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26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | In the US, a [condominium](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/condominium) involves an investment of funds, and is similar to buying a house. A person actually owns a condominium and can sell it for a return on investment. Also, they can use it as collateral for borrowing money.
An [apartment](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apartment) is rented/leased from a landlord/landlady. Rental payments go to the owner, and the tenant does not own the property, so cannot borrow against it. When a person moves out of an apartment, they may receive their security deposit back, but that's about it.
I think owning a condo probably is considered more high-class than renting an apartment. Many, many rich people in New York City own condos, for instance, and brag about it. | Condos tend to be in complexes rather than single buildings. Additionally, a condo is purchased and owned, whereas an apartment is rented.
[This Link](http://www.realtor.com/Basics/AllAbout/HomeAffordability/Condo.asp) has some good info about condos. |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | In the US, a [condominium](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/condominium) involves an investment of funds, and is similar to buying a house. A person actually owns a condominium and can sell it for a return on investment. Also, they can use it as collateral for borrowing money.
An [apartment](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apartment) is rented/leased from a landlord/landlady. Rental payments go to the owner, and the tenant does not own the property, so cannot borrow against it. When a person moves out of an apartment, they may receive their security deposit back, but that's about it.
I think owning a condo probably is considered more high-class than renting an apartment. Many, many rich people in New York City own condos, for instance, and brag about it. | I find this very interesting because I own a condominium and am curious if a similar scheme of ownership exists in the UK. I guess it does in Canada, called either "condominium" as here in the U-S, or "strata title," which is, I understand, what the same concept is called in Australia and New Zealand. The "strata," I'm told, refers to the individual units/flats/apartments because they are on different levels/floors or "strata."
I DO say "I live in a Condo" and not "I live in an apartment." This is because a condo owner in the U-S is considered a "fee simple" property owner. In legal benefits--and obligations--I am equal to any other property owner. Plus, those of us who live in our property holdings ("homesteading," it's called in America) have even greater rights; it's legally my "home", and U-S and state law goes a long way to protect one and their "home."
I am sure part of my pride is in the historic significance of property ownership in our shared traditions and what it has meant for one's situation. So, yeah, I'm pretty proud of having achieved home ownership!
In condominium ownership, there are two major real estate components:
1) the individual unit/flat (colloquially, unit/apartment/condo/flat) and
2) the multi-unit building and its common areas (which colloquially is also called "condo" or "condos.")
I purchased--and own outright--the unit/flat I live in. [There is a mortgage on it, but that's a contract between me and the bank that loaned me the money to buy it-it's the same type of mortgage you'd take out to buy a plot of real estate with a single dwelling home on it.]
I OWN my unit/flat--the four outer walls and everything between them--"fee simple" is the legal term. It is mine to do with as I wish, from decorating, or remodeling (I could knock down inner walls if I really wanted to), to selling to someone else, to choosing who inherits it from me.
I mentioned I have the same benefits--and obligations--as any other property owner. The best example of this is that I am, individually as the unit/flat owner, levied property taxes--not the multi-unit building in which the unit and I reside. The individual units/apartments/flats/condos and their owners must each pay their own taxes.
When I bought my condo/flat, I also bought a percentage of the shared, or "common" areas, including the building itself. The "percentage" of the building would be 100 divided by whatever number of units there are in the building. But, for all practical purposes, that percentage doesn't matter. What matters is that a condo owner automatically becomes a member of the Home Owner Association (HOA), also called the "Condominium (or Condo) Association." It's an obligation you take on as a condo owner.
The HOA is required by law to meet once a year (but can meet more often if it desires) and elects from among their ranks a Board of Directors, approves a yearly budget, the Association Dues for the upcoming year to pay for the Association's operations, and vote on any big decisions that the Board cannot make on its own (each HOA/Condo Association has a charter or by-laws, and rules and regulations, approved by the membership--the owners--which guides the association and its board day-to day.) The Board of Directors handles day-to-day operations for the owners/association. The Board meets at least monthly and hires and pays a property manager, sees that vendors are hired and paid to handle such things as snow removal, lawn maintenance, garbage removal, and regular building maintenance (all things OUTSIDE the individual units). They also enforce the rules and regs approved by the owners, including collecting association dues, fees, and fines, as required.
It is the monthly "association dues" which provide the funds for the Board to run the condominium association's day-to-day operations. The monthly dues paid by us owners almost always differs by unit/flat; in my case, we are each charged based on the square footage of our individual unit. Again, the dues and how they are computed are determined by the owners when we meet in that "Annual Condominium Homeowners Association Meeting." By the way, another state law is that those annual meetings don't count unless a quorum of owners assemblies, thus preventing a few from trying to hi-jack the Board or Association and run a building/condo without pa majority of owners consent. Indeed, most condo association by-laws also prohibit one individual from owning more than a certain percentage of units/flats in the building. As the time for the Annual Meeting comes around, we are notified a few months ahead, submit candidacy if one wishes to run, and all are asked to provide paper proxies and vote on the candidates and major questions if unable to attend the Annual Meeting. It's a big deal.
The biggest difference, as I can tell, between the condominium concept and the cooperative concept is the ownership of individual units/flats. In co-ops, the owners each "buy-in" to the company ("cooperative") which owns the land and building. Technically, they don't own their own units--they own a little bit of everything. Say, there are 10 units. I buy-in. Now, I own 10% stock in the cooperative, or 10% of land and building.
So, does the UK have anything in which one would buy a flat/unit/apartment and--aside the shared or common areas and outer shell of the building--would, under tax and other laws, have the rights and responsibilities concerning that unit as a fee simple property owner? That is, the right to modify the unit, to right to sell or bequeath it? Those property rights also belonging to someone who owns a plot of land with a single dwelling building?
Hope the above helped clarify the concept of condominiums. Perhaps it made it clear. Perhaps it made it clear as mud! |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | A *condominium* does not describe housing. It is strictly a form of ownership and is a legally defined term. All states have acts that define what is a condominium. An office building, a mall, anything can be a condominium.
Moreover, a residential condominium can take any form: an apartment, a townhouse, a free-standing structure (among others), etc. I work on a development that had a highrise building, a mid-rise building, townhomes, and a small store, and all of them were legally structured as condominiums. Again, *condominium* only describes the structure of ownership.
The term *apartment* describes any unit, among many others contained in one structure; it is a unit "apart" from the others. It does not matter whether these units are rented, owned, or cooperatives, or a mix. Think of this, if apartments were dwellings for rent, then the phrase *apartment for rent* would be redundant, but it is not.
In conclusion, a *condominium* is a ownership structure (along with free-hold and cooperative) and an *apartment* is a descriptive term. | Condos tend to be in complexes rather than single buildings. Additionally, a condo is purchased and owned, whereas an apartment is rented.
[This Link](http://www.realtor.com/Basics/AllAbout/HomeAffordability/Condo.asp) has some good info about condos. |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | In the US, a [condominium](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/condominium) involves an investment of funds, and is similar to buying a house. A person actually owns a condominium and can sell it for a return on investment. Also, they can use it as collateral for borrowing money.
An [apartment](http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/apartment) is rented/leased from a landlord/landlady. Rental payments go to the owner, and the tenant does not own the property, so cannot borrow against it. When a person moves out of an apartment, they may receive their security deposit back, but that's about it.
I think owning a condo probably is considered more high-class than renting an apartment. Many, many rich people in New York City own condos, for instance, and brag about it. | A *condominium* does not describe housing. It is strictly a form of ownership and is a legally defined term. All states have acts that define what is a condominium. An office building, a mall, anything can be a condominium.
Moreover, a residential condominium can take any form: an apartment, a townhouse, a free-standing structure (among others), etc. I work on a development that had a highrise building, a mid-rise building, townhomes, and a small store, and all of them were legally structured as condominiums. Again, *condominium* only describes the structure of ownership.
The term *apartment* describes any unit, among many others contained in one structure; it is a unit "apart" from the others. It does not matter whether these units are rented, owned, or cooperatives, or a mix. Think of this, if apartments were dwellings for rent, then the phrase *apartment for rent* would be redundant, but it is not.
In conclusion, a *condominium* is a ownership structure (along with free-hold and cooperative) and an *apartment* is a descriptive term. |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | The question as asked assumes an established relationship between "condo" and apartment" that is faulty. This is partly the foundation for the confusion. Even after a lengthy discussion like that above still leaves people confused is because the "definitions" being offered are still unsatisfactory and not conforming to a reality people innately understand but can't articulate.
A condominium (or "condo") is an ownership structure along with "cooperative" and "fee simple". A condo tells you, among other things, how ownership of the unit (residential, retail, commercial, etc,) and common spaces are divided or held. It does not describe any occupancy or physical characteristic of a unit. Any occupancy type (housing, retail, office commercial, industrial, etc.) can be structured as any one of these ownership structures, including as a condominium.
Therefore, and contrary to common belief, a condominium is not a type of housing. In NYC , Chicago, and many large cities, there are buildings that contain condos but have no residential units. They are office buildings, retail malls, or some combination of the two. The reason why so many people falsely believe that a condominium is a type of housing is because residential condominiums are the only iteration of a condominium with which they are familiar.
An apartment is a descriptive term. It describes a physical characteristic of a residential unit- being that it is one dwelling unit contained in one building structure. Contrary to common belief, an apartment is not housing that is for rent. It may be but not necessarily. Most people come to associate apartments as strictly rental housing because this is the iteration with which they are most familiar. (If apartments were strictly housing for rent, then the phrase "apartment for rent" would be grammatically redundant. It is not.)
Therefore, an apartment (a residential unit, supposedly among many, in a structure) can itself be structured as a condominium or cooperative. A series of apartments contained in one structure (for example an apartment building) can be structured as fee simple (a building owned by a single entity). The same series of apartments can also be structured as individual condos/coops (owned by several or only one entity).
You can overlay any ownership structure with any housing description. This can be expanded to whole developments. For example Kinzie Park in Chicago is a 6.5-acre development that has a high-rise tower, a mid-rise building, and many townhouses. All 300 units are structured as condominiums. Even the parking spaces are deeded as condos. You can even have multiple ownership structures in one development with one or multiple occupancies. However most people are already confused enough so I won't add to it. | Condos tend to be in complexes rather than single buildings. Additionally, a condo is purchased and owned, whereas an apartment is rented.
[This Link](http://www.realtor.com/Basics/AllAbout/HomeAffordability/Condo.asp) has some good info about condos. |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | I'd say that an apartment is any single dwelling in a multi-unit building. I wouldn't consider the two halves of a duplex to be apartments, nor would a townhouse unit be considered an apartment. But if a house was divided up into units, they would each be considered apartments.
Condo, which is short for condominium, is mostly the subset of apartments where the individual living units are owned by different people. That isn't to say that the actual people living in each unit own the unit, because they may be renting from someone else that owns the individual unit. Also, townhouses can be condominiums.
Condominiums also have the concept of having shared facilities and maintenance costs, in which the individual unit owners also have an interest. Generally, the condominium complex has a corporation which owns it, and the individual owners are participants in it to some degree. | Condos tend to be in complexes rather than single buildings. Additionally, a condo is purchased and owned, whereas an apartment is rented.
[This Link](http://www.realtor.com/Basics/AllAbout/HomeAffordability/Condo.asp) has some good info about condos. |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | The question as asked assumes an established relationship between "condo" and apartment" that is faulty. This is partly the foundation for the confusion. Even after a lengthy discussion like that above still leaves people confused is because the "definitions" being offered are still unsatisfactory and not conforming to a reality people innately understand but can't articulate.
A condominium (or "condo") is an ownership structure along with "cooperative" and "fee simple". A condo tells you, among other things, how ownership of the unit (residential, retail, commercial, etc,) and common spaces are divided or held. It does not describe any occupancy or physical characteristic of a unit. Any occupancy type (housing, retail, office commercial, industrial, etc.) can be structured as any one of these ownership structures, including as a condominium.
Therefore, and contrary to common belief, a condominium is not a type of housing. In NYC , Chicago, and many large cities, there are buildings that contain condos but have no residential units. They are office buildings, retail malls, or some combination of the two. The reason why so many people falsely believe that a condominium is a type of housing is because residential condominiums are the only iteration of a condominium with which they are familiar.
An apartment is a descriptive term. It describes a physical characteristic of a residential unit- being that it is one dwelling unit contained in one building structure. Contrary to common belief, an apartment is not housing that is for rent. It may be but not necessarily. Most people come to associate apartments as strictly rental housing because this is the iteration with which they are most familiar. (If apartments were strictly housing for rent, then the phrase "apartment for rent" would be grammatically redundant. It is not.)
Therefore, an apartment (a residential unit, supposedly among many, in a structure) can itself be structured as a condominium or cooperative. A series of apartments contained in one structure (for example an apartment building) can be structured as fee simple (a building owned by a single entity). The same series of apartments can also be structured as individual condos/coops (owned by several or only one entity).
You can overlay any ownership structure with any housing description. This can be expanded to whole developments. For example Kinzie Park in Chicago is a 6.5-acre development that has a high-rise tower, a mid-rise building, and many townhouses. All 300 units are structured as condominiums. Even the parking spaces are deeded as condos. You can even have multiple ownership structures in one development with one or multiple occupancies. However most people are already confused enough so I won't add to it. | I find this very interesting because I own a condominium and am curious if a similar scheme of ownership exists in the UK. I guess it does in Canada, called either "condominium" as here in the U-S, or "strata title," which is, I understand, what the same concept is called in Australia and New Zealand. The "strata," I'm told, refers to the individual units/flats/apartments because they are on different levels/floors or "strata."
I DO say "I live in a Condo" and not "I live in an apartment." This is because a condo owner in the U-S is considered a "fee simple" property owner. In legal benefits--and obligations--I am equal to any other property owner. Plus, those of us who live in our property holdings ("homesteading," it's called in America) have even greater rights; it's legally my "home", and U-S and state law goes a long way to protect one and their "home."
I am sure part of my pride is in the historic significance of property ownership in our shared traditions and what it has meant for one's situation. So, yeah, I'm pretty proud of having achieved home ownership!
In condominium ownership, there are two major real estate components:
1) the individual unit/flat (colloquially, unit/apartment/condo/flat) and
2) the multi-unit building and its common areas (which colloquially is also called "condo" or "condos.")
I purchased--and own outright--the unit/flat I live in. [There is a mortgage on it, but that's a contract between me and the bank that loaned me the money to buy it-it's the same type of mortgage you'd take out to buy a plot of real estate with a single dwelling home on it.]
I OWN my unit/flat--the four outer walls and everything between them--"fee simple" is the legal term. It is mine to do with as I wish, from decorating, or remodeling (I could knock down inner walls if I really wanted to), to selling to someone else, to choosing who inherits it from me.
I mentioned I have the same benefits--and obligations--as any other property owner. The best example of this is that I am, individually as the unit/flat owner, levied property taxes--not the multi-unit building in which the unit and I reside. The individual units/apartments/flats/condos and their owners must each pay their own taxes.
When I bought my condo/flat, I also bought a percentage of the shared, or "common" areas, including the building itself. The "percentage" of the building would be 100 divided by whatever number of units there are in the building. But, for all practical purposes, that percentage doesn't matter. What matters is that a condo owner automatically becomes a member of the Home Owner Association (HOA), also called the "Condominium (or Condo) Association." It's an obligation you take on as a condo owner.
The HOA is required by law to meet once a year (but can meet more often if it desires) and elects from among their ranks a Board of Directors, approves a yearly budget, the Association Dues for the upcoming year to pay for the Association's operations, and vote on any big decisions that the Board cannot make on its own (each HOA/Condo Association has a charter or by-laws, and rules and regulations, approved by the membership--the owners--which guides the association and its board day-to day.) The Board of Directors handles day-to-day operations for the owners/association. The Board meets at least monthly and hires and pays a property manager, sees that vendors are hired and paid to handle such things as snow removal, lawn maintenance, garbage removal, and regular building maintenance (all things OUTSIDE the individual units). They also enforce the rules and regs approved by the owners, including collecting association dues, fees, and fines, as required.
It is the monthly "association dues" which provide the funds for the Board to run the condominium association's day-to-day operations. The monthly dues paid by us owners almost always differs by unit/flat; in my case, we are each charged based on the square footage of our individual unit. Again, the dues and how they are computed are determined by the owners when we meet in that "Annual Condominium Homeowners Association Meeting." By the way, another state law is that those annual meetings don't count unless a quorum of owners assemblies, thus preventing a few from trying to hi-jack the Board or Association and run a building/condo without pa majority of owners consent. Indeed, most condo association by-laws also prohibit one individual from owning more than a certain percentage of units/flats in the building. As the time for the Annual Meeting comes around, we are notified a few months ahead, submit candidacy if one wishes to run, and all are asked to provide paper proxies and vote on the candidates and major questions if unable to attend the Annual Meeting. It's a big deal.
The biggest difference, as I can tell, between the condominium concept and the cooperative concept is the ownership of individual units/flats. In co-ops, the owners each "buy-in" to the company ("cooperative") which owns the land and building. Technically, they don't own their own units--they own a little bit of everything. Say, there are 10 units. I buy-in. Now, I own 10% stock in the cooperative, or 10% of land and building.
So, does the UK have anything in which one would buy a flat/unit/apartment and--aside the shared or common areas and outer shell of the building--would, under tax and other laws, have the rights and responsibilities concerning that unit as a fee simple property owner? That is, the right to modify the unit, to right to sell or bequeath it? Those property rights also belonging to someone who owns a plot of land with a single dwelling building?
Hope the above helped clarify the concept of condominiums. Perhaps it made it clear. Perhaps it made it clear as mud! |
26,762 | I have never really understood the connotation of someone calling their domicile a *condo* over the word *apartment*. I have a vague feeling the former is fancier and more up-scale, but are there any real differences I'm not aware of? | 2011/05/24 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/26762",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/4763/"
] | Something none of the answers have pointed out yet is that the meaning of *apartment* is **different** in New York City and in most of the rest of the U.S. In New York City, an *apartment* is a single unit in a multi-unit residential building, regardless of whether you rent or own it, and of whether the ownership is legally a condo or co-op arrangement (so *apartment* in NYC means the same thing that *flat* means in the U.K.). In most of the rest of the U.S., an *apartment* is a *rented* single unit in a multi-unit residential building.
This means that in most of the U.S., if you live in a multi-unit residential building, you either live in an apartment, a co-op, or a condo. In New York City, and in much of Canada, your *apartment* will either be a rental, a co-op, or a condo (or a sublet, if you lease it from somebody who in turn is renting it themself). | Condos tend to be in complexes rather than single buildings. Additionally, a condo is purchased and owned, whereas an apartment is rented.
[This Link](http://www.realtor.com/Basics/AllAbout/HomeAffordability/Condo.asp) has some good info about condos. |
2,090 | The Speaker of the House in the US is not legally required to be an elected member of the House. For example, recently Rep. Jim Cooper (TN-5) suggested Colin Powell for the role. Given that, are there *any* legal limitations on holding the position? I mean, could the House select just any random person? A child? A non-citizen? Would there be limits on holding a job for two branches of government at once? | 2013/10/01 | [
"https://politics.stackexchange.com/questions/2090",
"https://politics.stackexchange.com",
"https://politics.stackexchange.com/users/278/"
] | Constitutionally, a *current* member of the Executive branch is prohibited from simultaneously holding office in the Legislative Branch. The [Ineligibility Clause (Article 1, Section 6, Clause 2](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ineligibility_Clause) states:
>
> No Senator or Representative shall, during the Time for which he was elected, be appointed to any civil Office under the Authority of the United States, which shall have been created, or the Emoluments whereof shall have been increased during such time; and no Person holding any Office under the United States, shall be a Member of either House during his Continuance in Office.
>
>
>
Of course, Gen. Powell is no longer Secretary of State, so this no longer applies. Instead, as a private person, the question is, "Does the Speaker need to be an elected member in his own right?" Traditionally, of course, it would be unprecedented. But, I think the case can be made that it is also not allowed.
Technically, there is no rule in the Constitution or the rules of the House that *requires* the Speaker to be a member of Congress, but the tradition predates the Constitution itself.
According to [this source](http://www.heritage.org/constitution/#!/articles/1/essays/10/speaker-of-the-house):
>
> Under Article IX of the Articles of Confederation (1781), the Congress of the United States had the power "to appoint one of their number to preside, provided that no person be allowed to serve in the office of president more than one year in any term of three years."
>
>
>
According to the [rules of the House (Rule 4, Section 2(a))](https://cha.house.gov/member-services/house-rules), only the following people are actually allowed to enter the hall:
>
> 2. (a) Only the following persons shall
> be admitted to the Hall of the House or
> rooms leading thereto:
> (1) Members of Congress, Members-
> elect, and contestants in election
> cases during the pendency of their
> cases on the floor.
> (2) The Delegates and the Resident
> Commissioner.
> (3) The President and Vice President of the United States and their
> private secretaries.
> (4) Justices of the Supreme Court.
> (5) Elected officers and minority
> employees nominated as elected officers of the House.
> (6) The Parliamentarian.
> (7) Staff of committees when business from their committee is under
> consideration, and staff of the respective party leaderships when so assigned with the approval of the
> Speaker.
> (8) Not more than one person from
> the staff of a Member, Delegate, or
> Resident Commissioner when that
> Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner has an amendment under
> consideration (subject to clause 5).
> (9) The Architect of the Capitol.
> (10) The Librarian of Congress and
> the assistant in charge of the Law Library.
> (11) The Secretary and Sergeant-at-
> Arms of the Senate.
> (12) Heads of departments.
> (13) Foreign ministers.
> (14) Governors of States.
> (15) Former Members, Delegates,
> and Resident Commissioners; former
> Parliamentarians of the House; and
> former elected officers and minority
> employees nominated as elected officers of the House (subject to clause
> 4).
> (16) One attorney to accompany a
> Member, Delegate, or Resident Commissioner who is the respondent in
> an investigation undertaken by the
> Committee on Ethics when a recommendation of that committee is
> under consideration in the House.
> (17) Such persons as have, by name,
> received the thanks of Congress.
> (b) The Speaker may not entertain a
> unanimous consent request or a motion
> to suspend this clause or clauses 1, 3, 4,
> or 5
>
>
>
As I read this list, Gen. Powell *might* qualify under (2)(a)(17), but if he did not, rule 1(b) prohibits any means under which the definition could be expanded to allow someone who is *not* already a member or officer to enter. As the first duty of the Speaker is (Rule 1 Section 1):
>
> The Speaker shall take the Chair on every legislative day precisely at the hour to which the House last adjourned and immediately call the House to order
>
>
>
He would seem unable to carry out his duties, and therefore be ineligible to actually serve.
As such, while it is an interesting idea, in practice, I don't think to could happen without a change to the rules.
And, seeing as Gen. Powell may be a Republican, but [openly endorsed a Democrat for the Presidency](http://www.cbsnews.com/8301-505263_162-57539893/colin-powell-endorses-barack-obama-for-president/), all I can say is, "Good luck with that." | House Rule IV, section (2)(a)(5) permits:
>
> (5) Elected officers and minority employees nominated as elected officers of the House.
>
>
>
The Constitution writes that the Speaker is an officer:
>
> The House of Representatives shall chuse their Speaker and other Officers;
>
>
>
If the current Speaker stays in office until a new Speaker is elected, then the new Speaker (not currently a Representative) can be elected and enter the Hall. |
350,091 | We know an abelian group has a subgroup which all elements in it has finite order . Now we remove condition abelian group , the clause is that true?
If it's false give an example. | 2013/04/03 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/350091",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/67980/"
] | A counter-example: the free product of two groups of the order 2 (more generally: of groups of finite orders). | I think you just want torsion-free group: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_%28algebra%29> |
350,091 | We know an abelian group has a subgroup which all elements in it has finite order . Now we remove condition abelian group , the clause is that true?
If it's false give an example. | 2013/04/03 | [
"https://math.stackexchange.com/questions/350091",
"https://math.stackexchange.com",
"https://math.stackexchange.com/users/67980/"
] | Consider the trivial subgroup. | I think you just want torsion-free group: <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Torsion_%28algebra%29> |
4,969 | I don't think atleast is an actual word, but I've found many instances of its usage. A simple google search for *atleast* reveal 13,100,000 hits.
What is the meaning of *atleast* and is it different from *at least*? | 2010/11/12 | [
"https://english.stackexchange.com/questions/4969",
"https://english.stackexchange.com",
"https://english.stackexchange.com/users/1446/"
] | It is incorrect to write 'at least' as one word.
(You have to be careful using Google to justify things: (1) people make mistakes, and (2) sometimes Google tries to be smarter than you, e.g. it will actually search for the corrected version, not the misspelling you entered. The latter doesn't seem to be the case here, it's just something to keep in mind.)
[I just did my own Google query, and of the top results for "atleast", three are this same question asked on various forums, and one is the title of a page, formatted with "at" much smaller than "least" – so visually it's two words, despite appearing as a single word to a search spider.] | I hold the view that 'atleast' does in fact a have a valid meaning distinct from 'at least', when used properly. Allow me to explain the proper (and by extension, improper) use with an example.
On the [closed question Help page for this SE](https://english.stackexchange.com/help/closed-questions/), in the section about closing questions, it starts by stating
>
> Users with 3000 reputation can cast up to 24 close votes per day.
>
>
>
which leaves a slight syntactic ambiguity in the clause "with 3000 reputation": does it mean a reputation of *exactly* or *a minimum* of 3,000? Now pragmatically (given broader context and some basic sense), the former would be idiotic, ergo the latter sense must be what is meant; however, this is not always the case.
So I see two ways to explicitly convey a sense of 'minimum' with "at least" and "atleast" respectively, though suggesting different meanings. Used with the space,
>
> Users with at least 3000 reputation can cast up to 24 close votes per day.
>
>
>
strictly speaking means that the "minimum requirement" is "[yielding] 3000 reputation", i.e. no other factors than 'reputation' matter (but any extant simply enough could be added to a list separated each by the same of a comma or possibly semicolon, all to be covered under the same adverbial construct of "with at least .."); whereas condensing the adverb in question to a single word,
>
> Users with atleast 3000 reputation can cast up to 24 close votes per day.
>
>
>
suggests that the adverb modifies a single aspect, namely the (ostensibly adjective) '3000', i.e. not even does the domain of *consideration* extend past 'reputation'. This latter use is roughly synonymous with
>
> Users with a minimum of 3000 reputation can cast up to 24 close votes per day.
>
>
>
in that it conveys that "[If able to cast up to 24 cl.., then] reputation ≥ 3000", same as does the 'atleast' usage (whereby the parallel less-than-or-equal-to meaning could be conveyed likewise quasi-equivalently by either "atmost" or "a maximum of").
How they ("max xor min of" vs "at least" or "atleast) differ, however, is in emphasis (and number of syllables) as well as grammar: having a minimum or maximum of something suggests some importance on there actually being a quantity-confinement (in and of itself, with this existence in the foreground), as contrasted to (and shifted somewhat from) more specifically on just that boundary (with the fact that the confinement itself exists being in the background) as expressed with "atleast". Grammatically there is distinction, also. Inclusion of either "at least" or "atleast" (compared to the qualntifier being absent) does not alter operative words following it (or preceding it if using a ", at least" construct) with respect to their role in the sentence (instead it just modifies one or more of them in some way); as compared to changing the clause to ".. a minimum of.." which read literally (aloud requiring a few more spoken syllables) actually does alter the roles.
For what it's worth, the way I would have conveyed the intended message of the individual sentene in reference is as follows:
>
> Users with current reputation of atleast 3,000 can cast up-to twentyfour *Close* votes daily.
>
>
>
which at the expense of two additional words (technically only one, because shortened "per day" to "daily" since the exact calendar definement was not provided there anyway; and the "currently" instead of "presently" since a continuum is suggested with "per day", and presumably more accurate than without the qualifier whatever since many if not all privileges across the Network do get deferred upon dropping below respective threshholds) adds much clarity. |
14,505,579 | I'm trying to push data into a custom metric on AWS CloudWatch but wanted to find out more about the Dimensions and how these are used? I've already read the AWS documentation but it doesn't really explain what they are used for and how it affects the graphing UI in the AWS Management Console.
Are Dimensions a way to breakdown the Metric Value further?
To give a fictitious example, say I have a metric which counts the number of people in a room. The metric's name is called "Population". I report the count once a minute. The Metric Count is set to the number of people. The Dimension field is just a list of Name and Value pairs. Assuming I report a datapoint with a value of 90, can I add two Dimensions as follows:
1. Name: Male, Count: 50
2. Name: Female, Count: 40
Any help will be greatly appreciated. | 2013/01/24 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/14505579",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/691226/"
] | Yes, you can add dimensions such as you described to your custom metrics.
However, CloudWatch is **NOT** able to aggregate across these dimensions, as it doesn't know the groups of these dimensions. Basically:
>
> Amazon CloudWatch treats each unique combination of dimensions as a
> separate metric. For example, each call to mon-put-data in the
> following figure creates a separate metric because each call uses a
> different set of dimensions. This is true even though all four calls
> use the same metric name (ServerStats).
>
>
>
See more information about dimensions in CloudWatch [here](http://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/DeveloperGuide/cloudwatch_concepts.html#Dimension) | Do note that you can retrieve aggregated value [from API](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/cli/latest/reference/cloudwatch/get-metric-data.html), as well as plot a graph in CloudWatch using a math expression. See [Using metric math](https://docs.aws.amazon.com/AmazonCloudWatch/latest/monitoring/using-metric-math.html)
~~I should probably also add that you can NOT use metric math in alarms.~~
update: as @Brooks said [Amazon CloudWatch Launches Ability to Add Alarms on Metric Math Expressions](https://aws.amazon.com/about-aws/whats-new/2018/11/amazon-cloudwatch-launches-ability-to-add-alarms-on-metric-math-expressions/)
All in all pretty restricted and user-unfriendly compared e.g. to DataDog. |
5,943,853 | Under linux, you can rename a file with overwrite. For example, rename -f file\_a file\_b
Will overwrite file\_b with file\_a and it'll be atomic.
Under OS/X it seems that this should have worked, but it's buggy.
Under Windows, nope.
On network filesystems - probably not.
Is there a way to simulate this behaviour among cooperating processes?
For example, if I'm only needing this in a single process then an atomic rename function could be created that creates a mutex, does a delete file then a rename file and unlocks. That should be able to work on all platforms.
However, across process it's a little more tricky. I could do a machine wide mutex lock but that's not going to solve it for cooperating processes on different machines.
Could I simulate this with lock files? If so, how do I do it reliably so if a process were to be prematurely ended it can cleanup, or I can recognize a lock file that is no longer valid and remove it? | 2011/05/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/5943853",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/134702/"
] | **EDIT: NTFS file system transaction support is deprecated. Leaving this answer for historical reasons, but alternatives are here: <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/windows/desktop/hh802690%28v=vs.85%29.aspx>**
NFTS supports transactions on the FS. So you can't do exactly what you want, but you can start a transaction, delete the file and then rename. <http://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/magazine/cc163388.aspx>
I should point out this requires Vista or higher. | Passing on the windows, but mv -f is atomic rename on BSD (and probably OSX) if target and source share the same filesystem. I would imagine this restriction applies to linux as well as the operation of rename means the inode is moved to a different dir and inodes are unique per filesytem. I'm not sure what you're trying to prevent here: that two processes do the same rename, i.e. identical source and destination? |
148,096 | I'm 20, about to graduate college, and have accepted a promotion at my current job that after taxes will leave me with about $25,000 not allocated to anything.
* I am already putting aside 15% of my income towards retirement.
* I have no consumer debt, as I use my credit card as a debit card with money set aside for the float.
* I have no student loans, as I have paid out of pocket for everything (and have been reimbursed tuition this year because I ended up with more scholarship money than I needed).
* I have been building up an emergency fund, and am currently at ~30% of my goal.
* I'm living with a roommate in a fairly low CoL area.
What is the best thing to put this money towards? I've considered saving up for a down payment on a house, as well as putting aside money to eventually replace my car from 2008, but I'm not sure if there are better options at this stage. | 2021/12/23 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/148096",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/105771/"
] | Congratulations on your good habits and good fortune.
>
> I have been building up an emergency fund, and am currently at ~30% of my goal.
>
>
>
First, use the income to accelerate your emergency fund until it reaches the level you want.
If you see the potential for wanting to buy a house, then it's never too early to start saving for that.
You will eventually need to replace your car, but with any luck that will be a fairly minor expense given your savings ability.
The real opportunity you have is to save more for retirement. You are saving 15%, but:
* Are you leaving any matches or tax benefits on the table? Are you maxing out your Roth IRA?
* The more you save (especially now when you're young), the earlier you can retire and/or the more security you can have when you do. The future effects are dramatic when starting at age 20.
Consider saving *significantly more than 15%* for retirement while you can. Life can change and you may be in different circumstances in the future. If some of the savings is in ordinary taxable accounts, you can always redirect it to expenses (like a house) if needed in the meantime, but ideally it can continue to grow for decades. Your future self will thank you! | Both of those options are great. Houses are a great wealth-builder, and replacing a car with cash instead of a car loan is a great option as well.
My first thought would be to complete your emergency fund.
After that, it depends on how long you think your car can last, and how long before you plan to buy a house. It generally isn't recommended to "invest" money if you need it in a year or two unless you're willing to risk 10-20% downside in that period for the chance of 30-40% upside. If you plan to spend it in a year or two, then a high-yield savings account or money-market fund would be a reasonable choice. Past that, look at tax-advantaged accounts like IRAs, or even HSAs if your company offers it. HSAs are tax-free, and they can be used before you retire on qualified expenses. It requires a high-deductible insurance plan, but the lower premium of these usually more than makes up for the difference in deductible. Plus if you have an HSA and a good emergency fund, paying that deductible (if you even need to) should not be a catastrophic event. |
148,096 | I'm 20, about to graduate college, and have accepted a promotion at my current job that after taxes will leave me with about $25,000 not allocated to anything.
* I am already putting aside 15% of my income towards retirement.
* I have no consumer debt, as I use my credit card as a debit card with money set aside for the float.
* I have no student loans, as I have paid out of pocket for everything (and have been reimbursed tuition this year because I ended up with more scholarship money than I needed).
* I have been building up an emergency fund, and am currently at ~30% of my goal.
* I'm living with a roommate in a fairly low CoL area.
What is the best thing to put this money towards? I've considered saving up for a down payment on a house, as well as putting aside money to eventually replace my car from 2008, but I'm not sure if there are better options at this stage. | 2021/12/23 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/148096",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/105771/"
] | Congratulations on your good habits and good fortune.
>
> I have been building up an emergency fund, and am currently at ~30% of my goal.
>
>
>
First, use the income to accelerate your emergency fund until it reaches the level you want.
If you see the potential for wanting to buy a house, then it's never too early to start saving for that.
You will eventually need to replace your car, but with any luck that will be a fairly minor expense given your savings ability.
The real opportunity you have is to save more for retirement. You are saving 15%, but:
* Are you leaving any matches or tax benefits on the table? Are you maxing out your Roth IRA?
* The more you save (especially now when you're young), the earlier you can retire and/or the more security you can have when you do. The future effects are dramatic when starting at age 20.
Consider saving *significantly more than 15%* for retirement while you can. Life can change and you may be in different circumstances in the future. If some of the savings is in ordinary taxable accounts, you can always redirect it to expenses (like a house) if needed in the meantime, but ideally it can continue to grow for decades. Your future self will thank you! | You don't need to put it *towards* anything in particular. There's no requirement that a pot of money has to have a label on it saying what you're going to use it for.
If you invest it in a diversified investment fund, it can sit there until you decide what you need it for. That could be a car, a deposit on a house, or it could stay there until you retire. |
148,096 | I'm 20, about to graduate college, and have accepted a promotion at my current job that after taxes will leave me with about $25,000 not allocated to anything.
* I am already putting aside 15% of my income towards retirement.
* I have no consumer debt, as I use my credit card as a debit card with money set aside for the float.
* I have no student loans, as I have paid out of pocket for everything (and have been reimbursed tuition this year because I ended up with more scholarship money than I needed).
* I have been building up an emergency fund, and am currently at ~30% of my goal.
* I'm living with a roommate in a fairly low CoL area.
What is the best thing to put this money towards? I've considered saving up for a down payment on a house, as well as putting aside money to eventually replace my car from 2008, but I'm not sure if there are better options at this stage. | 2021/12/23 | [
"https://money.stackexchange.com/questions/148096",
"https://money.stackexchange.com",
"https://money.stackexchange.com/users/105771/"
] | Both of those options are great. Houses are a great wealth-builder, and replacing a car with cash instead of a car loan is a great option as well.
My first thought would be to complete your emergency fund.
After that, it depends on how long you think your car can last, and how long before you plan to buy a house. It generally isn't recommended to "invest" money if you need it in a year or two unless you're willing to risk 10-20% downside in that period for the chance of 30-40% upside. If you plan to spend it in a year or two, then a high-yield savings account or money-market fund would be a reasonable choice. Past that, look at tax-advantaged accounts like IRAs, or even HSAs if your company offers it. HSAs are tax-free, and they can be used before you retire on qualified expenses. It requires a high-deductible insurance plan, but the lower premium of these usually more than makes up for the difference in deductible. Plus if you have an HSA and a good emergency fund, paying that deductible (if you even need to) should not be a catastrophic event. | You don't need to put it *towards* anything in particular. There's no requirement that a pot of money has to have a label on it saying what you're going to use it for.
If you invest it in a diversified investment fund, it can sit there until you decide what you need it for. That could be a car, a deposit on a house, or it could stay there until you retire. |
22,954 | If you are playing in the Key C major, a chord progression can be as simple as C-F-G7-C or C-Am-F-G7-C.
What are the principles while using chords like Am7,Am6, Cdim7,Csus4,Cdom9,C13,Bflat,Aflat etc (many more which I have not written). When do you use these types of chord in the C major key? What are the guiding principles in the chord progression when these chords are also used in C major? | 2014/08/18 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/22954",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/13073/"
] | Okay, so you're talking about substitutions and passing chords in general. I'll try to handle both as best as I can. I'll deal with everything in C major as well.
Substitutions
-------------
Let's take a look at the most typical chords I, IV and V. Each chord in the key of C can be substituted with another chord. The I chord (CEG) can be substituted by VI(ACE) or III(EGB). Why? Because both III and VI share two out of three of the notes from the I chord. Now, something you have to understand is that not all substitutions sound good and your ear needs to be the ultimate judge in the end. I tend to sub I with III or VI, but I find that if the I chord is at the beginning of a phrase substituting it with III sounds very strange and modal. VI is a very nice (and dark sounding) substitution for the I chord. Let's take a look at another chord...the IV chord. The IV (FAC) can be substituted with II(DFA) or VI(ACE) since, once again, they share 2/3 notes with the IV chord. Personally, I almost never sub IV with VI because VI has more of a function with the I chord than the IV chord, but it is an option and something that you need to explore by trial and error yourself. V can be subbed with III or VII.
Extended chords like m7, M7, 7, 9 etc can all be used in conjunction with these substitutions. Let's say we substitute I (CEG) with VI (ACE), we can always use Am7 instead of Am. We can Am9, Am11 and many other variations. Each extension of the basic chords adds more dissonance to the chords. This is definitely another topic and I won't go into the details, but I will say that you should experiment. If you want to know more about this, post another question and I'll handle it more fully.
Passing Chords
--------------
This is a more complicated topic. There are several approaches to passing chords and I'll discuss them separately.
1) Cycle of Fifths: The cycle of fifths occurs in the following way where -> means "goes to". The cycle of fifths is uni-directional. C->F->Bb->Eb->Ab->Db/C#->F#->B->E->A->D->G->C->F...and so on. When using passing chords you need to always think about where you're going in the music, not where you are. Let's take a phrase as an example to see how this works (each chord is 4 beats long).
>
> C Am F G
>
>
>
In the cycle of fifths, what "goes to" A? E goes to A right? Right! We can borrow some of C's time and put a passing chord in between the C and the Am. What will that passing chord be? Well, it's going to be some sort of E chord since E->A. We get the following with C and the E chord sharing 4 beats in any combination (2+2, 3+1, 2.5+1.5, etc).
>
> C E Am F G
>
>
>
What type of E chord can we use? We can use E major, E minor, E7, Em7, etc. In general, you can use any type of E chord, but not all of them will sound good. E major will always sound the best. Why? Pretend that we're in the key of A major. What would it's V chord be? E major. So E->A is a V to I relationship (perfect cadence), which is the strongest type of cadence. If we're in the key of A minor, its V chord is also E major since we generally use the harmonic version of A minor. Once again E to Am is a V to I relationship and a perfect cadence...very strong. Once again, you have to use your ear when using these type of passing chords. Major will never fail you, but experiment with other types of chords.
We can add passing chords to other areas in our original phrase. Let's add a passing chord to the F chord this time. Remember, in the cycle of 5ths C->F. The C chord is going to borrow time from the chord before it, Am.
>
> C Am C F G
>
>
>
Let's put a passing chord going to G. Recall, D->G.
>
> C Am F Dm G
>
>
>
This time I used Dm instead of D major, just to show that both can work.
2) Semitone Above Approach: This is a very jazz/gospel-based method. Let's take our example passage again. This method uses the cycle of fifths as well, except it uses the tritone of each passing chord instead. Let's add a passing chord to the Am chord. E->A. What's the tritone of E? Three tones up (or down) from E is Bb. So to get to Am we can use a Bb chord. Typically in jazz we don't simply use a plain-jane Bb major or Bb minor chord. More colouring is required for it to sound good, but you can use Bb major as well, it will just sound very tame. A typical type of Bb chord that will be used is a Bb13 chord. I'm speaking from a pianist's perspective when I describe this chord. Bb13 is Bb D Ab G (the 13) and usually C (the 9th) as well. Here's what we get:
>
> C Bb13 Am F G
>
>
>
Upper structure chords (dominant 7th chords with certain combinations of the 9, 11 and 13) are used a lot for this purpose as well.
Anyways, I hope this is helpful. Feel free to probe for more if needed. | One of many reasons is that the melody line contains some of the notes that occur in the particular chord, especially notes on the 1st and 3rd beats (in 4/4 time). Generally an underlying chord reflects the notes in the melody at that point. As Bob says, a lot of the examples are not strictly within the C major framework, so there could be many more answers. |
22,954 | If you are playing in the Key C major, a chord progression can be as simple as C-F-G7-C or C-Am-F-G7-C.
What are the principles while using chords like Am7,Am6, Cdim7,Csus4,Cdom9,C13,Bflat,Aflat etc (many more which I have not written). When do you use these types of chord in the C major key? What are the guiding principles in the chord progression when these chords are also used in C major? | 2014/08/18 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/22954",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/13073/"
] | One of many reasons is that the melody line contains some of the notes that occur in the particular chord, especially notes on the 1st and 3rd beats (in 4/4 time). Generally an underlying chord reflects the notes in the melody at that point. As Bob says, a lot of the examples are not strictly within the C major framework, so there could be many more answers. | Those are often just notes add to chords to give a musical piece depth. Jazz players sometimes talk about coloring chords in with added sevenths and ninths.
Am7
This is just a chord with a seventh added. Regular solution of seventh should apply with these chords as well.
Am6
Chords with sixths are usually passing chords where the sixth acts as middle man between two notes.
Cdim7
This is a chord commonly found when a seventh is added to the leading tone chord. The seventh is flattened and still has to resolve. |
22,954 | If you are playing in the Key C major, a chord progression can be as simple as C-F-G7-C or C-Am-F-G7-C.
What are the principles while using chords like Am7,Am6, Cdim7,Csus4,Cdom9,C13,Bflat,Aflat etc (many more which I have not written). When do you use these types of chord in the C major key? What are the guiding principles in the chord progression when these chords are also used in C major? | 2014/08/18 | [
"https://music.stackexchange.com/questions/22954",
"https://music.stackexchange.com",
"https://music.stackexchange.com/users/13073/"
] | Okay, so you're talking about substitutions and passing chords in general. I'll try to handle both as best as I can. I'll deal with everything in C major as well.
Substitutions
-------------
Let's take a look at the most typical chords I, IV and V. Each chord in the key of C can be substituted with another chord. The I chord (CEG) can be substituted by VI(ACE) or III(EGB). Why? Because both III and VI share two out of three of the notes from the I chord. Now, something you have to understand is that not all substitutions sound good and your ear needs to be the ultimate judge in the end. I tend to sub I with III or VI, but I find that if the I chord is at the beginning of a phrase substituting it with III sounds very strange and modal. VI is a very nice (and dark sounding) substitution for the I chord. Let's take a look at another chord...the IV chord. The IV (FAC) can be substituted with II(DFA) or VI(ACE) since, once again, they share 2/3 notes with the IV chord. Personally, I almost never sub IV with VI because VI has more of a function with the I chord than the IV chord, but it is an option and something that you need to explore by trial and error yourself. V can be subbed with III or VII.
Extended chords like m7, M7, 7, 9 etc can all be used in conjunction with these substitutions. Let's say we substitute I (CEG) with VI (ACE), we can always use Am7 instead of Am. We can Am9, Am11 and many other variations. Each extension of the basic chords adds more dissonance to the chords. This is definitely another topic and I won't go into the details, but I will say that you should experiment. If you want to know more about this, post another question and I'll handle it more fully.
Passing Chords
--------------
This is a more complicated topic. There are several approaches to passing chords and I'll discuss them separately.
1) Cycle of Fifths: The cycle of fifths occurs in the following way where -> means "goes to". The cycle of fifths is uni-directional. C->F->Bb->Eb->Ab->Db/C#->F#->B->E->A->D->G->C->F...and so on. When using passing chords you need to always think about where you're going in the music, not where you are. Let's take a phrase as an example to see how this works (each chord is 4 beats long).
>
> C Am F G
>
>
>
In the cycle of fifths, what "goes to" A? E goes to A right? Right! We can borrow some of C's time and put a passing chord in between the C and the Am. What will that passing chord be? Well, it's going to be some sort of E chord since E->A. We get the following with C and the E chord sharing 4 beats in any combination (2+2, 3+1, 2.5+1.5, etc).
>
> C E Am F G
>
>
>
What type of E chord can we use? We can use E major, E minor, E7, Em7, etc. In general, you can use any type of E chord, but not all of them will sound good. E major will always sound the best. Why? Pretend that we're in the key of A major. What would it's V chord be? E major. So E->A is a V to I relationship (perfect cadence), which is the strongest type of cadence. If we're in the key of A minor, its V chord is also E major since we generally use the harmonic version of A minor. Once again E to Am is a V to I relationship and a perfect cadence...very strong. Once again, you have to use your ear when using these type of passing chords. Major will never fail you, but experiment with other types of chords.
We can add passing chords to other areas in our original phrase. Let's add a passing chord to the F chord this time. Remember, in the cycle of 5ths C->F. The C chord is going to borrow time from the chord before it, Am.
>
> C Am C F G
>
>
>
Let's put a passing chord going to G. Recall, D->G.
>
> C Am F Dm G
>
>
>
This time I used Dm instead of D major, just to show that both can work.
2) Semitone Above Approach: This is a very jazz/gospel-based method. Let's take our example passage again. This method uses the cycle of fifths as well, except it uses the tritone of each passing chord instead. Let's add a passing chord to the Am chord. E->A. What's the tritone of E? Three tones up (or down) from E is Bb. So to get to Am we can use a Bb chord. Typically in jazz we don't simply use a plain-jane Bb major or Bb minor chord. More colouring is required for it to sound good, but you can use Bb major as well, it will just sound very tame. A typical type of Bb chord that will be used is a Bb13 chord. I'm speaking from a pianist's perspective when I describe this chord. Bb13 is Bb D Ab G (the 13) and usually C (the 9th) as well. Here's what we get:
>
> C Bb13 Am F G
>
>
>
Upper structure chords (dominant 7th chords with certain combinations of the 9, 11 and 13) are used a lot for this purpose as well.
Anyways, I hope this is helpful. Feel free to probe for more if needed. | Those are often just notes add to chords to give a musical piece depth. Jazz players sometimes talk about coloring chords in with added sevenths and ninths.
Am7
This is just a chord with a seventh added. Regular solution of seventh should apply with these chords as well.
Am6
Chords with sixths are usually passing chords where the sixth acts as middle man between two notes.
Cdim7
This is a chord commonly found when a seventh is added to the leading tone chord. The seventh is flattened and still has to resolve. |
62,351,882 | I have been using Intellij IDEA (w/ Python Plugin) for quite some time, and I never have heard about the Scientific Mode before today.
Well, it seems an interesting tool for my ML projects but I cannot find it where it in my IDE.
So, the question that stands is: does it exist for the community edition of Intellij IDEA w/ the Python plugin?
Looking forward for your experiences w/ it. Thanks. | 2020/06/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/62351882",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/10188975/"
] | It is supported in Professional Edition only, please see <https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/scientific-tools.html> | providing the IDEA version is a community, yes.
If it is Ultimate, then the option should exist <https://www.jetbrains.com/help/idea/matplotlib-support.html> |
62,351,882 | I have been using Intellij IDEA (w/ Python Plugin) for quite some time, and I never have heard about the Scientific Mode before today.
Well, it seems an interesting tool for my ML projects but I cannot find it where it in my IDE.
So, the question that stands is: does it exist for the community edition of Intellij IDEA w/ the Python plugin?
Looking forward for your experiences w/ it. Thanks. | 2020/06/12 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/62351882",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/10188975/"
] | It is supported in Professional Edition only, please see <https://www.jetbrains.com/help/pycharm/scientific-tools.html> | For ML projects, you also have DataSpell from the same editor (JetBrains).
<https://www.jetbrains.com/dataspell/> |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | Nothing happens for a reason. Reason is something given by us.
Everything except Nibbana happens & happens due to causes. Nibbana doesn't happen, it is existent. Thus not caused. | In the [Sivaka Sutta (SN36.21)](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html), the Buddha explains that not all experiences are caused by kamma. Sometimes, it's just the weather or something else that's not extraordinarily significant. Not everything happens for a reason.
>
> As he was sitting there, he said to the Blessed One, "Master Gotama,
> there are some brahmans & contemplatives who are of this doctrine,
> this view: Whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done
> before. Now what does Master Gotama say to that?"
>
>
> [The Buddha:] "There are cases where some feelings arise based on
> bile. You yourself should know how some feelings arise based on
> bile. Even the world is agreed on how some feelings arise based on
> bile. So any brahmans & contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view
> that whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done before
> — slip past what they themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by
> the world. Therefore I say that those brahmans & contemplatives are
> wrong."
>
>
> "There are cases where some feelings arise based on phlegm... based on
> internal winds... based on a combination of bodily humors... from the
> change of the seasons... from uneven care of the body... from harsh
> treatment... from the result of kamma. You yourself should know how
> some feelings arise from the result of kamma. Even the world is agreed
> on how some feelings arise from the result of kamma. So any brahmans &
> contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view that whatever an
> individual feels — pleasure, pain, neither pleasure-nor-pain — is
> entirely caused by what was done before — slip past what they
> themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by the world. Therefore I
> say that those brahmans & contemplatives are wrong."
>
>
> |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | In the [Sivaka Sutta (SN36.21)](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html), the Buddha explains that not all experiences are caused by kamma. Sometimes, it's just the weather or something else that's not extraordinarily significant. Not everything happens for a reason.
>
> As he was sitting there, he said to the Blessed One, "Master Gotama,
> there are some brahmans & contemplatives who are of this doctrine,
> this view: Whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done
> before. Now what does Master Gotama say to that?"
>
>
> [The Buddha:] "There are cases where some feelings arise based on
> bile. You yourself should know how some feelings arise based on
> bile. Even the world is agreed on how some feelings arise based on
> bile. So any brahmans & contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view
> that whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done before
> — slip past what they themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by
> the world. Therefore I say that those brahmans & contemplatives are
> wrong."
>
>
> "There are cases where some feelings arise based on phlegm... based on
> internal winds... based on a combination of bodily humors... from the
> change of the seasons... from uneven care of the body... from harsh
> treatment... from the result of kamma. You yourself should know how
> some feelings arise from the result of kamma. Even the world is agreed
> on how some feelings arise from the result of kamma. So any brahmans &
> contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view that whatever an
> individual feels — pleasure, pain, neither pleasure-nor-pain — is
> entirely caused by what was done before — slip past what they
> themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by the world. Therefore I
> say that those brahmans & contemplatives are wrong."
>
>
> | In general, of course, unlikely events are accidental. And physical events, such as an earthquake, are always accidental. But, if an event, such as meeting someone seemingly by accident, is caused by somebody making decisions, it is remotely possible that karma may be involved. Old friends for previous lifetimes sometimes seek one another out by unconsciously making the right decisions that lead to an “accidental” meeting. Such events are rare. And, when they do occur, there is usually supporting evidence, such as finding one another very familiar in the case of a meeting of old friends. I would suggest that you look for substantial evidence before “embracing” such an event, especially if it requires significant cost or sacrifice. |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | In the [Sivaka Sutta (SN36.21)](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html), the Buddha explains that not all experiences are caused by kamma. Sometimes, it's just the weather or something else that's not extraordinarily significant. Not everything happens for a reason.
>
> As he was sitting there, he said to the Blessed One, "Master Gotama,
> there are some brahmans & contemplatives who are of this doctrine,
> this view: Whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done
> before. Now what does Master Gotama say to that?"
>
>
> [The Buddha:] "There are cases where some feelings arise based on
> bile. You yourself should know how some feelings arise based on
> bile. Even the world is agreed on how some feelings arise based on
> bile. So any brahmans & contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view
> that whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done before
> — slip past what they themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by
> the world. Therefore I say that those brahmans & contemplatives are
> wrong."
>
>
> "There are cases where some feelings arise based on phlegm... based on
> internal winds... based on a combination of bodily humors... from the
> change of the seasons... from uneven care of the body... from harsh
> treatment... from the result of kamma. You yourself should know how
> some feelings arise from the result of kamma. Even the world is agreed
> on how some feelings arise from the result of kamma. So any brahmans &
> contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view that whatever an
> individual feels — pleasure, pain, neither pleasure-nor-pain — is
> entirely caused by what was done before — slip past what they
> themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by the world. Therefore I
> say that those brahmans & contemplatives are wrong."
>
>
> | People normaly act "for a reason" but to put it right, phenomenas arise "out of reason", have causes. So by focus just on giving right causes, phenomenas appear likewise, are experianced according the causes given. The highest cause to go beyound being subject to causes, is the fullfilment of the Eightfold path. There *is* just one unconditioned Dhamma, yet not to be found without giving the right causes.
All beyond that, beyond [the all](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.023.than_en.html), is just philosophy.
>
> 'Repudiating this All, I will describe another,' if questioned on what exactly might be the grounds for his statement, would be unable to explain, and furthermore, would be put to grief. Why? Because it lies beyond range."
>
>
>
One saying: "Not everything happens for (better 'out of') a reason." would not speak in accordiance with the Dhamma, does not flow in the stream of Dhamma. Since: [By touch](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.004.than_en.html) dhammas are experianced. Every explaining else is not really possible and subject to errors. [Suttas](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html) have to be readed carefully, with proper attention, seeking release not something to grasp. Otherwise the Dhamma is like a snake grasp on its tail.
*[Note: This is a gift of Dhamma and not meant for commercial purpose or other low wordily gains by means of trade and exchange.]* |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | My teacher taught me that I must choose how I interpret such events in whichever way that produces the most wholesome mindstates.
So if thinking that this event was a sign from the hidden nature of things and held special significance makes you stronger, go for it with no hesitation. This is called, utilizing the power of faith.
In Varjrayana we learn to see hidden connections between things, hidden patterns and relationships. So having a sense of intuition for special events in one's life is important in our practice. In the absence of egoistic desires, and the baselessness of Emptiness, how else can we pick the course of action? So we choose to interpret things in a certain way, and act based on that. It's more an art than a science but there is a system to it. | People normaly act "for a reason" but to put it right, phenomenas arise "out of reason", have causes. So by focus just on giving right causes, phenomenas appear likewise, are experianced according the causes given. The highest cause to go beyound being subject to causes, is the fullfilment of the Eightfold path. There *is* just one unconditioned Dhamma, yet not to be found without giving the right causes.
All beyond that, beyond [the all](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.023.than_en.html), is just philosophy.
>
> 'Repudiating this All, I will describe another,' if questioned on what exactly might be the grounds for his statement, would be unable to explain, and furthermore, would be put to grief. Why? Because it lies beyond range."
>
>
>
One saying: "Not everything happens for (better 'out of') a reason." would not speak in accordiance with the Dhamma, does not flow in the stream of Dhamma. Since: [By touch](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.004.than_en.html) dhammas are experianced. Every explaining else is not really possible and subject to errors. [Suttas](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html) have to be readed carefully, with proper attention, seeking release not something to grasp. Otherwise the Dhamma is like a snake grasp on its tail.
*[Note: This is a gift of Dhamma and not meant for commercial purpose or other low wordily gains by means of trade and exchange.]* |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | >
> If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
>
>
> Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
>
>
>
The Buddha taught that there are [*5 natural laws (Niyamas)*](http://www.purifymind.com/BuddhismKarma.htm), that causes physical and mental events to take place;
>
> *1. The seasonal laws (Utu-Niyama) related to temperature, seasons and other physical events*
>
>
> *2. The biological laws (Bija-Niyama) related to seeds and physical organic order*
>
>
> *3. The physical law (Citta-Niyama) related to the processes of consciousness, or to the nature of consciousness which recognises objects etc.*
>
>
> *4. The Kammic law (Kamma-Niyama) related to the law of Kamma, (good deeds and bad deeds and their results)*
>
>
> *5. The Natural laws (Dhamma-Niyama) related to certain events: the general law of cause and effect, causality conditionally and unconditionally
> Trying to further interpretate it will just carry over into imagination. Only a fully enlightened Buddha can know the intricate workings of kamma.*
>
>
>
---
>
> Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change?
>
>
>
You could treat it as you would do in Vipassana meditation, i.e. to treat all physical and mental objects the same way.
You can also use it to further deepen your practice. If you have increased time and energy, you could practice Dana and do e.g. volunteer work. Its really up to you.
The Buddha taught that one should do good, practice the Dhamma and lead a pure life. | People normaly act "for a reason" but to put it right, phenomenas arise "out of reason", have causes. So by focus just on giving right causes, phenomenas appear likewise, are experianced according the causes given. The highest cause to go beyound being subject to causes, is the fullfilment of the Eightfold path. There *is* just one unconditioned Dhamma, yet not to be found without giving the right causes.
All beyond that, beyond [the all](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.023.than_en.html), is just philosophy.
>
> 'Repudiating this All, I will describe another,' if questioned on what exactly might be the grounds for his statement, would be unable to explain, and furthermore, would be put to grief. Why? Because it lies beyond range."
>
>
>
One saying: "Not everything happens for (better 'out of') a reason." would not speak in accordiance with the Dhamma, does not flow in the stream of Dhamma. Since: [By touch](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.004.than_en.html) dhammas are experianced. Every explaining else is not really possible and subject to errors. [Suttas](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html) have to be readed carefully, with proper attention, seeking release not something to grasp. Otherwise the Dhamma is like a snake grasp on its tail.
*[Note: This is a gift of Dhamma and not meant for commercial purpose or other low wordily gains by means of trade and exchange.]* |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | Nothing happens for a reason. Reason is something given by us.
Everything except Nibbana happens & happens due to causes. Nibbana doesn't happen, it is existent. Thus not caused. | People normaly act "for a reason" but to put it right, phenomenas arise "out of reason", have causes. So by focus just on giving right causes, phenomenas appear likewise, are experianced according the causes given. The highest cause to go beyound being subject to causes, is the fullfilment of the Eightfold path. There *is* just one unconditioned Dhamma, yet not to be found without giving the right causes.
All beyond that, beyond [the all](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn35/sn35.023.than_en.html), is just philosophy.
>
> 'Repudiating this All, I will describe another,' if questioned on what exactly might be the grounds for his statement, would be unable to explain, and furthermore, would be put to grief. Why? Because it lies beyond range."
>
>
>
One saying: "Not everything happens for (better 'out of') a reason." would not speak in accordiance with the Dhamma, does not flow in the stream of Dhamma. Since: [By touch](http://zugangzureinsicht.org/html/tipitaka/sn/sn25/sn25.004.than_en.html) dhammas are experianced. Every explaining else is not really possible and subject to errors. [Suttas](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html) have to be readed carefully, with proper attention, seeking release not something to grasp. Otherwise the Dhamma is like a snake grasp on its tail.
*[Note: This is a gift of Dhamma and not meant for commercial purpose or other low wordily gains by means of trade and exchange.]* |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | My teacher taught me that I must choose how I interpret such events in whichever way that produces the most wholesome mindstates.
So if thinking that this event was a sign from the hidden nature of things and held special significance makes you stronger, go for it with no hesitation. This is called, utilizing the power of faith.
In Varjrayana we learn to see hidden connections between things, hidden patterns and relationships. So having a sense of intuition for special events in one's life is important in our practice. In the absence of egoistic desires, and the baselessness of Emptiness, how else can we pick the course of action? So we choose to interpret things in a certain way, and act based on that. It's more an art than a science but there is a system to it. | In general, of course, unlikely events are accidental. And physical events, such as an earthquake, are always accidental. But, if an event, such as meeting someone seemingly by accident, is caused by somebody making decisions, it is remotely possible that karma may be involved. Old friends for previous lifetimes sometimes seek one another out by unconsciously making the right decisions that lead to an “accidental” meeting. Such events are rare. And, when they do occur, there is usually supporting evidence, such as finding one another very familiar in the case of a meeting of old friends. I would suggest that you look for substantial evidence before “embracing” such an event, especially if it requires significant cost or sacrifice. |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | My teacher taught me that I must choose how I interpret such events in whichever way that produces the most wholesome mindstates.
So if thinking that this event was a sign from the hidden nature of things and held special significance makes you stronger, go for it with no hesitation. This is called, utilizing the power of faith.
In Varjrayana we learn to see hidden connections between things, hidden patterns and relationships. So having a sense of intuition for special events in one's life is important in our practice. In the absence of egoistic desires, and the baselessness of Emptiness, how else can we pick the course of action? So we choose to interpret things in a certain way, and act based on that. It's more an art than a science but there is a system to it. | Nothing happens for a reason. Reason is something given by us.
Everything except Nibbana happens & happens due to causes. Nibbana doesn't happen, it is existent. Thus not caused. |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | My teacher taught me that I must choose how I interpret such events in whichever way that produces the most wholesome mindstates.
So if thinking that this event was a sign from the hidden nature of things and held special significance makes you stronger, go for it with no hesitation. This is called, utilizing the power of faith.
In Varjrayana we learn to see hidden connections between things, hidden patterns and relationships. So having a sense of intuition for special events in one's life is important in our practice. In the absence of egoistic desires, and the baselessness of Emptiness, how else can we pick the course of action? So we choose to interpret things in a certain way, and act based on that. It's more an art than a science but there is a system to it. | Yes. Everything happens because of a reason, a cause. Otherwise there can be no enlightenment. |
23,764 | If something unexpected (and incredibly unlikely) happens, should we take it as something deeper or just a fact of life?
Something highly unlikely and very positive happened at a very bad and negative point in my life, this event arguably showed a very different future to the one I imagined.
Don't know how to read into it, or how my actions should be after the event, should I embrace the change? | 2017/11/07 | [
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/questions/23764",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com",
"https://buddhism.stackexchange.com/users/12406/"
] | My teacher taught me that I must choose how I interpret such events in whichever way that produces the most wholesome mindstates.
So if thinking that this event was a sign from the hidden nature of things and held special significance makes you stronger, go for it with no hesitation. This is called, utilizing the power of faith.
In Varjrayana we learn to see hidden connections between things, hidden patterns and relationships. So having a sense of intuition for special events in one's life is important in our practice. In the absence of egoistic desires, and the baselessness of Emptiness, how else can we pick the course of action? So we choose to interpret things in a certain way, and act based on that. It's more an art than a science but there is a system to it. | In the [Sivaka Sutta (SN36.21)](https://www.accesstoinsight.org/tipitaka/sn/sn36/sn36.021.than.html), the Buddha explains that not all experiences are caused by kamma. Sometimes, it's just the weather or something else that's not extraordinarily significant. Not everything happens for a reason.
>
> As he was sitting there, he said to the Blessed One, "Master Gotama,
> there are some brahmans & contemplatives who are of this doctrine,
> this view: Whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done
> before. Now what does Master Gotama say to that?"
>
>
> [The Buddha:] "There are cases where some feelings arise based on
> bile. You yourself should know how some feelings arise based on
> bile. Even the world is agreed on how some feelings arise based on
> bile. So any brahmans & contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view
> that whatever an individual feels — pleasure, pain,
> neither-pleasure-nor-pain — is entirely caused by what was done before
> — slip past what they themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by
> the world. Therefore I say that those brahmans & contemplatives are
> wrong."
>
>
> "There are cases where some feelings arise based on phlegm... based on
> internal winds... based on a combination of bodily humors... from the
> change of the seasons... from uneven care of the body... from harsh
> treatment... from the result of kamma. You yourself should know how
> some feelings arise from the result of kamma. Even the world is agreed
> on how some feelings arise from the result of kamma. So any brahmans &
> contemplatives who are of the doctrine & view that whatever an
> individual feels — pleasure, pain, neither pleasure-nor-pain — is
> entirely caused by what was done before — slip past what they
> themselves know, slip past what is agreed on by the world. Therefore I
> say that those brahmans & contemplatives are wrong."
>
>
> |
10,477,605 | If you log in to an sftp server,
Are the username and password sent securely?
Or do you have to have certificate-based authentication to ensure that the entire transmission is encrypted?
If this is client-dependent, then do you know if Tumbleweed and WinSCP can be configured to send username and password securely? | 2012/05/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10477605",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/564811/"
] | Depends on what you mean by SFTP. For "real" SFTP which stands for SSH File Transfer Protocol authentication is done on SSH layer and it's secure. Some people use "SFTP" as a synonym of FTP-over-TLS, and in this case it depends - in most cases the command channel is encrypted before username and password are sent (this is true only for SSL/TLS-secured connection, not plain FTP!) but it's possible to authenticate in clear text (eg. for debugging purposes). | SFTP goes over SSH, which establishes a secure tunnel by exchanging keys (recall how when you first connect you are prompted to accept and store a key?). Once the secure tunnel is established, all communication through it is encrypted. The username and password are sent via the tunnel, hence they are sent securely. |
10,477,605 | If you log in to an sftp server,
Are the username and password sent securely?
Or do you have to have certificate-based authentication to ensure that the entire transmission is encrypted?
If this is client-dependent, then do you know if Tumbleweed and WinSCP can be configured to send username and password securely? | 2012/05/07 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/10477605",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/564811/"
] | Depends on what you mean by SFTP. For "real" SFTP which stands for SSH File Transfer Protocol authentication is done on SSH layer and it's secure. Some people use "SFTP" as a synonym of FTP-over-TLS, and in this case it depends - in most cases the command channel is encrypted before username and password are sent (this is true only for SSL/TLS-secured connection, not plain FTP!) but it's possible to authenticate in clear text (eg. for debugging purposes). | SFTP itself does not authenticate at all. According to its specification it [assumes that it runs over a secure channel](https://datatracker.ietf.org/doc/html/draft-ietf-secsh-filexfer-13#section-1). As such it expects that underlying channel handles authentication (if any).
So the question is, what channel does your particular instance of SFTP run over. In 99% cases it runs over SSH though (port 22), which sends username and password securely. Note that majority of SFTP clients (WinSCP definitely) and servers do not even support any other channel than SSH.
Strictly speaking even SSH can be configured encryption-less or with inferior encryption. Though again in most cases it is secure. And again, most SSH clients (WinSCP definitely) and servers do not allow encryption-less SSH setup. |
815,253 | Is there any opensource samples of JQuery usages of StackOverFlow-like sites......
Any help in this direction?? | 2009/05/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/815253",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/58800/"
] | You can make the same effects by using [plugins](http://plugins.jquery.com/).
* <http://www.jqueryplugins.com/>
* <http://www.sastgroup.com/jquery/240-plugins-jquery> | The web is full of them. For starters, I recommend reading through the [Documentation](http://docs.jquery.com/Main_Page). |
815,253 | Is there any opensource samples of JQuery usages of StackOverFlow-like sites......
Any help in this direction?? | 2009/05/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/815253",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/58800/"
] | The web is full of them. For starters, I recommend reading through the [Documentation](http://docs.jquery.com/Main_Page). | It could help if everybody would just make a list of the plugins that are being used. For example, for plotting they use: [flot](http://code.google.com/p/flot/). For flot support on IE you need [excanvas](http://excanvas.sourceforge.net/)... I kind of feel this question has been answered before though... |
815,253 | Is there any opensource samples of JQuery usages of StackOverFlow-like sites......
Any help in this direction?? | 2009/05/02 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/815253",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/58800/"
] | You can make the same effects by using [plugins](http://plugins.jquery.com/).
* <http://www.jqueryplugins.com/>
* <http://www.sastgroup.com/jquery/240-plugins-jquery> | It could help if everybody would just make a list of the plugins that are being used. For example, for plotting they use: [flot](http://code.google.com/p/flot/). For flot support on IE you need [excanvas](http://excanvas.sourceforge.net/)... I kind of feel this question has been answered before though... |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | The best way to find work is to go where your best customers will be. You've described the kind of service you can provide, but you haven't focused at all (at least in your question) about the type of customer you want to work for. Consider the following:
* Is your best customer local or anywhere? (Local makes a lot of legal and payment things easier and allows you to work onsite, non-local complicates these things and may mean remote only work)
* How big is your best customer? (Are they small or large?)
* What market segment is your best customer in? (Private? Government? Non-profit? Industry specific?)
* etc.
You may think you are better off not answering these questions or saying "all" to them, but actually it is better to come up with real answers to these questions. Different clients will look for freelancers in different ways. For example:
I provide similar services to you (.NET, mostly ASP.NET). I work only with small, local tech-savvy companies. These organizations typically look for freelance programmers via their network and via Google. So I use 3 marketing strategies:
* I keep in regular contact with my network and have lunch/coffee/whatever with them to let them know when I am looking for new work.
* I joined my local chamber of commerce so I am regularly meeting a lot of small business owners.
* I occasionally use Google Adwords.
For other types of customers, you may need other approaches. Here are some other things worth considering:
* Working with a third party firm.
* Attending user groups / code camps / etc. and networking.
* Joining industry specific groups.
* Using some kind of freelance site for finding work.
* Contacting colleagues and asking for referrals.
* Contacting former clients and asking for work.
But again - this will largely depend on what kind of customer/projects you are interested in. It is better to narrow your focus because then you can properly put effort into a couple of key strategies, instead of throwing everything against the wall and seeing what sticks. You want to look very attractive to the type of customer that you want to work for, and a scattershot approach won't make you look attractive, it will make you look desperate. | I'm seeking software development work -- all types *except* .NET -- on job boards. I seem to be inundated with potential clients that *you* could service. (I cannot because I have no experience with .NET.)
As you haven't mentioned **job boards**, I think they could be your answer: workopolis, monster, linkedin, craigslist, etc.
If you become active on some of the job boards, you *will* be approached by agencies/recruiters about contract work.
And there's the meta search job sites -- indeed, eluta, simplyhired, etc -- that search the web for you. They too will find agencies/recruiters having contract work. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | The best way to find work is to go where your best customers will be. You've described the kind of service you can provide, but you haven't focused at all (at least in your question) about the type of customer you want to work for. Consider the following:
* Is your best customer local or anywhere? (Local makes a lot of legal and payment things easier and allows you to work onsite, non-local complicates these things and may mean remote only work)
* How big is your best customer? (Are they small or large?)
* What market segment is your best customer in? (Private? Government? Non-profit? Industry specific?)
* etc.
You may think you are better off not answering these questions or saying "all" to them, but actually it is better to come up with real answers to these questions. Different clients will look for freelancers in different ways. For example:
I provide similar services to you (.NET, mostly ASP.NET). I work only with small, local tech-savvy companies. These organizations typically look for freelance programmers via their network and via Google. So I use 3 marketing strategies:
* I keep in regular contact with my network and have lunch/coffee/whatever with them to let them know when I am looking for new work.
* I joined my local chamber of commerce so I am regularly meeting a lot of small business owners.
* I occasionally use Google Adwords.
For other types of customers, you may need other approaches. Here are some other things worth considering:
* Working with a third party firm.
* Attending user groups / code camps / etc. and networking.
* Joining industry specific groups.
* Using some kind of freelance site for finding work.
* Contacting colleagues and asking for referrals.
* Contacting former clients and asking for work.
But again - this will largely depend on what kind of customer/projects you are interested in. It is better to narrow your focus because then you can properly put effort into a couple of key strategies, instead of throwing everything against the wall and seeing what sticks. You want to look very attractive to the type of customer that you want to work for, and a scattershot approach won't make you look attractive, it will make you look desperate. | I would say that you started on the right track. Asking questions on discussion boards gets you acquainted with peers in the freelancing world that could give you suggestions and possible project referrals - which you can make intelligent choices from.
If you've never started on any freelance project before, the challenge lies on what you could possibly show your potential client to have enough confidence in you to do the work. Yes, your skills maybe impeccable and you could commit yourself to an excellent output. However, you're going to have to show something to your prospects to prove it. Your communication and interpersonal skills [during an interview or a meeting] would come in handy. If you cannot impress them with the skills in your profile, then get their trust with how you present yourself in a discussion. Clients would love to hear more about what you can do in details.
The suggestion to start building your reputation on a freelancing platform can help, too. Create a profile on popular freelancing channels and bid on a job advert you believe you could make wonders at. A lot of clients in those platforms are willing to give "entry-level" freelancers a chance. I'm sure you've told to be careful about bidding on projects though. Yes, usually, clients will have a brief background of what they are about on their job adverts. Platforms like Elance and oDesk also show how far they are within the site: how many contractors they have hired, how much they paid, and how trusted their are as described in their feedback comments and scores. You'll pretty much have an idea who you want to work with.
And as you said, you already have your website up and running (optimised and all), a little more perseverance is strongly suggested. You can't just be all over the World Wide Web as it's way too big for you. Discover where your kind of expertise hangs around and stay with them for a while until you get prospects. Listen to what your peers talk about by saving a few links to blogs, social media profile, and discussion boards. This will not only help you find prospects but will also update what you think you already know. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | The best way to find work is to go where your best customers will be. You've described the kind of service you can provide, but you haven't focused at all (at least in your question) about the type of customer you want to work for. Consider the following:
* Is your best customer local or anywhere? (Local makes a lot of legal and payment things easier and allows you to work onsite, non-local complicates these things and may mean remote only work)
* How big is your best customer? (Are they small or large?)
* What market segment is your best customer in? (Private? Government? Non-profit? Industry specific?)
* etc.
You may think you are better off not answering these questions or saying "all" to them, but actually it is better to come up with real answers to these questions. Different clients will look for freelancers in different ways. For example:
I provide similar services to you (.NET, mostly ASP.NET). I work only with small, local tech-savvy companies. These organizations typically look for freelance programmers via their network and via Google. So I use 3 marketing strategies:
* I keep in regular contact with my network and have lunch/coffee/whatever with them to let them know when I am looking for new work.
* I joined my local chamber of commerce so I am regularly meeting a lot of small business owners.
* I occasionally use Google Adwords.
For other types of customers, you may need other approaches. Here are some other things worth considering:
* Working with a third party firm.
* Attending user groups / code camps / etc. and networking.
* Joining industry specific groups.
* Using some kind of freelance site for finding work.
* Contacting colleagues and asking for referrals.
* Contacting former clients and asking for work.
But again - this will largely depend on what kind of customer/projects you are interested in. It is better to narrow your focus because then you can properly put effort into a couple of key strategies, instead of throwing everything against the wall and seeing what sticks. You want to look very attractive to the type of customer that you want to work for, and a scattershot approach won't make you look attractive, it will make you look desperate. | I had similiar issues in my freelance Resume service back when i was running it. My answer would be to check out Guerrilla Marketing for free.
My other suggestion would be, Pound The Pavement. If you can create software and webdesign, start hitting up small businesses.
Restaurants? Create a "package deal" where you would create a small website that lists their location, menu, fun facts, etc. Offer in the package to include them on yelp and other social sites. If it's relevant (ie: delivery, reservations) offer to create an app, (if you are able) for them for those types of services.
Local sportscard/Comic Book/ etc... offer a website package that can link to a database that would have their items on hand. You could even create a "barcode" program that would link to their database and autopost on the website.
Heck, if you have time, pull up their website, redesign it, and then take in your mock up to the owner and tell them what you can do. I've found that small biz owners need tangible proof their website is horrible compared to a pro's.
My only warning would be: DO NOT WORK FOR THEM FOR FREE, NOR OFFER STRICT DISCOUNTS.
They'll say "you already made the site" why not give it to me for half. Advise them that's just visual, and doesn't have code needed to run properly. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | The best way to find work is to go where your best customers will be. You've described the kind of service you can provide, but you haven't focused at all (at least in your question) about the type of customer you want to work for. Consider the following:
* Is your best customer local or anywhere? (Local makes a lot of legal and payment things easier and allows you to work onsite, non-local complicates these things and may mean remote only work)
* How big is your best customer? (Are they small or large?)
* What market segment is your best customer in? (Private? Government? Non-profit? Industry specific?)
* etc.
You may think you are better off not answering these questions or saying "all" to them, but actually it is better to come up with real answers to these questions. Different clients will look for freelancers in different ways. For example:
I provide similar services to you (.NET, mostly ASP.NET). I work only with small, local tech-savvy companies. These organizations typically look for freelance programmers via their network and via Google. So I use 3 marketing strategies:
* I keep in regular contact with my network and have lunch/coffee/whatever with them to let them know when I am looking for new work.
* I joined my local chamber of commerce so I am regularly meeting a lot of small business owners.
* I occasionally use Google Adwords.
For other types of customers, you may need other approaches. Here are some other things worth considering:
* Working with a third party firm.
* Attending user groups / code camps / etc. and networking.
* Joining industry specific groups.
* Using some kind of freelance site for finding work.
* Contacting colleagues and asking for referrals.
* Contacting former clients and asking for work.
But again - this will largely depend on what kind of customer/projects you are interested in. It is better to narrow your focus because then you can properly put effort into a couple of key strategies, instead of throwing everything against the wall and seeing what sticks. You want to look very attractive to the type of customer that you want to work for, and a scattershot approach won't make you look attractive, it will make you look desperate. | You can make an agreement with a salesperson and offer them a portion of profit. This is a lot easier and you can concentrate on your work rather than social relations.
Main advantage of this approach is you won't promise a profit to someone which you don't have, so it is better than hiring a salesperson. It may seem a little bit "I am doing all the work, why would I share my profit" but being able to attract customers, have a good relation with them, getting feedbacks and most importantly convincing them is actually a talent and takes time.
Convincing part is most important because as you are a freelancer, you probably won't have some kind of contract. And some customers tend to give up at the end of the project, start to request many nonsenseble things to delay pay date. An experienced salesperson is usually good at managing these type of things, because he/she will do this for also himself/herself.
Finally, it has a motivation part, you will feel like a team and will be able to more projects. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | I'm seeking software development work -- all types *except* .NET -- on job boards. I seem to be inundated with potential clients that *you* could service. (I cannot because I have no experience with .NET.)
As you haven't mentioned **job boards**, I think they could be your answer: workopolis, monster, linkedin, craigslist, etc.
If you become active on some of the job boards, you *will* be approached by agencies/recruiters about contract work.
And there's the meta search job sites -- indeed, eluta, simplyhired, etc -- that search the web for you. They too will find agencies/recruiters having contract work. | I would say that you started on the right track. Asking questions on discussion boards gets you acquainted with peers in the freelancing world that could give you suggestions and possible project referrals - which you can make intelligent choices from.
If you've never started on any freelance project before, the challenge lies on what you could possibly show your potential client to have enough confidence in you to do the work. Yes, your skills maybe impeccable and you could commit yourself to an excellent output. However, you're going to have to show something to your prospects to prove it. Your communication and interpersonal skills [during an interview or a meeting] would come in handy. If you cannot impress them with the skills in your profile, then get their trust with how you present yourself in a discussion. Clients would love to hear more about what you can do in details.
The suggestion to start building your reputation on a freelancing platform can help, too. Create a profile on popular freelancing channels and bid on a job advert you believe you could make wonders at. A lot of clients in those platforms are willing to give "entry-level" freelancers a chance. I'm sure you've told to be careful about bidding on projects though. Yes, usually, clients will have a brief background of what they are about on their job adverts. Platforms like Elance and oDesk also show how far they are within the site: how many contractors they have hired, how much they paid, and how trusted their are as described in their feedback comments and scores. You'll pretty much have an idea who you want to work with.
And as you said, you already have your website up and running (optimised and all), a little more perseverance is strongly suggested. You can't just be all over the World Wide Web as it's way too big for you. Discover where your kind of expertise hangs around and stay with them for a while until you get prospects. Listen to what your peers talk about by saving a few links to blogs, social media profile, and discussion boards. This will not only help you find prospects but will also update what you think you already know. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | I had similiar issues in my freelance Resume service back when i was running it. My answer would be to check out Guerrilla Marketing for free.
My other suggestion would be, Pound The Pavement. If you can create software and webdesign, start hitting up small businesses.
Restaurants? Create a "package deal" where you would create a small website that lists their location, menu, fun facts, etc. Offer in the package to include them on yelp and other social sites. If it's relevant (ie: delivery, reservations) offer to create an app, (if you are able) for them for those types of services.
Local sportscard/Comic Book/ etc... offer a website package that can link to a database that would have their items on hand. You could even create a "barcode" program that would link to their database and autopost on the website.
Heck, if you have time, pull up their website, redesign it, and then take in your mock up to the owner and tell them what you can do. I've found that small biz owners need tangible proof their website is horrible compared to a pro's.
My only warning would be: DO NOT WORK FOR THEM FOR FREE, NOR OFFER STRICT DISCOUNTS.
They'll say "you already made the site" why not give it to me for half. Advise them that's just visual, and doesn't have code needed to run properly. | I'm seeking software development work -- all types *except* .NET -- on job boards. I seem to be inundated with potential clients that *you* could service. (I cannot because I have no experience with .NET.)
As you haven't mentioned **job boards**, I think they could be your answer: workopolis, monster, linkedin, craigslist, etc.
If you become active on some of the job boards, you *will* be approached by agencies/recruiters about contract work.
And there's the meta search job sites -- indeed, eluta, simplyhired, etc -- that search the web for you. They too will find agencies/recruiters having contract work. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | I had similiar issues in my freelance Resume service back when i was running it. My answer would be to check out Guerrilla Marketing for free.
My other suggestion would be, Pound The Pavement. If you can create software and webdesign, start hitting up small businesses.
Restaurants? Create a "package deal" where you would create a small website that lists their location, menu, fun facts, etc. Offer in the package to include them on yelp and other social sites. If it's relevant (ie: delivery, reservations) offer to create an app, (if you are able) for them for those types of services.
Local sportscard/Comic Book/ etc... offer a website package that can link to a database that would have their items on hand. You could even create a "barcode" program that would link to their database and autopost on the website.
Heck, if you have time, pull up their website, redesign it, and then take in your mock up to the owner and tell them what you can do. I've found that small biz owners need tangible proof their website is horrible compared to a pro's.
My only warning would be: DO NOT WORK FOR THEM FOR FREE, NOR OFFER STRICT DISCOUNTS.
They'll say "you already made the site" why not give it to me for half. Advise them that's just visual, and doesn't have code needed to run properly. | I would say that you started on the right track. Asking questions on discussion boards gets you acquainted with peers in the freelancing world that could give you suggestions and possible project referrals - which you can make intelligent choices from.
If you've never started on any freelance project before, the challenge lies on what you could possibly show your potential client to have enough confidence in you to do the work. Yes, your skills maybe impeccable and you could commit yourself to an excellent output. However, you're going to have to show something to your prospects to prove it. Your communication and interpersonal skills [during an interview or a meeting] would come in handy. If you cannot impress them with the skills in your profile, then get their trust with how you present yourself in a discussion. Clients would love to hear more about what you can do in details.
The suggestion to start building your reputation on a freelancing platform can help, too. Create a profile on popular freelancing channels and bid on a job advert you believe you could make wonders at. A lot of clients in those platforms are willing to give "entry-level" freelancers a chance. I'm sure you've told to be careful about bidding on projects though. Yes, usually, clients will have a brief background of what they are about on their job adverts. Platforms like Elance and oDesk also show how far they are within the site: how many contractors they have hired, how much they paid, and how trusted their are as described in their feedback comments and scores. You'll pretty much have an idea who you want to work with.
And as you said, you already have your website up and running (optimised and all), a little more perseverance is strongly suggested. You can't just be all over the World Wide Web as it's way too big for you. Discover where your kind of expertise hangs around and stay with them for a while until you get prospects. Listen to what your peers talk about by saving a few links to blogs, social media profile, and discussion boards. This will not only help you find prospects but will also update what you think you already know. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | You can make an agreement with a salesperson and offer them a portion of profit. This is a lot easier and you can concentrate on your work rather than social relations.
Main advantage of this approach is you won't promise a profit to someone which you don't have, so it is better than hiring a salesperson. It may seem a little bit "I am doing all the work, why would I share my profit" but being able to attract customers, have a good relation with them, getting feedbacks and most importantly convincing them is actually a talent and takes time.
Convincing part is most important because as you are a freelancer, you probably won't have some kind of contract. And some customers tend to give up at the end of the project, start to request many nonsenseble things to delay pay date. An experienced salesperson is usually good at managing these type of things, because he/she will do this for also himself/herself.
Finally, it has a motivation part, you will feel like a team and will be able to more projects. | I would say that you started on the right track. Asking questions on discussion boards gets you acquainted with peers in the freelancing world that could give you suggestions and possible project referrals - which you can make intelligent choices from.
If you've never started on any freelance project before, the challenge lies on what you could possibly show your potential client to have enough confidence in you to do the work. Yes, your skills maybe impeccable and you could commit yourself to an excellent output. However, you're going to have to show something to your prospects to prove it. Your communication and interpersonal skills [during an interview or a meeting] would come in handy. If you cannot impress them with the skills in your profile, then get their trust with how you present yourself in a discussion. Clients would love to hear more about what you can do in details.
The suggestion to start building your reputation on a freelancing platform can help, too. Create a profile on popular freelancing channels and bid on a job advert you believe you could make wonders at. A lot of clients in those platforms are willing to give "entry-level" freelancers a chance. I'm sure you've told to be careful about bidding on projects though. Yes, usually, clients will have a brief background of what they are about on their job adverts. Platforms like Elance and oDesk also show how far they are within the site: how many contractors they have hired, how much they paid, and how trusted their are as described in their feedback comments and scores. You'll pretty much have an idea who you want to work with.
And as you said, you already have your website up and running (optimised and all), a little more perseverance is strongly suggested. You can't just be all over the World Wide Web as it's way too big for you. Discover where your kind of expertise hangs around and stay with them for a while until you get prospects. Listen to what your peers talk about by saving a few links to blogs, social media profile, and discussion boards. This will not only help you find prospects but will also update what you think you already know. |
1,173 | I've been freelancing since June 2013 and haven't been able to find work in all that time.
I'm very short on funds so I'm sticking to free online classifieds but I haven't had so much as a nibble from any of my ads.
I've got a facebook page and twitter account that I'm relatively active on, but I'm not getting any likes/follows... My website is also SEO'd up the wazoo and despite getting dozens of hits daily, I'm not getting any business...
I'm offering software development services using the Microsoft .NET Framework (both Visual Basic and C# programming languages) and web design/development using asp.NET, wordpress, php, jquery, css3, html5, etc.
Does anyone have any suggestions? | 2014/01/03 | [
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/questions/1173",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com",
"https://freelancing.stackexchange.com/users/1672/"
] | I had similiar issues in my freelance Resume service back when i was running it. My answer would be to check out Guerrilla Marketing for free.
My other suggestion would be, Pound The Pavement. If you can create software and webdesign, start hitting up small businesses.
Restaurants? Create a "package deal" where you would create a small website that lists their location, menu, fun facts, etc. Offer in the package to include them on yelp and other social sites. If it's relevant (ie: delivery, reservations) offer to create an app, (if you are able) for them for those types of services.
Local sportscard/Comic Book/ etc... offer a website package that can link to a database that would have their items on hand. You could even create a "barcode" program that would link to their database and autopost on the website.
Heck, if you have time, pull up their website, redesign it, and then take in your mock up to the owner and tell them what you can do. I've found that small biz owners need tangible proof their website is horrible compared to a pro's.
My only warning would be: DO NOT WORK FOR THEM FOR FREE, NOR OFFER STRICT DISCOUNTS.
They'll say "you already made the site" why not give it to me for half. Advise them that's just visual, and doesn't have code needed to run properly. | You can make an agreement with a salesperson and offer them a portion of profit. This is a lot easier and you can concentrate on your work rather than social relations.
Main advantage of this approach is you won't promise a profit to someone which you don't have, so it is better than hiring a salesperson. It may seem a little bit "I am doing all the work, why would I share my profit" but being able to attract customers, have a good relation with them, getting feedbacks and most importantly convincing them is actually a talent and takes time.
Convincing part is most important because as you are a freelancer, you probably won't have some kind of contract. And some customers tend to give up at the end of the project, start to request many nonsenseble things to delay pay date. An experienced salesperson is usually good at managing these type of things, because he/she will do this for also himself/herself.
Finally, it has a motivation part, you will feel like a team and will be able to more projects. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | I think the lifespan should be such that 3 generations can coexist at any time, allowing the grandparents to help the parents in raising the children.
This would allow for a more efficient transmission of knowledge through the generations and resource collection, since the parents can dedicate more time to it instead of chasing the babies.
Thus, if sexual maturity is reached at X years of age, the lifespan should be at least 3X. | Tl;dr: The lifespan is not the issue. The real question is how long it takes an individual to develop from perception to maturity and life span only balances the drawbacks of a long childhood. And there is no minimal life span/ childhood for the way a society functions will change gradually with this or any other factor to the point that one can meet any single condition with any lifespan as long as the rest is built accordingly.
---
Your mistake is to assume their civilizations function in (at least basically) the same way as ours. Them having the same habits as we do is quite unlikely and becomes even more improbable the greater the difference in any given attribute and any given direction is.
A functioning society can easily be established with a lifespan of just a month - it just would not look and function like our own. Workers of social insects don't usually live long (usually months, rarely years) but the hive can still learn. Any ant- or beekeeper can tell you that each people has it's own personality and it is not unheard of that an ant people learns stuff over the cause of several worker's lifespans. The individual might be less intelligent than a human but they have a really strong connection to one another and for reasons still unknown to us, even existing social insects can [create structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite#Nests) and [solve problems](https://www.wired.com/2012/09/bumblebee-traveling-salesman/) that would be a real challenge for us. It is less of a far fetch to assume that a species like that would be able to evolve a literal hive mind or that the individuals become more intelligent (still far less than humans) but keep their hive connection and compete with us on equal terms that way than to assume that any civilization with considerably less life span would function similar to ours. The more time and energy is consumed by an individual before they contribute to their society, the more they have to return later on in order to make it work. A species that is fully grown and developed after a year or two does not have to be as smart as we are and even if it is, it won't be able to develop craftsmanship in the few years before it dies. Take cuttlefish for example. They can manipulate objects at least as keenly as we can, their intelligence rivals our own, in captivity, they show boredom, do juggle, solve puzzles and so on but they do not craft nor do they create a society.
On the other hand, species that have even longer development than we do are going to live far longer and need to learn the heck out of their environment and create machines, computers, and the next big things just to stay in business.
Rivaling humans while making choices and forming one's habitat as a society can be done with reproduction times down to hours e.g. with [adapting information in the DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swarm_(Sch%C3%A4tzing_novel)).
If you insist on a human-like system, the most important trait is that parents care for their young until they have profound skills in their profession so an individual must be strong and able for at least a bit longer than the entire childhood of their children. Given there are several children per year and couple (if couples exist) we can assume that after maturing, two years suffice for mating and childbirth, and then we need the development time from conception to adulthood a second time (parenting). How long do they grow? If they are small but smart, three years should be ample. The most extreme human-like beings would need about eight years of "safe" live. Make it more extreme and have older children teach the young (similar to some forms of military organizations or schools of martial arts) and you can trim it down to five years. We could go on and make it less human like with shorter lifespans until we are down to Schätzing's hive-minded bacteria. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | **3 years. But their ancestors lived a lot longer.**
In the remote past your species was much like humans, and developed science and arts (and war, and medicine) as we did. These skills were usually passed in the family.
Individuals who were better adapted to their skill had access to more resources and so had better genetic fitness and reproduced more. Evolution can happen faster with shorter generation times and so time to reproductive maturity grew shorter. These things grew up and had kids fast. A consequent is that they died fast too.
The result now is a caste system, whereby strains of this species are adapted for the skills they perform, like ant castes.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BPHhP.jpg)
This is true for the artisans and craftsmen, the leader / scientists, and especially the warriors who are capable of frighteningly fast reproduction when their kind is needed.
Selective pressure on the physicians went the other way and the doctors are functionally immortal.
---
Concepts lifted liberally from [The Mote in God's Eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mote_in_God%27s_Eye). If you like high science fiction do not read the wikipedia article (spoilers!); just order the book. It should be required reading for would-be worldbuilders. | An Alternative Approach
-----------------------
Most answers here focus on teaching, generations and degeneration from an earlier state. I'd like to turn these, all be it fascinating and functional, concepts on the head. The deeper issue most answers touch on is teaching. Teaching and even the concept of civilisation are at their roots about the accretion, discovery and optimization of **memetic ideas**. Memetic ideas are rather abstract in human civilisation and are transmitted via the many flavors of teaching between generations. **What if ideas take a more physical "hardware" form?**
Enter [Turritopsis dohrnii](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii), the Immortal Jellyfish.
>
> Like most other hydrozoans, T. dohrnii begin their life as tiny, free-swimming larvae known as planulae. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. All the polyps and jellyfish arising from a single planula are genetically identical clones. The polyps form into an extensively branched form, which is not commonly seen in most jellyfish. Jellyfish, also known as medusae, then bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form, eventually becoming sexually mature. When sexually mature they have been known to prey on other jellyfish species at a rapid pace. If a T. dohrnii jellyfish is exposed to environmental stress or physical assault, or is sick or old, it can revert to the polyp stage, forming a new polyp colony. It does this through the cell development process of transdifferentiation, which alters the differentiated state of the cells and transforms them into new types of cells. - Wikipedia
>
>
>
The key thing to understand here is that **Turritopsis Dohrnii reverts to an earlier stage, beginning its life cycle anew**. This is an example of intergenerational data transfer. True, Turritopsis Dohrnii only transmits genetic information, but what if it were more complex and could genetically alter some special sequences of its genome? **Everything a member of this species knows gets not only saved in long term memory, but also in a genetic data storage organ.**
As soon as a member of your species dies or is hurt badly, it commits suicide. The data from the genetic storage organ is then mixed with the seeds the dying one turns into. This might offer a really interesting reproductive cycle and has fascinating social implications. The species might be entirely asexuell or hermaphroditic, though an aproch to sexual reproduction is also conceivable.
If it is asexuell it might be a quite solitary species of lone geniuses, somewhat like the [Jaghut](https://malazan.fandom.com/wiki/Jaghut) from the Malazan series. They might live in symbiosis with viruses to use horizontal gene transfer to compete with or even outcompete the adaptability of sexual reproduction. They will probably have a very alien sense of self, as their memories have lived through a thousand bodies. Apperence and physical attributes might matter very little to them and concepts like childhood and age would be utterly alien to them.
If they are hermaphrodites or sexual, they'll most likely just exchange sperm packs like octopuses do and be done with it. Even the idea of relationships and marriage would be utterly rediculess to them, given that they would have a very long view of the world and would perceive all partnerships as necessarily temporary.
So, here are my ideas. I hope that you find them useful as what I'm suggesting might be a bit more alien than you bargained for.
PS: One could argue that this species isn't short lived at all but biologically immortal. This depends on what information is passed down the next generation. This could range from just factual knowledge, a database and nothing more, to biological mind uploading. Depending on where they are on this scale, they are either short lived of effectively immortal. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | *The defining quantity for cultural creature lifespan is generation-to-generation data transfer ratio.*
Culture is something to be taught, non-instinct part of a behavior. This means that cultural creature needs to have enough lifetime to:
1. Be taught
2. Apply knowledge to support those who are on stage 1 and 3
3. Teach the next generation
The ratio between these periods varies greatly on the type of civilization. For ancient times (Sparta - Rome) stage 1 was about 10-15 years, stage 2 was about 20 years (since very low productivity) and stage 3 was about 3-5 years (on average - one teacher teaches 3-5 students). For modern time ratio is 20-25 (up to 30-40 for top tech) / 20-30 / 0,001 - 1 (one teacher teaches up to thousand students in their lifetime).
It means that for an ancient civilization minimum average lifespan should be no less than 30-40 years and for modern - no less than 40-55 years.
Lesser lifespans would prevent knowledge from passing through generations and thus culture would simplify and degrade.
But this is true for humans. For, say, cyborg civilization teaching process might be much shorter - about days, and cyborg-years to support cyborg infrastructure be quite small (due to automation) - about, say, 5 years per cyborg. This would give us that 5 years is enough to support and 10 years enough to support and progress this cyborg culture. | Firstly, lifespan doesn't matter in isolation, as pointed out by other answers. What matters is lifespan should be long enough for learning to take place from parent to child.
How quickly this learning takes place could be anything. There could be an option to acquire the entire brain of the parent. Alternatively the species as a whole might share a brain (like if corals or banyan trees had brains). Or maybe children share their brain with just their parents, and branch off (like plant offshoots). If learning must take place via outside media, how about it being chemical? We use oral and non-verbal communication which is relatively slow, direct chemical communication could be much faster.
The parent need not be alive for the children to learn. Mammals have a take-care-of-young-for-long principle, most species don't. Parents could leave non-living remnants for children to study in their own time. (For instance if your parent taught you basic reading skills then died - leaving you the knowledge of the internet; not a perfect example cause we have emotional needs but what if we didn't). Survival skills can be genetically coded instead of having to be learnt from parents (like with most species except mammals), everything else can be learnt via a non-living medium such as written text. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | I think the lifespan should be such that 3 generations can coexist at any time, allowing the grandparents to help the parents in raising the children.
This would allow for a more efficient transmission of knowledge through the generations and resource collection, since the parents can dedicate more time to it instead of chasing the babies.
Thus, if sexual maturity is reached at X years of age, the lifespan should be at least 3X. | Firstly, lifespan doesn't matter in isolation, as pointed out by other answers. What matters is lifespan should be long enough for learning to take place from parent to child.
How quickly this learning takes place could be anything. There could be an option to acquire the entire brain of the parent. Alternatively the species as a whole might share a brain (like if corals or banyan trees had brains). Or maybe children share their brain with just their parents, and branch off (like plant offshoots). If learning must take place via outside media, how about it being chemical? We use oral and non-verbal communication which is relatively slow, direct chemical communication could be much faster.
The parent need not be alive for the children to learn. Mammals have a take-care-of-young-for-long principle, most species don't. Parents could leave non-living remnants for children to study in their own time. (For instance if your parent taught you basic reading skills then died - leaving you the knowledge of the internet; not a perfect example cause we have emotional needs but what if we didn't). Survival skills can be genetically coded instead of having to be learnt from parents (like with most species except mammals), everything else can be learnt via a non-living medium such as written text. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | Tl;dr: The lifespan is not the issue. The real question is how long it takes an individual to develop from perception to maturity and life span only balances the drawbacks of a long childhood. And there is no minimal life span/ childhood for the way a society functions will change gradually with this or any other factor to the point that one can meet any single condition with any lifespan as long as the rest is built accordingly.
---
Your mistake is to assume their civilizations function in (at least basically) the same way as ours. Them having the same habits as we do is quite unlikely and becomes even more improbable the greater the difference in any given attribute and any given direction is.
A functioning society can easily be established with a lifespan of just a month - it just would not look and function like our own. Workers of social insects don't usually live long (usually months, rarely years) but the hive can still learn. Any ant- or beekeeper can tell you that each people has it's own personality and it is not unheard of that an ant people learns stuff over the cause of several worker's lifespans. The individual might be less intelligent than a human but they have a really strong connection to one another and for reasons still unknown to us, even existing social insects can [create structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite#Nests) and [solve problems](https://www.wired.com/2012/09/bumblebee-traveling-salesman/) that would be a real challenge for us. It is less of a far fetch to assume that a species like that would be able to evolve a literal hive mind or that the individuals become more intelligent (still far less than humans) but keep their hive connection and compete with us on equal terms that way than to assume that any civilization with considerably less life span would function similar to ours. The more time and energy is consumed by an individual before they contribute to their society, the more they have to return later on in order to make it work. A species that is fully grown and developed after a year or two does not have to be as smart as we are and even if it is, it won't be able to develop craftsmanship in the few years before it dies. Take cuttlefish for example. They can manipulate objects at least as keenly as we can, their intelligence rivals our own, in captivity, they show boredom, do juggle, solve puzzles and so on but they do not craft nor do they create a society.
On the other hand, species that have even longer development than we do are going to live far longer and need to learn the heck out of their environment and create machines, computers, and the next big things just to stay in business.
Rivaling humans while making choices and forming one's habitat as a society can be done with reproduction times down to hours e.g. with [adapting information in the DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swarm_(Sch%C3%A4tzing_novel)).
If you insist on a human-like system, the most important trait is that parents care for their young until they have profound skills in their profession so an individual must be strong and able for at least a bit longer than the entire childhood of their children. Given there are several children per year and couple (if couples exist) we can assume that after maturing, two years suffice for mating and childbirth, and then we need the development time from conception to adulthood a second time (parenting). How long do they grow? If they are small but smart, three years should be ample. The most extreme human-like beings would need about eight years of "safe" live. Make it more extreme and have older children teach the young (similar to some forms of military organizations or schools of martial arts) and you can trim it down to five years. We could go on and make it less human like with shorter lifespans until we are down to Schätzing's hive-minded bacteria. | Firstly, lifespan doesn't matter in isolation, as pointed out by other answers. What matters is lifespan should be long enough for learning to take place from parent to child.
How quickly this learning takes place could be anything. There could be an option to acquire the entire brain of the parent. Alternatively the species as a whole might share a brain (like if corals or banyan trees had brains). Or maybe children share their brain with just their parents, and branch off (like plant offshoots). If learning must take place via outside media, how about it being chemical? We use oral and non-verbal communication which is relatively slow, direct chemical communication could be much faster.
The parent need not be alive for the children to learn. Mammals have a take-care-of-young-for-long principle, most species don't. Parents could leave non-living remnants for children to study in their own time. (For instance if your parent taught you basic reading skills then died - leaving you the knowledge of the internet; not a perfect example cause we have emotional needs but what if we didn't). Survival skills can be genetically coded instead of having to be learnt from parents (like with most species except mammals), everything else can be learnt via a non-living medium such as written text. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | **3 years. But their ancestors lived a lot longer.**
In the remote past your species was much like humans, and developed science and arts (and war, and medicine) as we did. These skills were usually passed in the family.
Individuals who were better adapted to their skill had access to more resources and so had better genetic fitness and reproduced more. Evolution can happen faster with shorter generation times and so time to reproductive maturity grew shorter. These things grew up and had kids fast. A consequent is that they died fast too.
The result now is a caste system, whereby strains of this species are adapted for the skills they perform, like ant castes.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BPHhP.jpg)
This is true for the artisans and craftsmen, the leader / scientists, and especially the warriors who are capable of frighteningly fast reproduction when their kind is needed.
Selective pressure on the physicians went the other way and the doctors are functionally immortal.
---
Concepts lifted liberally from [The Mote in God's Eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mote_in_God%27s_Eye). If you like high science fiction do not read the wikipedia article (spoilers!); just order the book. It should be required reading for would-be worldbuilders. | Tl;dr: The lifespan is not the issue. The real question is how long it takes an individual to develop from perception to maturity and life span only balances the drawbacks of a long childhood. And there is no minimal life span/ childhood for the way a society functions will change gradually with this or any other factor to the point that one can meet any single condition with any lifespan as long as the rest is built accordingly.
---
Your mistake is to assume their civilizations function in (at least basically) the same way as ours. Them having the same habits as we do is quite unlikely and becomes even more improbable the greater the difference in any given attribute and any given direction is.
A functioning society can easily be established with a lifespan of just a month - it just would not look and function like our own. Workers of social insects don't usually live long (usually months, rarely years) but the hive can still learn. Any ant- or beekeeper can tell you that each people has it's own personality and it is not unheard of that an ant people learns stuff over the cause of several worker's lifespans. The individual might be less intelligent than a human but they have a really strong connection to one another and for reasons still unknown to us, even existing social insects can [create structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite#Nests) and [solve problems](https://www.wired.com/2012/09/bumblebee-traveling-salesman/) that would be a real challenge for us. It is less of a far fetch to assume that a species like that would be able to evolve a literal hive mind or that the individuals become more intelligent (still far less than humans) but keep their hive connection and compete with us on equal terms that way than to assume that any civilization with considerably less life span would function similar to ours. The more time and energy is consumed by an individual before they contribute to their society, the more they have to return later on in order to make it work. A species that is fully grown and developed after a year or two does not have to be as smart as we are and even if it is, it won't be able to develop craftsmanship in the few years before it dies. Take cuttlefish for example. They can manipulate objects at least as keenly as we can, their intelligence rivals our own, in captivity, they show boredom, do juggle, solve puzzles and so on but they do not craft nor do they create a society.
On the other hand, species that have even longer development than we do are going to live far longer and need to learn the heck out of their environment and create machines, computers, and the next big things just to stay in business.
Rivaling humans while making choices and forming one's habitat as a society can be done with reproduction times down to hours e.g. with [adapting information in the DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swarm_(Sch%C3%A4tzing_novel)).
If you insist on a human-like system, the most important trait is that parents care for their young until they have profound skills in their profession so an individual must be strong and able for at least a bit longer than the entire childhood of their children. Given there are several children per year and couple (if couples exist) we can assume that after maturing, two years suffice for mating and childbirth, and then we need the development time from conception to adulthood a second time (parenting). How long do they grow? If they are small but smart, three years should be ample. The most extreme human-like beings would need about eight years of "safe" live. Make it more extreme and have older children teach the young (similar to some forms of military organizations or schools of martial arts) and you can trim it down to five years. We could go on and make it less human like with shorter lifespans until we are down to Schätzing's hive-minded bacteria. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | **3 years. But their ancestors lived a lot longer.**
In the remote past your species was much like humans, and developed science and arts (and war, and medicine) as we did. These skills were usually passed in the family.
Individuals who were better adapted to their skill had access to more resources and so had better genetic fitness and reproduced more. Evolution can happen faster with shorter generation times and so time to reproductive maturity grew shorter. These things grew up and had kids fast. A consequent is that they died fast too.
The result now is a caste system, whereby strains of this species are adapted for the skills they perform, like ant castes.
[](https://i.stack.imgur.com/BPHhP.jpg)
This is true for the artisans and craftsmen, the leader / scientists, and especially the warriors who are capable of frighteningly fast reproduction when their kind is needed.
Selective pressure on the physicians went the other way and the doctors are functionally immortal.
---
Concepts lifted liberally from [The Mote in God's Eye](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Mote_in_God%27s_Eye). If you like high science fiction do not read the wikipedia article (spoilers!); just order the book. It should be required reading for would-be worldbuilders. | My answer is a modification of L.Dutch's, but I see other answers making similiar assumptions about the parents alone raising children.
The first and third generation do not need to overlap. Rather, lifespans need to be long enough that the oldest children *in the extended family* can care for the youngest while the parents resume their civilization-building activities. If older generations overlap it is undeniably a bonus, but not strictly necessary for the *minimal* lifespan.
From the Paleolithic to Bronze and Iron Ages, human life expectancy hovered around 30 years, ±3. Menarche began, as it does today, between the ages of 7 and 13 or 25-50% into the lifespan. This gives us a narrow window of just a few years in which children are physically capable of helping to raise younger children before they set off to start families of their own. Assuming age 10 for the first successful pregnancy and one successful birth every two years, by age 16 the first child (age 6) will be capable of basic assistance with the third; by age 18 the first and second child will be capable of minding the third and fourth for most of the day.
So, that leaves us with two key variables to work with: the age an individual is physically mature enough to help care for others, but not have children of its own, and the immature share of the lifespan prior to that. In humans I'd argue at a minimum the latter is 5 years, and the former (based on the above) is 5–8 years. Combined this is 33%+ of the lifespan, implying by the 10th child (using the above assumption) of the first generation, the second generation is already several children along itself, at or near the point they can begin to help their aunts and uncles raise their cousins and siblings.
It would seem trivial then to say the solution is to minimize the immature stage and maximize the mature but pre-childbearing stage, so long as the two combined do not exceed the length of the third, childbearing, stage. If you hold to the human-like constraints, this puts the minimum lifespan around 20, with little room to compensate for death and disease. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | *The defining quantity for cultural creature lifespan is generation-to-generation data transfer ratio.*
Culture is something to be taught, non-instinct part of a behavior. This means that cultural creature needs to have enough lifetime to:
1. Be taught
2. Apply knowledge to support those who are on stage 1 and 3
3. Teach the next generation
The ratio between these periods varies greatly on the type of civilization. For ancient times (Sparta - Rome) stage 1 was about 10-15 years, stage 2 was about 20 years (since very low productivity) and stage 3 was about 3-5 years (on average - one teacher teaches 3-5 students). For modern time ratio is 20-25 (up to 30-40 for top tech) / 20-30 / 0,001 - 1 (one teacher teaches up to thousand students in their lifetime).
It means that for an ancient civilization minimum average lifespan should be no less than 30-40 years and for modern - no less than 40-55 years.
Lesser lifespans would prevent knowledge from passing through generations and thus culture would simplify and degrade.
But this is true for humans. For, say, cyborg civilization teaching process might be much shorter - about days, and cyborg-years to support cyborg infrastructure be quite small (due to automation) - about, say, 5 years per cyborg. This would give us that 5 years is enough to support and 10 years enough to support and progress this cyborg culture. | Tl;dr: The lifespan is not the issue. The real question is how long it takes an individual to develop from perception to maturity and life span only balances the drawbacks of a long childhood. And there is no minimal life span/ childhood for the way a society functions will change gradually with this or any other factor to the point that one can meet any single condition with any lifespan as long as the rest is built accordingly.
---
Your mistake is to assume their civilizations function in (at least basically) the same way as ours. Them having the same habits as we do is quite unlikely and becomes even more improbable the greater the difference in any given attribute and any given direction is.
A functioning society can easily be established with a lifespan of just a month - it just would not look and function like our own. Workers of social insects don't usually live long (usually months, rarely years) but the hive can still learn. Any ant- or beekeeper can tell you that each people has it's own personality and it is not unheard of that an ant people learns stuff over the cause of several worker's lifespans. The individual might be less intelligent than a human but they have a really strong connection to one another and for reasons still unknown to us, even existing social insects can [create structures](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Termite#Nests) and [solve problems](https://www.wired.com/2012/09/bumblebee-traveling-salesman/) that would be a real challenge for us. It is less of a far fetch to assume that a species like that would be able to evolve a literal hive mind or that the individuals become more intelligent (still far less than humans) but keep their hive connection and compete with us on equal terms that way than to assume that any civilization with considerably less life span would function similar to ours. The more time and energy is consumed by an individual before they contribute to their society, the more they have to return later on in order to make it work. A species that is fully grown and developed after a year or two does not have to be as smart as we are and even if it is, it won't be able to develop craftsmanship in the few years before it dies. Take cuttlefish for example. They can manipulate objects at least as keenly as we can, their intelligence rivals our own, in captivity, they show boredom, do juggle, solve puzzles and so on but they do not craft nor do they create a society.
On the other hand, species that have even longer development than we do are going to live far longer and need to learn the heck out of their environment and create machines, computers, and the next big things just to stay in business.
Rivaling humans while making choices and forming one's habitat as a society can be done with reproduction times down to hours e.g. with [adapting information in the DNA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The_Swarm_(Sch%C3%A4tzing_novel)).
If you insist on a human-like system, the most important trait is that parents care for their young until they have profound skills in their profession so an individual must be strong and able for at least a bit longer than the entire childhood of their children. Given there are several children per year and couple (if couples exist) we can assume that after maturing, two years suffice for mating and childbirth, and then we need the development time from conception to adulthood a second time (parenting). How long do they grow? If they are small but smart, three years should be ample. The most extreme human-like beings would need about eight years of "safe" live. Make it more extreme and have older children teach the young (similar to some forms of military organizations or schools of martial arts) and you can trim it down to five years. We could go on and make it less human like with shorter lifespans until we are down to Schätzing's hive-minded bacteria. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | An Alternative Approach
-----------------------
Most answers here focus on teaching, generations and degeneration from an earlier state. I'd like to turn these, all be it fascinating and functional, concepts on the head. The deeper issue most answers touch on is teaching. Teaching and even the concept of civilisation are at their roots about the accretion, discovery and optimization of **memetic ideas**. Memetic ideas are rather abstract in human civilisation and are transmitted via the many flavors of teaching between generations. **What if ideas take a more physical "hardware" form?**
Enter [Turritopsis dohrnii](https://en.m.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turritopsis_dohrnii), the Immortal Jellyfish.
>
> Like most other hydrozoans, T. dohrnii begin their life as tiny, free-swimming larvae known as planulae. As a planula settles down, it gives rise to a colony of polyps that are attached to the sea-floor. All the polyps and jellyfish arising from a single planula are genetically identical clones. The polyps form into an extensively branched form, which is not commonly seen in most jellyfish. Jellyfish, also known as medusae, then bud off these polyps and continue their life in a free-swimming form, eventually becoming sexually mature. When sexually mature they have been known to prey on other jellyfish species at a rapid pace. If a T. dohrnii jellyfish is exposed to environmental stress or physical assault, or is sick or old, it can revert to the polyp stage, forming a new polyp colony. It does this through the cell development process of transdifferentiation, which alters the differentiated state of the cells and transforms them into new types of cells. - Wikipedia
>
>
>
The key thing to understand here is that **Turritopsis Dohrnii reverts to an earlier stage, beginning its life cycle anew**. This is an example of intergenerational data transfer. True, Turritopsis Dohrnii only transmits genetic information, but what if it were more complex and could genetically alter some special sequences of its genome? **Everything a member of this species knows gets not only saved in long term memory, but also in a genetic data storage organ.**
As soon as a member of your species dies or is hurt badly, it commits suicide. The data from the genetic storage organ is then mixed with the seeds the dying one turns into. This might offer a really interesting reproductive cycle and has fascinating social implications. The species might be entirely asexuell or hermaphroditic, though an aproch to sexual reproduction is also conceivable.
If it is asexuell it might be a quite solitary species of lone geniuses, somewhat like the [Jaghut](https://malazan.fandom.com/wiki/Jaghut) from the Malazan series. They might live in symbiosis with viruses to use horizontal gene transfer to compete with or even outcompete the adaptability of sexual reproduction. They will probably have a very alien sense of self, as their memories have lived through a thousand bodies. Apperence and physical attributes might matter very little to them and concepts like childhood and age would be utterly alien to them.
If they are hermaphrodites or sexual, they'll most likely just exchange sperm packs like octopuses do and be done with it. Even the idea of relationships and marriage would be utterly rediculess to them, given that they would have a very long view of the world and would perceive all partnerships as necessarily temporary.
So, here are my ideas. I hope that you find them useful as what I'm suggesting might be a bit more alien than you bargained for.
PS: One could argue that this species isn't short lived at all but biologically immortal. This depends on what information is passed down the next generation. This could range from just factual knowledge, a database and nothing more, to biological mind uploading. Depending on where they are on this scale, they are either short lived of effectively immortal. | My answer is a modification of L.Dutch's, but I see other answers making similiar assumptions about the parents alone raising children.
The first and third generation do not need to overlap. Rather, lifespans need to be long enough that the oldest children *in the extended family* can care for the youngest while the parents resume their civilization-building activities. If older generations overlap it is undeniably a bonus, but not strictly necessary for the *minimal* lifespan.
From the Paleolithic to Bronze and Iron Ages, human life expectancy hovered around 30 years, ±3. Menarche began, as it does today, between the ages of 7 and 13 or 25-50% into the lifespan. This gives us a narrow window of just a few years in which children are physically capable of helping to raise younger children before they set off to start families of their own. Assuming age 10 for the first successful pregnancy and one successful birth every two years, by age 16 the first child (age 6) will be capable of basic assistance with the third; by age 18 the first and second child will be capable of minding the third and fourth for most of the day.
So, that leaves us with two key variables to work with: the age an individual is physically mature enough to help care for others, but not have children of its own, and the immature share of the lifespan prior to that. In humans I'd argue at a minimum the latter is 5 years, and the former (based on the above) is 5–8 years. Combined this is 33%+ of the lifespan, implying by the 10th child (using the above assumption) of the first generation, the second generation is already several children along itself, at or near the point they can begin to help their aunts and uncles raise their cousins and siblings.
It would seem trivial then to say the solution is to minimize the immature stage and maximize the mature but pre-childbearing stage, so long as the two combined do not exceed the length of the third, childbearing, stage. If you hold to the human-like constraints, this puts the minimum lifespan around 20, with little room to compensate for death and disease. |
179,246 | I was brainstorming with a bunch of friends about a story with more than one sapient species on a planet. The idea was to have different lifespans for each species as part of their differences.
I thought about having the usual humans with a standard 70 years lifespan and other species with ten (10) or a hundred (100) times longer lifespans but then the idea of a species with a shorter lifespan came up.
These species are supposed to be able to create a fully functional civilization with culture and some technology and given that most cultural and intellectual endeavors and most skills, blacksmithing, for example, take a lot of time to developed I worried that if we made their average lifespan too short they would not be able to form any sort of civilization.
My question is: what do you think is the minimal lifespan that would allow a species to develop a functional human-like civilization? By this I mean they have some sort of culture like music and religion and technology, like metalworking or masonry, academic pursuits like mathematics and science, and functioning governments and economies et cetera.
Also these species are also as smart as humans, if they are super geniuses then the question is pointless. And lack magic or superpowers that could let them transplant knowledge from other individuals into themselves. Basically they cannot cheat to learn stuff | 2020/06/24 | [
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/questions/179246",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com",
"https://worldbuilding.stackexchange.com/users/76675/"
] | On Earth, there is one species which is known or believed (by its members) to be intelligent and to be civilized.
There are a number of other species of large brained mammals which might possibly be intelligent beings, though none of them are civilized.
If in the future ways to communicate with those species on equal terms are invented, it might be possible for humans to teach them how to develop advanced technology. In such a case the number of civilized species on Earth would rise from one to a higher number, perhaps as high as about a hundred.
I note that a majority of the potentially intelligent species on Earth are cetaceans, and they lack limbs useful for manipulating their environment, and also live in the sea where making fire to smelt metals would be a problem.
In Larry Niven's story "The Handicapped" a company sells artificial limbs to "Handicapped" species such as dolphins and Bandersnatchi, and a representative of the company arrives on the planet Down to investigate whether the sessile Grogs are intelligent and potential customers.
[https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy\_v26n02\_1967-12\_modified#page/n79/mode/2up[1]](https://archive.org/stream/Galaxy_v26n02_1967-12_modified#page/n79/mode/2up%5B1%5D)
Thus it seems likely that the various species of possibly intelligent beings on Earth are more likely to become members of human civilization instead of developing separate civilizations on their own.
And possibly that may be the pattern for habitable planets in real life, that a number of different species of intelligent beings evolve at the same time, and one of them develops civilization and the others eventually become part of that civilization.
Of course the unified civilization of all intelligent species which might hypothetically develop might later splinter into separate civilizations for each separate species.
In any case, it might be a good idea to investigate the life spaces of the various possibly intelligent, though not (yet) civilized, species on Earth to see how much variation in lifespan there is among potentially intelligent species on Earth, and perhaps use that as model for your fiction. | My answer is a modification of L.Dutch's, but I see other answers making similiar assumptions about the parents alone raising children.
The first and third generation do not need to overlap. Rather, lifespans need to be long enough that the oldest children *in the extended family* can care for the youngest while the parents resume their civilization-building activities. If older generations overlap it is undeniably a bonus, but not strictly necessary for the *minimal* lifespan.
From the Paleolithic to Bronze and Iron Ages, human life expectancy hovered around 30 years, ±3. Menarche began, as it does today, between the ages of 7 and 13 or 25-50% into the lifespan. This gives us a narrow window of just a few years in which children are physically capable of helping to raise younger children before they set off to start families of their own. Assuming age 10 for the first successful pregnancy and one successful birth every two years, by age 16 the first child (age 6) will be capable of basic assistance with the third; by age 18 the first and second child will be capable of minding the third and fourth for most of the day.
So, that leaves us with two key variables to work with: the age an individual is physically mature enough to help care for others, but not have children of its own, and the immature share of the lifespan prior to that. In humans I'd argue at a minimum the latter is 5 years, and the former (based on the above) is 5–8 years. Combined this is 33%+ of the lifespan, implying by the 10th child (using the above assumption) of the first generation, the second generation is already several children along itself, at or near the point they can begin to help their aunts and uncles raise their cousins and siblings.
It would seem trivial then to say the solution is to minimize the immature stage and maximize the mature but pre-childbearing stage, so long as the two combined do not exceed the length of the third, childbearing, stage. If you hold to the human-like constraints, this puts the minimum lifespan around 20, with little room to compensate for death and disease. |
177,416 | Excuse me if I'm not descriptive enough, as I do not have much of a background when it comes to these things:
How would I go about coding a primitive trading strategy and link it to some sort of artificial trading environment? Where do I start, and what are some other essential questions I should be asking?
I am interested more in doing this because it interests me than making returns. Ideally it utilizes random/historical market data and doesn't actually execute any real trades.
My background: I'm almost done my undergrad degree in computer science, and have had intro finance and economic courses. Familiar mostly with C and Java. | 2012/11/27 | [
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/questions/177416",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com",
"https://softwareengineering.stackexchange.com/users/33115/"
] | Check out the class Computational Investing, in Coursera. Its currently in week 5 of a planned 8 weeks, but you may be able to catch up.
The class uses Python, and a tool kit written by the professor. <https://github.com/tucker777/QSTK>
The tool kit pulls data from Yahoo (free) and has tools to generate and evaluate portfolios of stocks. | If you want live up to date information you will have to pay for it through a vendor such as [Telvent](http://www.telvent.com/en/). If a 15 to 20 minute delay is acceptable then you can scrape information from Yahoo or Google finance. |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | Pair programming is one of the main practices in Extreme Programming (XP). It does literally mean two people working on one computer, usually one at the keyboard (often referred to as the driver) and a partner (referred to as the passenger or shotgun). It is reputed to improve productivity and the quality of the generated code as well as enforce group ownership of the code - another tenent of XP. | When in doubt, ask Wikipedia: [Pair Programming](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming). The general idea is to have one person writing code while the other scans for mistakes and cohesiveness. |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | Pair programming is one of the main practices in Extreme Programming (XP). It does literally mean two people working on one computer, usually one at the keyboard (often referred to as the driver) and a partner (referred to as the passenger or shotgun). It is reputed to improve productivity and the quality of the generated code as well as enforce group ownership of the code - another tenent of XP. | <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming>
>
> Pair programming is a software development technique in which two programmers work together at one keyboard. One types in code while the other reviews each line of code as it's typed in. The person typing is called the driver. The person reviewing the code is called the observer[1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming) or navigator. The two programmers switch roles frequently (possibly every 30 minutes).
>
>
> While reviewing, the observer also considers the strategic direction of the work, coming up with ideas for improvements and likely future problems to address. This frees the driver to focus all of his or her attention on the "tactical" aspects of completing the current task, using the observer as a safety net and guide.
>
>
> |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | Pair programming is one of the main practices in Extreme Programming (XP). It does literally mean two people working on one computer, usually one at the keyboard (often referred to as the driver) and a partner (referred to as the passenger or shotgun). It is reputed to improve productivity and the quality of the generated code as well as enforce group ownership of the code - another tenent of XP. | An extension of Pair Programming sometimes used by practitioners of [Test Driven Development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development) is [Ping Pong Pairing](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PairProgrammingPingPongPattern).
Ping Pong Pairing works something like:
* Write a failing test (developer A)
* Implement code that makes the test pass then (optionally) [Refactor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactoring) (developer B)
* Write a failing test (developer B)
* Implement code that makes the test pass then (optionally) Refactor (developer A)
* and so on...
One of the benefits of Ping Pong Pairing is that it's tough for either developer to sleep very long ;-) |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | Pair programming is one of the main practices in Extreme Programming (XP). It does literally mean two people working on one computer, usually one at the keyboard (often referred to as the driver) and a partner (referred to as the passenger or shotgun). It is reputed to improve productivity and the quality of the generated code as well as enforce group ownership of the code - another tenent of XP. | Paired programming is when two developer work on the same story card sharing a single computer and keyboard. It is considered an extreme programming practice. Extreme programming takes something positive, in this case a code review, and takes it to the extreme. The benefits beyond the continuous code review are as follows:
* **Improved quality**: A pair of active programmers working on the same story card will complete the card with less defects
* **Improved productivity**: a pair is less likely to be slowed down if not outright blocked when solving a problem. Furthermore, it is harder to take an email or web vacation when you are working with a partner ... you don't want to let the partner down. You will solve the problem with a cleaner design and less lines of code when working as a pair
* **Eliminate silos of knowledge**: With rotating pairs, you will learn application and domain business knowledge across the team. The team is less likely to be blocked because Sue when on vacation and no one else knows her code.
* **Knowledge Transfer:** Rotating pairs teach new skills (engineering and domain) to each other as they work together. The level of the team will rise for everyone and the knowledge propagates through the team.
* **Team self selects:** The team learns one anther's skills and will quickly weed out someone that is not performing. |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | When in doubt, ask Wikipedia: [Pair Programming](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming). The general idea is to have one person writing code while the other scans for mistakes and cohesiveness. | An extension of Pair Programming sometimes used by practitioners of [Test Driven Development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development) is [Ping Pong Pairing](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PairProgrammingPingPongPattern).
Ping Pong Pairing works something like:
* Write a failing test (developer A)
* Implement code that makes the test pass then (optionally) [Refactor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactoring) (developer B)
* Write a failing test (developer B)
* Implement code that makes the test pass then (optionally) Refactor (developer A)
* and so on...
One of the benefits of Ping Pong Pairing is that it's tough for either developer to sleep very long ;-) |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | When in doubt, ask Wikipedia: [Pair Programming](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming). The general idea is to have one person writing code while the other scans for mistakes and cohesiveness. | Paired programming is when two developer work on the same story card sharing a single computer and keyboard. It is considered an extreme programming practice. Extreme programming takes something positive, in this case a code review, and takes it to the extreme. The benefits beyond the continuous code review are as follows:
* **Improved quality**: A pair of active programmers working on the same story card will complete the card with less defects
* **Improved productivity**: a pair is less likely to be slowed down if not outright blocked when solving a problem. Furthermore, it is harder to take an email or web vacation when you are working with a partner ... you don't want to let the partner down. You will solve the problem with a cleaner design and less lines of code when working as a pair
* **Eliminate silos of knowledge**: With rotating pairs, you will learn application and domain business knowledge across the team. The team is less likely to be blocked because Sue when on vacation and no one else knows her code.
* **Knowledge Transfer:** Rotating pairs teach new skills (engineering and domain) to each other as they work together. The level of the team will rise for everyone and the knowledge propagates through the team.
* **Team self selects:** The team learns one anther's skills and will quickly weed out someone that is not performing. |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming>
>
> Pair programming is a software development technique in which two programmers work together at one keyboard. One types in code while the other reviews each line of code as it's typed in. The person typing is called the driver. The person reviewing the code is called the observer[1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming) or navigator. The two programmers switch roles frequently (possibly every 30 minutes).
>
>
> While reviewing, the observer also considers the strategic direction of the work, coming up with ideas for improvements and likely future problems to address. This frees the driver to focus all of his or her attention on the "tactical" aspects of completing the current task, using the observer as a safety net and guide.
>
>
> | An extension of Pair Programming sometimes used by practitioners of [Test Driven Development](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Test-driven_development) is [Ping Pong Pairing](http://c2.com/cgi/wiki?PairProgrammingPingPongPattern).
Ping Pong Pairing works something like:
* Write a failing test (developer A)
* Implement code that makes the test pass then (optionally) [Refactor](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Refactoring) (developer B)
* Write a failing test (developer B)
* Implement code that makes the test pass then (optionally) Refactor (developer A)
* and so on...
One of the benefits of Ping Pong Pairing is that it's tough for either developer to sleep very long ;-) |
696,586 | This term seems to be quite in use in English-speaking communities. I'm curious what it is? Is it like two students code together on a single PC or what? Is this organization (whatever it is) is only used in US? | 2009/03/30 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/696586",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/62830/"
] | <http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming>
>
> Pair programming is a software development technique in which two programmers work together at one keyboard. One types in code while the other reviews each line of code as it's typed in. The person typing is called the driver. The person reviewing the code is called the observer[1](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pair_programming) or navigator. The two programmers switch roles frequently (possibly every 30 minutes).
>
>
> While reviewing, the observer also considers the strategic direction of the work, coming up with ideas for improvements and likely future problems to address. This frees the driver to focus all of his or her attention on the "tactical" aspects of completing the current task, using the observer as a safety net and guide.
>
>
> | Paired programming is when two developer work on the same story card sharing a single computer and keyboard. It is considered an extreme programming practice. Extreme programming takes something positive, in this case a code review, and takes it to the extreme. The benefits beyond the continuous code review are as follows:
* **Improved quality**: A pair of active programmers working on the same story card will complete the card with less defects
* **Improved productivity**: a pair is less likely to be slowed down if not outright blocked when solving a problem. Furthermore, it is harder to take an email or web vacation when you are working with a partner ... you don't want to let the partner down. You will solve the problem with a cleaner design and less lines of code when working as a pair
* **Eliminate silos of knowledge**: With rotating pairs, you will learn application and domain business knowledge across the team. The team is less likely to be blocked because Sue when on vacation and no one else knows her code.
* **Knowledge Transfer:** Rotating pairs teach new skills (engineering and domain) to each other as they work together. The level of the team will rise for everyone and the knowledge propagates through the team.
* **Team self selects:** The team learns one anther's skills and will quickly weed out someone that is not performing. |
36,245,737 | This may sound suspicious, but I need to **deobfuscate my own app**. Some time ago I published my app that I obfuscated with Proguard. Unfortunately I did not save that version of the app and changed the code a lot.
Now I need the code of that older version. **I still have mapping.txt** file generated by Proguard.
I have converted the classes.dex file to jar (using dex2jar tool), now I need to deobfuscate it according to mapping.txt. Are there any tools that can help me? Maybe Proguard itself?
UPD. I need a tool that can automatically rename all the classes, functions etc, so I dont have to do it manually. Thank you | 2016/03/27 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/36245737",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/2758776/"
] | If you have the mappings then you can get every class, field, and method name back.You can use [java-asm](http://asm.ow2.org/) (A bytecode modification library) to remap the class and member names. Most of the work will be updating member descriptors.
I made one for myself and it took about a day to get it working reliably.
Edit: It's not perfect, but it's pretty darn close. [Link](https://github.com/FireMasterK/SkidSuite2-Latest).
[](https://i.imgur.com/sLvyOHX.png) Give it a proguarded jar file, the mappings and it'll rename all it can find. There's a few issues but for just looking at the source it should do the job. Just dump the jar it makes (FileName + "-Re.jar") into a decompiler such as Luyten/JD-GUI. Also the file inputs are only changed via the buttons. The textboxes are just for visual-feedback/confirmation.
Edit 2: Fixed NPE occurring when class entry in mappings doesn't exist in the given jar.
Edit 3: Fixed a lot of issues resulting in methods not being renamed.
Edit 4: Uploaded compiled jar to github *(releases, in the zip file it's in the mapping util)*, added support for multiple mapping types. | I suggest to use proguard tool as suggested in [above answer](https://stackoverflow.com/questions/36245737/how-to-deobfuscate-jar-file-using-mapping-txt-generated-by-proguard?answertab=oldest#tab-top) along with [Enigma](http://www.minecraftforum.net/forums/mapping-and-modding/minecraft-tools/2162136-enigma-a-tool-for-deobfuscation-of-java-bytecode). The solution for your problem can't be very straightforward and you need to use a combination of available tools to resolve it. |
82,369 | Baked desserts from home and fine restaurants leave no bad taste in my mouth. But catered deserts at my workplace or those purchased from a grocery store leave a nasty aftertaste that I can't stand. I've noticed this consistently for years with food supplied by multiple locations. Frequently I resist the temptation to indulge because the yuck factor after is not worth the initial yum. What ingredient could it be that leaves such a terrible taste in my mouth that has me scrambling for a toothbrush and toothpaste? | 2017/06/13 | [
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/questions/82369",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com",
"https://cooking.stackexchange.com/users/58545/"
] | If you think of tenderness on a scale, sirloin and tenderloin are nearly on opposite ends of the scale. Sirloin, in general is not a tender cut of meat. Your result has little to do with seasoning or location in the water bath...or even cooking method. Sirloin is a lean and tough cut. Often sous vide can be used to make tough cuts of meat more tender, but sirloin doesn't really have the collagen or connective tissue that will break down like, say, a short rib. If you like the tenderness of a tenderloin, you will never match it with a sirloin. Don't blame your circulator, it is akin to blaming your stove when things don't go well there. | I had two identical experiences in the last month with grass-fed and followed up with a trusted butcher (he did not supply the chewy meat).
Aging of the sirloin was to blame in my case. There was no hint of how long the beef was aged in either case, only sell-by dates. I did have a chance to ask one of them and it turned out to be about two weeks by the time it reaches the counter, and the ones from the trusted butcher were at least twice that. I am not sure if that is the only reason.
15min extra sous-vide time should not make much of a difference for a sirloin. |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | I found that melee weapons work the best. Charge in, circle strafe around it and swing away with a melee weapon.
Or if you are able to knock them over, stomping on its head will also do it. | The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime. |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | I found that melee weapons work the best. Charge in, circle strafe around it and swing away with a melee weapon.
Or if you are able to knock them over, stomping on its head will also do it. | Rush in, keep at their back, and keep up a constant barrage, to kill a Floater.
You rush in because once you're in close enough, they'll feel ready to perform their harder-to-dodge, horizontal spray attack. If you move in slower, you're more likely to be in front of them when they begin a horizontal spray. An angle in front of them is a danger zone with the horizontal spray. When you're away, they're firing projectile...acid, which is easy to dodge (projectile hitbox is smaller than the projectile visual). Rush in before they begin a horizontal spray. I was going to say to keep strafing them, but if you're hitting them that means that they're flinching and won't be turning; you don't want to come 'round back to their front again.
When a Floater is struck, they usually get staggered. It's important to note that I say "usually". For example, as an exception, the Floater has "[super armor frames](http://super-smash-bros.wikia.com/wiki/Launch_resistance)", i.e. they will not flinch from being struck, when the Floater does a horizontal spray attack. I don't know if it's just a bit or absolute, i.e. 100% unflinching or if you hit them with a forceful enough weapon, they flinch. Point is, it may be better to dodge rather than counter-attack in the face of Floater spit, because they may not flinch when you expect them to, despite the advice of "keeping up a constant barrage" being based on the knowledge that they flinch.
It's not as practical, but if you knock them down, on top of the usual benefits to knocking something down, there is a chance that the Floater will clip through the ground and die. Cause of death is assumed to be by a death-zone underneath the intended ground. Floaters are notorious, at least in my experience, to die in this way.
"If you do a running leap kick, most of the time they get knocked down" - spartacus, [What's the best way to kill a floater in Dead Island?](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182/whats-the-best-way-to-kill-a-floater-in-dead-island?rq=1#comment71167_49185) .
This assertion is what mainly spurred me to respond to this question, because it is erroneous. [Here](http://youtu.be/Pfzb1vzkE9g)'s my video response to spartacus, partly since I cannot respond to their comment directly. The video demonstrates that Floaters cannot be knocked down by the jump-kick, tackle, nor knock-out attack. I don't believe that running affects the effectiveness of the jump-kick. Same with the knock-out attack. I demonstrate the variations anyway.
"The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime." - TwistedChaos, <https://gaming.stackexchange.com/a/62037/46216> .
This assertion is only partially erroneous and employs exaggeration. It is not easy to acquire a homerun baseball bat. The crit. bonus of the Homerun baseball bat is listed as +75%.
Good news and bad news: Homerun baseball bats cannot be found, but are made. They are developer's craft weapon no. 2. Developer's craft weapons are made via the developer's craft blueprints, which require a two-step process to retrieve, unlike simply finding a blueprint. On top of that, each developer's craft requires 5 diamonds to create. Diamonds are rare.
As one of the Dead Island Wikis says, the main damage dealt by the [Homerun baseball bat](http://deadisland.wikia.com/wiki/Homerun_Baseball_Bat) is not the strike itself, but the sudden stop on any obstacle toward which the target is flung. This method of dealing damage is in contrast to most other Impact weapons which deal much of their damage upon initial impact on a critical hit. Homerun baseball bat initial impact damage is poor because they only appear at level requirement 1 which means sub-30 base damage. Point is, even on crit., Homerun baseball bats do not always kill, instead sometimes merely setting the opponent back a ways.
"Like the other developer weapons, the price to maintain the HomeRun Baseball Bat is very high." - deadisland.wikia.com.
Floaters will not engage in uncontrollable [emesis](https://www.google.ca/search?q=emesis) upon being struck with a poison crit..
Fire-arms: I am writing this in contrast to the top-voted answer's emphasis on melee. Fire-arms let you keep distance, safer from the Floater's attacks. A danger of the main tactic of constant assault, is running out of stamina. Fire-arms do not cost stamina. Floaters are bullet sponges, but they flinch from bullets all the same. Besides, since I'm usually using a Heavy Pistol and only pulling out a shotgun to insta-kill tougher stuff, it's good to have something to really unload an auto rifle on. |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | I found that melee weapons work the best. Charge in, circle strafe around it and swing away with a melee weapon.
Or if you are able to knock them over, stomping on its head will also do it. | Fire won't work vs. Floaters because they are almost always standing in water.
Poison doesn't seem to work (even with Plaguebearer), probably because that is the Floater's base elemental dmg.
**Shock modded weapons** seem to work the best of the elemental damage mods, and can be applied with a pistol or rifle at a safe distance. A Tesla Bomb knife might be able to do the trick, but I haven't tried in the higher levels, so I'm unsure if it is automatic --> one good possibility.
**Impact mods/weapons** (Shocking Crowbar, Heavy Duty Kanabo, Left Hand of Glova, or the Homerun Baseball Bat (developer's mod)) can be thrown/used and knock him down and then you can stomp on his head. --> this is nearly automatic, as long as you can get him down, you can rush in and stomp.
**Explosives** (Sticky Bomb knife, Deo-bomb, & Grenade) - These do the trick nicely, you just need to be careful in tight spaces like the Sewers of Moresby so that you don't hurt yourself in the process.
**Vehicles** care free and easy, you can either kill them or avoid them, your choice.
As for the ***best***, it would be situational;
- If you're in a confined space, try the impact+stomp route.
- If you are at mid-range and have room to move, use a grenade/sticky bomb or two.
- If you've got line of sight and distance, try a rifle/pistol with a shock/pride mod and just keep plugging away at him.
- If you've got access to a vehicle, then by all means run him down (or go around him). |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | I found that melee weapons work the best. Charge in, circle strafe around it and swing away with a melee weapon.
Or if you are able to knock them over, stomping on its head will also do it. | 2 grenades or deobombs do the trick for me, especially when in a cramped space...
i always stock up and, of course, carry (lol) incendiary weaponry that i use against floaters specifically |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | Rush in, keep at their back, and keep up a constant barrage, to kill a Floater.
You rush in because once you're in close enough, they'll feel ready to perform their harder-to-dodge, horizontal spray attack. If you move in slower, you're more likely to be in front of them when they begin a horizontal spray. An angle in front of them is a danger zone with the horizontal spray. When you're away, they're firing projectile...acid, which is easy to dodge (projectile hitbox is smaller than the projectile visual). Rush in before they begin a horizontal spray. I was going to say to keep strafing them, but if you're hitting them that means that they're flinching and won't be turning; you don't want to come 'round back to their front again.
When a Floater is struck, they usually get staggered. It's important to note that I say "usually". For example, as an exception, the Floater has "[super armor frames](http://super-smash-bros.wikia.com/wiki/Launch_resistance)", i.e. they will not flinch from being struck, when the Floater does a horizontal spray attack. I don't know if it's just a bit or absolute, i.e. 100% unflinching or if you hit them with a forceful enough weapon, they flinch. Point is, it may be better to dodge rather than counter-attack in the face of Floater spit, because they may not flinch when you expect them to, despite the advice of "keeping up a constant barrage" being based on the knowledge that they flinch.
It's not as practical, but if you knock them down, on top of the usual benefits to knocking something down, there is a chance that the Floater will clip through the ground and die. Cause of death is assumed to be by a death-zone underneath the intended ground. Floaters are notorious, at least in my experience, to die in this way.
"If you do a running leap kick, most of the time they get knocked down" - spartacus, [What's the best way to kill a floater in Dead Island?](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182/whats-the-best-way-to-kill-a-floater-in-dead-island?rq=1#comment71167_49185) .
This assertion is what mainly spurred me to respond to this question, because it is erroneous. [Here](http://youtu.be/Pfzb1vzkE9g)'s my video response to spartacus, partly since I cannot respond to their comment directly. The video demonstrates that Floaters cannot be knocked down by the jump-kick, tackle, nor knock-out attack. I don't believe that running affects the effectiveness of the jump-kick. Same with the knock-out attack. I demonstrate the variations anyway.
"The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime." - TwistedChaos, <https://gaming.stackexchange.com/a/62037/46216> .
This assertion is only partially erroneous and employs exaggeration. It is not easy to acquire a homerun baseball bat. The crit. bonus of the Homerun baseball bat is listed as +75%.
Good news and bad news: Homerun baseball bats cannot be found, but are made. They are developer's craft weapon no. 2. Developer's craft weapons are made via the developer's craft blueprints, which require a two-step process to retrieve, unlike simply finding a blueprint. On top of that, each developer's craft requires 5 diamonds to create. Diamonds are rare.
As one of the Dead Island Wikis says, the main damage dealt by the [Homerun baseball bat](http://deadisland.wikia.com/wiki/Homerun_Baseball_Bat) is not the strike itself, but the sudden stop on any obstacle toward which the target is flung. This method of dealing damage is in contrast to most other Impact weapons which deal much of their damage upon initial impact on a critical hit. Homerun baseball bat initial impact damage is poor because they only appear at level requirement 1 which means sub-30 base damage. Point is, even on crit., Homerun baseball bats do not always kill, instead sometimes merely setting the opponent back a ways.
"Like the other developer weapons, the price to maintain the HomeRun Baseball Bat is very high." - deadisland.wikia.com.
Floaters will not engage in uncontrollable [emesis](https://www.google.ca/search?q=emesis) upon being struck with a poison crit..
Fire-arms: I am writing this in contrast to the top-voted answer's emphasis on melee. Fire-arms let you keep distance, safer from the Floater's attacks. A danger of the main tactic of constant assault, is running out of stamina. Fire-arms do not cost stamina. Floaters are bullet sponges, but they flinch from bullets all the same. Besides, since I'm usually using a Heavy Pistol and only pulling out a shotgun to insta-kill tougher stuff, it's good to have something to really unload an auto rifle on. | The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime. |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | Fire won't work vs. Floaters because they are almost always standing in water.
Poison doesn't seem to work (even with Plaguebearer), probably because that is the Floater's base elemental dmg.
**Shock modded weapons** seem to work the best of the elemental damage mods, and can be applied with a pistol or rifle at a safe distance. A Tesla Bomb knife might be able to do the trick, but I haven't tried in the higher levels, so I'm unsure if it is automatic --> one good possibility.
**Impact mods/weapons** (Shocking Crowbar, Heavy Duty Kanabo, Left Hand of Glova, or the Homerun Baseball Bat (developer's mod)) can be thrown/used and knock him down and then you can stomp on his head. --> this is nearly automatic, as long as you can get him down, you can rush in and stomp.
**Explosives** (Sticky Bomb knife, Deo-bomb, & Grenade) - These do the trick nicely, you just need to be careful in tight spaces like the Sewers of Moresby so that you don't hurt yourself in the process.
**Vehicles** care free and easy, you can either kill them or avoid them, your choice.
As for the ***best***, it would be situational;
- If you're in a confined space, try the impact+stomp route.
- If you are at mid-range and have room to move, use a grenade/sticky bomb or two.
- If you've got line of sight and distance, try a rifle/pistol with a shock/pride mod and just keep plugging away at him.
- If you've got access to a vehicle, then by all means run him down (or go around him). | The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime. |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | Rush in, keep at their back, and keep up a constant barrage, to kill a Floater.
You rush in because once you're in close enough, they'll feel ready to perform their harder-to-dodge, horizontal spray attack. If you move in slower, you're more likely to be in front of them when they begin a horizontal spray. An angle in front of them is a danger zone with the horizontal spray. When you're away, they're firing projectile...acid, which is easy to dodge (projectile hitbox is smaller than the projectile visual). Rush in before they begin a horizontal spray. I was going to say to keep strafing them, but if you're hitting them that means that they're flinching and won't be turning; you don't want to come 'round back to their front again.
When a Floater is struck, they usually get staggered. It's important to note that I say "usually". For example, as an exception, the Floater has "[super armor frames](http://super-smash-bros.wikia.com/wiki/Launch_resistance)", i.e. they will not flinch from being struck, when the Floater does a horizontal spray attack. I don't know if it's just a bit or absolute, i.e. 100% unflinching or if you hit them with a forceful enough weapon, they flinch. Point is, it may be better to dodge rather than counter-attack in the face of Floater spit, because they may not flinch when you expect them to, despite the advice of "keeping up a constant barrage" being based on the knowledge that they flinch.
It's not as practical, but if you knock them down, on top of the usual benefits to knocking something down, there is a chance that the Floater will clip through the ground and die. Cause of death is assumed to be by a death-zone underneath the intended ground. Floaters are notorious, at least in my experience, to die in this way.
"If you do a running leap kick, most of the time they get knocked down" - spartacus, [What's the best way to kill a floater in Dead Island?](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182/whats-the-best-way-to-kill-a-floater-in-dead-island?rq=1#comment71167_49185) .
This assertion is what mainly spurred me to respond to this question, because it is erroneous. [Here](http://youtu.be/Pfzb1vzkE9g)'s my video response to spartacus, partly since I cannot respond to their comment directly. The video demonstrates that Floaters cannot be knocked down by the jump-kick, tackle, nor knock-out attack. I don't believe that running affects the effectiveness of the jump-kick. Same with the knock-out attack. I demonstrate the variations anyway.
"The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime." - TwistedChaos, <https://gaming.stackexchange.com/a/62037/46216> .
This assertion is only partially erroneous and employs exaggeration. It is not easy to acquire a homerun baseball bat. The crit. bonus of the Homerun baseball bat is listed as +75%.
Good news and bad news: Homerun baseball bats cannot be found, but are made. They are developer's craft weapon no. 2. Developer's craft weapons are made via the developer's craft blueprints, which require a two-step process to retrieve, unlike simply finding a blueprint. On top of that, each developer's craft requires 5 diamonds to create. Diamonds are rare.
As one of the Dead Island Wikis says, the main damage dealt by the [Homerun baseball bat](http://deadisland.wikia.com/wiki/Homerun_Baseball_Bat) is not the strike itself, but the sudden stop on any obstacle toward which the target is flung. This method of dealing damage is in contrast to most other Impact weapons which deal much of their damage upon initial impact on a critical hit. Homerun baseball bat initial impact damage is poor because they only appear at level requirement 1 which means sub-30 base damage. Point is, even on crit., Homerun baseball bats do not always kill, instead sometimes merely setting the opponent back a ways.
"Like the other developer weapons, the price to maintain the HomeRun Baseball Bat is very high." - deadisland.wikia.com.
Floaters will not engage in uncontrollable [emesis](https://www.google.ca/search?q=emesis) upon being struck with a poison crit..
Fire-arms: I am writing this in contrast to the top-voted answer's emphasis on melee. Fire-arms let you keep distance, safer from the Floater's attacks. A danger of the main tactic of constant assault, is running out of stamina. Fire-arms do not cost stamina. Floaters are bullet sponges, but they flinch from bullets all the same. Besides, since I'm usually using a Heavy Pistol and only pulling out a shotgun to insta-kill tougher stuff, it's good to have something to really unload an auto rifle on. | Fire won't work vs. Floaters because they are almost always standing in water.
Poison doesn't seem to work (even with Plaguebearer), probably because that is the Floater's base elemental dmg.
**Shock modded weapons** seem to work the best of the elemental damage mods, and can be applied with a pistol or rifle at a safe distance. A Tesla Bomb knife might be able to do the trick, but I haven't tried in the higher levels, so I'm unsure if it is automatic --> one good possibility.
**Impact mods/weapons** (Shocking Crowbar, Heavy Duty Kanabo, Left Hand of Glova, or the Homerun Baseball Bat (developer's mod)) can be thrown/used and knock him down and then you can stomp on his head. --> this is nearly automatic, as long as you can get him down, you can rush in and stomp.
**Explosives** (Sticky Bomb knife, Deo-bomb, & Grenade) - These do the trick nicely, you just need to be careful in tight spaces like the Sewers of Moresby so that you don't hurt yourself in the process.
**Vehicles** care free and easy, you can either kill them or avoid them, your choice.
As for the ***best***, it would be situational;
- If you're in a confined space, try the impact+stomp route.
- If you are at mid-range and have room to move, use a grenade/sticky bomb or two.
- If you've got line of sight and distance, try a rifle/pistol with a shock/pride mod and just keep plugging away at him.
- If you've got access to a vehicle, then by all means run him down (or go around him). |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | Rush in, keep at their back, and keep up a constant barrage, to kill a Floater.
You rush in because once you're in close enough, they'll feel ready to perform their harder-to-dodge, horizontal spray attack. If you move in slower, you're more likely to be in front of them when they begin a horizontal spray. An angle in front of them is a danger zone with the horizontal spray. When you're away, they're firing projectile...acid, which is easy to dodge (projectile hitbox is smaller than the projectile visual). Rush in before they begin a horizontal spray. I was going to say to keep strafing them, but if you're hitting them that means that they're flinching and won't be turning; you don't want to come 'round back to their front again.
When a Floater is struck, they usually get staggered. It's important to note that I say "usually". For example, as an exception, the Floater has "[super armor frames](http://super-smash-bros.wikia.com/wiki/Launch_resistance)", i.e. they will not flinch from being struck, when the Floater does a horizontal spray attack. I don't know if it's just a bit or absolute, i.e. 100% unflinching or if you hit them with a forceful enough weapon, they flinch. Point is, it may be better to dodge rather than counter-attack in the face of Floater spit, because they may not flinch when you expect them to, despite the advice of "keeping up a constant barrage" being based on the knowledge that they flinch.
It's not as practical, but if you knock them down, on top of the usual benefits to knocking something down, there is a chance that the Floater will clip through the ground and die. Cause of death is assumed to be by a death-zone underneath the intended ground. Floaters are notorious, at least in my experience, to die in this way.
"If you do a running leap kick, most of the time they get knocked down" - spartacus, [What's the best way to kill a floater in Dead Island?](https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182/whats-the-best-way-to-kill-a-floater-in-dead-island?rq=1#comment71167_49185) .
This assertion is what mainly spurred me to respond to this question, because it is erroneous. [Here](http://youtu.be/Pfzb1vzkE9g)'s my video response to spartacus, partly since I cannot respond to their comment directly. The video demonstrates that Floaters cannot be knocked down by the jump-kick, tackle, nor knock-out attack. I don't believe that running affects the effectiveness of the jump-kick. Same with the knock-out attack. I demonstrate the variations anyway.
"The EASIEST possible way for killing the floaters is the homerun baseball bat that has near 100% crit attack everytime." - TwistedChaos, <https://gaming.stackexchange.com/a/62037/46216> .
This assertion is only partially erroneous and employs exaggeration. It is not easy to acquire a homerun baseball bat. The crit. bonus of the Homerun baseball bat is listed as +75%.
Good news and bad news: Homerun baseball bats cannot be found, but are made. They are developer's craft weapon no. 2. Developer's craft weapons are made via the developer's craft blueprints, which require a two-step process to retrieve, unlike simply finding a blueprint. On top of that, each developer's craft requires 5 diamonds to create. Diamonds are rare.
As one of the Dead Island Wikis says, the main damage dealt by the [Homerun baseball bat](http://deadisland.wikia.com/wiki/Homerun_Baseball_Bat) is not the strike itself, but the sudden stop on any obstacle toward which the target is flung. This method of dealing damage is in contrast to most other Impact weapons which deal much of their damage upon initial impact on a critical hit. Homerun baseball bat initial impact damage is poor because they only appear at level requirement 1 which means sub-30 base damage. Point is, even on crit., Homerun baseball bats do not always kill, instead sometimes merely setting the opponent back a ways.
"Like the other developer weapons, the price to maintain the HomeRun Baseball Bat is very high." - deadisland.wikia.com.
Floaters will not engage in uncontrollable [emesis](https://www.google.ca/search?q=emesis) upon being struck with a poison crit..
Fire-arms: I am writing this in contrast to the top-voted answer's emphasis on melee. Fire-arms let you keep distance, safer from the Floater's attacks. A danger of the main tactic of constant assault, is running out of stamina. Fire-arms do not cost stamina. Floaters are bullet sponges, but they flinch from bullets all the same. Besides, since I'm usually using a Heavy Pistol and only pulling out a shotgun to insta-kill tougher stuff, it's good to have something to really unload an auto rifle on. | 2 grenades or deobombs do the trick for me, especially when in a cramped space...
i always stock up and, of course, carry (lol) incendiary weaponry that i use against floaters specifically |
49,182 | I'm having mega trouble killing them: I've tried bombs, shotguns, etc. but they're still a nuisance!
Are there any tips or tricks to taking them out? | 2012/02/01 | [
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/questions/49182",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com",
"https://gaming.stackexchange.com/users/17948/"
] | Fire won't work vs. Floaters because they are almost always standing in water.
Poison doesn't seem to work (even with Plaguebearer), probably because that is the Floater's base elemental dmg.
**Shock modded weapons** seem to work the best of the elemental damage mods, and can be applied with a pistol or rifle at a safe distance. A Tesla Bomb knife might be able to do the trick, but I haven't tried in the higher levels, so I'm unsure if it is automatic --> one good possibility.
**Impact mods/weapons** (Shocking Crowbar, Heavy Duty Kanabo, Left Hand of Glova, or the Homerun Baseball Bat (developer's mod)) can be thrown/used and knock him down and then you can stomp on his head. --> this is nearly automatic, as long as you can get him down, you can rush in and stomp.
**Explosives** (Sticky Bomb knife, Deo-bomb, & Grenade) - These do the trick nicely, you just need to be careful in tight spaces like the Sewers of Moresby so that you don't hurt yourself in the process.
**Vehicles** care free and easy, you can either kill them or avoid them, your choice.
As for the ***best***, it would be situational;
- If you're in a confined space, try the impact+stomp route.
- If you are at mid-range and have room to move, use a grenade/sticky bomb or two.
- If you've got line of sight and distance, try a rifle/pistol with a shock/pride mod and just keep plugging away at him.
- If you've got access to a vehicle, then by all means run him down (or go around him). | 2 grenades or deobombs do the trick for me, especially when in a cramped space...
i always stock up and, of course, carry (lol) incendiary weaponry that i use against floaters specifically |
34,071 | Does it worth to add IEEE membership to my CV? It seems every body can pay a fee and become an IEEE member. | 2014/12/11 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/34071",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/1070/"
] | Many CVs have a section for professional society memberships. Mere membership doesn't necessarily convey a significant distinction, but it does say which groups you have chosen to invest in affiliating with and which judge you to qualify.
For the IEEE in particular, it actually does have fairly strict [membership qualifications](http://www.ieee.org/membership_services/membership/join/qualifications.html). Most people cannot qualify for IEEE membership, but pretty much any practitioner of the field can, because that is what it is designed to select for. Thus, putting an IEEE membership in your professional society memberships section of your CV is entirely appropriate. | I do put my academic affiliations at the very, very end of my CV. It is not there to prove my worth in any way, but rather to show which academic associations I affiliate most closely with and where I have been active in contributing to.
You could also get that through looking at the Conference Presentations portion of my cv, but I've presented at conferences where I'm not a member.
This is particularly important in interdisciplinary fields where it's not clear which conference / disciplinary borders one occupies. |
34,071 | Does it worth to add IEEE membership to my CV? It seems every body can pay a fee and become an IEEE member. | 2014/12/11 | [
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/questions/34071",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com",
"https://academia.stackexchange.com/users/1070/"
] | I do/would not. The IEEE membership is a paid for membership, which academics, like myself, often buy simply for the benefit of obtaining reduced conference fees. I am sure that there are more legitimate uses of it, but in most cases, it's for attending conferences or registering with a journal. Unless you are an IEEE fellow or one of their other distinctions, all it requires is an academic email address and 25$/year to join, so I would not list it. | I do put my academic affiliations at the very, very end of my CV. It is not there to prove my worth in any way, but rather to show which academic associations I affiliate most closely with and where I have been active in contributing to.
You could also get that through looking at the Conference Presentations portion of my cv, but I've presented at conferences where I'm not a member.
This is particularly important in interdisciplinary fields where it's not clear which conference / disciplinary borders one occupies. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Hardly. What counts for a search engine is textual content, it will filter out everything else.
I assume CSS comes into play with search engines when they determine whether a portion of text is visible on the page, or hidden for the purposes of SEO. But even there, whether the CSS inline or in a style sheet won't make a difference.
One could argue that the more CSS and JS a page contains, the less weight do search terms have on that page. But I think that argument is invalid, because any non-content content will simply be ignored altogether. | I don't think most spiders actually execute Javascript before parsing the page. If there's something you really want indexed, it's best to put it on the page as simple content. Bring it in via Ajax, constructing it on the fly via javascript, et. al, certainly will only hinder its SEO value. Tricky links that take form after being constructed by Javascript are also bad form -- a simple site map probably yields better value. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Hardly. What counts for a search engine is textual content, it will filter out everything else.
I assume CSS comes into play with search engines when they determine whether a portion of text is visible on the page, or hidden for the purposes of SEO. But even there, whether the CSS inline or in a style sheet won't make a difference.
One could argue that the more CSS and JS a page contains, the less weight do search terms have on that page. But I think that argument is invalid, because any non-content content will simply be ignored altogether. | As noted in another answer, any content created or modified by JavaScript is unlikely to be 'seen' by the search engines. Although this of course applies wherever you place the JS.
Depending on the size of your page and the capability of your hosting it could affect indexing. If the extra load is sufficient to start slowing your server's response to page requests then the search engines will slow their spidering and, for a large site, may not manage to crawl the entire site on a timely basis. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Hardly. What counts for a search engine is textual content, it will filter out everything else.
I assume CSS comes into play with search engines when they determine whether a portion of text is visible on the page, or hidden for the purposes of SEO. But even there, whether the CSS inline or in a style sheet won't make a difference.
One could argue that the more CSS and JS a page contains, the less weight do search terms have on that page. But I think that argument is invalid, because any non-content content will simply be ignored altogether. | Search Engine mainly read textual part of the website.But there are many factor that include that effects seo. Using table template, and even using inline css make the page load time a little more. even if you can check on html validators it marks all inline ccs as error.Slower responsive time for site. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Hardly. What counts for a search engine is textual content, it will filter out everything else.
I assume CSS comes into play with search engines when they determine whether a portion of text is visible on the page, or hidden for the purposes of SEO. But even there, whether the CSS inline or in a style sheet won't make a difference.
One could argue that the more CSS and JS a page contains, the less weight do search terms have on that page. But I think that argument is invalid, because any non-content content will simply be ignored altogether. | javascript increases the site's load time. I believe that is how it may affect your site's rankings. Head over to <https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/> and test your URL. Sometimes using javascript on the first view of your website delays the page load as content is displayed only after the script is rendered. That may hurt user experience and SEO. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Hardly. What counts for a search engine is textual content, it will filter out everything else.
I assume CSS comes into play with search engines when they determine whether a portion of text is visible on the page, or hidden for the purposes of SEO. But even there, whether the CSS inline or in a style sheet won't make a difference.
One could argue that the more CSS and JS a page contains, the less weight do search terms have on that page. But I think that argument is invalid, because any non-content content will simply be ignored altogether. | Answered and voted for by true developers.
In-line CSS will contribute to the payload of the page and that affects the load speed. Load speed is one of many ranking factors so it's almost an impossible question to answer conclusively.
The text to code ratio also plays a role. Tons of code to render a few lines of visible text means that search engines need to dig deeper to find the content relevancy in pages. Matt Cutts has alluded to this a few times.
While search engines may ignore comments and in-line css/js the bandwidth, processing and storage logistics may be motivation enough to dampen the SEO performance to some degree on heavy in-line css pages.
Personally I use in-line code only when absolutely page specific scenarios require it and even then I use css compression tools to reduce white space in the documents when ready for production.
I have had this conversation on many occasions and no neither side is conclusive. My simple answer is, if it "could" be detrimental then why risk it. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Answered and voted for by true developers.
In-line CSS will contribute to the payload of the page and that affects the load speed. Load speed is one of many ranking factors so it's almost an impossible question to answer conclusively.
The text to code ratio also plays a role. Tons of code to render a few lines of visible text means that search engines need to dig deeper to find the content relevancy in pages. Matt Cutts has alluded to this a few times.
While search engines may ignore comments and in-line css/js the bandwidth, processing and storage logistics may be motivation enough to dampen the SEO performance to some degree on heavy in-line css pages.
Personally I use in-line code only when absolutely page specific scenarios require it and even then I use css compression tools to reduce white space in the documents when ready for production.
I have had this conversation on many occasions and no neither side is conclusive. My simple answer is, if it "could" be detrimental then why risk it. | I don't think most spiders actually execute Javascript before parsing the page. If there's something you really want indexed, it's best to put it on the page as simple content. Bring it in via Ajax, constructing it on the fly via javascript, et. al, certainly will only hinder its SEO value. Tricky links that take form after being constructed by Javascript are also bad form -- a simple site map probably yields better value. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Answered and voted for by true developers.
In-line CSS will contribute to the payload of the page and that affects the load speed. Load speed is one of many ranking factors so it's almost an impossible question to answer conclusively.
The text to code ratio also plays a role. Tons of code to render a few lines of visible text means that search engines need to dig deeper to find the content relevancy in pages. Matt Cutts has alluded to this a few times.
While search engines may ignore comments and in-line css/js the bandwidth, processing and storage logistics may be motivation enough to dampen the SEO performance to some degree on heavy in-line css pages.
Personally I use in-line code only when absolutely page specific scenarios require it and even then I use css compression tools to reduce white space in the documents when ready for production.
I have had this conversation on many occasions and no neither side is conclusive. My simple answer is, if it "could" be detrimental then why risk it. | As noted in another answer, any content created or modified by JavaScript is unlikely to be 'seen' by the search engines. Although this of course applies wherever you place the JS.
Depending on the size of your page and the capability of your hosting it could affect indexing. If the extra load is sufficient to start slowing your server's response to page requests then the search engines will slow their spidering and, for a large site, may not manage to crawl the entire site on a timely basis. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Answered and voted for by true developers.
In-line CSS will contribute to the payload of the page and that affects the load speed. Load speed is one of many ranking factors so it's almost an impossible question to answer conclusively.
The text to code ratio also plays a role. Tons of code to render a few lines of visible text means that search engines need to dig deeper to find the content relevancy in pages. Matt Cutts has alluded to this a few times.
While search engines may ignore comments and in-line css/js the bandwidth, processing and storage logistics may be motivation enough to dampen the SEO performance to some degree on heavy in-line css pages.
Personally I use in-line code only when absolutely page specific scenarios require it and even then I use css compression tools to reduce white space in the documents when ready for production.
I have had this conversation on many occasions and no neither side is conclusive. My simple answer is, if it "could" be detrimental then why risk it. | Search Engine mainly read textual part of the website.But there are many factor that include that effects seo. Using table template, and even using inline css make the page load time a little more. even if you can check on html validators it marks all inline ccs as error.Slower responsive time for site. |
2,240,481 | Does inline CSS and JavaScript really affect site SEO? | 2010/02/10 | [
"https://Stackoverflow.com/questions/2240481",
"https://Stackoverflow.com",
"https://Stackoverflow.com/users/84201/"
] | Answered and voted for by true developers.
In-line CSS will contribute to the payload of the page and that affects the load speed. Load speed is one of many ranking factors so it's almost an impossible question to answer conclusively.
The text to code ratio also plays a role. Tons of code to render a few lines of visible text means that search engines need to dig deeper to find the content relevancy in pages. Matt Cutts has alluded to this a few times.
While search engines may ignore comments and in-line css/js the bandwidth, processing and storage logistics may be motivation enough to dampen the SEO performance to some degree on heavy in-line css pages.
Personally I use in-line code only when absolutely page specific scenarios require it and even then I use css compression tools to reduce white space in the documents when ready for production.
I have had this conversation on many occasions and no neither side is conclusive. My simple answer is, if it "could" be detrimental then why risk it. | javascript increases the site's load time. I believe that is how it may affect your site's rankings. Head over to <https://developers.google.com/speed/pagespeed/insights/> and test your URL. Sometimes using javascript on the first view of your website delays the page load as content is displayed only after the script is rendered. That may hurt user experience and SEO. |
210,888 | a couple months ago, a moderator deleted a chat room on StackOverflow and the reason provided was that it was unrelated to the general topic of the website.
The room can be found here: <https://chat.stackoverflow.com/rooms/29698/loungetherapy>
Since then, I have made several attempts to retrieve the chat transcripts of that room, but have repeatedly failed. It would be very helpful if someone would guide me to those transcripts. A couple of other users and I had some memorable discussions in that room and I would really appreciate if someone would help me get those transcripts back. Please let me know if I need to provide any more information.
Thank You.
**EDIT:** I want to verify that most of the "personal talk" done in that chat room was done by me. I am unsure of the username that I had back then as I changed usernames quite frequently, but in the earlier days of the room, I went by "Demcodelines" and later changed it to "Ash Ketchum." In the later stages, I also went by "TheGuyWhoCouldn'tTalkToTheGirl" but I am unsure if I adopted that name after the chat room was deleted or before. | 2013/12/10 | [
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/questions/210888",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com",
"https://meta.stackexchange.com/users/192761/"
] | I don't like this idea very much. Sure, I could post the entire transcript here for you and anyone else to peruse, but...
That chat room was deleted because, as you note, it was very off-topic. A quick glance shows some fairly personal stuff being discussed there. Do you really think *everyone* who was in that room would appreciate it being shared?
Let's move on.
---
Update: in response to requests from several of the folks most active in that room, I've emailed a full transcript to the 7 most active users in that room. Consider this a one-time concession to the room's unfortunate longevity. | The transcript is deleted, and as such only 10k users and moderators can view it. All you need to do is get another 9,633 rep to view it.
To be honest though, it is quite obvious why it was deleted from looking at some of the pages in there. I don't think that a chat about relationships is exactly on topic for SO. Perhaps for one of the newer exchanges, such as [Relationships and Dating](http://area51.stackexchange.com/proposals/44577/relationships-and-dating).
That being said, if you have something **specific** from that transcript, you should probably point to that instead of asking for the transcript in its entirety (it is kind of long). |
11,491 | There is a passage in the New Testament that says, I paraphrase: Every morning I wake up a new person. Or: Every morning I am born a new man. I think Apostle Peter or Apostle Paul is speaking it. Can someone help me track the exact quote with textual reference? Thanks. | 2012/11/03 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/11491",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/3401/"
] | I believe you're thinking of **2 Corinthians 5:17 (KJV)**
>
> 17 Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things
> are passed away; behold, all things are become new.
>
>
>
It's not "every morning" but it is the passage that comes to mind with the teaching that we are made new. It deals with out new relationship in Christ after salvation.
In the Old Testament, there is **Lamentations 3:22-23 (KJV)**
>
> 22 It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed, because his
> compassions fail not.
>
>
> 23 They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness.
>
>
>
If neither of these are what you're thinking of, you can search many versions of the Bible at <http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lamentations+3%3A22-23&version=KJV> | Here is where Paul says, "I die every day."
>
> I protest, brothers, by my pride in you, which I have in Christ Jesus
> our Lord, **I die every day**! 1 Corinthians 15:31
>
>
> |
11,491 | There is a passage in the New Testament that says, I paraphrase: Every morning I wake up a new person. Or: Every morning I am born a new man. I think Apostle Peter or Apostle Paul is speaking it. Can someone help me track the exact quote with textual reference? Thanks. | 2012/11/03 | [
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/questions/11491",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com",
"https://christianity.stackexchange.com/users/3401/"
] | I believe you're thinking of **2 Corinthians 5:17 (KJV)**
>
> 17 Therefore if any man be in Christ, he is a new creature: old things
> are passed away; behold, all things are become new.
>
>
>
It's not "every morning" but it is the passage that comes to mind with the teaching that we are made new. It deals with out new relationship in Christ after salvation.
In the Old Testament, there is **Lamentations 3:22-23 (KJV)**
>
> 22 It is of the Lord's mercies that we are not consumed, because his
> compassions fail not.
>
>
> 23 They are new every morning: great is thy faithfulness.
>
>
>
If neither of these are what you're thinking of, you can search many versions of the Bible at <http://www.biblegateway.com/passage/?search=Lamentations+3%3A22-23&version=KJV> | 2nd Corinthians 5:17 is all you need to be concerned about. It is every second every day thing that takes place in Christ. |
55,597 | I've purchased a dishwasher supposedly with exact same dimensions as the previous however swapping out hasn't been as straightforward as I imagined. The issue is a waste pipe, ever so slightly in the way and preventing the dishwasher from a flush fitting. There's about 25mm in it. The connector pipe appears to have an unnecessary T fitting (see pic). I was thinking about swapping out the connector and have 2 questions:
1) Is that T unnecessary? Or is it some type of non-return valve
2) If it's solvent welded I've read that I'll have to saw the pipe off. If so do I cut, insert a new length of pipe and then solvent weld with 2 40mm Straight Coupler's?
Thanks!
 | 2014/12/21 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/55597",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/29958/"
] | That kind of T-connection low down suggests that it joins the wastes from two P-traps.
It is probably more usual for dishwashers to connect above the P-trap of an adjacent sink.
An "appliance P-trap", the tapered nozzle on the left is to connect the outlet hose from an appliance such as a dishwasher.
You can also get a "standpipe appliance trap"
I've not used this type but your appliance hose would be hooked into the top.
---
If you can remove one of the outlets that your T-joint combines then you might be able to plan a new layout for the waste pipes that provides more space for your appliance.
It isn't clear to me from your photo, exactly what the problem is and what exactly feed the two inputs to that T-join.
In principle you can cut through the pipes and push on a new solvent-weld (or push-fit or compression fitting) joint. But you need enough pipe remaining after the cut to fit into the coupling. The more times you cut and remake these solvent-weld joints the less and less pipe you have to work with.
As you suggest, if there is nothing using the vertical waste pipe above the T, you could cut out the T and cut back the existing pipe far enough to fit a new section of the same type of ABS pipe with two straight couplings. | There is not enough information for a complete answer, however, if there is no known drain feeding into the top of the 'T', then it is likely that the T is functioning as the vent for that portion of the drain system.
It doesn't look like it was designed/installed properly, however, removing it would likely cause trouble. Most things are done for a specific reason - items like this add time and complexity to a project and are not typically added without a good reason (typically).
The issue with your dishwasher is probably because the new unit is more square-shaped on the back compared to the old unit - it fits tighter into the corner than the old and thus, impacting this pipe? Or am I miss reading your photo?
Your proper long-term fix would include pulling the cabinets out entirely and fix the plumbing to both not interfere with the new appliance as well as properly drain and vent the sinks and appliances as needed to meet code requirements. That is not likely to be a small task - ask a plumber for a quote and go from there. |
55,597 | I've purchased a dishwasher supposedly with exact same dimensions as the previous however swapping out hasn't been as straightforward as I imagined. The issue is a waste pipe, ever so slightly in the way and preventing the dishwasher from a flush fitting. There's about 25mm in it. The connector pipe appears to have an unnecessary T fitting (see pic). I was thinking about swapping out the connector and have 2 questions:
1) Is that T unnecessary? Or is it some type of non-return valve
2) If it's solvent welded I've read that I'll have to saw the pipe off. If so do I cut, insert a new length of pipe and then solvent weld with 2 40mm Straight Coupler's?
Thanks!
 | 2014/12/21 | [
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/questions/55597",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com",
"https://diy.stackexchange.com/users/29958/"
] | That kind of T-connection low down suggests that it joins the wastes from two P-traps.
It is probably more usual for dishwashers to connect above the P-trap of an adjacent sink.
An "appliance P-trap", the tapered nozzle on the left is to connect the outlet hose from an appliance such as a dishwasher.
You can also get a "standpipe appliance trap"
I've not used this type but your appliance hose would be hooked into the top.
---
If you can remove one of the outlets that your T-joint combines then you might be able to plan a new layout for the waste pipes that provides more space for your appliance.
It isn't clear to me from your photo, exactly what the problem is and what exactly feed the two inputs to that T-join.
In principle you can cut through the pipes and push on a new solvent-weld (or push-fit or compression fitting) joint. But you need enough pipe remaining after the cut to fit into the coupling. The more times you cut and remake these solvent-weld joints the less and less pipe you have to work with.
As you suggest, if there is nothing using the vertical waste pipe above the T, you could cut out the T and cut back the existing pipe far enough to fit a new section of the same type of ABS pipe with two straight couplings. | The plumbing code (UPC or IRC) doesn't allow the use of a sanitary tee in a horizontal position. It can only be used vertically. Your supposed to have a long sweep or a wye-and-⅛ combo where that tee is.
>
> Uniform Plumbing Code
> =====================
>
>
> Chpater 7 Sanitary Drainage
> ---------------------------
>
>
> **706.0 Changes in Direction of Drainage Flow**
>
>
> **706.4** Vertical drainage lines connecting with horizontal
> drainage lines shall enter through forty-five (45) degree
> (0.79 rad) wye branches, combination wye and one-eighth
> (1/8) bend branches, or other approved fittings of
> equivalent sweep. Sixty (60) degree (1.05 rad) branches or
> offsets may be used only when installed in a true vertical
> position.
>
>
>
Depending on what it is draining, you might be able to reduce the size of the pipe going to the left.
The vertical goes somewhere. Where does it go? |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | Assuming that your camera has an APS-C sensor (18-55mm IS kit lens tells me that it does), the 50mm f/1.8 is probably a good bet for shooting portraits. Typically a photographer wants to use something around 85mm-100mm (on a full frame sensor) for a nice sharp portrait. Since your camera is APS-C and probably multiplies the focal length by 1.6x, you're looking at about an 80mm equivalent from your 50mm lens which gets you close enough to the sweet spot for portraits. Also the Canon 50mm f/1.8 is way sharper than either of the other two lenses that you mentioned.
Summary: Unless you're using a 5D or 1D, you'll be just fine with the 50mm lens for portraits. If you want more candid, far away shots, try the 55-250, but for sharp portraits, the 50 is your best bet. | I'd take all three lenses with me.
Since you don't mention it, I'm going to assume that you don't have an external flash and only the built-in one. The built-in flash will help you in a pinch, but it's not very powerful and it doesn't look very good. I would aim to either not use the flash or use it only for a little fill.
First, if it's indoors and dimly lit, the 50mm may be the best and only solution simply because you can shoot at a larger aperture to get a shorter shutter speed that you can freeze the action.
If you've got a little more light, you can use the 18-55. Personally, I would find the 50mm too long for indoors shooting and would probably use the 18-55 in the 18-30mm range to get some more environmental portraits or small groups.
If you want to work on the long end of that lens -- 55mm -- for some tighter shots, you might switch to the 55-250. On the 18-55 at 55mm the largest aperture is f5.6. On the 55-250 at 55mm the aperture is f4 -- one stop brighter! That may be enough to let you get a shot. |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | Assuming that your camera has an APS-C sensor (18-55mm IS kit lens tells me that it does), the 50mm f/1.8 is probably a good bet for shooting portraits. Typically a photographer wants to use something around 85mm-100mm (on a full frame sensor) for a nice sharp portrait. Since your camera is APS-C and probably multiplies the focal length by 1.6x, you're looking at about an 80mm equivalent from your 50mm lens which gets you close enough to the sweet spot for portraits. Also the Canon 50mm f/1.8 is way sharper than either of the other two lenses that you mentioned.
Summary: Unless you're using a 5D or 1D, you'll be just fine with the 50mm lens for portraits. If you want more candid, far away shots, try the 55-250, but for sharp portraits, the 50 is your best bet. | I would suggest 50 mm and 18-55. Below are the reasons
1. 50 mm is great for portraits.
2. if the party is not well lit, you will not have lot of difficulty with 50 mm, but 18-55 will have trouble in low light.
3. 50 mm will not be wide enough to cover medium to large groups. That is where the 18-55 is going to help.
Having said that, if you don't have a second camera, it is going to be a pain to keep switching lenses and you might miss the moment.
If I were you, I'd shoot most pictures with the 18-55 and then after all the action is over, shoot portraits with the 50mm |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | Assuming that your camera has an APS-C sensor (18-55mm IS kit lens tells me that it does), the 50mm f/1.8 is probably a good bet for shooting portraits. Typically a photographer wants to use something around 85mm-100mm (on a full frame sensor) for a nice sharp portrait. Since your camera is APS-C and probably multiplies the focal length by 1.6x, you're looking at about an 80mm equivalent from your 50mm lens which gets you close enough to the sweet spot for portraits. Also the Canon 50mm f/1.8 is way sharper than either of the other two lenses that you mentioned.
Summary: Unless you're using a 5D or 1D, you'll be just fine with the 50mm lens for portraits. If you want more candid, far away shots, try the 55-250, but for sharp portraits, the 50 is your best bet. | I'd go with the 50mm f/1.8. Assuming you are on a crop-sensor camera a 50mm lens will be roughly equivalent of about 80mm. Combined with the wide aperture this will afford you the ability to shoot wide open or even at f/2 - 2.8 with a great depth of field and sharpness that the 18-55 just won't give you. |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | Assuming that your camera has an APS-C sensor (18-55mm IS kit lens tells me that it does), the 50mm f/1.8 is probably a good bet for shooting portraits. Typically a photographer wants to use something around 85mm-100mm (on a full frame sensor) for a nice sharp portrait. Since your camera is APS-C and probably multiplies the focal length by 1.6x, you're looking at about an 80mm equivalent from your 50mm lens which gets you close enough to the sweet spot for portraits. Also the Canon 50mm f/1.8 is way sharper than either of the other two lenses that you mentioned.
Summary: Unless you're using a 5D or 1D, you'll be just fine with the 50mm lens for portraits. If you want more candid, far away shots, try the 55-250, but for sharp portraits, the 50 is your best bet. | I have the same 3 lenses that you mention with the Canon 550D and a Metz flash. I've found that the 18-55mm kit lens does quite well when stopped down to f/8 and used with the flash indoors (bounce flash in particular). Make sure that you have the portrait picture style preset in use if shooting JPEG to make the portraits look warm. The lens covers the ideal focal lengths for indoor portraits including group shots. You can also get by without flash by bumping up the ISO - 1600+ is usable on the 550D, especially if you plan to share online exclusively.
The 50mm f/1.8 prime is also quite useful for individual and small group portraits. You can use wide apertures to blur the background. It gives pretty sharp results without having to stop down, and you can do without a flash to get decent shutter speeds.
Since you are planning to shoot a birthday, make use of the burst\continuous shooting mode to capture the important moments like cake cutting. This is also handy for group photos to reduce the chance of capturing people with their eyes closed. The prime again helps here, as it can be used in burst mode without a flash.
Also, be careful when changing lenses during the party - good time to get unwanted particles into the camera\lens. |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | I'd take all three lenses with me.
Since you don't mention it, I'm going to assume that you don't have an external flash and only the built-in one. The built-in flash will help you in a pinch, but it's not very powerful and it doesn't look very good. I would aim to either not use the flash or use it only for a little fill.
First, if it's indoors and dimly lit, the 50mm may be the best and only solution simply because you can shoot at a larger aperture to get a shorter shutter speed that you can freeze the action.
If you've got a little more light, you can use the 18-55. Personally, I would find the 50mm too long for indoors shooting and would probably use the 18-55 in the 18-30mm range to get some more environmental portraits or small groups.
If you want to work on the long end of that lens -- 55mm -- for some tighter shots, you might switch to the 55-250. On the 18-55 at 55mm the largest aperture is f5.6. On the 55-250 at 55mm the aperture is f4 -- one stop brighter! That may be enough to let you get a shot. | I would suggest 50 mm and 18-55. Below are the reasons
1. 50 mm is great for portraits.
2. if the party is not well lit, you will not have lot of difficulty with 50 mm, but 18-55 will have trouble in low light.
3. 50 mm will not be wide enough to cover medium to large groups. That is where the 18-55 is going to help.
Having said that, if you don't have a second camera, it is going to be a pain to keep switching lenses and you might miss the moment.
If I were you, I'd shoot most pictures with the 18-55 and then after all the action is over, shoot portraits with the 50mm |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | I'd take all three lenses with me.
Since you don't mention it, I'm going to assume that you don't have an external flash and only the built-in one. The built-in flash will help you in a pinch, but it's not very powerful and it doesn't look very good. I would aim to either not use the flash or use it only for a little fill.
First, if it's indoors and dimly lit, the 50mm may be the best and only solution simply because you can shoot at a larger aperture to get a shorter shutter speed that you can freeze the action.
If you've got a little more light, you can use the 18-55. Personally, I would find the 50mm too long for indoors shooting and would probably use the 18-55 in the 18-30mm range to get some more environmental portraits or small groups.
If you want to work on the long end of that lens -- 55mm -- for some tighter shots, you might switch to the 55-250. On the 18-55 at 55mm the largest aperture is f5.6. On the 55-250 at 55mm the aperture is f4 -- one stop brighter! That may be enough to let you get a shot. | I'd go with the 50mm f/1.8. Assuming you are on a crop-sensor camera a 50mm lens will be roughly equivalent of about 80mm. Combined with the wide aperture this will afford you the ability to shoot wide open or even at f/2 - 2.8 with a great depth of field and sharpness that the 18-55 just won't give you. |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | I would suggest 50 mm and 18-55. Below are the reasons
1. 50 mm is great for portraits.
2. if the party is not well lit, you will not have lot of difficulty with 50 mm, but 18-55 will have trouble in low light.
3. 50 mm will not be wide enough to cover medium to large groups. That is where the 18-55 is going to help.
Having said that, if you don't have a second camera, it is going to be a pain to keep switching lenses and you might miss the moment.
If I were you, I'd shoot most pictures with the 18-55 and then after all the action is over, shoot portraits with the 50mm | I'd go with the 50mm f/1.8. Assuming you are on a crop-sensor camera a 50mm lens will be roughly equivalent of about 80mm. Combined with the wide aperture this will afford you the ability to shoot wide open or even at f/2 - 2.8 with a great depth of field and sharpness that the 18-55 just won't give you. |
24,112 | I am doing my first photo shoot of a birthday party for a friend. I wanted to know which lens would be the better option to use for this.
I have a Canon 50mm f/1.8 prime lens as well as the standard 18-55mm IS kit lens and a 55-250mm IS tele-zoom lens.
So far, just getting to know my camera I have mostly played around with the kit lens.
Now I'm not sure which of the others would be a better option. | 2012/06/07 | [
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/questions/24112",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com",
"https://photo.stackexchange.com/users/10090/"
] | I have the same 3 lenses that you mention with the Canon 550D and a Metz flash. I've found that the 18-55mm kit lens does quite well when stopped down to f/8 and used with the flash indoors (bounce flash in particular). Make sure that you have the portrait picture style preset in use if shooting JPEG to make the portraits look warm. The lens covers the ideal focal lengths for indoor portraits including group shots. You can also get by without flash by bumping up the ISO - 1600+ is usable on the 550D, especially if you plan to share online exclusively.
The 50mm f/1.8 prime is also quite useful for individual and small group portraits. You can use wide apertures to blur the background. It gives pretty sharp results without having to stop down, and you can do without a flash to get decent shutter speeds.
Since you are planning to shoot a birthday, make use of the burst\continuous shooting mode to capture the important moments like cake cutting. This is also handy for group photos to reduce the chance of capturing people with their eyes closed. The prime again helps here, as it can be used in burst mode without a flash.
Also, be careful when changing lenses during the party - good time to get unwanted particles into the camera\lens. | I would suggest 50 mm and 18-55. Below are the reasons
1. 50 mm is great for portraits.
2. if the party is not well lit, you will not have lot of difficulty with 50 mm, but 18-55 will have trouble in low light.
3. 50 mm will not be wide enough to cover medium to large groups. That is where the 18-55 is going to help.
Having said that, if you don't have a second camera, it is going to be a pain to keep switching lenses and you might miss the moment.
If I were you, I'd shoot most pictures with the 18-55 and then after all the action is over, shoot portraits with the 50mm |
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