id int64 225 5.32k | context stringlengths 2.88k 70.8k | question stringlengths 11 194 | answers dict | is_impossible bool 1
class |
|---|---|---|---|---|
2,251 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is labeled in red? | {
"answer_start": [
2065
],
"text": [
"residues corresponding to the NHR pocket region"
]
} | false |
2,252 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is marked in blue? | {
"answer_start": [
2136
],
"text": [
"residues for the PBD"
]
} | false |
2,253 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is marked in green? | {
"answer_start": [
2185
],
"text": [
"MT-hook residues adjacent to the N terminus of PBD"
]
} | false |
2,254 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is labeled in pink? | {
"answer_start": [
2349
],
"text": [
"mutant residues in PBD of AP2 and AP3"
]
} | false |
2,255 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | How many times was the experiment repeated? | {
"answer_start": [
2661
],
"text": [
"twice"
]
} | false |
2,256 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What was the main finding in the study? | {
"answer_start": [
3938
],
"text": [
"AP3, exhibited improved antiviral activity, drug resistance profile and pharmacological properties over T20"
]
} | false |
2,257 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What do the results suggest? | {
"answer_start": [
4215
],
"text": [
"AP3 has potential for development as a new anti-HIV drug"
]
} | false |
2,258 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What enhanced anti-HIV1 activity? | {
"answer_start": [
4664
],
"text": [
"adding two amino acids of Met and Thr to the N-terminus of a CHR-peptide "
]
} | false |
2,259 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What figure shows that AP3 exhibited higher inhibitory activities on infection by HIV-1 IIIB and HIV-1 Bal strains? | {
"answer_start": [
5177
],
"text": [
"Fig. 1b"
]
} | false |
2,260 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is the serum half-life of T20? | {
"answer_start": [
7917
],
"text": [
"about 2 h"
]
} | false |
2,261 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What kind of model best describes the pharmacokinetic profiles of AP3 and AP2? | {
"answer_start": [
8522
],
"text": [
"non-compartment model"
]
} | false |
2,262 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What is the in vivo elimination half-life of AP3? | {
"answer_start": [
8658
],
"text": [
"6.02 h"
]
} | false |
2,263 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | Why did the T20/N36 complex not show a typical alpha helical conformation? | {
"answer_start": [
10220
],
"text": [
"Because T20 lacks the pocket-binding domain (PBD)"
]
} | false |
2,264 | Improved Pharmacological and Structural Properties of HIV Fusion Inhibitor AP3 over Enfuvirtide: Highlighting Advantages of Artificial Peptide Strategy
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4541410/
SHA: f2fcc16391f946c99717b63ec9a24e5384aac381
Authors: Zhu, Xiaojie; Zhu, Yun; Ye, Sheng; Wang, Qian; Xu, Wei; ... | What mutations have been typically associated with T20-resistant HIV-1 variants? | {
"answer_start": [
17807
],
"text": [
"GIV motif (residues 36-45: GIVQQQNNLL) in the gp41 NHR domain 10"
]
} | false |
641 | Safe patient transport for COVID-19
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7079436/
SHA: 3ec1eb120d6bcca31ddc69832be05988c0952e60
Authors: Liew, Mei Fong; Siow, Wen Ting; Yau, Ying Wei; See, Kay Choong
Date: 2020-03-18
DOI: 10.1186/s13054-020-2828-4
License: cc-by
Abstract: nan
Text: Mei Fong Liew 1,2* , Wen... | What are main steps for mitigating the COVID -19 transmission during transport of suspected and confirmed patients? | {
"answer_start": [
2228
],
"text": [
"firstly, early recognition of the deteriorating patient; secondly, HCW safety; thirdly, bystander safety; fourthly, contingency plans for medical emergencies during transport; fifthly, post-transport decontamination"
]
} | false |
900 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | How many deaths each year are caused by gastroenteritis? | {
"answer_start": [
919
],
"text": [
"two to three million"
]
} | false |
901 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What percentage of sporadic diarrhea are caused by norovirus? | {
"answer_start": [
2478
],
"text": [
"60%"
]
} | false |
902 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What is the most common cause of viral gastroenteritis in children? | {
"answer_start": [
3651
],
"text": [
"Rotavirus"
]
} | false |
903 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | Which types of adenovirus are associated with diarrhea? | {
"answer_start": [
4718
],
"text": [
"type 40 and 41"
]
} | false |
904 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | When was the first tissue culture system developed? | {
"answer_start": [
7046
],
"text": [
"1907"
]
} | false |
905 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What are the most common DNA-based techniques for detecting viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
7664
],
"text": [
"1. Universal primer-PCR [41] ; 2. Random priming-based PCR [42] ; 3. Virus Discovery cDNA, Amplified Fragment Length Polymorphism (VIDISCA) [43] ; and 4. Sequence-Independent Single Primer Amplification (SISPA)"
]
} | false |
906 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What is Universal primer-PCR used for in viral studies? | {
"answer_start": [
8039
],
"text": [
"detect novel variants"
]
} | false |
907 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What is Koch's first postulate? | {
"answer_start": [
15166
],
"text": [
"The microbe occurs in every case of the disease in question and under circumstances which can account for the pathological changes and clinical course of the disease"
]
} | false |
908 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What is Koch's second postulate? | {
"answer_start": [
15337
],
"text": [
"the microbe occurs in no other disease as a fortuitous and nonpathogenic parasite"
]
} | false |
909 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | What is Koch's third postulate? | {
"answer_start": [
15429
],
"text": [
"after being fully isolated from the body and repeatedly grown in pure culture, the microbe can induce the disease anew"
]
} | false |
911 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | If all 3 of Koch's postulates are met, what does this indicate? | {
"answer_start": [
15774
],
"text": [
"microbe is the cause of the disease"
]
} | false |
912 | Viruses Causing Gastroenteritis: The Known, The New and Those Beyond
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4776197/
SHA: f7b30ee89775bc82607cc6bc87feb5934b47625f
Authors: Oude Munnink, Bas B.; van der Hoek, Lia
Date: 2016-02-19
DOI: 10.3390/v8020042
License: cc-by
Abstract: The list of recently discovered ga... | Is Koch's postulate applicable to enteric viruses? | {
"answer_start": [
15881
],
"text": [
"not applicable"
]
} | false |
5,163 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | What changes do viruses make to be unrecognizable to previously neutralizing antibodies? | {
"answer_start": [
1323
],
"text": [
"point mutations on immunodominant regions of surface proteins"
]
} | false |
5,164 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | What is hepatitis C? | {
"answer_start": [
4032
],
"text": [
"positive-sense single stranded RNA enveloped virus"
]
} | false |
5,165 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | How large is the HCV genome? | {
"answer_start": [
5612
],
"text": [
"3,000 aminoacids"
]
} | false |
5,166 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | What are the non-structural proteins encoded by the HCV genome? | {
"answer_start": [
5742
],
"text": [
"p7, NS2, NS3, NS4A, NS4B, NS5A and NS5B"
]
} | false |
5,167 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | Why has it been difficult to develop a therapy for the Hepatitis C virus? | {
"answer_start": [
6483
],
"text": [
"high mutation rate"
]
} | false |
5,168 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | An antibody response to which proteins correlates with reduced HCV levels? | {
"answer_start": [
7362
],
"text": [
"glycoproteins E1 and E2"
]
} | false |
5,169 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | How are type A, B, and C viruses determined? | {
"answer_start": [
15966
],
"text": [
"antigenic differences of their nucleoprotein and matrix protein"
]
} | false |
5,170 | Neutralization Interfering Antibodies: A “Novel” Example of Humoral Immune Dysfunction Facilitating Viral Escape?
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3499828/
SHA: f4f75af02b7226c5b2363de1a75821a4b9b20412
Authors: Nicasio, Mancini; Sautto, Giuseppe; Clementi, Nicola; Diotti, Roberta A.; Criscuolo, Elena; Ca... | Which type of influenza causes epidemics and pandemics? | {
"answer_start": [
16081
],
"text": [
"influenza A"
]
} | false |
5,171 | The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lion Panthera leo Revealed by Host and Viral Population Genomics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572142/
SHA: f2af8027b6801850481d09ad0d4c5eb8e31c7d7f
Authors: Antunes, Agostinho; Troyer, Jennifer L.; Roelke, Melody E.; Pecon-Slattery, Jill; Packer, Craig; Winterbach, C... | When did lions first occupy Europe? | {
"answer_start": [
2506
],
"text": [
"By Mid Pleistocene (,500,000 years ago)"
]
} | false |
5,172 | The Evolutionary Dynamics of the Lion Panthera leo Revealed by Host and Viral Population Genomics
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2572142/
SHA: f2af8027b6801850481d09ad0d4c5eb8e31c7d7f
Authors: Antunes, Agostinho; Troyer, Jennifer L.; Roelke, Melody E.; Pecon-Slattery, Jill; Packer, Craig; Winterbach, C... | What was the purpose of this study? | {
"answer_start": [
8358
],
"text": [
"to assess the evolutionary history of lion"
]
} | false |
1,721 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What has been the application of phage display technology? | {
"answer_start": [
490
],
"text": [
"protein–protein interactions."
]
} | false |
1,722 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What makes phage display technology useful for other applications? | {
"answer_start": [
532
],
"text": [
" inherent biological, biochemical, and biophysical properties of filamentous bacteriophage, as well as the ease of its genetic manipulation"
]
} | false |
1,723 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What are the advantages of phage as a vaccine carrier? | {
"answer_start": [
998
],
"text": [
"high immunogenicity, relative antigenic simplicity and ability to activate a range of immune responses"
]
} | false |
1,724 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is the potential of phage for infectious and chronic diseases? | {
"answer_start": [
1134
],
"text": [
"prophylactic and therapeutic agent"
]
} | false |
1,725 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is the regularity of the virion major coat protein lattice useful for?
| {
"answer_start": [
1274
],
"text": [
" enables a variety of bioconjugation and surface chemistry applications, particularly in nanomaterials"
]
} | false |
1,726 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Why is the phage ab excellent model system for directed protein evolution? | {
"answer_start": [
1387
],
"text": [
"the phage’s large population sizes and fast generation times"
]
} | false |
1,727 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What are filamentous bacteriophages genera Inovirua and Plectrovirus? | {
"answer_start": [
2053
],
"text": [
"non-enveloped, rod-shaped viruses of Escherichia coli whose long helical capsids encapsulate a single-stranded circular DNA genome."
]
} | false |
1,728 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What invention has made bacteriophage useful for research? | {
"answer_start": [
3167
],
"text": [
"principle of modifying the filamentous phage genome to display polypeptides as fusions to coat proteins on the virion surface "
]
} | false |
1,730 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What has the bacteriphage technology and the library of folded protein variants enabled? | {
"answer_start": [
3755
],
"text": [
"the ability to seamlessly connect genetic information with protein function for a large number of protein variants simultaneously, and has been widely and productively exploited in studies of proteinprotein interactions"
]
} | false |
1,731 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What are the potential novel applications of the filamentous phage? | {
"answer_start": [
4705
],
"text": [
"(i) filamentous phage as a vaccine carrier; (ii) engineered filamentous phage as a therapeutic biologic agent in infectious and chronic diseases; (iii) filamentous phage as a scaffold for bioconjugation and surface chemistry; and (iv) filamentous phage as an engine f... | false |
1,732 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What themes are common in the applications of filamentous phage? | {
"answer_start": [
5210
],
"text": [
" unique biological, immunological, and physicochemical properties of the phage, its ability to display a variety of biomolecules in modular fashion, and its relative simplicity and ease of manipulation"
]
} | false |
1,733 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What do applications of filamentous phage depend on? | {
"answer_start": [
5473
],
"text": [
"its ability to display polypeptides on the virion's surface as fusions to phage coat proteins "
]
} | false |
1,734 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What characteristics are determined by the display mode? | {
"answer_start": [
5611
],
"text": [
" maximum tolerated size of the fused polypeptide, its copy number on the phage, and potentially, the structure of the displayed polypeptide"
]
} | false |
1,735 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | How may the display be achieved? | {
"answer_start": [
5775
],
"text": [
" by fusing DNA encoding a polypeptide of interest directly to the gene encoding a coat protein within the phage genome (type 8 display on pVIII, type 3 display on pIII, etc.)"
]
} | false |
1,736 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What does the term "phage display" refer to? | {
"answer_start": [
8550
],
"text": [
" a recombinant filamentous phage displaying a single polypeptide sequence on its surface (or more rarely, bispecific display achieved via fusion of polypeptides to two different capsid proteins)"
]
} | false |
1,737 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What does the term "phage displayed library" refer to? | {
"answer_start": [
8797
],
"text": [
"a diverse pool of recombinant filamentous phage displaying an array of polypeptide variants (e.g., antibody fragments; peptides)"
]
} | false |
1,738 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What characteristic of filamentous phage has been demonstrated? | {
"answer_start": [
9335
],
"text": [
"is highly immunogenic in the absence of adjuvants (Meynell and Lawn, 1968 ) and that only the major coat protein, pVIII, and the minor coat protein, pIII, are targeted by antibodies"
]
} | false |
1,739 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What application is a natural extension of the ability to display recombinant exogenous sequences on its surface? | {
"answer_start": [
9597
],
"text": [
"as carrier to elicit antibodies against poorly immunogenic haptens or polypeptide"
]
} | false |
1,740 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What makes it an attractive vaccine carrier? | {
"answer_start": [
9836
],
"text": [
"The phage particle's low cost of production, high stability and potential for high valency display of foreign antigen"
]
} | false |
1,741 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What does the display mode determine? | {
"answer_start": [
5607
],
"text": [
" the maximum tolerated size of the fused polypeptide, its copy number on the phage, and potentially, the structure of the displayed polypeptide. "
]
} | false |
1,742 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Why are antibody epitope based peptide vaccines are no longer an active research area? | {
"answer_start": [
12303
],
"text": [
"(i) in many cases, peptides incompletely or inadequately mimic epitopes on folded proteins (Irving et al., 2010 ; see below); (ii) antibodies against a single epitope may be of limited utility, especially for highly variable pathogens (Van Regenmortel, 2012); and (i... | false |
1,743 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What phage may be useful in allergy immunotherapy? | {
"answer_start": [
13692
],
"text": [
"Phage displaying peptide ligands of an anti-IgE antibody elicited antibodies that bound purified IgE molecules"
]
} | false |
1,744 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Which are some phage based contraceptive vaccines for animals? | {
"answer_start": [
13997
],
"text": [
" immunization with phage displaying follicle-stimulating hormone peptides on pVIII elicited antibodies that impaired the fertility of mice and ewes "
]
} | false |
1,745 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Which are some phage based contraceptive vaccines for animals? | {
"answer_start": [
14172
],
"text": [
"Phage displaying or chemically Rubinchik and Chow (2000) conjugated to sperm antigen peptides or peptide mimics (Samoylova et al., 2012a,b) and gonadotropin-releasing hormone (Samoylov et al., 2012) are also in development."
]
} | false |
1,747 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is one reason for the lack of success of immunization phage displayed peptides with native protein? | {
"answer_start": [
15926
],
"text": [
" it seems that peptide antigens elicit a set of topologically restricted antibodies that are largely unable to recognize discontinuous or complex epitopes on larger biomolecules. While the peptide may mimic the chemistry of a given epitope on a folded protein (allow... | false |
1,748 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Despite shortcomings, what has the filamentous phage has been useful for? | {
"answer_start": [
16387
],
"text": [
"as a carrier for peptides with relatively simple secondary structures, which may be stablilized via anchoring to the coat proteins (Henry et al., 2011) . This may be especially true of peptides with poor inherent immunogenicity, which may be increased by high-valenc... | false |
1,749 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is the result of all species tests of phage particles? | {
"answer_start": [
20826
],
"text": [
" is immunogenic without adjuvant in all species tested to date, including mice (Willis et al., 1993) , rats (Dente et al., 1994) , rabbits (de la Cruz et al., 1988) , guinea pigs (Frenkel et al., 2000; Kim et al., 2004) , fish (Coull et al., 1996; Xia et al., 2005) ... | false |
1,750 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What are the results of filamentous phage immunizations in mice? | {
"answer_start": [
21992
],
"text": [
"serum antibody titers against the phage typically reach 1:10 5 -1:10 6 after 2-3 immunizations, and are maintained for at least 1 year postimmunization (Frenkel et al., 2000) . "
]
} | false |
1,751 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is the primary antibody response against the phage? | {
"answer_start": [
22227
],
"text": [
"composed of a mixture of IgM and IgG2b isotypes in C57BL/6 mice, while secondary antibody responses are composed primarily of IgG1 and IgG2b isotypes, with a lesser contribution of IgG2c and IgG3 isotypes (Hashiguchi et al., 2010) ."
]
} | false |
1,752 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Why is phage self-adjuvanting? | {
"answer_start": [
24877
],
"text": [
"Host cell wall-derived LPS enhances the virion's immunogenicity, and its removal by polymyxin B chromatography reduces antibody titers against phage coat proteins (Grabowska et al., 2000) . The phage's singlestranded DNA genome contains CpG motifs and may also have ... | false |
1,753 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | On what does the antibody response to phage depend on? | {
"answer_start": [
25228
],
"text": [
"MyD88 signaling and is modulated by stimulation of several Toll-like receptors (Hashiguchi et al., 2010) , indicating that innate immunity plays an important "
]
} | false |
1,754 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What do biodistribution studies of the phage after intravenous injection show? | {
"answer_start": [
25552
],
"text": [
" it is cleared from the blood within hours through the reticuloendothelial system (Molenaar et al., 2002) , particularly of the liver and spleen, where it is retained for days (Zou et al., 2004) , potentially activating marginal-zone B-cell responses. "
]
} | false |
1,755 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What are the merits of the filamentous phage carriers? | {
"answer_start": [
25809
],
"text": [
" the filamentous phage is not only a highly immunogenic carrier, but by virtue of activating a range of innate and adaptive immune responses, serves as an excellent model virus-like particle antigen."
]
} | false |
1,756 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is a future potential of filamentous phage? | {
"answer_start": [
27890
],
"text": [
" as elements of combination therapeutics against certain drug-resistant infections."
]
} | false |
1,757 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What were more potent inhibitors of Staphylococcus aureus growth than high-concentration free chloramphenicol? | {
"answer_start": [
28475
],
"text": [
"M13 or fd phage displaying either a targeting peptide or antibody fragment and tethered to chloramphenicol by a labile crosslinker "
]
} | false |
1,758 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What killed prostate cancer cells in vitro? | {
"answer_start": [
28758
],
"text": [
"M13 phage loaded with doxorubicin and displaying a targeting peptide on pIII"
]
} | false |
1,759 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What was the effect of phage displaying peptides on tumor? | {
"answer_start": [
29469
],
"text": [
"Using the B16-OVA tumor model, Eriksson et al. (2007) showed that phage displaying peptides and/or Fabs specific for tumor antigens delayed tumor growth and improved survival, owing in large part to activation of tumor-associated macrophages and recruitment of neutr... | false |
1,760 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | Why is the phage displaying an scFv against β-amyloid fibrils is a good diagnostic for Alzheimers and Parkinson's disease? | {
"answer_start": [
30008
],
"text": [
" ability of the phage to penetrate into brain tissue (Ksendzovsky et al., 2012) "
]
} | false |
1,761 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is the structure of a filamentous phage particle? | {
"answer_start": [
33493
],
"text": [
"is enclosed by a rod-like protein capsid, ∼1000 nm long and 5 nm wide, made up almost entirely of overlapping pVIII monomers, each of which lies ∼27 angstroms from its nearest neighbor and exposes two amine groups as well as at least three carboxyl groups (Henry et ... | false |
1,762 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What makes filamentous phage ideal scaffold for bioconjugation? | {
"answer_start": [
33772
],
"text": [
"The regularity of the phage pVIII lattice and its diversity of chemically addressable groups"
]
} | false |
1,763 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What trials have been done to demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials? | {
"answer_start": [
35140
],
"text": [
"Lee et al. (2002) engineered M13 phage to display a ZnS-binding peptide on pIII and showed that, in the presence of ZnS nanoparticles, they selfassemble into highly ordered film biomaterials that can be aligned using magnetic fields."
]
} | false |
1,764 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What trials have been done to demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials? | {
"answer_start": [
35374
],
"text": [
"Taking advantage of the ability to display substrate-specific peptides at known locations on the phage filament Hess et al., 2012) , this pioneering FIGURE 3 | Chemically addressable groups of the filamentous bacteriophage major coat protein lattice. "
]
} | false |
1,765 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What is the filamentous phage varion is made of? | {
"answer_start": [
35657
],
"text": [
"made up of ∼2,500-4,000 overlapping copies of the 50-residue major coat protein, pVIII, arranged in a shingle-type lattice. Each monomer has an array of chemically addressable groups available for bioorthogonal conjugation, including two primary amine groups (shown ... | false |
1,766 | Beyond phage display: non-traditional applications of the filamentous bacteriophage as a vaccine carrier, therapeutic biologic, and bioconjugation scaffold
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4523942/
SHA: f00f183d0bce0091a02349ec1eab44a76dad9bc4
Authors: Henry, Kevin A.; Arbabi-Ghahroudi, Mehdi; Scott, Jam... | What demonstrate the potential of phage in applications for nanomaterials? | {
"answer_start": [
36246
],
"text": [
"construction of two-and threedimensional nanomaterials with more advanced architectures, including semiconducting nanowires (Mao et al., 2003 (Mao et al., , 2004 , nanoparticles , and nanocomposites (Oh et al., 2012; Chen et al., 2014)"
]
} | false |
5,287 | Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026206/
SHA: eff8bed68ef6109e8f0c51a8b1ec4b6ca5b6329e
Authors: Theuns, Sebastiaan; Vanmechelen, Bert; Bernaert, Q... | What was investigated in this study? | {
"answer_start": [
629
],
"text": [
"The capacities of nanopore sequencing for viral diagnostics"
]
} | false |
5,288 | Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026206/
SHA: eff8bed68ef6109e8f0c51a8b1ec4b6ca5b6329e
Authors: Theuns, Sebastiaan; Vanmechelen, Bert; Bernaert, Q... | What was the range of genomic sequencing depths? | {
"answer_start": [
931
],
"text": [
"19.2 to 103.5X"
]
} | false |
5,289 | Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026206/
SHA: eff8bed68ef6109e8f0c51a8b1ec4b6ca5b6329e
Authors: Theuns, Sebastiaan; Vanmechelen, Bert; Bernaert, Q... | Which q-score reads were eliminated from the analysis? | {
"answer_start": [
5857
],
"text": [
"lower than 7"
]
} | false |
5,290 | Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026206/
SHA: eff8bed68ef6109e8f0c51a8b1ec4b6ca5b6329e
Authors: Theuns, Sebastiaan; Vanmechelen, Bert; Bernaert, Q... | What was the mean length of the sequenced read? | {
"answer_start": [
5943
],
"text": [
"816 nt"
]
} | false |
5,291 | Nanopore sequencing as a revolutionary diagnostic tool for porcine viral enteric disease complexes identifies porcine kobuvirus as an important enteric virus
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6026206/
SHA: eff8bed68ef6109e8f0c51a8b1ec4b6ca5b6329e
Authors: Theuns, Sebastiaan; Vanmechelen, Bert; Bernaert, Q... | Which strain was similar to other Belgian porcine kobuvirus isolates? | {
"answer_start": [
14012
],
"text": [
"17V079"
]
} | false |
913 | C. difficile 630Δerm Spo0A Regulates Sporulation, but Does Not Contribute to Toxin Production, by Direct High-Affinity Binding to Target DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485338/
SHA: f0fb3bbd96dad4c907c7fd456cd5783ed8fa7bd6
Authors: Rosenbusch, Katharina E.; Bakker, Dennis; Kuijper, Ed J.; Smits, Wi... | What is Clodstridium difficile? | {
"answer_start": [
433
],
"text": [
"Gram positive, anaerobic bacterium"
]
} | false |
914 | C. difficile 630Δerm Spo0A Regulates Sporulation, but Does Not Contribute to Toxin Production, by Direct High-Affinity Binding to Target DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485338/
SHA: f0fb3bbd96dad4c907c7fd456cd5783ed8fa7bd6
Authors: Rosenbusch, Katharina E.; Bakker, Dennis; Kuijper, Ed J.; Smits, Wi... | What is sporulation? | {
"answer_start": [
1992
],
"text": [
"adaptive strategy that enables bacteria to survive harsh environmental conditions for prolonged periods of time"
]
} | false |
915 | C. difficile 630Δerm Spo0A Regulates Sporulation, but Does Not Contribute to Toxin Production, by Direct High-Affinity Binding to Target DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485338/
SHA: f0fb3bbd96dad4c907c7fd456cd5783ed8fa7bd6
Authors: Rosenbusch, Katharina E.; Bakker, Dennis; Kuijper, Ed J.; Smits, Wi... | What is the key regulator to sporulation? | {
"answer_start": [
2243
],
"text": [
"Spo0A"
]
} | false |
916 | C. difficile 630Δerm Spo0A Regulates Sporulation, but Does Not Contribute to Toxin Production, by Direct High-Affinity Binding to Target DNA
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3485338/
SHA: f0fb3bbd96dad4c907c7fd456cd5783ed8fa7bd6
Authors: Rosenbusch, Katharina E.; Bakker, Dennis; Kuijper, Ed J.; Smits, Wi... | What are the main virulence factors in C. difficle? | {
"answer_start": [
4755
],
"text": [
"toxins A and B"
]
} | false |
941 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What laboratory test can be used to monitor protein expression? | {
"answer_start": [
31495
],
"text": [
"Western blot"
]
} | false |
933 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | How is Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus transmitted? | {
"answer_start": [
3319
],
"text": [
"by mosquitoes"
]
} | false |
934 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What are the symptoms of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus? | {
"answer_start": [
3832
],
"text": [
"fever, malaise, and vomiting"
]
} | false |
935 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What is the mortality rate of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in children? | {
"answer_start": [
4088
],
"text": [
"35%"
]
} | false |
936 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What is the mortality rate of Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus in adults? | {
"answer_start": [
4108
],
"text": [
"10%"
]
} | false |
937 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What vaccine can be used to prevent Venezuelan equine encephalitis virus? | {
"answer_start": [
4679
],
"text": [
"TC83"
]
} | false |
938 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What can RNA sequencing be used to monitor? | {
"answer_start": [
9025
],
"text": [
"changes in gene expression"
]
} | false |
939 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What activates the UPR pathway in the cell? | {
"answer_start": [
30935
],
"text": [
"protein misfolding"
]
} | false |
940 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | What indicators does the UPR pathway use to regulate protein folding and secretion in the cell? | {
"answer_start": [
31128
],
"text": [
"inositolrequiring enzyme 1 (IRE1), protein kinase RNA-like ER kinase (PERK), and activating transcription factor 6 (ATF6)"
]
} | false |
942 | Venezuelan Equine Encephalitis Virus Induces Apoptosis through the Unfolded Protein Response Activation of EGR1
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4794670/
SHA: f4aa788ab898b28b00ee103e4d4ab24a2c684caf
Authors: Baer, Alan; Lundberg, Lindsay; Swales, Danielle; Waybright, Nicole; Pinkham, Chelsea; Dinman, Jo... | Where does EGR1 accumulate in the cell? | {
"answer_start": [
33361
],
"text": [
"nucleus"
]
} | false |
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