qid int64 1 74.7M | question stringlengths 12 33.8k | date stringlengths 10 10 | metadata list | response_j stringlengths 0 115k | response_k stringlengths 2 98.3k |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|
19,086 | So, a while back I created this icon from a game, but looking back on it behind a white background instead of an alpha-channel its edges are super choppy in some places while it's smooth in others, which is possibly due to the method I used to select certain regions before bucket-filling it. I was using GIMP and I was wondering if there is *any* possible way to easily fix this (ie make all edges even instead of choppy). Maybe some rendering filters or selection methods that I don't know about? I've googled and youtubed but with no avail.
My image:
(As you can see, the inner crescent-shaped things are choppy as well as the exterior of the circle on the left and right is choppy) | 2013/06/26 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/19086",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/13630/"
] | ### Tracing
In case we can not easily recreate the original in a vector oriented application we may also trace the bitmap to a vector graphic.
Below example was done with **Inkscape** where I imported the bitmap to trace it with 2 color steps:
This will not preserve the exact circular geometry of the source (note the slightly wavy shapes above), as tracing was done with Bezier curves rather than circles or boxes. Because of that such traces will always have a much bigger file size than properly recreated vectors.
---
Smoothing
---------
Another possibility to reduce aliasing in a bitmap if we can not use a vector graphic replacement is to apply a soft blur to the image.
Below I used the GIMP plugin [GREYC's magic filter](http://gmic.eu/): *Enhancement - Smooth (mean-curvature)* with 8 iterations for smoothing the outlines while keeping the alpha channel:
 | For smaller projects, simply using the *blur* tool can do wonders. While this doesn't apply to this particular project, other people looking may find this solution expedient. |
19,086 | So, a while back I created this icon from a game, but looking back on it behind a white background instead of an alpha-channel its edges are super choppy in some places while it's smooth in others, which is possibly due to the method I used to select certain regions before bucket-filling it. I was using GIMP and I was wondering if there is *any* possible way to easily fix this (ie make all edges even instead of choppy). Maybe some rendering filters or selection methods that I don't know about? I've googled and youtubed but with no avail.
My image:
(As you can see, the inner crescent-shaped things are choppy as well as the exterior of the circle on the left and right is choppy) | 2013/06/26 | [
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/questions/19086",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com",
"https://graphicdesign.stackexchange.com/users/13630/"
] | There is a really simple way to do this by using the fuzzy select tool to create a path. There is a short example on how to do it at [Fixing Jagged Image Edges with Gimp](http://jafty.com/blog/fixing-jagged-image-edges-with-gimp/). | For smaller projects, simply using the *blur* tool can do wonders. While this doesn't apply to this particular project, other people looking may find this solution expedient. |
155,145 | **[This](https://stackoverflow.com/q/284797/871050)** question is known for the famous Jon-Skeet-made-a-1-byte-program-to-output-"Hello World", it's currently locked under Stack Overflow, however, this question is valid in my eyes over on Code Golf.
Shouldn't the question be migrated there and unlocked? | 2012/11/09 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/155145",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/166899/"
] | No.
This can lead to fun and even interesting discussions but there is no contest. And it's clearly not constructive, whatever the site, and Jon's answer only points to this fact (it is, in my opinion, a perfectly valid answer even if he could have made it 0 byte). | Questions that are more than 60 days old cannot be migrated, not even from moderators.
Apart that, the question already has 31 answers, and the highest voted one has a score of 398. Even supposing it still possible to add a new answer that says something new, the new answer would not probably reach the first page of answers.
Probably the question could be acceptable for Code Golf, even though on Code Golf it is the code length that is checked, not the length of the binary code produced compiling the code. Questions need two requirements:
* An objective primary winning criterion, so that it is possible to indisputably decide which entry should win
* A clear specification of what constitutes a correct submission
Answers don't follow the requirements, which are:
* Be a serious contender for the winning criteria in use.
* Should be golfed, that is, compacted to the maximum degree possible:
+ This means, at a minimum, using single-character variable, function, and class names, and removing all unnecessary whitespace.
+ You are encouraged to include a non-golfed version (using real variable/function/class names, and using standard code indentation) underneath the golfed version, possibly with some comments, to help readers understand your submission.
For example, [this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/351152/225647), and [this answer](https://stackoverflow.com/a/285684/225647) are not really contenders, as in the first case, "Hello word" is not output from the assembly code, but from Bash; in the second case, "Hello world" is output from a interrupt handler, whose binary output is not 20 bytes long. |
88,445 | The collard greens that I have received are red. Is this normal/healthy? Image attached.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Eo1Z8.jpg)
Google searching this gives me zero results that are anywhere near relevant. I also can't find any images of red collard greens, they are always green in the image search. | 2018/03/19 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/88445",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/39928/"
] | No, that is not normal for collards. Enlarging the picture, the discoloration looks to be a brownish-red. Those leaves look to be very old and quite possibly have been frozen (while still in the field), especially the one on the right. I would be tossing those. | Ours are red too. Green toward the middle/newer part of plant and more red on the lower leaves and tips of green leaves. Usually, they get better with cold (live in SC), especially if it snows - makes them sweet.
This year it may be a couple reasons. One is variety. This year we have Georgua collards. Past years have been a 'blue' variety. This years variety seems to have more red as the season progresses, but only I certain beds. Other beds they're still green all around; this leads me to suspect alkalinity. The red ones are in beds where the soil more neutral or alkaline, the green ones are in more acidic soil. |
51,410 | Many of students need to learn a new language to impove their job prospects but some of them **are learning** a new language purely for pleasure. | 2015/02/23 | [
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/questions/51410",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com",
"https://ell.stackexchange.com/users/17665/"
] | Option 1 is correct for your desired meaning: Mr. A will be responsible for paying all the costs associated with making the new Bill book. So if Mr. B orders a new book, and Mr. C drives 10 miles to pick it up, Mr. A will pay for the book and the travel expenses.
Option 2 is also a valid sentence, but it does not have the same meaning; in this sentence, Mr. A will personally perform all the spending. Mr B. will not order the new book, Mr. A has to do that. Mr. C will not go pick it up, Mr. A has to do that. However, since there is no mention of who is ultimately responsible for the actual payment, when all is said and done, Mr. A might still be able to submit an expense report and get the company to pay for everything. | Number 1 is correct but number 2 is not. But #1 is a little wordy. We don't need "during the process of" because the progressive tense already conveys the idea of process.
*Mr A will bear all expenses incurred in making the new Bill Book.* |
329,312 | My CPU usage is very high by default. As soon as I starts a program it touches the maximum. After some time it becomes normal. I have a doubt that my disk is infected. So I tried to install MalwareBytes and Kasperkey to scan it. But they consume most of the CPU.
My entire system hangs and I can't scan my system. It restarts some time. Can anybody suggest me a solution for this? And can anybody suggest me a lightweight antivirus suitable for a Pentium 4, 2.4 GHz, 1 GB RAM running Windows XP Service Pack 3?
The problem still persists, here is the print screen of process explorer. 
It's showing 96-100% cpu usage by interrupts. My machine is crawling because of this. Can anybody give me a solution? | 2011/08/29 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/329312",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/52026/"
] | There are three explanations for your problem:
1. **Heat.** If your CPU is getting hot, it will throttle. With fewer working cycles available, everything will take much more CPU time to get work done. It could be that your CPU fan failed or the thermal interface material cracked due to mishandling.
2. **Malware.** Malicious programs can increase CPU use. If you can't anti-virus programs to work reliably, use a boot-able anti-virus rescue disk. Kaspersky is works well, as do many other free ones.
3. **Drivers.** Some hardware drivers cause CPU problems. Make sure all drivers are up to date. | **Your concern is unclear and actually could be normal behavior, depending on your system.**
Your CPU should clock all the way to 100% regularly. If it didn't, you won't need such a fast one! It used to my job to make sure CPU usage was 100% as often as possible :)
Whenever a program is busy doing something and it not waiting for another resource, it should keep you processor completely busy. If it does not reach 100%, that is because it is waiting on other resources like memory or disk I/O.
So, it sounds like your programs do some processing on startup and then go on to wait for your input. If that was NOT the case before, your programs may have been *hooked* so that they call a new DLL on startup. This happens with legitimate programs like Google Desktop but can also be used by anyone else. There are registry entries that control which foreign DLLs are loading each time a program starts. Consider if you've recently installed something with a global behavior like an Antivirus for example. |
18,565,920 | I have to run my Android app on another platform, such as Nokia Symbian or Java. Is there any solution for such a conversion? | 2013/09/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/18565920",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1929078/"
] | No. The APIs are far too intertwined with the Android OS. Symbian or Java will not offer the same set of classes for display, OS integration, apps, accelerometor/sensors, and almost anything else.
You can, however, refactor OS-agnostic code into new classes and reuse those for Java platforms. | You better try sencha phone gap to create application run on different platforms.. |
51,706 | What can be changed in signed bitcoin transaction?
I mean how is possible to modify transaction to change its hash, but keep transaction valid, without need to have sign private keys? | 2017/02/28 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/51706",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/40279/"
] | Here is the list of known sources of malleability from BIP62 (which has been withdrawn, and is no longer up to date, but does give some insight):
1. **DER encoded ECDSA signatures** Right now, the Bitcoin reference client uses OpenSSL to validate signatures. As OpenSSL accepts more than serializations that strictly adhere to the DER standard, this is a source of malleability. Since v0.8.0, non-DER signatures are no longer relayed already.
2. **Non-push operations in scriptSig** Any sequence of script operations in scriptSig that results in the intended data pushes, but is not just a push of that data, results in an alternative transaction with the same validity.
3. **Push operations in scriptSig of non-standard size type** The Bitcoin scripting language has several push operators (OP\_0, single-byte pushes, data pushes of up to 75 bytes, OP\_PUSHDATA1, OP\_PUSHDATA2, OP\_PUSHDATA4). As the later ones have the same result as the former ones, they result in additional possibilities.
4. **Zero-padded number pushes** In cases where scriptPubKey opcodes use inputs that are interpreted as numbers, they can be zero padded.
5. **Inherent ECDSA signature malleability** ECDSA signatures themselves are already malleable: taking the negative of the number S inside (modulo the curve order) does not invalidate it.
6. **Superfluous scriptSig operations** Adding extra data pushes at the start of scripts, which are not consumed by the corresponding scriptPubKey, is also a source of malleability.
7. **Inputs ignored by scripts** If a scriptPubKey starts with an OP\_DROP, for example, the last data push of the corresponding scriptSig will always be ignored.
8. **Sighash flags based masking** Sighash flags can be used to ignore certain parts of a script when signing.
(1) has been fixed for all transactions by BIP66, and (2)-(6) are prevented by standardness rules in recent Bitcoin Core releases. A specific case of (7) is proposed to be fixed by BIP147.
Segregated Witness (BIP141) proposes fix all of them, but only for transactions that spend solely from segwit outputs. It does this by moving the scriptSig data to a new field (the witness) which does not influence the txid. | No! The algorithms are generated by the first block created by bitcoin so if you change the hash, the transaction will not be recognized and invalid. |
51,706 | What can be changed in signed bitcoin transaction?
I mean how is possible to modify transaction to change its hash, but keep transaction valid, without need to have sign private keys? | 2017/02/28 | [
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/questions/51706",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com",
"https://bitcoin.stackexchange.com/users/40279/"
] | Here is the list of known sources of malleability from BIP62 (which has been withdrawn, and is no longer up to date, but does give some insight):
1. **DER encoded ECDSA signatures** Right now, the Bitcoin reference client uses OpenSSL to validate signatures. As OpenSSL accepts more than serializations that strictly adhere to the DER standard, this is a source of malleability. Since v0.8.0, non-DER signatures are no longer relayed already.
2. **Non-push operations in scriptSig** Any sequence of script operations in scriptSig that results in the intended data pushes, but is not just a push of that data, results in an alternative transaction with the same validity.
3. **Push operations in scriptSig of non-standard size type** The Bitcoin scripting language has several push operators (OP\_0, single-byte pushes, data pushes of up to 75 bytes, OP\_PUSHDATA1, OP\_PUSHDATA2, OP\_PUSHDATA4). As the later ones have the same result as the former ones, they result in additional possibilities.
4. **Zero-padded number pushes** In cases where scriptPubKey opcodes use inputs that are interpreted as numbers, they can be zero padded.
5. **Inherent ECDSA signature malleability** ECDSA signatures themselves are already malleable: taking the negative of the number S inside (modulo the curve order) does not invalidate it.
6. **Superfluous scriptSig operations** Adding extra data pushes at the start of scripts, which are not consumed by the corresponding scriptPubKey, is also a source of malleability.
7. **Inputs ignored by scripts** If a scriptPubKey starts with an OP\_DROP, for example, the last data push of the corresponding scriptSig will always be ignored.
8. **Sighash flags based masking** Sighash flags can be used to ignore certain parts of a script when signing.
(1) has been fixed for all transactions by BIP66, and (2)-(6) are prevented by standardness rules in recent Bitcoin Core releases. A specific case of (7) is proposed to be fixed by BIP147.
Segregated Witness (BIP141) proposes fix all of them, but only for transactions that spend solely from segwit outputs. It does this by moving the scriptSig data to a new field (the witness) which does not influence the txid. | **TL;DR**
Today - nothing
In fact, there are several sources for malleability. Most of them (not all) are already fixed by changed consensus rules, others become transaction non-standard.
But. **Are you an attacker or a defender?**
You **can** create transaction which can be malleated by any person without invalidating it and without knowledge of your keys. It is easy. |
36,773,837 | First I'll describe my case.
I have to do HTTPS requests to several APIs from my application and they should be ran concurrently.
I want to know if I should use a separate HTTP client per goroutine or I can share one client across all goroutines. Of course I'd like to enjoy connection reusing/pooling offered by the HTTP client, but I am concerned about it being thread(aka goroutine)-safe and if the client will run requests concurrently or they'll in fact be sequenced? | 2016/04/21 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/36773837",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/5934834/"
] | Http clients are thread safe according to the docs (<https://golang.org/src/net/http/client.go>):
>
> Clients are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines.
>
>
> | The other question was should you use one client or one per request. You should use one client as per
<https://pkg.go.dev/net/http#pkg-overview>
"Clients and Transports are safe for concurrent use by multiple goroutines and for efficiency should only be created once and re-used" |
286 | I was looking into ways to implement multiple lights shading and I've noticed [Unity uses multiple passes to achieve it](http://docs.unity3d.com/Manual/RenderTech-ForwardRendering.html). It performs a base pass to apply the brightest directional pixel light + 4 vertex lights + SHs and an additional pass for each pixel light, up to a limit defined by the user on the editor.
I'm wondering, since I previously know how many pixels lights I need to shade, why not doing it in a single pass like vertex lights are done? What are the problems of doing so? | 2015/08/19 | [
"https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/questions/286",
"https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com",
"https://computergraphics.stackexchange.com/users/250/"
] | It's completely possible to do all pixel lights in the fragment shader (or, say, do 4 at a time) by looping over an array. However, this comes at a great performance cost: You're going to be calculating lighting for every light on every fragment of the scene, even if that geometry isn't actually affected by the light's influence.
I suspect that is reason why Unity doesn't do so: it probably culls the objects and submits only geometry that might be influenced by the respective light on each pass, meaning that shading for a light is only evaluated in the fragments where it may have an effect. This is a trade off between processing less fragments but duplicating the geometry cost. | If you would do all lights in a single pass then you would need to loop over all lights in the shader. You would also need to get all information to the GPU at the same time.
GPUs are limited in the number of uniforms you can pass into an invocation. This limitation has lessened with UBOs and SSBOs.
However you are still limited with how many textures you can bind for shadow mapping.
Lights often only affect a small portion of the screen so the engine may only render geometry that is close to the light or adjust the viewport to only render the area the light would affect. |
182,520 | For transparency, I would like to share my accepted papers' **anonymous** peer reviews, if my coauthors unanimously agree. Some journals partner with websites such as openreview.net (which share reviews even for rejected papers), others may have that included in their process, but in most cases, nothing is said about sharing reviews **by the authors** (though it is sometimes explicitly said that reviews cannot be shared by the reviewers).
Are there any ethical issues with that?
I could perhaps see intellectual property issues (are reviews the property of the journal? of the reviewers?), though in our field, journals at least allow to have the author's version of the paper downloadable from the authors' website (so, why not the accompanying reviews?). More importantly, nothing is explicitly said about that on the websites of editors and journals. | 2022/02/18 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/182520",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/153583/"
] | Unless it is an explicit part of the reviewing process, or there is some rare overriding concern, you musn't publish the referee reports you've received.
This is actually a rare situation where copyright law and academic norms coincide. Basically, you cannot publish stuff other people have written unless there is something that says you may.
Initially, copyright of the report lies with the referee, as they have written it. By submitting it to the editor, there is an implied license to use the report internally and to share it with the authors. Barring other arrangements, there is no basis for assuming that the journal has additional rights to the report. As the author, you don't need any particular rights to do stuff with the report, so there is no implied license here. [Individual parts of the report may come with a very generous license, eg if the referee suggests formulations.] | I think the trouble is then that people would rely on the reviews instead of reading the article. These are only in place to allow for formal acceptance or formal rejection, the reviewers can miss very obvious and important mistakes.
An expert reader will not care much about these reviews as they can read the article and come to their own judgment. |
182,520 | For transparency, I would like to share my accepted papers' **anonymous** peer reviews, if my coauthors unanimously agree. Some journals partner with websites such as openreview.net (which share reviews even for rejected papers), others may have that included in their process, but in most cases, nothing is said about sharing reviews **by the authors** (though it is sometimes explicitly said that reviews cannot be shared by the reviewers).
Are there any ethical issues with that?
I could perhaps see intellectual property issues (are reviews the property of the journal? of the reviewers?), though in our field, journals at least allow to have the author's version of the paper downloadable from the authors' website (so, why not the accompanying reviews?). More importantly, nothing is explicitly said about that on the websites of editors and journals. | 2022/02/18 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/182520",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/153583/"
] | Unless it is an explicit part of the reviewing process, or there is some rare overriding concern, you musn't publish the referee reports you've received.
This is actually a rare situation where copyright law and academic norms coincide. Basically, you cannot publish stuff other people have written unless there is something that says you may.
Initially, copyright of the report lies with the referee, as they have written it. By submitting it to the editor, there is an implied license to use the report internally and to share it with the authors. Barring other arrangements, there is no basis for assuming that the journal has additional rights to the report. As the author, you don't need any particular rights to do stuff with the report, so there is no implied license here. [Individual parts of the report may come with a very generous license, eg if the referee suggests formulations.] | It is NOT a good idea to do this:
1. you risk identifying referees through their writing or formatting styles. There might be specific turns of phrases or expressions specific to a referee (especially if the referee did not write in their native language) that could be tracable to papers authored by this referee.
2. What do you do if one review is positive but another is not so positive? Do you cherry pick only the positive reviews? |
182,520 | For transparency, I would like to share my accepted papers' **anonymous** peer reviews, if my coauthors unanimously agree. Some journals partner with websites such as openreview.net (which share reviews even for rejected papers), others may have that included in their process, but in most cases, nothing is said about sharing reviews **by the authors** (though it is sometimes explicitly said that reviews cannot be shared by the reviewers).
Are there any ethical issues with that?
I could perhaps see intellectual property issues (are reviews the property of the journal? of the reviewers?), though in our field, journals at least allow to have the author's version of the paper downloadable from the authors' website (so, why not the accompanying reviews?). More importantly, nothing is explicitly said about that on the websites of editors and journals. | 2022/02/18 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/182520",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/153583/"
] | Unless it is an explicit part of the reviewing process, or there is some rare overriding concern, you musn't publish the referee reports you've received.
This is actually a rare situation where copyright law and academic norms coincide. Basically, you cannot publish stuff other people have written unless there is something that says you may.
Initially, copyright of the report lies with the referee, as they have written it. By submitting it to the editor, there is an implied license to use the report internally and to share it with the authors. Barring other arrangements, there is no basis for assuming that the journal has additional rights to the report. As the author, you don't need any particular rights to do stuff with the report, so there is no implied license here. [Individual parts of the report may come with a very generous license, eg if the referee suggests formulations.] | Aside from copyright issues, there is the issue of basic politeness and kindness.
If you're sharing a piece of writing someone wrote privately, you should get agreement **from that person**. Not from your coauthors. If you cannot get agreement from that person, you should not share it.
If a journal partners with openreview.net or a similar website, then the reviewers know ahead of time that their reviews will be visible publicly. That's not the case if you publicize the reviews of your paper unilaterally. The reviewers were writing for an audience of you and your coauthors.
I know I for one would feel very uncomfortable if my reviews of papers were made public. I think very differently about the tone of my writing when I have a much larger potential audience, and I think the result is much better when I only have to ask myself, "How will the authors of the paper (and the editor) understand this?" and not, "How will a random person on the internet understand this?" |
182,520 | For transparency, I would like to share my accepted papers' **anonymous** peer reviews, if my coauthors unanimously agree. Some journals partner with websites such as openreview.net (which share reviews even for rejected papers), others may have that included in their process, but in most cases, nothing is said about sharing reviews **by the authors** (though it is sometimes explicitly said that reviews cannot be shared by the reviewers).
Are there any ethical issues with that?
I could perhaps see intellectual property issues (are reviews the property of the journal? of the reviewers?), though in our field, journals at least allow to have the author's version of the paper downloadable from the authors' website (so, why not the accompanying reviews?). More importantly, nothing is explicitly said about that on the websites of editors and journals. | 2022/02/18 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/182520",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/153583/"
] | I think the trouble is then that people would rely on the reviews instead of reading the article. These are only in place to allow for formal acceptance or formal rejection, the reviewers can miss very obvious and important mistakes.
An expert reader will not care much about these reviews as they can read the article and come to their own judgment. | Aside from copyright issues, there is the issue of basic politeness and kindness.
If you're sharing a piece of writing someone wrote privately, you should get agreement **from that person**. Not from your coauthors. If you cannot get agreement from that person, you should not share it.
If a journal partners with openreview.net or a similar website, then the reviewers know ahead of time that their reviews will be visible publicly. That's not the case if you publicize the reviews of your paper unilaterally. The reviewers were writing for an audience of you and your coauthors.
I know I for one would feel very uncomfortable if my reviews of papers were made public. I think very differently about the tone of my writing when I have a much larger potential audience, and I think the result is much better when I only have to ask myself, "How will the authors of the paper (and the editor) understand this?" and not, "How will a random person on the internet understand this?" |
182,520 | For transparency, I would like to share my accepted papers' **anonymous** peer reviews, if my coauthors unanimously agree. Some journals partner with websites such as openreview.net (which share reviews even for rejected papers), others may have that included in their process, but in most cases, nothing is said about sharing reviews **by the authors** (though it is sometimes explicitly said that reviews cannot be shared by the reviewers).
Are there any ethical issues with that?
I could perhaps see intellectual property issues (are reviews the property of the journal? of the reviewers?), though in our field, journals at least allow to have the author's version of the paper downloadable from the authors' website (so, why not the accompanying reviews?). More importantly, nothing is explicitly said about that on the websites of editors and journals. | 2022/02/18 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/182520",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/153583/"
] | It is NOT a good idea to do this:
1. you risk identifying referees through their writing or formatting styles. There might be specific turns of phrases or expressions specific to a referee (especially if the referee did not write in their native language) that could be tracable to papers authored by this referee.
2. What do you do if one review is positive but another is not so positive? Do you cherry pick only the positive reviews? | Aside from copyright issues, there is the issue of basic politeness and kindness.
If you're sharing a piece of writing someone wrote privately, you should get agreement **from that person**. Not from your coauthors. If you cannot get agreement from that person, you should not share it.
If a journal partners with openreview.net or a similar website, then the reviewers know ahead of time that their reviews will be visible publicly. That's not the case if you publicize the reviews of your paper unilaterally. The reviewers were writing for an audience of you and your coauthors.
I know I for one would feel very uncomfortable if my reviews of papers were made public. I think very differently about the tone of my writing when I have a much larger potential audience, and I think the result is much better when I only have to ask myself, "How will the authors of the paper (and the editor) understand this?" and not, "How will a random person on the internet understand this?" |
20,670,969 | I am using ExecutorService to launch multiple threads.
* Thread A
* Thread B
* Thread C
and
* Thread D
* ....
* ....
Thread N
All thread started concurrently.
I am using a ConcurrentHashMap to store result of Thread A , Thread B , Thread C which can be used by Thread D in future.
Now it may happen that Thread A is still under execution when Thread D is looking for the output from Thread A.
This is applicable for Thread C which may be dependent on output of Thread D
Or Thread N which may be dependent on output of any of threads like Thread N-1 , or Thread N- 4 etc ...
What can be the best approach to handle this situation or to make thread A wait until other threads are ready with there output | 2013/12/18 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/20670969",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/3117282/"
] | I suggest having three tasks producing results which are queued into the same Executor or another executor. This way Thread D only does work when there is something to do.
A better option might be for Thread A to process its own work immediately (and the same for Thread B & C) in which case you don't need Thread D. | Sounds like you want to use join. Joining threads after starting will effectively make your program run in a liniear fashion. Thread A runs, Then B, then C then D will look for the results of the first 3 threads once thread C has finished. |
2,445 | I was just reading this question regarding [Money saving questions being on topic](https://lifehacks.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2439/are-questions-about-doing-something-cheaper-on-topic) and general premise was:
>
> IF the question can reasonably be answered with an uncommon, inexpensive solution, I wholeheartedly believe it's on-topic.
>
>
>
So I was wondering if a [cost-reduction] tag or similar would be appropriate for these types of questions?
It would make it easier to identify questions asking about money saving solutions and therefore quicker to decide whether or not they are off topic as there are no unsuitable solutions or whatever.
While this tag would mean the asker is looking for cheaper alternatives, it may be the case that none are and naturally other answers simply to fix the issue should be accepted as good answers by the OP and possibly even lead them to having to edit the question in order to omit the cost cutting element of it. | 2015/03/08 | [
"https://lifehacks.meta.stackexchange.com/questions/2445",
"https://lifehacks.meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://lifehacks.meta.stackexchange.com/users/2089/"
] | Would such a tag classify a question?
No, not really. All questions on this site are to some extent asking how to do things without spending too much money. This tag would not “identify questions asking about money saving solutions” [sic] — they all are.
“Looking for cheaper alternatives” is a matter of how the question is asked, not what answers the question is looking for. The same question without “here's a way to do it but it's too expensive” would call for the same answers, so it should have the same tag. Thus “cost reduction” is not a valid tag.
Thus, **no**, we should not have such a tag.
“Cost reduction” would be close to being a [meta tag](http://blog.stackoverflow.com/2010/08/the-death-of-meta-tags/): it doesn't really classify questions, it's a subjective classification at best (since nobody wants to pay more, all questions want something cheap to some extent), and it can't serve as the sole tag on a question. | Why not. I see no harm in adding a cost-reduction tag for those times when it's obvious this would be the effect. The ability to reduce cost is hackish. |
71,841 | I would like to prepare a photo to display it on a webpage. I would like to compress this image such that most of the image is compressed to lower quality, to reduce download size, but **a few small areas are compressed in high quality**.
The photo is an outdoor scene most of which shows foilage, but there are eight people visible walking in the foreground. If I compress the photo with JPEG set to lower quality, most of the image doesn't lose important details. However, the heads of the people visible on the image are an important focus of the image, and most of them have important details in the facial features that are lost at low quality JPEG compression. All the heads together take less than 1/200 the are of the image.
I do not believe that it is possible to solve this optimally with a single JPEG image. This is because the entire JPEG image must use the same quantizing matrix, which has to be high quality enough to be able to represent the high quality details, and also has to use the same Huffman code, so even if I encode most of the image in a special way, such as zeroing many of the cosine transform coefficients in most of the blocks, the large areas will be compressed suboptimally.
Given this, what is the **best way to represent the image on a webpage**? Can you give **examples of webpages** doing something similar? Can you point me to **instructions or software** that helps solve some of this task?
I was thinking of maybe using a low quality JPEG image that covers all the picture, and then overlaying a few other images (JPEG or PNG). I could use CSS rules to place the additional images. Alternately, I could split the image to rectangular subimages, and assemble them using a table.
To clarify, I don't need help for choosing the areas that have to be represented in high quality. I can choose those myself easily, by observing which parts of the image lose detail in a lower quality compression. | 2015/12/14 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/71841",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/14253/"
] | Compose the compressed images in a SVG file
-------------------------------------------
SVG images are [well-supported in modern browsers](http://svgtutorial.com/svg-browser-support/). You can either embed the bitmap images in the SVG file, or have the SVG link to them. Note that embedding uses base-64 encoding which adds one third to the file size.
Below is a how-to for [Inkscape](https://inkscape.org/en/). Note that you can choose whether to embed or link each image when you open/import it.
1. File > Open the large low-quality image. This creates a new SVG image with the same dimensions as the opened image.
2. File > Import the smaller high-quality images. These images are added on top of the low-quality image from step 1.
3. Place the smaller images. Note that the Inkscape coordinate system has (0, 0) in the bottom left corner.
4. File > Save As... and choose "Plain SVG".
If you chose to link the images, you will need to distribute them together with the SVG file. If you need to adjust where the links point to, you can open the SVG file in a text editor and change it there. | Using PHP and Imagick
Imagick crop : <http://php.net/manual/en/imagick.cropimage.php>
Imagick Compress:
<http://php.net/manual/en/imagick.setcompressionquality.php>
<http://php.net/manual/en/imagick.setimagecompression.php>
Imagick overlaying(merge): <http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/layers/> (or you can use css to set image point) |
71,841 | I would like to prepare a photo to display it on a webpage. I would like to compress this image such that most of the image is compressed to lower quality, to reduce download size, but **a few small areas are compressed in high quality**.
The photo is an outdoor scene most of which shows foilage, but there are eight people visible walking in the foreground. If I compress the photo with JPEG set to lower quality, most of the image doesn't lose important details. However, the heads of the people visible on the image are an important focus of the image, and most of them have important details in the facial features that are lost at low quality JPEG compression. All the heads together take less than 1/200 the are of the image.
I do not believe that it is possible to solve this optimally with a single JPEG image. This is because the entire JPEG image must use the same quantizing matrix, which has to be high quality enough to be able to represent the high quality details, and also has to use the same Huffman code, so even if I encode most of the image in a special way, such as zeroing many of the cosine transform coefficients in most of the blocks, the large areas will be compressed suboptimally.
Given this, what is the **best way to represent the image on a webpage**? Can you give **examples of webpages** doing something similar? Can you point me to **instructions or software** that helps solve some of this task?
I was thinking of maybe using a low quality JPEG image that covers all the picture, and then overlaying a few other images (JPEG or PNG). I could use CSS rules to place the additional images. Alternately, I could split the image to rectangular subimages, and assemble them using a table.
To clarify, I don't need help for choosing the areas that have to be represented in high quality. I can choose those myself easily, by observing which parts of the image lose detail in a lower quality compression. | 2015/12/14 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/71841",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/14253/"
] | Compose the compressed images in a SVG file
-------------------------------------------
SVG images are [well-supported in modern browsers](http://svgtutorial.com/svg-browser-support/). You can either embed the bitmap images in the SVG file, or have the SVG link to them. Note that embedding uses base-64 encoding which adds one third to the file size.
Below is a how-to for [Inkscape](https://inkscape.org/en/). Note that you can choose whether to embed or link each image when you open/import it.
1. File > Open the large low-quality image. This creates a new SVG image with the same dimensions as the opened image.
2. File > Import the smaller high-quality images. These images are added on top of the low-quality image from step 1.
3. Place the smaller images. Note that the Inkscape coordinate system has (0, 0) in the bottom left corner.
4. File > Save As... and choose "Plain SVG".
If you chose to link the images, you will need to distribute them together with the SVG file. If you need to adjust where the links point to, you can open the SVG file in a text editor and change it there. | Save the image once as high and once as low quality. Use these as working copies for the operations below, but keep the original version separate.
Merge the parts of the high quality image you want into the low quality image. You'd use an editor like GIMP or Photoshop and a layer mask for this.
Save the resulting image to another high quality ( or moderate quality ) image.
That final composite image will have what you want and can be distributed as you like ( assuming you have the rights to the original image ). |
71,841 | I would like to prepare a photo to display it on a webpage. I would like to compress this image such that most of the image is compressed to lower quality, to reduce download size, but **a few small areas are compressed in high quality**.
The photo is an outdoor scene most of which shows foilage, but there are eight people visible walking in the foreground. If I compress the photo with JPEG set to lower quality, most of the image doesn't lose important details. However, the heads of the people visible on the image are an important focus of the image, and most of them have important details in the facial features that are lost at low quality JPEG compression. All the heads together take less than 1/200 the are of the image.
I do not believe that it is possible to solve this optimally with a single JPEG image. This is because the entire JPEG image must use the same quantizing matrix, which has to be high quality enough to be able to represent the high quality details, and also has to use the same Huffman code, so even if I encode most of the image in a special way, such as zeroing many of the cosine transform coefficients in most of the blocks, the large areas will be compressed suboptimally.
Given this, what is the **best way to represent the image on a webpage**? Can you give **examples of webpages** doing something similar? Can you point me to **instructions or software** that helps solve some of this task?
I was thinking of maybe using a low quality JPEG image that covers all the picture, and then overlaying a few other images (JPEG or PNG). I could use CSS rules to place the additional images. Alternately, I could split the image to rectangular subimages, and assemble them using a table.
To clarify, I don't need help for choosing the areas that have to be represented in high quality. I can choose those myself easily, by observing which parts of the image lose detail in a lower quality compression. | 2015/12/14 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/71841",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/14253/"
] | The approach of making a single merged image (@StephenG) will create an image with some areas at low quality and some at high, BUT it's not going to drastically reduce the download size.
The final image needs saving at 'high quality' to preserve the detail areas (faces) but this will increase the file size of the low-quality areas too. I took a high-quality JPEG (450Kb), saved it as low quality (100Kb), reloaded and then resaved as high quality. The final file size was 300Kb. Some saving, yes, but the artefacts introduced by this process were unpleasant as well.
Personally, I'd have the low quality image as one asset, and each high quality section as another one. Use the HTML/CSS layout to position the high-quality sections directly overt the low quality ones.
An advantage is that on low bandwidth or low-resolution devices, you could simply skip the load of the hi-res sections. | Save the image once as high and once as low quality. Use these as working copies for the operations below, but keep the original version separate.
Merge the parts of the high quality image you want into the low quality image. You'd use an editor like GIMP or Photoshop and a layer mask for this.
Save the resulting image to another high quality ( or moderate quality ) image.
That final composite image will have what you want and can be distributed as you like ( assuming you have the rights to the original image ). |
71,841 | I would like to prepare a photo to display it on a webpage. I would like to compress this image such that most of the image is compressed to lower quality, to reduce download size, but **a few small areas are compressed in high quality**.
The photo is an outdoor scene most of which shows foilage, but there are eight people visible walking in the foreground. If I compress the photo with JPEG set to lower quality, most of the image doesn't lose important details. However, the heads of the people visible on the image are an important focus of the image, and most of them have important details in the facial features that are lost at low quality JPEG compression. All the heads together take less than 1/200 the are of the image.
I do not believe that it is possible to solve this optimally with a single JPEG image. This is because the entire JPEG image must use the same quantizing matrix, which has to be high quality enough to be able to represent the high quality details, and also has to use the same Huffman code, so even if I encode most of the image in a special way, such as zeroing many of the cosine transform coefficients in most of the blocks, the large areas will be compressed suboptimally.
Given this, what is the **best way to represent the image on a webpage**? Can you give **examples of webpages** doing something similar? Can you point me to **instructions or software** that helps solve some of this task?
I was thinking of maybe using a low quality JPEG image that covers all the picture, and then overlaying a few other images (JPEG or PNG). I could use CSS rules to place the additional images. Alternately, I could split the image to rectangular subimages, and assemble them using a table.
To clarify, I don't need help for choosing the areas that have to be represented in high quality. I can choose those myself easily, by observing which parts of the image lose detail in a lower quality compression. | 2015/12/14 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/71841",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/14253/"
] | Using PHP and Imagick
Imagick crop : <http://php.net/manual/en/imagick.cropimage.php>
Imagick Compress:
<http://php.net/manual/en/imagick.setcompressionquality.php>
<http://php.net/manual/en/imagick.setimagecompression.php>
Imagick overlaying(merge): <http://www.imagemagick.org/Usage/layers/> (or you can use css to set image point) | Save the image once as high and once as low quality. Use these as working copies for the operations below, but keep the original version separate.
Merge the parts of the high quality image you want into the low quality image. You'd use an editor like GIMP or Photoshop and a layer mask for this.
Save the resulting image to another high quality ( or moderate quality ) image.
That final composite image will have what you want and can be distributed as you like ( assuming you have the rights to the original image ). |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | [Spider-Man (aka Iron Spider)](http://spiderman.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rBKbd.jpg)
This suit was first seen in Amazing Spider-Man #529, and has also appeared in various other instances, including the [Ultimate Spider-Man](http://thedailybugle.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor) cartoon.
---
[Various characters](http://ifanboy.com/articles/top-5-people-whove-worn-the-iron-man-armor-besides-pepper-potts-and-jim-rhodes/) have borrowed the Iron Man armour - either to fill in for Stark, or using one of his spare suits to provide extra firepower.
* [Pepper Potts](http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/9/93/Rescue_Earth-616.jpg)
* Eddie March
* Happy Hogan
* [Mary Jane Watson](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-azCu7KZ4DVc/VfMdW5la9XI/AAAAAAAAAGs/YilwqhZxQGAzJlTI1hnjasbHFtc3RscrACL0B/w450-h213-no/Mary-Jane.jpg) (yes, Spider-Man's girlfriend)
What-If issues have even seen [Captain Britain](http://www.4thletter.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/bogeys.jpg) and *[Aunt May](http://ifanboy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/earthinvincibleoldie1.jpg)* suit up.
---
There have also been several ["alternative" versions of Iron Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Iron_Man), often members of Tony Stark's family in different time periods.
* 1602: Anthony Stark as [Lord Iron](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Anthony_Stark_(Earth-311))
* 2020: Arno Stark
* 2093: Andros Stark
* 2099: [Sonny Frisco](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Sonny_Frisco_(Earth-23291))
* 3030: [Rhodey Stark](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Rhodey_Stark_(Earth-12665))
* [Steve Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Points_(comics)) in Bullet Points alternate timeline
* [Natasha Stark](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natasha_Stark_(Earth-3490)) in Earth-3490
* [Hal Stark](http://dc.wikia.com/wiki/Harold_Stark_(Amalgam_Universe)) as Iron Lantern in the DC/Marvel crossover Amalgam Universe | In *What If?* (1977) #3, we saw an entire team of Avengers wearing Stark armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gt2Xw.png)
In this alternate reality, when the Hulk left the Avengers after their second adventure, the team actually broke up: Iron Man felt it was their responsibility to bring the Hulk back in, to prevent him from causing damage; Thor decided that nothing was explicitly tying them together and went off to do god-type stuff in Asgard; and Giant-Man left (taking the Wasp with him) feeling that being 12 feet tall wasn't much of a power, compared to the Hulk, Thor, and Iron Man.
Tony continued to pursue the Hulk, fighting him once, unsuccessfully. After the Hulk teamed up with the Sub-Mariner (as he did in *Avengers* (1963) #3), Tony decided he needed a team to succeed.
So he called in Hank and Jan, as well as Rick Jones (who had sent out the SOS that brought the team together in the first place, and was the Hulk's side-kick of sorts at the time). He presented them wiht their own suits of armor, to help overcome Hank's objections:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fJM5j.jpg)
The Giant-Man and Wasp suits basically worked along with what they already had (increased strength, flight, stings for Wasp); Rick's armor let him become immaterial (or phase, as we'd say today).
While initial training went badly, leading the three to leave, they came back together to help Tony fight the Hulk and Subby. The fight didn't go great, but (thanks in no small part to the Hulk's friendship with Rick Jones) they did prevent the two menaces from becoming a major danger. |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | Pepper pots receives a suit of armor in the comics and is a recurring Hero as [Rescue](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Virginia_Potts_(Earth-616)) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UPYPC.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KrjV5.jpg)
Pepper pots in Iron Man 3, has also worn the iron man suit.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1U9dS.jpg) | Squirrelgirl and Tippy Toe also wore the Iron Man suit in "The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl". [(related)](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/98878/why-could-squirrel-girl-access-the-iron-man-suit)
They use the suit to defeat Whiplash and Galactus. [wikipedia source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl#The_Unbeatable_Squirrel_Girl)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ExKqR.jpg) |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | ### One of the first suits of armor ever made by Tony Stark to be worn by anyone else was the [Guardsman](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Guardsman_Armor) suit of armor. First appearance: Iron Man #43, (November, 1971). The Guardsman armor was made as, first a backup suit of armor for Stark and then later sold as a low-power suit of Iron Man-like armor to be licensed to certain contractors such as **[Project Pegasus](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Project_P.E.G.A.S.U.S._%28Earth-616%29)**.
>
> With his troublesome heart condition, Stark wanted to create a cheaper, scaled-down version of Iron Man, to be used as a back-up; He based the armor's design loosely on his then-current MK IV Armor, only without the many of the extra details (Perhaps most notably the anti-gravity pods on each hip and the "cuffed" gloves and boots); Making it very sleek and form-fitting. The helmet was similar to the Iron Man armor only without the mouth section, and a "less human" face compared to Stark's own armor. A flaw in the cybernetic control of the original design led to the original user, Stark's friend Kevin O'Brien, being driven insane.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uyT8F.jpg)
While the armor was effective, it lacked the durability of the full, Iron Man suit and only used repulsors for its offensive weaponry. It has been modified (after the Stark Tech was removed during the Armor Wars) and is used in super-prisons and as a modified support and defense team by government agents.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dramN.jpg)
The original Guardsman suits capabilities included:
* The armor only had the basic capabilities of the Iron Man armor. It could fly, fire repulsors, and had limited life support.
* It enabled the user to lift roughly 40 tons. The armor was powered by a thermoelectric generator and had a 500 watt chemical battery as a secondary power source.
* Flight was attained through chemically fueled boot-jets that could reach 250 mph and would allow a lift capacity of 1,500 lbs. It was vastly superior to Stark's original armor, being faster, sleeker, more lightweight, as well as overall more efficient.
* Despite being loosely based on Stark's MK IV armor in terms of appearance, Tony made sure not to make the Guardsman armor his equal.
Mandroids
---------
Another Stark armor design which also appeared in the Avengers in December 1971, the Mandroids were licensed to SHIELD as a heavy weapons support platform. Bristling with offensive weaponry, they were a multi-purpose platform designed to deal with any level of threat including superhumans.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DEka6.jpg)
>
> Mandroids were originally designed by Tony Stark and built for use by S.H.I.E.L.D.. The concept was to provide the wearer with extensive offensive options so they could respond to various threats, including those from super-powered humans. Since then, Mandroid armor has been utilized by several criminals including Moses Magnum.
>
>
> * The Mandroid power armor is constructed of a titanium alloy that provides enhanced protection from all types of attack; the suit also offers a life support systems.
> * Sensors include infrared scanners and radar/sonar, along with a full-range radio and intercom system. The suits increase the wearer's strength and durability to superhuman levels (a Mandroid once threw a car at Iron Man).
> * The main armament is the array of weaponry: electrostatic beams, lasers, magnetic force "punch-blasters", "neuro-stunners", and tractor/repellor beams.
>
>
>
---
Other Armor Designs
-------------------
In addition to these armors designed by Stark, he made several other armors which were either customized for other users (War Machine, James Rhodes), or designed entirely from scratch such as the Rescue Armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gaXaX.jpg)
**[Rescue](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Virginia_Potts_%28Earth-616%29)**, (Pepper Potts)
>
> In a story similar to Tony’s, Pepper was severely injured, and given cybernetic enhancements to survive (created primarily by Tony himself). Tony also made her a suit of armor: the Mark 1616.
>
> Her suit is primarily for search and rescue operations and defense so doesn’t come with the kind of weaponry that most of his do. However, it does include defensive weaponry and a range of useful gadgets.
>
>
>
**[The Iron Spider](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor)** (Worn originally by Peter Parker):The most recent design custom designed by Stark was the famed Iron Spider Armor worn by Spider-Man during a period when he lost his famed "spider-sense" and had begun wearing armor to offset his loss of preternatural awareness which made his combat style so effective. Spider-Man had already tried several designs before Stark created this specialized rig.
Parker would later abandon the first Iron Spider armor when he changed to the anti-registration side during the Civil War saga. Parker would recreate the armor once he established his own company, Parker Industries. Once his spider-sense returned he abandoned the armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/f69c6.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9sB5D.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/s48R4.jpg)
This armor is likely one of the most sophisticated designs Iron Man has ever created outside of his own armors. The suit boasted numerous abilities which allowed Spider-Man to continue using his own powers and expanded his abilities significantly. It most impressive design elements included:
>
> * Spinnerette/Stinger Access Ports: allowing Spider-Man to use his natural Webbing and Stingers.
> * Waldoes: The Iron Spider Armor possessed three mechanical spider-arms, or "waldoes," created from rapidly grown mono-atomic iron alloy crystal. These could be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. The waldoes even have small grippers at the tips working as pseudo fingers.
> * Glider Device: It could glide via mesh webbing on its arms. The pseudo web form is a biodegradable filament generator. This allows for controlled gliding.
> * Enhanced Chestpiece: A foamed titanium nitrile fabric chestpiece has body contoured and articulated panels to support the occupant. The chestpiece contains the highest concentration of Kasimir Plate Batteries-- nano-scale power generating devices that exploit "zero point" energy. Can generate 1.2kWatts at peak demand.
> * Mask Filter: A self-cleaning electrostatic precipitation system allows for full Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Filtration. It also had an 8 minutes worth compressed air capacity, which helped in situations underwater.
> * Enhanced Lenses: The Headpiece contains large area holographic lensing to allow for long eye-relief and panoramic real-world/-time viewing. Includes several optical spectrum modes with synthesized information overlay.
> * Constituent Costume Containment: Part of the costume could detach itself to cover an object too dangerous to touch, such as a radioactive asteroid.
> * Multifunctional Layers: The Iron Spider Armor has a total of 17 layers throughout its workings, with each performing a different, separate and important function.
> * Light Emitting Plastic Layer: Allows for camouflage(but the darker the surface that Spider-Man blends to the better the the camouflage )and also allows Spider-Man to change the color and style of his suit(e.g. he changed it to the symbiote suit color and his normal red and blue and back)
> * The suit offered a variety of life support, environmental blending and extensive communication technologies comparable with most of Stark's armor designs as well.
>
>
>
---
The Armor Wars:
---------------
Adding to Stark's woes were suits of armor based on his designs. These were suits whose underlying technological infrastructure was based on his technology but was stolen and purchased from an underground dealer (most likely Justin Hammer, stolen by a mercenary named The Ghost). This includes armors Stark would later destroy during a series called the Armor Wars.
The Raiders, Stiltman, the Controller, the Crimson Dynamo, the Mandroids and the Guardsmen were all-based on Stark designs and he would later destroy or nullify any of the Stark-tech within these suits when he decided to take back his armor-designs for fear of its extreme weaponization.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/oiNZH.jpg)
**[Force](http://marvel.com/universe/Force):** The mercenary-scientist, Clay Wilson, while under the employ of Justin Hammer created an advance suit of armor utilizing his force field technology and unwittingly hardware derived from stolen Stark-Tech. He would be the catalyst for the Armor Wars, driving Stark to find out how many suits of armor in the world were illegally using his technology.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zmxjo.jpg)
**[The Raiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_%28comics%29)**: The Raiders first feature in the title Iron Man, when they suddenly appear during a technology trade show and cause property damage until the arrival of the hero Iron Man. The trio skirmish with Iron Man for a moment, with one of the Raiders using acid to damage the hero's armor. During a second battle at a live boxing match, Iron Man defeats all three Raiders. The trio are revealed to be the employees of Edwin Cord, a corporate rival of Tony Stark (Iron Man's alter ego). Each of the Raider suits provide the wearer with greater durability and flight, and offer varying weapons systems.
>
> * "Raider 1" is equipped with wristbands that can generate bullets; acid and lasers;
> * "Raider 2" is equipped with a net capable of syphoning energy and a protective shield that absorbs energy attacks and
> * "Raider 3" has two wrist weapons that project and amplify sonic waves in concentrated form.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fyxsz.jpg)
**[Firepower](http://marvel.com/universe/Firepower_%28Jack_Taggert%29)**: Jack Taggert worked on Project: Firepower as the pilot for the experimental suit. The government sponsored the program stating that it was for soldiers in the next war, and to control rogue super beings; when in reality it was to stop riots. Jack trained on a simulator learning to operate the suit and take down Iron Man. The Firepower suit was indeed based on Stark-tech and proved remarkably effective. Taggard actually fought Iron Man to a standstill before Stark upgrades his own suit and destroys the Firepower platform in a later battle.
>
> * The suit contains a particle cannon on its wrist as well as heat beams, lasers, mini-grenades and surface-to-air missiles. The suit’s main weapon is the high energy, low radiation missile know as the Terminax.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CrWXX.jpg)
Other armors which "borrowed" from Stark's designs included [**the Controller**](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Basil_Sandhurst_%28Earth-616%29), **[Stilt Man](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Wilbur_Day_%28Earth-616%29)**, the first [**Titanium Man**](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Boris_Bullski_%28Earth-616%29) armor and the first **[Crimson Dynamo](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Dimitri_Bukharin_%28Earth-616%29)** armor.
In recent years, **[the Iron Patriot](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Patriot_Armor)** used by Norman Osborne was based on Stark's older designs (stolen from Justin Hammer) and was later destroyed (by Stark).
---
Ultimates Earth-1610
--------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bXu6J.jpg)
**[Iron Widow](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natalia_Romanova_%28Earth-1610%29)** (Natalia Romanova); Earth 1610: From the Ultimates Earth, Tony Stark designed a suit of powered armor for his bride to be, Natalia Romanova but they had difficulty deciding what to name it. Most of the time it can be found under the "Iron Widow" armor.
>
> * Her Stark-designed armor gave her tremendous superhuman strength and durability, the capacity for supersonic flight, and assorted built-in weapons such as repulsor rays, wrist-mounted machine guns and mind-impairing "thought-scramblers".
>
>
>
---
### See Also:
* [When the Armed forces analysed Stark's Mark II armour why didn't they build an army of them?](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/54319/when-the-armed-forces-analysed-starks-mark-ii-armour-why-didnt-they-build-an-a) | In *What If?* (1977) #3, we saw an entire team of Avengers wearing Stark armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gt2Xw.png)
In this alternate reality, when the Hulk left the Avengers after their second adventure, the team actually broke up: Iron Man felt it was their responsibility to bring the Hulk back in, to prevent him from causing damage; Thor decided that nothing was explicitly tying them together and went off to do god-type stuff in Asgard; and Giant-Man left (taking the Wasp with him) feeling that being 12 feet tall wasn't much of a power, compared to the Hulk, Thor, and Iron Man.
Tony continued to pursue the Hulk, fighting him once, unsuccessfully. After the Hulk teamed up with the Sub-Mariner (as he did in *Avengers* (1963) #3), Tony decided he needed a team to succeed.
So he called in Hank and Jan, as well as Rick Jones (who had sent out the SOS that brought the team together in the first place, and was the Hulk's side-kick of sorts at the time). He presented them wiht their own suits of armor, to help overcome Hank's objections:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fJM5j.jpg)
The Giant-Man and Wasp suits basically worked along with what they already had (increased strength, flight, stings for Wasp); Rick's armor let him become immaterial (or phase, as we'd say today).
While initial training went badly, leading the three to leave, they came back together to help Tony fight the Hulk and Subby. The fight didn't go great, but (thanks in no small part to the Hulk's friendship with Rick Jones) they did prevent the two menaces from becoming a major danger. |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | [Spider-Man (aka Iron Spider)](http://spiderman.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rBKbd.jpg)
This suit was first seen in Amazing Spider-Man #529, and has also appeared in various other instances, including the [Ultimate Spider-Man](http://thedailybugle.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor) cartoon.
---
[Various characters](http://ifanboy.com/articles/top-5-people-whove-worn-the-iron-man-armor-besides-pepper-potts-and-jim-rhodes/) have borrowed the Iron Man armour - either to fill in for Stark, or using one of his spare suits to provide extra firepower.
* [Pepper Potts](http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/9/93/Rescue_Earth-616.jpg)
* Eddie March
* Happy Hogan
* [Mary Jane Watson](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-azCu7KZ4DVc/VfMdW5la9XI/AAAAAAAAAGs/YilwqhZxQGAzJlTI1hnjasbHFtc3RscrACL0B/w450-h213-no/Mary-Jane.jpg) (yes, Spider-Man's girlfriend)
What-If issues have even seen [Captain Britain](http://www.4thletter.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/bogeys.jpg) and *[Aunt May](http://ifanboy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/earthinvincibleoldie1.jpg)* suit up.
---
There have also been several ["alternative" versions of Iron Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Iron_Man), often members of Tony Stark's family in different time periods.
* 1602: Anthony Stark as [Lord Iron](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Anthony_Stark_(Earth-311))
* 2020: Arno Stark
* 2093: Andros Stark
* 2099: [Sonny Frisco](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Sonny_Frisco_(Earth-23291))
* 3030: [Rhodey Stark](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Rhodey_Stark_(Earth-12665))
* [Steve Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Points_(comics)) in Bullet Points alternate timeline
* [Natasha Stark](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natasha_Stark_(Earth-3490)) in Earth-3490
* [Hal Stark](http://dc.wikia.com/wiki/Harold_Stark_(Amalgam_Universe)) as Iron Lantern in the DC/Marvel crossover Amalgam Universe | Black Widow wore a black suit of Iron Man armour for a while in the Ultimates as well
[Natalia Romanova (Earth-1610)](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natalia_Romanova_(Earth-1610))
>
> After accepting a marriage proposal from Tony Stark, he presented her with a black suit of Iron Man armor as an engagement present, along with a set of nanites bonded to her skin to control the armor.
>
>
> |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | During the "Dark Reign" story arc, Norman Osborne wears a Stark-designed armour in his incarnation as the Iron Patriot (as compared to the movie Iron Patriot piloted by Rhodes)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/H8nDl.jpg)
Another related one would be the American Son armour. Although "designed" by Osborne, the majority of it is reverse engineered Stark-tech, and as such I'm including it for completeness.
Worn by Harry Osborne, and later by Gabriel Stacy.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Ok6w.png) | Squirrelgirl and Tippy Toe also wore the Iron Man suit in "The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl". [(related)](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/98878/why-could-squirrel-girl-access-the-iron-man-suit)
They use the suit to defeat Whiplash and Galactus. [wikipedia source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl#The_Unbeatable_Squirrel_Girl)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ExKqR.jpg) |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | During the "Dark Reign" story arc, Norman Osborne wears a Stark-designed armour in his incarnation as the Iron Patriot (as compared to the movie Iron Patriot piloted by Rhodes)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/H8nDl.jpg)
Another related one would be the American Son armour. Although "designed" by Osborne, the majority of it is reverse engineered Stark-tech, and as such I'm including it for completeness.
Worn by Harry Osborne, and later by Gabriel Stacy.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/5Ok6w.png) | Black Widow wore a black suit of Iron Man armour for a while in the Ultimates as well
[Natalia Romanova (Earth-1610)](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natalia_Romanova_(Earth-1610))
>
> After accepting a marriage proposal from Tony Stark, he presented her with a black suit of Iron Man armor as an engagement present, along with a set of nanites bonded to her skin to control the armor.
>
>
> |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | ### One of the first suits of armor ever made by Tony Stark to be worn by anyone else was the [Guardsman](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Guardsman_Armor) suit of armor. First appearance: Iron Man #43, (November, 1971). The Guardsman armor was made as, first a backup suit of armor for Stark and then later sold as a low-power suit of Iron Man-like armor to be licensed to certain contractors such as **[Project Pegasus](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Project_P.E.G.A.S.U.S._%28Earth-616%29)**.
>
> With his troublesome heart condition, Stark wanted to create a cheaper, scaled-down version of Iron Man, to be used as a back-up; He based the armor's design loosely on his then-current MK IV Armor, only without the many of the extra details (Perhaps most notably the anti-gravity pods on each hip and the "cuffed" gloves and boots); Making it very sleek and form-fitting. The helmet was similar to the Iron Man armor only without the mouth section, and a "less human" face compared to Stark's own armor. A flaw in the cybernetic control of the original design led to the original user, Stark's friend Kevin O'Brien, being driven insane.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uyT8F.jpg)
While the armor was effective, it lacked the durability of the full, Iron Man suit and only used repulsors for its offensive weaponry. It has been modified (after the Stark Tech was removed during the Armor Wars) and is used in super-prisons and as a modified support and defense team by government agents.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dramN.jpg)
The original Guardsman suits capabilities included:
* The armor only had the basic capabilities of the Iron Man armor. It could fly, fire repulsors, and had limited life support.
* It enabled the user to lift roughly 40 tons. The armor was powered by a thermoelectric generator and had a 500 watt chemical battery as a secondary power source.
* Flight was attained through chemically fueled boot-jets that could reach 250 mph and would allow a lift capacity of 1,500 lbs. It was vastly superior to Stark's original armor, being faster, sleeker, more lightweight, as well as overall more efficient.
* Despite being loosely based on Stark's MK IV armor in terms of appearance, Tony made sure not to make the Guardsman armor his equal.
Mandroids
---------
Another Stark armor design which also appeared in the Avengers in December 1971, the Mandroids were licensed to SHIELD as a heavy weapons support platform. Bristling with offensive weaponry, they were a multi-purpose platform designed to deal with any level of threat including superhumans.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DEka6.jpg)
>
> Mandroids were originally designed by Tony Stark and built for use by S.H.I.E.L.D.. The concept was to provide the wearer with extensive offensive options so they could respond to various threats, including those from super-powered humans. Since then, Mandroid armor has been utilized by several criminals including Moses Magnum.
>
>
> * The Mandroid power armor is constructed of a titanium alloy that provides enhanced protection from all types of attack; the suit also offers a life support systems.
> * Sensors include infrared scanners and radar/sonar, along with a full-range radio and intercom system. The suits increase the wearer's strength and durability to superhuman levels (a Mandroid once threw a car at Iron Man).
> * The main armament is the array of weaponry: electrostatic beams, lasers, magnetic force "punch-blasters", "neuro-stunners", and tractor/repellor beams.
>
>
>
---
Other Armor Designs
-------------------
In addition to these armors designed by Stark, he made several other armors which were either customized for other users (War Machine, James Rhodes), or designed entirely from scratch such as the Rescue Armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gaXaX.jpg)
**[Rescue](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Virginia_Potts_%28Earth-616%29)**, (Pepper Potts)
>
> In a story similar to Tony’s, Pepper was severely injured, and given cybernetic enhancements to survive (created primarily by Tony himself). Tony also made her a suit of armor: the Mark 1616.
>
> Her suit is primarily for search and rescue operations and defense so doesn’t come with the kind of weaponry that most of his do. However, it does include defensive weaponry and a range of useful gadgets.
>
>
>
**[The Iron Spider](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor)** (Worn originally by Peter Parker):The most recent design custom designed by Stark was the famed Iron Spider Armor worn by Spider-Man during a period when he lost his famed "spider-sense" and had begun wearing armor to offset his loss of preternatural awareness which made his combat style so effective. Spider-Man had already tried several designs before Stark created this specialized rig.
Parker would later abandon the first Iron Spider armor when he changed to the anti-registration side during the Civil War saga. Parker would recreate the armor once he established his own company, Parker Industries. Once his spider-sense returned he abandoned the armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/f69c6.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9sB5D.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/s48R4.jpg)
This armor is likely one of the most sophisticated designs Iron Man has ever created outside of his own armors. The suit boasted numerous abilities which allowed Spider-Man to continue using his own powers and expanded his abilities significantly. It most impressive design elements included:
>
> * Spinnerette/Stinger Access Ports: allowing Spider-Man to use his natural Webbing and Stingers.
> * Waldoes: The Iron Spider Armor possessed three mechanical spider-arms, or "waldoes," created from rapidly grown mono-atomic iron alloy crystal. These could be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. The waldoes even have small grippers at the tips working as pseudo fingers.
> * Glider Device: It could glide via mesh webbing on its arms. The pseudo web form is a biodegradable filament generator. This allows for controlled gliding.
> * Enhanced Chestpiece: A foamed titanium nitrile fabric chestpiece has body contoured and articulated panels to support the occupant. The chestpiece contains the highest concentration of Kasimir Plate Batteries-- nano-scale power generating devices that exploit "zero point" energy. Can generate 1.2kWatts at peak demand.
> * Mask Filter: A self-cleaning electrostatic precipitation system allows for full Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Filtration. It also had an 8 minutes worth compressed air capacity, which helped in situations underwater.
> * Enhanced Lenses: The Headpiece contains large area holographic lensing to allow for long eye-relief and panoramic real-world/-time viewing. Includes several optical spectrum modes with synthesized information overlay.
> * Constituent Costume Containment: Part of the costume could detach itself to cover an object too dangerous to touch, such as a radioactive asteroid.
> * Multifunctional Layers: The Iron Spider Armor has a total of 17 layers throughout its workings, with each performing a different, separate and important function.
> * Light Emitting Plastic Layer: Allows for camouflage(but the darker the surface that Spider-Man blends to the better the the camouflage )and also allows Spider-Man to change the color and style of his suit(e.g. he changed it to the symbiote suit color and his normal red and blue and back)
> * The suit offered a variety of life support, environmental blending and extensive communication technologies comparable with most of Stark's armor designs as well.
>
>
>
---
The Armor Wars:
---------------
Adding to Stark's woes were suits of armor based on his designs. These were suits whose underlying technological infrastructure was based on his technology but was stolen and purchased from an underground dealer (most likely Justin Hammer, stolen by a mercenary named The Ghost). This includes armors Stark would later destroy during a series called the Armor Wars.
The Raiders, Stiltman, the Controller, the Crimson Dynamo, the Mandroids and the Guardsmen were all-based on Stark designs and he would later destroy or nullify any of the Stark-tech within these suits when he decided to take back his armor-designs for fear of its extreme weaponization.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/oiNZH.jpg)
**[Force](http://marvel.com/universe/Force):** The mercenary-scientist, Clay Wilson, while under the employ of Justin Hammer created an advance suit of armor utilizing his force field technology and unwittingly hardware derived from stolen Stark-Tech. He would be the catalyst for the Armor Wars, driving Stark to find out how many suits of armor in the world were illegally using his technology.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zmxjo.jpg)
**[The Raiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_%28comics%29)**: The Raiders first feature in the title Iron Man, when they suddenly appear during a technology trade show and cause property damage until the arrival of the hero Iron Man. The trio skirmish with Iron Man for a moment, with one of the Raiders using acid to damage the hero's armor. During a second battle at a live boxing match, Iron Man defeats all three Raiders. The trio are revealed to be the employees of Edwin Cord, a corporate rival of Tony Stark (Iron Man's alter ego). Each of the Raider suits provide the wearer with greater durability and flight, and offer varying weapons systems.
>
> * "Raider 1" is equipped with wristbands that can generate bullets; acid and lasers;
> * "Raider 2" is equipped with a net capable of syphoning energy and a protective shield that absorbs energy attacks and
> * "Raider 3" has two wrist weapons that project and amplify sonic waves in concentrated form.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fyxsz.jpg)
**[Firepower](http://marvel.com/universe/Firepower_%28Jack_Taggert%29)**: Jack Taggert worked on Project: Firepower as the pilot for the experimental suit. The government sponsored the program stating that it was for soldiers in the next war, and to control rogue super beings; when in reality it was to stop riots. Jack trained on a simulator learning to operate the suit and take down Iron Man. The Firepower suit was indeed based on Stark-tech and proved remarkably effective. Taggard actually fought Iron Man to a standstill before Stark upgrades his own suit and destroys the Firepower platform in a later battle.
>
> * The suit contains a particle cannon on its wrist as well as heat beams, lasers, mini-grenades and surface-to-air missiles. The suit’s main weapon is the high energy, low radiation missile know as the Terminax.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CrWXX.jpg)
Other armors which "borrowed" from Stark's designs included [**the Controller**](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Basil_Sandhurst_%28Earth-616%29), **[Stilt Man](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Wilbur_Day_%28Earth-616%29)**, the first [**Titanium Man**](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Boris_Bullski_%28Earth-616%29) armor and the first **[Crimson Dynamo](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Dimitri_Bukharin_%28Earth-616%29)** armor.
In recent years, **[the Iron Patriot](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Patriot_Armor)** used by Norman Osborne was based on Stark's older designs (stolen from Justin Hammer) and was later destroyed (by Stark).
---
Ultimates Earth-1610
--------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bXu6J.jpg)
**[Iron Widow](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natalia_Romanova_%28Earth-1610%29)** (Natalia Romanova); Earth 1610: From the Ultimates Earth, Tony Stark designed a suit of powered armor for his bride to be, Natalia Romanova but they had difficulty deciding what to name it. Most of the time it can be found under the "Iron Widow" armor.
>
> * Her Stark-designed armor gave her tremendous superhuman strength and durability, the capacity for supersonic flight, and assorted built-in weapons such as repulsor rays, wrist-mounted machine guns and mind-impairing "thought-scramblers".
>
>
>
---
### See Also:
* [When the Armed forces analysed Stark's Mark II armour why didn't they build an army of them?](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/54319/when-the-armed-forces-analysed-starks-mark-ii-armour-why-didnt-they-build-an-a) | Squirrelgirl and Tippy Toe also wore the Iron Man suit in "The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl". [(related)](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/98878/why-could-squirrel-girl-access-the-iron-man-suit)
They use the suit to defeat Whiplash and Galactus. [wikipedia source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl#The_Unbeatable_Squirrel_Girl)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ExKqR.jpg) |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | ### One of the first suits of armor ever made by Tony Stark to be worn by anyone else was the [Guardsman](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Guardsman_Armor) suit of armor. First appearance: Iron Man #43, (November, 1971). The Guardsman armor was made as, first a backup suit of armor for Stark and then later sold as a low-power suit of Iron Man-like armor to be licensed to certain contractors such as **[Project Pegasus](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Project_P.E.G.A.S.U.S._%28Earth-616%29)**.
>
> With his troublesome heart condition, Stark wanted to create a cheaper, scaled-down version of Iron Man, to be used as a back-up; He based the armor's design loosely on his then-current MK IV Armor, only without the many of the extra details (Perhaps most notably the anti-gravity pods on each hip and the "cuffed" gloves and boots); Making it very sleek and form-fitting. The helmet was similar to the Iron Man armor only without the mouth section, and a "less human" face compared to Stark's own armor. A flaw in the cybernetic control of the original design led to the original user, Stark's friend Kevin O'Brien, being driven insane.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uyT8F.jpg)
While the armor was effective, it lacked the durability of the full, Iron Man suit and only used repulsors for its offensive weaponry. It has been modified (after the Stark Tech was removed during the Armor Wars) and is used in super-prisons and as a modified support and defense team by government agents.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/dramN.jpg)
The original Guardsman suits capabilities included:
* The armor only had the basic capabilities of the Iron Man armor. It could fly, fire repulsors, and had limited life support.
* It enabled the user to lift roughly 40 tons. The armor was powered by a thermoelectric generator and had a 500 watt chemical battery as a secondary power source.
* Flight was attained through chemically fueled boot-jets that could reach 250 mph and would allow a lift capacity of 1,500 lbs. It was vastly superior to Stark's original armor, being faster, sleeker, more lightweight, as well as overall more efficient.
* Despite being loosely based on Stark's MK IV armor in terms of appearance, Tony made sure not to make the Guardsman armor his equal.
Mandroids
---------
Another Stark armor design which also appeared in the Avengers in December 1971, the Mandroids were licensed to SHIELD as a heavy weapons support platform. Bristling with offensive weaponry, they were a multi-purpose platform designed to deal with any level of threat including superhumans.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/DEka6.jpg)
>
> Mandroids were originally designed by Tony Stark and built for use by S.H.I.E.L.D.. The concept was to provide the wearer with extensive offensive options so they could respond to various threats, including those from super-powered humans. Since then, Mandroid armor has been utilized by several criminals including Moses Magnum.
>
>
> * The Mandroid power armor is constructed of a titanium alloy that provides enhanced protection from all types of attack; the suit also offers a life support systems.
> * Sensors include infrared scanners and radar/sonar, along with a full-range radio and intercom system. The suits increase the wearer's strength and durability to superhuman levels (a Mandroid once threw a car at Iron Man).
> * The main armament is the array of weaponry: electrostatic beams, lasers, magnetic force "punch-blasters", "neuro-stunners", and tractor/repellor beams.
>
>
>
---
Other Armor Designs
-------------------
In addition to these armors designed by Stark, he made several other armors which were either customized for other users (War Machine, James Rhodes), or designed entirely from scratch such as the Rescue Armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gaXaX.jpg)
**[Rescue](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Virginia_Potts_%28Earth-616%29)**, (Pepper Potts)
>
> In a story similar to Tony’s, Pepper was severely injured, and given cybernetic enhancements to survive (created primarily by Tony himself). Tony also made her a suit of armor: the Mark 1616.
>
> Her suit is primarily for search and rescue operations and defense so doesn’t come with the kind of weaponry that most of his do. However, it does include defensive weaponry and a range of useful gadgets.
>
>
>
**[The Iron Spider](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor)** (Worn originally by Peter Parker):The most recent design custom designed by Stark was the famed Iron Spider Armor worn by Spider-Man during a period when he lost his famed "spider-sense" and had begun wearing armor to offset his loss of preternatural awareness which made his combat style so effective. Spider-Man had already tried several designs before Stark created this specialized rig.
Parker would later abandon the first Iron Spider armor when he changed to the anti-registration side during the Civil War saga. Parker would recreate the armor once he established his own company, Parker Industries. Once his spider-sense returned he abandoned the armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/f69c6.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/9sB5D.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/s48R4.jpg)
This armor is likely one of the most sophisticated designs Iron Man has ever created outside of his own armors. The suit boasted numerous abilities which allowed Spider-Man to continue using his own powers and expanded his abilities significantly. It most impressive design elements included:
>
> * Spinnerette/Stinger Access Ports: allowing Spider-Man to use his natural Webbing and Stingers.
> * Waldoes: The Iron Spider Armor possessed three mechanical spider-arms, or "waldoes," created from rapidly grown mono-atomic iron alloy crystal. These could be used to see around corners (via cameras in the tips) and to manipulate objects indirectly. The waldoes even have small grippers at the tips working as pseudo fingers.
> * Glider Device: It could glide via mesh webbing on its arms. The pseudo web form is a biodegradable filament generator. This allows for controlled gliding.
> * Enhanced Chestpiece: A foamed titanium nitrile fabric chestpiece has body contoured and articulated panels to support the occupant. The chestpiece contains the highest concentration of Kasimir Plate Batteries-- nano-scale power generating devices that exploit "zero point" energy. Can generate 1.2kWatts at peak demand.
> * Mask Filter: A self-cleaning electrostatic precipitation system allows for full Nuclear, Biological and Chemical Filtration. It also had an 8 minutes worth compressed air capacity, which helped in situations underwater.
> * Enhanced Lenses: The Headpiece contains large area holographic lensing to allow for long eye-relief and panoramic real-world/-time viewing. Includes several optical spectrum modes with synthesized information overlay.
> * Constituent Costume Containment: Part of the costume could detach itself to cover an object too dangerous to touch, such as a radioactive asteroid.
> * Multifunctional Layers: The Iron Spider Armor has a total of 17 layers throughout its workings, with each performing a different, separate and important function.
> * Light Emitting Plastic Layer: Allows for camouflage(but the darker the surface that Spider-Man blends to the better the the camouflage )and also allows Spider-Man to change the color and style of his suit(e.g. he changed it to the symbiote suit color and his normal red and blue and back)
> * The suit offered a variety of life support, environmental blending and extensive communication technologies comparable with most of Stark's armor designs as well.
>
>
>
---
The Armor Wars:
---------------
Adding to Stark's woes were suits of armor based on his designs. These were suits whose underlying technological infrastructure was based on his technology but was stolen and purchased from an underground dealer (most likely Justin Hammer, stolen by a mercenary named The Ghost). This includes armors Stark would later destroy during a series called the Armor Wars.
The Raiders, Stiltman, the Controller, the Crimson Dynamo, the Mandroids and the Guardsmen were all-based on Stark designs and he would later destroy or nullify any of the Stark-tech within these suits when he decided to take back his armor-designs for fear of its extreme weaponization.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/oiNZH.jpg)
**[Force](http://marvel.com/universe/Force):** The mercenary-scientist, Clay Wilson, while under the employ of Justin Hammer created an advance suit of armor utilizing his force field technology and unwittingly hardware derived from stolen Stark-Tech. He would be the catalyst for the Armor Wars, driving Stark to find out how many suits of armor in the world were illegally using his technology.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/zmxjo.jpg)
**[The Raiders](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Raiders_%28comics%29)**: The Raiders first feature in the title Iron Man, when they suddenly appear during a technology trade show and cause property damage until the arrival of the hero Iron Man. The trio skirmish with Iron Man for a moment, with one of the Raiders using acid to damage the hero's armor. During a second battle at a live boxing match, Iron Man defeats all three Raiders. The trio are revealed to be the employees of Edwin Cord, a corporate rival of Tony Stark (Iron Man's alter ego). Each of the Raider suits provide the wearer with greater durability and flight, and offer varying weapons systems.
>
> * "Raider 1" is equipped with wristbands that can generate bullets; acid and lasers;
> * "Raider 2" is equipped with a net capable of syphoning energy and a protective shield that absorbs energy attacks and
> * "Raider 3" has two wrist weapons that project and amplify sonic waves in concentrated form.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fyxsz.jpg)
**[Firepower](http://marvel.com/universe/Firepower_%28Jack_Taggert%29)**: Jack Taggert worked on Project: Firepower as the pilot for the experimental suit. The government sponsored the program stating that it was for soldiers in the next war, and to control rogue super beings; when in reality it was to stop riots. Jack trained on a simulator learning to operate the suit and take down Iron Man. The Firepower suit was indeed based on Stark-tech and proved remarkably effective. Taggard actually fought Iron Man to a standstill before Stark upgrades his own suit and destroys the Firepower platform in a later battle.
>
> * The suit contains a particle cannon on its wrist as well as heat beams, lasers, mini-grenades and surface-to-air missiles. The suit’s main weapon is the high energy, low radiation missile know as the Terminax.
>
>
>
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/CrWXX.jpg)
Other armors which "borrowed" from Stark's designs included [**the Controller**](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Basil_Sandhurst_%28Earth-616%29), **[Stilt Man](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Wilbur_Day_%28Earth-616%29)**, the first [**Titanium Man**](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Boris_Bullski_%28Earth-616%29) armor and the first **[Crimson Dynamo](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Dimitri_Bukharin_%28Earth-616%29)** armor.
In recent years, **[the Iron Patriot](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Patriot_Armor)** used by Norman Osborne was based on Stark's older designs (stolen from Justin Hammer) and was later destroyed (by Stark).
---
Ultimates Earth-1610
--------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bXu6J.jpg)
**[Iron Widow](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natalia_Romanova_%28Earth-1610%29)** (Natalia Romanova); Earth 1610: From the Ultimates Earth, Tony Stark designed a suit of powered armor for his bride to be, Natalia Romanova but they had difficulty deciding what to name it. Most of the time it can be found under the "Iron Widow" armor.
>
> * Her Stark-designed armor gave her tremendous superhuman strength and durability, the capacity for supersonic flight, and assorted built-in weapons such as repulsor rays, wrist-mounted machine guns and mind-impairing "thought-scramblers".
>
>
>
---
### See Also:
* [When the Armed forces analysed Stark's Mark II armour why didn't they build an army of them?](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/54319/when-the-armed-forces-analysed-starks-mark-ii-armour-why-didnt-they-build-an-a) | Black Widow wore a black suit of Iron Man armour for a while in the Ultimates as well
[Natalia Romanova (Earth-1610)](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natalia_Romanova_(Earth-1610))
>
> After accepting a marriage proposal from Tony Stark, he presented her with a black suit of Iron Man armor as an engagement present, along with a set of nanites bonded to her skin to control the armor.
>
>
> |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | Pepper pots receives a suit of armor in the comics and is a recurring Hero as [Rescue](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Virginia_Potts_(Earth-616)) [](https://i.stack.imgur.com/UPYPC.jpg)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/KrjV5.jpg)
Pepper pots in Iron Man 3, has also worn the iron man suit.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/1U9dS.jpg) | In *What If?* (1977) #3, we saw an entire team of Avengers wearing Stark armor.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Gt2Xw.png)
In this alternate reality, when the Hulk left the Avengers after their second adventure, the team actually broke up: Iron Man felt it was their responsibility to bring the Hulk back in, to prevent him from causing damage; Thor decided that nothing was explicitly tying them together and went off to do god-type stuff in Asgard; and Giant-Man left (taking the Wasp with him) feeling that being 12 feet tall wasn't much of a power, compared to the Hulk, Thor, and Iron Man.
Tony continued to pursue the Hulk, fighting him once, unsuccessfully. After the Hulk teamed up with the Sub-Mariner (as he did in *Avengers* (1963) #3), Tony decided he needed a team to succeed.
So he called in Hank and Jan, as well as Rick Jones (who had sent out the SOS that brought the team together in the first place, and was the Hulk's side-kick of sorts at the time). He presented them wiht their own suits of armor, to help overcome Hank's objections:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/fJM5j.jpg)
The Giant-Man and Wasp suits basically worked along with what they already had (increased strength, flight, stings for Wasp); Rick's armor let him become immaterial (or phase, as we'd say today).
While initial training went badly, leading the three to leave, they came back together to help Tony fight the Hulk and Subby. The fight didn't go great, but (thanks in no small part to the Hulk's friendship with Rick Jones) they did prevent the two menaces from becoming a major danger. |
127,069 | Tony Stark is not the only person to wear a suit of Iron Man-like armor made by Tony Stark.
[War Machine](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/War_Machine) wears one. In [Avengers Assemble](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avengers_Assemble_%28TV_series%29), Falcon wears one, although it's not as robust as the ones worn by Iron Man or War Machine.
**Has Tony ever made any armor for anyone else?**
I'm asking about armor either initially designed for Tony but then regularly worn by someone else, or specifically designed for someone else. Someone wearing the Iron Man suit for five minutes one time would not count.
I'd be interested in answers from basically any official Marvel property, whether it's a comic, a What If? story, a movie, or a TV show. | 2016/05/05 | [
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/127069",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com",
"https://scifi.stackexchange.com/users/44184/"
] | [Spider-Man (aka Iron Spider)](http://spiderman.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor)
---------------------------------------------------------------------------------
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/rBKbd.jpg)
This suit was first seen in Amazing Spider-Man #529, and has also appeared in various other instances, including the [Ultimate Spider-Man](http://thedailybugle.wikia.com/wiki/Iron_Spider_Armor) cartoon.
---
[Various characters](http://ifanboy.com/articles/top-5-people-whove-worn-the-iron-man-armor-besides-pepper-potts-and-jim-rhodes/) have borrowed the Iron Man armour - either to fill in for Stark, or using one of his spare suits to provide extra firepower.
* [Pepper Potts](http://vignette2.wikia.nocookie.net/marveldatabase/images/9/93/Rescue_Earth-616.jpg)
* Eddie March
* Happy Hogan
* [Mary Jane Watson](https://lh3.googleusercontent.com/-azCu7KZ4DVc/VfMdW5la9XI/AAAAAAAAAGs/YilwqhZxQGAzJlTI1hnjasbHFtc3RscrACL0B/w450-h213-no/Mary-Jane.jpg) (yes, Spider-Man's girlfriend)
What-If issues have even seen [Captain Britain](http://www.4thletter.net/wp-content/uploads/2009/12/bogeys.jpg) and *[Aunt May](http://ifanboy.com/wp-content/uploads/2013/05/earthinvincibleoldie1.jpg)* suit up.
---
There have also been several ["alternative" versions of Iron Man](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alternative_versions_of_Iron_Man), often members of Tony Stark's family in different time periods.
* 1602: Anthony Stark as [Lord Iron](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Anthony_Stark_(Earth-311))
* 2020: Arno Stark
* 2093: Andros Stark
* 2099: [Sonny Frisco](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Sonny_Frisco_(Earth-23291))
* 3030: [Rhodey Stark](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Rhodey_Stark_(Earth-12665))
* [Steve Rogers](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bullet_Points_(comics)) in Bullet Points alternate timeline
* [Natasha Stark](http://marvel.wikia.com/wiki/Natasha_Stark_(Earth-3490)) in Earth-3490
* [Hal Stark](http://dc.wikia.com/wiki/Harold_Stark_(Amalgam_Universe)) as Iron Lantern in the DC/Marvel crossover Amalgam Universe | Squirrelgirl and Tippy Toe also wore the Iron Man suit in "The Unbeatable Squirrel Girl". [(related)](https://scifi.stackexchange.com/questions/98878/why-could-squirrel-girl-access-the-iron-man-suit)
They use the suit to defeat Whiplash and Galactus. [wikipedia source](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squirrel_Girl#The_Unbeatable_Squirrel_Girl)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ExKqR.jpg) |
265,617 | I am planning to build a mini zip wire for my son in our garage. The use case for this for him to safely practice grinds and jumps without falling and injuring himself.
A similar approach has been used by another skater here: <https://www.northwestskater.com/harness.html> which shows a skate harness in use.
Here is a mockup of how it would look in our garage.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/07CDl.jpg)
The skater would be able to jump/slide along the rail at the bottom of the image, while using the zipwire attached between two points attached to beams in the garage roof.
Building the zip wire assembly and harness should be straightforward.
The issue I need advice on is how to suspend the assembly from the garage joists. These are 6x2s, 3.125 metres long (see image).
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/nmQU4.jpg)
The problem is load bearing and suspension clearance. I thought of sistering the affected joists and inserting an eyebolt with a backing plate at each end to attach the assembly.
But the problem with this approach is that it doesn't allow clearance for the zip wire and cable trolley to move underneath the beams.
The approach I am currently considering has been used to suspend punchbags from similar garage joists. I saw this image in another thread:
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/On58V.jpg)
I was thinking of doing something similar, but also allowing the eyebolt to protrude further out from the bottom, to allow clearance for the zip wire trolley to move freely.
Does any see any structural issues with suspending this kind of assembly in this way? The load bearing will be to catch my son if he trips or falls from the rail below, rather than sustained hanging from the zip wire. It's only intended as a 'safety net' if he falls.
Any advice welcome.
EDIT
The following image shows the importance of suspending the attachment points for either end of the zip wire below the level of the joists, to enable the zip wire trolley to roll freely along the length of the steel wire.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/gqM02.jpg) | 2023/01/27 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/265617",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/162133/"
] | If the cable is meant to catch your son falling you have to think about the forces of that. It's not fixed weight such as of a punching bag, or of your son (e.g. there are lots of questions here about installing chin-up bars). If he begins falling and is caught after attaining some speed, the force on the cable will be high.
On top of that, the position of your son along the cable will cause various different forces on the joists.
Assuming the cable goes front to back of the garage, across the joists.
If you just attach to joists with screw eyes, even if you sister them, and if he falls in the middle of the run, the force on the screws will want to tear them out the sides of the joists, and may just do that. I don't know how to calculate that and I wouldn't want to rely on it.
I like the picture of the block across two joists. Instead of using a screw eye, run a bolt through the TOP of the block, and hang a chain between both sides of the bolt. This avoids the problem of the screw eye tearing out of the block and gains you maximum strength in all directions from the block and the two joists.
Even better, screw a rail across all the joists and use a carriage to suspend a cable that will always hang vertically from the rail. This spreads the load across more joists and keeps the forces uniform if he falls from different positions along the cable. You could use commercial door hardware for this or perhaps buy "strut channel" from a local store (to avoid high shipping costs) and buy "trolley for strut channel" online. You'd have to shop around for the most heavy duty combination of trolley and channel that you can source easily. | Install blocking, similar to the punching bag example provided, that is deeper or offset and thus protrudes beyond the bottom of the joists.
Fasten to joists with end nails or end screws (use structural screws).
Hangers -as in the example- will not be possible due to the desired protrusion, and are an odd way to overkill blocking anyway.
For extra strength install several such blocking members as a sandwich/laminate (fastened into joist and fastened together like a laminar beam).
Optionally install a further piece of **strapping lumber** flat against the protruding lip, i.e. the block edges, on the side of the zip line. This is piece is parallel to the joist and may offer a larger surface area for mounting screws, without concerns about the lamination seams.
If you space the blocking pieces, rather than laminate them, you can use **through-bolts** to attach the cable mounting plate, since you'll have access behind the strapping lumber.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/ht4FK.png)
The strapping should be fastened with screws not nails. Use at least two blocking members, and drop the blocking sufficiently to allow for 2 screws per block through the strapping, each 1in vertically apart. Use structural screws or lag screws for their increased bending strength and thread grab.
You can also first install deeper strapping lumber against the joist on the blocking side, and then add the blocking. This eliminates the risk of strapping pull out.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/Fovu0.png)
You can add further non-protruding blocking in the adjacent joist bay, above the dashed red zip line. Install it staggered so that you can end-nail/screw both sets of blocking. |
230,840 | I have a flash drive and I want to recover some files from it. Can I take a dd image of the device and perform the recovery operation on dd image instead? Does it have the same results when performing recovery using software on physical flash drive? | 2020/04/30 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/230840",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/193629/"
] | >
> Can Company A read/redirect/mitm the traffic of company B?
>
>
>
Not on a professional VPN service. Secure network configuration is a basic property of those services. So I believe that any reputable VPN service will configure their networks in a way that this attack is not possible.
>
> What happens if both connections terminate in the network of the service provider?
>
>
>
On a minimally well configured network? Nothing interesting happens. The VPN server will be configured with *interface isolation*, *user isolation*, *guest isolation*, or something like this, depending on the vendor. That means that any traffic coming from the guest can only be sent to the gateway, not to other addresses on the same network. And the gateway is configured to not route packets from the internal network to another address on the internal network.
>
> Is there a security risk? What are the attack vectors or security risks?
>
>
>
The main security risk is a misconfiguration somehow. But a reputable VPN provider will mostly sure have Change Management Process in place to take care of that.
So there's no risk? There's always a risk when you don't control all your infrastructure. But the risk is lower than it seems. Take into account that your own employees can mismanage things, allow external access to internal servers, leak credentials, so nothing is 100% secure. | Each VPN connection involves the main risk that both company A and company B are trusting the service provider, the service provider is also trusting them.
Ideally there will be a firewall ruleset at the service provider that restricts the network / application access that each company has in the service provider's network and allows nothing more. I would assume it should not allow any communication between the two companies.
Additionally the service provider might have a separate dedicated network for each customer, further isolating the traffic.
The risks that are possible are any that could happen on any network - clients infected with malware, malicious attackers scanning for vulnerabilities, and so on. Most are minimised by restricting network access and ideally using network segmentation.
A MITM attack would not be the first I would think of, as I would assume the VPN traffic is allowed for connections from company A to the service provider only, but the traffic would have to come in the other direction for such interception (company B sends connections to the malicious company A proxy) |
10,461 | i tried to search, but not much luck.
hey,
i have noticed some people on the internet suggest buying a PTHD9 license on ebay rather than buying PT9 (as for the price you get the feature set of PT9 + the complete production toolkit) for roughly the same price as PT9 by itself.
now, im still a student for a few more weeks and i could get PT9 for roughly $300AUD. but is it worth paying a bit more to get basically the CPTK, i understand you dont get the HD only features without the hardware.
it just seems a little dodgey to me to buy a HD licence and then have them transfer the ilok code to you or whatever they do. and i kinda think it will be better to go full legit and just buy the PT9.
BTW im on a MBP 2010 and its more for learning and stuff at home. so i guess the features you get with the CPTK wont be necessary straight away but would be nice maybe for the future.
thanks heaps
Jamie | 2011/09/21 | [
"https://sound.stackexchange.com/questions/10461",
"https://sound.stackexchange.com",
"https://sound.stackexchange.com/users/1117/"
] | I recently purchased a DOA MBox 2 Mini and CPTK1 license specifically for the upgrade path to PT9 + CPTK2. It saved me about $800US. iLok licenses were transferred and re-registered to my account. It was a completely legit transaction, everything runs smoothly, it just required a little bargain hunting.
For me, the features you get with the CPTK are worth the upgrade for the higher track count, VCAs, advanced automation / editing modes, and the proposed "seamless" integration with HD systems (I have yet to personally put this feature into action). The one disappointment was that I'll have to purchase the Neyrink and X-Form plug-ins as they weren't included with the CPTK1 license that I bought. So if you go the upgrade route, be certain of what you are and aren't purchasing.
If you're simply trying to learn, I'd say save your money and just go with PT9. Learning the fundamentals & core functionality of the system should be priority one. After you have mastered that (and possibly earned a little money off your knowledge) continue down the path to expand your knowledge and toolset. | The biggest differences between 9(HD) and 9 with the CPTK are TDM processing, input monitoring, system latency, and reliable track count.
TDM processing is great for mixing, but you will obviously pay more for it. You will also pay more for plug-ins that are designed to work with the TDM chips versus what you would for RTAS/Native plug-ins. Input monitoring is useful, but not game changing (bigger in the music community than in the post/design community). System latency is system latency. It goes (from lowest to highest): TDM HD, HD Native, Native. As for track count, this is going to be dictated by your system. Even TDM HD systems have track counts that are limited by the number of TDM cards you have.
To put this in perspective, I have a session that I've run at both home (PT9+CPTK) and work (TDM HD3 system), and neither one can run the full track count. I've had plans to break it out for more detailed pre-mixes anyways, but it was an interesting test.
As far as eBay purchases go, you have to be EXTREMELY careful. Most of the HD systems that you are seeing up for auction are being resold by someone (rarely are they the original owner). The problem is this...if they aren't the original owner, they may not have all the necessary data and authorization to complete the "change of ownership" process. If you can't get that done, you're going to have a very hard time getting your system registered with Avid. If you can't get it registered with Avid, you will not be able to upgrade the software unless you end up buying **yet another** used license down the road...repeating any time you want to upgrade.
If you decide to purchase a used LE system for the upgrade path (as Steve did), make sure that the owner hasn't already used it themselves to upgrade to 9. There are a number of people who have upgraded using the serial number on their hardware, then sold the hardware because it was no longer required. Only 1 upgrade to 9 is allowed per hardware unit. Meaning you could be in a similar situation to what I described with the HD systems.
Summation...9 with CPTK is pretty powerful, and you're going to have to be involved in some very serious work to notive a measurable difference between 9 and 9HD...and make sure you're educated and ask the right questions before buying ANY used Pro Tools systems/licenses (be they 9 or 9HD). |
13,615,391 | I know how to pull, commit, and push in git to update my local in repository of bitbucket, but I don't have an idea about how to update my website that's located in host using git. | 2012/11/28 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/13615391",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/875192/"
] | if the server allows you install/configure git you may like use post hooks.
Pretty much configure origin to your running host and on pushing to certain branches make it also push to origin and compile if needed. | If your server has git (can allow you to install git) (you can also install a 'portable' version of git that doesn't require elevated privileges), you can 'use' git to do your deployment (in a way).
You have your dev code in a branch. Clone this repo onto your server. Branch this code with a name such as 'production'. Make all of the necessary setup changes to get your dev code to work on server (change settings files, change configuration files, .htaccess files, etc...).
Now add commits to this branch and push to your repo.
In the future, when you do changes in your dev environment, you can just rebase your production branch onto the new head of the dev branch (I'd tag the current production branch with a version number just to have an easy way to go back quickly). This makes it quick and trivial to use git for deployment as you already have all of the changes necessary to move from dev to production (i have an intermediate step there of a staging branch). |
22,691 | I found some sheets of zinc sulfide in my basement that phosphoresce green for up to 24 hours or so after exposure to bright light in the violet range or shorter. One of the first things I tried was drawing on it with a violet laser pointer (405nm, 5mW) and as expected it draws bright lines. What I found more surprising was that I can 'erase' the phosphorescent lines if I focus my green laser onto them. I've determined with some color filters that it's infrared at 1064nm leaking from the green laser causing the erasure. This erasure does not appear to damage the panel in any way, once erased the erased spot can be lit back up to full brightness normally.
How is this infrared light erasing the panel, and how effective would other infrared wavelengths be at doing this? | 2012/03/22 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/22691",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/7111/"
] | Thanks to @Manishearth for the edit
In normal phosphorescence, the atoms are in a "metastable" state--where electrons are in a higher energy level, but do not immediately come to ground state due to partial stability. The electrons come down slowly, giving rise to the (relatively) long lasting glow.
The IR light frees away the electrons from the shallow metastable trap. It's like the usual chemical reaction, where the IR light provides enough activation energy to overcome the barrier. Basically, the IR light promotes the electrons to a higher, *non-metastable* "energy level" (virtual state). From here, the electron jumps down nearly immediately--dumping all its energy. So, instead of the electrons trickling down like in normal phosphescence, they all come down in a torrent.
The same experiment was performed by this guy: <http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v29/i3/pxxv_s2>
>
> The effect has been explained by the assumption that the long-wave radiation frees electrons from shallow trapping centers into which they have fallen after being excited to the conduction band by the ultraviolet light. The freed electrons recombine quickly with ionized luminous centers with the emmision of light. More recent investigations indicate that probably other processes also are involved.
>
>
> | I'm not sure of this one, comments appreciated.
*Update: See @pcr's answer--it links to the correct explanation. In this, the IR rays, instead of doing stimulated emission as I said,* promote *the trapped electron to a higher non-metastable state. From there, it comes back down. The rest is similar to my answer--substitute "lower intermediate state" with "higher state", and remove the stimulated emission part.*
To me, it looks like [stimulated emission](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission) is occuring.
Phosphorescence works by exciting electrons to an energy level where they sort of get stuck. They come down to the ground state slowly(as in only a few at a time), and each electron coming down to the ground state emits a photon of charateristic color. Due to the slowness of the whole thing, we get light for quite a while.
Here, you are shining light at it. What's happening is that photons of a certain wavelength are stimulating the "stuck" electron to come to some other state--not the ground state as you stated that the light you shone is IR and ZnS is usually in the visible range. From this other state, it jumps to the ground state. This entire process is a fast one, so basically all the trapped electrons are dumped in one go. I guess this should be accompanied by a flash of light, but it may be too weak compared to the laser to be seen.
If this is the case, then most of the other IR wavelengths will be ineffective. Only a wavelength corresponding to a transition between the "stuck" energy level and some lower level will work.
Note: As @TerryBollinger noted below, the mechanism may also involve a variant of [two photon emission](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon_absorption). It's not required to explain this phenomenon; the above mechanism seems to cover all bases, but it still is a possibility. |
22,691 | I found some sheets of zinc sulfide in my basement that phosphoresce green for up to 24 hours or so after exposure to bright light in the violet range or shorter. One of the first things I tried was drawing on it with a violet laser pointer (405nm, 5mW) and as expected it draws bright lines. What I found more surprising was that I can 'erase' the phosphorescent lines if I focus my green laser onto them. I've determined with some color filters that it's infrared at 1064nm leaking from the green laser causing the erasure. This erasure does not appear to damage the panel in any way, once erased the erased spot can be lit back up to full brightness normally.
How is this infrared light erasing the panel, and how effective would other infrared wavelengths be at doing this? | 2012/03/22 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/22691",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/7111/"
] | I'm not sure of this one, comments appreciated.
*Update: See @pcr's answer--it links to the correct explanation. In this, the IR rays, instead of doing stimulated emission as I said,* promote *the trapped electron to a higher non-metastable state. From there, it comes back down. The rest is similar to my answer--substitute "lower intermediate state" with "higher state", and remove the stimulated emission part.*
To me, it looks like [stimulated emission](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stimulated_emission) is occuring.
Phosphorescence works by exciting electrons to an energy level where they sort of get stuck. They come down to the ground state slowly(as in only a few at a time), and each electron coming down to the ground state emits a photon of charateristic color. Due to the slowness of the whole thing, we get light for quite a while.
Here, you are shining light at it. What's happening is that photons of a certain wavelength are stimulating the "stuck" electron to come to some other state--not the ground state as you stated that the light you shone is IR and ZnS is usually in the visible range. From this other state, it jumps to the ground state. This entire process is a fast one, so basically all the trapped electrons are dumped in one go. I guess this should be accompanied by a flash of light, but it may be too weak compared to the laser to be seen.
If this is the case, then most of the other IR wavelengths will be ineffective. Only a wavelength corresponding to a transition between the "stuck" energy level and some lower level will work.
Note: As @TerryBollinger noted below, the mechanism may also involve a variant of [two photon emission](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Two-photon_absorption). It's not required to explain this phenomenon; the above mechanism seems to cover all bases, but it still is a possibility. | It is notable that this phenomena is actually described going all the way back to the late 19th century in the literature. And here is a nice paper back to 1911 that describes it in some detail. (And available for free!)
<http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1911ApJ....34..173I> |
22,691 | I found some sheets of zinc sulfide in my basement that phosphoresce green for up to 24 hours or so after exposure to bright light in the violet range or shorter. One of the first things I tried was drawing on it with a violet laser pointer (405nm, 5mW) and as expected it draws bright lines. What I found more surprising was that I can 'erase' the phosphorescent lines if I focus my green laser onto them. I've determined with some color filters that it's infrared at 1064nm leaking from the green laser causing the erasure. This erasure does not appear to damage the panel in any way, once erased the erased spot can be lit back up to full brightness normally.
How is this infrared light erasing the panel, and how effective would other infrared wavelengths be at doing this? | 2012/03/22 | [
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/questions/22691",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com",
"https://physics.stackexchange.com/users/7111/"
] | Thanks to @Manishearth for the edit
In normal phosphorescence, the atoms are in a "metastable" state--where electrons are in a higher energy level, but do not immediately come to ground state due to partial stability. The electrons come down slowly, giving rise to the (relatively) long lasting glow.
The IR light frees away the electrons from the shallow metastable trap. It's like the usual chemical reaction, where the IR light provides enough activation energy to overcome the barrier. Basically, the IR light promotes the electrons to a higher, *non-metastable* "energy level" (virtual state). From here, the electron jumps down nearly immediately--dumping all its energy. So, instead of the electrons trickling down like in normal phosphescence, they all come down in a torrent.
The same experiment was performed by this guy: <http://ajp.aapt.org/resource/1/ajpias/v29/i3/pxxv_s2>
>
> The effect has been explained by the assumption that the long-wave radiation frees electrons from shallow trapping centers into which they have fallen after being excited to the conduction band by the ultraviolet light. The freed electrons recombine quickly with ionized luminous centers with the emmision of light. More recent investigations indicate that probably other processes also are involved.
>
>
> | It is notable that this phenomena is actually described going all the way back to the late 19th century in the literature. And here is a nice paper back to 1911 that describes it in some detail. (And available for free!)
<http://adsabs.harvard.edu/full/1911ApJ....34..173I> |
75,536 | I am having issues both with filezilla and with gftp.
Basically, when I attempt an upload or a download, Filezilla just crashes and closes down, while gftp sometimes says it cannot open the destination folder although what I'm trying to upload is a file.
Any suggestion on how to solve this?
I'm using Ubuntu 11.10 | 2011/11/04 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/75536",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/25835/"
] | I fixed it by following this [guide](http://wiki.wxpython.org/InstallingOnUbuntuOrDebian):
basically i needed to upgrade/update my wxwidgets | I can say you that is a [bug when you drag and drog](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/filezilla/+bug/886315) a file and using gnome-shell.
just do it the follow :
* Right click on the file
* add file to queue
then double click on the file in the queue process and process the queue :
and that is all....
 |
75,536 | I am having issues both with filezilla and with gftp.
Basically, when I attempt an upload or a download, Filezilla just crashes and closes down, while gftp sometimes says it cannot open the destination folder although what I'm trying to upload is a file.
Any suggestion on how to solve this?
I'm using Ubuntu 11.10 | 2011/11/04 | [
"https://askubuntu.com/questions/75536",
"https://askubuntu.com",
"https://askubuntu.com/users/25835/"
] | I fixed it by following this [guide](http://wiki.wxpython.org/InstallingOnUbuntuOrDebian):
basically i needed to upgrade/update my wxwidgets | It depends on wxwidgets version. You should install 2.8.12, instead of 2.8.11 provided in Oneiric official repos.
Find the source on <http://wxwidgets.org/> (you'll have to compile it by yourself) or type the following in a terminal:
sudo add-apt-repository ppa:n-muench/programs-ppa
sudo apt-get update
sudo apt-get upgrade
Enjoy! |
72,314 | I recently went to a conference for a software product we utilize at my company. During one of the presentations they stated that users should not allow the individual .mdb files to grow above 64GB, and referenced a MS article as their source stating that you should create a second data file before allowing your database to grow this big. I do not have access to that link now, and I cannot find any information to support their claim. Has anyone heard anything like this before, according to msdn the maximum file sizes listed [here](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) do not support their statement in the least.
I do know that there are other concerns besides hard size limits such as time to copy to a new location etc, but all things being equal in our installation I would rather keep one data file unless there is a compelling reason to split it up. | 2009/10/07 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/72314",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13972/"
] | [This](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) indicates 16 terabytes as the max. Was their product some type of backup product for SQL? | If that is true, we're totally stuffed. We have an MDB that's well and truly > 64gb.
That said, there are compelling reasons to split it up if you have massive tables that have easilly partitionable information (i.e. all records A-K on one disk, L-Z on another). I set this up many many years ago and I don't remember much about it at all, but it made sense in their situation. |
72,314 | I recently went to a conference for a software product we utilize at my company. During one of the presentations they stated that users should not allow the individual .mdb files to grow above 64GB, and referenced a MS article as their source stating that you should create a second data file before allowing your database to grow this big. I do not have access to that link now, and I cannot find any information to support their claim. Has anyone heard anything like this before, according to msdn the maximum file sizes listed [here](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) do not support their statement in the least.
I do know that there are other concerns besides hard size limits such as time to copy to a new location etc, but all things being equal in our installation I would rather keep one data file unless there is a compelling reason to split it up. | 2009/10/07 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/72314",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13972/"
] | First, SQL Server uses MDF, NDF, and LDF files. Access uses MDB files. Just be clear you're using SQL Server as the database and not Access.
According to the maximum capacity specifications, the file size limit is 16TB for data files (mdf, ldf) and 2TB for log files (ldf). <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx>
The database size in total is 524TB. There are people running systems with 100+TB, so I think you're OK for now.
I have had SQL 2000 databases that were 700GB in size, with files that were over 100GB. You still have some room. | [This](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) indicates 16 terabytes as the max. Was their product some type of backup product for SQL? |
72,314 | I recently went to a conference for a software product we utilize at my company. During one of the presentations they stated that users should not allow the individual .mdb files to grow above 64GB, and referenced a MS article as their source stating that you should create a second data file before allowing your database to grow this big. I do not have access to that link now, and I cannot find any information to support their claim. Has anyone heard anything like this before, according to msdn the maximum file sizes listed [here](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) do not support their statement in the least.
I do know that there are other concerns besides hard size limits such as time to copy to a new location etc, but all things being equal in our installation I would rather keep one data file unless there is a compelling reason to split it up. | 2009/10/07 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/72314",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13972/"
] | [This](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) indicates 16 terabytes as the max. Was their product some type of backup product for SQL? | All the database files on my server are well over 64 Gigs. DB is about 1 TB over a few drives. |
72,314 | I recently went to a conference for a software product we utilize at my company. During one of the presentations they stated that users should not allow the individual .mdb files to grow above 64GB, and referenced a MS article as their source stating that you should create a second data file before allowing your database to grow this big. I do not have access to that link now, and I cannot find any information to support their claim. Has anyone heard anything like this before, according to msdn the maximum file sizes listed [here](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) do not support their statement in the least.
I do know that there are other concerns besides hard size limits such as time to copy to a new location etc, but all things being equal in our installation I would rather keep one data file unless there is a compelling reason to split it up. | 2009/10/07 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/72314",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13972/"
] | First, SQL Server uses MDF, NDF, and LDF files. Access uses MDB files. Just be clear you're using SQL Server as the database and not Access.
According to the maximum capacity specifications, the file size limit is 16TB for data files (mdf, ldf) and 2TB for log files (ldf). <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx>
The database size in total is 524TB. There are people running systems with 100+TB, so I think you're OK for now.
I have had SQL 2000 databases that were 700GB in size, with files that were over 100GB. You still have some room. | If that is true, we're totally stuffed. We have an MDB that's well and truly > 64gb.
That said, there are compelling reasons to split it up if you have massive tables that have easilly partitionable information (i.e. all records A-K on one disk, L-Z on another). I set this up many many years ago and I don't remember much about it at all, but it made sense in their situation. |
72,314 | I recently went to a conference for a software product we utilize at my company. During one of the presentations they stated that users should not allow the individual .mdb files to grow above 64GB, and referenced a MS article as their source stating that you should create a second data file before allowing your database to grow this big. I do not have access to that link now, and I cannot find any information to support their claim. Has anyone heard anything like this before, according to msdn the maximum file sizes listed [here](http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx) do not support their statement in the least.
I do know that there are other concerns besides hard size limits such as time to copy to a new location etc, but all things being equal in our installation I would rather keep one data file unless there is a compelling reason to split it up. | 2009/10/07 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/72314",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/13972/"
] | First, SQL Server uses MDF, NDF, and LDF files. Access uses MDB files. Just be clear you're using SQL Server as the database and not Access.
According to the maximum capacity specifications, the file size limit is 16TB for data files (mdf, ldf) and 2TB for log files (ldf). <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ms143432.aspx>
The database size in total is 524TB. There are people running systems with 100+TB, so I think you're OK for now.
I have had SQL 2000 databases that were 700GB in size, with files that were over 100GB. You still have some room. | All the database files on my server are well over 64 Gigs. DB is about 1 TB over a few drives. |
81,230 | I can play harmonium and now, I want to learn piano. Both are keyboard instruments. Are both the instruments played in the same way or do I need to learn something more to play a piano? | 2019/03/10 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/81230",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/58121/"
] | Piano most certainly is not a reed instrument but a percussive string instrument. "Piano" is short for "pianoforte" and means that the instrument will sound with different loudness depending on how hard you strike the key. The tone will decay on its own with a comparatively long sustain or it can be cut off by releasing the key (unless you use the sustain pedal). A harmonium gets its sound energy from the bellows, a piano from the hammers striking strings with the strength resulting from the force with which you strike a key.
In short: the keyboard looks similar but the instruments are quite different in playing, sound, articulation. There is no point in striking the keys of a harmonium forcefully or with graduated strength. With a piano, it is the main means of expression. | Both are KEYBOARD instruments.
I play a tracker organ, acoustic piano, electronic organ and electric piano every week for various jobs and I play them exactly the same, from the weight of my arm. Arm weight equalizes everything. On the organ I leave just enough weight to "rest up" yet sustain the tone but really, it is not much different than playing legato without using the sustain pedal.
Using in/out, up/down, the pronator/supinator muscles and gravity, those movements takes the burden off the long flexors and playing is effortless. Well, unless you abduct or have a wrist deviation.
When people complain that the action may be stiff or shallow on any particular instrument it is because they are trying to play from the fingers (which don't have any muscles) and not the arm. It could also be that they have some improper movements such as abduction, ulnar or radial deviation which is getting in the way of the arm's alignment.
Piano playing is as much an athletic sport as any other. There are laws of physics and bodily ergonomics that must be adhered to. Break those laws and there will be an orthopedic surgeon in your future. If you are lucky, only mediocrity.
If you have ever taken golf lessons, you know about hand and finger placement, balancing on the balls of your feet, alignment, equal and opposite motions, rotation of the shoulders and hips. It isn't the hand that strikes the ball with the club, it is the whole body and the hands are the conduit. Playing any keyboard instrument is much the same. People who don't know this will disagree but that is okay. There are many roads to the same destination but often it is what we don't know about anatomy that holds us back.
Playing should be effortless and if it is not, there is a movement or alignment problem somewhere. |
81,230 | I can play harmonium and now, I want to learn piano. Both are keyboard instruments. Are both the instruments played in the same way or do I need to learn something more to play a piano? | 2019/03/10 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/81230",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/58121/"
] | Piano most certainly is not a reed instrument but a percussive string instrument. "Piano" is short for "pianoforte" and means that the instrument will sound with different loudness depending on how hard you strike the key. The tone will decay on its own with a comparatively long sustain or it can be cut off by releasing the key (unless you use the sustain pedal). A harmonium gets its sound energy from the bellows, a piano from the hammers striking strings with the strength resulting from the force with which you strike a key.
In short: the keyboard looks similar but the instruments are quite different in playing, sound, articulation. There is no point in striking the keys of a harmonium forcefully or with graduated strength. With a piano, it is the main means of expression. | Portable harmoniums are often played with one hand while the other pumps the bellows. Obviously, this isn't necessary on piano so you would have both hands available at all times. |
81,230 | I can play harmonium and now, I want to learn piano. Both are keyboard instruments. Are both the instruments played in the same way or do I need to learn something more to play a piano? | 2019/03/10 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/81230",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/58121/"
] | Both are KEYBOARD instruments.
I play a tracker organ, acoustic piano, electronic organ and electric piano every week for various jobs and I play them exactly the same, from the weight of my arm. Arm weight equalizes everything. On the organ I leave just enough weight to "rest up" yet sustain the tone but really, it is not much different than playing legato without using the sustain pedal.
Using in/out, up/down, the pronator/supinator muscles and gravity, those movements takes the burden off the long flexors and playing is effortless. Well, unless you abduct or have a wrist deviation.
When people complain that the action may be stiff or shallow on any particular instrument it is because they are trying to play from the fingers (which don't have any muscles) and not the arm. It could also be that they have some improper movements such as abduction, ulnar or radial deviation which is getting in the way of the arm's alignment.
Piano playing is as much an athletic sport as any other. There are laws of physics and bodily ergonomics that must be adhered to. Break those laws and there will be an orthopedic surgeon in your future. If you are lucky, only mediocrity.
If you have ever taken golf lessons, you know about hand and finger placement, balancing on the balls of your feet, alignment, equal and opposite motions, rotation of the shoulders and hips. It isn't the hand that strikes the ball with the club, it is the whole body and the hands are the conduit. Playing any keyboard instrument is much the same. People who don't know this will disagree but that is okay. There are many roads to the same destination but often it is what we don't know about anatomy that holds us back.
Playing should be effortless and if it is not, there is a movement or alignment problem somewhere. | Portable harmoniums are often played with one hand while the other pumps the bellows. Obviously, this isn't necessary on piano so you would have both hands available at all times. |
10,323,047 | Our IT folks are telling us (the dev group) we shall not have ANY files stored on our local hard drives, including our TFS working folders. This is ridiculous for a variety of reasons but until I'm convinced it's a good idea, I'll play along and when no one is looking make a local working folder.
Does anyone does have their working folder on a network share? How well does it work? Each developer would have their own folder in the share but it would be on the network. My main concerns are performance and we would need to be connected at all times in order to work. | 2012/04/25 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10323047",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/1180652/"
] | On a TFS point of view it's working without issue, but stay away from the Local Workspace of TFS/VS11.
I strongly feel for you on the compiling point of view, compiling a solution stored over the network is absolutely a disaster in term of performances.
You did not mention it but I assume your Network Share uses a Network Drive.
Btw, can I know why these guys don't want you to store files locally ? | While it's not something I would typically recommend, if that is the policy and you have to adhere to it, it might be worthwhile to consider simply having server-side development VM's that your devs RDP into. I've seen companies do this before, and the big downside is that if your not connected to the network you can't do anything.
There are some upsides too though. Being able to easily increase resources (RAM, disk space, CPU, etc) because of the virtualization infrastructure. If somebodies laptop dies they are not out of comission, just find a loaner machine and RDP into their VM and they're up and running. If somebody leaves, you have a copy of their entire working machine that you can give to their replacement. All machines can be easily backed up. Etc. Compiling, and working within VS in general should be much faster too than trying to work with a local Visual Studio reading/writing to a network drive. |
185,699 | I cannot interact with it at all after I opened the cage, neither talk nor use other skills. Wiki says it will follow you after released it. But all I can see is that it's standing there and do nothing.
Is it a bug? Am I missing something? | 2014/10/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/185699",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/79457/"
] | I talked to him, but did not have any "candy" at the time. He still followed me.
The "candy" he asks for is any meat (human, animal, etc., including items like Gila Skins). You can talk to him any time after he's released, and open a trade interface to give him "candy".
If you give him enough, eventually he announces that he's sleepy, and he will stop following you.
I do not know if he comes back at any point after that.
He does not participate in any combat, but has about 8000 points of health, so he's incredibly durable. | IIRC, you need to feed "candy" to him first. And by "candy" he means "meat". After that he follows you around. I don't remember if he actually engages in combat, I think he doesn't. So he just follows you around. Since he's very tough (at least he was in the beta) you won't get rid of him easily. |
185,699 | I cannot interact with it at all after I opened the cage, neither talk nor use other skills. Wiki says it will follow you after released it. But all I can see is that it's standing there and do nothing.
Is it a bug? Am I missing something? | 2014/10/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/185699",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/79457/"
] | talk to it to give it "Meat candy" and when it goes to sleep hit it for about 1/3 of its health bar in damage, and it will explode, for a decent chunk of XP, like 3600? you got a whopping 36000 for killing them in wastelands 1, and make sure you feed it and it goes to sleep first, or you'll end up getting like 30xp and waste your ammo, it's 20 pieces of meat to make it fall asleep, if you attack it while it's awake it hits for like 8 damage melee, it's just a joke from wasteland 1 that they put it in the game so weakly, considering the originals were no joke. also once it goes to sleep if you leave the area, you'll never see it again, ever. | IIRC, you need to feed "candy" to him first. And by "candy" he means "meat". After that he follows you around. I don't remember if he actually engages in combat, I think he doesn't. So he just follows you around. Since he's very tough (at least he was in the beta) you won't get rid of him easily. |
185,699 | I cannot interact with it at all after I opened the cage, neither talk nor use other skills. Wiki says it will follow you after released it. But all I can see is that it's standing there and do nothing.
Is it a bug? Am I missing something? | 2014/10/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/185699",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/79457/"
] | I talked to him, but did not have any "candy" at the time. He still followed me.
The "candy" he asks for is any meat (human, animal, etc., including items like Gila Skins). You can talk to him any time after he's released, and open a trade interface to give him "candy".
If you give him enough, eventually he announces that he's sleepy, and he will stop following you.
I do not know if he comes back at any point after that.
He does not participate in any combat, but has about 8000 points of health, so he's incredibly durable. | talk to it to give it "Meat candy" and when it goes to sleep hit it for about 1/3 of its health bar in damage, and it will explode, for a decent chunk of XP, like 3600? you got a whopping 36000 for killing them in wastelands 1, and make sure you feed it and it goes to sleep first, or you'll end up getting like 30xp and waste your ammo, it's 20 pieces of meat to make it fall asleep, if you attack it while it's awake it hits for like 8 damage melee, it's just a joke from wasteland 1 that they put it in the game so weakly, considering the originals were no joke. also once it goes to sleep if you leave the area, you'll never see it again, ever. |
39,386 | Is there anything out there that can work as a Dropbox style service and also serve select pages you uploaded which have server-side code?
Maybe also having some kind of integrated client - similar to how Dropbox has a folder on your local PC which will sync stuff to the cloud once you're connected to the internet?
I would really love something that can give me an SQL database to play with, also. | 2017/02/09 | [
"https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/questions/39386",
"https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwarerecs.stackexchange.com/users/24441/"
] | It might be worth taking a look at [EsherPad](http://lesquare.escherpad.com/@yang.ge/A-Collaborative-Real-time-iPython-Jupyter-Client-for-Self-hosted-Jupyter-Servers-tcwtda0jqgbb) which is a project developing a real time collaborative Jupyter notebook system.
As a Jupyter Notebook you can write markdown, code in multiple languages, execute code in the targeted kernel(s), plot graphs, etc., but all in a collaborative framework. There is a [you-tube video](https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=si0QFaDStoo) of it in action that is well worth watching more than once.
At the time of writing this is in private beta. | If you like Gists, try [GistBox](http://www.gistboxapp.com/). There are tons of features and it's searchable! Obviously it's code oriented.
If you like Wikis, try [RedMine](http://www.redmine.org/projects/redmine). It's not as flashy but if you want to add a lot of non-code documentation it might work better. |
838 | I understand the actions tendencies for fear and anger. For example: We might verbally insult someone when we are angry. We might feel like running away when we are afraid.
According to [appraisal theory](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Appraisal_theory), each specific emotion leads us to make assessment or evaluations. So, based on this theory, I don't quite understand what would would be the appraisals for fear and anger? | 2012/05/05 | [
"https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/questions/838",
"https://cogsci.stackexchange.com",
"https://cogsci.stackexchange.com/users/694/"
] | Examples of appraisals which evoke the emotion of [Fear](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fear) may include dangerous and harmful situations which results people to experience fear. Appraisal of unfair treatment is one cause of [Anger](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anger) which may lead people to behave in an uncertain or unpredictable way both physically and verbally. | By some theories (Carver and Scheier), positive emotions result when you are making progress towards a goal and negative emotions when you are not making progress towards a goal.
They differentiate between approach goals (desired end-states) and avoidance goals (undesired end-states that need to be avoided) and their research has shown that success/failure in approach and avoidance motivations/goals result in different emotions.
To simplify, as per their theory, anger (along with sadness) is associated with lack of progress in an approach motivation task. Fear is associated with lack of progress in escaping or avoiding the threat or undesired end-state. Both Anger and Fear are, in a sense, cognitive appraisals of how far (psychologically /physically) we are from a reward/threat respectively.
I write in detail about this, as well as an alternate model for what Anger and Fear code, in my recent [PT blog post](http://www.psychologytoday.com/blog/the-fundamental-four/201205/emotions-and-motivations) . |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | You will have to do some pathfinding. I'd suggest something like this: Choose grace distance, the shorter, the harder the game may be. When you add a new row fist find out in what places the player may be after travelling the grace distance. You can use an [A\*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2a_search_algorithm) search algorithm to find the group of points efficiently, then you remove any point that doesn't have a path through the currently generated rows from the group. Now you generate a new row and check that all the points in the group have a path all the way through the new row, if some of them doesn't you will have to regenerate the row.
Edit:
The pathfinding is very simple in this case, as the car can only occupy one of 8 different positions per row, so your pathfinding will never have to branch beyond 8 positions. You simply incrementally check what positions the car can reach in the next row, from the positions it may occupy in the previous row.
Edit:
Strike the A\* reference, I better just refer to [Dijkstra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm), almost the same but seems easier to understand. | Just use the last 'top-row' as reference, and generate a valid row from there (for each block, pick one at random, if it's invalid, do it again). Now valid is something you'll have to define, but my guess is 'valid' would be reachable from any of the three neighboring blocks from the reference row. |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | You will have to do some pathfinding. I'd suggest something like this: Choose grace distance, the shorter, the harder the game may be. When you add a new row fist find out in what places the player may be after travelling the grace distance. You can use an [A\*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2a_search_algorithm) search algorithm to find the group of points efficiently, then you remove any point that doesn't have a path through the currently generated rows from the group. Now you generate a new row and check that all the points in the group have a path all the way through the new row, if some of them doesn't you will have to regenerate the row.
Edit:
The pathfinding is very simple in this case, as the car can only occupy one of 8 different positions per row, so your pathfinding will never have to branch beyond 8 positions. You simply incrementally check what positions the car can reach in the next row, from the positions it may occupy in the previous row.
Edit:
Strike the A\* reference, I better just refer to [Dijkstra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm), almost the same but seems easier to understand. | Quick idea written during compile-time(curse you c++):
When placing a block make sure that the top half of the map has three columns next to each other which are free. Do that by summing up the number of black squares in each column. Then iterate through the column sums three at a time.
First check will sum column 0 1 2.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 0 as free.
Next check will sum 1 2 3.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 1 as free
After that 2 3 4
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 2 as free.
etc.
After placing a wall check that at least one of your previously tagged chunks are empty.
Redo procedure until at least one is left empty.
This method leaves you with an option for easy and hard mode where easy mode checks entire map for free spaces instead of just top half. Also, by setting an upper limit of wanted empty chunks you can increase the difficulty. Hard diff would mean that one or two chunks are allowed to be free at any time.
Hope you understand what I mean. |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | You will have to do some pathfinding. I'd suggest something like this: Choose grace distance, the shorter, the harder the game may be. When you add a new row fist find out in what places the player may be after travelling the grace distance. You can use an [A\*](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/A%2a_search_algorithm) search algorithm to find the group of points efficiently, then you remove any point that doesn't have a path through the currently generated rows from the group. Now you generate a new row and check that all the points in the group have a path all the way through the new row, if some of them doesn't you will have to regenerate the row.
Edit:
The pathfinding is very simple in this case, as the car can only occupy one of 8 different positions per row, so your pathfinding will never have to branch beyond 8 positions. You simply incrementally check what positions the car can reach in the next row, from the positions it may occupy in the previous row.
Edit:
Strike the A\* reference, I better just refer to [Dijkstra](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dijkstra%27s_algorithm), almost the same but seems easier to understand. | i know im really really REALLY late but wouldnt the simplest way to do this be to change the car so that its only 1 block thick? leaving only an incredibly small chance that the game will give you something impassable? |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | Just use the last 'top-row' as reference, and generate a valid row from there (for each block, pick one at random, if it's invalid, do it again). Now valid is something you'll have to define, but my guess is 'valid' would be reachable from any of the three neighboring blocks from the reference row. | Quick idea written during compile-time(curse you c++):
When placing a block make sure that the top half of the map has three columns next to each other which are free. Do that by summing up the number of black squares in each column. Then iterate through the column sums three at a time.
First check will sum column 0 1 2.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 0 as free.
Next check will sum 1 2 3.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 1 as free
After that 2 3 4
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 2 as free.
etc.
After placing a wall check that at least one of your previously tagged chunks are empty.
Redo procedure until at least one is left empty.
This method leaves you with an option for easy and hard mode where easy mode checks entire map for free spaces instead of just top half. Also, by setting an upper limit of wanted empty chunks you can increase the difficulty. Hard diff would mean that one or two chunks are allowed to be free at any time.
Hope you understand what I mean. |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | Rather than try to generate a field to play in that you need to check to keep valid for play, instead generate a path the vehicle can follow, then randomly add obstructions to the parts of the map not filled in by the vehicle path generated.
1D Brownian motion: (<http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/randfrac/brownian/Brownian3.html>)
If you use low frequency brownian motion for the car path, filling in cells as not-obstructable, you can then simply have a low probability function for selecting whether each non filled cell is occupied/obstructed.
This will always lead to a game that can be played, but it can also be tuned to have sparse or dense obstructions patterns. You could even have the density function be brownian too ;) | Just use the last 'top-row' as reference, and generate a valid row from there (for each block, pick one at random, if it's invalid, do it again). Now valid is something you'll have to define, but my guess is 'valid' would be reachable from any of the three neighboring blocks from the reference row. |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | Just use the last 'top-row' as reference, and generate a valid row from there (for each block, pick one at random, if it's invalid, do it again). Now valid is something you'll have to define, but my guess is 'valid' would be reachable from any of the three neighboring blocks from the reference row. | i know im really really REALLY late but wouldnt the simplest way to do this be to change the car so that its only 1 block thick? leaving only an incredibly small chance that the game will give you something impassable? |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | Rather than try to generate a field to play in that you need to check to keep valid for play, instead generate a path the vehicle can follow, then randomly add obstructions to the parts of the map not filled in by the vehicle path generated.
1D Brownian motion: (<http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/randfrac/brownian/Brownian3.html>)
If you use low frequency brownian motion for the car path, filling in cells as not-obstructable, you can then simply have a low probability function for selecting whether each non filled cell is occupied/obstructed.
This will always lead to a game that can be played, but it can also be tuned to have sparse or dense obstructions patterns. You could even have the density function be brownian too ;) | Quick idea written during compile-time(curse you c++):
When placing a block make sure that the top half of the map has three columns next to each other which are free. Do that by summing up the number of black squares in each column. Then iterate through the column sums three at a time.
First check will sum column 0 1 2.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 0 as free.
Next check will sum 1 2 3.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 1 as free
After that 2 3 4
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 2 as free.
etc.
After placing a wall check that at least one of your previously tagged chunks are empty.
Redo procedure until at least one is left empty.
This method leaves you with an option for easy and hard mode where easy mode checks entire map for free spaces instead of just top half. Also, by setting an upper limit of wanted empty chunks you can increase the difficulty. Hard diff would mean that one or two chunks are allowed to be free at any time.
Hope you understand what I mean. |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | Quick idea written during compile-time(curse you c++):
When placing a block make sure that the top half of the map has three columns next to each other which are free. Do that by summing up the number of black squares in each column. Then iterate through the column sums three at a time.
First check will sum column 0 1 2.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 0 as free.
Next check will sum 1 2 3.
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 1 as free
After that 2 3 4
If sum equals 0 tag chunk 2 as free.
etc.
After placing a wall check that at least one of your previously tagged chunks are empty.
Redo procedure until at least one is left empty.
This method leaves you with an option for easy and hard mode where easy mode checks entire map for free spaces instead of just top half. Also, by setting an upper limit of wanted empty chunks you can increase the difficulty. Hard diff would mean that one or two chunks are allowed to be free at any time.
Hope you understand what I mean. | i know im really really REALLY late but wouldnt the simplest way to do this be to change the car so that its only 1 block thick? leaving only an incredibly small chance that the game will give you something impassable? |
5,844 | I'm creating a simple top-scrolling racing game. The concept is quite simple - the player controls the car, which goes on a dynamically generated field with square blocks. Once the car hits a car, the game ends.
My first implementation was simply to put a few random blocks in each row being generated on the top of the screen, but this does lead to maps where going through is impossible.
What is the best algorithm for generating such type maps? My platform of choice is XNA and C#, if that's important.
EDIT: Here's an illustration: [(pic)](https://i.stack.imgur.com/pSlB9.png)
In this case, there's no possible way for the player to pass. | 2010/11/21 | [
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/questions/5844",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com",
"https://gamedev.stackexchange.com/users/3506/"
] | Rather than try to generate a field to play in that you need to check to keep valid for play, instead generate a path the vehicle can follow, then randomly add obstructions to the parts of the map not filled in by the vehicle path generated.
1D Brownian motion: (<http://classes.yale.edu/fractals/randfrac/brownian/Brownian3.html>)
If you use low frequency brownian motion for the car path, filling in cells as not-obstructable, you can then simply have a low probability function for selecting whether each non filled cell is occupied/obstructed.
This will always lead to a game that can be played, but it can also be tuned to have sparse or dense obstructions patterns. You could even have the density function be brownian too ;) | i know im really really REALLY late but wouldnt the simplest way to do this be to change the car so that its only 1 block thick? leaving only an incredibly small chance that the game will give you something impassable? |
1,547,028 | Can a Usb to Sata adapter similar to this [USB 3.0 to SATA](https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32984039074.html?spm=a2g0o.productlist.0.0.562d4e169PQs8T&s=p&ad_pvid=202004291056411766838294695000001002893_4&algo_pvid=771bcd1f-75b9-4d71-baff-e58c118ad3e2&algo_expid=771bcd1f-75b9-4d71-baff-e58c118ad3e2-3&btsid=0be3769015881830016746075eacc2&ws_ab_test=searchweb0_0,searchweb201602_,searchweb201603_) be used to power a smartphone from the second Usb cable when a HDD is connected to the phone? | 2020/04/29 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/1547028",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/1131473/"
] | No. The hard drive needs to **receive** power from **both** of the USB cables. | Not easily. USB is a master-slave protocol.
Master connector is what you can see in your laptop. There is only a single master on an USB bus. You can connect directly a master and many slaves. There is no way to connect masters to masters, or slaves to slaves.
Also the phones have slave connectors.
There are devices which can bridge the gap, for example they can act as a master for both the slaves. They require software support, thus they can require rooted android and rebuilt kernel (and completely impossible with any i\* thing). |
1,547,028 | Can a Usb to Sata adapter similar to this [USB 3.0 to SATA](https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32984039074.html?spm=a2g0o.productlist.0.0.562d4e169PQs8T&s=p&ad_pvid=202004291056411766838294695000001002893_4&algo_pvid=771bcd1f-75b9-4d71-baff-e58c118ad3e2&algo_expid=771bcd1f-75b9-4d71-baff-e58c118ad3e2-3&btsid=0be3769015881830016746075eacc2&ws_ab_test=searchweb0_0,searchweb201602_,searchweb201603_) be used to power a smartphone from the second Usb cable when a HDD is connected to the phone? | 2020/04/29 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/1547028",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/1131473/"
] | No. The hard drive needs to **receive** power from **both** of the USB cables. | The second cable is a power only cable meant for when a single port dosen't give enough power.
If you somehow managed to plug in a type A male cable to charge a phone (I guess you could with an OTG adaptor)... you still may not be charging it, and the drive might not have enough power to run correctly.
So... just don't be too clever . |
1,547,028 | Can a Usb to Sata adapter similar to this [USB 3.0 to SATA](https://www.aliexpress.com/item/32984039074.html?spm=a2g0o.productlist.0.0.562d4e169PQs8T&s=p&ad_pvid=202004291056411766838294695000001002893_4&algo_pvid=771bcd1f-75b9-4d71-baff-e58c118ad3e2&algo_expid=771bcd1f-75b9-4d71-baff-e58c118ad3e2-3&btsid=0be3769015881830016746075eacc2&ws_ab_test=searchweb0_0,searchweb201602_,searchweb201603_) be used to power a smartphone from the second Usb cable when a HDD is connected to the phone? | 2020/04/29 | [
"https://superuser.com/questions/1547028",
"https://superuser.com",
"https://superuser.com/users/1131473/"
] | The second cable is a power only cable meant for when a single port dosen't give enough power.
If you somehow managed to plug in a type A male cable to charge a phone (I guess you could with an OTG adaptor)... you still may not be charging it, and the drive might not have enough power to run correctly.
So... just don't be too clever . | Not easily. USB is a master-slave protocol.
Master connector is what you can see in your laptop. There is only a single master on an USB bus. You can connect directly a master and many slaves. There is no way to connect masters to masters, or slaves to slaves.
Also the phones have slave connectors.
There are devices which can bridge the gap, for example they can act as a master for both the slaves. They require software support, thus they can require rooted android and rebuilt kernel (and completely impossible with any i\* thing). |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | Of course they could, but then they could also just email themselves every time you change your password.
Now, depending on the type of system, there are plenty of regulations, audits, reviews, and processes that might be relevant to ensure that the developers don't do this, or many other types of malicious activity. However, you, as a consumer, usually do not have much insight into any of this - except for when it goes wrong, for example if they email you your original password when you ask to reset it.
But you're asking the wrong question here.
Yes, it is important that whatever systems you use are developed securely, but that will never remove the element of implicit trust you will always have in the system itself - and, in this context, the developers are equivalent to the system itself.
The real question you should be asking - and indeed you seem to be implying this - is how to protect your *other* accounts, on other systems, from a malicious developer *or system*.
The answer is simple, really - use a different password for each system.
Allow me to repeat that, for emphasis:
>
> NEVER REUSE PASSWORDS ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS.
>
>
>
Create a unique (strong, random, etc) password for each site, and never ever enter your password for SiteA on to SiteB.
Because as you intuitively noted, if SiteB has your password for SiteA in any form, then that password is no longer secure from SiteB.
Just for funsies, here is [an xkcd on this](http://xkcd.com/792/):
---
One last note, if you're starting to worry "How in heck am I going to remember a strong password independently for each different site??!!?" - take a look at [this question here on passphrases](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/6095/xkcd-936-short-complex-password-or-long-dictionary-passphrase), and also look into password managers (e.g. Password Safe, Keepass, LastPass, 1Pass, etc). | One way you can tell that they are able to get your password is if the forgotten password system is able to email you your old password. If it forces you to generate or set a new one then it's still possible that they have stored in plain text/2 way encryption though.
The other way you could tell is by signing up for a free hotmail account and signing up to a few (trusted) sites with the same password, see if anything happens.
Other than that, you can't really tell. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | You cannot know that someone will behave ethically or wisely, so:
1. Never re-use passwords across sites.
2. Decide how much information to share.
3. Withhold information that is not required, and suspect any website that asks for more info than is needed to give you a particular service.
I'm afraid that some developers aren't *forward-thinking* enough to understand the implications of an information leak for their users, so protect yourself rather than relying on others. | One way you can tell that they are able to get your password is if the forgotten password system is able to email you your old password. If it forces you to generate or set a new one then it's still possible that they have stored in plain text/2 way encryption though.
The other way you could tell is by signing up for a free hotmail account and signing up to a few (trusted) sites with the same password, see if anything happens.
Other than that, you can't really tell. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | As others have said, you can't fully know what the developers are doing with your data once you hand it over. It may give you some confidence to examine how the site operates to see if they follow security best practices on the pieces of the system visible to you.
* Do they use HTTPS on pages with sensitive info (including login)?
* Do they avoid transmitting the passphrase anywhere, including email (not even to you)?
* Do they allow for two factor authentication?
Checking these boxes doesn't guarantee they aren't doing something shady elsewhere, but it gives you a better sense of how the developers have setup the site.
As mentioned, avoiding password reuse is the most important security practice you can follow to protect yourself. | One way you can tell that they are able to get your password is if the forgotten password system is able to email you your old password. If it forces you to generate or set a new one then it's still possible that they have stored in plain text/2 way encryption though.
The other way you could tell is by signing up for a free hotmail account and signing up to a few (trusted) sites with the same password, see if anything happens.
Other than that, you can't really tell. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | Of course they could, but then they could also just email themselves every time you change your password.
Now, depending on the type of system, there are plenty of regulations, audits, reviews, and processes that might be relevant to ensure that the developers don't do this, or many other types of malicious activity. However, you, as a consumer, usually do not have much insight into any of this - except for when it goes wrong, for example if they email you your original password when you ask to reset it.
But you're asking the wrong question here.
Yes, it is important that whatever systems you use are developed securely, but that will never remove the element of implicit trust you will always have in the system itself - and, in this context, the developers are equivalent to the system itself.
The real question you should be asking - and indeed you seem to be implying this - is how to protect your *other* accounts, on other systems, from a malicious developer *or system*.
The answer is simple, really - use a different password for each system.
Allow me to repeat that, for emphasis:
>
> NEVER REUSE PASSWORDS ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS.
>
>
>
Create a unique (strong, random, etc) password for each site, and never ever enter your password for SiteA on to SiteB.
Because as you intuitively noted, if SiteB has your password for SiteA in any form, then that password is no longer secure from SiteB.
Just for funsies, here is [an xkcd on this](http://xkcd.com/792/):
---
One last note, if you're starting to worry "How in heck am I going to remember a strong password independently for each different site??!!?" - take a look at [this question here on passphrases](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/6095/xkcd-936-short-complex-password-or-long-dictionary-passphrase), and also look into password managers (e.g. Password Safe, Keepass, LastPass, 1Pass, etc). | You cannot know that someone will behave ethically or wisely, so:
1. Never re-use passwords across sites.
2. Decide how much information to share.
3. Withhold information that is not required, and suspect any website that asks for more info than is needed to give you a particular service.
I'm afraid that some developers aren't *forward-thinking* enough to understand the implications of an information leak for their users, so protect yourself rather than relying on others. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | Of course they could, but then they could also just email themselves every time you change your password.
Now, depending on the type of system, there are plenty of regulations, audits, reviews, and processes that might be relevant to ensure that the developers don't do this, or many other types of malicious activity. However, you, as a consumer, usually do not have much insight into any of this - except for when it goes wrong, for example if they email you your original password when you ask to reset it.
But you're asking the wrong question here.
Yes, it is important that whatever systems you use are developed securely, but that will never remove the element of implicit trust you will always have in the system itself - and, in this context, the developers are equivalent to the system itself.
The real question you should be asking - and indeed you seem to be implying this - is how to protect your *other* accounts, on other systems, from a malicious developer *or system*.
The answer is simple, really - use a different password for each system.
Allow me to repeat that, for emphasis:
>
> NEVER REUSE PASSWORDS ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS.
>
>
>
Create a unique (strong, random, etc) password for each site, and never ever enter your password for SiteA on to SiteB.
Because as you intuitively noted, if SiteB has your password for SiteA in any form, then that password is no longer secure from SiteB.
Just for funsies, here is [an xkcd on this](http://xkcd.com/792/):
---
One last note, if you're starting to worry "How in heck am I going to remember a strong password independently for each different site??!!?" - take a look at [this question here on passphrases](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/6095/xkcd-936-short-complex-password-or-long-dictionary-passphrase), and also look into password managers (e.g. Password Safe, Keepass, LastPass, 1Pass, etc). | As others have said, you can't fully know what the developers are doing with your data once you hand it over. It may give you some confidence to examine how the site operates to see if they follow security best practices on the pieces of the system visible to you.
* Do they use HTTPS on pages with sensitive info (including login)?
* Do they avoid transmitting the passphrase anywhere, including email (not even to you)?
* Do they allow for two factor authentication?
Checking these boxes doesn't guarantee they aren't doing something shady elsewhere, but it gives you a better sense of how the developers have setup the site.
As mentioned, avoiding password reuse is the most important security practice you can follow to protect yourself. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | Of course they could, but then they could also just email themselves every time you change your password.
Now, depending on the type of system, there are plenty of regulations, audits, reviews, and processes that might be relevant to ensure that the developers don't do this, or many other types of malicious activity. However, you, as a consumer, usually do not have much insight into any of this - except for when it goes wrong, for example if they email you your original password when you ask to reset it.
But you're asking the wrong question here.
Yes, it is important that whatever systems you use are developed securely, but that will never remove the element of implicit trust you will always have in the system itself - and, in this context, the developers are equivalent to the system itself.
The real question you should be asking - and indeed you seem to be implying this - is how to protect your *other* accounts, on other systems, from a malicious developer *or system*.
The answer is simple, really - use a different password for each system.
Allow me to repeat that, for emphasis:
>
> NEVER REUSE PASSWORDS ON DIFFERENT SYSTEMS.
>
>
>
Create a unique (strong, random, etc) password for each site, and never ever enter your password for SiteA on to SiteB.
Because as you intuitively noted, if SiteB has your password for SiteA in any form, then that password is no longer secure from SiteB.
Just for funsies, here is [an xkcd on this](http://xkcd.com/792/):
---
One last note, if you're starting to worry "How in heck am I going to remember a strong password independently for each different site??!!?" - take a look at [this question here on passphrases](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/6095/xkcd-936-short-complex-password-or-long-dictionary-passphrase), and also look into password managers (e.g. Password Safe, Keepass, LastPass, 1Pass, etc). | The only way how a website can prove it's NOT storing your password in plaintext is to never receive it in plaintext. This can be only achieved via client-side hashing script. Unless you can analyze website code and/or sniff traffic you have to assume that the admin has full knowledge of your password in plaintext.
See [this](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/23006/client-side-password-hashing) question from an admin who wanted to give his users peace of mind you seek. it has many interesting answers, albeit most of them focus on security instead of proof-of-not-storing-plaintext. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | You cannot know that someone will behave ethically or wisely, so:
1. Never re-use passwords across sites.
2. Decide how much information to share.
3. Withhold information that is not required, and suspect any website that asks for more info than is needed to give you a particular service.
I'm afraid that some developers aren't *forward-thinking* enough to understand the implications of an information leak for their users, so protect yourself rather than relying on others. | As others have said, you can't fully know what the developers are doing with your data once you hand it over. It may give you some confidence to examine how the site operates to see if they follow security best practices on the pieces of the system visible to you.
* Do they use HTTPS on pages with sensitive info (including login)?
* Do they avoid transmitting the passphrase anywhere, including email (not even to you)?
* Do they allow for two factor authentication?
Checking these boxes doesn't guarantee they aren't doing something shady elsewhere, but it gives you a better sense of how the developers have setup the site.
As mentioned, avoiding password reuse is the most important security practice you can follow to protect yourself. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | You cannot know that someone will behave ethically or wisely, so:
1. Never re-use passwords across sites.
2. Decide how much information to share.
3. Withhold information that is not required, and suspect any website that asks for more info than is needed to give you a particular service.
I'm afraid that some developers aren't *forward-thinking* enough to understand the implications of an information leak for their users, so protect yourself rather than relying on others. | The only way how a website can prove it's NOT storing your password in plaintext is to never receive it in plaintext. This can be only achieved via client-side hashing script. Unless you can analyze website code and/or sniff traffic you have to assume that the admin has full knowledge of your password in plaintext.
See [this](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/23006/client-side-password-hashing) question from an admin who wanted to give his users peace of mind you seek. it has many interesting answers, albeit most of them focus on security instead of proof-of-not-storing-plaintext. |
91,006 | I am not asking why hashing should be done. Instead, I want to know how to prevent that developers record user passwords to hack their user's other accounts, especially their email.
Couldn't they store their user's passwords in plaintext without the users knowing?
Is there any way for a user to detect/prevent this? | 2015/06/07 | [
"https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/91006",
"https://security.stackexchange.com",
"https://security.stackexchange.com/users/78094/"
] | As others have said, you can't fully know what the developers are doing with your data once you hand it over. It may give you some confidence to examine how the site operates to see if they follow security best practices on the pieces of the system visible to you.
* Do they use HTTPS on pages with sensitive info (including login)?
* Do they avoid transmitting the passphrase anywhere, including email (not even to you)?
* Do they allow for two factor authentication?
Checking these boxes doesn't guarantee they aren't doing something shady elsewhere, but it gives you a better sense of how the developers have setup the site.
As mentioned, avoiding password reuse is the most important security practice you can follow to protect yourself. | The only way how a website can prove it's NOT storing your password in plaintext is to never receive it in plaintext. This can be only achieved via client-side hashing script. Unless you can analyze website code and/or sniff traffic you have to assume that the admin has full knowledge of your password in plaintext.
See [this](https://security.stackexchange.com/questions/23006/client-side-password-hashing) question from an admin who wanted to give his users peace of mind you seek. it has many interesting answers, albeit most of them focus on security instead of proof-of-not-storing-plaintext. |
25,647,889 | I'm trying to write some C# code to create a VM in Google Compute Engine and upload and run a different, computationally heavy bit of code on it. Is this possible? I can find plenty of support for creating instances but nowhere says how I might accomplish the second part. Any help or advice would be great.
Thanks! | 2014/09/03 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/25647889",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/4004612/"
] | <https://docs.google.com/spreadsheets/d/1Hi8DDafrej7544mVEj1e4iEI-j6n6Vu2LttYaDYurOg/edit?usp=sharing>
The same addition works for the sheet above.
I formatted column A it as Currency $ and Column C as Currency British Pound (There is an option when you click at Format to add more currency and there you can pick Pounds). Looks like the addition works in this case. | $ is a character used in formulas to anchor row or column references. Try writing the number without symbols at all, and instead set the format accordingly instead.
<http://www.gcflearnfree.org/googlespreadsheets/14.3> |
83,077 | Hello Music Community,
I just received my Chinese bamboo flute of key "D", that I want to learn to play. **I want to emphasize, that I have no experience playing musical instruments whatsoever.**
The thing is, that I want to learn to play this Chinese song *Painted Heart*, for which I have found the notes (See link or picture below). But I noticed, that the notes are made for a key "C" flute, and not a key "D" as I have.
**So how can I play the song, the notes for which are written in key "C", but my flute is of key "D"?**
Is there some way to "convert" between the keys?
[Link to notes of Painted Heart](https://www.flutenotes.ph/2017/02/painted-heart-hua-xin.html)
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/vkVQc.jpg) | 2019/04/21 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/83077",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/59313/"
] | C instruments play music as it is written, and it comes out with those very notes. A 'D' instrument has to have the music written a whole tone lower, so when the player reads it, it comes out at the correct pitch.
There are two ways round the problem, assuming you can play notes as written on your instrument.
1. Simply play it as it's written. It will come out sounding a bit higher than it should, but it will still work fine.
2. Re-write all the notes out a tone lower - F becomes E♭, G becomes F, etc. Then read properly. This way, it will be in the key written - it will *sound* that way. Another plus for method 2 is that when you play with others, who use the same sort of music in the same key, it will sound right with them.
There is a no.3. Learn to play 'wrongly'. In other words, learn all the notes as if they are written out a tone higher. I did this with trumpet, which goes the other way - notes are written a tone *higher*. So I played all the 'wrong notes a tone higher than written, and I could play along with others who were using standard keys written down.
4. Obtain another flute - this time in C! | First:
The note A# in your transcription is a Bb and the key the song that you’ve copied is written is Bb (respectively G Aeolian, I‘ve edited as the final note is G).
If you don‘t play with another instrument like piano or guitar it doesn‘t matter in which key you are playing and you don‘t have to mind the tuning of your instrument.
But I think you‘d better play it in F than in Bb, as the fingerings for the b-flats are sometimes harder to learn. As you‘ll play in F it will sound in G and C-instruments will have to accompany in G. (Your D-flute is transposing a whole tone up).
The following notation is in F, when you play it as written your flute will transpose it to G. It starts with CAA (corresponding to yours @ 2:59)
<https://flat.io/score/5759f628200e86583a9e45d2-painted-heart>
(If you want to play to a video that is in Bb then you had to play transpose a whole tone down - that means in Ab - but it will be easier to find a version that you can transpose into another key.)
If I can give you an advicie: It would be better to learn reading sheet music instead of playing just from letters - as your example - or fingerings like this:
<https://gist.github.com/slimsag/2ee0626de234df0731d6923200a4f45b>
This would be more helpful and beneficial for the future. |
42,521 | What tool do you suggest for automating and managing backups in MySQL?
I manage a 15GB database and I'm looking for a tool that performs the backup procedure as fast as SQL Server does in a similar sized database?
Using the default MySQL tools is too slow, what do you recommend to speed it up? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42521",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/2221/"
] | Have you tried [xtrabackup](http://www.percona.com/docs/wiki/percona-xtrabackup:start)? Only supports InnoDB and XtraDB though.
Edit: As SaveTheRbtz has pointed out, it now appears to support MyISAM also. | I use SQLyog by [webyog](http://www.webyog.com/en/index.php) for my daily MySQL needs.
You can schedule backups to run through the Professional Edition of SQLyog and generally they're tools are a cut above MySQL's. |
42,521 | What tool do you suggest for automating and managing backups in MySQL?
I manage a 15GB database and I'm looking for a tool that performs the backup procedure as fast as SQL Server does in a similar sized database?
Using the default MySQL tools is too slow, what do you recommend to speed it up? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42521",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/2221/"
] | Have you tried [xtrabackup](http://www.percona.com/docs/wiki/percona-xtrabackup:start)? Only supports InnoDB and XtraDB though.
Edit: As SaveTheRbtz has pointed out, it now appears to support MyISAM also. | LVM snapshots from Richard Bronosky's answer will work always. If all your tables are innoDB, you may get away with mysqldump --single-transaction --all-databases.
Dump style backups take less space but are generally slower to restore because the indexes need to be recreated. Pick your poison ;) |
42,521 | What tool do you suggest for automating and managing backups in MySQL?
I manage a 15GB database and I'm looking for a tool that performs the backup procedure as fast as SQL Server does in a similar sized database?
Using the default MySQL tools is too slow, what do you recommend to speed it up? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42521",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/2221/"
] | Have you tried [xtrabackup](http://www.percona.com/docs/wiki/percona-xtrabackup:start)? Only supports InnoDB and XtraDB though.
Edit: As SaveTheRbtz has pointed out, it now appears to support MyISAM also. | It also depends what you're trying to backup against, if you're trying to protect against hardware-type failures rather than "oh-crap-what-did-I-just-DROP" moments, you can get instant (log based) off-server backups to different hardware with [MySQL replication](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/replication.html), tools like [maatkit](http://maatkit.org) can even make your replication [lag behind](http://www.maatkit.org/doc/mk-slave-delay.html) the master to try and prevent against both types of problem. |
42,521 | What tool do you suggest for automating and managing backups in MySQL?
I manage a 15GB database and I'm looking for a tool that performs the backup procedure as fast as SQL Server does in a similar sized database?
Using the default MySQL tools is too slow, what do you recommend to speed it up? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42521",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/2221/"
] | If it works for 22Gb, it will work for 15Gb. /snark Actually, this will work with any size data set. [Backing up a 22 GB MySQL database daily](https://serverfault.com/questions/9074/backing-up-22gb-mysql-db-daily/13310#13310)
I don't like tools for this kind of thing. I like processes. I script processes, then I have my own customized tool box. | I use SQLyog by [webyog](http://www.webyog.com/en/index.php) for my daily MySQL needs.
You can schedule backups to run through the Professional Edition of SQLyog and generally they're tools are a cut above MySQL's. |
42,521 | What tool do you suggest for automating and managing backups in MySQL?
I manage a 15GB database and I'm looking for a tool that performs the backup procedure as fast as SQL Server does in a similar sized database?
Using the default MySQL tools is too slow, what do you recommend to speed it up? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42521",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/2221/"
] | If it works for 22Gb, it will work for 15Gb. /snark Actually, this will work with any size data set. [Backing up a 22 GB MySQL database daily](https://serverfault.com/questions/9074/backing-up-22gb-mysql-db-daily/13310#13310)
I don't like tools for this kind of thing. I like processes. I script processes, then I have my own customized tool box. | LVM snapshots from Richard Bronosky's answer will work always. If all your tables are innoDB, you may get away with mysqldump --single-transaction --all-databases.
Dump style backups take less space but are generally slower to restore because the indexes need to be recreated. Pick your poison ;) |
42,521 | What tool do you suggest for automating and managing backups in MySQL?
I manage a 15GB database and I'm looking for a tool that performs the backup procedure as fast as SQL Server does in a similar sized database?
Using the default MySQL tools is too slow, what do you recommend to speed it up? | 2009/07/18 | [
"https://serverfault.com/questions/42521",
"https://serverfault.com",
"https://serverfault.com/users/2221/"
] | If it works for 22Gb, it will work for 15Gb. /snark Actually, this will work with any size data set. [Backing up a 22 GB MySQL database daily](https://serverfault.com/questions/9074/backing-up-22gb-mysql-db-daily/13310#13310)
I don't like tools for this kind of thing. I like processes. I script processes, then I have my own customized tool box. | It also depends what you're trying to backup against, if you're trying to protect against hardware-type failures rather than "oh-crap-what-did-I-just-DROP" moments, you can get instant (log based) off-server backups to different hardware with [MySQL replication](http://dev.mysql.com/doc/refman/5.0/en/replication.html), tools like [maatkit](http://maatkit.org) can even make your replication [lag behind](http://www.maatkit.org/doc/mk-slave-delay.html) the master to try and prevent against both types of problem. |
146,274 | I live in Rwanda, an African country that is constantly being claimed as a "quickly developing country" by multiple sources to the point of even being compared to Singapore. However, the country's currency, the [Rwandan franc](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rwandan_franc) has been slowly but surely depreciating ever since I was born. And also, the prices of normal, daily items have also been going up ever since. Frankly, I'm desperately confused. Is there any logical explanation?
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/bW9go.png)
Articles that say that Rwanda is developing:
* [Fastest-growing-economies](https://www.trtworld.com/magazine/what-makes-rwanda-one-of-africa-s-fastest-growing-economies-23410)
* [Learn-from-rwanda](https://www.devex.com/news/opinion-other-countries-can-learn-from-rwanda-s-development-metrics-101543)
* [Rwandas-high-growth-rate](https://www.borgenmagazine.com/rwandas-high-growth-rate-sustains-and-flourishes-in-2020/)
You can see a whole load of articles saying exactly this if you Google it. | 2021/11/13 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/146274",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/112930/"
] | I think inflation being higher in Rwanda than in the US is the main reason for Rwandan Frank (RWF) depreciating against USD over the long term. The annual inflation has averaged 5.2% from 2011 through 2020 in Rwanda whereas it has averaged 1.7% in the US during the same period according to the [World Bank data](https://databank.worldbank.org/Rwanda-vs-US-inflation/id/29f521bb). Meanwhile, the average annual increase in USD to RWF exchange rate has been 4.9% during the same period, also based on the World Bank data.
There could be many reasons behind consistently high inflation in an economy such as a too expansionary fiscal or monetary policy, or built-in expectations about rising prices. This [Wikipedia article on inflation](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inflation#Causes) has quite a few details if you would like to read more about it. | There could be a few explanations for this. It could be that Rwanda is actually not a quickly developing country and that the currency is slowly depreciating because the country is not doing well. It could also be that Rwanda is doing well, but that the value of the Rwandan franc is dropping because other currencies are doing better. This could be due to a number of factors, such as a strong economy or low inflation. Finally, it's also possible that prices are going up because of inflation, which is a general increase in prices over time. Inflation can be caused by a number of factors, such as high demand for goods or a decrease in the value of a currency. |
12,414 | My cat particularly likes it when I bring out the cat-teaser (essentially a fake 'bird' on a stick). He makes a great deal of effort in catching it, and I assume he's enjoying himself.
Now my question is, what's going through the cat's mind? Does he know it's a game/practice for hunting, and is enjoying himself, or does he actually think he's hunting something he can't really eat - and therefore a disappointing waste of time?
I sometimes consider whether I should feed him a treat or something after playing with him to give him the whole experience of the hunt - if it's the latter case. | 2016/06/02 | [
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/questions/12414",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com",
"https://pets.stackexchange.com/users/5587/"
] | If the cat is "hunting" when it isn't hungry, it's doing so for entertainment value.
A cat usually isn't interested in eating a bug, just catching it. A well-fed cat may not always be interested in killing larger prey; they just get carried away, play a bit too roughly, and break the toy.
There is no requirement that every hunt end with a kill. Cats will sometimes bring toys to humans as a request. They are quite capable of understanding the concept of play.
However, like kids in the same age ranges, they may sometimes get over-excited. It's appropriate to watch out for that and not tease them past the point of exhaustion. They often get better at judging this as they get older, just as humans do; my middle-aged girl will indicate quite clearly when she needs to stop to catch her breath, and whether she wants to play again after doing so.
They're weird little critters, but they aren't *that* alien. | If your cat continues to chase your cat-teaser time after time with no food reward, you should assume he is getting something other than food out of chasing it; either enjoyment at practice at hunting, or just burning off energy. Cats learn, and if food were his only motivation he would probably not chase it after the first couple times.
As far as rewarding your cat with food during or after play, I do this with my cat all the time. Food is a wonderful motivator when training cats (assuming your cat is food motivated), and I like to reward spectacular jumps or catches my cat makes. Once she catches the toy she often doesn't want to release it, and she will (with some toys) try to chew her 'prey' destruction. Trying to pull a caught toy away from her just makes her hold the toy tighter, so to prevent toy destruction I will toss a kitty kibble down the hall, which causes her to immediately release the toy and run after the kibble. I am giving her the choice of chewing the toy or getting food, and she always chooses the food. Adding food as a reward to playtime increases my cat's desire to play.
I agree with keshlam that you should watch your cat for overexertion. Stop now and then and determine how hard he is breathing to avoid overexerting your cat. Cats are not long distance runners, they are sprinters; they are designed for short intense activity in between long periods of low activity or rest. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | The answer is simple: people say ruby is slow because it *is* slow based on measured comparisons to other languages. Bear in mind, though, "slow" is relative. Often, ruby and other "slow" languages are plenty fast enough. | [Joel on Software - Ruby Performance Revisited](http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2006/09/12.html)
quite well explains it. Might be outdated though...
I would recommend to just stick with it as you're used to Ruby on Rails,
if you ever meet a performance issue you might reconsider to use a different language and framework.
In that case I would really suggest C# with [ASP.NET MVC 2](http://www.asp.net/mvc/), works very well for CRUD apps. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | >
> Why is Ruby considered slow?
>
>
>
Because if you run typical benchmarks between Ruby and other languages, Ruby loses.
>
> I do not find Ruby to be slow but then
> again, I'm just using it to make
> simple CRUD apps and company blogs.
> What sort of projects would I need to
> be doing before I find Ruby becoming
> slow? Or is this slowness just
> something that affects all programming
> languages?
>
>
>
Ruby probably wouldn't serve you well in writing a real-time digital signal processing application, or any kind of real-time control system. Ruby (with today's VMs) would probably choke on a resource-constrained computer such as smartphones.
Remember that a lot of the processing on your web applications is actually done by software developed in C. e.g. Apache, Thin, Nginx, SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, many parsing libraries, RMagick, TCP/IP, etc are C programs used by Ruby. Ruby provides the glue and the business logic.
>
> What are your options as a Ruby
> programmer if you want to deal with
> this "slowness"?
>
>
>
Switch to a faster language. But that carries a cost. It is a cost that may be worth it. But for most web applications, language choice is not a relevant factor because there is just not enough traffic justify using a faster language that costs much more to develop for.
>
> Which version of Ruby would best suit
> an application like Stack Overflow
> where speed is critical and traffic is
> intense?
>
>
>
Other folks have answered this - JRuby, IronRuby, REE will make the Ruby part of your application run faster on platforms that can afford the VMs. And since it is often not Ruby that causes slowness, but your computer system architecture and application architecture, you can do stuff like database replication, multiple application servers, loadbalancing with reverse proxies, HTTP caching, memcache, Ajax, client-side caching, etc. None of this stuff is Ruby.
>
> Finally, I can't find much news on
> Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few
> years away from that then?
>
>
>
Most folks are waiting for Ruby 1.9.1. I myself am waiting for Rails 3.1 on Ruby 1.9.1 on JRuby.
Finally, please remember that a lot of developers choose Ruby because it makes programming a more joyful experience compared to other languages, and because Ruby with Rails enables skilled web developers to develop applications very quickly. | Obviously, talking about speed Ruby loses. Even though benchmark tests suggest that Ruby is not so much slower than PHP. But in return, you are getting easy-to-maintain DRY code, the best out of all frameworks in various languages.
For a small project, you wont feel any slowness (I mean until like <50K users) given that no complex calculations are used in the code, just the mainstream stuff.
For a bigger project, paying for resources pays off and is cheaper than developer wages. In addition, writing code on RoR turns out to be much faster than any other.
In 2014 this magnitude of speed difference you're talking about is for most websites insignificant. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | Writing code is slow. Reading code is slow. Finding and fixing bugs is slow. Adding features and enhancements is slow. Anything that improves on the previous is a win. Very rarely is execution performance an issue. | Ruby performs well for developer productivity. Ruby by nature forces test driven development because of the lack of types. Ruby performs well when used as a high level wrapper for C libraries. Ruby also performs well during long running processes when it is JIT-compiled to machine code via JVM or Rbx VM. Ruby does not perform well when it is required to crunch numbers in a short time with pure ruby code. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | >
> Why is Ruby considered slow?
>
>
>
Because if you run typical benchmarks between Ruby and other languages, Ruby loses.
>
> I do not find Ruby to be slow but then
> again, I'm just using it to make
> simple CRUD apps and company blogs.
> What sort of projects would I need to
> be doing before I find Ruby becoming
> slow? Or is this slowness just
> something that affects all programming
> languages?
>
>
>
Ruby probably wouldn't serve you well in writing a real-time digital signal processing application, or any kind of real-time control system. Ruby (with today's VMs) would probably choke on a resource-constrained computer such as smartphones.
Remember that a lot of the processing on your web applications is actually done by software developed in C. e.g. Apache, Thin, Nginx, SQLite, MySQL, PostgreSQL, many parsing libraries, RMagick, TCP/IP, etc are C programs used by Ruby. Ruby provides the glue and the business logic.
>
> What are your options as a Ruby
> programmer if you want to deal with
> this "slowness"?
>
>
>
Switch to a faster language. But that carries a cost. It is a cost that may be worth it. But for most web applications, language choice is not a relevant factor because there is just not enough traffic justify using a faster language that costs much more to develop for.
>
> Which version of Ruby would best suit
> an application like Stack Overflow
> where speed is critical and traffic is
> intense?
>
>
>
Other folks have answered this - JRuby, IronRuby, REE will make the Ruby part of your application run faster on platforms that can afford the VMs. And since it is often not Ruby that causes slowness, but your computer system architecture and application architecture, you can do stuff like database replication, multiple application servers, loadbalancing with reverse proxies, HTTP caching, memcache, Ajax, client-side caching, etc. None of this stuff is Ruby.
>
> Finally, I can't find much news on
> Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few
> years away from that then?
>
>
>
Most folks are waiting for Ruby 1.9.1. I myself am waiting for Rails 3.1 on Ruby 1.9.1 on JRuby.
Finally, please remember that a lot of developers choose Ruby because it makes programming a more joyful experience compared to other languages, and because Ruby with Rails enables skilled web developers to develop applications very quickly. | [Joel on Software - Ruby Performance Revisited](http://www.joelonsoftware.com/items/2006/09/12.html)
quite well explains it. Might be outdated though...
I would recommend to just stick with it as you're used to Ruby on Rails,
if you ever meet a performance issue you might reconsider to use a different language and framework.
In that case I would really suggest C# with [ASP.NET MVC 2](http://www.asp.net/mvc/), works very well for CRUD apps. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | First of all, **slower with respect to what**? C? Python? Let's **get some numbers** at the [Computer Language Benchmarks Game](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/):
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. Python3](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/ruby.html) within the **same** order of magnitude
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. PHP](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=php) within the **same** order of magnitude
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. Java 6 server](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=java) up to two orders of **magnitude slower**!
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. C (gcc)](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=gcc) up to two orders of **magnitude slower**!
* ...
>
> Why is Ruby considered slow?
>
>
>
Depends on whom you ask. You could be told that:
* Ruby is an **interpreted language** and interpreted languages will tend to be slower than compiled ones
* Ruby uses **garbage collection** (though C#, which also uses garbage collection, comes out two orders of magnitude ahead of Ruby, Python, PHP etc. in the more algorithmic, less memory-allocation-intensive benchmarks above)
* Ruby **method calls are slow** (although, because of duck typing, they are arguably faster than in strongly typed interpreted languages)
* Ruby (with the exception of JRuby) [does not support **true multithreading**](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56087/does-ruby-have-real-multithreading)
* etc.
But, then again, slow with respect to what? Ruby 1.9 is about as fast as Python and PHP (within a 3x performance factor) when compared to C (which can be up to 300x faster), so the above (with the exception of threading considerations, should your application heavily depend on this aspect) are largely academic.
>
> What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
>
>
>
**Write for scalability and throw more hardware at it** (e.g. memory)
>
> Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
>
>
>
Well, **[REE](http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/) (combined with [Passenger](http://www.modrails.com/))** would be a very good candidate. | Ruby is slower than C++ at a number of easily measurable tasks (e.g., doing code that is heavily dependent on floating point). This is not very surprising, but enough justification for some people to say that “Ruby is Slow” without qualification. They don't count the fact that it is far easier and safer to write Ruby code than C++.
The best fix is to use targeted modules written in another language (e.g., C, C++, Fortran) in your Ruby code. Those can do the heavy lifting and your scripts can focus on higher level coordination issues. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | Obviously, talking about speed Ruby loses. Even though benchmark tests suggest that Ruby is not so much slower than PHP. But in return, you are getting easy-to-maintain DRY code, the best out of all frameworks in various languages.
For a small project, you wont feel any slowness (I mean until like <50K users) given that no complex calculations are used in the code, just the mainstream stuff.
For a bigger project, paying for resources pays off and is cheaper than developer wages. In addition, writing code on RoR turns out to be much faster than any other.
In 2014 this magnitude of speed difference you're talking about is for most websites insignificant. | Ruby performs well for developer productivity. Ruby by nature forces test driven development because of the lack of types. Ruby performs well when used as a high level wrapper for C libraries. Ruby also performs well during long running processes when it is JIT-compiled to machine code via JVM or Rbx VM. Ruby does not perform well when it is required to crunch numbers in a short time with pure ruby code. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | First of all, **slower with respect to what**? C? Python? Let's **get some numbers** at the [Computer Language Benchmarks Game](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/):
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. Python3](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/ruby.html) within the **same** order of magnitude
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. PHP](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=php) within the **same** order of magnitude
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. Java 6 server](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=java) up to two orders of **magnitude slower**!
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. C (gcc)](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=gcc) up to two orders of **magnitude slower**!
* ...
>
> Why is Ruby considered slow?
>
>
>
Depends on whom you ask. You could be told that:
* Ruby is an **interpreted language** and interpreted languages will tend to be slower than compiled ones
* Ruby uses **garbage collection** (though C#, which also uses garbage collection, comes out two orders of magnitude ahead of Ruby, Python, PHP etc. in the more algorithmic, less memory-allocation-intensive benchmarks above)
* Ruby **method calls are slow** (although, because of duck typing, they are arguably faster than in strongly typed interpreted languages)
* Ruby (with the exception of JRuby) [does not support **true multithreading**](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56087/does-ruby-have-real-multithreading)
* etc.
But, then again, slow with respect to what? Ruby 1.9 is about as fast as Python and PHP (within a 3x performance factor) when compared to C (which can be up to 300x faster), so the above (with the exception of threading considerations, should your application heavily depend on this aspect) are largely academic.
>
> What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
>
>
>
**Write for scalability and throw more hardware at it** (e.g. memory)
>
> Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
>
>
>
Well, **[REE](http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/) (combined with [Passenger](http://www.modrails.com/))** would be a very good candidate. | Writing code is slow. Reading code is slow. Finding and fixing bugs is slow. Adding features and enhancements is slow. Anything that improves on the previous is a win. Very rarely is execution performance an issue. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | The way to deal with Ruby's performance in Web application is the same as with any other programming language:
**ARCHITECTURE**
This is easier to do in Rails than in most other Web Frameworks.
*At the application level*, by caching whatever is supposed to be cached and by managing the access to the DB in an intelligent way (since the bottleneck is usually on the "DB" access for most WEB apps).
Rails makes it very easy and natural to solve these problems. [There are several abstractions for caching data, pages and fragments](http://guides.rubyonrails.org/caching_with_rails.html), and there are also very nice abstractions to deal with the SQL part in an optimised and reusable fashion ([Active Record](http://blog.bigbinary.com/2013/07/01/preload-vs-eager-load-vs-joins-vs-includes.html) and [AREL](https://github.com/rails/arel)).
This is the reason why so many applications written in faster and not-so-expressive languages (like php) end up being slower than the Ruby counterparts. It's not so easy and elegant to tackle caching and querying with these languages than it is with Ruby.
*At the infrastructure level* it is reasonable to think of load balancing and all that stuff that I do not happen to know a lot about. I'd outsource that problem by hiring some platform as service provider, like [Heroku](https://www.heroku.com/) or [Engine Yard](https://www.engineyard.com/). Anyway. Deploying rails with load balancing is probably not very hard to do. | Ruby performs well for developer productivity. Ruby by nature forces test driven development because of the lack of types. Ruby performs well when used as a high level wrapper for C libraries. Ruby also performs well during long running processes when it is JIT-compiled to machine code via JVM or Rbx VM. Ruby does not perform well when it is required to crunch numbers in a short time with pure ruby code. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | Here's what the creator of Rails, [David Heinemeier Hansson](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David_Heinemeier_Hansson) has to say:
>
> Rails [Ruby] is for the vast majority
> of web applications Fast Enough. We
> got sites doing millions of dynamic
> page views per day. If you end up
> being with the Yahoo or Amazon front
> page, it's unlikely that an
> off-the-shelve framework in ANY
> language will do you much good. You'll
> probably have to roll your own. But
> sure, I'd like free CPU cycles too. I
> just happen to care much more about
> free developer cycles and am willing
> to trade the former for the latter.
>
>
>
i.e. throwing more hardware or machines at the problem is cheaper than hiring more developers and using a faster, but harder to maintain language. After all, few people write web applications in C.
Ruby 1.9 is a vast improvement over 1.8. The biggest problems with Ruby 1.8 are its interpreted nature (no bytecode, no compilation) and that method calls, one of the most common operations in Ruby, are particularly slow.
It doesn't help that pretty much everything is a method lookup in Ruby - adding two numbers, indexing an array. Where other languages expose hacks (Python's `__add__` method, Perl's overload.pm) Ruby does pure OO in all cases, and this can hurt performance if the compiler/interpreter is not clever enough.
If I were writing a popular web application in Ruby, my focus would be on caching. Caching a page reduces the processing time for that page to zero, whatever language you are using. For web applications, database overhead and other I/O begins to matter a lot more than the speed of the language, so I would focus on optimising that. | Performance is almost always about good design and optimized database interactions. Ruby does what most web sites need quite fast, especially more recent versions; and the speed of development and ease of maintenance provides a large payoff in costs and in keeping customers happy. I find JAVA to have slow execution performance for some tasks, and given the difficulty of developing in JAVA, many developers create slow applications regardless of the theoretical speed capability as demonstrated in benchmarks (benchmarks are generally contrived to show a specific and narrow capability). When I need intensive processing that isn't well suited to my database's capabilities, I choose C or Objective-C or some other truly high performance compiled language for those tasks depending on the platform. If I need to create a databased web application, I use RoR or sometimes C# ASP.NET depending on other requirements; because all platforms have strengths and weaknesses. Execution speed of the things your application does is important, but after all, if execution performance of one narrow aspect of a language is all that counts; then I might still be using Assembler language for everything. |
2,529,852 | I like Ruby on Rails and I use it for all my web development projects. A few years ago there was a lot of talk about Rails being a memory hog and about how it didn't scale very well but these suggestions were put to bed by Gregg Pollack **[here](http://railslab.newrelic.com/scaling-rails).**
Lately though, I've been hearing people saying that Ruby itself is slow.
* Why is Ruby considered slow?
I do not find Ruby to be slow but then again, I'm just using it to make simple CRUD apps and company blogs. What sort of projects would I need to be doing before I find Ruby becoming slow? Or is this slowness just something that affects all programming languages?
* What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
* Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
The questions are subjective, and I realise that architectural setup (EC2 vs standalone servers etc) makes a big difference but I'd like to hear what people think about Ruby being slow.
Finally, I can't find much news on Ruby 2.0 - I take it we're a good few years away from that then? | 2010/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2529852",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/227863/"
] | First of all, **slower with respect to what**? C? Python? Let's **get some numbers** at the [Computer Language Benchmarks Game](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/):
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. Python3](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/ruby.html) within the **same** order of magnitude
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. PHP](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=php) within the **same** order of magnitude
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. Java 6 server](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=java) up to two orders of **magnitude slower**!
* [Ruby 1.9 vs. C (gcc)](http://benchmarksgame.alioth.debian.org/u32/compare.php?lang=yarv&lang2=gcc) up to two orders of **magnitude slower**!
* ...
>
> Why is Ruby considered slow?
>
>
>
Depends on whom you ask. You could be told that:
* Ruby is an **interpreted language** and interpreted languages will tend to be slower than compiled ones
* Ruby uses **garbage collection** (though C#, which also uses garbage collection, comes out two orders of magnitude ahead of Ruby, Python, PHP etc. in the more algorithmic, less memory-allocation-intensive benchmarks above)
* Ruby **method calls are slow** (although, because of duck typing, they are arguably faster than in strongly typed interpreted languages)
* Ruby (with the exception of JRuby) [does not support **true multithreading**](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/56087/does-ruby-have-real-multithreading)
* etc.
But, then again, slow with respect to what? Ruby 1.9 is about as fast as Python and PHP (within a 3x performance factor) when compared to C (which can be up to 300x faster), so the above (with the exception of threading considerations, should your application heavily depend on this aspect) are largely academic.
>
> What are your options as a Ruby programmer if you want to deal with this "slowness"?
>
>
>
**Write for scalability and throw more hardware at it** (e.g. memory)
>
> Which version of Ruby would best suit an application like Stack Overflow where speed is critical and traffic is intense?
>
>
>
Well, **[REE](http://www.rubyenterpriseedition.com/) (combined with [Passenger](http://www.modrails.com/))** would be a very good candidate. | First of all, do you care about what others say about the language you like? When it does the job it has to do, you're fine.
OO isn't the fastest way to execute code, but it does help in creating the code. Smart code is always faster than dumb code and useless loops. I'm an DBA and see a lot of these useless loops, drop them, use better code and queries and application is faster, much faster. Do you care about the last microsecond? You might have languages optimized for speed, others just do the job they have to do and can be maintained by many different programmers.
It's all just a choice. |
43,802 | I have this shrub - during the season it has bright green leaves with a white outline and has red stalks
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uCgTj.jpg) | 2019/03/09 | [
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com/questions/43802",
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com",
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com/users/25005/"
] | This looks like a red twig dogwood shrub. The flowers are different than the dogwood trees that people think of when they hear dogwood. It's a shade-loving deciduous plant that averages 5 feet tall. I've found variegated varieties to be susceptible to fungus so watch for signs.
It's great for multi seasonal interest: spring flowers, cover for birds, variegation brightens up shaded areas, fall color, and finally winter color as well. | I assume you live some where cold/north. It would be a red twig dogwood. They will grow farther north than Edmonton Canada. They also come in yellow. They like water, and can be invasive with the right conditions. They root readily from cuttings. The white-edged leaves is likely a developed hybrid. |
43,802 | I have this shrub - during the season it has bright green leaves with a white outline and has red stalks
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/uCgTj.jpg) | 2019/03/09 | [
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com/questions/43802",
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com",
"https://gardening.stackexchange.com/users/25005/"
] | This looks like a red twig dogwood shrub. The flowers are different than the dogwood trees that people think of when they hear dogwood. It's a shade-loving deciduous plant that averages 5 feet tall. I've found variegated varieties to be susceptible to fungus so watch for signs.
It's great for multi seasonal interest: spring flowers, cover for birds, variegation brightens up shaded areas, fall color, and finally winter color as well. | Most likely Cornus alba sibirica 'variegata', or possibly Cornus alba 'elegantissima'; both have red stems and similar variegated leaves. The first one doesn't get too huge, reaching usually between 5 and 6 feet tall and wide, but the second gets much larger; it can reach easily over 10 feet tall and wide. If your plant has been in the ground for longer than 4 or 5 years, it's more likely to be C. alba sibirica 'variegata', pictured <https://www.andre-briant.fr/en/variety-range/access-to-varieties/deciduous-shrubs/3845-cornus-alba-sibirica-variegata-.html>
With either of these shrubs, if you want bright red stems during winter, it is advisable to prune back half the stems in spring as growth begins - it's only the newer stems that look bright red, they fade to a dull shade in their second and subsequent years.
Knowing where you are in the world and how long the pictured shrub has been planted for would be helpful for a more definite ID.... there are other possibilities. |
182,362 | **Question:** [Why is the SSMS GUI so slow and what can I do to fix it?](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/16815313/why-is-the-ssms-gui-so-slow-and-what-can-i-do-to-fix-it)
The question linked above received 2 close votes, I asked for comments regarding the issue and this morning I've found it's been voted to close and even received a down vote. Nice!
I understand how this community works and I'm not afraid of criticism. What I don't like is when people close questions without even giving an excuse. If my question isn't appropriate for one reason, or another, I'm fine with that. However, I'd like some form of comment regarding the problem with my question.
Can someone with some form of admin credentials please let me know what was wrong with my question? Also, what can I do to re-ask it in such a way that I'm not breaking any rules?
Thanks for your support! | 2013/05/30 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/182362",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/163813/"
] | There are a number of phrases that are not really problems in a question, but are excellent markers of a problem in a question. When you search for these, you are likely to find something that needs editing (often vital information will be scattered in comments on other answers, for example) or closing.
I think a good list of such phrases would include:
* **I have to** - as you say, it can indicate having been assigned to do something and not really engaging with the task and making it their own
* **my question is** - typically found in the middle of a wall of text and code
* **thanks in advance** - OP is either new to SO or hangs out in tags that are not well curated, or they would have dropped this habit
* **it's urgent for me** - again this meta talk gets edited out quickly so it's a marker of a newcomer
Your point about the psychology behind the phrase may be valid, or it may not. But it may lead you to a question that needs to be edited or should be closed. I wouldn't downvote just for the phrase, but perhaps the question would in general be low quality and deserve the dv.
>
> Should we really help people who don't enjoy what they are doing?
>
>
>
Dear Heaven, yes. It's what we're here for. If we do it right, they might start to enjoy what they're doing. Where else can we make such a difference? | Is the problem just with the title? Is the question a good question, but with a wordy title? People can edit titles.
Is the question almost good? Could it be a good question if it was edited? People can edit questions.
Is the question a poor question? People can down-vote questions, and leave comments asking the asker to clarify their meaning.
Is the question a terrible question? People can vote to close the question. |
8,571,346 | With so much to learn and so frequent updates in MS ASP.NET MVC framework, I find it little challenging to grab it quickly and extend the learning upto expert level efficiently.
I need advise upon how to start with (Is there any best tutorial ) and how can I reach expert level ( any **roadmap** so that we can be there)?
Any best available trainings (I can refer online)
or any guide so that I can miss unwanted areas and focus only on what is latest and good to use.
I am open for hardwork, but I need a right direction to follow up so that I don't get hindered chosing/referring wrong areas in learning process.
Thanks | 2011/12/20 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/8571346",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/83965/"
] | The good thing about the MVC framework in .Net is that its fundamentals don't change and have not changed ever since its first version was released. What you'll notice is that certain things have been made easier to do in the later versions.
My suggestion is to ignore the versions for the time being and focus on learning the MVC pattern. It may take writing a couple of short examples for you to become comfortable with the MVC pattern. Try to spend enough time on Routes and defining routes because they are really important part of any MVC framework.
The Razor ViewEngine and its syntax (introduced in MVC 3) is great for writing views. I definitely recommend to learn about Razor.
Once you get that then you should try to familiarize yourself with the .Net Framework as you'll end up using its classes alot.
There are some nice tutorials on the [Tutsplus](http://net.tutsplus.com/sessions/asp-net-from-scratch/) website that go through fundamentals of Asp.net MVC framework.
**What next?**
The step after the basics is to familiarize yourself with different development models such as:
* Test Driven Development (TDD)
* Domain Driven Development (DDD)
* Behavior Driven Development (BDD)
All are good models. You may choose one depending on which you personally find suitable for your project.
Inversion of Control (IoC) is a technique you'll see used a lot in Asp.Net MVC examples and it's a good practice to learn about.
You may also find ORM such as NHibernate and the Entity Frameworks(EF) interesting to use. ORM itself is a big topic and you will have to learn a lot once you dive into them. I've used both
the EF and NHibernate. I preferred NHibernate because it's opensource and at the time had a larger user community.
Anyway, I hope this overview gives you some ideas about where to start. | NET MVC gives you a powerful, patterns-based way to build dynamic websites that enables a clean separation of concerns and that gives you full control over markup for enjoyable, agile development. ASP.NET MVC includes many features that enable fast, TDD-friendly development for creating sophisticated applications that use the latest web standards. <http://www.tutorialspoint.com/asp.net_mvc/index.htm> is one of the coolest tutorial link I think |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.