way to Hogwarts in order to get revenge against Pettigrew for his role in the murder of his two friends and the previous twelve years he spent in Azkaban for a crime he did not commit. Sirius also worried about Pettigrew being within close proximity to Harry.
Towards the end of the school year, Black managed to pull Ron Weasley through the Whomping Willow and in to the Shrieking Shack, followed closely by Hermione Granger and an incensed Harry. When they were joined shortly after by Remus Lupin, he and Sirius revealed a completely different truth: Pettigrew had been the one to betray Harry's parents, and had subsequently framed Sirius by pretending to confront him, then faked his own death by cutting off one of his own fingers and hiding in his unregistered Animagus form as Ron's pet rat, Scabbers. Although Harry was disgusted by Pettigrew's disloyalty and cowardice, he convinced Sirius and Remus not to become murderers, and instead force Pettigrew to face justice in the hands of the Dementors. Though Pettigrew escaped, making it impossible to prove Sirius Black's innocence, Harry's decision to spare his life was not fruitless: Pettigrew owed Harry a life debt.
Pettigrew, who had fled to Albania and sought protection from Sirius in the service of Lord Voldemort, returned to Great Britain in 1994. After Harry and Cedric Diggory were transported to the Little Hangleton graveyard following the end of the Triwizard Tournament, Pettigrew murdered Cedric, bound Harry to the grave of Tom Riddle Snr, and concocted a potion using the senior Riddle's bones, one of Pettigrew's own hands, and Harry's blood, to return Voldemort to physical form. When instructed by Voldemort to give Harry back his wand, Pettigrew did so without looking at him.
In 1998, during the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor, Peter Pettigrew's life debt was repaid; Harry reminded him that he had saved his life, and Pettigrew momentarily hesitated in the midst of attempting to strangle him. As a result, the silver hand Voldemort had made for Pettigrew, as a reward for sacrificing his own, saw the hesitation as sign of weakness, and turned against him. Though Ron and Harry both tried to save him, the hand ultimately strangled Pettigrew to death.
- "I don't give a damn what your father thinks. He's vile, and cruel."
- —Harry to Draco Malfoy his opinion of the latter's father, Lucius Malfoy[src]
Harry first saw Lucius Malfoy in 1992 at Borgin and Burkes, though they didn't officially meet until Lucius got into a fist fight with Arthur Weasley at Flourish and Blotts, over Malfoy's many insults aimed at the Weasley family. Though Harry didn't know it till much later, after a good deal of damage had been done, Malfoy had used the scuffle as a pretext for handing Ginny Weasley a book that turned out to be Riddle's Diary.
Harry and Malfoy met again at the end of the same year, when Harry tricked Malfoy into freeing his house-elf, Dobby; when Lucius threatened Harry in his anger at having lost his servant, Dobby demonstrating the might of his house-elf magic to protect Harry. They would eventually meet again in the Ministry of Magic, in 1995, after which Lucius was outed as an active Death Eater and arrested. Following his failure at the Ministry, and Voldemort's discovery of the fact that Lucius had allowed one of his Horcruxes to be destroyed, Voldemort punished him by giving his son the seemingly impossible task of assassinating Albus Dumbledore.
When Harry and his friends escaped from Malfoy Manor on Lucius' watch, the Malfoys fell further out of Voldemort's favour. During the final battle, Lucius and his wife both deserted the Death Eaters, placing greater importance in the safety of their son, and Narcissa's crucial act of lying to Voldemort about Harry's supposed death insured that the Malfoy family was not sent to Azkaban.
Other Death Eaters
Throughout the Second Wizarding War, Harry encountered a number of other Death Eaters: Antonin Dolohov, who murdered the Prewetts and Remus Lupin, and almost killed Hermione Granger during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries; Travers, who murdered the McKinnons; Augustus Rookwood, who was possibly responsible for the explosion that killed Fred Weasley; Yaxley, who imprisoned innocent Muggle-borns with the Muggle-Born Registration Commission; Walden Macnair, who was violent and bloodthirsty, and almost killed Buckbeak in 1993; Alecto and Amycus Carrow, who tortured the students of Hogwarts when they had been appointed Deputy Headmasters; Thorfinn Rowle, who indiscriminately cast Killing Curses all around him during the Battle of the Astronomy Tower and took part in the skirmish at the Luchino Caffe, and Rodolphus and Rabastan Lestrange, who participated in the torture of Alice and Frank Longbottom. Lucius Malfoy, Rookwood, Dolohov, MacNair, and the Lestranges (including Bellatrix), all took part in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, along with Mr Crabbe and Mr Goyle (fathers of Vincent Crabbe and Gregory Goyle), Mr Nott, Jugson, Avery, and Mulciber.
In 1997, during the Battle of the Astronomy Tower, Harry got his first glimpse of Fenrir Greyback, who was known for craving human flesh even out of Werewolf form, as well for planning his attacks by positioning himself near his intended victims prior to the full moon (typically the children of his employer's enemies). Harry, Ron and Hermione were taken hostage by Greyback and a gang of Snatchers just before the Skirmish at Malfoy Manor, during which time Greyback expressed a disturbing interest in Hermione. Though he wasn't a Death Eater, and lacked the Dark Mark tattoo, Greyback was allowed to wear Death Eater's robes whenever Voldemort made use of him.
Harry met Durmstrang Institute's Headmaster, Igor Karkaroff, in 1994, during the Triwizard Tournament. Harry later saw Karkaroff in Dumbledore's pensieve bearing witness against several of his fellow Death Eaters, in exchange for his own freedom. Karkaroff fled after Voldemort's resurrection in 1995. Two years later, Harry learned that Karkaroff's corpse was found in a shack in the north of Britain.
Harry didn't initially think highly of Sirius Black's younger brother, Regulus, who followed the family tradition of zealous pure-blood supremacy for most of his life. However, Kreacher later revealed to Harry, Ron and Hermione that Regulus had likely been the first to deduce the existence of Voldemort's Horcruxes, and subsequently attempted to find and destroy them. When he located the hiding place of Salazar Slytherin's locket, rather than force Kreacher to consume the Emerald Potion as Voldemort had done, Regulus drank it himself after ordering Kreacher to take and destroy the locket, resulting in Regulus' death. In all likelihood, Harry came to appreciate Regulus' bravery, and respect the level of compassion he had for beings that had long been ill-treated by wizarding kind.
Order of the Phoenix
- "Like the fact that the person Sirius cared most about in the world was you. Like the fact that you were coming to regard Sirius as a mixture of father and brother. Voldemort knew already, of course, that Sirius was in the Order, that you knew where he was, but Kreacher's information made him realise that the one person whom you would go to any lengths to rescue, Was Sirius Black."
- —Albus Dumbledore, regarding Harry and Sirius's relationship[src]
Filling in as a paternal figure or an uncle (unlike Uncle Vernon), Sirius Black was Harry's godfather, as well as his most trusted confidant. When Harry's scar hurt in 1994, he acknowledged that he could tell and ask Sirius anything without feeling foolish, hesitant, or uncomfortable. During Dolores Umbridge's dictatorial rule over Hogwarts during the 1995–1996 school year, Sirius supported Harry's rebellion against her, telling Harry that he and James would have done the same thing. He also supported Harry's plan to teach students practical defensive magic.
When Harry first met Sirius, he wanted to kill Sirius for the betrayal of his parents. When the truth was revealed that Peter Pettigrew had been the one who sold the Potters to Lord Voldemort, Sirius still showed immense guilt, because it had been his idea for Pettigrew to become the Potters' Secret Keeper.
Harry, for his part, became very protective of Sirius. Knowing that the Ministry believed him guilty of mass murder, Harry refused to put Sirius in danger if it could be avoided. When Harry was mysteriously entered into the Triwizard Tournament, he tried everything to convince Sirius to remain in hiding instead of returning to England. During Umbridge's year at the school, Harry asked Sirius not to come to Hogsmeade as Padfoot, since he did not want to risk Sirius getting thrown back into Azkaban; while Sirius obeyed Harry's wishes, he observed that James would have been willing to take the risk.
- "I realised I can't shut myself away, or — or crack up. Sirius wouldn't have wanted that, would he? And anyway, life's too short... look at Madam Bones, look at Emmeline Vance... it could be me next, couldn't it? But if it is, I'll make sure I take as many Death Eaters with me as I can and Voldemort too, if I can manage it."
- —Harry honours his godfather's memory[src]
When Sirius was killed in the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Harry at first refused to believe he was dead. Harry was completely devastated by Sirius's death; for the following months, Harry avoided talking about Sirius if he could; whenever the subject came up, he would distract himself in some way to avoid joining the discussion. Very fortunately, Harry was able to move on with his life after a short period of grieving, knowing that Sirius would not want him to shut himself away or crack up. When Harry prepared to sacrifice himself to Voldemort in 1998, Sirius was one of the spirits he summoned using the Resurrection Stone. Sirius assured Harry that dying was "quicker and easier" than falling asleep.
Sirius also was the one who gave Harry his first toy broomstick, as a year old baby. In a letter to Sirius, Harry's mother thanked him and described James's impression that Harry would be a "good Quidditch player." Sirius later gave Harry another broomstick, the Firebolt, as thirteen years's worth of presents from his godfather.
Harry would name his eldest son after James and Sirius.
- "Harry could not quite comprehend it. Mad-Eye dead; it could not be... Mad-Eye, so tough, so brave, the consummate survivor [...] "
- —Harry thinking about Mad Eye's death[src]
Harry first saw the real Alastor "Mad-Eye" Moody shortly after Barty Crouch Jr was revealed to have been keeping Moody imprisoned in his own trunk, using his hair for Polyjuice Potion, and taking Moody's place as temporary Defence Against the Dark Arts teacher at Hogwarts for most of the 1994–1995 school year.
The real Moody brought the Advance Guard of the Order of the Phoenix to Privet Drive in 1995, to safely transport Harry to the Order's headquarters, and Sirius Black's ancestral home, at 12 Grimmauld Place. As Harry got to know Moody through his time spent around the Order, Moody proved every bit the great, albeit incredibly paranoid, wizard he was reputed to be. When Moody was murdered by Voldemort during the Battle of the Seven Potters, Harry was shocked and horrified by the abrupt end of such a skilled Auror, and shared a drink in his honour with the rest of the Order.
In 1997, Harry infiltrated Umbridge's office looking for Salazar Slytherin's locket, where he found Moody's steal magical eye lodged in the door of Umbridge's office. Harry reclaimed the eye, although in doing so he ended up alerting the Ministry to the breach in security, and later Harry buried it under a tree he found and marked with a small cross while thinking that Moody would prefer it to having his eye put to use spying for Dolores Umbridge.
- "Lupin, Tonks... He yearned not to feel... He wished he could rip out his heart, his innards, everything that was screaming inside him...."
- —Harry's devastation regarding Tonks and Lupin's murders[src]
Harry and Nymphadora Tonks first met in August 1995 when the Advance Guard came to Privet Drive in order to transport Harry to 12 Grimmauld Place. From there, she became one of Harry's most valuable allies and friend. The pair immediately took a liking to each other and Harry was particularly impressed by Tonks's position as an Auror, as well as her extraordinary Metamorphmagus abilities. At the time of their first meeting Harry was intimidated by the rest of the Advance Guard, but not Tonks who was clumsy and funny. Later, during the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Tonks was among the Order members that came to the rescue of Harry and his friends. Harry was later relieved to hear that she would recover from the injuries she suffered at the hands of Bellatrix Lestrange.
Their friendship grew during the next few years. In 1996, Harry hoped Tonks would be among the Aurors set to escort him to the Hogwarts Express, though she was not. Shortly after, Tonks rescued Harry on the Hogwarts Express; she performed the counter-curse to remove the Full Body-Bind Curse placed on him by Draco Malfoy, healed his broken nose, and ensured he reached safety within Hogwarts. Tonks felt sorry that Harry wasn't able to attend her and Remus' wedding in 1997. When Lupin briefly left Tonks, due to fears that the child she carried would be infected with lycanthropy like himself, Harry was furious with him for leaving his family. It was largely because of Harry's words that Lupin returned to Tonks. Nine months later in March, Tonks and Remus asked Harry to be godfather to their son, Teddy Remus Lupin. During the Battle of Hogwarts Tonks was murdered by her aunt Bellatrix, who finally succeeded in killing her "blood traitor" niece. Tonks's death, along with that of her husband, Fred Weasley, and Colin Creevey were those that hit Harry the hardest.
In honour of Tonks and her husband's memory, Harry helped Nymphadora's mother raise Teddy. Harry acted as a father figure to their orphaned son and Teddy would spend three or four nights a week dining with the Potter and Weasley families. When Harry saw his two sons off to the Hogwarts Express in 2017, James came running back to his parents to announce that he had seen Teddy snogging Victoire Weasley, which may have meant Teddy eventually became an official member of the extended Potter-Weasley family.
Aberforth was the younger brother of Albus Dumbledore. Though Harry, Ron and Hermione had known him for years as the owner of the Hog's Head, they didn't officially meet him or learn his true identity until 1998, when Harry, Ron and Hermione apparated outside of Aberforth's pub, in Hogsmeade. Harry had read about Aberforth in The Life and Lies of Albus Dumbledore, a book Rita Skeeter had written, which described Aberforth as unlettered, rude, and bitter for having lived in the shadow of his elder brother. When the trio apparated outside of the Hog's Head, they set off a Caterwauling Charm set by Death Eaters. As the three were hidden beneath Harry's Invisibility cloak, the Death Eaters used Dementors to smoke them out; the Death Eaters recognised Harry's stag Patronus, but Aberforth claimed it was he who had set off the Caterwauling charm, and that the Patronus had actually been a goat.
Upon taking refuge in the Pub, the trio discovered Aberforth had saved their lives once before; he had been able to send Dobby to save them from the Malfoy Manor after Harry called to him through the broken shards of the two-way mirror, as Aberforth had bought Sirius' mirror from Mundungus. Aberforth advised Harry to take Ron and Hermione away from Hogsmeade, and to save himself. He told them about his family life, and that his sister, Ariana, had been so traumatised after being attacked by three Muggle boys, that she became unable to control her magical abilities. He also told them why his father had been imprisoned in Azkaban, and about the events leading up to the deaths of his mother and sister. Though Harry understood, or at least sympathised with, Aberforth's bitterness, he echoed Albus's sentiments by saying "sometimes you've got to think about the greater good!" Harry then informed Aberforth that, despite what he believed of his brother, Albus had never been free of what Gellert Grindelwald had done to Aberforth or what had happened to Ariana, referring to all Harry had heard Albus say under the effects of the Emerald Potion. After receiving this insight into his brother's mind, Aberforth showed the trio the secret passage to the Room of Requirement concealed behind Ariana's portrait.
Other OOTP Members
Before Harry had even known he was a wizard, Dedalus Diggle had met and even publicly bowed to a bemused, young Harry, much to the Dursleys confusion and disgust. In 1997, Diggle and Hestia Jones took the Dursleys into hiding under the Order's protection from Voldemort and the Death Eaters. Hestia was furious when she realised how little Harry's uncle and aunt seemed to know or care about him, and was unimpressed by Dudley's attempt at reconciliation. Though Harry was mostly amused by Dudley's declaration that he did not consider Harry a "waste of space", he probably appreciated Hestia's indignation on his behalf all the same.
Harry thought Arabella Figg was just his odd, cat-loving neighbour, until 1995, when he learned she was a Squib, and a member of the Order. She was outraged to learn that Mundungus Fletcher had abandoned his post when he was supposed to be guarding Harry, which left the boy and his cousin vulnerable when they were attacked by Dementors. Figg also participated in Harry Potter's trial, as a witness in Harry's defence. It is unknown if Figg fought in the Battle of Hogwarts, though it is likely that she did not fight, as she lacked magical powers.
Harry had learned from Moody that several members of the First Order had been killed during the First Wizarding War, including: the Prewett brothers, Edgar Bones and his family, Marlene McKinnon and her family, Caradoc Dearborn, Benjy Fenwick, and Dorcas Meadowes. In Harry's fourth year, Dumbledore told him that Alice and Frank Longbottom had been tortured to insanity and were permanently incapacitated in St Mungo's Hospital for Magical Maladies and Injuries, shortly after Voldemort's fall, by four Death Eaters who were attempting to discover their Master's whereabouts. Harry was later confused when he heard about the arrest of Order member Sturgis Podmore, who had apparently been attempting to break into the Department of Mysteries in 1995, but eventually realised that Podmore had been imperiused. Harry also learned about the death of Emmeline Vance in the Daily Prophet, when she was killed around the same as the murder of Amelia Bones.
Mundungus Fletcher was likely the member of the Order Harry liked least (barring, initially, Severus Snape), as he was a criminal who callously pilfered many of Sirius' inherited possessions very shortly after his death. Harry attempted to strangle Fletcher when he saw him hawking Black family heirlooms outside of the Three Broomsticks Inn, in 1996, and was disgusted to learn that Fletcher had abandoned Alastor Moody during the Battle of the Seven Potters. When Harry realised that one of the items Mundungus had stolen from 12 Grimmauld Place had been Salazar Slytherin's Locket, he ordered Kreacher, the house-elf, to catch him. Kreacher did so, and it was with reluctance that Harry stopped the house-elf from beating Mundungus senseless, in order to learn that the locket had been taken from Mundungus by Dolores Umbridge.
Augusta Longbottom, the mother of Frank Longbottom, mother-in-law of Alice Longbottom, and grandmother of Neville Longbottom, was not an original member of the Order, but she fought in both Wizarding Wars. She thought highly of Harry and his friends, and was immensely proud of her grandson. When Augusta arrived at the school to join in the final battle, she rushed off to find Neville, whom she was unsurprised to hear was off somewhere fighting Death Eaters.
Ted Tonks (Nymphadora Tonks' dad) also were not original members, but were crucial in transferring Harry safely the Burrow, after the sacrificial protection was broken. Harry seemed to liked the cheery-looking Ted Tonks immediately. After the Battle of the Seven Potters, Andromeda and Ted healed Harry's and Hagrid's injuries, before they took a Portkey to the Burrow. Harry was saddened by the news of Ted Tonks' murder at the hands of Snatchers. He later helped Andromeda raise his grandson, Teddy Lupin, after Nymphadora's and Lupin's deaths.
Teddy Lupin was Harry's godson and the son of Remus and Nymphadora Lupin. The couple was two of Harry's close friends. In March 1998, Remus asked Harry to be Teddy's godfather, which he happily accepted. After Remus and Tonks were murdered in the Battle of Hogwarts, Harry helped Teddy's grandmother raise him. By 2017 Harry and Teddy were clearly very close. When Harry's children wanted Teddy to move in with the Potters. Harry mentioned that Teddy had been coming to their home for dinner four times a week, and that he practically lived with them already. The Potter kids were also thrilled at the idea that Teddy, who was seen kissing Victoire Weasley (the daughter of Bill and Fleur Weasley) might officially become a part of their family.
In 1998, as Harry was planning to break in to the Lestrange Vault, he wondered if he was becoming as reckless as a godfather to Teddy as Sirius Black had been to him. With helping Andromeda raise Teddy, Harry possibly became a father figure towards him, as Harry could understand how Teddy felt without parents.
- Cedric Diggory: "You saved my life, Harry. Take the cup."
- Harry: "We'll take it together."
- — Cedric and Harry about who should win the Triwizard Tournament[src]
Harry and Cedric Diggory, were, for better or worse, rivals throughout Harry's third and fourth years at Hogwarts. As Cedric was Seeker of the Hufflepuff Quidditch team, one of their first encounters involved Cedric catching the Snitch and securing the win for his team, while Harry fell off his broomstick after one of the Dementors guarding the school found its way onto the Quidditch pitch.
The next year, when both Harry and Cedric were declared Champions in the Triwizard Tournament, Cedric was the school's obvious favourite, as most of the students believed Harry had entered the competition illegally. Cedric also believed Harry had entered illegally and asked him how he managed to do it, but Cedric did not dislike Harry for this, as most of the school did. Though the negative attention abated slightly after Harry's stellar performance in the first task, Cedric also beat Harry to the punch in asking Cho Chang to the Yule Ball. And although Cedric remained good-natured and gracious throughout, Harry could not help feeling jealous, and even slightly insecure about the fact that Cedric "looked the part" of a Champion.
Regardless, when Hagrid showed Harry that the Tournament's first task would involve facing dragons, Harry felt compelled to help Cedric, realising he alone would be unprepared, as both Heads of other the two competing schools had seen the dragons as well. Cedric reciprocated by helping Harry with the second task, and during the third, each had occasion to save the other's life. As, such, when they reached the Triwizard Cup at the same time, they agreed to take it together; both boys were transported to the Little Hangleton graveyard, and Harry watched in horror as Peter Pettigrew murdered Cedric on Voldemort's command to "kill the spare." When Cedric's ghostly image emerged from Voldemort's wand, which was locked in Priori Incantatem with Harry's, he asked Harry to take his body back to his parents, which Harry honoured, risking his life in the process.
Cedric's death haunted Harry's dreams well into the summer, as Dudley mockingly asked him if "Cedric" was his boyfriend, and enabled Harry to see Thestrals for the first time at the beginning of his fifth year.
Having witnessed Cedric's death firsthand made Harry feel very distraught throughout the following year, and aside from Ron and Hermione, he refused to talk about it with anyone else, as he rebuked Zacharias Smith's demands for more details, and even when a tearful Cho asked of it.
- "Kreacher... er... I would like to give you this. This belonged to Regulus and I'm sure he'd want you to have it as a token of gratitude for what you — "
- —Harry giving Regulus Black's locket to Kreacher[src]
Kreacher was the last in a line of house-elves who served the Black family, inherited by Sirius Black, and eventually by Harry. In his fanatical loyalty to the House of Black, Kreacher mimicked the family's pure-blood supremacist views, and as such, despised Sirius for being a "blood traitor" and for supposedly breaking his mother's heart. By extension, he hated, and muttered profanities about, anyone associated with Sirius, particularly Harry and the motley crew of blood statuses that made up the rest of the Order of the Phoenix.
For his part, Sirius saw too much of the family he hated in Kreacher, and had no problem treating Kreacher with utter disdain. After the Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Harry learned that Kreacher had helped trick Harry into going to the Ministry of Magic by pretending Sirius was not at Grimmauld Place when Harry tried to find him, and thus helped bring about Sirius's end. In his will, Sirius left everything he owned to Harry, including Kreacher. As Harry wanted nothing to do with the house-elf, but could not risk setting him free and letting any information Kreacher had about the Order fall into the hands of the Lestranges or the Malfoys, he sent Kreacher to work in the Hogwarts' kitchens.
In 1997, when Harry, Ron and Hermione hid in 12 Grimmauld Place at the start of their hunt for Voldemort's Horcruxes, they discovered that "R.A.B" stood for Regulus Arcturus Black, and Harry remembered actually having seen and tried to open Slytherin's Locket in the summer of 1995. They asked Kreacher if he knew from where the locket came and what had become of it, and the house-elf was forced to reveal all that had happened between him, Voldemort, and Regulus Black; when Regulus was still a Death Eater, Voldemort told him he required the service of a house-elf, and Regulus volunteered Kreacher for the job. Voldemort took Kreacher to a seaside cave, where he ordered Kreacher to drink an emerald green potion. Kreacher was tortured by the potion, and then left to die in the hands of the Inferi; he was only able to survive and Disapparate out of the cave because his master called him home. Regulus became disillusioned by Voldemort's ill-treatment of Kreacher, and soon after, deduced both the existence of Voldemort's Horcruxes and the fact that the magic that binds a house-elf to obey their master would supersede the cave's magical protections. Regulus then had Kreacher return with him to the cave, but instead of forcing Kreacher to suffer the effects of the potion again, ordered Kreacher to leave the cave with the locket, and destroy it as soon as he could. To protect Kreacher and his family, Regulus forbade Kreacher to tell any member of the House of Black what had happened. Kreacher took the locket and attempted to destroy it, but not before watching in horror as Regulus drank the potion himself, and was killed by the Inferi.
Though he initially did not want to admit it, Harry realised that Kreacher playing a crucial role in leading Sirius to his death was something that could have, and should have, been avoided. When Kreacher finished his story, Harry, with Hermione's guidance, made an effort to show the distraught house-elf kindness, comforting him about Regulus' death and even giving him Regulus' fake locket; the miserable, wretched house-elf they had known became almost unrecognisable. Kreacher told the trio that Mundungus Fletcher had taken the locket, and gladly obeyed Harry's order — which Harry made a point of phrasing as a request — to find Fletcher and bring him to Grimmauld Place.
From that point on, Kreacher happily tidied up the house and fed the trio, until they accidentally broke the Fidelius Charm on 12 Grimmauld Place, and were forced to flee. Kreacher later led the Hogwarts house-elves, in the name of Harry, "defender of house-elves", and brave Regulus Black, in a fervent attack on the invading Death Eaters during the Battle of Hogwarts.
The first time Harry met Andromeda he thought that she looked a lot like her sister Bellatrix Lestrange, but with kinder eyes and lighter hair. Her resemblance to Bellatrix was such that Harry attempted to attack her, but upon realising his mistake he felt bad and apologised, as her physical comparison to her sister was very offensive to her. In April 1998 Remus Lupin asked Harry to be the godfather to his son and her grandson, stating that he and Tonks agreed that there was no one better.
After Voldemort's final downfall, Harry helped Andromeda raise Teddy. The two acted as Teddy's main parental figures. Harry respected Andromeda for her ideals and because she was Tonks' mother. It is possible that after the war they saw each other regularly and probably in such a scenario that they developed a bond because of Teddy. It is also highly likely that Andromeda herself was welcomed at Harry and Ginny's house as a dinner guest, just as her grandson was.
When Harry lost his temper and blew up his "Aunt" Marge. Believing that this time he would surely be expelled from Hogwarts, Harry went on the run and boarded the Knight Bus, but ran into Cornelius Fudge, then Minister for Magic, who seemed strangely unconcerned by what Harry had done. Furthermore, Fudge treated Harry like a friend, although he did not sign Harry's letter permitting to allow him to visit Hogsmeade.
However, by 1995, the relationship between Fudge and Harry was not so rosy. Harry had witnessed Voldemort’s return to power, which he told both Dumbledore and Fudge. The latter stoutly refused to believe Harry, and branded Dumbledore and Harry as liars/nutters in a smear campaign. In the summer of 1995, Harry performed a Patronus Charm to save Dudley Dursley and himself from Dementors, for which Harry was unreasonably threatened with expulsion from Hogwarts and tried by the entire Wizengamot. Though Harry was cleared of all charges, thanks to Dumbledore's defence and Amelia Bones's impartiality, Fudge took his revenge by employing his undersecretary Dolores Umbridge as Defence Against the Dark Arts professor and High Inquisitor of Hogwarts. Umbridge sadistically tortured Harry when he repeatedly contradicted the Ministry’s opinion that Voldemort had not returned. In 1996, after Dumbledore’s Army was discovered, Fudge came to Hogwarts to expel Harry, but Dumbledore claimed the D.A. had been formed on his orders. Though Harry was allowed to remain at Hogwarts, Dumbledore was forced to go on the run after overpowering several Ministry officials. Later that year, toward the end of Battle of the Department of Mysteries, Fudge arrived at the Ministry in time to see Voldemort Disapparate with Bellatrix Lestrange, and was forced to acknowledge that Dumbledore and Harry had been telling the truth all along. As the wizarding community had lost all confidence in him, he was forced to resign as Minister for Magic.
Fudge's successor, Rufus Scrimgeour, did little to improve Harry's view of the Ministry. Scrimgeour asked Harry to essentially become the Ministry's mascot for the purpose of restoring public confidence, despite all they had done to Harry and the fact that Dolores Umbridge was still in their employ. Harry refused, stating he could not pretend to approve of the Ministry's methods, showing Scrimgeour the scars on the back of his hand and citing the fact that Scrimgeour was arresting innocent people like Stan Shunpike. Harry also took issue with the fact that the Ministry was not putting in enough effort in the matter of public safety.
On 1 August, 1997 Voldemort and his Death Eaters took over the Ministry, and murdered the Minister after torturing him in an attempt to ascertain Harry’s whereabouts. Although Harry did not like Scrimgeour, who hardly appeared to care at all about what actually happened to Harry or his friends, he was incredibly grateful that the Minister's final act had been to protect him.
Notes and references
- ↑ J.K. Rowling and the Live Chat, Bloomsbury.com, 30 July, 2007
- ↑ 19 October 2007 J.K. Rowling at Carnegie Hall
- ↑ After Harry Potter marries Ginny Weasley he becomes apart of the Weasley family. Hermione Granger and Fleur Delacour also marry Weasleys and therefore they are all apart of the same family.
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ J. K. Rowling's comments on Harry and Hermione in Harry, A History.
- ↑ Accio Quote!
- ↑ Pottermore - "QUIDDITCH WORLD CUP FINAL" (Daily Prophet, 11 July 2014)
- ↑ http://www.accio-quote.org/articles/2000/autobiography.html “From Mr Darcy to Harry Potter… by way of Lolita”, Sunday Times, May 21, 2000.
- ↑ 9.0 9.1 Harry Potter and the Half-Blood Prince
- ↑ Cite error: Invalid
<ref>tag; no text was provided for refs named
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Philosopher's Stone
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows, Chapter 33 (The Prince's Tale)
- ↑ Harry Potter and the Deathly Hallows
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Patent Copy Trade (English)
(Patent Copy Trade)
The old maxim that possession is nine-tenths of the law has no meaning when applied to intellectual property. Unlike personal property or real property, intellectual property has no physical form. Intellectual property rights are purely a creation of the law. While every business owns and uses various forms of intellectual property, many businesses are not aware that those assets can be easily misappropriated, relinquished, damaged or devalued if not properly managed. It is the savvy business owner who recognizes the significance of the business's intellectual property - the patents, trademarks, copyrights and trade secrets - and understands what steps are necessary to ensure that those rights provide value for the company.
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You are at the center of ORIEN TCC to advance cancer treatments
During your regular visits and procedures with your doctors, the health information and any samples needed for TCC are collected.
Your personal identifying information is removed before your health information is shared. This protects your privacy while still helping researchers learn from your health information.
The power of TCC comes from how it brings together patients' health information into one searchable data system. This helps researchers and doctors find patients with similar conditions, which may guide clinical decision making and, as the database grows, may help find targeted treatment options.
This information is collected in a safe, efficient, and consistent process across all Member cancer centers to ensure quality data exchange while preserving patients' privacy and security.
In a manner that preserves each patient's privacy, molecular data is added to the database - this is information from complex tests on patients' tissue, blood and urine. This helps researchers find DNA changes (called gene mutations) associated with cancer.
Advances in cancer care mean researchers need to find patients with very specific traits for clinical trials. Find out how TCC can shorten the time needed to find these patients.
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Carbon-fiber-filled grades of Ultem polyetherimide (PEI) contain aerospace-grade carbon fibers for 38.3-psi tensile strength, higher stiffness, and better impact resistance. The compounds' specific gravity is 1.44, 50% lower than aircraft-grade aluminums.
The materials are designed for compression and injection molding and extrusion. They meet FAA flammability FAR 25.853, smoke density and heat release requirements for OSU 65/65.
Sabic Innovative Polymers, 1 Plastics Ave.,
Pittsfield, MA 01201, (413)448-7110, www.sabic-ip.com
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By Nick Bibile
Previously we saw the church struggles with her enemies, religious enemies. Not to teach or speak in Jesus name, however the church is always victories over her enemies as they would obey God rather than men. As long as the church is here on earth, there will be problems. There was a daily distribution of food to those who were poor and needy. There were Jews who were natives and there were Jews who were outside from other nations, mostly from Asia minor, these Jews spoke Greek not the native language. The widows of the native Jews who spoke Hebrew in the church got favoritism over the Greek speaking widows. The word of God says they were neglected. Probably there was some discrimination on the basis of language and culture.
Apostles job was the ministry of the word, in the same way the pastor of the church should spend more time in preparation of the word with prayer to the church, others in the church should take care of the poor and the needy, pastor cannot do everything. Now see the wisdom of the apostles solving this problem. Apostles told to appoint seven men of good reputation, full of the Holy Spirit and wisdom. They did not appoint people how the world would appoint according to education, popularity and status. Qualification to serve in the ministry is a good reputation. Having a good character, a person who is honest and good conduct, where neighbors have a good respect. The second qualification is not just a regular person who attends church but a person who attends church and who is truly born again and full of the Holy Spirit. A person who has a godly character, who loves the Lord, a spirit filled man talks on spiritual things, godly things, use the Bible to encourage, a man of prayer and a person who walks with Jesus. The third qualification is wisdom. Wisdom to know what is right from wrong, wisdom to judge rightly.
So whom did they appoint? Did they appoint Aramaic speaking Hebrew native Jews to settle the problem of the Greek speaking widows who were neglected? No they appointed Greek speaking men. This is great wisdom of the apostles. Look at the names of the people whom they appointed they are all Greek names.
See verse 7, it says then the word of God spread, and the number of the disciples multiplied greatly in Jerusalem, and a great many of the priests were obedient to the faith. When they selected Greek speaking godly men, they not only took care of the physical need of the poor and the needy but also the spiritual, the church began to grow as these whom they appointed were spiritual and they were able to win souls, their witnessing matched their lifestyle, even the priests became believers as they saw this is not hypocrisy but true genuine religion.
Bible is full of scriptures in helping the poor and the needy as God cares for the poor.
When you reap the harvest of your land, do not reap to the very edges of your field or gather the gleanings of your harvest. Leave them for the poor and the alien. I am the LORD your God.
Blessed is he who has regard for the weak; the LORD delivers him in times of trouble. The LORD will protect him and preserve his life; he will bless him in the land and not surrender him to the desire of his foes.
A father to the fatherless, a defender of widows, is God in his holy dwelling
He who despises his neighbor sins, but blessed is he who is kind to the needy.
He who oppresses the poor shows contempt for their Maker, but whoever is kind to the needy honors God.
If a man shuts his ears to the cry of the poor, he too will cry out and not be answered.
A generous man will himself be blessed, for he shares his food with the poor.
He who gives to the poor will lack nothing, but he who closes his eyes to them receives many curses.
Is not this the kind of fasting I have chosen: to loose the chains of injustice and untie the cords of the yoke, to set the oppressed free and break every yoke? Is it not to share your food with the hungry and to provide the poor wanderer with shelter-- when you see the naked, to clothe him, and not to turn away from your own flesh and blood? ...and if you spend yourselves in behalf of the hungry and satisfy the needs of the oppressed, then your light will rise in the darkness, and your night will become like the noonday.
Now this was the sin of your sister Sodom: She and her daughters were arrogant, overfed and unconcerned; they did not help the poor and needy.
He has showed you, O man, what is good. And what does the LORD require of you? To act justly and to love mercy and to walk humbly with your God.
Then he will say to those on his left, 'Depart from me, you who are cursed, into the eternal fire prepared for the devil and his angels. For I was hungry and you gave me nothing to eat, I was thirsty and you gave me nothing to drink, I was a stranger and you did not invite me in, I needed clothes and you did not clothe me, I was sick and in prison and you did not look after me.' They also will answer, 'Lord, when did we see you hungry or thirsty or a stranger or needing clothes or sick or in prison, and did not help you?' He will reply, 'I tell you the truth, whatever you did not do for one of the least among you, you did not do for me.'
But when you give a banquet, invite the poor, the crippled, the lame, the blind, and you will be blessed. Although they cannot repay you, you will be repaid at the resurrection of the righteous.
Religion that God our Father accepts as pure and faultless is this: to look after orphans and widows in their distress and to keep oneself from being polluted by the world.
1 John 3:17-18
If anyone has material possessions and sees his brother in need but has no pity on him, how can the love of God be in him? Dear children, let us not love with words or tongue but with actions and in truth.
Remember the good Samaritan story, that was an urgent need and we all should not turn the other way when we see an urgent need. Today people’s hearts have become callous, cold due to sin. Parents put their kids in front of the TV, and the kids get all the filth from watching Hollywood movies and they grow up without any respect and manners. One day God is going to ask accountability from the parents and the kids who have heard the word of God also require to give accountability to God.
How about today helping the poor and the needy? In my experience as a missionary and a pastor there is a fine line. We need to be wise as serpents and harmless as doves.
Some are poor because they are lazy. You don’t give lazy people money then they will expect all the time from you, they will never look for work, giving lazy people money you make them more lazy.
Then there are others when they get money they drink and gamble, yes, I am talking of the poor.
Then there are the genuinely poor people, when you help them they would truly appreciate.
Today the care of this world and the deceitfulness of riches have choked many to become cold towards the poor. Even there are poor people when they become rich they will neglect the poor. Because they are greedy and selfish and think of their own needs, they are covetous as they will build their kingdom on earth and forget the poor. It is more blessed to give than to receive. When you visit the sick, the poor and the needy you come home and realize your hardships are nothing compared to what you saw. Many would sacrifice their time for the church without love for the poor and the needy.
Hosea 6: 6 For I desire steadfast love and not sacrifice, the knowledge of God rather than burnt offerings.
Remember Jesus said, “you shall love your neighbors as yourself’
Charles Spurgeon said, “I never knew a man refuse to help the poor who failed to give at least one admirable excuse” Yes everyone has an excuse for not helping the poor. Remember our Lord Jesus was unselfish, he gave his life and forgave his enemies, he came to save others. The followers of Christ are called Christians, meaning Christ like and we should follow his example.
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General Pants, a popular clothing chain, appears to have found a winning formula for hiring shop assistants: no ugly people.
Wander into any store across Australia and it's likely you will be greeted by staff who are young, beautiful and hip to the hipbone.
While General Pants would hardly be alone in seeking to recruit presentable staff - and the company wasn't immediately available to comment - would such a practise be illegal even if it did?
Employers can be sued for discriminating on the basis of gender, race or disabilities. But, with the exception of one Australian state, they are free to discriminate when it comes to physical appearance.
Dubbed "lookism", the practise is apparently common across all businesses and industry groups - not just the so-called customer-facing sectors such as airlines and retailing.
The issue of lookism is gaining traction in the US with multi-million dollar payouts, and experts say it is a matter of time before Australian companies face similar legal challenges.
Jeff Kennett, the former Liberal premier of Victoria, is known for a pro-business stance that saw the state sell off its power sector and much besides while in power in 1992-99.
Less well-known among his reforms, perhaps, was the introduction in 1995 of a law making "lookism" illegal in the state.
According to Stanford University law professor Deborah Rhode, Victoria remains the only jurisdiction outside the United States that places an explicit ban on appearance-related bias.
Victorians can sue their bosses or prospective bosses for discrimination based on "physical features". The law states that the physical features in question can be "natural", which covers height, weight and facial features, or "mutable" aspects, such as unruly hair, tattoos and piercings.
Since the law's introduction, more than 1800 lookism inquiries have been fielded by the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission.
In other states, which do not have laws against lookism, such complaints are usually cobbled on to other legislation, such as sex or disability discrimination, according to employment lawyers.
Lookism lawsuits in the US occasionally make the headlines. More would do so if the vast majority of such cases weren't settled confidentially.
Some of the blanks, though, can now be filled in, at least as far as Victoria goes. New research, soon to be published in the peer-reviewed International Journal of Work, Organisation and Emotion, gives the first snapshot of lookism in Australia.
After trawling through the 1800 inquiries lodged in Victoria from 1995 to 2005 with the Victorian Equal Opportunity and Human Rights Commission, University of Sydney academics have found that employees are becoming more aware of lookism.
In 1995, the year the act was passed, there were 93 inquiries about "physical features' discrimination, making it the 13th most-common enquiry. A decade later there were twice as many lookism inquiries, pushing it to 7th on the rankings.
Digging deeper, the researchers found more surprising trends.
"More men are making claims and the ratio is now a third of claims made by men,” said Chris Warhurst, professor of work and organisational studies at the University of Sydney, and a co-author of the study.
Odder still is the number of complaints being made in non-service industries, particularly in manufacturing and transport.
Manufacturing had the highest proportion of "physical features cases" of all industries, accounting for 14.3 per cent of total cases.
"Labourers and related occupations" had the second-highest proportion of lookism cases by occupational group, behind sales and service jobs. Tradies, it seems, have appearances to keep up.
And if it's hard to imagine a factory worker complaining about such discrimination, you're not alone.
“The manufacturing finding really threw us,” Mr Warhurst said, adding that it's one subject he is investigating further.
In Mr Warhurst's view, the increased emphasis on looks in society may explain why the concern about appearances is spreading from services to more blue-collar jobs. Alternatively, the shift may also reflect workers use of the "lookist" legislation to push back against “straightforward bullying”, he said.
Michael Harmer, chairman of Harmers Workplace Lawyers - one of Australia's largest employment law practices - is less surprised that manufacturing should rank so highly.
“We get some of the worst cases of bullying, mobbing, initiation… in sectors such as manufacturing,” Mr Harmer said. “Often against people that do not fit in on various grounds, including lookism”.
Among more than 1000 cases seen by his firm each year, Harmer estimates about 30 per cent involve lookism, although usually in relation to sexual harassment or disability discrimination.
“Although Victoria has the specific legislation, we run [lookism] cases across the country. It's just that you will have to fit it into other modes of discrimination or employment rights.”
A recent case involved a financial services firm where a gym-obsessed manager looked favourably upon colleagues who were physically fit. One “very talented” employee, approached Harmers Workplace Lawyers because he was being told that he better “get to the gym” if he wanted a promotion.
“Obesity was seen not to fit in with the look and calibre of the partners,” Mr Harmer said.
Too good looking
It's not only unattractive people who get picked on. Beautiful people can also suffer on account of their looks, Mr Harmer said.
The most famous case of "beauty lookism" happened in New York in 2010, when Debrahlee Lorenzana, a Puerto Rican single mother, filed a suit against Citigroup, claiming that she was fired from her job at a Citibank branch for looking too "hot".
“Plaintiff was advised that as a result of the shape of her figure,” her lawsuit read, “such clothes were purportedly 'too distracting' for her male colleagues and supervisors to bear".
Ms Lorenzana's case looked promising. She hired celebrity lawyer Gloria Allred and posed in a low cut dress for a magazine profile titled "Is This Woman Too Hot To Be a Banker?" The media, of course, stoked interest.
Yet it seems even good-lookism has it limits. Ms Lorenzana's bosses at Citibank maintained that work performance was the reason for her firing, and two years after suing, Ms Lorenzana is still waiting for her payday.
One business that did cough up for its lookist behaviour was the American retailer Abercrombie & Fitch.
The preppy fashion brand was forced to pay a $US50 million settlement because, as part of its marketing strategy, it was hiring shop assistants with a certain “look”.
That “look”, according to a lawyer on the case, “was that you had to be white, young and physically fit”.
Since the Abercrombie case, attractiveness discrimination has been hotly debated in American legal circles. Danierl Hamermesh, a professor of economics at the University of Texas, caused a stir recently when he suggested that “a more radical solution” was needed.
“Why not offer legal protections to the ugly, as we do with racial, ethnic and religious minorities, women and handicapped individuals?” Mr Hamermesh wrote last year in the New York Times.
In Australia, even with Victoria's bold legislation, the lookism debate has barely begun.
NSW briefly flirted with banning lookism in 2000 when the state's law reform commission fielded a submission by the anti-discrimination board to introduce a law protecting against appearance discrimination. The submission was rejected.
The issue, however, is unlikely to disappear.
According to Peter Rochfort, a Sydney-based lawyer with 30 years of discrimination case experience, lookism is "extremely prevalent".
"Everywhere you turn virtually you can find issues," he said.
Mr Rochfort says it's time Australia had a serious debate about how to assist "unfortunate looking" people who are disadvantaged in the work place, routinely passed over for jobs, pay rises and promotions.
"I would like to see someone try it on ... to see if they can argue or have argued for them perhaps on the equal opportunity commission".
Such cases, though, can be difficult to prove - which may perhaps be why Victoria has been going it alone for the past 17 years.
(Jonathan Swan worked as a part-time sales assistant with General Pants for half a year in 2004.)
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The Additional Costs Allowance (ACA) was an expense allowance paid to members of the British House of Commons between the years 1971 and 2009 and was worth up to £24,006 per annum in the financial year 2008-2009. It was intended to cover the "reasonable additional cost to provincial Members of staying either in London or their constituency, when engaged on Parliamentary duties" and could be claimed by every Member of Parliament except those members who represented Inner London constituencies who alternatively received a London weighting allowance as an addition to their pay.
Whilst the ACA was intended to reimburse MPs for "expenditure wholly, exclusively and necessarily incurred when staying overnight away from their main home for the purpose of performing parliamentary duties", in practice it was commonly used by MPs to pay for the cost of acquiring a second home, and was therefore generally referred to as the Second Homes Allowance. It should also be noted that the fact that the Additional Costs Allowance or ACA ceased to be payable from 2009 onwards was simply that it was decided to rename it as Personal Additional Accommodation Expenditure.
History of the ACA
The Additional Costs Allowance (ACA) was first introduced by Resolution of the House in December 1971 in response to a recommendation by the Top Salaries Review Body (TSRB) that members should be reimbursed for the cost of maintaining two homes were necessary. As it turned out the TSRB had actually recommended the payment of a fixed daily rate of subsistence allowance. However the Government of the day had concluded, after duly consulting members, that this "would be unduly complex, extremely difficult and unsatisfactory to operate and, in some cases, too restrictive" and decided instead to introduce a system based on the reimbursement of members' additional living costs subject to an annual limit.
With effect from the 1st January 1972 the annual limit was set at £750, at a time when the price of the average house was around £6,000. It remained at that level until 1974 when it was increased to £950, and then £1,639 in the following year, at which point it was decided that the ACA should be up rated each year in line with the centralised Civil Service subsistence rates. However in 1994 when devolved pay bargaining was introduced in the Civil Service it was decided to dispense with central setting subsistence rates for the Civil Service, and so from 1995 onwards the ACA was increased in line with inflation as measured by the Retail Price Index (RPI).
The net effect of all these changes was simply that the ACA broadly maintained its real value over the years. Until that is the year 2001 when the Senior Salaries Review Body (SSRB) issued a report on parliamentary pay and allowances. As it turned out the SSRB had not been asked to review the ACA and therefore had nothing to say on the subject. It did however recommend an increase in the Overnight Allowance paid to members of the House of Lords. When the House of Commons considered the SSRB's report one Clive Betts, the Labour member for Sheffield Attercliffe, moved an amendment to increase the ACA in line with the proposed increase in the House of Lords Overnight Allowance. Now, as Robin Cook, then Leader of the House of Commons noted at the time, this would mean "a very large increase indeed" of 42 per cent in the ACA, and warned that it "would be challenging to explain to Members of the House of Lords, let alone to justify to members of the public". Nevertheless the House supported the amendment by 229 votes to 117 as members justified the increase on the grounds that the price of houses in London had increased by more than the RPI.
The only other change that took place in the ACA occurred in February 1985, when the Leader of the House of Commons, John Biffen, responded to a written question to confirm that claims for mortgage interest payments were allowable under the ACA. This statement might be interpreted as meaning that mortgage payments would in future be reimbursed, but then again, it might equally well have been nothing more than a confirmation that this had always been the case.
In 2007 the Senior Salaries Review Body (SSRB) conducted another Review of parliamentary pay, pensions and allowances, and whilst it reported that it was "satisfied" that the ACA was "necessary and set at an appropriate level", it nevertheless noted that it was aware that "at times" it had been "seen by MPs as a means of supplementing their pay" and that it was "still regarded by some as ambiguous". Perhaps the SSRB had in mind the case of one Michael Trend.
Some years earlier on the 15th December 2002 the Mail on Sunday published a story which alleged that Michael Trend, the Conservative member for Windsor, had submitted claims under the ACA for a London home which "he did not in fact occupy". As it was, the Mail had misunderstood the rules; it believed that the ACA was "intended to pay for London accommodation for MPs from far-flung constituencies", whilst the rules were not in fact that restrictive.
It turned out that Trend had actually claimed the ACA in respect of his home in Windsor, and took the view that he was perfectly entitled to do so because his main home was in London. Sadly he didn't actually have a home in London at all, simply an arrangement to stay at a friend's house when the need arose, and as a result of the Mail on Sunday story, Trend went to discuss the matter with Archie Cameron, the Director of Operations of the Commons Department of Finance and Administration, who pointed out to him that the purpose of the ACA was to reimburse members for the cost of having a second home, and that he only had the one.
Trend claimed that he "had a misunderstanding, honestly and genuinely held, about the terms of the ACA" and that the whole arrangement had been agreed with the Fees Office many years before, but since neither he nor the Fees Office had retained any records to either support of disprove this statement, no one was any the wiser. In the circumstances Trend voluntarily repaid the sum of £90,277, but was later "suspended from the service of the House" for a period of two weeks by the Select Committee on Standards and Privileges, and left Parliament at the General Election of 2005.
In the wake of the Trend scandal, Martin Bell, the former independent member for Tatton, said that the system was "far too lax" and belonged to "the days when the Commons was a club and everyone's word could be trusted", and said that many MPs simply claimed the maximum and that nobody ever asked for a receipt. Norman Baker, the Liberal Democrat member for Lewes, concurred with this view and said that the systems were "inadequate and open to abuse", and that he had "tried to find out how much MPs claim in various types of expenses" only to be told by the Fees Office that this couldn't be done.
A glimpse behind the curtain
The case of Michael Trend was a perfect illustration of the fact that no one had any idea of how much any particular Member of Parliament was being paid in respect of the ACA. That changed when the first lists of Commons expenses were published in 2004 that the public was first told how much each member had received going back to the 2001-2002 financial year. Unfortunately the only information that was disclosed was the total amount paid; there was no further analysis and no supporting documentation in the form of receipts was made available. Of course this only served to prompt a further series of questions, such as how Tony Blair could justify claiming £43,000 over the four years in respect of his house in County Durham which had only cost him £30,000 to begin with. (The answer, apparently, was because it doubled as his constituency office.)
Similarly in 2006 the Mail on Sunday was curious as to how Ruth Kelly could possibly have spent a total of £72,781 in four years on her constituency home. Since the Mail had established that she and her husband had borrowed £101,148 to acquire the "four bedroom detached house in Horwich, near Bolton", the paper was able estimate that she would have needed to spend no more than £7,500 per year to fund the cost of her mortgage and other bills, and simply wondered where the other £40,000 had gone. The only response the Mail received from Ms Kelly was a mobile phone text message sent by an aide at the Department for Education and Skills which read "From julie, dfes, 'all money claimed is in strict accordance with the rules set out by the Fees Office.' i have nothing to add to that comment."
As the paper noted, the rules allowed Ms Kelly to make "additional claims for furniture, domestic appliances, telephone and security costs - as well as for repairs and decoration" and the Mail had no way of knowing what they were. Neither was the Mail certain as to whether Ms Kelly was still claiming for the cost of her constituency home or another property in London. Without knowing what property was the subject of the claim, and without any supporting detail or documentation the Mail could not reach any definite conclusions regarding the propriety of Ms Kelly's claim under the ACA.
That in a nutshell was the question; what exactly was the taxpayer paying for under the ACA? And why were MPs so reluctant to answer questions regarding their expenditure claims? This is what drove a number of journalists to use the Freedom of Information Act in an attempt to extract the information from the House of Commons, and it was the eventual success of this campaign that finally led the House of Commons to agree to publish the details of MPs' expenses. (See MPs' Expenses and the Freedom of Information Act.) And it was the subsequent leaking of the pre-publication details to the Daily Telegraph that led to the MPs' Expense Scandal that occupied the attention of the nation from the 8th May 2009 onwards.
Indeed it was payments under the ACA that were the initial focus of the long series of exposes that were subsequently published by the Daily Telegraph and which uncovered a number of 'abuses' of the system, both real and imagined. Prominent amongst these were the phantom mortgage trio of David Chaytor, Elliot Morley, and Ben Chapman who all claimed for the cost of interest on mortgages that simply did not exist; Bill Wiggins who claimed in respect of the wrong property; Douglas Hogg, otherwise known as the Viscount Hailsham, who claimed for the cost of clearing his moat, and Peter Viggers who submitted a claim for a 'pond feature' or duck house for the grand sum of £1,645.
It was perhaps understandable in such circumstances that Parliament decided to rename it as the Personal Additional Accommodation Expenditure.
Standards and Privileges - Third Report Session 2002-03
Jonathan Oliver, Mystery of Ruth Kelly's £72,000 expenses , Mail on Sunday, 19 March 2006
Richard Kelly, Additional Costs Allowance, Standard Note: SN/PC/04641, Parliament and Constitution Centre, 3 March 2008
David Barrett, How Additional Costs Allowance works, Daily Telegraph, 17 May 2009
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Published on August 23rd, 2010 | by Zachary Shahan2
Slow Food USA is a growing movement formed to protect many aspects of our food supply. Community work, activism, and sensual enjoyment of food are part of this grass roots movement, which is a part of the larger, global Slow Food community and movement. The focus is on “good, clean, and fair food,” as they put it directly.
One key tenet of the slow food movement is diversity in our food system. As a part of this, Slow Food has been active recently in a “sloweb” movement, “Biodiversity Hangs in the Balance,” which involves Slow Food joining in the protest against the planned destruction of Europe’s largest repository of rare berries and fruit (to make way for a residential development).
Diversity and honoring the cycles and slow evolution of nature is part of synchronicity with the environment. This cannot be replaced easily. Keeping natural diversity in our food supply is critical to the holistic health of one’s body.
You can help the Slow Food movement and future humanity by signing and sharing an action petition on Change.org and another one on Food Democracy Now about the threatened loss of this “crown jewel” seed bank of biodiversity. 90% of this seed bank’s collection cannot be found anywhere else on the planet — protecting this seed bank is protecting the dwindling diversity in our food system. According to Food Democracy Now, food scientists are calling this “an assault against biodiversity and the memory of the bitter struggle that kept this renowned seed bank alive during the darkest days of World War II.” The issue isn’t only the seeds, though, it is also those tender plants that cannot be raised easily from seeds….
Slow Food is About Appreciating and Enjoying Your Food
The second part of the equation in Slow Food’s message is simple but wholesome pleasure. Think about eating a peach — you will enjoy it more if you consider the great labor of the people and the tree that helped that peach to grow and make it to your mouth. That pleasure is probably multiplied many times over if you picked it, and also if you stop to consider how that peach carves out strength in your body to move forward and grow in life. And, this appreciation can be even greater if you worked the orchard that it grew in.
So, that one bite into the peach is shared and multiplied in pleasure with patience, perseverance, and sweat. That is delicious! You can enjoy it more just by stepping back and reflecting, and also by delving into the process that helped it to mature and become ready for your consumption. But even more so, a key thing to understand about this movement is that it is about considering ourselves as co-producers, not only as consumers, and finding your role in that production process.
“Fast food, fast life, is what threatens the environment and landscapes,” according to Slow Food. In order to improve the environment and ourselves, we need to slow down. What a progressive movement to help balance out the imbalances of modern life and create positive, helpful change in our lives! Let’s all slow things down a bit.
Photo Credit: jcoterhals via flickr
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The health and safety of our patients and teammates is our top priority. We are keeping a close eye on this situation and reinforcing the extensive infection control practices already in place to protect them. Click here to find videos and additional resources.
Low Potassium Potatoes for Your Kidney Diet: No Soaking Required
Potatoes are a staple in the American diet. We love hash browns or home-style fried potatoes with breakfast; french fries with burgers; baked potatoes topped with butter, sour cream, vegetables or chili and cheese; potato skins with the same toppings; stewed potatoes and mashed potatoes with gravy. No wonder the potato is so popular with so many ways to prepare them.
Potatoes are rich in carbohydrates, a good source of vitamin C, B6 and provides 2 grams of fiber. One 4-3/4″ x 2-1/3″ diameter potato with skin contains 1080 mg potassium. That’s over half the daily goal for a potassium restricted diet.
People withe chronic kidney disease or on dialysis who require a low potassium diet can still eat potatoes by using a technique to reduce potassium. Although potassium is not totally removed, it is lowered enough to safely include a small portion and keep your diet kidney-friendly.
Double-cook technique for reducing potassium in potatoes
Use this newer technique to remove potassium in 30 minutes or less.
- Peel potatoes and cut into thin slices, diced small or shred for hash browns.
- Place potato pieces in a pot of water and bring to a boil.
- Drain water then add fresh water.
- Bring water to a boil and cook potatoes until tender.
- Drain water and prepare potatoes as desired.
The double cook method reduces potassium below 200 mg for a 100 gram portion (2/3 cup). Another well known technique for reducing potassium in potatoes is to cut up and soak potatoe pieces in water. To learn more about this technique read the article “Lowering Potassium in Potatoes” in the Diet and Nutrition Section of DaVita.com.
Additional Kidney Diet Resources
Visit DaVita.com and explore these diet and nutrition resources:
This article is for informational purposes only and is not a substitute for medical advice or treatment. Consult your physician and dietitian regarding your specific diagnosis, treatment, diet and health questions.
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Neither give place to the devil.”Ephesians 4:27
Are you giving place to the devil? Maybe we do not understand how this can happen, but the apostle Paul talks about how a believer as a new man in Christ is not to walk in the vanity of their own minds. Paul conveys that a believer is to walk in the grace of God with righteousness and true holiness. The question arises if we as believers are walking as God’s dear children. We were all bought with a great price to become God’s children. The fact that the apostle Paul addresses the Ephesians in the 1st verse of chapter five as dear children is an endearment of love. Chapter four and five should be read carefully because we are witnessing how the days are evil. There is such bitterness, wrath, anger, uproar, and evil speaking which has brought about civil unrest. Violent crimes are happening across the US and in certain locations around the world. Since Covid-19 Burglary and Theft has hit number one worldwide.
It seems now that the phrase “new man in Christ” may have lost its meaning, or it has become vague in its meaning. Throughout the New Testament there is a clear change in the character of a person who has become a believer. Paul goes out of his way in explaining and distinguishing the difference between the old man and the new man. Have we as Christians missed this change. The body of Christ should be edifying itself in love and not in hate. Unless the method of salvation has changed, and I pray that is not the case we should be walking in the love of Christ. Did not Christ make us alive when we were dead in our sins? Paul mentioned that in times past those who are unbelievers “walked according to the course of this world, according to the prince of the power of the air, the spirit that now worketh in the sons of disobedience,” [Ephesians 2:2]. Those unbelievers were fulfilling the desires of the flesh and of the mind, and were by nature the children of wrath, [see Ephesians 2:3]. Salvation through faith begins on an individual basis and then it becomes the body in the church where Christ is the head.
The church is to be perfecting the saints for the work of the ministry for the edifying of the body of Christ, [see Ephesians4:12]. The church is to speak the truth in love until the unity of faith with the knowledge of the Son of God reaches the point of a perfect man in the measure and stature of the fullness of Christ, [see Ephesians 4:13]. Were we not blinded and ignorant before hearing about Christ as our savior? We were all past feeling of consciousness having given ourselves over to uncleanness and greediness.
Put off concerning the former manner of life the old man, which is corrupt according to the deceitful lusts.”Ephesians 4:22
Are you still carrying the old man that is corrupt with you? We need to take stock of our actions. We are not to follow or get carried away by every wind of doctrine by the craftiness of those who would deceive us from the truth of Christ. It is through faith in Christ that has reconciled us to God. We are built upon the foundation of the apostles and prophets, Jesus Christ himself being the chief corner stone, [see Ephesians 2:20]. When Christ ascended up on high, he led captivity captive, and gave gifts unto men, [see Ephesians 4:8]. As a believer we died to the old nature of man and became a new creation in Christ Jesus. This is done through prayer and faith in the work of Christ who became the power of God in reconciling us unto God. We have been made near to God through the blood of Christ. Christ work on the cross has taken the penalty for our sins and Christ has given us access to the Father by giving us the Holy Spirit. If we are walking in the flesh, then we are not walking in the indwelt Spirit of Christ in which we were sealed by an inheritance.
That inheritance is why Paul exclaimed to “not grieve the Holy Spirit of God, by whom you are sealed unto the day of redemption,” [Ephesians 4:30]. We are to be renewed in the spirit of our mind to that of Christ. Christ position is our position. Christ identity becomes our identity. Paul told the Corinthians that though “our outward man perishes, yet the inward man is renewed day by day,” [see 2 Corinthians 4:16]. We put to death all things that is unclean or the unfruitful works of darkness and ask God for forgiveness and to cleanse us from all works of darkness. Our identity is in Christ and not in this present world. We do not belong to the devil; we belong to Christ.
Submit yourselves, therefore, to God Resist the devil, and he will flee from you. Draw near to God and he will draw near to you. Cleanse your hands, ye sinners; and purify your hearts, ye doubleminded.”James 4:7-8
We resist the devil and his evil works to the one who has given us the power to overcome him and that is Christ. We try every spirit to see if Jesus has come in the flesh, and we know what the spirit of truth is, and the spirit of error. Whatever is not of faith in Christ Jesus is sin. We do not grieve the Holy Spirit who is our comforter. We put away all lying, stealing, evil speaking, anger, malice, and covetousness and ask God to cleanse our heart and mind to that of Christ. We pray that the Holy Spirit would come and convict those who are not walking in the Spirit of Christ. We ask for the fruit of the Spirit to fill us with the love of Christ and change us from glory to glory into the person of Jesus Christ. We pray for the understanding what the will of the Lord is. We must speak truth and not lie. There are many forms of truth, but only one truth has given us the victory and that is through Jesus Christ.
Our doctrine is of Christ and not of any other. Beware of what doctrine you follow. I remember Smith Wigglesworth said to beware of any word that has “ist,” or “ism” at the end of a word. I though it funny at the time of hearing it, but there is some truth to what he said. There are those who follow a different teaching that is not of God. It may sound good, but their objective is not of the doctrine in Christ. The latest new word “Christian Nationalism,” is creating a divide all across America. This movement began in the late 50’s and has come to the forefront in recent years. Christian nationalists are defined as those seeking to preserve the status of a Christian state. Its focus is on national identity. As an American citizen the Bill of Rights gives people the right to the establishment of religion and free exercise thereof. It does not state that Congress should make a law of one Religion over another. History has proven that making a law upon religion has brought about expulsions such as what happen in Spain’s history. Any type of law for a religion has brought civil unrest upon a country or nation. Freedom of religion gives each individual a choice.
God has given each individual a choice to believe or not believe. If you take away that choice and make it legal, it becomes a manmade law based upon legalism which promotes ritualism. Let us remember that ritualism did not save the Jewish nation. If man can not conform to God’s laws, how can they conform to their own laws? The law concluded that all are under sin.
But before faith came, we were kept under the law, shut up unto the faith which should afterwards be revealed. Wherefore, the law was our schoolmaster to bring us unto Christ, that we may be justified by faith.”Galatians 3:24-25
Paul warns about legalism and how the two systems cannot co-exist, that of law and grace. We cannot work the good works through the law to receive salvation. If we are justified by the law, then Christ has become ineffective [see Galatians 5:4]. Paul goes on to say that those who are justified by the law have fallen from grace. “We through the Spirit wait for the hope of righteousness by faith,” [Galatians 5:5]. Therefore, we should walk carefully and not as fools but as the wise redeeming the time, because the days are evil. Make sure you are standing in the faith through Christ and no other doctrine. Do not allow or give place to the devil in not walking in the Spirit of Christ. Remember that God so loved the world that He gave us His only Son to reconcile the world from sin.
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Fear, focus, and the future. Here, C.M. Humphries writes about whatever.
I've touched on this subject before: The need for fiction in everyday life. In other posts I've discussed how it can help your sex-life, open your eyes to new subjects, benefit video games & pornography, and the benefits reading has towards sleep & how you can read in your sleep.
The general trend between almost all of those topics is that reading, particularly fiction, can help make you a better person. That is, if you desire such a thing. As usual, I was reading and stumbled upon a great article focusing on a study that might have proven that indulging in a good fiction story can make you a better learner, a better thinker, and consequently, a better person.
Like most people, though, I was a bit skeptical. I can see the easy argument that all writers would want you to keep reading, right? We make money that way (sometimes). However, I wouldn't write with the intent on a making a profit, unless it was in the intrinsic sense. So . . .
Does fiction really help you learn?
Although I often attempt to avoid it, some of my writings have ambiguous endings, or if not endings, scenes. What's strange is, I love stories that have those few moments that make you think, but I feel there are really two types here:
1. Teasers that are easy to answer because the answers were given to you. A lot of people enjoy these because it's like Ah-Ha, I figured out the puzzle! But in reality, there are certain formulas used in writing fiction that make you think that.
2. Admittedly, the second type is still sort of imposed by the narrator of the tale, but what I enjoy is when a story prompts you to think, but the answer is out of reach or open-ended.
Most people hate the latter. But according to scholars from the University of Toronto found most readers have less need for what they call "cognitive closure." This means then don't sweat over seeking an answer that would provide undeniable certainty. The multitude of answers will do.
Basically, this group handed out well-written fiction and nonfiction to the participants of the study. You can read more about the study in detail here. There were a few tests given out that had the participants write what they did and didn't like about the work they just read. Fiction readers scored lower on the test, but empathized how they didn't need to have everything written in stone, they welcomed many possible answers, and begged for "more comfort with ambiguity."
"This double release—of thinking through events without concerns for urgency and permanence, and thinking in ways that are different than one’s own—may produce effects of opening the mind.”
In the end, the study revealed reading fiction can ultimately change your "cognitive habits." Fiction readers were open to more suggestions and more worldviews. Certainty was not necessary for them. The more ambiguity the better.
I guess in the end, I find this study rather interesting. If you read some literature to day, maybe you might start making awesome decisions. Or maybe you'll just fall into the depths of a good tale.
And for me, I guess I don't have to feel as uncomfortable with the ambiguity in such stories as "Sleep."
Fear, focus, and the future. C.M. Humphries talks about writing, horror, and whatever.
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Partly out of idle curiosity, I was going through the Official Records of the War of the Rebellion, the main primary source for the Civil War in terms of official reports and correspondence.. Particularly, I was going through correspondence in early 1864, curious to see some of the process of Ulysses S. Grant planning and evolving his 1864 strategy. Generally when talking about Grant and Virginia in 1864, historians discuss Grant’s three pronged-attack in Virginia, featuring George Meade, Benjamin Butler, and Franz Sigel as the principal commanders, with Sigel leading men in the Valley. Consequently, I was baffled when I came across correspondence talking about Major General E. O. C. Ord leading a column, not in the Valley, but from Beverly, modern-day West Virginia, towards Covington and the railroad (the Virginia and Tennessee) there. What was this all about?
Franz Sigel commanded the Department of West Virginia; he was quite a senior general at this point, holding his Major General’s rank since March 21, 1862. Sigel had military training (a five-year course at a German military academy, clearly superior to West Point training), and experience leading brigade-sized forces before the war. Despite that, in the American Civil War, the immigrant Prussian was considered a political general, as he was primarily viewed by many to be a recruiting tool for the German immigrant community. His war record was less than stellar in many respects; his advice and performance on the battlefield had Nathaniel Lyon’s little army to a major defeat at Wilson’s Creek. During the Pea Ridge Campaign, despite a creditable performance on the field itself during the second day of battle, Sigel proved to be an extremely troublesome subordinate for Union commander Samuel Curtis, and engaged in outright slanderous attempts to steal the credit for the victorious campaign from Curtis. Sigel was transferred to the east, where his men actually fought quite well at Second Manassas. Sigel was relieved at his own request in early 1863, as he was disgruntled that despite his seniority, he was leading the Army of the Potomac’s smallest corps and he was denied permission to enlarge it. Henry Halleck, who hated Sigel, kept Sigel sidelined for some time until Lincoln, in March 1864, assigned him to command the Department of West Virginia.
Grant was not involved in Sigel’s assignment, as it pre-dated Grant’s own assumption of the overall command, and evidently wanted no part of him. Grant had never served with Sigel, but his opinion of the man was more likely than not influenced by his former superior, Henry Halleck. Grant was also almost immediately annoyed by Sigel’s casual attitude towards communicating through proper channels, though Sigel was equally annoyed by Grant’s habit of communicating with Sigel’s subordinates without going through him first.. Grant initially considered a relatively simple two-pronged maneuver scheme for the western Virginia operations; George Crook would lead a column to strike the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, then shift towards the Valley and move down (north) through the Valley to meet up with a force under Sigel marching up the Valley on Staunton, and the combined forces would capture Lynchburg.
Grant had two political generals projected to lead two of the three main armies he was making use of in Virginia. Despite certain reservations about Benjamin Butler, Grant was initially pleased after meeting the man, and contented himself with assigning Butler William F. “Baldy” Smith to serve as his chief subordinate. Grant went a bit further with Sigel, however, and tried to sideline him entirely. He couldn’t be removed from the department command, but he could be sidelined from the field operations. Grant consequently decided to meddle a bit more deeply in planning for operations in western Virginia. He dispatched Edward Ord to take command of a column that Sigel would prepare and shift to Beverly; Ord’s column, intended to be between 10-12,000 strong, would strike the Virginia and Tennessee near Covington, then move towards Lynchburg. Another column under George Crook would strike at Saltville, then move to join Ord. Sigel would be reduced to mainly administrative duties, and would lead a handful of infantry and some supply wagons down the Valley to Staunton at some point to sustain Ord and Crook’s operations.
Why did this not actually happen? In a word, Ord. (Sorry) Edward Ord had little liking for being assigned to Sigel, and did not at all like what he saw on reaching West Virginia. By Sigel’s own report, the forces available to him were not terribly well equipped, and they were poorly trained and disciplined, most having not seen any kind of serious action in a long time if at all. The terrain and weather presented major obstacles, and Sigel was not able to quickly put together the entire force that Ord was supposed to have; Sigel cited numerous difficulties that prevented him from doing so, and he was backed up by contemporary accounts from soldiers who were there. Nevertheless, Ord, not liking the condition of the troops, the fact that he didn’t yet have as many as he was supposed to have, and fearing that there would be a failure and he would be responsible, almost immediately fled the department, acquiring a leave of absence within only a few days of arriving, prompting a baffled Sigel to send a message to the War Department asking that Ord be returned. Ord however, soon convinced Grant to relieve him from the responsibility of the Beverly expedition, and Ord was removed from the scene.
This put an end to the idea of the Beverly expedition, and the time wasted (first two-thirds of April) necessitated a lot of pointless marching back and forth instead of the necessary drilling of the soldiers. Sigel promptly came up with a new plan, ditching the idea of advancing from Beverly, and instead suggesting a column under Crook would break the rail-road and destroy the salt-works at Saltville, to be the main effort, while another column (ultimately led by Sigel himself) would operate in the Valley against the enemy’s forces there. Grant approved this plan, and the rest, as they say, is history. It should be noted that Averell’s cavalry, assigned to Crook by Sigel’s plan, in effect ended up operating separately; I don’t read Sigel’s message as suggesting this, but he does mention the railroad bridge at New River and the saltworks being two targets for Crook, so it seems Crook opted to strike both simultaneously with two different columns, detaching his mounted cavalry under Averell; Averell however, turned away from Saltville and then was repulsed by a larger Confederate force under Grumble Jones at Cove Gap, though he did do severe damage to the railroad in the area.
What to take away from all of this? For me, the first revelation, following the realization that Grant had once intended something much different than what actually happened, was that Ulysses S. Grant’s hand was far more visible in the planning of the initial 1864 campaign by Sigel’s department than I thought. And I have to say, outright, that it was not for the better. Grant repeatedly meddled with Sigel’s plans to no better end, and was partly defeated by terrain and weather issues within Sigel’s region, issues Sigel, as the man on the scene, was much better positioned to understand. Grant’s exact intentions and expectations for the armies in the region also come off as vague, prompting even the solid George Crook to message that he didn’t know if his troops could accomplish all Grant expected.
Had Ord done the job he was assigned, competently, this could all be forgiven. But he did not; Ord, in a most cowardly fashion, shirked his duty, and just as badly, Grant let him. Grant would later give Ord the important command of the Army of the James. This raises two issues; first of all, I have a question I can’t satisfactorily answer, which is, why exactly did Grant seem to think so highly of Ord? Ord first served with Grant during the Iuka-Corinth engagements in the west, but Ord and Grant, famously, were unaware of the Battle of Iuka due to an acoustic shadow, and Ord did not fight at Corinth except for a minor battle in pursuit of the retreating Confederates at Hatchie’s Bridge, where he got himself wounded. Ord was later chosen by Grant to replace Grant’s rival and most problematic subordinate, John McClernand, during the Vicksburg siege, but this was after active operations had concluded. He saw brief assignments to Louisiana and then of course West Virginia, where he saw no action. His record was incredibly thin on the whole, and his behavior during this entire affair with Sigel was highly discreditable, in my view.
Grant’s repeated assignments of Ord, despite Ord demonstrating no apparent capacity for those assignments, is questionable in and of itself, but it also points to something of a pattern that I can’t approve of. Perhaps Grant simply misjudged Ord and that’s that. But if so, he’s not alone. Grant also entertained what was proven to be a severely exaggerated view of Baldy Smith’s abilities (though this was a common delusion among those who were impressed by Smith’s work at Chattanooga), and I would argue the same problem very much existed in the curious case of Philip Sheridan. Grant’s judgement of his subordinates is often pointed to as a strong suit; I think the record is highly mixed on that point.
Something else which came as something of a lightbulb moment for me is that Grant’s strategic priority in this region, rather than the Valley itself, seemed to be killing off the Virginia and Tennessee Railroad, and in that regard, the initial 1864 campaign actually succeeded, failing primarily less because of Sigel and more because after accomplishing his mission, hearing rumors of Union defeat further east, George Crook chose to march back the way he came instead of proceeding towards the Valley, enabling the Confederates to shift troops to face Sigel. In that light, Sigel’s failure at New Market, in the grand scheme of things, was only important in that a small division’s worth of troops gets transferred to Lee. In light of much of what I mentioned above about the difficulties confronted by Franz Sigel, I feel a bit more sympathy for that oft-maligned general, at least in this particular instance, than I ever have before as well.
History is a continual learning process.
Main source: The war of the rebellion: a compilation of the official records of the Union and Confederate armies. ; Series 1 – Volume 33 (search “Ord” in particular to find the good stuff on this)
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In the third part of our series, we are going to look at OSPF. This is forms part 2.40 of the CCIE Exam topics. So looking at this more specifically, what do we actually need to cover, and do we need to expand the topology?
2.40 lists the following as concepts that we need to know:
(a) Standard OSPF areas
(b) Stub area
(c) Totally stubby area
(d) Not-so-stubby-area (NSSA)
(e) Totally NSSA
(f) Link-state advertisement (LSA) types
(g) Adjacency on a point-to-point and on a multi-access network
(h) OSPF graceful restart
In our current topology we can implement a standard OSPF area, and one of either b through to e. We can do the point-to-point on G, but certainly not the multi-access part, and we can look at the LSA types.
So lets see how far we can go with some loopbacks and maybe throw some more routers into the topology as we go, but before we jump in lets have a quick look at OSPF in general and from there work out what we need to add to the existing topology.
I have covered some bits of OSPF before, looking at route redistribution, and also looking at BGP where OSPF is used at the IGP. These were fairly simple implementations of OSPF and just used a backbone.
OSPF router types
There are four different router types within OSPF, these will be highlighted in bold text below.
The backbone is Area 0, which is required for OSPF to function. As a general rule all other areas must connect to to Area 0. Routers can belong to more than one area and these routers that have say an interface in Area 0 and an interface in Area 1 are known as Area Border Routers (ABR). Because it has an interface in the backbone (area 0) it is called a Backbone router as well. If a router has a connection to area 0 but also connects to another Autonomous System (like the Internet), or redistributes another routing protocol onto OSPF it is called an Autonomous System Border Router (ASBR), in our case because R2 connects (at the moment any way) to the RIP network, it would be considered an ASBR. If a router only exists within one area then it is called an Internal Router.
So that’s router types covered and we have touched on areas, so lets look at area types.
OSPF Area types
We know of one area, and that’s area 0, we can have any number of areas and without any special commands these will be known as “Standard Areas”, but we also know that we need to know of other area types. Area types determine what LSAs will be allowed in. LSAs are Link State Advertisements and we’ll have a nice little table of these in a short while, but the area types are:
Standard (we have just covered this)
Stubby – A stubby area prevents external routes from flooding into an area. No ASBRs are allowed in a stub area. The stubs ABR will inject a default route to allow the router to reach an external network.
Totally Stubby Area – prevents inter-area and external routes from flooding into an area, again the ABR will inject a default route.
Not So Stubby Area – prevents external routes from flooding into an area unless those external routes originated from an ASBR within the NSSA area.
Totally Not So Stubby Area – Prevents both inter-area and external routes flooding into an area unless originated from an ASBR.
|Name||Type Code||Generated by||Contains||Sent to|
|Router LSA||1||All routers in OSPF||A list of all links local to the router||All other routers in local area|
|Network LSA||2||All Designated Routers (DR) in OSPF||List of all routers attached to the DR|
|Network Summary||3||All ABRs||List of all destination networks||other areas to allow inter-area communications|
|ASBR Summary LSA||4||All ABRs||A route to ASBRs in OSPF||local area, so Internal routers know how to exit the AS|
|External LSA||5||ASBRs||Routes to destination networks outside of OSPF||All areas in OSPF|
|NSSA External LSA||7||ASBRs in NSSA areas|
I have left LSA types 6 and 7 purposefully uncompleted as type 6 is not needed at the moment and type 7 will be covered in more detail later on.
So what can we configure at the moment given our existing topology? Well, we have R2 and R3 all ready earmarked for our OSPF portion and we could either have R2 as part of our RIP network, or instead make R4 part of our OSPF network, so lets do that instead. So R2 and R4 can act as a “standard” area. R3 we can make one of the other area types, as well as R1. So let’s make R1 a stubby area. Later on in our series we’ll see if we can add some NATing to R1 and have something purposeful we can use for our end to end tests.
R3 is not going to act as out jumping point to three more areas – a Totally Stubby, a Not So Stubby and a Totally Not So Stubby Areas, another alternative would be to use some frame relay between R3 and some other routers.
I am going to go away and have a play around and see what I can come up with… be back soon…
OK so I am back now, many hours later. It looks like the frame relay isn’t going to work, and you can read why here. So instead the topology will be expanded again to include more routers. I have now added R11, R12, R13 and R14. R1 will be a stubby area, R2 will be an ABR, and R4 will be an ASBR. R3 will be an internal router, R11 will be an ABR connecting to a Totally Stubby Area (R12), a Not So Stubby Area (R13) and a Totally Not So Stubby Area (R14), and our topology will look like this:
Creating the OSPF Backbone
The backbone relies on area 0 and our area 0 will extend from R2 to R3 so we assign the 10.1.1.0 network to this area. As R1 will be a stub area (area 2) we assign the 188.8.131.52 subnet to this area and specify “area 2 stub”. Area 3 (10.1.6.0) connects to R4. The important thing across all our configurations is to set the router-id to something we should be able to easily identify.
Configuring R1 as a stub
The command “area 2 stub” is all thats needed (on both routers) to set up a stub area. We can see that OSPF is playing nicely with our PPP Multilink from part 2.
We can see that R11 has sent over some OSPF inter area routes for the 10.1.1.0 and 10.1.2.0 nertworks.
Configure R12 as Totally Stubby Area
We head back to R11 and set as follows:
We add the “area 5 stub no-summary” command, we do similar on R12:
Now the routing table for R12 looks a bit tidier.
We can now see that R11 instead of sending routes for 10.1.1.0 and 10.1.2.0 sends a default route. Can we still reach R2?
We certainly can!
Configuring R13 as a Not So Stubby Area
We configure R11 by adding the command “area 6 nssa”, and do so again on R13
R13’s routing table
So this is exactly how we would expect to see it.
Configuring R14 as a Totally Not So Stubby Area
On R11 we add the line “area 7 nssa no-summary” under the OSPF routing process and set up R14 as below:
R14’s routing table
Now at this time we can see that the Loopback address on R1 (10.10.1.1) is not seen by, or accessible to the other routers. So how can we get it visible?
Stubs, loopbacks and virtual-links
We can’t make the other routers aware of the 10.10.1.0 network until we take the 184.108.40.206 network out of area 2 and put it in area 0, and also set it not to be a stub.
We could have got around this by keeping the 220.127.116.11 network in a separate area and adding some static routing to the 10.10.1.0 network, but the CCIE exam does not like you using static routes.
Virtual-links would not have worked in this instances as a stub zone cannot contain a virtual link:
We can have area 1 as a stub, and could add routers to one of the other interfaces on R1 and have a full stub zone, but hopefully at this stage you get the general idea or the area types.
We will revisit how the different area types come in to play when we move on to RIP and start redistributing some routes from RIP into OSPF in part 4 of The BIG lab. We havn’t covered part G yet, but let;’s just go through OSPF graceful restart before we finish.
OSPF graceful restart
Graceful restart which is part of NonSop forwarding (NSF) (RFC 3623) that allows a router with multiple processors to restart the control plane (and therefore the OSPF proccesses within it) without needing to restart the entire router, whilst one processor is restarting the other will continue to forward the traffic. This is one of those “need to know but won’t be coming up in the lab” things.
The BIG lab part 4
In part 4 we will set up RIP, and maybe figure out what we are going to do with the Frame Relay routers, I’ll probably extend the rip network, add some loopbacks and maybe use them for some NAT statements. We’ll redistribute RIP into OSPF and vice versa, and see how our different OSPF areas handle external routes.
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Today we celebrate the World Youth Skills Day, an annual celebration that promotes the importance of Technical and Vocational Education and Training (TVET) to develop professionally the future generations. This year the event focuses on the socio-economic recovery from the COVID-19 pandemic that are interconnected with challenges such as climate change, conflict, persisting poverty, rising inequality, rapid technological change, demographic transition and others, and the new skills youngsters need to face a constantly changing world.
Interreg South Baltic supports projects in the field of Skills&Labour, one of the main specific objectives. BBVET is one of the projects financed during this programme, which aimed at developing the first international cross-border VET education in the green and blue sector, involving 40 students and 5 countries. It laid the groundwork for a future integration of an international VET program into national or regional education plans in the South Baltic area.
More info about the WYSD 2022
It is possible to register to the today online event "Transforming youth skills for the future" following this link.
More info about the BBVET project here.
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THE RELATIONSHIP OF SCHOOL BEHAVIOR TO OTHER FACTORS
Preliminary Statement of the Problem
Having worked in an emergency room and on a police force, the author knows from personal experience the effects of a full moon on work load. If one has never worked in this type of environment, one must talk to someone who has. Without fail, they will fill the listener with opinion on the effects of a full moon on human behavior. "All the nuts come out," is the common expression. In a study by Templer and Veleber (1980: 867) it was found that there is "something to the contention of an association between abnormal behavior and lunar phase." Lieber and Sherin (1972) found a statistically significant relationship between lunar phase and homicide rates over a fifteen year period in Dade County.
The same relationship is equally true in schools, though we often fail to realize the connection. How many times has a teacher had a really bad day, only to find a teaching colleague in another school some distance away complaining of the same problem? And conversely, how does one explain the extremely good day which all teachers agree was terrific. Educator's thoughts tend to and at the labeling of the day, and they seldom attempt to determine why the day was so terrific or so difficult - they are fatalistic. It was a good day, "because it was a good day," and they rarely explore the question "why?".
Within the SELC, a great deal of informal attention
had been given to various factors which are felt to contribute to days
of significant behavioral problems. An example of this attention was found
several years ago, when staff independently rated daily overall student
behavior on a scale from one to five. The average daily rating was recorded.
It was found, over a school year period of time, that two days before a
full moon was always a difficult day behaviorally.
There is no school in the City of Hartford that analyzes climatological data as an indicator of behavior, let alone one which sets any school plan into action based upon these conditions. Schools do have a "Code E" procedure to deal with school-wide emergency situations, but it is based upon the development of emergency conditions rather than the identification of any precipitating factors. Examples of situations which might determine a "Code E" include such things as racial conflicts or gang confrontations within the school community.
There are few educators who consult climatological
data and use them as a basis for daily planning. Further, there is no systematic
approach to the relationship between these data and the behavior they can
generate within the schools.
What Has Been Done About The Problem
Until now, educators have neither recognized nor defined the problem. Consequently, little has been done. Some teachers, when sensing a bad day, may restrict students from certain activities. But this is done as a spontaneous reaction to a 'feeling' rather than in any planned procedure. And it is done on an individual basis with no consistent coordination intra- or inter-school. While some schools have emergency procedures to deal with specific situations affecting school climate such as racial unrest, community rioting, a winning football game, or the rites of spring' food fight, these procedures are in response to a specific activity within the school community. They are preventative to the extent that they present planned responses to deter escalation in a potentially problematic situation, but they are not totally preventative in that they respond after the problem has begun.
The problem is significant and worth addressing.
If, after this study, one could have predicted days which were abnormally
bad or good within a given school population, the good days could be capitalized
upon, while the bad days could be more carefully controlled. If a school
staff knows that the day will be extra difficult, they can, for example,
reallocate staff to more carefully control the cafeteria, they can cancel
professional day leaves, and they can postpone the pep rally. Conversely,
on a good day they might relax the regulations a bit, let a couple of staff make an out?of?town visitation, or entrust students with a little extra responsibility.
Probable Causes of the Problem
While each person is a distinct individual, we all occupy the same planet and are subject to the influence of climatological factors. Staff in mental hospitals and emergency rooms talk of the effect on their work load of a full moon. Further, as previously stated, some relationship has been shown. From my own experience during eighteen years within the public school system, the author feels that several factors may prove important. In addition to the lunar synodic cycle which was demonstrated during the year charting of behavior which was then compared to lunar phase, barometric pressure and changes in barometric pressure are two of those factors.
In an extensive review of the literature, the author found few studies which looked at the effect of climatological conditions on student behavior. Those which do, show a significant relationship between various meteorological conditions and the general behavior of students. As early as 1898, Edwin G. Dexter, a teacher in the Denver public schools, was searching for an explanation for student (and horse) behavior. His hypothesis rings true today:
The teachers are sure that during certain phases of the weather, our pupils are too exasperating for endurance, while a change in meteorological conditions brings with it smoothness and tranquility. (Dexter, 1898, P.515)In studying the 606 cases of corporal punishment reported between 1883 and 1887, he found that days with "abnormal"
Landsberg (1977: 8) in a review of the effect of environmental forces on humans, found that "there are subtle and largely unknown atmospheric forces that govern our … moods." He found that "there is a long catalog of physiological and pathological manifestations for which biometeorologists have established weatherbound symptoms." He discussed six weather phases, which he felt were better predictors because they comprise "the totality of the atmospheric environment." He felt that existing studies point to high winds, high temperatures, high humidities, and low pressures as accounting for behavioral problems. Since existing studies opened more questions than they answered, he recommended further research. Gedeist (1966) found in a study of fourth- and fifth-grade students over a year's time that during low barometric pressure they exhibited poor behavior. Teachers of the fourth- and fifth-grade classes rated students daily on behavior, activity, and mental performance using a three-point scale. Over a year's period of time they found that when the barometer rose, behavior was rated by teachers as good. Conversely, they found behavior poor during low barometric pressure. Further, children with emotional problems seemed to be affected to a greater degree, showing wider variations on a memory test in relation to weather. Similar studies have found the same results.
In Philadelphia in the 1940s, behavior during a three month period was studied in five schools. Three of the schools were regular, and two were "orthogenic discipline" schools for children with mental, emotional, or physical handicaps. In daily evaluations of overall student behavior, teachers found the best behavior was noted when atmospheric pressure was high. (Landsberg 1977)
In a Canadian study, fifty teachers observed the behavior of their students through use of an observation scale twice a day. They rated overall pupil behavior during the first one-month period on a three point scale, and during the second one-month period on a five point scale. They found a correlation of .35 between pupil behavior and air pressure which showed that pupil behavior was worse at lower barometric pressures (significant at the .05 level of confidence). (Vachon 1983)
During the early 1980s, Edward G. Scagliotta conducted
several studies examining the relationship between behavior and the barometer.
In one study, he looked at 127 students, ages nine to 13, in the Midland
School in New Jersey. The students were selected because of past
behavioral disturbances. Students were observed, and a behavioral rating
chart was completed once in the morning, and again in the afternoon. He
found "a definite relationship exists between decreasing atmospheric pressure
and maladaptive behavior in children..." (Scagliotta 1980:611). In a follow
up to this original study, expanded to
include several hundred more students, he more carefully defined this relationship when he stated: "Though the falling barometer is only one... condition,...it appears to be the paramount effector." (Scagliotta 1983:94)
There may be another interesting variable that could
have a significant effect on student behavior. Since 40 percent of Hartford's
students are dependent on the welfare system, there may bean additional
cycle that influences their behavior - the welfare check cycle. Though
controversy exists in the medical and academic community, there is increasing
evidence to link behavior and diet. Children of welfare families are dependent
on this cycle as it determines the food that they eat. From this author's
personal experience in working and living 18 years within the inner-city
neighborhoods, as money runs low in the days before the check arrives,
diets may become increasingly starch and carbohydrate. When the checks
arrive, diets may see a dramatic increase in proteins and sugars. Schoenthaler
and Doraz (1983) found that revising the diet (low sucrose) of an incarcerated
juvenile population reduced the incidence of antisocial behavior by almost
50 percent. Eichler (1984) found a controlled diet to be effective in improving
the physical and emotional behavior of a small sample of conduct problem
children. From his own experience, the author finds that welfare families
tend to experience changes around the check cycle. As money becomes short,
diets become more basic and starchy. Once checks have been received, large
quantities of food are purchased, and the diet drastically changes. More
sugars and 'junk' food become available. It was interesting to see if the
bi-monthly cycle of welfare checks produced some changes in school population
|
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| 0.966112
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Peot and Smith's work provided the foundation for our subsequent exploration of the least-cost flaw repair (LCFR) strategy [Joslin & Pollack, 1994]. We hypothesized that the power of the DUnf strategy might come not from its relative ordering of threats and open conditions, but instead from the fact that DUnf has the effect of imposing a partial preference for least-cost flaw selection. DUnf will always prefer a forced threat, which, by definition has a repair cost of at most one; thus, in cases in which there is a forced threat, DUnf will make a low-cost selection. What about cases in which there are no forced threats? Then DUnf will have to select among open conditions, assuming there are any. If our hypothesis is correct, a version of DUnf that makes this selection using a least-cost strategy (i.e., DUnf-LC) ought to perform better than a version that uses one of the other strategies (i.e., bare DUnf or DUnf-FIFO). In fact, if it is the selection of low-cost repairs that is causing the search-space reduction, then the idea of treating threat resolution differently from open condition establishment ought to be abandoned. Instead, a strategy that always selects the flaw with minimal repair cost, regardless of whether it is a threat or an open condition, ought to show the best performance. This is the Least-Cost Flaw Repair (LCFR) strategy:
There are strong similarities between LCFR and certain heuristics that have been proposed and studied in the literature on constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). This is perhaps not surprising, given that flaw selection in POCL planning corresponds in some fairly strong ways to variable selection in constraint programming. Flaws in a POCL planner represent decisions that are yet to be made, and that must be made before the plan will be complete; unbound variables play a similar role in constraint satisfaction problems (CSPs). Although there exist a number of heuristics for selecting a variable to branch on in solving a CSP [Kumar, 1992], one well-known heuristic that is often quite effective is the fail first principle, which picks the variable that is the ``most constrained'' when selecting a variable to branch on. A simple and common implementation of the fail first principle selects the variable with the smallest domain [Tsang93, 1993].
The intuition behind the fail first principle is that one should prune dead-end regions of the search as early as possible. The unbound variables that are most tightly constrained are likely to be points at which the current partial solution is most ``brittle'' in some sense, and by branching on those variables we hope to find a contradiction (if one exists) quickly. Similarly, LCFR can be thought of as selecting the ``most constrained'' flaws, resulting in better pruning.
A similar heuristic has also been adopted in recent work on controlling search in hierarchical task network (HTN) planning, in the Dynamic Variable Commitment Strategy (DVCS). DVCS, like LCFR, is based on a minimal-branching heuristic. Experimental analyses demonstrate that DVCS generally produces a well-focused search [Tsuneto, Erol, Hendler & Nau, 1996].
Our own initial experimental results, presented in Joslin and Pollack (1994), similarly supported the hypothesis that a uniform least-cost flaw repair strategy could be highly effective in reducing the size of the search space in POCL planning. In those experiments, we compared LCFR against four other strategies: UCPOP, DUnf, and DUnf-LC, as defined above, and a new strategy, UCPOP-LC which we previously called LCOS [Joslin & Pollack, 1994]:
At the same time, we observed that LCFR incurred an unwieldy overhead, often taking longer to solve a problem than UCPOP, despite the fact that it was searching far fewer nodes. In part this was due a particularly inefficient implementation of LCFR that we were using, but in part it resulted from the fact that computing repair costs is bound to take more time than simply popping a stack (as in a LIFO strategy), or finding a flaw of a particular type (as in a strategy that prefers threats). We therefore explored approximation strategies, which reduce the overhead of flaw selection by accepting some inaccuracy in the repair cost calculation. For example, we developed the ``Quick LCFR'' (or QLCFR) strategy, which calculates the repair cost of any flaw only once, when that flaw is first encountered. In any successor node in which the flaw remains unresolved, QLCFR assumes that its repair cost has not changed. Our experiments with QLCFR showed it to be a promising means of making a least-cost approach sufficiently fast to pay for its own overhead. Additional approximation strategies were studied by Srinivasan and Howe [Srinivasan & Howe, 1995], who experimented with three variations of LCFR, along with a fourth, novel strategy that moves some of the control burden to the user.
|
<urn:uuid:9c1b6e7c-acf1-4429-8a4d-be20183e9dbd>
|
CC-MAIN-2016-44
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| 0.951595
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| 2.015625
| 2
|
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