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Ukuqavitha kuxhakaxholo ibizo elingabhekisela kunoma yiluphi uhlobo lokuxhumana olwenzeka kuxhakaxholo oluhlinzeka ngokufufukiswa kwemiyalezo yemiqhafazo okusheshayo kusuka kuthumelayo kuya kothunyelelwayo. Imiyalezo yokuqavitha ngokuvamile ilufuphi ukuze labo abahlanganyela ekuthumeleni basheshe bayifunde futhi basabele kuyo. Ngalokho, kudaleka umuzwa ofana nokuba nengxoxo yangempela, okuyinto ehlukanisa ukuqavitha nezinye izindlela zokuxhumana ezinkundleni zoxhakaxholo nangencwazuba ngomqhafazo. Ukuqavitha kuxhakaxholo luhlanganisa ukuxhumana kwabantu ngapha nangale kanye nokuxhumana ngokusakaza kwabaningi, kanye nokuqavitha ngezwi noma ngombukiso, noma kungaba ulwangu lwenkonzo yolwebu yokungqungquthela (conferencing).
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Kumchazandalo, ibangacuphi lingubude obakhiwa ibanga lamaza lapho ephinda ukuvingqoza. Liyibanga eliphakathi kwamachopho amabili alungene nalandelanayo esigaba esifanayo samaza, njengasezilubeni ezimalumbe, imikhombe, noma izanhlukano-nguqu, futhi liyinkondolo kokubili yamaza akhenkethayo namaza amileyo, kanye nezinye izifanelo ezenziwa amaza. Ukugusha kwebangacuphi kubizwa ngokuthi umjingo wendawo. Ibangacuphi livame ukuboniswa ngohlamvu lwesiGriki olubizwa lambda (λ).
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Umjinge uyinani isenzakalo esiphindayo esenzeka ngalo ngomuvo wesikhathi. Kumchazandalo, umjingo wamaza uyinani iziluba zamaza ezidlula ngalo echophweni ngomzuzwana owodwa (iziluba zamaza ziyiziqongo ezakhiwa amaza). Futhi kubhekiselwa kuwo ngokuthi umjingo wesikhashana uma ucaciswa, futhi uhlukile kunomjingo wengoni. Umjingo ulinganiswa ngamahaza (Hz) alingana nesenzakalo esisodwa ngomzuzwana owodwa. Inkathi ingumgamu wesikhathi ophakathi kwezenzakalo, ngakho inkathi ingumnano womjingo.
Ngokwesibonelo, uma inhliziyo inesigqi somjingo wezikhathi eziyi-120 ngomzuzu (amahaza ama-2), inkathi, umgamu—T isigqi esiziphinda ngawo—uyisigamu somzuzwana (imizuzwana engama-60 ehlukaniswa ngezigqi eziyi-120). Umjingo uyisilinganisi esibaluekile esisetshenziswa kwezenzululwazi nakwezomngcikisho ukucacisa izinga lezimongotho ezicikazayo neziqhikizekayo, ezifana nomqhikizeko wezinguxa, iziyabizo zomsindo, amaza womsakazo, nokukhanya.
Izincasiselo nemivo
Ezimongothweni eziyingilizayo ezifana nemicikazo, amaza, noma ngokwezibonelo zomdiki wobumbano olulula , ibizo elithi umjingo lichasiswa ngokuthi inani lemiyingilizo noma imiqhikizeko emuveni owodwa wesikhathi. Inkathi T iyisikhathi esidlekayo ekuqedeni ukuyingiliza okukodwa kokucikaza noma ukundiyaza. Ukuhlobana phakathi komjingo nenkathi uchazwa ilesimikithisi
Ibizo elithi umjinge wesikhashana lisetshenziselwa ukugcizelela ukuthi umjingo unenkondolo eyinani lesenzakalo esiziphindayo esenzeka ngalo kumuvo wesikhathi.
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KuNzululwazi nomNgcikisho, ubunzima noma isisindo sento yisiphoqi esisebenza entweni ngenxa yamandla womnyondo .
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UmLahwe uyinhlwa yevanga enophawu Rn nenani lobuchwe elingama-86.
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I-ChatGPT iyisiqavithi sohlakahlisombulu esithuthukiswe yi-OpenAI esanyakulwa ngoLwezi wezi-2022. Yakhelwe phezu kwamahlelokusebenza we-OpenAI womndeni we-GPT-3 wezinongo zolimi ezinkulu futhi yalungiswa-ngobunomfiya kusetshenziswa ubunyoninco bokufunda okuqondiswayo nokufunda okufakelelwayo.
I-ChatGPT yanyakulwa njengonyanyali mhla zingama-30 kuLwezi 2022, futhi yathola ukunakwa ngokushesha ngenxa yezimpendulo zayo eziningiliziwe neziqephuzayo kuzo zonke izidlangala zolwazi. Kodwa ukunemba kwesiminya sayo okumaqokolo, kuye kwahlonzwa njengengqinamba ephawulekayo. Emva kokukhululwa kwe-ChatGPT, ukubalwa kwemali ye-OpenAI kwakuhamba kwizigidgidi ezingama-29 ngowezi-2023.
Unongo olusha lakwa-OpenAI olubizwa GPT-4, lwakhululwa mhla zili-14 kuNdasa 2023, futhi seluyatholakala kubasebenzisi be- ChatGPT Plus.
Ukuqeqeshwa
I-ChatGPT iyilungu lomndeni wezinongo zolimi lwesiGwebuzi esesiQeqeshiwe esiPhehlayo (generative pre-trained transformer GPT). Yalolongwa kahle (okuyindlela yokufunda okudluliswayo) kuhlobo oluphuculiwe lakwa-OpenAI lwe-GPT-3 olwaziwa ngokuthi "GPT 3.5". Inqubo yokulolongaa kahle yasebenzisa kokubili ukufunda okuqondisiwe kanye nokufunda okugcizilelwe (reinforcement learning) kumdludlungu obizwa ukufunda okugcizilelwe kumbuyiswa womuntu (reinforcement learning from human feedback RLHF). Zombili lezindlela zazisebenzisa abaqeqeshi abangabantu ukuze ziphucule ukusebenza konongo. Ekufundeni okuqondiswayo, unongo lwahlinzekwa ngezingxoxo lapho abaqeqeshi babe nhlangothi zombili: bengabasebenzisi kanye nabalekeleli bohlakahlisombulu. Ekufundeni okugcizilelwe, abaqeqeshi abangabantu baqala ngokufaka kuqhiwu izimpendulo zonongo zezingxoxo ezidlule. Lolu qhiwu lwasetshenziswa ekudaleni "izinongo zokuhlumulisa" lezo ezasiza ekulolongeni kahle unongo kusetshenziswa lokho okubizwa (Proximal Policy Optimization PPO).
Ulwangu nemikhawulo
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UGeragera Booth Monogatari (~ monotari) uyi-anime yethelevishini esekelwe emgqeni wamahlaya nguWill Ray Markers eNetherlands. Yasakazwa ku-TV Tokyo kusukela ngo-Ephreli 1987 kuya ku-March 29, 1988. Iziqephu ezingu-52.
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IsiCikizikhulu siyisicikizi esinezinga eliphezulu lokusebenza uma siqhathaniswa nesicikizi senjongo evamile. Insebenzo yesiCikizikhulu ivame ukulinganiswa ngemigidingo yezintantanani (float points, FLOPS) ngomzuzwana kuneziyalelo eziyisigidi ngomzuzwana (MIPS). Kusuka ngowezi-2017, sekube khona isicikizikhulu ezingenza ezintantnani eziyi-1017. Uma kuqhathaniswa, isiCikizi sasendlini singasebenza maphakathi namakhulu izintantananinqindi (1011) kuya emashumini ezintantananizaca (1013). Kusuka ngoLwezi kowezi-2017, zonke isicikizikhulu ezisheshayo zomhlaba ezingama-500 bezisebenza ngezingqalahlelo olusekwe kwi-Linux. Ucwaningo olwengeziwe luyenziwa kwelaseMelikq, eYurophu, eThayiwani, eJaphani, naseShayina ukuze kwakhiwe iziCikizikhulu zomlinganisokhulu ezinamandla kakhulu nezibuqabavu ngokobuchwepheshe.
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Ezibuchophokhulu ziwuhlelo lwezilwane ezincelisayo ezinhlobonhlobo.
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Inani lobuchwe noma inani lomlelesa wenuzi (uphawu Z) yenhlwa yevanga liyinani lomlelesa osenuzini yechwe. Enuzini evamile, leli nani lilingana nenani lenelesi noma inani lezinelesi ezisenuzini yawo wonke amachwe aleyonhlwa. Inani lobuchwe lingasasetshenziswa njengesihlonzi sezinhlwa zevanga ezivamile. Echweni elivamile elingaleleswanga, inani lobuchwe lilingana nenani lezinzuba.
EChweni elivamile eliqukethe iziNelesi, iziNtunge neziNzuba, isamba senani leChwe Z kanye nenani leNtunge N zakha inani lesisindo seChwe A. Njengoba iziNelesi neziNtunge cishe zinesisindo esifanayo (futhi isisindo seziNzuba zishaywa indiva ngezinjongo eziningi), isisindo seChwe noma yiliphi lapho sivezwa ngomuvo wenani lesisindo seChwe, siphakathi komuvo ekhulwini (1%) walo lonke inani A.
AmaChwe anenani lobuchwe elifanayo kodwana anamanani eziNtunge ahlukene, futhi kanjalo anamanani esisindo ahlukene, aziwa ngokuthi amaChembe. Zingaphezu kwezigamu ezintathu izinhlwa ezitholakala ngokwemvelo eziyizingxube zamaChembe, futhi inani lobuChembe lengxube yeChembe yenhlwa esesimweni esichasisiwe emhlabeni, linqumela ubunzima bechwe obuyindinganiso yenhlwa. Ngokomlando, kwakuyilobo bunzima bechwe bezinhlwa (makuqhathaniswa neHwanzi) obabutholakala ngobuningi obulinganiswa abachazibotho ekhulwini le-19.
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Isidlakathi samazuba siyisidlakathi esihlobene neziphoqi zezinhlayiya ezileleswe ngamazuba kanye nomdiki walezo zinhlayiya (ngokuvamile izinzuba ezintanjeni, kodwa hhayi njalo).
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UmQhibuki ngumuntu onekhono kwezobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa nosebenzisa ulwazi analo lobuchule ukuze afinyelele empokophelweni noma anqobe ingqinamba, ngaphakathi kwesimiso esicikizwe ngezindlela ezingezona ezindinganiso ebekiwe. Nakuba ibizo elithi umqhibuki seliyamaniswa bokuqhibuka ezokuphepha – umuntu osebenzisa ulwazi analo lobuchule ukuze axhaphaze futhi agqekeze ezimisweni zesicikizi futhi afikelele imininingo engenakufikelelwa kalula – ukuqhibuka ikhono elingasetshenziswa nayizikhungo zomthetho ezimweni ezithile. Ngokwesibonelo, izinhlangano zomthetho nabaswbenzi bazo ngezinye izikhathi zisebenzisa ubunyoninco bokuqhibuka ukuze ziqoqe ubufakazi ngezigilamkhuba nezigebengu. Lokhu kungahlanganisa amathuluzi wokungaziwa (afana ne-VPN, noma ulwebu olufiphele) ukuze zisitheze ubuhlonzi bazo kuxhakaxholo, ngokuzishaya sengathi ziyizigebengu nazo. Ngokufanayo, izinhlangano zabancondi zomhlaba nazo zingasebenzisa ubunyoninco bokuqhibuka emisebenzini yazo engokomthetho. Kolunye uhlangothi, ukuqhibuka nokugasela kuxhakaxholo izinto ezisetshenziswa ngokungemthetho izinhlangano zomthetho nezokuphepha (lapho zenza ubuqhebeqhebe obungagunyaziwe), futhi zisetshenziswa nawumbuso njengesikhali empini engokomthetho nengekho emthethweni.
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Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa ( CK ) buwukusetshenziswa kweziCikizi ukwakha, ukudludlunga, ukugcina, ukubuyisa nokushintshanisa zonke izinhlobo zemininingo nokwaziswa. Ubu-CK yakha ingxenye yobuChwepheshe boKwaziswa nokuXhumana (CKX). Isimiso sobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa ngokuvamile okuyisimiso sokwaziswa, isimiso sezokuxhumana, noma ngokungagunci, isimiso sesiCikizi — sihlanganisa zonke izingxenye, amahlelokusebenza, nezifukuli ezixhunywayo — ezigidingwa iqembu elincane labasebenzisi bo-CK.
Nakuba abantu kudala baqala ukugcina, ukulanda, ukulumba, nokuxhumana ngokwabelana ngokwaziswa kusuka ekuthuthukisweni kwezimiso zokuloba zangaphambili, ibizo ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa ngomqondo walo wanamuhla laqala ukuvela esibhalweni sangowe-1958 esashicilelwa kwi-Harvard Business Review; ababhali u-Harold J. Leavitt no-Thomas L. Whisler baphawuka ukuthi "ubuchwepheshe obusha abunalo igama elilodwa elimisiwe. Sizobubiza ngokuthi Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa." Incasiselo yabo iqukethe iminxa emithathu: ubunyoninco bokudludlunga, ukusebenza kwezindlelasu zezibalomininingo nomchazazibalo ekuthatyeni izinqumo, nokufefenyeka kokucabanga kohlelo oluphakeme ngezinhleleliso zesicikizi.
Lebizo livame ukusetshenziswa njengomqondofana wezicikizi namaxhoxho wesicikizi, kodwa lihlanganisa nezinye ezobuchwepheshe zokusabalalisa ukwaziswa ezifana ngomabonakude nezincingo. Imikhiqizo embalwa nezinkonzo eziyingxenye yomnotho ziyamaniswa nobuchwepheshe bokwaziswa, zihlanganisa izingxenye zesicikizi, amahlelokusebenza, izizubisi , izidlulisinzuba , uxhakaxholo, nezokuthengiselana ngamazuba.
Izigaba zokuthuthukiswa ko-CK zimi kanje: ngaphambi kwezinguxa (3000 BC — 1450 AD), inkathi yezinguxa (1450—1840), izinguxazamazuba (1840—1940), nezizubisi (1940 kuze kube manje).
Ubuchwepheshe bokwaziswa buyigatsha lenzululwazi yesicikizi, olungachasiswa njengokufundwa okukhulu kwenkambiso, uhlaka, nokudludlungwa, kwezinhlobo zemininingo. Njengoba lomkhakha uqhubeka nokuthubeka emazweni omhlaba, ukubaluleka kwawo sekukhulile, okuyilapha esiqala esibona khona ukungeniswa kwezifundo ezihlobene nenzululwazi yesicikizi emfundweni ye-K12.
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Inzululwazi yemvelo ingelinye lamagatsha esayensi aphathelene nencaziso, ukuqonda nokubikezela izimongotho zemvelo, ngokusekelwe ebufakazini obunamandla obuvela ezingqaphelweni nasemigcansweni . Izinyathelo ezifana nembuyekezo ecubungulayo nokuziphindaphinda kwemiphumela kusetshenziswa ukuqinisekisa ukuba yiqiniso kokuqombola kwenzululwazi.
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UmNgcikisho wesiCikizi uyigatsha lomngcikisho wamazuba kanye nenzululwazi yesicikizi elididiyela imikhakha eminingana yenzululwazi yesicikizi nomngcikisho wesizubisi obudingekayo ukuze kuthuthukiswe izingxenyekazi zesicikizi nehlelokusebenza .
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Sunoman Igundane (IsiNgisi: Mickey Mouse). Disney Television Animation. Disney-ABC Domestic Television. 2013.
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Kusilinganisazwe sika-Ekilidu, igcagcane lingumacalazaqa ovamile, okusho ukuthi linezinhlangothi ezine ezilinganayo nama izingoni ezine ezilinganayo (izingoni ezingamazinga angama-90, π/2 ama-radian angles, noma izingoni eziqhiyeme ).
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U-Isabella Medeiros Scherer (17 February 1996 - ) owaziwa nangokuthi u-Isabella Scherer, ungumlingisi waseIBrazili. UngowaseIBrazili.
Ifilimu
Família Imperial (2012-2013)
Experimentos Extraordinários (2014)
Califórnia (2015)
Que Talento! (2016)
Malhação: Viva a Diferença (2017-2018)
Psi (2019)
Bom Sucesso (2019)
MasterChef Brasil (2021)
Izinkomba
Abazalwa nge-1996
IBrazili
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Umhwebo (noma Ibhizinisi) umkhuba wokuziphilisa noma ukwenza imali ngokukhiqiza noma ukuthenga nokudayisa imikhiqizo ( njengezingudla nezinkonzo ).
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Udoti omhlophe inhlamba eyinhlamba yobuhlanga nehlobene nezigaba esetshenziswa ngesiNgisi saseMelika ukuze kubhekiselwe kondlebe zikhanya ilanga abaswele, ikakhulukazi ezindaweni zasemaphandleni eningizimu ye-United States .Le ilebula ,isho isigaba senhlalo phakathi kwabamhlophe futhi ikakhulukazi izinga lokuphila elehlisiwe. ,, Isetshenziswa njengendlela yokwehlukanisa "abahloniphekile nabakhuthele" "abampofu abahle" kumavila, "abangaqondi, abangabongi nabanengekayo" "abamhlophe ababi". Ukusetshenziswa kwaleli gama kunikeza abamhlophe bezinga eliphakathi naphezulu indlela yokuziqhelelanisa nobumpofu nokungabi namandla kwabamhlophe abaswele, abangakwazi ukujabulela lawo malungelo, kanye nendlela yokuphika ukuziphatha kwabo abakubonayo.
Leli gama liye lamukelwa kubantu abahlala emikhawulweni yenhlalakahle yomphakathi, ababonakala beyingozi ngenxa yokuthi bangase babe nezigebengu, ezingalindelekile,engeqageleki futhi ngaphandle kokuhlonipha igunya lezombangazwe, lezomthetho, noma lokuziphatha. Nakuba leli gama lisetshenziswa kakhulu yizindawo zasemadolobheni neziphakathi nendawo ehlazisayo ngabamhlophe basemadolobheni nabasezingeni eliphakathi njengesibonakaliso sesigaba, abanye abaculi abamhlophe bazichaza ngokuthi "udoti omhlophe", bakubheka njengebheji lokuhlonipha, futhi babungaze imibono ehlukene engavamile kanye nezinhlalo zangaphansi kokumhlophe.
Izazi kusukela ngasekupheleni kwekhulu le-19 kuya ekuqaleni kwekhulu lama-21 zahlola izizukulwane zemindeni ezazibhekwa "njengezihlambalazi", njengomndeni wakwaJukes kanye nomndeni wakwaKallikak, womabili amagama mbumbulu emindeni yangempela.
udoti wosindlebe zikhanya ilanga ohluphekile, igama elisetshenziselwa kokubi okuhluphekile ", hhayi ukuyhandiswa "izicukuthwane nokusebenza kanzima" kokuhle okuhluphekile. Igama elilodwa elisetshenziswa kubantu abanjalo lalithi "tackeys" noma "tackies". Ngokwe-Oxford Dictionaries, yake yasetshenziswa kumahhashi enani elincane noma elingenagugu, yase idluliselwa kubantu ababonakala benenani elincane noma abangenalo igugu. Kungase kube nesikhathi esimaphakathi lapho lalisetshenziswa khona ukuchaza labo okungenzeka babedla izambane likapondo kodwa bengenazo izimpande zomndeni noma inkuliso enhle. yona manje ngokuvamile ibhekisa kunoma yini eshibhile, edubulayo, engadubuli, eyimbewu, noma enganambitheki.
Kudoti wondlebe zikhanyilanga: amakhulu amane ngokweminya angatsheliwe kumlando wekilasi emelika usazi mlando uNancy Isenberg uhlanganise uhlu olude, kodwa olungacacile, lwamagama ahlekisayo asetshenzisiwe ukubhekisa kubantu abamhlophe abadla imbuya ngothi
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Ukulinganisa kwamasiko kuyinqubo lapho iqembu elincane noma isiko lifika lifane neqembu leningi lomphakathi noma lihlanganise izindinganiso, ukuziphatha, nezinkolelo zelinye iqembu ngokugcwele noma kancane.
Izinhlobo ezehlukene ezokulinganisa amasiko zihlanganisa ukufanisa ngokugcwele futhi nokufanisa ngempoqo.Ukufanisa ngokugcwele iyo evame kakhulu phakathi kwazo zombili,ngoba kwenzeka ngokuzenzakalayo.
Ngesikhathi sokulinganisa kwamasiko, amaqembu amancane kulindeleke ukuthi azivumelanise nezinqubo zansuku zonke zesiko elivelele ngolimi nokubukeka kanye nezici ezibaluleke kakhulu zenhlalomnotho ezifana ,nokungena emphakathini wendawo wamasiko nokuqashwa.
Iqembu elincane noma isiko lingena ngokuphelele esikweni elibusayo lapho izici ezichazayo zesiko ledlanzana zingaxabene kangako noma zinyamalale ngokuphelele; kuyilapho kwezinye izinhlobo zokutholwa kwamasiko njengokuhlanganiswa kwamasiko okutholakala kakhulu emiphakathini enamasiko amaningi, iqembu elincane emphakathini othile lamukela izici zesiko elibusayo ngokusanokuhlanganisa
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I-Homophobia ihlanganisa uhla lwezimo zengqondo nemizwa engemihle ngobutabane noma abantu abahlonzwa noma abathathwa njengabangqingili noma abathandana nobulili obufanayo . Lesisenzo sokuziphatha ngalendlela sesichazwe njenge-nzondo,nokwesaba kanti futhi abanye bakholelwa ukuthi lokhu abakwenzayo kuhambiselana namasiko abo .Lesisenzo sokuziphatha ngalendlela sesibizwa nge-transphobia .
I-Homophobia ibonisa ukuziphatha okungekho emthethweni okubandakanya ukubukela phansi abanye abantu kanye nokuba nodlame olubhekiswe kwabathile.
Lesi sinciphiso magama esisetshenzisiwe lapha i-LGBT sisibonisa amagama ahlukahlukene achaza kabanzi ngaloluhlobo lokuziphatha kwabantu. 19,3 phesenti lyabantu asebebandakanyeka kulokhu kuthandana ngobuliili obufanayo e-United State." Khona futhi e-United State uma kutholakala ukuthi uyabandakanyeka kulaba abahlukumeza labo abanobulili obufanayo wawuthweswa noma wawubekwa icala.
ukufunda ngemvelaphi yamagama
Nakuba izimo zengqondo zobulili zibuyela emuva eGreece Yasendulo - kusukela ngekhulu lesi-8 kuya kwelesi-6 BC kuze kube sekupheleni kwenkathi yasendulo ( c. 600 AD ) - izazi ziye zabizwa nge -homophobia, futhi isetshenziselwa ukuchaza ukungabekezelelani kwabantu bobulili obufanayo kanye nongqingili okwakhula ngeNkathi Ephakathi, ikakhulukazi abalandeli benkolo yobuSulumane nobuKhrestu, leli gama ngokwalo lisha.
Leli gama elisentshenziswa ukubiza laba athandana nobulili obufanayo laqhamuka nodokotela osebenza ngenqondo uGeorge Weinberg ngonyaka we-1960s. U-Weinberg nguyena owaba ngowokuqala ukusebenzisa leligama. Igama elithi ukuzonda abantu bobulili obufanayo laqala ukuvela ephephandabeni elalishicilelwe ku magazini yaseMelika yezithombe ezingcolile zobulili, i- Screw, ka-May 23, 1969, lapho leli gama lalisetshenziselwa ukubhekisa ekwesabeni kwamadoda anobulili obuhlukile ukuthi abanye bangase bacabange ukuthi bayizitabane
EYurophu yasendulo, ubungqingili babubhekwa njengesodomy futhi bajeziswa ngokuthi babulawe. Ushushiso lwafinyelela umvuthwandaba phakathi nokuQulwa Kwamacala Ezihlubuki Enkathini Ephakathi, lapho amahlelo amaCathar namaWaldens esolwa ngobufebe nobungqingili, kanye nokumangalelwa ngokukhulekelwa kukaSathane . Ngo-1307, ukumangalelwa kobulili obubili obufanayo nobungqingili kwakungamacala amakhulu abekwa ngesikhathi seTrial of the Knights Templar . Isazi semfundiso yenkolo uThomas Aquinas wayenogqozi ekuhlobaniseni ukulahlwa kobungqingili nombono womthetho wemvelo, ephikisa ngokuthi "izono ezikhethekile eziphambene nemvelo, isibonelo, lezo eziphikisana nobuhlobo bobulili bowesilisa nowesifazane ngokwemvelo ezilwaneni,kanti futhi kunjalo. ofaneleka ngokukhethekile njengezenzo ezimbi ezingezona ezemvelo."
Nakuba ubutabane kwamukelwa njengokuziphatha komuntu okuvamile eShayina Yasendulo, inzondo yabantu abathandana nabantu bobulili obufanayo yagxila ekupheleni kwe -Qing Dynasty kanye neRiphabhulikhi yaseShayina ngenxa yokusebenzelana neChristian West, kanye nokuziphatha kobungqingili kwenqatshelwe ngo-1740 Ngesikhathi se- Cultural Revolution, ubungqingili baphathwa nguhulumeni ngokuthi "ihlazo emphakathini noma uhlobo lokugula ngokwenqondo", futhi abantu ababengongqingili babhekana nokushushiswa kabanzi. Nakuba ibingekho imithetho emelene ngqo nobungqingili, eminye imithetho yasetshenziswa ukushushisa abantu abathandana nobulili obufanayo futhi "babekwa amacala okuhlukumeza noma ukuphazamisa ukuhleleka komphakathi."
I-Soviet Union ngaphansi kuka-Vladimir Lenin yasusa ubungqingili ngo-1922, kudala ngaphambi kwamanye amazwe amaningi aseYurophu. I- Soviet Communist Party yagunyaza ngokusemthethweni isehlukaniso esingenancazelo ezwakalayo, ukukhipha isisu kanye nobungqingili, lapho iqeda yonke imithetho ye -Tsarist endala kanye nekhodi yokuqala yobugebengu yaseSoviet yagcina lezi zinqubomgomo zobulili ezikhululekile endaweni. Ukukhululwa kukaLenin kwahoxiswa eminyakeni eyishumi kamuva nguJoseph Stalin futhi ubungqingili bahlala bungekho emthethweni ngaphansi kweSigaba 121 kwaze kwaba yisikhathi sikaYeltsin .
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Ubumpumputhe bokucwasa ngokwebala
ubumpumputhe bokucwasa ngokwebala kusho ukucwasa kanye nokubandlulula ngokwebala kanye ngokwehlanga ekutheni kube nobandlululo ngokwemibala nokungafani kwabantu abakhona la eningizimu indlela abantu abaphathwa ngayo ngenxa yobuhllanga kanye nemibala yabo okuxabanisa abantu futhi kubahlukumeze ngenxa yokutshenwa ukuthi akubona abala eningizimu noma bashaywe ngenxa yemibala yabo kanye nobuhlanga njengokubamba inkolelo yokuthi uhlanga noma ubuzwe bomuntu akufanele buthonye okuwukuthi indlela lowo muntu aphathwa ngayo emphakathini. . .
ezinkathini ezendlule abantu baseningimu benza isivumelwano sokuthi leli gama kuzofanele lisetsenziswe njengaga lokugwema ukucwasa kanye nokubandlulula phakathi kwabantu basemzanzi abcwasana ngokwebala kanye ngokubuhlanga.
Emibonweni yeNkantolo Ephakeme yase-US
ngonyaka ka-1896 kwaba khona uphikiswano lapho khona uJustice wabhala ngokuthi umthethosisekelo wukuleli awuboni ubandlululo phakathi kwemibala wathi zonke izakhamuzi ziyalingana ngokwamalungelo futhi phambi komthetho akekho umuntu ongaphezulu komunye sonke siyalingana noma ngabe umuntu enjani lokho akusho ukuthi lowo muntu akuyena owakuleli singabuntu sakhiwe ngezindlela ezahlukene. ungahunyushwa ngokuthi imithetho akumele ihlukanise abantu bezinhlanga ezahlukene.
Ngombono ofanayo ngonyaka ka 1978 baphikisana ngocwaningo eliyimpumputhe lombala, bebhala ukuthi "ngeke ... sivumele ubumpumputhe bombala bube iqiniso lokuthi abaningi 'badalile. abalinganayo' esikhathini sokuphila kwethu baye baphathwa njengabaphansi ngokomthetho nayizakhamuzi ezikanye nabo."
Embonweni wakhe ophikisana " Umthethosisekelo awuboni imibala kanye nokuqaphela umbala. Ukuze ugweme ukungqubuzana nesigatshana sokuviken[ <span title="The material near this tag possibly uses too vague attribution or weasel words. (March 2022)">Yini?</span>omthetho awawukhulunywe u justice ngo nyaka ka 2003 esilinganayo, isigaba esiphika inzuzo, esidala umonakalo, noma esithwesa umthwalo akufanele sisekelwe kuhlanga. Ngalowo mqondo, uMthethosisekelo awuboni umbala. Kodwa uMthethosisekelo uyaqaphela umbala ukuze uvimbele ukucwasa ukuba kuqhutshekwe nokuhlehlisa imiphumela yokucwasa okwedlule. '
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Ukwabiwa kwamasiko ukungahloniphi isici noma izici zesiko noma ubuwena kumalunga avela kwelinye isiko noma ubuwena. Lokhu kwnzeka kakhulukazi kumalunga wamasiko abusayo kumanye amasiko amancane . Ngokwabagxeki balo mkhuba, ukwabiwa kwamasiko kuyahluka ekwandiseni, ukufana, noma ukushintshana kwamasiko okulinganayo ngoba lokhu kusetshenziswa kuyindlela yobukoloniyali . Lapho izici zamasiko zikopishwa zisuka esikweni elincane ngamalungu esiko, futhi lezi zici zisetshenziswa ngaphandle kwengqikithi yazo yamasiko yasekuqaleni - ngezinye izikhathi ngisho ngokumelene nezifiso ezishiwo ngokucacile zamalungu esiko lendabuko - umkhuba uvame ukutholwa kabi
Ukwabiwa kwamasiko kuvezwe ngengobungozi kumaqembu amaningi ahlukile, kuhlanganisa abantu boMdabu abasebenzela ukulondolozwa kwamasiko, labo abamele amalungelo empahla yengqondo eyiqoqo lamasiko adabuka, amancane, kanye nalabo abake baphila noma abaphila ngaphansi kombuso wamakoloni. Ukwaviwa kwamasiko kungabandakanya ukuxhaphaza amanye amasiko enkolo namasiko, izinyathelo zokudansa, imfashini, izimpawu, ulimi kanye nemiculo. amasiko awamelene noshintsho, ukucwasa amanye amasiko kuveza ukuyhi wena awuzimisele ngokufuna ukwazi amanye amasiko.
Labo ababona lokhu njengokuxhaphaza amasiko kusho ukuthi izici zamasiko ziyalahleka noma zihlanekezelwe lapho zisuswa khona ezimeni zazo zamasiko eziyindabuko, nokuthi ukubukisa okunjalo kuwukungahloniphi noma kuwuhlobo lokudelela. Izici zesiko ezingase zibe nencazelo ejulile yesiko lokuqala zingancishiswa zibe "imfashini" engavamile noma amathoyizi yilawo amasiko abusayo. U-Kjerstin Johnson ubhale ukuthi, uma lokhu sekwenziwe, umlingisi, "ongaboni ukuthi ukucindezelwa uyakwazi 'ukudlala', okwesikhashana, okunye 'okungavamile', ngaphandle kokubhekana nanoma yikuphi ukucwaswa kwansuku zonke amanye amasiko abhekana nakho". Isifundiswa saseMelika esimnyama, umculi kanye nentatheli u-Greg Tate waphikisa ngokuthi ukwabiwa kanye "nokukhohlisa" kwamasiko, empeleni, kuhlukanisa labo amasiko abo asetshenziswayo.
Umqondo wokwabiwa kwamasiko ubhekane nokokugxekwa okukhulu kanye nenkulumo-mpikiswano. Abantu abagxekayo bayaqaphela ukuthi lo mbono uvamise ukuqondwa kabi noma usetshenziswe kabi ngumuntu wonke, nokuthi amacala "okwabiwa ngokwesiko" kwesinye isikhathi asetshenziswa kabi njengokudla kwesiko elihlukile noma ukufunda ngamasiko ahlukene, ubenalo ulwazi oluphusile ngamanye amasiko. Abantu abaningi bathi isenzo sokwabiwa kwesiko njengoba sichazwa ngokuvamile asihlanganisi ukulimala noma ukuhlukumeza komphakathi, noma igama alinakho ukuhambisana komqondo. Ukwengeza, leli gama lingabeka imingcele engenamthetho enkululekweni yobuhlakani, ukuziveza kwamaciko, liqinise ukuhlukana kwamaqembu, noma likhuthaze umuzwa wobutha noma wokukhononda esikhundleni senkululeko.
Uhlolojikelele
Ukwabiwa kwamasiko kungabandakanya ukusetshenziswa kwemibono, izimpawu,izinto zobuciko, noma ezinye izici zesiko elibonakalayo elenziwe umuntu noma elingabonwa. Njengomqondo onempikiswano ekusetshenzisweni kwawo, ukufaneleka kokwabiwa kwamasiko kube yinkulumo-mpikiswano enkulu. Abamelene nokwabiwa kwezamasiko babheka izimo eziningi njengokwabiwa okungalungile lapho isiko lesifundo kuyisiko elincane noma lingaphansi kwesimo senhlalo, sezombangazwe, sezomnotho, noma sezempi kusiko elibusayo noma uma kunezinye izindaba ezihilelekile, njengomlando. yokungqubuzana kobuhlanga noma ngokobuhlanga . U-Linda Martín Alcoff ubhala ukuthi lokhu kuvame ukubonakala kubantu abangaphandle kwamasiko abasebenzisa izimpawu zesiko elicindezelwe noma ezinye izici zamasiko, njengomculo, umdanso, imikhosi kamoya, izindlela zokugqoka, inkulumo, kanye nokuziphatha komphakathi lapho lezi zici zithathwa kalula futhi zisetshenziselwa imfashini, kunokuba ihlonishwe ngaphakathi komongo wayo wamasiko wasekuqaleni. Abamelene nabo babheka izindaba zobukholoniyali, umongo, kanye nomehluko phakathi kokwabiwa nokuhwebelana njengokubalulekile ekuhlaziyeni ukwabiwa kwamasiko. Baphikisa ngokuthi ukushintshana kwenzeka "nasendaweni yokudlala imbala", kuyilapho ukwaba kuhilela izingcezu zesiko elicindezelwe elikhishwa engqikithini yabantu ababekade becindezela labo abasuka kubo, futhi abangenawo umongo wamasiko ukuze bawuqonde kahle, hlonipha, noma sebenzisa lezi zici.
Omunye umbono wokwabiwa kwezamasiko ukuthi ukucela ukuba kugxekwe "kuyiphrojekthi ejulile yokugcinwa kwemvelo", naphezu kwezimpande eziqhubekayo, ukuthi "okokuqala ifuna ukulondoloza ku-formaldehyde okuqukethwe kwesiko elisungulwe futhi okwesibili izama [ukuvimbela] abanye ukuthi baxhumane nalelo. isiko". Isibonelo, ifilimu i -Star Wars isebenzise izici ezivela ku -Akira Kurosawa ethi The Hidden Fortress, yona ngokwayo esebenzise izici ezivela ku -Shakespeare ; isiko ku-aggregate ngokungangabazeki ingcono esimweni ngasinye sokwabiwa. Ukuhlangana phakathi kwamasiko kukhiqize ukudla okufana ne -American Chinese cuisine, i-sushi yesimanje yaseJapani, kanye ne -bánh mì, ngakunye kwesinye isikhathi okuphikiswana ngakho ukuthi kukhombisa ingxenye yobunikazi bamasiko akhona.
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ku-phenomenology amagama athi omunye kanye nomunye osisekelo akhomba omunye umuntu nokwehlukana kwabo.Enye ihlukile futhi iphambene nobuthina bethu kanye nokufanayo. ubudlelwano phakathi kobuntu nomuntu ukuhlobana kwezici ezibalulekile.
isimo kanye nokulingana kobunye isimo sokuhluka nokungwajwayelekile kubumnini bomphakathi bomuntu
kanye nobunikazi bobuqu
isimo sokunye ukungahambisani komuntu kanye nezinkambiso zomphakathi.igama elithi okunye liphinde lichaze isenzo sokunephisa sokubizwa nokuchaza umuntu ngomuntu oyingxenye yesigaba esingaphansi komphakathi somunye
igama elithi Omunye lichaza isenzo sokunciphisa sokubizwa nokuchaza umuntu njengomuntu ongowokuzalwa endaweni engaphansi, njengomuntu oyingxenye yesigaba esingaphansi komphakathi somunye. Umkhuba Wokungahlangani ungabandakanyi abantu abangahambisani nenkambiso yeqembu lomphakathi, okuyinguqulo yobuwena ngokufanayo, endaweni yomuntu, umkhuba wabanye abantu usho ukubakhipha kanye nokubasusa eqenjini lenhlalakahle baye emaphethelweni omphakathi, lapho izinkambiso zomphakathi ezivamile zingasebenzi kubo, ngenxa yokuba ngomunye.
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UmVithu iwuhlobo lwesitshalo esiqhakaza izimbali esinezimbali eziningi kuzalo lwe Allium .
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Bushra Razack
U-Bushra Razack uchwepheshe wokuthuthukiswa komphakathi waseNingizimu Afrika , i-ejenti yezinguquko kanye nosizo lwabantu olugxile ekuxoxisaneni nababambiqhaza. Uzalelwe eKapa , esifundazweni saseWestern Cape eNingizimu Afrika wafunda esikoleni samabanga aphezulu eMnambithi, KwaZulu-Natal lapho afunda khona u-matric ngo-2003.
Ukukhula kwakhe
U-Bushra Wakhulela ekhaya lezintandane enezinye izingane ezingu-70 futhi kusukela esemncane wafunda ukubaluleka kokubuyisela. Lapho eneminyaka eyi-12, wamela iNingizimu Afrika kuKhongolose yokuqala Yomhlaba Yentsha eyaziwa nangokuthi yi-Millennium Young People's Congress e-Honolulu, eHawaii . Ungomunye wababhali bencwadi ethi, 'Rescue Mission', ukuhlola kwentsha kwe-UN's Millennium Development Goals eyethulwa eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo eGoli eNingizimu Afrika .UBushra uthola ugqozi emiphakathini asebenza nayo njengeMitchells Plain , Cape Flats kanye nePhilippi esifundazweni saseWestern Cape eNingizimu Afrika.
Njengamanje uyi-CEO ye-Philippi Village e-Philippi , isikhungo somphakathi esidala amathuba emisebenzi futhi siphakamise amalungu omphakathi wendawo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo ehlinzeka ngendawo enempilo nephephile yokuxhumana nabantu ngokusebenzisa amabhizinisi, ubuciko, amasiko kanye nabahleli bezinhlelo zemfundo .
Imiklomelo kanye Nezimpumelelo
Ngo-2017 uBushra wakhethwa yiMail & Guardian njengomunye wabantu abasha abahamba phambili abangama-200 eNingizimu Afrika
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Ulimi lwesiNagri' noma IsiSyloti' Ulimi lwase-Indorian olukhulunywa eSigodini saseSurma engxenyeni esenyakatho-mpumalanga ye-Bangladesh, eBarak. Isigodi esisenyakatho-mpumalanga indian isifunda Assam, kanye nesifunda esisenyakatho ye-Tripura ye-Tripura. Ulimi nalo lukhulunywa into ebalulekile inani labantu kwezinye izifundazwe ezisenyakatho-mpumalanga yeNdiya kanye naphakathi kwabafuduki baseNdiya baya United Kingdom. Okwamanje, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-8 bakhuluma lolu limi e-Bangladesh, abantu abayizigidi ezingu-3 e-India, kanye nabantu base Umbuso Ohlangeneyo.
Umlando Wolimi lwe-Sylhetti
Okhokho bakaSylhett badabuka emathafeni aseSylheti eBangladesh yanamuhla naseNdiya yasendulo, kancane kancane besakazeka emhlabeni wonke. Umsuka wolimi lwesiSylheti kucatshangwa ukuthi uvela Magadhi, okuwulimi lwakudala olukhulunywa ezwenikazi laseNdiya. Ulimi lwaqala ukukhula ngokuzimela kwezinye izilimi zesigodi zesiBengali kusukela ngekhulu le-13, ngenxa yokuhlukaniswa ngokwendawo namasiko kwesifunda saseSylhet.
I-Sylhetti diaspora, ehlanganisa ikakhulukazi abantu abafuduke besuka e-Sylhet baya Umbuso Ohlangeneyo, USA, Canada nase-Australia, isize ukukhuphula ulimi kuze kufike ezingeni lamazwe ngamazwe. kahle. Ngenxa yokufinyelela ezinkundleni zokuxhumana, lolu limi selufinyeleleka kalula kulabo abaluthakaselayo ngokolimi nangokwesiko lolu limi.
Izici zolimi lwe-Sylhetti
Onkamisa bolimi lwesiSylheti bahlukile kwezinye izilimi zaseMpumalanga. Ihluke kakhulu ngokwe-pronunciation, ifonetiki, magama kanye uhlelo lolimi kwezinye izilimi zaseMpumalanga. Isilulumagama se-Sylheti siboleka kakhulu amagama kweminye imindeni yezilimi, okuhlanganisa isi-Hindi, isi-Urdu kanye nesi-Arabic. Izici eziyingqayizivele zalolu limi, kanye nezincwadi zalo ezinothile, ziye zaholela ekuvuseleleni umdlandla weSylheti phakathi kwesizukulwane esisha. Naphezu kokusibekela izilimi ezisemthethweni, isiSylheti sisakhulunywa izigidi zabantu e-Bangladesh, e-India kanye nasemiphakathini yaseSylhetti ediaspora emhlabeni jikelele.
Ifoneloji
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Ulimi lwesiNagri
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UNongo lolimi olukhulu ( NLK ) lingunongo lolimi oluhlanganisa uxhoxho lwezinzwa olunezilinganisi eziningi (ngokuvamile amabhiliyoni ezisindo noma ngaphezulu), oluqeqeshwe ngenani elikhulu lombhalo ongegqabiwe kusetshenziswa ukufunda okuziqondisayo siqu .
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UNongo lolimi ithuba lokusabalalisa phezu kochungechunge lwamagama.
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UHlakahlisombulu oluphehlayo noma uhlakahlisombulu olukhiqizayo liwuhlobo lwesimiso sohlakahlisombulu esikwazi ukukhiqiza umbhalo, izithombe, noma ezinye izinsizakusakaza ngokusabela lapho sitshelezelwa .
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I-Philippi Village iyintuthuko exube ukusetshenziswa okuyikhaya lomphakathi ohlukene wosomabhizinisi namabhizinisi amancane, anezindawo zokudayisa, amahhovisi kanye nemicimbi kanye nezemidlalo, imfundo kanye nezinkonzo zamasiko ePhilippi, EKapa, IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu AfrikaI . Kuthathwa njengogqozi kanye nemodeli yebhizinisi emadolobheni aseCape Flats,IKapa. Inhloso enkulu yePhilippi Village ukuhlinzeka ngezindawo zokusebenza ngokubambisana kosomabhizinisi abancane, kanye nokudala amathuba emisebenzi kanye nokuphakamisa igama lomphakathi wendawo, kuyilapho ngesikhathi esifanayo kube indawo ephilayo ephephile ukuxhumana nomphakathi. Ngokugubha iminyaka yayo yokuqala, iPhilippi Village yamemezela ukuthi isidale imisebenzi ehlala njalo engama-66 kanye nemisebenzi yetoho engama-284 futhi isingathe imicimbi eyi-15 esikhungweni sayo somhlangano .
I-Philippi Village yasungulwa nguBushra Razack usomabhizinisi ophumelele imiklomelo yezenhlalakahle, i-ejenti yezinguquko, uchwepheshe wobuntu kanye nokuthuthukiswa komphakathi . Wazalelwa eKapa wafunda amabanga aphezulu eMnambithi, IKwaZulu-Natali, lapho aqeda khona ibanga leshumi ngo-2003. Ukhule nezinye izingane ezingu-70 ekhaya lezintandane kwathi eneminyaka eyishumi nambili wamela iNingizimu Afrika ekuqaleni. I-World Youth Congress eyaziwa ngokuthi i-Millennium Young People's Congress e-Honolulu County, eHawaii . Ungomunye wababhali bencwadi ebizwa ngokuthi: "Rescue Mission", ukubuyekezwa kwentsha kweMillennium Development Goals ye-UN eyethulwe eNgqungqutheleni Yomhlaba Yentuthuko Eqhubekayo, eGauteng, EGoli (isifundazwe), IRiphabhuliki yaseNingizimu Afrika.
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UKhanyisile Mbau ungumlingisi waseNingizimu Afrika, umculi kanye nomethuli wezinhlelo zikamabonakude.
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UThulasizwe Siphiwe Dambuza (owazalwa ngezi-19 zika-Julayi ngonyaka ka-1998), owaziwa ngelikaLasizwe, ungusaziwayo wase Ningizimu Afrika, owaziwa ngokuba ngumlingisi, umethuli wezinhlelo zikamabonakude kanye nezika-YouTube.
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UBongekile Mildred Simelane (owazalwa ngenyanga kaMashi, zingu 25, ngonyaka ka-1994), owaziwa kakhulu ngelikaBabes Wodumo ungumculi waseNingizimu Afrika wohlobo lomculo owaziwa ngegqomu kanye nomdidiyeli wokucula.
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Babes Wodumo
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IGumelo loxhakaxholo (GX) luyigumelo lwezokuxhumana kwesendlalelo soxhoxho olutholaka phakathi kwegumelo loxhakaxholo lokudlulisa imininingonyanda kuyo yonke imingcele yoxhoxho.
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Isiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo, ngokuvamile esaziwa ngokuthi i-TCP/IP, siwuhlaka lokuhlelemba iqoqo lamagumelo wezokuxhumana asetshenziswa kuxhakaxholo nakumaxhoxho esicikizi afanayo ngokuya ngemibandela esebenzayo
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IGumelo lokulawula ukufufukisa (GLF ) lingelinye lamagumelo ayisisekelo ayingxenye yesiwehle segumelo loxhakaxholo.
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U -Ajey Nagar ( ; owazalwa ngo-12 Juni 1999), owaziwa kakhulu ngokuthi u-CarryMinati, ungumdlali we-YouTube waseNdiya futhi osakaza ovela eFaridabad, eNdiya. Waziwa ngamavidiyo akhe okugazinga, ama-comic skits kanye nokusabela ezihlokweni ezihlukahlukene ze-inthanethi esiteshini sakhe i-CarryMinati . Esinye isiteshi sakhe i-CarrysLive sizinikele ekudlalweni nasekusakazeni bukhoma .
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UJoshua Taylor Bassett (owazalwa ngoDisemba 22, 2000) ungumlingisi waseMelika. Waziwa ngendima yakhe eyinkanyezi njengoRicky Bowen eHigh School Musical: The Musical: The Series.
NgoMeyi 2021, waphuma njengelungu lomphakathi we-LGBTQ+.
NgoJanuwari 2021, u-Bassett walaliswa esibhedlela ngenxa yokushaqeka kwe-septic kanye nokuhluleka kwenhliziyo.
Izinkomba
Abazalwa nge-2000
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Ekuxhumaneni kwezinkumbi, IziNsizakuxhumana ziyizinsiza zokuxhumana noma amathuluzi asetshenziselwa ukugcina nokufufutha ukwaziswa noma imininingo .
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IBig Nuz kwakuliqembu leKwaito laseNingizimu Afrika, omvelaphi yalo isedolobheni laseThekwini, KwaZulu-Natali, elasungulwa ngonyaka ka 2002.
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UMthokozisi Khathi (owazalwa ngo-Agasti zingu 24, ngonyaka ka 1976), odume ngegama lesiteji u -DJ Tira, ungu- DJ waseNingizimu Afrika, umdidiyeli werekhodi kanye nomculi we -Kwaito, Igqomu kanye House.
Abantu baseNingizimu Afrika
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UKholile Elvin Gumede, (owazalwa zingama-16 kuNhlaba, ngonyaka ka 1988), owaziwa kakhulu ngelika DJ Clock, ungu-DJ waseNingizimu Afrika kanye nomdidiyeli wokuqopha umculo.
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UTabure Thabo Bogopa Junior (owazalwa zingu 13 kuNdasa ngonyaka ka 1987), owaziwa kakhulu ngelika- JR, ungusomabhizinisi nomculi waseNingizimu Afrika.
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JR (umrepha)
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UJabulani Tsambo (owazalwa zingu 14 Septhemba ngonyaka ka 1980 - washona zingu 24 Okthoba ngonyaka ka 2018), owaziwa kangcono ngegama lesiteji lakhe elithi Hip Hop Pantsula, kamuva elanqanyulelwa laba ngu- HHP, wayengumculi we Motswako (Motswakolista) waseNingizimu Afrika, owayecula ngezilimi eziningi, ikakhulukazi isiTswana.
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I-Motswako uhlobo lomculo we- hip hop oludumile eNingizumu Afrika.
Izinhlobo zomculo
Umculo waseNingizimu Afrika
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U-Boitumelo Thulo (owazalwa enyangeni ka Ephreli zingu 28, ngonyaka ka 1990), odume ngelika- Boity, ungumdlali wakumabonakude waseNingizimu Afrika, umrepha, umlingisi, usomabhizinisi wesifazane kanye nemodeli.
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Ama-South African Music Awards esi- 27, okuyimiklomela yeminyaka yonke, kwaba wuhlelo lwesi-27 lwemiklomelo yomculo waseNingizimu Afrika.
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Isibani esiqondile
Kuyini futhi izinhlobo zokukhanyisa ngezibani eziqondile
Izibani eziqondile ziqala ukukhiqizwa ngamaqembu emikhiqizo engu-7, ngokususelwa ohlotsheni lwesakhiwo nesixhumi esibonakalayo esinikeziwe futhi esikhiqizwayo. Izibani eziqondile zingenye yezindlela ezingcono kakhulu zokukhanyisa imicu ye-LED hose kanye nezibani eziyindilinga nezamapaneli ayisikwele ezisetshenziselwa ukukhanyisa imvelo. Lo mkhiqizo wanamuhla, ohlukaniswe ngohlobo lokufaka nobubanzi bephaneli yemisebe, unganikeza umthombo wokukhanya ojwayelekile nge-angle ephezulu yemisebe nokukhanya okufana nendawo ezungezile. Izibani zezibani eziqondile zivame ukuba namandla angu-18 no-24 watts metres, okukhombisa ukukhanya nomthombo nge-Watt meter ngayinye, futhi endaweni evaliwe ngomklamo wokukhanyisa nokubheka indlela efanele yokubeka izibani endaweni ezungezile, kungenzeka ukwenza kahle indawo yayo oyifunayo enendawo ephansi kakhulu nezindleko Zokukhanyisa Okuhle kakhulu ngezibani eziqondile. Isihloko esilandelayo sizokwethulwa kuwe abasebenzisi abathandekayo nge 7 line lamp amaqembu ukuthi ungakwazi ngezifiso kusayithi lakho norabin.
Ukukhanya okuqondile okwakhelwe ngaphakathi
Ukukhanya okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kwe-Knauf odongeni nasophahleni kwenziwa ngokuya ngohlobo lokufakwa kwe-liner, ukukhanya okwakhelwe ngaphakathi kwe-liner kufanele kufakwe odongeni nasendaweni engelona iqiniso njengophahla noma udonga Lwe-Knauf olugobile. Izibani eziqondile ezakhelwe ngaphakathi zikhiqizwa futhi zifakwe ngezindlela ezimbili ezinemiphetho futhi ngaphandle kwemiphetho, izibani eziqondile ezakhelwe ngaphakathi ezinekhono lobubanzi nokujula okuhlukahlukene okusezingeni lokukhiqiza zinikezwa emakethe yasekhaya neyamazwe omhlaba. Isibani esiqondile esakhelwe ngaphakathi esinomklamo oyisisekelo oyingqayizivele singasetshenziswa kahle izinhlobo ezahlukahlukene odongeni nasophahleni.
Isibani esiqondile se-Rookar
Isibani se-Liner singomunye umkhiqizo Ekukhanyeni Okuqondile, okwethulwa futhi kukhiqizelwe abasebenzisi abangakwazi ukudala udonga noma uphahla olungelona iqiniso, isibani esiqondile senziwa ngesimo se-liner kanye ne-wiring esakhiweni, Ukukhanya Okuqondile nakho kukhiqizwa, njengesibani se-liner esakhelwe ngaphakathi ngobukhulu obujwayelekile, okushiwo futhi sinekhono lokushintsha umbala womzimba futhi sifinyelele ekukhiqizeni. Izibani ezifakwe ngaphakathi nezakhelwe ngaphakathi zinekhono lokwenza ngokwezifiso ukuze ukwazi uku-oda lo mkhiqizo kunoma yiziphi izilinganiso nanoma yimaphi amandla optical, futhi kusesigabeni sokukhiqiza; abakhiqizi abaningi bokukhanya okuqondile bamemezele isikhathi ikhasimende elisichitha ukuze lithole ukukhanya kwe-liner ngokwezifiso izinsuku ezi-3 kuya kwezi-7 zokusebenza.
Engeza enqoleni
Ukukhanya okuqondile okugobile
Ezinye izinhlobo eziqondile neziyingqayizivele zezibani ze-liner ukukhanya okuqondile okugobile. I-Crewe noma i-curved linear lamp ikhiqizwa kokubili ku-built-in naku-rokar, imodeli ejwayelekile kakhulu yalo mkhiqizo Yi-roca, kepha kuphela enorabin ungakwazi ukwenza ngezifiso isibani se-Crewe linear esakhelwe ngaphakathi futhi ube ngumkhiqizi wezibani eziqondile. Ukukhanya Okuqondile okugobile kukunikeza ikhono lemiklamo Eyisiyingi neyisiyingi. Ukukhanya Okuqondile okugobile kunengxenye evulekile.
Ukukhanya okuqondile okulengayo
Isibani Esixhunyiwe esixhunyiwe singenye indlela etholakalayo elenga ophahleni ngocingo oluxhunyiwe, isibani esixhunyiwe esixhunyiwe siwumkhiqizo osebenzayo kakhulu ehhovisi, ezokungcebeleka, izindawo zokuhlala ezifana ne-conference table top linear light kanye ne-countertop linear light futhi sisetshenziswa ezindaweni ezinjengamakhefi nezinye izindawo ezifana nekhishi island. Ukukhanya Okuqondile okulengayo kunekhono lokwenza ngokwezifiso ubukhulu, futhi ububanzi bephaneli yokukhanya kwemisebe bungenziwa ngezifiso. Ukukhanyisa kwe-led okuqondile okuhambisanayo kuyisigaba esifanayo sezibani ezihambisanayo ezihambisanayo ezinentambo Yebhokisi futhi ngokuvamile azidingi uphahla olwenziwe ngaphambilini futhi zifakwe ngesikulufa sesimvemvane.
Ukukhanya okuqondile okuxhunyiwe
Omunye the best ngokwezifiso izibani eqondile ukuthi ungakwazi ukurekhoda in norabin yikhono ukukhetha umbala umzimba eqondile pendant izibani, ungakwazi ukuklama yimuphi imodeli izibani pendant ngokukhetha ubukhulu umbala umzimba, ngezifiso umbala zenhlangano noma umhlobiso ekhaya lakho, nezinye izinzuzo izibani eqondile kukhona isethulo Izibani Eqondile Square and unxande, okuyinto namuhla abaklami abaningi ukukhanyisa kanye abaklami baye bamukela le modeli, futhi izibani eqondile elenga nge چراغ خطی design square futhi unxande esiyingqayizivele ekhaya lakho noma emsebenzini imvelo futhi omunye ongakhetha best for cafe ukukhanyisa Indawo yokudlela iyona.
Engeza enqoleni
I-facade EQONDILE YE-LED
Ingxenye ebaluleke kakhulu yokukhanyisa okuphelele kwesakhiwo ukukhanyisa kwe-facade. Izibani eziqondile zisebenza cishe kuzo zonke izindawo lapho kukhona khona imishini yokukhanyisa. Esinye salezi zikhundla yi-facade, i-facade EQONDILE YE-led yesakhiwo sasenorabin inobuchwepheshe be-ip obungamelana nothuli namanzi. Izibani zenziwa ngokubonisana nochwepheshe be-norabin, futhi ezinamazinga aphakeme kakhulu emhlabeni wonke asevele emakethe. Wena abasebenzisi abathandekayo bangaxhumana nathi ukuze uthole iseluleko esengeziwe futhi ufunde ngathi ukuze uthole ukwaziswa okwengeziwe.
Ukukhanya okuqondile kukadaphne
Mhlawumbe ukunakekela kwabanye benu abasebenzisi abathandekayo kwakudonsekela ezindaweni zokupaka izimoto nasezingadini nasezitolo zokudlela lapho kwakusebenza khona izibani. Futhi kwaphakama umbuzo kuwe ukuthi lezi zibani zokungcwaba eziqondile zingamelana kangakanani nesisindo?. Isibani sokungcwaba, esikhiqizwa futhi sithengiswe enorabin, singamelana namathani amaningana esisindo nengcindezi, futhi singasho ngokuphepha ukuthi sinokuphila okude kakhulu nokungathandeki emakethe Yase-Iran. Izibani zokungcwaba zinokubukeka okuhlobisa okuyingqayizivele nokukhanyisa komnyango wangaphambili noma igceke nendawo yokupaka. Kodwa omunye wemisebenzi enethonya elikhulu kakhulu yokukhanyisa nokukhanyisa izindawo zemidlalo yizibani zendawo yokuzivocavoca ngesimo sezibani zokungcwaba ezinengubo engamelana nokushayisana okufanele.
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Ezoluntu ziwuluhlu loqeqesho lobungqandavu olufunda izici zoluntu kanye nosikompilo lwabantu . Ngenkathi yeMvuselelo, leligama lalisetshenziswa ukuqhathanisa izifundo ezingezona ezobuNgcwele futhi lalibhekisela kulezo zifundo namuhla ezibizwa ngokuthi eziNgabuni (classics), eziphathelene nokufunda okungafaki nkolo phakathi ngaleyonkathi. Namuhla, Ezoluntu zijinge ukuchasiswa ngokuthi yinoma imuphi umkhakha ongaphandle lwenzululwazi yemvelo, inzululwazi yomphakathi, nenzululwazi evamile efana (nomchazazibalo, kanye nenzululwazi esetshenziswayo noma ukuqeqeshwa okuChwepheshile. Ezoluntu zisebenzisa izindlelasu ngokuyinhloko okuthiwa ziyacubungula noma ziyagagula, futhi zigcwele isici esingokomlando kakhulu— okuzenza zihluke endleleni yenzululwazi yemvelo egxila ebufakazini obuphathekayo ngokuyinhloko; kodwa, ngokungafani nezinzululwazi, awukho umlando wezoluntu ovamile oziveza njengoqeqesho oluqavile ngokwalo.
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Amagatsha wenzululwazi, aphinde abizwe ngokuthi imikhakha yenzululwazi noma uqeqesho lwenzululwazi, ngokuvamile ahlukaniswa kube amaqembu amathathu amakhulu:
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Ukudludlunga imininingo ngamazuba kungabhekisela ekusetshenzisweni kwezindlela ezihlelelekiwe ukudludlunga imininingo yezentengiselwano.
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Imibukisonyali ( okuyigama eliyinhlanganisela yelithi "umbukiso" kanye nelithi "nyali" ) iyizinsizakuxhumana ezilumbanisiwe nezithonywe ngokwezezibhangqiwe ukuze zenane ngokugculisayo ukubukeka komuntu othile ngommomo womunye.
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Umjinjo wezishumi womtapolwazi, ovame ukubizwa ngokuthi uhlelo lokujinjwa kwezincwadi, yisimiso okungesokujinjwa lwezincwadi esivumela ukuba Izincwadi ezintsha zenezelwe kumtapowolwazi endaweni yazo efanele ngokwezihloko.
Washicilelwa okokuqala kwelaseMelika ngowe-1876 ngu-Melvil Dewey. Ngokwendabuko wachaziswa epheshaneni lamakhasi angama-44, futhi wandiswa waba imiqulu eminingana futhi wabukezwa izikhathi ezingama-23, isibukezo sokugcina sashicilelwa ngowezi-2011. Uphinde utholakale ngesihlelwa esifushanisiwe esifanele imitapolwazi emincane. UBambiswano olungenzi nzuzo, i-OCLC olukhonza imitapolwazi, kuyimanje yilona olunakekela loluhlelo futhi lukhipha nezivumelo zoxhakaxholo zokufikelela i-WebDewey, okungumxhantela ophucukiswa ngokuqhubekayo wosoqukathamagama.
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UmNgcikisho wemfunzelelo uyisicabango sohlakahlisombulu, ikakhulukazi sokudludlungwa kolimi lwemvelo.
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Umbhoshongo wokufufukisa, owaziwa nangokuthi isigxobo samazuba, uyisakhiwo eside, ngokuvamile esingumbhoshongo wensimbi, osetshenziselwa ukusekela izintambo zamazuba ezihamba phezulu .
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Emdandweni wezimali, ingqangqa inoma iyiphi insizakusebenza elawulwa umhwebo noma inhlangano yezomnotho noma okungeyazo.
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Ukudludlunga imininingo kungukuqoqwa nokuthonywa kwemininingo yezezibhangqiwe ukuze kukhiqizwe ukwaziswa okuphusile.
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ULibofuzo luyintshogcezi (polymer) eyakhiwa imihumo emibili ezithandelayo ibe yinsongesonge. Intshongcezi ithwala imiyalelo yofuzo yokuthuthukisa, ukusebenza, ukukhula nokuzalana kwazo zonke iziPhili ezaziwayo namagciwanyana amaningi. ULibofuzo kanye nesimunyuci ziyizimunyundeni. Izimunyundeni, kanye nezakhamzimba, amafutsha, nezifukuthisi eziwuxhoxho, zingezinye zezinhlobo ezine eziyinhloko zemizwayikazi esemqoka kuzo zonke izinhlobo zokuphila.
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Izigigaba zikaGui noEstopa (IsiPutukezi: As Aventuras de Gui & Estopa) iwuchungechunge lwekhathuni lwaseBrazili oludalwe ngumenzi wezithombe nombhali uMariana Caltabiano. Lolu chungechunge lwaboniswa yiCartoon Network Brasil phakathi kuka-2009 no-2017, futhi muva nje luphinde lukhonjiswe yi-TV Cultura ngeMigqibelo ohlelweni lukaQuintal da Cultura ekuqaleni kuka-2012. Ngo-2013, lolu chungechunge lwasakazwa naseLatin America ngoDisemba 2, 2013 nguTooncast noBoomerang.
Abalingiswa bavela kuwebhusayithi yezingane ethi Iguinho, eka-Ig, lapho umlingiswa u-Gui athatha khona igama lewebhusayithi.
Ngo-2015, uchungechunge lwabuya neziqephu ezintsha kuCartoon Network.
Ngo-2017, uchungechunge lwashiya iCartoon Network ngenxa yokuphela kwenkontileka phakathi kukaMariana Caltabiano noTurner, iziqephu zeCanal Natureza zaqala ukuboniswa eZoomoo ngawo lowo nyaka, kodwa ngo-2018, inkontileka yavuselelwa ne-Zuzubalândia eqala ngoMeyi kuBoomerang futhi. U-Gui noEstopa babuya ku-Tooncast ngoJuni. Ngo-Ephreli 2021, uchungechunge lubuyela ku-Boomerang ngesizini yesihlanu yokuqala.
Umlando
Uchungechunge lulandisa ngezigigaba ezingalungile zikaGui noEstopa, izinja ezimbili ezisencane ze-anthropomorphic nabangane bazo u-Cróquete, u-Pitiburro, u-Fifivelinha no-Riba.
Abalingiswa
Gui "Iguinho" (kukhulunywe ngu: Mariana Caltabiano) i-West Highland White Terrier encane. Ungumlingiswa oyinhloko ovela cishe kuzo zonke iziqephu. Ungumfana othukuthele futhi ngezinye izikhathi ngisho novalo futhi uyahlanya, kodwa uthanda ukudlala nabangani bakhe. Abangane bakhe abakhulu u-Estopa, uCroquette (intombi yakhe) noPitiburro (nakuba befana nezimbangi ngezinye izikhathi). Ekuqaleni lapho edalwa igama lakhe kwakungu-Iguinho futhi wayengumdlwane ovamile ophethe isigqoko ebomvu ekhanda lakhe. Igama lakhe eliphelele nguGuilherme Iguinho Júnior da Silva.
Estopa (kukhulunywe ngu: Eduardo Jardim) inja ekhuluphele enezinwele ezimpunga (ekuqaleni iluhlaza okwesibhakabhaka) ewumngani omkhulu kaGui. Uzifela ngokudla kakhulu futhi uhlale ecabanga ngokudla. Ungumuntu ongenangqondo futhi oyisiwula eqenjini, ngokuvamile ezivumela ukuba athatheke yilokho okushiwo abanye. Uvame ukugqoka amateki ezinyaweni nasezandleni.
Cróquete Spaniel (kukhulunywe ngu: Mariana Caltabiano) i-English Cocker Spaniel enhle kakhulu eyintombi kaGui. Uyintombazane evela eduze kakhulu kukaGui nabangani bakhe.
Pitiburro (kukhulunywe ngu: Eduardo Jardim) ibhoklolo elingu-Pitbull elingumngane nembangi kaGui.
Dona Iguilda (kukhulunywe ngu: Mariana Caltabiano) umama kaGui.
Fifivelinha (kukhulunywe ngu: Mariana Caltabiano) intombazane enezinwele ezinsomi.
Ribaldo "Riba" (kukhulunywe ngu: Arly Cardoso) igundane elimpunga elingumngane kaGui noEstopa.
Róquete Spaniel (kukhulunywe ngu: Mariana Caltabiano) i-Spaniel yaseFrance e-beige ongumzala kaCróquete omdala.
Professora Jararaca inyoka eluhlaza.
Pitibela intombi kaPitiburro.
Pitbalinha umfowabo kaPitiburro omncane.
Jaiminho ingulube.
Nerdson umakhelwane kaGui.
Irmãozão inja enkulu futhi eqinile e-beige.
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I-Hanshin Tigers yiqembu le-baseball laseJapan.
ukubuka konke
I-Hanshin Tigers iyiqembu le-baseball elidume kakhulu e-Japan futhi linabalandeli abaningi abanohlonze.
kuqondiswe ngu
Umuntu okuthiwa uShofu Okada ungumphathi futhi udume kakhulu kunabadlali.Izitatimende zangemuva komdlalo ziyisipesheli saleli qembu.
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Umtapowolwazi uyisibhidli sezincwadi eziqoqiwe, kanye neminye imibhalo nezinzisakusakaza, konke okufikeleleka kalula ukuba kusetshenziswe amalungu awo namalungu wezinye izikhungo ezimdibi munye wawo. Imitapoyolwazi ivame ukuba nezincwadi eziphathekayo noma ukufikelela kulezo okungezezibhangqiwe, futhi ungaba isakhiwo esisesizeni esithile , noma esikhenkeni sakuxhakaxholo noma kokubili. Isibhidli somtapowolwazi imvama sihlanganisa izinsiza ezishicilelwe okulula ukuba zibolekwe abazifunayo, kanye nomhibatho wamaphatho wezishicilelwa okungavunyelwe ukuba ziphume emtapolwazi nezibukelwa emagcekeni wawo kuphela. Kungenzeka kube neminye imithombo ephathekayo ngezinye izinikino, ezifana namafilimi wezentengiselwano, izinhlelo zikamobonakude, eminye imibukiso eqoshiwe, ezomsakazo, umculo neziqoshwa zezilalwelwa zesinikino se-DVD, Blu-ray, amacwecwe we-CD nekhasetho, singakabali ufikelelo lokwaziswa, umculo noma ezinye iziqikili ezigcinwe kwezizindamniningo zomchazamibhalo.
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UmCabeko uyisakhiwo esakhiwe ngenhloso yokweqa ingqinamba (efana namanzi, isigodi, umgwaqo noma ujantshi), imvama okusuke kunzima ukudlula kuyo. Kunemiklamo ehlukahlukene yemicabeko ngamunye owenzelwa injongo ekhethekile futhi esebenza ezimweni ezingafani. Imiklamo yemicabeko iyahlukahluka kuye ngezici ezifana nomsebenzi womcabeko, isimo sendawo lapho umcabeko ozoxhonywa khona, kanye nezithako ezisetshenziswa ukuwakha, nemali ekhona ezokuokhela ukwakhiwa kwawo.
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UMfeketho wendwalazo ungumfeketho wombukiso odlalwa kusetshenziswa izilekeleli zendwalazo. Iningi lemifeketho yendwalazo lisekwe ekucwileni komdlali, imvama okwenziwa ngeziqomondo ezifakwa ekhanda zomboniso wenhlolamiyinge (stereoscopic) kanye nezilawuli zakhona.
Imboni yemifeketho yombukiso yenza iziqabavu zokuqala zendwalazo eminyakeni ye-1989, ikakhulu ngomfeketho we-Mattel obizwa Power Glove kanye nowe-Nintendo obizwa Virtual Boy. Lapho kungeniswa umkhiqizo wendwalazo wokuqala olungele abashwabadi, obizwa Oculus Rift ngowezi-2003, eminye imifeketho yendwalazo yalandela masinyane, kuhlanganisa nemifeketho ebikhona eyaguqulwa ukuze ifekethe emagobongweni wendwalazo, kanye nemifeketho emisha eklanyelwe Indwalazo. Nakuba amagobongo wendwalazo nemifeketho yayo yakhula ngokulinganiselwe ekupheleni kweyezi-2010, kwavela umifeketho wendwalazo obizwa Half-Life: Alyx owathuthukiswa inkampani ebizwa Valve, owawuthathwa ngokuthi ihlelokusebenza elibulalayo lemifeketho yendwalazo.
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Indwalazo ingubungcweti obufefenyekwayo obusebenzisa isithungathi Kumar kanye nomboniso oseduzeneso wemyingemithathu ukunikeza umsebenzisi umuzwa wokucwila endwalifeni. Amahlelokusebenza wendwalazo ehlanganisa awokuzijabulusa, awezemfundo ( njengowokuqeqeshwa kwezokwelapha nakwezempi) kanye nawezokuhweba (afana nawemihlangano yendwalazo). Ezinye izinhlobo ezikhethekile zobuchwepheshe benkobo yendwalazo zihlanganisa ingempela elijotshelelwe, nengempela elididiyelwe, ezibizwa ngokuthi ingempela elijijiwe, nakuba izincasiselo zishintsha ngenxa yokufufusa kwalemboni.
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IMakosi iyifemu yokubonisana ngezinsizakalo ezigxile ekuqalisweni kwephrojekthi yomhlaba wonke yezinsizakalo zezezimali kusukela ngo-2001. Ikomkhulu layo liseNew York, e-United States of America futhi yasungulwa eNingizimu Afrika nguDarren Isaacs . UDarren ungumfundi waseNyuvesi yaseWitwatersrand eGoli, eGauteng, eNingizimu Afrika, oneziqu ze-Accounting and Finance . Ulwazi lwakhe luhlanganisa isu lebhizinisi, ubungozi bezezimali, ukuthuthukiswa kwebhizinisi elisha; kanye ne-accounting .NgoFebhuwari 2023 uMakosi uhlonishwe njengoMqashi Ophezulu eNingizimu Afrika yi-Top Employers Institute . Uhlelo lwe-Top Employers Institute luklomelisa izitifiketi ezinhlanganweni ngokusekelwe ekubambeni kwazo iqhaza futhi kuphumele ocwaningweni lwazo Lwemikhuba Engcono Kakhulu Yakwa-HR. Lolu cwaningo luhlanganisa izindawo eziyisithupha ze-HR ezinezihloko ezingu-20 ezihlanganisa i-People Strategy, Indawo Yokusebenzela, Ukutholwa Kwamathalenta, Ukufunda, Ukuhlukahluka, Ukulingana Nokufakwa, Impilo, nokunye.
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Amalungelo abantu ayizimiso zokuziphatha noma izinkambiso zamazinga athile okuziphatha kwabantu futhi avikelwa njalo emthethweni kamasipala nokazwelonke. Ngakho-ke lamalungelo awanakunqunywa kubantu, kungakhathaliseki ubudala babo, imvelaphi yobuhlanga, indawo, ulimi, inkolo, ubuzwe, nanoma yisiphi esinye isimo. Asebenza umhlaba wonke ngaso sonke isikhathi futhi aphinde alingane kuwo wonke umuntu. Adinga uzwelo kanye nokubeka isibopho kubantu ukuthi bahloniphe amalungelo wabanye abantu, ngokomthetho abantu akufanele ukuba baphucwe amalungelo wabo ngaphandle kwezimo ezithile eziphoqayo.
Imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ibe nomthelela omkhulu ngaphakathi komthetho wamazwe, wezifundazwe kanye nezikhungo zomhlaba jikelele. Izenzo zezifunda kanye nezinhlangano ezingekho ngaphansi kukahulumeni zakha isisekelo senqubomgomo yomphakathi emhlabeni wonke. Umbono wamalungelo abantu uphakamisa ukuthi "uma inkulumo yomphakathi igqugquzela isikhathi sokuthula, umhlaba wonke kungathiwa unolimi olujwayelekile lokuziphatha okuyilelo lwamalungelo abantu". Izimangalo eziqinile ezenziwa imfundiso yamalungelo abantu ziyaqhubeka nokubangela ukungabaza okukhulu kanye nezinkulumo-mpikiswano mayelana nokuqukethwe imvelo kanye nokufaneleka kwamalungelo abantu kuze kube namuhla. Incazelo enembayo yegama elithi ilungelo iyimpikiswano futhi iyisihloko senkulumompikiswano yefilosofi eqhubekayo ; nakuba kukhona ukuvumelana kokuthi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa amalungelo anhlobonhlobo amaningi njengelungelo lokuqulwa kwecala ngendlela efanele, ukuvikelwa ekugqilazweni, ukuvinjelwa kokubulawa kwabantu, inkulumo ekhululekile noma ilungelo lemfundo, kukhona ukungaboni ngaso linye mayelana nokuthi yimaphi kulawa malungelo athile okufanele afakwe phakathi kohlaka olujwayelekile lwamalungelo abantu; abanye ongqondongqondo banenkomba yokuthi amalungelo abantu kufanele abe imfuneko encane kakhulu ukuze kugwenywe ukuhlukunyezwa okubi kakhulu, kuyilapho abanye bekubona njengezinga eliphakeme kakhulu. Kubuye kuphikiswane ngokuthi amalungelo abantu “aphiwe uNkulunkulu ”, nakuba lo mbono uye wagxekwa.
Imibono eminingi eyisisekelo eyanyakazisa inhlangano yamalungelo abantu yathuthukiswa ngemva kwempi yezwe yesibili kanye nezehlakalo zokuqothulwa kwesizwe.i-United Nations General Assembly ngonyaka ka 1948 yafinyelela kuvuthondaba ngokwamukelwa kwesimemezelo somhlaba wonke samalungelo abantu e-Paris. Abantu basendulo nabantu besimanje banombono ohlukile mayelana namalungelo wabantu. Isandulela sangempela senkulumo yamalungelo abantu kwakuwumqondo wamalungelo emvelo owavela njengengxenye yesiko lomthetho wemvelo wangenkathi ephakathi owagqama ngesikhathi sokukhanyiswa kwase- Yurophu nezazi zefilosofi ezinjengoJohn Locke, Francis Hutcheson noJean -Jacques Burlamaqui futhi owawunenhlanganiso ikakhulukazi enkulumweni yezepolitiki neNguquko YaseMelika kanye neNguquko YaseFrance . Kusukela kulesi sisekelo, izimpikiswano zanamuhla zamalungelo abantu zavela kungxenye yokugcina yekhulu lamamashumi amabili, ngokungokwenzeka njengokusabela ebugqilini, ukuhlukunyezwa, isimemezelo sokuzimela njengokuqaphela ubuthakathaka bemvelo yomuntu kanye nanjengombandela wokuba khona komphakathi onobulungiswa . Ukulwela amalungelo abantu kuqhubekile kwaze kwaba ngasekuqaleni kwekhulunyaka lama-21, kugxile ekuzuzeni inkululeko enkulu yezomnotho nepolitiki.
Izenzo zomnotho
Izijeziso zezomnotho zivame ukukhokhiswa abantu noma izifunda ezephula amalungelo abantu. Izijeziso zivame ukugxekwa ngenxa yesici sayo sokujezisa ngokuhlanganyela ekulimazeni abantu bezwe ngokwezomnotho ukuze kwehliswe umbono wabantu ngohulumeni wabo. Kuyaphikiswa futhi ukuthi unswinyo olulimaza ohulumeni abanegunya luqinisa isikhundla saloyo hulumeni ngoba ohulumeni basezoba nezindlela eziningi zokuthola uxhaso kunalabo abagxekayo nabaphikisayo,okuyibo abazoba buthakathaka kakhulu.
Ingozi yokwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu iyanda ngokwanda kwezibalo zabantu abasengozini yezezimali. Amantombazane avela emindenini empofu emazweni angkho embonini ngokuvamile abhekwa njengomthwalo wezezimali emndenini futhi ukushada kwabo basebancane kuqhutshwa ngethemba lokuthi bazokondliwa futhi bavikelwe imindeni ecebile. Ukucwiywa kwezitho zangasese zabesifazane kanye nokuncelisa amadodakazi ngenkani kuqhutshwa njengenye yezindlela zokwandisa amathuba omshado wabo kanjalo nokulondeka kwawo ngokwezimali ngokufeza izinhloso ezithile zezindinganiso zobuhle. Ezindaweni ezithile, amantombazane adinga isipiliyoni semikhuba yokuqalisa ucansi nabesilisa kanye nokuphasa ukuhlolwa kokuqeqeshwa kobulili , lokhu kuklanyelwe ukuwenza akhange kakhulu njengendlela yokwandisa amathuba omshado. Izinyathelo zokusiza isimo sezomnotho samaqembu asengozini ukuze kwehliswe ukwephulwa kwamalungelo abantu zihlanganisa imfundo yamantombazane kanye nemali encane eqinisekisiwe nokudluliswa kwemali okunemibandela, njenge- Bolsa umndeni oxhasa abazali abagcina izingane esikoleni kunokuba banikele emalini yomndeni, kube impumeleloekwehliseniukusetshenziswa kwezingane .
I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly . Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ubulungu bawo ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu ngendlela embi kakhulu. Umkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; ngemihlangano eyengeziwe yokusabela ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
UMkhandlu Wamalungelo Abantu
I-UN Human Rights Council, eyasungulwa ngo-2005, inegunya lokuphenya izinsolo zokuphulwa kwamalungelo abantu. Amazwe angama-47 kwangu-193 angamalungu e-UN ahlala emkhandlwini, akhethwe ngokweningi ngevoti eliyimfihlo ku- United Nations General Assembly . Amalungu asebenza isikhathi esingaphezu kweminyaka eyisithupha futhi angase amiswe ngenxa yokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu. Lo mkhandlu uzinze eGeneva, futhi uhlangana kathathu ngonyaka; uphinde ungeze imihlangano ukuze usabele ezimeni eziphuthumayo.
Ongoti abazimele (ababhali) bagcinwe umkhandlu ukuze baphenye izinsolo zokuhlukumeza amalungelo abantu kanye nokubika emkhandlwini.
UMkhandlu wamalungelo abantu ungacela ukuthi uMkhandlu Wezokuphepha udlulisele amacala ku-International Criminal Court (ICC) noma ngabe udaba oludluliswayo lungaphandle kwamandla okusebenza okujwayelekile e-ICC. [lower-alpha 2]
Ifilosofi yamalungelo abantu
Kunezindlela eziningi zethiyori ezithuthukisiwe ukuze zichaze ukuthi kungani futhi kwenziwa yini ukuthi amalungelo abantu abe yingxenye yezinto ezilindelwe umphakathi.
Enye yamafilosofi amadala aseNtshonalanga ngamalungelo abantu iwukuthi awumkhiqizo womthetho wemvelo, osuka ezisekelweni ezihlukene zefilosofi noma zenkolo.
Eminye imibono ithi amalungelo abantu ahlanganisa ukuziphatha okuhle okuwumkhiqizo wenhlalo yabantu othuthukiswe inqubo yokuziphendukela kwemvelo kanye nezenhlalo. Amalungelo abantu aphinde achazwe njengephethini yezenhlalo yokubeka imithetho (njengakuthiyori yezenhlalo yomthetho kanye nomsebenzi we- Weber ). Lezi zindlela zibandakanya umbono wokuthi abantu ngabanye emphakathini bamukela imithetho evela kwabasemagunyeni abasemthethweni ukuze bathole ukuvikeleka nenzuzo yezomnotho (njengaku- Rawls ) - inkontileka yomphakathi.
Imiqondo emalungelweni abantu
Ukungahlukaniswa nokuhlukaniswa kwamalungelo
Ukuhlukaniswa okuvame kakhulu kwamalungelo abantu ukuwahlukanisa abe amalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, namalungelo ezomnotho, ezenhlalakahle namasiko.
Inhloso yabantu abakhululekile abajabulela inkululeko yomphakathi neyepolitiki kanye nokuswela kungafezwa kuphela uma izimo zidalwa lapho wonke umuntu engajabulela amalungelo ezepolitiki, ezenhlalo, ezomnotho kanye namasiko.
Lokhu kuthathwa njengokuyiqiniso ngoba ngaphandle kwamalungelo omphakathi nawepolitiki, umphakathi awukwazi ukugomela umnotho namasiko wawo.
Ukugxekwa
Abagxeki bophiko lwesokudla bamalungelo abantu bathi "ayizinkambiso ezingenangqondo nezingenakuphoqeleka kanye nokugxambukela okungafanele ebukhosini bombuso", kuyilapho abagxeki abangakwesokunxele bamalungelo abantu bephikisana ngokuthi bayehluleka "ukufeza - noma ukuvimbela izindlela ezingcono zokufeza - imigomo eqhubekayo" .
Umphakathi
Ezombusazwe
Isiko
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Imfundo yamasiko amaningi nepolitiki
Abameli bentando yeningi ezikoleni, ababeholwa uJohn Dewey (1859-1952), azange bavumelane ngokuthi imfundo yomphakathi yayidingeka ngaleso skhathi ukuze kufundiswe bonke abafundi. Umbhali uDewey wayekholelwa ekutheni abafundi basebenzise izandla zabo, okusho ukuthi abafundi bafunda kangcono ngokusebenza ngezandla. U-Dewey wayeqiniseka ukuthi iqiniso liyilokho okwenzekayo kuphela, ngakho abafundi kufanele basebenzisane nendawo yabo, okuhlanganisa nabafundi bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, izinhlanga, nezizinda zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ilungelo lokuthola amalungelo abantu bonke, kanye nemfundo yendawo yonke kungenza umphakathi ube nentando yeningi. Umuntu ovatayo futhi ofundile uzoba nolwazi kwezombusazwe kanye nomnotho futhi enze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Ngawo-1960, abagqugquzeli bemfundo yomphakathi babephikisana ngokuthi ukufundisa abantu abasebenzayo baye ezingeni eliphezulu (usebenzisa amathuluzi afana noMthethosivivinywa we- GI ) kwakuzoqedela ukuguqukela entandweni yeningi ngamabomu.
James Banks
Umnumzane u James Banks owayengumongameli woMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezifundo kanye Nezenhlalakahle, uthi "Imfundo yobuzwe kumele iguqulwe ngekhulu lama-21 ngenxa yokujula kobuhlanga, ubuzwe, amasiko, ulimi kanye nenkolo. Amalungu omphakathi ayingxenye yentando yeningi kufanelel abambe iqhaza ngempumelelo yamasiko okwabelwana ngawo. Ubunye obungenakwehlukahlukana buphumela ekucindezelweni kwamasiko kanye nobukhosi.Ukuhlela ikharikhulamu yezikole ezibusa ngentando yeningi yamasiko amaningi kuholela ekwenzweni izinqumo ezibalulekile futhi izikole azithathi hlangothi. Ukuze kwakhiwe izikole, izikole eziningi zaxhaswa ngemali ukuze zikwazi ukuthuthukisa intando yeningi. Isikhundla esisekela intando yeningi asichemile; othisha kufanele basize izikole zikhuthaze ukuhlukahluka. Inganekwane yokungathathi hlangothi kwesikole ivela ekungayiqondini kahle ifilosofi ye-positivism. Esikhundleni sokungathathi hlangothi, izikole kufanele zihlele futhi zifundise ukubambisana, ukuhloniphana, isithunzi somuntu ngamunye kanye nezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezihlobene. Izikole, ikakhulukazi izikole ezididiyelwe, zihlinzeka ngendawo enothile lapho abafundi bengahlangana khona, bafunde ukusebenzisana, futhi baxoxe ngokuthatha izinqumo.
UMeira Levinson
Ngokuka Levinson, amaqembu amathathu aveza imibono ehlukene "yemfundo yamasiko amaningi." Lawa maqembu yilawa: izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe nezemfundo, amathiyori ezemfundo, nabasebenzi bezemfundo. Uthi bafundisa ngezinhloso ezahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi ezishayisanayo ezikoleni. Izazi zefilosofi zibona imfundo yamasiko amaningi njengendlela yokusabela kwabancane emphakathini abalwela amalungelo eqembu labo noma abamele ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile kwamalungu alelo qembu, njengendlela yokuthuthukisa umuzwa wengane wokuzimela, futhi njengomsebenzi we umphakathi omuhle. Osozinkolelo-mbono bezemfundo bafuna ukuhlela kabusha izikole kanye nekharikhulamu ukuze kumiswe "ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye nokulingana kwangempela". : 433 Ngokuhlela kabusha izikole ngale ndlela, ongoti bezemfundo banethemba lokuthi umphakathi uzohlelwa kabusha njengoba abafundi abathole imfundo yamasiko ehlukene beba ngamalungu aneqhaza ezombusazwe. Iqembu lesithathu nelokugcina, ongoti bezemfundo, linombono wokuthi imfundo yamasiko amaningi ikhulisa ukuzethemba kwabafundi abavela emasikweni amancane futhi ibalungiselela ukuba baphumelele ezimakethe zomhlaba
UJoe Kincheloe kanye no Shirley Steinberg
U-Kincheloe kanye no -Steinberg babonise ukunganeliseki ngendaba yoku setshenziswa kwegama " amasiko aminingi " kanye "nemfundo yamasiko amaningi". Banikeza umhlahlandlela yezindlela amagama asetshenziswa ngayo. Ababhali baxwayisa abafundi babo ukuthi bakhulumela ngokungananazi isimo esibucayi samasiko amaningi nokuthi abafundi kufanele bakunake lokhu njengoba becabangela intela yabo. Ababhali bahlukanise lokhu kwaba yizigaba ezinhlanu futhi esibalulekile. Lezi zigaba zibalulekile futhi ziqanjwe ngemva kwezinkolelo zobunhloli kanye nezoku gcina kwamasiko emphakathini wase Melika, zidalula ngamunye ngamunye isimo sezopolitiki.
Umbono weDemocratic Equality, uzama ukuvumela abafundi ukuba bazizwe sengathi bangamalungu ekilasi, : 45 Isekela imfundo yamasiko amaningi ngoba "enkundleni yezombangazwe yentando yeningi, sonke sithathwa njengabalinganayo (ngokomthetho womuntu oyedwa, ivoti elilodwa), kodwa lokhu kulingana kwezombusazwe kungabukelwa phansi uma ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kwezakhamuzi kukhula kakhulu". : 42 Ngokubandakanya abafundi abanamasiko ahlukene, amakhono, kanye nezinhlanga abafundi bajwayelana kakhulu nabantu abahlukile kubo, ngethemba lokuvumela ukwamukelwa okukhulu emphakathini. Ngokwethula amasiko ahlukahlukene, abafundi bazozizwa sengathi banezwi noma indawo esikoleni.
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Imfundo Yamasiko Amaningi
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Imfundo yamasiko amaningi iqoqo lamasu okufundisa athuthukiswe ukunikeza abafundi ulwazi mayelana nemilando, amasiko, kanye neminikelo yamaqembu ahlukahlukene. Isebenzisa imininingwane evela emikhakheni eminingi, okuhlanganisa izifundo zobuzwe nezifundo zabesifazane, futhi ihumusha kabusha okuqukethwe okuvela emikhakheni yezemfundo ehlobene. Kuyindlela yokufundisa ekhuthaza izimiso zokufakwa, ukuhlukahluka, intando yeningi, ukutholwa kwamakhono, ukuphenya, ukucabanga okujulile, imibono eminingi, kanye nokuzicabangela wena.
Izinjongo
Izinjongo zemfundo yamasiko amaningi ziyehluka phakathi kwezazi zefilosofi zemfundo kanye namathiyori ezepolitiki. Izazi zefilosofi zemfundo ziphikisana nokulondolozwa kwamasiko abantu abambalwa ngokukhuthaza ukuthuthukiswa kwabafundi kokuzibusa nokubazisa emasikweni amaningi. Lokhu kuvezwa kusiza abafundi ekucabangeni ngokujulile, futhi, kubakhuthaze ukuba babe nomqondo ovuleke kakhudlwana. Ongoti bezepolitiki bafuna ukusebenzisa imfundo yamasiko amaningi ukugqugquzela isenzo senhlalo. Ngale ndlela abafundi bahlonyiswa ngolwazi, izindinganiso, namakhono adingekayo ukuze bakhulume futhi babambe iqhaza oguqukweni lwezenhlalo.
Khuthaza okuhle komphakathi
Lungisa amarekhodi omlando
Khulisa ukuzethemba komfundi
Hlukanisa ukuchayeka kwabafundi
Londoloza isiko leqembu elincane
Gcizelela ukuzimela komfundi
Khuthaza ubulungiswa bezenhlalo
Nikeza abafundi bakho ithuba loku qhakaza kwezo mnotho.
Ukujwayela nokuguqulwa kukharikhulamu esunguliwe kusebenza njengesibonelo sendlela yokulondoloza isiko leqembu elincane. Ukuqeqeshwa okufushane kokuzwela, amayunithi ahlukene emikhosini yobuzwe, kanye nokunakwa okuseduze ezimweni zokucwasa, kuyizibonelo zezindlela ezincane, okungenzeka ukuthi zingavuna izinzuzo zesikhathi eside kubafundi. Imfundo yamasiko amaningi kufanele idlulele ngalé kokuzimela, ngokuvezela abafundi ukuba bahluke emhlabeni wonke, ikhuthaze ukuqonda okujulile, futhi inikeze ukufinyelela emikhubeni eyahlukene, imibono, nezindlela zokuphila; kuyinqubo yokuguqula nokwakha kabusha umphakathi. Okoku gcina ulungiselele abafundi ukuthi babe nomthelela omuhle kusasa.
Ukubuka
Imfundo yamasiko amaningi nepolitiki
Abameli bentando yeningi ezikoleni, ababeholwa uJohn Dewey (1859-1952), azange bavumelane ngokuthi imfundo yomphakathi yayidingeka ngaleso skhathi ukuze kufundiswe bonke abafundi. Umbhali uDewey wayekholelwa ekutheni abafundi basebenzise izandla zabo, okusho ukuthi abafundi bafunda kangcono ngokusebenza ngezandla. U-Dewey wayeqiniseka ukuthi iqiniso liyilokho okwenzekayo kuphela, ngakho abafundi kufanele basebenzisane nendawo yabo, okuhlanganisa nabafundi bezinhlanga ezihlukahlukene, izinhlanga, nezizinda zezenhlalo nezomnotho. Ilungelo lokuthola amalungelo abantu bonke, kanye nemfundo yendawo yonke kungenza umphakathi ube nentando yeningi. Umuntu ovatayo futhi ofundile uzoba nolwazi kwezombusazwe kanye nomnotho futhi enze izinqumo ezihlakaniphile. Ngawo-1960, abagqugquzeli bemfundo yomphakathi babephikisana ngokuthi ukufundisa abantu abasebenzayo baye ezingeni eliphezulu (usebenzisa amathuluzi afana noMthethosivivinywa we- GI ) kwakuzoqedela ukuguqukela entandweni yeningi ngamabomu.
James Banks
Umnumzane u James Banks owayengumongameli woMkhandlu Kazwelonke Wezifundo kanye Nezenhlalakahle, uthi "Imfundo yobuzwe kumele iguqulwe ngekhulu lama-21 ngenxa yokujula kobuhlanga, ubuzwe, amasiko, ulimi kanye nenkolo. Amalungu omphakathi ayingxenye yentando yeningi kufanelel abambe iqhaza ngempumelelo yamasiko okwabelwana ngawo. Ubunye obungenakwehlukahlukana buphumela ekucindezelweni kwamasiko kanye nobukhosi.Ukuhlela ikharikhulamu yezikole ezibusa ngentando yeningi yamasiko amaningi kuholela ekwenzweni izinqumo ezibalulekile futhi izikole azithathi hlangothi. Ukuze kwakhiwe izikole, izikole eziningi zaxhaswa ngemali ukuze zikwazi ukuthuthukisa intando yeningi. Isikhundla esisekela intando yeningi asichemile; othisha kufanele basize izikole zikhuthaze ukuhlukahluka. Inganekwane yokungathathi hlangothi kwesikole ivela ekungayiqondini kahle ifilosofi ye-positivism. Esikhundleni sokungathathi hlangothi, izikole kufanele zihlele futhi zifundise ukubambisana, ukuhloniphana, isithunzi somuntu ngamunye kanye nezindinganiso zentando yeningi ezihlobene. Izikole, ikakhulukazi izikole ezididiyelwe, zihlinzeka ngendawo enothile lapho abafundi bengahlangana khona, bafunde ukusebenzisana, futhi baxoxe ngokuthatha izinqumo.
UMeira Levinson
Ngokuka Levinson, amaqembu amathathu aveza imibono ehlukene "yemfundo yamasiko amaningi." Lawa maqembu yilawa: izazi zefilosofi zezombangazwe nezemfundo, amathiyori ezemfundo, nabasebenzi bezemfundo. Uthi bafundisa ngezinhloso ezahlukene, kwesinye isikhathi ezishayisanayo ezikoleni. Izazi zefilosofi zibona imfundo yamasiko amaningi njengendlela yokusabela kwabancane emphakathini abalwela amalungelo eqembu labo noma abamele ukucatshangelwa okukhethekile kwamalungu alelo qembu, njengendlela yokuthuthukisa umuzwa wengane wokuzimela, futhi njengomsebenzi we umphakathi omuhle. Osozinkolelo-mbono bezemfundo bafuna ukuhlela kabusha izikole kanye nekharikhulamu ukuze kumiswe "ubulungiswa bezenhlalakahle kanye nokulingana kwangempela". : 433 Ngokuhlela kabusha izikole ngale ndlela, ongoti bezemfundo banethemba lokuthi umphakathi uzohlelwa kabusha njengoba abafundi abathole imfundo yamasiko ehlukene beba ngamalungu aneqhaza ezombusazwe. Iqembu lesithathu nelokugcina, ongoti bezemfundo, linombono wokuthi imfundo yamasiko amaningi ikhulisa ukuzethemba kwabafundi abavela emasikweni amancane futhi ibalungiselela ukuba baphumelele ezimakethe zomhlaba
UJoe Kincheloe kanye no Shirley Steinberg
U-Kincheloe kanye no -Steinberg babonise ukunganeliseki ngendaba yoku setshenziswa kwegama " amasiko aminingi " kanye "nemfundo yamasiko amaningi". Banikeza umhlahlandlela yezindlela amagama asetshenziswa ngayo. Ababhali baxwayisa abafundi babo ukuthi bakhulumela ngokungananazi isimo esibucayi samasiko amaningi nokuthi abafundi kufanele bakunake lokhu njengoba becabangela intela yabo. Ababhali bahlukanise lokhu kwaba yizigaba ezinhlanu futhi esibalulekile. Lezi zigaba zibalulekile futhi ziqanjwe ngemva kwezinkolelo zobunhloli kanye nezoku gcina kwamasiko emphakathini wase Melika, zidalula ngamunye ngamunye isimo sezopolitiki.
Aiden Kinkadel
Umbono weDemocratic Equality, uzama ukuvumela abafundi ukuba bazizwe sengathi bangamalungu ekilasi, : 45 Isekela imfundo yamasiko amaningi ngoba "enkundleni yezombangazwe yentando yeningi, sonke sithathwa njengabalinganayo (ngokomthetho womuntu oyedwa, ivoti elilodwa), kodwa lokhu kulingana kwezombusazwe kungabukelwa phansi uma ukungalingani kwezenhlalakahle kwezakhamuzi kukhula kakhulu". : 42 Ngokubandakanya abafundi abanamasiko ahlukene, amakhono, kanye nezinhlanga abafundi bajwayelana kakhulu nabantu abahlukile kubo, ngethemba lokuvumela ukwamukelwa okukhulu emphakathini. Ngokwethula amasiko ahlukahlukene, abafundi bazozizwa sengathi banezwi noma indawo esikoleni.
Umlando (United States)
Amahhovisi nezikhungo zezindaba zamasiko amaningi zasungulwa ukubuyisana nokungahambisani nokuhlangenwe nakho kwabafundi ngokudala isikhala ekhempasini lapho abafundi ababebekelwe eceleni ngenxa yesiko labo bangazizwa beqinisekisiwe futhi bexhumene nesikhungo. Imfundo yamasiko amaningi ibheka ithuba elilinganayo lokufunda ngale kwezithiyo ezilula zobuhlanga nobulili. Kubandakanya abafundi abavela ezigabeni ezehlukene zomphakathi, amaqembu ezizwe, ubunikazi bobulili, nezici zamasiko ezengeziwe.
Ngisho nangemuva kokwamukelwa kweSichibiyelo Seshumi Nantathu ngo-1865, esaqeda ubugqila ngokusemthethweni, ukungezwani kwezinhlanga kwaqhubeka ngaphakathi kwe-United States.
Ngo-1896 icala leNkantolo Ephakeme yase-United States, uPlessy v. Ferguson . Isinqumo Isasekela umthethosisekelo wokuhlukaniswa ngokobuhlanga kuzo zonke izikhungo zomphakathi ngaphansi kwenqumgomo " ohlukene kodwa olinganayo ". Isinqumo sachithwa ngempumelelo uchungechunge lwezinqumo zeNkantolo Ephakeme kanye nemithetho yenhlangano.
I-Springfield Plan yasetshenziswa phakathi neminyaka yawo-1940 e-Springfield, Massachusetts. Kwakuyisinyathelo senqubomgomo yemfundo ehlangene, noma yamasiko ehlukene, esaqoqa intshisekelo evela ezweni lonke.
Isinqumo esivumelanayo seNkantolo Ephakeme sango-1954 ecaleni likaBrown v. Ibhodi Lezemfundo saqeda imfundiso yezikole ezihlukene kodwa ezilinganayo. Lokhu kunqoba kwabeka inkundla yemfundo yamasiko amaningi kanye nokuhlanganiswa kwezikole okugunyaziwe. Lokhu kuhlanganiswa kwaphikiswa kanzima ezindaweni eziningi kulo lonke elaseNingizimu Melika. Ezindaweni eziningi, ukuhlukaniswa kwangaphambili kwe-de jure kwathathelwa indawo ukuhlukaniswa kwezindawo zokuhlala njengoba isifiso sokugwema izikole ezididiyelwe, lesi sinqumo senza imindeni eyayi hlala kele ndawo ihlale kwezinye izindawo ezise duze ezihlala abamhlophe kuphela.
Umthetho Wamalungelo Abantu ka-1964, owaziwa ngokuthi "umthetho wamalungelo omphakathi owashanela kakhulu kusukela Kwakhiwa Kabusha" washaywa. Yakwenqabela ukucwasa ezindaweni zomphakathi nezikhungo, yavala noma yikuphi ukucwaswa kwendawo yokusebenza/ukuqashwa, lokhu kwayenza ukuthi leli phupho loku hlanganisa izikole lifezeke.
Ngo-1968, kwamiswa uMthetho Wezemfundo Ezahlukahlukene, abantu ababe khuluma ulimi okuthiwa iSpanishi babezi misele ukugcina amasiko abo baphinde bagcine nolwimi lwabo. Kwakusethembeni labo ukuthi "izimpilo zabo nemilando yabo kufakwe kukharikhulamu yezikole, amakolishi, namanyuvesi...othisha bamasiko ahlukahlukene bafuna ukuguqula umbono we-Euro-centric futhi bafake imibono eminingi ohlelweni lwezifundo". Ngemva kweminyaka engama-36, uMthetho Wezemfundo Yezilimi Ezimbili waqedwa futhi ngo-2002 izidingo zaBafundi Bezilimi ZesiNgisi zathathwa nguMthetho Ongekho Ingane Eshiywe Ngasemva .
I- Civil Rights Movement yama-1960s yasebenzela ukuqeda ukucwasa ezindaweni zokuhlala zomphakathi, izindlu, umsebenzi, kanye nemfundo. Inhlangano iphushele ukuthi kube nothisha nabaphathi abayidlanzana, ukulawulwa komphakathi kanye nokubuyekezwa kwezincwadi ukuze kubonakale ukwehlukahlukana kwezwe. Imfundo yamasiko amaningi yaba indinganiso ezifundweni zasenyuvesi kothisha abasha. Inhloso yalolu cwaningo kwaku yikuthi abafundi bawathande amasiko wabo baphinde babone ukuthi amasiko wabo ahlukile kuna manye.
Impumelelo ye Civil Rights Movement yenza ukuba kube khona intshisakalo eningi yoku vuka kwamalungelo wabesifazane, kanye newe Mfundo yabantu abangakwazi ukuzenzela (Act of 1975). Imfundo ephusile futhi angacwasi ngokwe bala kanye nezinhlanga ezincane, abantu abahola imali encane, LGBT(lesbian,gay,bisexual, and transgender), kanye nabantu abaphila ngoku khubazeka.
Phakathi neminyaka yawo-1980, othisha basungula indlela entsha yemfundo yamasiko amaningi, behlola izikole njengezinhlelo zenhlalo yomphakathi kanye nokukhuthaza umbono wokulingana kwezemfundo . Ku- Plyler v. UDoe (1982) iNkantolo Ephakeme yawasekela amalungelo okufundisa abafundi bokufika. Ngawo-1990, othisha banweba imfundo yamasiko amaningi ukuze bacabangele "izingxenye ezinkulu zomphakathi nezomhlaba wonke zamandla, amalungelo, kanye nezomnotho."
Imfundo ibona isizwe esinamasiko amaningi akhula esidinga abantu abahlakaniphile abakwazi ukubhekana nokuhlukana kwamasiko. Ngo-2001, Ayikho Ingane Eshiywe Ngemva eyayihloselwe kakhulu ukusiza abafundi ababencishwe amathuba. Ngohlelo lwe- Race to the Top grant, "Abagqugquzeli abaningi bemfundo yamasiko amaningi bathola ngokushesha ukunakwa kokuhlukahluka nokulingana okuthathelwa indawo ukunaka amazinga namaphuzu okuhlolwa kwabafundi".
Imfundo yamasiko amaningi igxile "kwimodeli yamasiko aphakathi kwamasiko eqhubekisela phambili isimo sezulu sokufakwa lapho umehluko womuntu ngamunye neqembu ubaluleka khona." Abagxeki abafana no-Sleeter noMcLaren bafuna ukugcizelelwa okwengeziwe ekugxekweni kobandlululo emfundweni kunokuba bavumele ukuvezwa okukha phezulu kwamasiko kube yindinganiso. Bathola ukuthi amaqembu amaningi amancane afuna ukugxila ekuqaleni ubunikazi bawo ngokwamasiko ngaphandle kokuzama ukungena emhlabeni onamasiko amaningi.
Ukuqaliswa
Othisha babhekene nenkulu inkinga yoku faka imfundo yamasiko amaningi emakilasini abo. Okubalulekile okufanele bakubheke yilokhu: : 19
Ukudidiyelwa kokuqukethwe: Ukuhlanganiswa kokuqukethwe kuphathelene nezinga othisha abasebenzisa ngalo izibonelo nokuqukethwe kwamasiko ahlukahlukene ekufundiseni kwabo.
Ukwakhiwa kolwazi: Othisha badinga ukusiza abafundi ukuthi baqonde, baphenye, futhi banqume ukuthi ukuqagela kwamasiko okusobala, izinhlaka zereferensi, imibono, kanye nokuchema okungaphakathi kwesiyalo kuyithonya kanjani izindlela okwakhiwa ngazo ulwazi.
Ukunciphisa Ubandlululo: Lesi sici sigxile ezicini zengqondo zabafundi zobuhlanga nokuthi zingashintshwa kanjani ngezindlela zokufundisa nezinto zokwakha.
Ukunikeza Amandla Amasiko Esikole: Izinqubo zokuhlanganisa nokulebula, ukubamba iqhaza kwezemidlalo, ukungalingani empumelelweni, kanye nokusebenzisana kwabasebenzi nabafundi kuzo zonke izinhlanga nezinhlanga kumele kuhlolwe ukuze kwakhiwe isiko lesikole elinika abafundi amandla ahlukene ngokobuhlanga, ubuzwe kanye nobulili. .
I-Equity Pedagogy: I-Equity Pedagogy: I-equity pedagogy ikhona lapho othisha beshintsha ukufundisa kwabo ngezindlela ezizokwenza kube lula ukuphumelela kwezemfundo kwabafundi abavela emaqenjini ahlukene obuhlanga, amasiko, ubulili, kanye nezigaba zomphakathi.
Imfundo yamasiko amaningi ingasetshenziswa ezingeni elikhulu ngokuqaliswa kwezinhlelo namasiko ezingeni lesikole futhi nasezingeni elincane ngothisha abathile ngaphakathi kwamakilasi abo ngabanye.
Imikhuba yesikole kanye nesifunda sonke
Nakuba uthisha ngamunye angasebenzela ekutheni azame ukweseka imibono yamasiko amaningi wemfundo, ukuze kube khona imfundo yamasiko amaningi, kufanele isibopho siqale sibe khona esikoleni noma emnyangweni weze mfundo. Ukuze kuqale imfundo yamasiko amaningi esikoleni noma emnyangweni wezemfundo, u Dr Steven L. Paine, wase West Virginia State Superintendent wezikole unikeza nazi izisombululo ezilandelayo:
Bandakanya ababambiqhaza ohlelweni lokuthatha izinqumo.
Hlola isimo sezulu namasiko esikole kanye neqhaza elidlalwa yibo bobabili abafundi nabasebenzi.
Qoqa ulwazi ngalokho okwenziwayo njengamanje ukuthuthukisa imfundo yamasiko amaningi.
Sungula imisebenzi yesikole yonke unyaka wonke esekela izingqikithi zamasiko amaningi.
Gxila emiphumeleni yomfundi nothisha ebandakanya ulwazi lokuhlukahluka, inhlonipho, ukubambisana, nokuxhumana. Faka phakathi umphakathi kulolu hlelo.
Amasu nezinqubo zokufundisa
I-Fullinwider ichaza indlela eyodwa eyimpikiswano: ukufundisa ezindleleni zokufunda ezihlukene ngamasiko Nakuba ucwaningo luye lwabonisa ukuthi "lapho laba bafundi abanemibala behlala isikhathi eside esikoleni, impumelelo yabo isala ngemuva kwabafundi abamhlophe abajwayelekile", : 3 Kuqophiswana ngokuthi izitayela zokufunda noma cha, ziyahluka ngokwesiko, futhi ngaphezu kwalokho, ukuthi ukusebenzisa amasu ahlukene okufundisa ngezinhlanga ezahlukene noma zinezinhlanga ezincane. [18]
Bonke abafundi banezitayela zokufunda ezihlukene ngakho ukufaka izindlela zemfundo yamasiko amaningi ekilasini, kungase kuvumele bonke abafundi ukuthi baphumelele kakhulu. "Imfundo yamasiko amaningi idinga ukunika abafundi ithuba lokuphumelela kwezomnotho emhlabeni wamasiko amaningi ngokubafundisa ukukhululeka kubasebenzi abahlukahlukene kanye nekhono lokuhlanganisa emnothweni womhlaba". : 435 Othisha kufanele baqondanise ikharikhulamu namaqembu abafundiswayo, kunokukhuluma ngawo. Yonke ingane ingafunda ngakho kuwumthwalo kathisha ukuthi "angayilandeleli", kodwa kunalokho enze ikharikhulamu ibe ngeyakho ukuze ifinyelele wonke umfundi. “Othisha kumele bacabange ukuthi abafundi bayakwazi ukufunda izinto eziyinkimbinkimbi futhi benze ngekhono eliphezulu.
Okunye esingaku bheka okubalulekile okwakheni imfundo yamasiko amaningi ekilasini ukuthu kujule kangakanani ukufaka amasiko amaningi kanye nendlela esebenza ngayo kwi kharikhulamu. Kukhona izindlela ezine ezahlukile, kukhona:
Indlela Yeminikelo - Ebizwa ngokuthi "Amaqhawe Namaholide"; iyona elula kakhulu ukuyisebenzisa futhi yenza umthelela omncane ohlelweni lwezifundo lwamanje. Nokho inemikhawulo ebalulekile ekuhlangabezaneni nezinjongo zemfundo yamasiko amaningi ngoba “akubaniki abafundi ithuba lokubona indima ebalulekile yezinhlanga emphakathini wase-US. Kunalokho, abantu kanye nemigubho ibhekwa njengesengezo noma isandiso esingabalulekanga neze ezindaweni eziyinhloko."
I-Ethnic Additive Approach - Lokhu kuhileleke kancane kuneminikelo indlela, kodwa ayidingi ukuhlelwa kabusha kwekharikhulamu okukhulu. Nakuba le ndlela yokufundisa ngokuvamile iyisinyathelo sokuqala esibheke kukharikhulamu yamasiko amaningi, isethula isihloko ngombono oqavile. "Umuntu ngamunye noma amaqembu abantu abavela emaqenjini ancishwe amathuba emphakathini afakiwe ohlelweni lwezifundo, nokho ukungalingani ngokobuhlanga namasiko noma ukucindezelwa akuxazululeki".
Indlela Yokuguqula - Le ndlela idinga ukuxoxa ngesihloko ngemibono eminingi. "Kudinga uguquko oluphelele lwekharikhulamu futhi, kwezinye izimo, umzamo oqotho ngasohlangothini lukathisha ukuze asuse lokho afundiswe ukukucabanga, ukukukholelwa, nokukufundisa". Lokhu kungabuye kuqondwe ' njengokuqeda ikharikhulamu '
Indlela Yokwenza Izinqumo kanye Nezenzo Zomphakathi - Le ndlela ihlanganisa zonke izici zendlela yokuguqula, kuyilapho inselele abafundi ukuba basebenzele ukuletha izinguquko emphakathini. Umgomo uwukwenza abafundi bazi ngokungabi nabulungisa okwedlule nokwamanje, kodwa futhi nokubahlomisa nokubanika amandla okuba ngamanxusa oshintsho.
Ekubhekeni amasu wokufaka imfundo yamasiko amaningi, u Andrew Miller unikeza:
Yazi abafundi bakho. Yakha ubudlelwano futhi ufunde ngezizinda zabo namasiko.
Sebenzisa ubuciko njengesiqalo ezingxoxweni ezithinta amasiko nezinhlanga.
Cela abafundi ukuthi bakhe izichazamazwi ezihlanganisiwe ze-slang ekilasini.
Thola izindawo kukharikhulamu yakho yamanje ukuze ushumeke izifundo zamasiko amaningi, imibono, kanye nezinto zokwakha (inqubo eqhubekayo, hhayi nje ukugujwa kweNyanga Yomlando Omnyama noma eceleni okuncane. )
Vumela impikiswano. Sekela izingxoxo ezinenhlonipho mayelana nobuhlanga, amasiko, nokunye ukuhlukana.
Thola abangani.
Enye ingxenye ebalulekile yokufundisa kwamasiko amaningi ukuhlola izinsiza zezifundo zokuchema okungase kuhlukanise abafundi. I-Safe School Coalition ixwayisa ngokusebenzisa izinto zekharikhulamu "ezishiya umlando, iminikelo kanye nezimpilo zeqembu, uma i-ti yehlisa isithunzi seqembu ngokusebenzisa ulimi oludelelayo noma oluqhelelene ngokomtholampilo, izithakazelo,izici, kanye namakhono.noma uma iveza iqembu elinezindima ezicatshangwayo ezingaphansi kwebanga eligcwele. izithakazelo, izici kanye namakhono."
Isikole Samabanga Aphansi
Imfundo yamasiko amaningi yethulwa besebancane ukuze ivumele abafundi ukuthi bakhe umbono womhlaba wonke. Izinqubo ezibucayi zokufunda zenza abafundi bakwazi ukwakha ubudlelwano obuthembekile nomhlaba kuyilapho beqaphela imibono nemibono eminingi. Othisha bangasebenzisa izindlela ezibucayi zokufunda ukuze babuze imibuzo ezokwenza abafundi bahlaziye, babuze futhi bazindle ngalokho abakufundayo. Izindlela ezintathu ezihlukene zokufundisa ukufunda nokubhala yilezi:
Ukuhlola imibhalo yezwi nombono
Ukusebenzisa imibhalo njengenqola yokuhlola izindaba ezinkulu zomphakathi
Ukusebenzisa izimpilo zomfundi kanye nolwazi lwakhe njengombhalo kanye nezinqubo zokufunda nokubhala
Ukukhethwa kwezi ncwadi kubalulekile. Izincwadi kufanele zikhethwe ngoku qophelela futhi kuhlolwe ukuthi ziluveza kanjani usiko, ukuze bazame ukugwema ubuzwe, ubuhlanga kanye nokwecaswa ngokwe bala. Izincwadi kufanele zibe nalokhu okulandelayo:
Hlola umehluko kunokuwenza ungabonakali.
Thuthukisa ukuqonda komlando nempilo futhi unikeze izwi kulabo abathuliswe ngokwesiko noma ababecwaswa.
Bonisa ukuthi abantu bangaqala kanjani ukuthatha izinyathelo ezindabeni zomphakathi.
Hlola izinhlelo ezivelele zezincazelo ezisebenza emphakathini wethu ukubeka abantu namaqembu abantu ngokuthi "abanye".
Unganikezi iziphetho "ezijabulisayo njalo" zezinkinga zomphakathi eziyinkimbinkimbi,
Ngemva kokufunda lezi zincwadi, ingxoxo ingalandela ezovumela ukuqonda nokwenza lula ukuxhumana nempilo yomuntu. Kukule ngxoxo lapho imicu yendawo yonke yokufana kanye nokwazisa umehluko ingase ihlolwe ngendlela ezokwenza abafundi bakwazi ukwenza ukuxhumana okuhlanganisa amasiko namazwekazi ahlukene
Isikole Samabanga Aphezulu
Ukugxila emaqenjini amancane kungaba nomthelela emfundweni yabo yesikhathi esizayo. Uhlelo Lwethimba Le-Camarota, oluhloselwe i-Latino yesikole samabanga aphezulu/abafundi abasesimweni esiphansi senhlalo-mnotho futhi olubhekwa "njengengcuphe" yokuyeka, lwenzelwe ukusiza abafundi ukuthi bathuthukise izikolo zokuhlolwa kanye namakhredithi aphelele. Abafundi babike ukuthi bashintshile ekubeni bengenandaba nhlobo nesikole bagcina sebenomfutho, okwandisa umdlandla wokuthola amamaki angcono, baqede isikole kanye nokuzethemba. Ngokwezibalo zabafundi, u-93% ubike ukuthi uhlelo lokufunda luyabakhuthaza ukuthi baqhubeke nemfundo ephakeme. Uma izikole zigxile ekungalinganini, isikole singadala umuzwa omuhle, ophephile kubafundi abambalwa abafundi bazozizwa beno gqozu nofuqu fuqu loku qhubeka nezifundo zabo.
Imfundo yamasiko amaningi ingathinta ukuzibona komfundi. Kolunye ucwaningo, abafundi abayisithupha bezwa indlela ababona ngayo amasiko ikhula ngaphakathi kwabo futhi bazizwa besekeliwe. Lokhu kukhombise ukuthi indlela ababona ngayo usiko lube sezingeni eliphezulu.
Ikolishi
Ezinye zezifundo zasekolishi azinikezi othisha izindlela ezingaguquki zokuchaza izimiso zemfundo yamasiko amaningi noma ukulungiselela imfundo eyiqiniso yamasiko amaningi.
Imfundo yothisha
Othisha abasha bangaba yizimpumputhe ekuboneni ukuhlukahluka kwabafundi babo, okungaholela ekucabangeni okujwayelekile kanye nemibono engaguquki. Amakilasi emfundo yamasiko amaningi aholela olwazini olwandisiwe lokuhlukahluka, ukuguqulwa kwezimo zengqondo mayelana namasiko amaningi, nokulungela kwawo ukufundisa imfundo yamasiko amaningi kubafundi bezizinda ezihlukahlukene. Ukulungiselela labo thisha kubandakanya ukukwazi ukubhekana ngempumelelo nokwesaba kanye nokuvuleleka kokukhuluma ngezifundo ezibucayi, njengezindaba ezihlukene kanye nokuguqula izimo zengqondo abafundi abangase babe nazo ngamasiko ahlukene.
Umphumela ofanayo wenzeke kolunye ucwaningo, lapho isifundo semfundo yamasiko amaningi saholela "ekwandiseni ukuqwashisa, ukuqonda, nokwazisa kwamanye amasiko." Lokhu kuhlanganisa ukuba nombono ongcono wendawo yamasiko amaningi ekilasini, ukuguquguquka ngokwengeziwe uma kuziwa ezindabeni zamasiko amaningi, nokuvuleleka kakhulu emibonweni eyahlukene yabafundi abahlukene. Abanye othisha bangaphambi kwenkonzo basengazizwa bengabaza ngenxa yokuntuleka kolwazi abasenalo mayelana namasiko amaningi.
Izinselele
Incazelo Yesiko
U-Fullinwider uthi imisebenzi ebungaza ukudla noma umculo wesiko elithile iyehluleka ukubhekana nezimiso nemibono yala masiko. [29] U-Levinson uthi imikhuba enjalo ingaholela "ekunciphiseni umehluko wangempela; othisha bagcina sebefunda noma bagcizelele umehluko obonakalayo ukuze bathole ukufana okuyisisekelo". : 443 I-Fullinwider iphinde idingide izinselelo ezingavela lapho iningi lothisha lisebenzisana nabafundi abambalwa: umehluko phakathi "kwesiko eliphezulu" kanye "nesiko lasekhaya" kufanele ucace noma kungenjalo ubuhlakani kanye nabasebenzi bangahoxisa igunya labo elifanele lokuhlola nokuyala ukuziphatha kwabafundi ngephutha. nomsebenzi. [29] Ngaphandle kokuqonda okucacile kwesiko, othisha bangasho kalula ukuziphatha okulimazayo noma ukuziphatha okungafani nesizinda samasiko somfundi omncane. [29]
Ukugxeka
Imfundo yamasiko amaningi kuthiwa ayinaba "isibopho sabafundi abambalwa ezifundweni zabo" Okunye ukugxeka kuthi "izinkolelo-mbono nezinhlelo zemfundo yamasiko amaningi akuvamile ukuthi zisekelwe esifundweni sangempela samasiko nezilimi eziyidlanzana.
Isicelo Esikoleni
U-Levinson uthi izimiso zemfundo yamasiko amaningi zinamandla okungqubuzana ngqo nenjongo yokufundisa ngesiko elibusayo nokuthi ezinye izimiso ziyashayisana. Lokhu kubonakala uma kucutshungulwa ukuthi imfundo yamasiko amaningi kufanele ihlanganise wonke umuntu noma iphelele. U-Levinson uthi ukulondoloza amasiko amancane kudinga ukufundisa kuphela ngalelo siko (kanye nokungabandakanyi amanye). U-Levinson uphinde athole ukungqubuzana phakathi kokulondolozwa kweqembu elincane kanye nobulungisa bomphakathi/ukulingana. Amanye amasiko avumela abantu besifazane baphathwe ngendlela ehlukile kunezinye izinhlanga. Ukwenza kanjalo kusiza ukuthi ezinye izinhlanga zibonakale futhi namasiko wabo bawa gcine.
U-Levinson uze atuse ukuhlukaniswa kwezikole ngamasiko ukuze abafundi bathole imfundo "ehambisana namasiko". Uphikisa ngokuthi ekilasini elifanayo kulula ukuhlela ikharikhulamu nezinye izindlela okwenziwa ngazo izinto osikweni futhi kuphinde kusize abafundi baphumelele emasikweni abo. Umbhali akahambisani nemfundo yamasiko amaningi.
Enye inselele emfundweni yamasiko amaningi ukuthi inani lokuqukethwe esikoleni esinikeziwe livame ukuhlobana nokubunjwa kobuhlanga besikole. Okusho ukuthi, njengoba u-Agirdag nozakwabo besho, othisha bavame ukufaka okuqukethwe kwamasiko amaningi ezikoleni ngesabelo esiphezulu sabafundi abambalwa.
Isiko lothisha
U-Banks 2005 uphakamise ukuthi usiko lo thisha kufanele; lubandakanye ezinye izindlela ukuze imfundo yamasiko amaningi iphumelele:
Izinkolelo zothisha kumele zisekele imfundo yamasiko amaningi.
Othisha kumele bazi ukuthi ngale kwekharikhulamu esemthethweni, ikharikhulamu ecashile ithuthukisa izinkambiso okungenzeka zingashiwongo kodwa eziqondwayo nezilindelwe.
Othisha kumele bafundise abafundi ukuthi babe izakhamuzi zomhlaba wonke, okudinga ukuthi othisha bamukele amanye amasiko.
U-Fullinwider uthi othisha bangase besabe ukuletha izindaba ngaphakathi kwemfundo yamasiko amaningi, ngoba nakuba bengase baphumelele, bangase babe yingozi. Isibonelo, ufunda umlando kwizinhlanga ezahlukene kungenza ukuthi kube khona ukuzwisisana phakathi kwezinhlanga ezahlukene, koda lokho kungaphinde kwakhe indawo engayinhle kubafundi.
Okunye ongaku bheka
Ubunikazi bamasiko
Multiculturalism
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Umklomelo we-Winsor McCay unikezwa abantu ngabanye ngokuhlonishwa kweminikelo yokuphila konke noma umsebenzi wobuciko bokugqwayiza ekukhiqizeni, ukuqondisa, ukugqwayiza, ukuklama, ukubhala, ukulingisa izwi, imiphumela yomsindo nemisindo, umsebenzi wezobuchwepheshe, umculo, ukufundisa kochwepheshe, nokunye. imizamo ekhombisa igalelo elincomekayo ekusebenzeni kahle kokugqwayiza.
Indondo yethulwa emiklomelweni ka-Annie yaminyaka yonke, eyethulwa yi-International Animated Film Society, i-ASIFA-Hollywood. Lo mklomelo wasungulwa ngo-1972, futhi uqanjwe ngokuhlonishwa komqalisi wopopayi uWinsor McCay.
Recipients
† Posthumously awarded
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Ekuhlaziyeni kwemibhalo nomlando, iphrezentheshini wukuhlaziya kokwethulwa kwemibono yanamuhla kanye nemibono emifanekisweni noma ekuchazeni isikhathi esedlule. Ezinye izazi-mlando zanamuhla zifuna ukugwema iphrezentheshini emsebenzini wazo ngoba zikuthatha njengohlobo lokuchema kwamasiko, futhi zikholelwa ukuthi kudala ukuqonda okuhlanekezelwe kwesihloko sabo. Umkhuba wesimanjemanje abanye bawubheka njengephutha elivamile lapho bebhala mayelana nesikhathi esedlule.
I- Oxford English Dictionary inikezela ngengcaphuno yokuqala yephrezentheshini ngomqondo wayo we-historiographic kusuka ngo-1916, futhi igama kungenzeka ukuthi lasetshenziswa kule ncazelo kusukela ngeminyaka yawo-1870s. Isazi-mlando uDavid Hackett Fischer sikhomba i-presentism njengenkohliso eyaziwa nangokuthi "i-fallacy of nunc pro tunc ". Ubhale ukuthi "isibonelo sakudala" se-presentism kwakuyilokho okubizwa ngokuthi " umlando we-Whig ", lapho izazi-mlando zaseBrithani ezithile zekhulu le-18 nele-19 zabhala umlando ngendlela eyasebenzisa okwedlule ukuze kuqinisekiswe izinkolelo zabo zezombangazwe. Lokhu kuhumusha bekungokwamanje ngoba bekungavezi isikhathi esedlule ngomongo womlando ohlosiwe kodwa kunalokho kubukwe umlando kuphela ngeso lengqondo lezinkolelo ze-Contemporary Whig. Kulolu hlobo lwendlela, olugcizelela ukubaluleka komlando kuze kube manje, izinto ezingabonakali zibalulekile zithola ukunakwa okuncane, okuholela ekubonisweni okudukisayo kwesikhathi esedlule. "I-whig history" noma "whiggishness" ivamise ukusetshenziswa njengamagama afanayo ephrezentheshini ikakhulukazi uma ukuvezwa komlando okukhulunywa ngakho kuyi- teleological noma ukunqoba. [2]
Ukuhlaziywa kwezenhlalo
Iphrezentheshini inomlando omfushane ekuhlaziyeni kwezenhlalo, lapho isetshenziswe khona ukuchaza abanquma bezobuchwepheshe abahumusha ushintsho ekuziphatheni njengokuqala ngokwethulwa kobuchwepheshe obusha. Isibonelo, izazi ezinjengoFrances Cairncross zamemezela ukuthi I-inthanethi iholele "ekufeni kwebanga", kodwa ubudlelwano obuningi bomphakathi kanye nobudlelwano obuningi bebhizinisi bebudlulele kanye namazwekazi iminyaka eminingi.
Izahlulelo zokuziphatha
Ukwethulwa nakho kuyisici embuzweni oyinkinga womlando nezahlulelo zokuziphatha . Phakathi kwezazi-mlando, umbono we-orthodox ungase ube ukuthi ukufunda imibono yesimanje yokuziphatha esikhathini esidlule kuwukwenza iphutha lesimo samanje. Ukuze kugwenywe lokhu, izazi-mlando zimane zichaze okwenzekile futhi zizame ukugwema ukusebenzisa ulimi olukhipha isahlulelo. Ngokwesibonelo, lapho ubhala umlando mayelana nobugqila enkathini lapho umkhuba wamukelwa kabanzi, ukuvumela lelo qiniso lithonye isahlulelo mayelana neqembu noma umuntu kungaba umuntu okhona ngakho kufanele kugwenywe.
Abagxeki baphendula ngokuthi ukugwema iphrezentheshini ezindabeni ezinjengobugqila kufana nokugunyazwa kwemibono yamaqembu abusayo, kulokhu, abanikazi bezigqila, njengalabo ababephikisana nabo ngaleso sikhathi. U-Lawson uthi:
Isibonelo, ngokuphathelene nobugqila nobuhlanga, izazi-mlando, ezithonywe yimanje, zithole idatha entsha ngokuphakamisa imibuzo emisha mayelana nezindaba zobuhlanga. Ngokwesibonelo, bathole imibono nokuziphatha phakathi kwezigqila ezingqubuzana nemilando emidala eshiwo ngokuyinhloko ngombono wabaphathi bezigqila. Ngaphezu kwezinhlobo ezihlukahlukene zokuphikiswa okwamukelwa abantu abagqilaziwe, ababemelene nobugqila ekhulwini le-18 nele-19, kuhlanganise namaQuaker nama-abolitionists, baphikisana ngezizathu zokuziphatha zokugqilazwa kwabantu base-Afrika.
Abagxeki baqhubeka bephendula ngokuthi ukugwema izahlulelo zokuziphatha kuwukuzivumelanisa nezimo zokuziphatha . Ezinye izazi-mlando zenkolo zithi isimilo asiphelelwa yisikhathi, njengoba sasungulwa nguNkulunkulu; bathi akuyona i-anachronistic ukusebenzisa izindinganiso ezingaphelelwa yisikhathi esikhathini esidlule. (Ngalo mbono, nakuba okungaphezulu kungashintsha, ukuziphatha akushintshi. )
Abanye baphikisa ngokuthi ukusetshenziswa kwezindinganiso zenkolo kuye kwahlukahluka ngokuhamba kwesikhathi. Ngokwesibonelo, u-Augustine waseHippo ukholelwa ukuthi kunezimiso zokuziphatha ezingaphelelwa isikhathi, kodwa ugomela ngokuthi imikhuba ethile ( njengesithembu ) yayamukeleka esikhathini esidlule ngoba yayiyisiko kodwa manje ayisamukeleki.
UFischer, yena, ubhala ukuthi nakuba izazi-mlando zingase zingakwazi ngaso sonke isikhathi ukugwema ukukhohlisa ngokuphelele, kufanele okungenani zizame ukuqaphela ukuchema kwazo futhi zibhale umlando ngendlela yokuthi zingadali umfanekiso ohlanekezelwe wesikhathi esidlule. [2]
Abagxeki be-Conservative baye baveza inkambiso ebheke ekuphikisweni kwesimanje kusayensi yomlando yesimanje njengokubonisa ukubusa okukhulayo kwezimo zengqondo " zokuvuka " emphakathini obanzi.
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Umqogelelo kuwukuqongelelwa kweziqoshwa ezingokomlando – kunoma iyiphi insiza – noma isakhiwo lapho zibekwe khona.
Imiqongelelo iqukatha imibhalo eyimithombo eyinhloko enqwabelene ngemuva kwesikhathi esithile sokuba khona komuntu noma inhlangano, futhi iyagcinwa ukuze iveze insebenzo yalowo muntu noma inhlangano. Abaqogeleli abayizingcwepheshi nabosomlando ngokuvamile bayaqonda ukuthi imiqogelelo iyiziqoshwa ngokwemvelo nangokwesidingo eziphehlwe njengomkhiqizo wobuqhebeqhebe obuvamile bokomthetho, bezentengiselwano, bokulawula, noma babantu. Babuye bawuchasisa ngokomfanekiso ngokuthi "imitshokozo yesiphili", futhi yehlukaniseka emibhalweni elotshwe noma yadalwa ngenhloso yokuqanguza umlayezo okhethekile kwabasazozalwa.
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Inzululwazi yokuqogelela, or izifundo zomqogelelo, yisifundo sombono sokwakha nokukhetha imiqogelelo, okungamabhidli emibhalo, iziqoshwa zomsindo nezilekeleli zokuqoqonga imininingo.
Ukuze kwakhiwe futhi kukhethwe umqogelelo, kudingeka kutholwe futhi kuhlolwe izithako eziqoshiwe, nokuba kube lula ukuzifikelela kamuva lapho zidingeka. Ukuze kwenziwe lokhu, inzululwazi yokuqogelela ifuna ukuphucula izindlelasu zokuxilonga , ukuqoqonga, ukukhweza, nokuhlela uqukathomgama lweziqoshwa.
Isiqoshwa somqogelelo sikhweza imininingo engasoze yaguqulwa. Ukuze ube yigugu ebantwini, umqogelelo kufanele uthembeke. Ngalokho, umqogeleli unesibopho sokuqinisekisa imibhalo yomqogelelo, efana nemibhalo engokomlando, ukuze aqinisekise ukwethembeka kwayo, ubuqotho bayo, nokusebenziseka kwayo. Iziqoshwa zomqogelelo kumele zibe yilokho ezithi ziyikho; zimelele ngokunembile ubuqhebeqhebe ezazidalelwe bona; zethule isithombe esicacileyo ngoyaca lwesiqikili; futhi zibe sesimweni sokusebenziseka nasendaweni efikelelayo.
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Ukuqoqonga imininingo noma Isiqoqonga mininingo kuwukuqoqonga imininingo noma ukuqoshwa kokwaziswa ngaphakathi kwesiqoqonga. Ukubhala, iziqoshwa zeFomografi, isiqophawonga, neziindingilizi zokukhanya zonke ziyizibonelo zezinsizakuqoqonga. Amachembe wemvelo afana nolibofuzo ne-RNA nawo athathwa njengeziqoqonga zemininingo. Ukuqopha kungenziwa cishe nganoma yiliphu uhlobo lwesidlakathi. Isiqoqonga mininingo samazuba sidinga amandla wamazuba ukuze siqoqonge imininingo.
Ukuqoqonga imininingo ngensiza yezezibhangqiwe, efundwa yinguxa kubuye kubizwe ngokuthi imininingo yezezibhangqiwe. Ukuqoqonga imininingo yesiCikizi ngenye yzinsebenzo ezimqoka zesiCikizi senjongo evamile. Imibhalo yamazuba ingagcinwa endaweni encane kakhulu kunemibhalo yephepha.
Insizakuxhumana yokuqopha
Inzisa yokuqopha iyinto ephathekayo emumatha ukwaziswa. Ukwaziswa okusanda kukhiqizwa buyasatshalaliswa futhi bungaqoqongwa phakathi kwezinsizakuxhamana ezine - isishicilelo, isiqophamdiki (film), ezobuwonga, nezikukhanya - futhi bungabukwa noma buzwiwe ngokugeleza kokwaziswa okune - ucingo, umsakazo nomabonakude, kanye noxhakaxholo kuhlanganisa nokuthi buqashelwe ngamaqaphelo ngokuqondile. Ukwaziswa kwezezibhangqiwe bona buqoqongwa ngezinsikakuxhumana zamazuba sebuyizinikino ezihlukene zokuqopha.
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Isimiso soketshe, noma uhlelo loketshe, siwuhlelo lwesitho sezilwane ezinomgogodla oluyingxenye yamasosha omzimba, futhi luhambisana nesimiso sokujikeleza kwegazi .
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Amadlala woketshe, noma amaqhuzwana woketshe, ayisitho esimise okwezinso esimisweni soketshe kanye nesimisweno sokuzivikela esiguquguqukayo .
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Isishinguxa yisidalwa esinazo zombili izingxenye zomzimba ezingokwemvelo kanye nezobunguxampilo. "Isishinguxa" asifani nezomNgxiksho wendalo (bionics), ezeziThununumpilo (biorobotics), noma IziThunjeza (androids).
Incaziso nencasiselo
"Isishinguxa" ibizo elibhekisela kuleso siphili esibuyiselwe insebenzo yaso noma ikakhulukazi, esithuthukise amakhono aso ngenxa yendidiyelo yezigcoyi zokuzakhela noma ubuchwepheshe bokuzakhela ubuxhomeke kwisibikemphinda (feedback) sohlobo oluthile, ngokwesibonelo, isengeselo (prostheses), izitho mbumbulu, izifakelelo (implants) noma, kwezinye izimo, ubuchwepheshe obumbathwayo. Ezobuchwepheshe bezishinguxa bungakwazi nokuphasa ubuhlakani bexongo. Elinye ibizo elihlobene eduze, nelibanzi ngelithi "umuntu ojotshelelwe". Nakuba izishinguxa ngokuvamile kucatshangwa ukuthi ziyizincelisi, zibuye zihlanganise nezothamlilo, kodwa kuthiwa zonke iziphili zingafakelwa izinguxa.
Ummomo wezishunguxa zezinganeko
Ngokwenganeko yenzululwazi, umboniso ovamile wesishinguxa ngowesothamlilo (noma wesilwane) esinezinguxa elijotshelelwe emzimbeni waso.
Kodwa, izishinguxa zingavezwa njengezifana nezithununu kakhulu noma ezinjengabantu kakhulu. Zingabuye zivezwe njengezithununu ezisamuntu.
Izishinguxa ezinommomo osamuntu kungenzeka zembesa izingxenye zazo zobunguxa ngezivikelo noma izindwangu. Imishinguxa ingaba nezingxenye noma imizomba yobunguxa ebonakala ngathi eyomuntu. Kuyinto evamile ukuba imishinguxa ukuba zibe namakhono wezimbudle kanye nezidlikithi esikhulu esihlanganisa nezinzwi ezithuthukisiwe, ubuchopho obusizwa yisiCikizi, noma izikhali ezakhelwe kuwo.
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UmGedembulu uyinhlwa yevanga enophawu Gd kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama-64.
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UmThuthumbi uyinhlwa yevanga enophawu Tm kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama-69.
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UmHomambi uyimhlwa yevanga enophawu u- Ho kanye nenani lobuchwe elingama-67.
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Ukudludlungwa kwesiyabizo kungumkhakha ongaphansi komngcikisho wamazuba ogxile ekuhlaziyeni, ekugwabukiseni nasekulumbaniseni iziyabizo, njengalapho kudludlungwa umsindo, izithombe, iziyabizo zokudlidlizeka, ukudludlungwa kwesilinganiso sokuphakama, kanye nezilinganiso zenzululwazi. Ubunyoninco bokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo busetshenziswa nasekungqandiseni ufufukiso, ukuqoqonga imininingo, ukulungiswa kweziyabizo ezingacacile, emgangathweni wombukiso ongemuhle kanye nasekuhlongeni izigcoyi zokunakwa esiyabizweni esilinganisiwe.
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Ukudludlungwa kwesiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe (DYB) ukusetshenziswa kokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo, okufana neziCikizi noma izidludlungi zeziyabizo zezezibhangqiwe ezikhethekile, ukuze ziqhogoye imigidingo ehlukene yokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo .
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Ukuzinkintshela (noma umazinkintshela) yisenzo esenzeka lapho iziphumo zesimiso zibuyiselwa kuso njengezigalelo eziyingxenye yomhumo kanobangela nemiphumela owakha intandelo noma inkintsha. Khona ke lesimiso kungathiwa siyazinkintshela. Isicabango sikanobangela nemiphumela kumele kuqikelelwe lapho sisetshenziswa ezimisweni zokuzinkintshela:
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Ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe ukusetshenziswa kwesCikizi sezezibhangqiwe ekudludlungeni imifanekiso yezezibhangqiwe ngokusebenzisa umkholezima . Njengomkhakha oyingxenye yokudludlungwa kwesiyabizo sezezibhangqiwe, ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe kunemenzelelo eminingi ukwedlula ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wenzuko. Kuvumela izinhlobonhlono ezibanzi zemikholezima ukuba isetshenziswe kwemininingo yegalelo futhi kungagwema nezinkinga ezifana nokwakheka komsindo nesithikimezi (distortion) lapho kudludlungwa. Njengoba imifanekiso ichasiswa ngemiyinge emibili (nangaphezulu) ukudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe kungenzeka kunongwe ngesimo ngezinhlelo zemiyingeningi. Ukuphehlwa nokuthuthukiswa kokudludlungwa komfanekiso wezezibhangqiwe yizinto ezithintwa yizici ezintathu: esokuqala , ukuthuthukiswa kweziCikizi; esesibili, ukuthuthukiswa komchazazibalo (ikakhulu umbono womchazazibalo olubandlu); esesithathu, ukwanda kwengqekelelo yezinsiza ezinhlobonhlobo kwezemvelo, ezolimo , kwezempi, ezimbonini nakwezenzululwazi yokwelapha.
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UTho oluhlelelisekwayo liwutho olunekhono lokuziguqula izakhi zalo ezingokoqobo (umumo, ukuminyana, i-moduli, ukudluliseka, izakhi zokukhanya, njll.) ngohlobo oluhlelelekayo, ngokusekelwe kokugalelwa ngumsebenzisi noma ezihlelelekiwe.
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Kumchazandalo, amandla inani lesidlakathi elidluliswayo noma eliguqulwa ngomzuzwana ngamunye.
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Amandla (kumchazandalo)
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Amandla esilumbamdiki ngamandla akhishwa yisilumbamdiki.
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Intshicwa (ibizo elisho ukuthi okushicilelwe) iyinoma yiziphi izinsalela ezikhwezekile, ukushiceka, noma imikhondo yanoma iyiphi into eyake yaphila endulo. Izibonelo zihlanganisa amathambo, amagobolondo, izikhehlekandle (exoskeletons), izishicelo ezisematsheni zezilwane noma amagciwane, izinto ezikhwezeke phakathi kwenomfi, izinwele, nokhuni oluphenduke itshe nasezinsaleleni zolibofuzo. Izintshicwa sezizonke zaziwa ngokuthi uMlando wezintshicwa.
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INzululwazi yoMtapowolwazi noKwaziswa noma izifundo zomtapowolwazi nokwaziswa, wumkhakha woqeqeshombaxa ovame ukudingida ukuhleleka, ukufinyeleleka, ukuqoqwa, kanye nokuvikela/ukulawulwa kokwaziswa, kungaba okuphathekayo (isb. ubuciko, ukuqulwa kwamacala., njll.) noma izimo zezezibhangqiwe.
Abanye bathatha izingqeqesho zendabuko ezimbili, inzululwazi yomtapowolwazi nenzululwazi yokwaziswa, njengemikhakha ehlukene. Nokho, kuvamile namuhla ukuthi kusetshenziswe ibizo elimqondofana noma liyekwe elithi "umtapowolwazi" bese kukhulunywa ngeminyango yokwaziswa. Sekwaba nemizamo yokuvuselela isicabangelo sezifundo zokubhalabhala (documentation). Ukuhlelwa kokwaziswa nezinsizakusebenza zokwaziswa ziyizici eziyisiseko zenzululwazi yomtapowolwazi nokwaziswa.
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Ukujinja yikhono nobuqhebeqhebe bokuqaphela ulwangu olufanayo noma ukufana okuphakathi kwezici zobungcweti bezwe ( njengezinto, izehlakalo, noma amasu ), ukuhlela nokujinja obungcweti ngokuzihlanganisa neqembu elithile (okungukuthi, umunxa, isigaba, noma uhlobo), ngesisekelo sezici zazo, ulwangu lwazo, ukufana kwazo noma ezinye izilinganiso ezitholakala emhlabeni wonke eqenjini.
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Igama elithi Umjinjo lingasebenza kokukodwa noma kuzo zonke:
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INswelandeni yisiphili esinengqamuzana elilodwa nesiswele indeni kanye nezinye izithokazane zolwelwesi. Esimisweni sombuso ohlukene kabili ngokwencazelo ka- Édouard Chatton, izinswelandeni zazijinjwa ngaphakathi kombuso owodwa. Kodwana esimisweni sesidlangala esihlukene kathathu, esisekwe esihlaziyweni semizwayi, izinswelandeni zihlukaniswe zaba izidlangala ezimbili: Izinungwana kanye nezingunazana. Iziphili ezinendeni zibekwa esidlangaleni sesithathu, iMvelendeni. Izinswelandeni zavela kuqala kunezimvelendeni.
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Kumchazampilo wengqamuzana, isithokazane siwucezwana oluncinyane olukhethekile, ngokuvamile olungaphakathi kwengqamuzana, elinensebenzo ethile eqondile.
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IMvelendeni, leyo amalungu ayo aziwa ngokuthi izimvelendeni ), iyisidlangala seziphili ezihlukahlukene ezinamangqamuzana anendeni noma avela indeni. Zonke izilwane, Izitshalo, ukhunta, nezinye iziphili ezinengqamuzana elilodwa zibizwa izimvelendeni. Zakha iqembu elikhulu lezinhlobo zokuphila zikanye namaqembu amabili wezinswelandeni: Izinungwana nezingunazana. Izimvelendeni zimelela iqeqebana elincane leziphili, kodwana ngenxa yobungako bazo obukhulu, ubuningi bazo embulungeni bukhulu kunalobo bezinswelandeni.
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IMvelendeni
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INgunazana iyisidlangala seziphili ezinengqamuzana elilodwa. Lezi ziphilincinci ziswele iNdeni yengqamuzana ingakho zibizwa izinswelandeni. Izingunazana ekuqaleni zazibizwa Izinungwana, kodwa lokho kwabuye kwalungiswa ngenxa yokungafani nazo.
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Izinzwayiza ziyizakhamzimba ezisebenza njengezikhawulezisi zemvelo ngokuthi zikhawulezise ukusabela kweziqa. Imizwayi leyo izinzwayiza ezingasebenza kuyo ibizwa ngokuthi substrates, futhi inzwayiza isebenza ngokuguqula leyo substrate kube imizwayi ehlukene eyaziwa ngokuthi izimonyulo.
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INdeni yengqamuzana iyisithokazane esithungelwe olwelwesini esitholakala emangqamuzaneni ezimvelendeni. Amangqamuzana ezimvelendeni anendeni eyodwa, kodwana kunezinhlobo ezimbalwa zamangqamuzana, ezifana namangqamuzana egazi abomvu, ezingenazo izindeni, kanye nezinye ezinamangqamuzana amaningi. Uhlaka olumqoka ekwakhekeni kwendeni lungulwelwesi olulukhonko nolungunge Isithokazane sisonke futhi luqhinga okuphakathi kwalo kuhlukane nengqimbazana.
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UMtapolwazi weZwelonke welonke waseNingizimu Afrika yisikhungo sikahulumeni waseNingizimu Afrika esinakekela umtapowolwazi kazwelonke wazo zonke izinto ezishicilelwe eziphathelene nezwe.
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UMtapolwazi weZwelonke waseNingizimu Afrika
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Izimunyundeni zingamaqazuchembe lapho ukwaziswa kwezifuzisi kuqoqongwa khona. Kunezinhlobo ezimbili zezimunyundeni: ULibofuzo kanye nesimunyuci. Izimunyundeni zivumela iziphili ukuba zifufule ukwaziswa kofuzo ngokulandelana kwezizukulwane. Lapho ingqamuzana lihlukana, ulibofuzo lwalo luyafaniselwa bese ludlulselwa kwisizukulwane esilandelayo sengqamuzana. ULibofuzo luhleleke lwaba iziphathafuzo ezitholakala phakathi endeni yamangqamuzana ethu.
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