id int64 225 5.32k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | answers dict | is_impossible bool 1
class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
5,198 | Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/
SHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc
Authors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive; Sisk, Maur... | What was the last step in the analysis? | {
"answer_start": [
9670
],
"text": [
"amplification step"
]
} | false |
5,199 | Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/
SHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc
Authors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive; Sisk, Maur... | What percentage of the patients were between 20 and 30 years old in this study? | {
"answer_start": [
9888
],
"text": [
"52%"
]
} | false |
5,200 | Exhaled breath condensate sampling is not a new method for detection of respiratory viruses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3059288/
SHA: f3b46e7e8f58799207cc44515f859c1daf5e4dfc
Authors: Houspie, Lieselot; De Coster, Sarah; Keyaerts, Els; Narongsack, Phouthalack; De Roy, Rikka; Talboom, Ive; Sisk, Maur... | Why is EBC an attractive method for screening? | {
"answer_start": [
12629
],
"text": [
"easy to perform and can be conducted in a home environment"
]
} | false |
502 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the leading cause of death among children after the age of 1 month? | {
"answer_start": [
295
],
"text": [
"Pneumonia remains the leading cause of death in children outside the neonatal period,"
]
} | false |
504 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How has the number of childhood pneumonia been reduced? | {
"answer_start": [
566
],
"text": [
"New conjugate vaccines against Haemophilus influenzae type b and Streptococcus pneumoniae have contributed to decreases in radiologic, clinical and complicated pneumonia cases"
]
} | false |
507 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What percentage of childhood deaths are due to pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
1438
],
"text": [
" approximately 900,000 of the estimated 6.3 million child deaths in 2013 "
]
} | false |
510 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How has the childhood population grown in the last two decades? | {
"answer_start": [
2274
],
"text": [
"global childhood population from 605 million in 2000 to 664 million in 2015 "
]
} | false |
511 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the reduction in the number of childhood pneumonia cases? | {
"answer_start": [
2356
],
"text": [
"Recent data suggest that there has been a 25% decrease in the incidence of pneumonia, from 0.29 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries in 2000, to 0.22 episodes per child year in 2010 [3] . This is substantiated by a 58% decrease in pneumonia-asso... | false |
512 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How much is the reduction in the childhood pneumonia deaths? | {
"answer_start": [
2772
],
"text": [
"Pneumonia deaths decreased from 1.8 million in 2000 to 900,000 in 2013"
]
} | false |
513 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | Childhood pneumonia rate for high income countries vs low and middle income countries. | {
"answer_start": [
3310
],
"text": [
"The incidence in high-income countries is estimated at 0.015 episodes per child year, compared to 0.22 episodes per child year in low-and middle-income countries [3] . On average, 1 in 66 children in high-income countries is affected by pneumonia per year, compared t... | false |
514 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What percentage of childhood pneumonia deaths occur outside hospital in low and middle income countries? | {
"answer_start": [
3756
],
"text": [
"up to 81% of severe pneumonia deaths occur outside a hospital "
]
} | false |
515 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | Case Fatality Rates for Childhood Pneumonia in high income vs low and middle income countries. | {
"answer_start": [
3872
],
"text": [
"the case fatality rate is estimated to be almost 10-fold higher in low-and middle-income countries as compared to high-income countries"
]
} | false |
516 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How can childhood pneumonia affect the subsequent health of a person? | {
"answer_start": [
4098
],
"text": [
"Early life pneumonia can impair longterm lung health by decreasing lung function [6] . Severe or recurrent pneumonia can have a worse effect on lung function; increasing evidence suggests that chronic obstructive pulmonary disease might be related to early childhood ... | false |
517 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the increase in the risk of respiratory disease after having childhood pneumonia. | {
"answer_start": [
4662
],
"text": [
"The risk of developing at least one of the major sequelae was estimated as 6% after an ambulatory pneumonia event and 14% after an episode of hospitalized pneumonia."
]
} | false |
518 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | Which is the best method to identify pneumonia in a person? | {
"answer_start": [
5040
],
"text": [
"Chest radiologic changes have been considered the gold standard for defining a pneumonia event"
]
} | false |
520 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is responsible for the reduction of radiologic pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
6100
],
"text": [
"Widespread use of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination and Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination has decreased the incidence of radiologic pneumonia."
]
} | false |
521 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the percentage reduction in pneumonia cases due to vaccination? | {
"answer_start": [
6343
],
"text": [
"Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination in high-burden communities, the vaccination was associated with an 18% decrease in radiologic pneumonia [13] . Introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination was associated with a 26% decrease in radiologic pneu... | false |
522 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the revised WHO definition of Bacterial Pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
7735
],
"text": [
" A revised case definition of \"presumed bacterial pneumonia\" has been introduced, and this definition includes pneumonia cases with WHO-defined alveolar consolidation, as well as those with other abnormal chest radiograph infiltrates and a serum C-reactive protein ... | false |
524 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the reduction in bacterial pneumonia under the revised WHO definition of bacterial pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
8257
],
"text": [
" Using the revised definition, the 10-valent pneumococcal conjugate vaccine (pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-10), had a vaccine efficacy of 22% in preventing presumed bacterial pneumonia in young children in South America [22] , and pneumococcal conjugate vaccinat... | false |
530 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What caused the increase in the incidence of empyema in children in the recent past? | {
"answer_start": [
9031
],
"text": [
" An increased incidence of empyema in children was noted in some high-income countries following pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7 introduction, and this was attributed to pneumococcal serotypes not included in pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-7, especially 3 an... | false |
532 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How have the incidence Empyema been reduced? | {
"answer_start": [
9813
],
"text": [
"These trends have been reversed since the introduction of pneumococcal conjugate vaccination-13. Data from the United States suggest that empyema decreased by 50% in children younger than 5 years "
]
} | false |
533 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What pneumonia related or chest conditions indicate the need for child radiography? | {
"answer_start": [
10334
],
"text": [
"chest radiography should not be routinely performed in children with ambulatory pneumonia [31] [32] [33] . Indications for chest radiography include hospitalization, severe hypoxemia or respiratory distress, failed initial antibiotic therapy, or suspicion for other ... | false |
534 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What chest diseases and pneumonia were identified as leading causes prior to the availability of vaccines? | {
"answer_start": [
11677
],
"text": [
"prior to availability of new conjugate vaccines confirmed S. pneumoniae and H. influenzae type B as the most important bacterial causes of pneumonia, with Staphylococcus aureus and Klebsiella pneumoniae associated with some severe cases. Respiratory syncytial virus ... | false |
535 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | Why has pertussis immunity in infants has decreased in infants? | {
"answer_start": [
13760
],
"text": [
"Because pertussis immunity after acellular pertussis vaccination is less long-lasting than immunity after wild-type infection or whole-cell vaccination, many women of child-bearing age have waning pertussis antibody levels. "
]
} | false |
536 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the effect of childhood tuberculosis in childhood pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
15402
],
"text": [
"A recent systematic review of tuberculosis as a comorbidity of childhood pneumonia reported culture-confirmed disease in about 8% of cases [50] . Because intrathoracic tuberculosis disease is only culture-confirmed in a minority of cases, the true burden could be ev... | false |
537 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What are the risk factors in childhood pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
16115
],
"text": [
" incomplete or inadequate vaccination must be considered as a major preventable risk factor for childhood pneumonia. Other risk factors include low birth weight, which is associated with 3.2 times increased odds of severe pneumonia in low-and middle-income countries... | false |
538 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How does air pollution affect the incidence of childhood pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
16987
],
"text": [
" Indoor air pollution from use of solid or biomass fuels increases odds of pneumonia by 1.6 times; lack of measles vaccination by the end of the first year of age increases odds of pneumonia by 1.8 times "
]
} | false |
539 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the strongest risk factor for childhood pneumonia? | {
"answer_start": [
17514
],
"text": [
"The single strongest risk factor for pneumonia is HIV infection, which is especially prevalent in children in sub-Saharan Africa. HIV-infected children have 6 times increased odds of developing severe pneumonia or of death compared to HIV-uninfected children"
]
} | false |
540 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is the global coverage of influenza and pneumonia vaccines? | {
"answer_start": [
18325
],
"text": [
" By the end of 2015, Haemophilus influenzae type B conjugate vaccination had been introduced in 73 countries, with global coverage estimated at 68%. However, inequities are still apparent among regions: in the Americas coverage is estimated at 90%, while in the West... | false |
541 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | Is influenza vaccination during pregnancy safe? How long does it protect the child? | {
"answer_start": [
19437
],
"text": [
"Influenza vaccination during pregnancy is safe, provides reasonable maternal protection against influenza, and also protects infants for a limited period from confirmed influenza infection (vaccine efficacy 63% in Bangladesh [63] and 50.4% in South Africa [64] ). Ho... | false |
923 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | What is emphyema? | {
"answer_start": [
8998
],
"text": [
"a rare complication of pneumonia"
]
} | false |
4,573 | Community-acquired pneumonia in children — a changing spectrum of disease
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5608782/
SHA: eecb946b106a94f26a79a964f0160e8e16f79f42
Authors: le Roux, David M.; Zar, Heather J.
Date: 2017-09-21
DOI: 10.1007/s00247-017-3827-8
License: cc-by
Abstract: Pneumonia remains the lea... | How is the term end point consolidation described with regard to pneumonia diagnosis? | {
"answer_start": [
5539
],
"text": [
"as a dense or fluffy opacity that occupies a portion or whole of a lobe, or the entire lung."
]
} | false |
5,217 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What factors make H5N1 a worldwide threat to public health? | {
"answer_start": [
1731
],
"text": [
"rapid spread and high pathogenicity"
]
} | false |
5,218 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What are the symptoms of H5N1 infection in humans? | {
"answer_start": [
1837
],
"text": [
"fever, encephalitis, pneumonia, and severe acute respiratory syndrome (SARS)"
]
} | false |
5,219 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | Name some medications used to treat influenza. | {
"answer_start": [
2356
],
"text": [
"zanamivir (Relenza) and oseltamivir (Tamiflu)"
]
} | false |
5,220 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | Why have antiretrovirals medications had limited benefit in treating influenza? | {
"answer_start": [
2472
],
"text": [
"drug-resistance and frequent antigenic mutation"
]
} | false |
5,221 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What is the focus of the current study? | {
"answer_start": [
4447
],
"text": [
"effect of EAP against H5N1 influenza infection"
]
} | false |
5,222 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What is the result of the current study? | {
"answer_start": [
4621
],
"text": [
"the anti-H5N1 effects of EAP offer an alternative strategy for developing antiinfluenza agents"
]
} | false |
5,223 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | How do the polysaccharides in plants effect the immune response? | {
"answer_start": [
14834
],
"text": [
"enhance the secretion of cytokines and chemokines, such as TNF-, IL-6, IL-8, and IL-12"
]
} | false |
5,224 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | What does this study demonstrate? | {
"answer_start": [
21976
],
"text": [
"EAP leaf extract is a prophylactic and immune enhancement agent against H5N1 influenza virus infection"
]
} | false |
5,225 | Immunomodulatory Activity and Protective Effects of Polysaccharide from Eupatorium adenophorum Leaf Extract on Highly Pathogenic H5N1 Influenza Infection
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3789439/
SHA: efba2008a6ccf1ad2614aebd79a6a741ea6538b9
Authors: Jin, Yi; Zhang, Yuewei; Wan, Chunyan; Wang, Hongjun; H... | In this study, how did treatment of EAP after infection affect survival? | {
"answer_start": [
19815
],
"text": [
"did not provide a survival advantage"
]
} | false |
550 | A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181804/
SHA: ef5fe7296ec8baf90d974cf5737af0da3ed403ea
Authors: He, Ying; Lin, Guang-Yu; Wang, Qiong; Cai, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Yin-Hui; Lin, Chua... | What viruses have been responsible for most common childhood acute respiratory track infections (ARTI)? | {
"answer_start": [
2534
],
"text": [
"The most frequently reported viruses include respiratory syncytial virus (RSV), influenza viruses A and B (IAV, IBV), parainfluenza viruses (PIVs), human rhinovirus (HRV) and adenovirus (ADV), "
]
} | false |
553 | A 3-year prospective study of the epidemiology of acute respiratory viral infections in hospitalized children in Shenzhen, China
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4181804/
SHA: ef5fe7296ec8baf90d974cf5737af0da3ed403ea
Authors: He, Ying; Lin, Guang-Yu; Wang, Qiong; Cai, Xiao-Ying; Zhang, Yin-Hui; Lin, Chua... | Are there any vaccines against to protect against respiratory viral infections? | {
"answer_start": [
3172
],
"text": [
"Currently, there are no approved vaccines or medications available for most of the respiratory viruses"
]
} | false |
544 | Spread from the Sink to the Patient: In Situ Study Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Expressing Escherichia coli To Model Bacterial Dispersion from Hand-Washing Sink-Trap Reservoirs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377511/
SHA: 615071c8c959f24857b1bad521cc432b59719bfb
Authors: Kotay, Shireen; Chai, ... | Which type of bacteria are implicated in carrying genes of drug resistance? | {
"answer_start": [
507
],
"text": [
"Gammaproteobacteria"
]
} | false |
545 | Spread from the Sink to the Patient: In Situ Study Using Green Fluorescent Protein (GFP)-Expressing Escherichia coli To Model Bacterial Dispersion from Hand-Washing Sink-Trap Reservoirs
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5377511/
SHA: 615071c8c959f24857b1bad521cc432b59719bfb
Authors: Kotay, Shireen; Chai, ... | What may be a likely cause of sink-to-sink spreading of pathogens in the hospital setting? | {
"answer_start": [
19969
],
"text": [
"via a common sanitary pipe"
]
} | false |
327 | The impact of rapid molecular diagnostic testing for respiratory viruses on outcomes for emergency department patients
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6617970/
SHA: eea9d5e3d2244b3ecfb5e909515e00a4a3cabaa7
Authors: Wabe, Nasir; Li, Ling; Lindeman, Robert; Yimsung, Ruth; Dahm, Maria R; Clezy, Kate; McLen... | What types of acute respiratory infections can be screened and diagnosed with multiplex PCR? | {
"answer_start": [
2525
],
"text": [
"influenza and parainfluenza viruses, RSV, adenovirus, rhinovirus, human metapneumovirus, enterovirus, bocavirus and coronavirus"
]
} | false |
465 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What is the role of antibodies during infection? | {
"answer_start": [
283
],
"text": [
"Antibodies against foreign antigens are a critical component of the overall immune response and can facilitate pathogen clearance during a primary infection and also protect against subsequent infections."
]
} | false |
467 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | How can antibodies also create health problems? | {
"answer_start": [
488
],
"text": [
"Dysregulation of the antibody response can lead to an autoimmune disease, malignancy, or enhanced infection. "
]
} | false |
474 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | Which technology invention produced antibodies that are clones of a unique parent cell? | {
"answer_start": [
2257
],
"text": [
" in the 1970s with the development of hybridoma technology to produce monoclonal antibodies "
]
} | false |
476 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What mechanism is responsible for the creation of diversified repertoire for antibodies? | {
"answer_start": [
2372
],
"text": [
"somatic rearrangement during B cell differentiation was responsible for antibody diversification "
]
} | false |
478 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What developments have been made possible by the study of B-cell repertoire? | {
"answer_start": [
2996
],
"text": [
"(1) vaccine candidates that elicit protective antibodies; (2) antibodies that prevent disease when given prophylactically; and (3) antibodies that can be given as therapy after the onset of disease."
]
} | false |
485 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What motivates the study of the rare B-cells that produce Broadly Neutralizing Antibodies (bnAb)? | {
"answer_start": [
3589
],
"text": [
"discovery of broadly neutralizing antibodies (bnAbs) that protect against infection across diverse viral isolates has intensified efforts to understand the developmental pathway of the rare B cells that produce these antibodies"
]
} | false |
489 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | How has the study of B-cells helped the treatment for Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV)? | {
"answer_start": [
4083
],
"text": [
"For RSV, stabilized versions of the fusion (F) protein in the pre-fusion conformation have led to insights in the B cell's response to infection and has generated potentially safer and more efficacious vaccine candidates"
]
} | false |
490 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | How are the studies on B-cells helping the development of a universal influenza vaccine? | {
"answer_start": [
4315
],
"text": [
"Influenza also performs fusion through the stem region of the hemagglutinin protein, and the identification of B cells that target this relatively conserved site has spurred research on the development of a universal influenza vaccine ("
]
} | false |
494 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | What role B-cell play in malaria infection and prevention? | {
"answer_start": [
4790
],
"text": [
" Rare memory B cells producing antibodies specific for the EBV fusion machinery have been isolated; these can neutralize both B cell and epithelial cell infection (20). A new paradigm in malaria vaccine development is also emerging with the discovery of IgM+ and IgD+... | false |
497 | Techniques to Study Antigen-Specific B Cell Responses
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6667631/
SHA: ee632fa425607e8ff91fc3730bc0782d43ce9c0c
Authors: Boonyaratanakornkit, Jim; Taylor, Justin J.
Date: 2019-07-24
DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01694
License: cc-by
Abstract: Antibodies against foreign antigens a... | How can the study of B-cells help in the prevention and treatment of autoimmune diseases? | {
"answer_start": [
6415
],
"text": [
"The study of autoantigen-specific B cells and a detailed analysis of B cell subsets with pathogenic potential in humans could lead to a better understanding of how to prevent and treat autoimmune diseases."
]
} | false |
557 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | When was the Middle East Respiratory Syndrome Coronavirus isolated first? | {
"answer_start": [
2273
],
"text": [
"(MERS-CoV) was first isolated in 2012, in a 60-year-old man who died in Jeddah, KSA due to severe acute pneumonia and multiple organ failure"
]
} | false |
558 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | What is the Case fatality rate for MERS Coronavirus? | {
"answer_start": [
2686
],
"text": [
"Recent fatality rate (CFR) of 21%"
]
} | false |
559 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | How does gender influence MERS-COV infection? | {
"answer_start": [
2869
],
"text": [
" MERS-CoV infects males more than females"
]
} | false |
560 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | Which is the source animal for the MERS-COV? | {
"answer_start": [
3322
],
"text": [
"Dromedary camels are the major animal source of MERS-CoV transmission to humans."
]
} | false |
562 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | What is the median time until death in MERS-COV? | {
"answer_start": [
3925
],
"text": [
"median time until death is 11-13 days (range 5-27 days) among severely ill patients"
]
} | false |
563 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | What is the incubation period for MERS-COV? | {
"answer_start": [
3850
],
"text": [
" incubation period of 16 days with a mean of 5-6 days ["
]
} | false |
564 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | What is the treatment for MERS-COV? | {
"answer_start": [
4155
],
"text": [
"ere is no specific treatment for MERS-CoV. Like most viral infections, the treatment options are supportive and symptomatic"
]
} | false |
565 | Demographic Variations of MERS-CoV Infection among Suspected and Confirmed Cases: An Epidemiological Analysis of Laboratory-Based Data from Riyadh Regional Laboratory
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7049846/
SHA: edee452881f826fb72c58ee68a982789b12aa99d
Authors: Altamimi, Asmaa; Abu-Saris, Raghib; El-Me... | What age group had the most MERS-COV infections? | {
"answer_start": [
11825
],
"text": [
"majority of confirmed cases of MERS-CoV were reported among people aged 40 and above"
]
} | false |
5,232 | Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/
SHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3
Authors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan
Date: 2018-04-20
DOI: 10.3390/v10040211
License... | Why are nucleosides analogs used for chemotheraphy? | {
"answer_start": [
1328
],
"text": [
"they inhibit cellular DNA/RNA polymerases"
]
} | false |
5,233 | Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/
SHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3
Authors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan
Date: 2018-04-20
DOI: 10.3390/v10040211
License... | What nucleoside analog is the focus of the current study? | {
"answer_start": [
6040
],
"text": [
"gemcitabine"
]
} | false |
5,234 | Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/
SHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3
Authors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan
Date: 2018-04-20
DOI: 10.3390/v10040211
License... | Gemcitabine has been shown to have antiviral activity against which viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
6863
],
"text": [
"Middle East respiratory syndrome coronavirus (MERS-CoV), severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus (SARS-CoV), Zika virus (ZIKV), HCV, poliovirus (PV), influenza A virus (IAV), HIV, and enteroviruses (EV)"
]
} | false |
5,235 | Gemcitabine and Nucleos(t)ide Synthesis Inhibitors Are Broad-Spectrum Antiviral Drugs that Activate Innate Immunity
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5923505/
SHA: f1e1e2511e051195c8327a56d5c311a2dd4ab6b3
Authors: Shin, Hye Jin; Kim, Chonsaeng; Cho, Sungchan
Date: 2018-04-20
DOI: 10.3390/v10040211
License... | How does gemcitabine disrupt viral activity? | {
"answer_start": [
14050
],
"text": [
"by targeting the salvage pathway of pyrimidine biosynthesis"
]
} | false |
1,631 | Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/
SHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853
Authors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Raman, Sathya ... | Why are cotton rats considered a strong animal model for biomedical research? | {
"answer_start": [
2066
],
"text": [
"its well defined immunological and genetic information, costeffectiveness, and abundant inbred strains and research reagents"
]
} | false |
1,632 | Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/
SHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853
Authors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Raman, Sathya ... | What is the structure of the CD40 Ligand? | {
"answer_start": [
4149
],
"text": [
"a sandwiched extracellular structure composed of a β-sheet, α-helix loop, and a β-sheet"
]
} | false |
1,633 | Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/
SHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853
Authors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Raman, Sathya ... | What is the effect of CD40L on Dendritic Cells? | {
"answer_start": [
4774
],
"text": [
"it promotes cytokine production, the induction of cell surface co-stimulatory molecules, and facilitates the cross-presentation of antigen by these cells"
]
} | false |
1,634 | Identification and characterisation of the CD40-ligand of Sigmodon hispidus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6063397/
SHA: edf2997357501734a93c1b7e16d44e86a7d20853
Authors: Russell, Marsha S.; Muralidharan, Abenaya; Larocque, Louise; Cao, Jingxin; Deschambault, Yvon; Varga, Jessie; Thulasi Raman, Sathya ... | What is the effect of CD40L on B Cells? | {
"answer_start": [
5079
],
"text": [
"it promotes germinal center formation, immunoglobulin (Ig) isotype switching, somatic hypermutation to enhance antigen affinity, and lastly, the formation of long-lived plasma cells and memory B cells"
]
} | false |
567 | Bioinformatics analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377956/
SHA: eff26d8739498efca2d32fe2e66cdbebf0569c50
Authors: Tian, Xiao-ting; Li, Bao-yu; Zhang, Liang; Jiao, Wen-qiang; Liu, Ji-xing
Date: 2011-11-01
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-494
License: cc-by
Abstr... | What factor may influence viral replication and gene expression? | {
"answer_start": [
2812
],
"text": [
"the average codon usage frequencies in the host genome"
]
} | false |
566 | Bioinformatics analysis of rabbit haemorrhagic disease virus genome
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3377956/
SHA: eff26d8739498efca2d32fe2e66cdbebf0569c50
Authors: Tian, Xiao-ting; Li, Bao-yu; Zhang, Liang; Jiao, Wen-qiang; Liu, Ji-xing
Date: 2011-11-01
DOI: 10.1186/1743-422x-8-494
License: cc-by
Abstr... | What accounts for the variation of codon usage among open reading frameworks? | {
"answer_start": [
1742
],
"text": [
"mutational pressure and translational selection"
]
} | false |
328 | Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/
SHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a
Authors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter, Hans-Hart... | What conditions are considered upper respiratory tracts infections? | {
"answer_start": [
2282
],
"text": [
"common cold, pharyngitis, otitis, sinusitis, laryngotracheitis, epiglottitis"
]
} | false |
329 | Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/
SHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a
Authors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter, Hans-Hart... | What conditions are considered lower respiratory tract infections? | {
"answer_start": [
2392
],
"text": [
"bronchitis, pneumonia and bronchiolitis"
]
} | false |
330 | Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/
SHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a
Authors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter, Hans-Hart... | What immune cells are primarily involved in eliminating virus-infected cells? | {
"answer_start": [
19410
],
"text": [
"NK cells (CD3-/CD16+/CD56+)"
]
} | false |
331 | Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/
SHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a
Authors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter, Hans-Hart... | What molecules have been shown to hinder T cell responses to viral infections? | {
"answer_start": [
20524
],
"text": [
"Excessive reactive oxygen species (ROS)"
]
} | false |
332 | Obesity and risk of respiratory tract infections: results of an infection-diary based cohort study
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5819164/
SHA: ee0c318d282c0089cca94f0b2ea4d90db2ab9f8a
Authors: Maccioni, Livia; Weber, Susanne; Elgizouli, Magdeldin; Stoehlker, Anne-Sophie; Geist, Ilona; Peter, Hans-Hart... | The accumulation of what molecule hinders phagocytic activity in T cells? | {
"answer_start": [
20534
],
"text": [
"reactive oxygen species (ROS)"
]
} | false |
1,592 | A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/
SHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3
Authors: nan
Date: 2016-06-28
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059
License: cc-by
Abstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qualities for the W... | When did the last Director General of the WHO resign? | {
"answer_start": [
603
],
"text": [
"June 30, 2017"
]
} | false |
1,593 | A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/
SHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3
Authors: nan
Date: 2016-06-28
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059
License: cc-by
Abstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qualities for the W... | Why might an organization like the WHO be necessary? | {
"answer_start": [
2033
],
"text": [
"to promote, set standards in, and evaluate progress toward better health for people in all countries"
]
} | false |
1,595 | A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/
SHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3
Authors: nan
Date: 2016-06-28
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059
License: cc-by
Abstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qualities for the W... | Where should the next Director General for the WHO come from? | {
"answer_start": [
3064
],
"text": [
"a lowincome or middle-income country"
]
} | false |
1,596 | A Global Champion for Health—WHO’s Next?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4924837/
SHA: f2f9088055600d4160e36db5cb6ea000916390a3
Authors: nan
Date: 2016-06-28
DOI: 10.1371/journal.pmed.1002059
License: cc-by
Abstract: In this month’s editorial, the PLOS Medicine Editors propose ideal qualities for the W... | What traits should the new Director General of the WHO have? | {
"answer_start": [
3978
],
"text": [
"open-minded and creative"
]
} | false |
1,625 | A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/
SHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670
Authors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Etienne; Capro... | What is the Hepatitis C virus? | {
"answer_start": [
2967
],
"text": [
"enveloped, positive-stranded RNA virus"
]
} | false |
1,626 | A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/
SHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670
Authors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Etienne; Capro... | How many people have persistent hepatitis C virus? | {
"answer_start": [
3062
],
"text": [
"170 million people worldwide"
]
} | false |
1,627 | A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/
SHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670
Authors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Etienne; Capro... | What is the long-term risk of chronic hepatitis C infection? | {
"answer_start": [
3219
],
"text": [
"cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma"
]
} | false |
1,628 | A focus reduction neutralization assay for hepatitis C virus neutralizing antibodies
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC1852297/
SHA: ee8dca216514deeed4c9415bc2ad8a78dc3d9670
Authors: Fournier, Carole; Duverlie, Gilles; François, Catherine; Schnuriger, Aurelie; Dedeurwaerder, Sarah; Brochot, Etienne; Capro... | What antiviral treatments are used for hepatitis C infection? | {
"answer_start": [
3287
],
"text": [
"pegylated alpha-interferon and ribavirin"
]
} | false |
2,129 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What is the main cause of death in the neonatal period of calves? | {
"answer_start": [
1971
],
"text": [
"Calf septicemia"
]
} | false |
2,131 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | Where was hepcidin first discovered? | {
"answer_start": [
2382
],
"text": [
"human urine"
]
} | false |
2,130 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What is hepcidin? | {
"answer_start": [
2302
],
"text": [
"low molecular weight, antimicrobial peptide hormone"
]
} | false |
2,132 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What organ produces hepcidin? | {
"answer_start": [
2422
],
"text": [
"liver"
]
} | false |
2,133 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What stimulates the release of hepcidin? | {
"answer_start": [
2455
],
"text": [
"inflammatory reactions and high Fe concentrations"
]
} | false |
2,134 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What element does hepcidin play a roles in regulating during metabolism? | {
"answer_start": [
2569
],
"text": [
"Fe"
]
} | false |
2,135 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | Is hepcidin toxic? | {
"answer_start": [
2856
],
"text": [
"potentially toxic"
]
} | false |
2,136 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | Why is iron critical to bacteria? | {
"answer_start": [
2972
],
"text": [
"bacteria utilize Fe for survival, growth and proliferation"
]
} | false |
2,137 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | How does hepcidin work in the duodenum? | {
"answer_start": [
3425
],
"text": [
"control of excessive Fe absorption"
]
} | false |
2,138 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | How does hepcidin affect macrophages? | {
"answer_start": [
3372
],
"text": [
"regulation of Fe release"
]
} | false |
2,139 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What leads to oxidative stress in the body? | {
"answer_start": [
3802
],
"text": [
"production of ROS"
]
} | false |
2,140 | Relationship between hepcidin and oxidant/antioxidant status in calves with suspected neonatal septicemia
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5146304/
SHA: efcd7d171bb51acf2ef0a631901900497957a3be
Authors: Erkilic, E. E.; Erdogan, H. M.; Ogun, M.; Kirmizigul, A. H.; Gokce, E.; Kuru, M.; Kukurt, A.
Date: 201... | What parameter is used to measure antioxidant levels? | {
"answer_start": [
11390
],
"text": [
"superoxide dismutase"
]
} | false |
3,032 | Acute Hemorrhagic Encephalitis Responding to Combined Decompressive Craniectomy, Intravenous Immunoglobulin, and Corticosteroid Therapies: Association with Novel RANBP2 Variant
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5857578/
SHA: ef6638accc1ef599ad1aafd47b3a86f2b904cc76
Authors: Alawadhi, Abdulla; Saint-Martin... | What is Acute hemorrhagic encephalomyelitis? | {
"answer_start": [
546
],
"text": [
"a rare form of acute disseminated encephalomyelitis"
]
} | false |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.