Intel/WEC-Eng · Datasets at Hugging Face

mention_ner stringclasses 16 values	mention_head stringlengths 1 19	coref_chain int64 153 7.43M	tokens_str stringlengths 2 66	mention_head_pos stringclasses 14 values	coref_link stringlengths 4 75	mention_index int64 1 125k	mention_head_lemma stringlengths 1 19	mention_type stringclasses 5 values	mention_id int64 1 126k	mention_context listlengths 2 13.9k	tokens_number listlengths 1 8	doc_id stringlengths 2 162
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,277	purged	2	14,389	[ "According", "to", "Ehrenburg", ",", "the", "mandatory", "State", "literary", "commission", "did", "not", "commit", "to", "publish", "the", "book", "in", "October", "1944", ":", "\"", "Instead", "of", "a", "straight", "answer", ",", "the", "resolution", "was...	[ 203 ]	The Black Book of Soviet Jewry
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,278	Terror	2	14,390	[ "She", "chose", "a", "wild", "career", ",", "that", "of", "a", "professional", "motorcyclist", ".", "She", "joined", "the", "famous", "sports", "club", "Dynamo", "and", "became", "a", "prominent", "motorcycle", "racer", ".", "Then", "the", "troubles", "came"...	[ 41, 42 ]	Natalia Androsova
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,279	purge	2	14,391	[ "Nikishov", "was", "born", "in", "1894", "the", "son", "of", "a", "peasant", "in", "Varkino", ",", "in", "the", "Saratov", "Governorate", "of", "the", "Russian", "Empire", "(", "now", "Volgograd", "Oblast", ")", ".", "He", "joined", "the", "Communist", "...	[ 55 ]	Ivan Nikishov
UNK	Purge	27,948	the Great Purge	PROPN	Great Purge	14,280	Purge	2	14,392	[ "Leon", "Lichtblau", "(", "also", "known", "under", "the", "pseudonym", "Adolf", "Cristin", ",", ";", "August", "23", ",", "1901", "-", "April", "25", ",", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "Romanian", "socialist", "and", "communist", "militant", ",", "and", "Sov...	[ 37, 38, 39 ]	Leon Lichtblau
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,281	purge	2	14,393	[ "He", "was", "arrested", "on", "April", "5", ",", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "Stalinist", "purges", ".", "On", "April", "25", ",", "1938", "he", "was", "indicted", "with", "\"", "spying", "and", "provocative", "activities", "and", "membership", "in", ...	[ 11, 12 ]	Leon Lichtblau
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,282	Terror	2	14,394	[ "Dmitry", "Ivanovich", "Mushketov", "(", ";", "–", "18", "February", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "Russian", "geologist", "and", "paleontologist", ",", "one", "of", "the", "victims", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror" ]	[ 23, 24 ]	Dmitry Mushketov
UNK	purges	27,948	great purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,283	purge	2	14,395	[ "Ellman", "asserts", "that", "the", "\"", "national", "operations", "\"", "of", "the", "NKVD", ",", "particularly", "the", "\"", "Polish", "operation", "\"", ",", "which", "occurred", "during", "the", "late", "1930s", "during", "the", "great", "purges", "may...	[ 27, 28 ]	Holodomor genocide question
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,284	Terror	2	14,396	[ "With", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "becoming", "immersed", "in", "the", "first", "months", "of", "1937", "in", "a", "massive", "and", "xenophobic", "secret", "police", "campaign", "against", "perceived", "underground", "espionage", "networks", "remembered", "as", ...	[ 28, 29 ]	Red Sport International
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,285	purge	2	14,397	[ "In", "1932", ",", "at", "the", "grandly", "titled", "\"", "first", "world", "congress", "\"", "of", "the", "International", "Red", "Aid", "(", "IRH", "-", "workers", "'", "welfare", ")", "organisation", ",", "Rubiner", "was", "elected", "to", "a", "seni...	[ 162, 163 ]	Frida Rubiner
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalin 's repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,286	repression	2	14,398	[ "After", "the", "beginning", "of", "Perestroika", "an", "opportunity", "to", "write", "about", "forbidden", "things", ",", "such", "as", "Stalin", "'s", "repressions", ",", "appeared", ".", "Since", "the", "1950s", ",", "since", "the", "time", "of", "Khrushc...	[ 15, 16, 17 ]	Pavel Prudnikau
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,287	purge	2	14,399	[ "Upon", "Krivitsky", "'s", "return", ",", "Reiss", "composed", "a", "letter", "to", "the", "Central", "Committee", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "addressed", "to", "Stalin", "and", "dated", "July", "17", ",", "1937...	[ 79 ]	Ignace Reiss
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,288	Terror	2	14,400	[ "Yury", "Alexeyevich", "Dmitriev", "(", "born", "1956", "in", "Petrozavodsk", ")", "is", "a", "rights", "activist", "and", "local", "historian", "in", "Karelia", "(", "Northwest", "Russia", ")", ".", "Since", "the", "early", "1990s", ",", "he", "has", "wor...	[ 39, 40 ]	Yury A. Dmitriev
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,289	purge	2	14,401	[ "In", "1933", ",", "Ottwalt", "and", "his", "wife", ",", "Waltraut", ",", "left", "Germany", "and", "went", "into", "exile", "in", "Denmark", ",", "then", ",", "by", "way", "of", "Czechoslovakia", ",", "ended", "up", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "."...	[ 86 ]	Ernst Ottwalt
UNK	purges	27,948	purges of 1937	NOUN	Great Purge	14,290	purge	2	14,402	[ "During", "the", "purges", "of", "1937", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "OGPU", "personnel", "who", "were", "involved", "in", "the", "White", "Sea", "Canal", "construction", ",", "including", "Genrikh", "Yagoda", ",", "the", "head", "of", "the", "OGPU", ","...	[ 2, 3, 4 ]	The I.V. Stalin White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal
UNK	trials	27,948	criminal trials of the 1930s	NOUN	Great Purge	14,291	trial	2	14,403	[ "According", "to", "the", "ITAR-TASS", "news", "agency", ",", "the", "prosecution", "stated", "that", "Khabarov", "'s", "group", "planned", "to", "launch", "an", "operation", "codenamed", "“", "Dawn", "”", "to", "overthrow", "official", "authorities", "in", "t...	[ 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 ]	Leonid Khabarov
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's political purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,292	purge	2	14,404	[ "He", "arrived", "in", "Oslo", "in", "August", "1935", ".", "He", "was", "given", "a", "post", "as", "a", "secretary", "with", "the", "\"", "International", "Bueau", "of", "Revolutionary", "Youth", "Organisations", "\"", "(", "''", "\"", "Internationalen", ...	[ 192, 193, 194, 195 ]	Peter Blachstein
UNK	purges	27,948	purges of the time	NOUN	Great Purge	14,293	purge	2	14,405	[ "After", "1935", "her", "son", "Wolfgang", "worked", "in", "the", "movie", "industry", "in", "Moscow", ".", "He", "is", "described", "by", "one", "source", "as", "a", "follower", "of", "Nikolai", "Bukharin", ",", "however", ".", "This", "may", "or", "may...	[ 41, 42, 43, 44 ]	Käte Duncker
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,294	purge	2	14,406	[ "In", "1934", ",", "she", "and", "her", "husband", "took", "an", "active", "part", "against", "Engelbert", "Dollfuss", "in", "the", "Austrian", "Civil", "War", ",", "forcing", "them", "to", "flee", "Austria", ".", "They", "first", "went", "to", "Czechoslov...	[ 111, 112 ]	Ruth von Mayenburg
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,295	purge	2	14,407	[ "Bitsenko", "returned", "to", "Russia", "and", "continued", "her", "party", "activities", ".", "Being", "strongly", "opposed", "to", "the", "rupture", "with", "the", "Bolsheviks", ",", "in", "September", "1918", "she", "was", "a", "founder", "of", "the", "sp...	[ 71 ]	Anastasia Bitsenko
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,296	Terror	2	14,408	[ "Identified", "as", "a", "\"", "deserving", "co-worker", "in", "the", "building", "of", "socialism", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "\"", ",", "Kurt", "Liebknecht", "was", "given", "Soviet", "citizenship", "in", "1937", ".", "He", "moved", "into", "a", "s...	[ 72, 73 ]	Kurt Liebknecht
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist spy purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,297	purge	2	14,409	[ "From", "1925", "Edwin", "Hoernle", ",", "together", "with", "his", "comrade", "Heinrich", "Rau", ",", "returned", "to", "work", "in", "the", "party", "'s", "Agriculture", "Department", ",", "working", "on", "an", "agricultural", "policy", "which", "in", "so...	[ 696, 697, 698 ]	Edwin Hoernle
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,298	Terror	2	14,410	[ "According", "to", "British", "historian", "Simon", "Sebag", "Montefiore", "his", "successful", "infiltration", "into", "the", "Bolsheviks", "helped", "fuel", "the", "paranoia", "of", "the", "Soviets", "(", "and", "more", "specifically", ",", "Stalin", ")", "tha...	[ 33, 34 ]	Roman Malinovsky
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,299	Terror	2	14,411	[ "During", "the", "Great", "Terror", "of", "the", "late", "1930s", ",", "Sultan-Zade", "came", "under", "the", "suspicion", "of", "the", "secret", "police", ".", "He", "was", "arrested", "in", "January", "1938", "and", "jailed", "for", "five", "months", "be...	[ 2, 3 ]	Avetis Sultan-Zade
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,300	Terror	2	14,412	[ "While", "there", "were", "penetration", "accusations", "after", "the", "1917", "Bolshevik", "Revolution", ",", "the", "great", "mass", "of", "large-scale", "accusations", "and", "purges", ",", "after", "Stalin", "consolidated", "power", "but", "before", "WWII", ...	[ 33, 34 ]	Counterintelligence failures
UNK	purge	27,948	purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,301	purge	2	14,413	[ "After", "the", "Sovietization", "of", "Georgia", "in", "1921", ",", "Baazov", ",", "aided", "by", "his", "son", ",", "the", "leading", "Georgian-Jewish", "writer", "Gerzel", "Baazov", ",", "organized", "Jewish", "schools", "across", "the", "country", "and", ...	[ 98 ]	David Baazov
UNK	purge	27,948	purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,302	purge	2	14,414	[ "Ferenc", "Bajáki", "was", "born", "on", "May", "6", ",", "1883", ".", "The", "Social", "Democratic", "Party", "from", "1900", "to", "1919", "he", "was", "a", "member", "of", "the", "KMP", ".", "During", "the", "time", "of", "the", "People", "'s", "C...	[ 102 ]	Ferenc Bajáki
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalinist repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,303	repression	2	14,415	[ "The", "film", "is", "set", "in", "the", "post-Stalinist", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "A", "young", "Soviet", "woman", ",", "Katya", ",", "lost", "her", "parents", "during", "the", "Stalinist", "repressions", ".", "Though", "she", "pretends", "to", "be", "a",...	[ 22, 23 ]	Despite the Falling Snow (film)
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,305	purge	2	14,417	[ "Miller", "immediately", "went", "back", "out", "into", "the", "field", ".", "His", "success", "in", "Ethiopia", "led", "UP", "to", "assign", "him", "to", "cover", "the", "initial", "stages", "of", "the", "Spanish", "Civil", "War", "in", "late", "1936", ...	[ 48, 49 ]	Webb Miller (journalist)
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,306	purge	2	14,418	[ "''", "f.", "''", "A", "Communist", "Party", "of", "Poland", "had", "existed", "in", "the", "past", ",", "but", "was", "eliminated", "in", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "in", "1938" ]	[ 18, 19, 20 ]	History of Poland
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,307	Terror	2	14,419	[ "Bron", "was", "buried", "in", "a", "mass", "grave", "at", "Kommunarka", ",", "Butovo", ",", "near", "Moscow", ",", "one", "of", "the", "sites", "of", "mass", "executions", "during", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", "in", "the", "1930s", "–", "1950s", ...	[ 25, 26 ]	Saul Bron
UNK	Purges	27,948	Purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,308	purge	2	14,420	[ "Soviet", "forces", "suffered", "heavy", "damage", "in", "the", "field", "as", "a", "result", "of", "poor", "levels", "of", "preparedness", ",", "which", "was", "primarily", "caused", "by", "a", "reluctant", ",", "half-hearted", "and", "ultimately", "belated",...	[ 94 ]	Soviet Armed Forces
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalin 's repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,309	repression	2	14,421	[ "His", "father", "Teymur", "Salahov", "had", "been", "a", "victim", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "repressions", ",", "having", "been", "arrested", "in", "1937", "and", "executed", "shortly", "after", ".", "His", "mother", "Sona", "was", "left", "to", "bring", "up...	[ 9, 10, 11 ]	Tahir Salahov
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,310	purge	2	14,422	[ "After", "1929", "she", "lived", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "working", "in", "a", "publishing", "house", ".", "She", "opposed", "the", "Stalinization", "of", "the", "KPP", "and", "the", "Communist", "International", ".", "Arrested", "in", "1937", ...	[ 31, 32 ]	Maria Koszutska
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,311	purge	2	14,423	[ "He", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "NKVD", "in", "November", "1938", ",", "when", "Lavrentii", "Beria", "was", "appointed", "its", "head", ".", "Dekanozov", "was", "the", "deputy", "chief", "of", "GUGB", "and", "at", "the", "same", "time", "headed", ...	[ 47 ]	Vladimir Dekanozov
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,312	Terror	2	14,424	[ "Augusts", "Kirhenšteins", "was", "born", "on", "18", "September", ",", "1872", "on", "the", "estate", "of", "Valtenberg", "Manor", "in", "Mazsalaca", ",", "in", "the", "Governorate", "of", "Livonia", ".", "He", "was", "the", "eldest", "son", "of", "the", ...	[ 71, 72 ]	Augusts Kirhenšteins
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,313	Terror	2	14,425	[ "David", "Riazanov", "(", ")", ",", "born", "David", "Borisovich", "Goldendakh", "(", ";", "10", "March", "1870", "–", "21", "January", "1938", ")", ",", "was", "a", "political", "revolutionary", ",", "Marxist", "theoretician", ",", "and", "archivist", "."...	[ 74, 75 ]	David Riazanov
UNK	Ezhovshchina	27,948	Ezhovshchina	PROPN	Great Purge	14,314	Ezhovshchina	2	14,426	[ "During", "the", "Ezhovshchina", "of", "1937", ",", "Riazanov", "was", "again", "arrested", ",", "this", "time", "as", "a", "purported", "member", "of", "a", "\"", "right-opportunist", "Trotskyist", "organisation", ".", "\"", "On", "21", "January", "1938", "...	[ 2 ]	David Riazanov
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,315	Terror	2	14,427	[ "Tilton", "was", "arrested", "on", "November", "27", ",", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "height", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", ".", "He", "did", "not", "immediately", "plead", "guilty", "to", "alleged", "crimes", ",", "however", ",", "only", "being", ...	[ 14, 15 ]	Alfred Tilton
UNK	aspects	27,948	darker aspects	NOUN	Great Purge	14,316	aspect	2	14,428	[ "Inge", "von", "Wangenheim", "'s", "literary", "output", "includes", "novels", ",", "memoirs", ",", "essays", "and", "travel", "books", ".", "She", "produced", "novels", "covering", "the", "creation", "and", "development", "phase", "of", "the", "German", "Demo...	[ 94, 95 ]	Inge von Wangenheim
UNK	purges	27,948	political purges of 1937	NOUN	Great Purge	14,317	purge	2	14,429	[ "Vasiliy", "Sergeyevich", "Oshchepkov", "or", "Васи́лий", "Серге́евич", "Още́пков", "(", "January", "7", ",", "1893", "-", "October", "10", ",", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "researcher", "of", "different", "types", "of", "national", "wrestling", "and", "martial",...	[ 71, 72, 73, 74 ]	Vasili Oshchepkov
UNK	arrested	27,948	both arrested	VERB	Great Purge	14,318	arrest	2	14,430	[ "In", "January", "1933", "the", "NSDAP", "(", "Nazi", "party", ")", "took", "power", "and", "lost", "little", "time", "in", "establishing", "a", "one-party", "state", "in", "Germany", ".", "Membership", "of", "political", "parties", "(", "other", "than", "...	[ 200, 201 ]	Trude Richter
UNK	purged	27,948	were purged	VERB	Great Purge	14,319	purge	2	14,431	[ "Starting", "from", "the", "early", "1930s", ",", "the", "Ukrainization", "policies", "were", "abruptly", "and", "bloodily", "reversed", ".", "\"", "Ukrainian", "bourgeois", "nationalism", "\"", "was", "declared", "to", "be", "the", "primary", "problem", "in", ...	[ 54, 55 ]	Ukrainization
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,320	purge	2	14,432	[ "During", "the", "pre-war", "period", ",", "the", "efficiency", "and", "morale", "of", "Red", "Army", "command", "staff", "was", "low", "as", "a", "result", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", ".", "By", "August", "1941", ",", "Axis", "forces", "had", "achie...	[ 20, 21, 22 ]	Order No. 270
UNK	camp	27,948	camp	NOUN	Great Purge	14,321	camp	2	14,433	[ "Kutateladze", "'s", "parents", "divorced", "when", "he", "was", "four", ",", "and", "he", "was", "raised", "by", "his", "mother", ",", "Aleksandra", "Vladimirovna", ",", "an", "obstetric", "nurse", ".", "His", "father", ",", "Semen", "Samsonovich", ",", "...	[ 62 ]	Samson Kutateladze
UNK	purge	27,948	1938 purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,322	purge	2	14,434	[ "Lunin", "was", "born", "in", "Odessa", ",", "the", "son", "of", "a", "soldier", ".", "He", "studied", "at", "the", "Rostov-on-Don", "maritime", "college", "and", "joined", "the", "merchant", "marine", "serving", "aboard", "the", "tanker", "''", "Azneft", ...	[ 44, 45 ]	Nikolay Lunin
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,323	Terror	2	14,435	[ "If", "workers", "did", "not", "cooperate", ",", "because", "they", "thought", "it", "was", "against", "their", "self-interest", "(", "for", "whatever", "reason", ")", ",", "they", "were", "''", "forced", "''", "to", "do", "so", ",", "in", "peace-time", ...	[ 154, 155 ]	Value-form
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,324	purge	2	14,436	[ "In", "1923", "the", "battalion", "split", "on", "ideological", "grounds", ";", "the", "left-wing", "demanded", "socialism", ",", "whilst", "the", "right-wing", "were", "more", "interested", "in", "Zionist", "pioneering", ".", "Despite", "the", "split", ",", "...	[ 92, 93 ]	Gdud HaAvoda
UNK	Terror	27,948	Terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,325	terror	2	14,437	[ "The", "December", "1934", "assassination", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "right-hand", "man", "Sergei", "Kirov", "served", "as", "one", "of", "the", "triggers", "for", "the", "Great", "Purge", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Communist", "Party", ".", "Littlepage", "noted", ...	[ 223 ]	Jack Littlepage
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,326	purged	2	14,438	[ "His", "father", ",", "Michael", "Plisetski", "(", "1899", "–", "1938", ")", ",", "was", "Consul", "General", "of", "the", "USSR", "at", "the", "island", "of", "Spitsbergen", ",", "where", "he", "managed", "the", "coal", "concessions", "(", "trust", "\""...	[ 42 ]	Alexander Plisetski
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,327	Terror	2	14,439	[ "She", "returned", "to", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "in", "the", "spring", "of", "1937", ",", "the", "year", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", ",", "where", "she", "worked", "as", "an", "announcer", "and", "editor", "for", "the", "English-language", "broadcas...	[ 16, 17 ]	Williana Burroughs
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,328	Terror	2	14,440	[ "Georgii", "Nikolaevich", "Frederiks", "(", ")", "(", "1889", "–", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "Russian", "and", "Soviet", "geologist", "who", "specialized", "in", "paleontology", ",", "tectonics", "and", "stratigraphy", ".", "He", "described", "many", "fossil", ...	[ 36, 37 ]	Georgii Frederiks
UNK	trials	27,948	Soviet purge trials	NOUN	Great Purge	14,329	trial	2	14,441	[ "Freisler", "became", "notorious", "during", "this", "period", "for", "berating", "each", "member", "of", "the", "steady", "stream", "of", "defendants", "passing", "before", "him", ",", "in", "a", "personalized", "injudicial", "manner", "from", "the", "bench", ...	[ 98, 99, 100 ]	Roland Freisler
UNK	purge	27,948	purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,330	purge	2	14,442	[ "It", "was", "during", "the", "Red", "Terror", "that", "the", "Cheka", ",", "hoping", "to", "avoid", "the", "bloody", "aftermath", "of", "having", "half-dead", "victims", "writhing", "on", "the", "floor", ",", "developed", "a", "technique", "for", "execution...	[ 99 ]	Cheka
UNK	terror	27,948	terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,331	terror	2	14,443	[ "The", "Soviet", "conception", "of", "human", "rights", "was", "very", "different", "from", "conceptions", "prevalent", "in", "the", "West", ".", "According", "to", "the", "Soviet", "legal", "theory", ",", "\"", "it", "is", "the", "government", "who", "is", ...	[ 152 ]	Human rights in the Soviet Union
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,332	purge	2	14,444	[ "He", "was", "released", "from", "prison", "on", "20", "December", "1938", ",", "based", "on", "an", "earlier", "amnesty", ".", "He", "lived", "with", "his", "wife", "and", "children", "and", "worked", "in", "Warsaw", "cooperatives", "until", "the", "outbr...	[ 64, 65, 66 ]	Bolesław Bierut
UNK	repression	27,948	1937 repression of the officer corps	NOUN	Great Purge	14,333	repression	2	14,445	[ "At", "the", "start", "of", "the", "Second", "World", "War", "much", "of", "the", "Red", "Army", ",", "including", "its", "armoured", "forces", ",", "was", "in", "transition", "and", "recovering", "from", "the", "1937", "repression", "of", "the", "officer"...	[ 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]	Armoured warfare
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,334	Terror	2	14,446	[ "Terrorism", "in", "Russia", "has", "a", "long", "history", "starting", "from", "the", "time", "of", "the", "Russian", "Empire", ".", "Terrorism", ",", "in", "the", "modern", "sense", ",", "means", "violence", "against", "civilians", "to", "achieve", "politi...	[ 95, 96 ]	Terrorism in Russia
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,335	Terror	2	14,447	[ "Zhdanov", "enlisted", "with", "the", "Russian", "Social", "Democratic", "Labour", "Party", "(", "Bolshevik", ")", "in", "1915", "and", "was", "promoted", "through", "the", "party", "ranks", ",", "becoming", "the", "All-Union", "Communist", "Party", "manager", ...	[ 135, 136 ]	Andrei Zhdanov
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,336	Terror	2	14,448	[ "Mikhalkov", "'s", "most", "famous", "production", "to", "date", ",", "''", "Burnt", "by", "the", "Sun", "''", "(", "1994", ")", ",", "was", "steeped", "in", "the", "paranoid", "atmosphere", "of", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", ".", "The", ...	[ 28, 29 ]	Nikita Mikhalkov
UNK	trials	27,948	Stalin 's purge trials	NOUN	Great Purge	14,337	trial	2	14,449	[ "The", "Lattimores", "left", "China", "in", "1938", ".", "Owen", "spent", "six", "months", "in", "Berkeley", ",", "California", ",", "writing", "a", "draft", "of", "the", "''", "Inner", "Asian", "Frontiers", "of", "China", "''", "and", "continuing", "as", ...	[ 79, 80, 81, 82 ]	Owen Lattimore
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalinist repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,338	repression	2	14,450	[ "Akhmad", "(", "or", "Akhmat", ")", "Abdulkhamidovich", "Kadyrov", "was", "born", "in", "Karaganda", "in", "the", "Kazakh", "Soviet", "Socialist", "Republic", "on", "23", "August", "1951", "to", "a", "Chechen", "family", "that", "had", "been", "expelled", "f...	[ 33, 34 ]	Akhmad Kadyrov
UNK	purge	27,948	Great Stalinist purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,339	purge	2	14,451	[ "While", "it", "shares", "a", "sense", "of", "prevailing", "entropy", "with", "the", "previous", "song", "on", "the", "album", ",", "\"", "Gates", "of", "Eden", "\"", ",", "the", "critique", "in", "\"", "It", "'s", "Alright", ",", "Ma", "(", "I", "'m...	[ 195, 196, 197 ]	It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)
UNK	repression	27,948	repression under Stalin	NOUN	Great Purge	14,340	repression	2	14,452	[ "In", "1942", ",", "Lutfali", "Abdullayev", "met", "17-year-old", "Sevda", "Pepinova", "and", "four", "years", "later", "the", "two", "hatched", "plans", "to", "marry", ".", "However", "Pepinova", "'s", "mother", "strongly", "opposed", "to", "this", "marriage"...	[ 89, 90, 91 ]	Lutfali Abdullayev
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,341	purge	2	14,453	[ "In", "the", "20th", "century", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "as", "a", "result", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "and", "later", "destalinization", ",", "many", "photographs", "of", "officials", "from", "the", "periods", "show", "extensive", "airbrushing", ";", ...	[ 11, 12, 13 ]	Airbrush
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,342	purge	2	14,454	[ "Two", "rounds", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "(", "1927", "–", "1934", "and", "1937", "–", "1938", ")", "resulted", "in", "the", "expulsion", "of", "nearly", "10,000", "people", ",", "from", "all", "levels", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "of", ...	[ 3, 4, 5 ]	Tajikistan
UNK	Terror	27,948	Stalin 's Terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,343	terror	2	14,455	[ "During", "the", "1930s", ",", "the", "Soviet", "government", "under", "Joseph", "Stalin", "began", "selling", "art", "treasures", "and", "other", "valuables", "seized", "from", "the", "Romanov", "family", "and", "former", "Russian", "aristocrats", "after", "the...	[ 134, 135, 136 ]	Marjorie Merriweather Post
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,344	purge	2	14,456	[ "Most", "of", "her", "literary", "work", "is", "autobiographical", "to", "various", "extents", ".", "Her", "1977", "novel", "''", "The", "Wanderers", "''", "traces", "the", "decimation", "of", "the", "pacifist", "Russian", "Mennonite", "community", "during", "...	[ 37, 38 ]	Ingrid Rimland
UNK	purged	27,948	purged by Stalin 's regime	VERB	Great Purge	14,345	purge	2	14,457	[ "His", "father", "(", "and", "co-founder", "of", "Koch", "Industries", ")", ",", "Fred", "C.", "Koch", ",", "had", "spent", "time", "developing", "petroleum", "cracking", "units", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "under", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "regime", ...	[ 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 ]	Market-Based Management Institute
UNK	Ezhovshchina	27,948	Ezhovshchina	PROPN	Great Purge	14,346	Ezhovshchina	2	14,458	[ "Syrtsov", "was", "arrested", "in", "the", "spring", "of", "1937", "during", "the", "secret", "police", "terror", "remembered", "to", "history", "as", "the", "Ezhovshchina", "and", "was", "interrogated", ",", "and", "executed", "about", "five", "months", "late...	[ 18 ]	Sergey Syrtsov (politician)
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,347	Terror	2	14,459	[ "In", "August", "1937", ",", "Berman", "'s", "fall", "began", "in", "the", "time", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", ".", "On", "August", "17", ",", "1937", ",", "he", "lost", "his", "position", "as", "head", "of", "the", "GULAG", "and", "was", "appoin...	[ 13, 14 ]	Matvei Berman
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,348	purge	2	14,460	[ "According", "to", "Aleksandr", "Mikhailovich", "Orlov", ",", "standing", "cells", "were", "used", "as", "part", "of", "the", "Stalinist", "purges", "of", "the", "1930s", ".", "After", "two", "days", "in", "a", "standing", "cell", ",", "a", "Secretary", "o...	[ 14, 15 ]	Standing cell
UNK	shot	27,948	were shot and killed	VERB	Great Purge	14,349	shoot	2	14,461	[ "Anna", "Tieke", "(", "born", "Anna", "Wittenburg", ":", "11", "November", "1898", "-", "15", "January", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "German", "communist", ".", "With", "her", "family", "she", "relocated", "to", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "in", "1931", ".", ...	[ 51, 52, 53, 54 ]	Anna Tieke
UNK	purge	27,948	widespread purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,350	purge	2	14,462	[ "Meanwhile", ",", "the", "leader", "'s", "belief", "-", "not", "entirely", "unjustified", "-", "that", "he", "was", "surrounded", "in", "the", "Kremlin", "by", "comrades", "who", "might", "not", "think", "him", "the", "best", "man", "for", "the", "job", ...	[ 56, 57 ]	Anna Tieke
UNK	purges	27,948	the Stalin purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,351	purge	2	14,463	[ "During", "the", "1920s", "and", "1930s", "she", "worked", "for", "the", "illegal", "News", "Service", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "in", "Germany", "and", "for", "the", "Comintern", "as", "an", "\"", "agent", "\"", ".", "In", "1937", ",", "while",...	[ 39, 40, 41 ]	Berta Daniel
UNK	purge	27,948	purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,352	purge	2	14,464	[ "The", "Soviet", "capital", "was", "by", "now", "the", "scene", "of", "a", "major", "and", "sustained", "purge", "of", "actual", "and", "presumed", "enemies", "of", "the", "leadership", ",", "with", "intelligence", "workers", "and", "foreigners", "particularly...	[ 13 ]	Berta Daniel
UNK	purges	27,948	the Stalin purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,353	purge	2	14,465	[ "One", "member", "of", "the", "intelligence", "community", "who", "had", "not", "fallen", "foul", "of", "the", "Stalin", "purges", "was", "Elena", "Stasova", ",", "with", "whom", "Daniel", "had", "worked", "at", "the", "IRH", "in", "the", "1920s", ".", "...	[ 12, 13, 14 ]	Berta Daniel
UNK	events	27,948	events in Moscow	NOUN	Great Purge	14,354	event	2	14,466	[ "By", "1948", "it", "was", "becoming", "apparent", "that", "the", "government", "control", "structure", "being", "unrolled", "in", "the", "Soviet", "occupation", "zone", "was", "based", "on", "careful", "planning", ".", "The", "key", "planners", "were", "a", ...	[ 211, 212, 213 ]	Maria Weiterer
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,355	purge	2	14,467	[ "As", "chair", "of", "the", "Prague", "SAPD", "group", ",", "Stefan", "Szende", "was", "at", "the", "heart", "of", "the", "arguments", "that", "led", "to", "the", "party", "split", ".", "The", "starting", "point", ",", "as", "it", "was", "for", "many",...	[ 104 ]	Stefan Szende
UNK	turmoil	27,948	political turmoil	NOUN	Great Purge	14,356	turmoil	2	14,468	[ "As", "they", "were", "traveling", "with", "the", "theater", ",", "Simonovich-Efimova", "'s", "interest", "in", "painting", "rekindled", ".", "She", "was", "inspired", "to", "depict", "women", "in", "their", "regional", "dress", "digging", "potatoes", ",", "co...	[ 108, 109 ]	Nina Simonovich-Efimova
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinst purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,358	purge	2	14,470	[ "Gonikman", ",", "a", "menshevik-internationalist", "in", "1917", ",", "joined", "the", "bolshevik", "party", "in", "1919", ".", "From", "1923", "to", "1924", "he", "supported", "the", "Left", "Opposition", ".", "Gonikman", "became", "director", "of", "the", ...	[ 40, 41 ]	Solomon Gonikman
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalinist repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,359	repression	2	14,471	[ "After", "Bolshevik", "takeover", "of", "Azerbaijan", ",", "he", "supervised", "cultural", "and", "educational", "activities", "within", "the", "government", "of", "Azerbaijan", "SSR", ".", "Avoiding", "constant", "persecution", ",", "he", "moved", "to", "Ulyanovs...	[ 61, 62 ]	Ahmed bey Pepinov
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,360	Terror	2	14,472	[ "In", "the", "early", "1930s", ",", "suspected", "prostitutes", "were", "subjected", "to", "administrative", "expulsions", ".", "With", "the", "deployment", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", "they", "were", "sentenced", "to", "imprisonment", "on", "political", "ch...	[ 18, 19 ]	Prostitution in the Soviet Union
UNK	execution	27,948	execution	NOUN	Great Purge	14,361	execution	2	14,473	[ "A", "native", "of", "Kutaisi", ",", "Magalashvili", "began", "her", "studies", "at", "the", "School", "of", "the", "Caucasian", "Society", "of", "Fine", "Arts", ",", "moving", "to", "Moscow", "in", "1915", "to", "study", "at", "the", "Moscow", "School", ...	[ 146 ]	Ketevan Magalashvili
UNK	terror	27,948	Stalinist terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,362	terror	2	14,474	[ "Akhmatova", "'s", "work", "ranges", "from", "short", "lyric", "poems", "to", "intricately", "structured", "cycles", ",", "such", "as", "''", "Requiem", "''", "(", "1935", "–", "40", ")", ",", "her", "tragic", "masterpiece", "about", "the", "Stalinist", "t...	[ 29, 30 ]	Anna Akhmatova
UNK	purge	27,948	1938 purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,363	purge	2	14,475	[ "The", "members", "of", "the", "group", "dispersed", "after", "the", "events", ".", "Peter", "the", "Painter", "was", "never", "seen", "or", "heard", "from", "again", ".", "It", "was", "assumed", "he", "left", "the", "country", ",", "and", "there", "were...	[ 71, 72 ]	Siege of Sidney Street
UNK	climate	27,948	oppressive political climate of the time	NOUN	Great Purge	14,364	climate	2	14,476	[ "Symphony", "No.", "4", "in", "C", "minor", ",", "Opus", "43", ",", "between", "September", "1935", "and", "May", "1936", ",", "after", "abandoning", "some", "preliminary", "sketch", "material", ".", "In", "January", "1936", ",", "halfway", "through", "thi...	[ 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 ]	Symphony No. 4 (Shostakovich)
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,365	purge	2	14,477	[ "In", "May", "1933", ",", "along", "with", "several", "other", "fugitive", "Comminists", ",", "he", "managed", "to", "get", "to", "the", "Saarland", "which", "was", "the", "only", "part", "of", "Germany", "still", "under", "foreign", "military", "occupation"...	[ 82, 83, 84 ]	Bernard Koenen
UNK	terror	27,948	terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,366	terror	2	14,478	[ "According", "to", "historian", "Roy", "Medvedev", ",", "the", "term", "describes", "the", "rehabilitation", "of", "Joseph", "Stalin", ",", "identification", "with", "him", "and", "the", "associated", "political", "system", ",", "nostalgia", "for", "the", "Stali...	[ 44 ]	Neo-Stalinism
UNK	Purge	27,948	the Great Purge	PROPN	Great Purge	14,367	Purge	2	14,479	[ "Mirsky", "returned", "to", "Russia", "in", "September", "1932", ".", "Five", "years", "later", ",", "during", "the", "Great", "Purge", ",", "Mirsky", "was", "arrested", "by", "the", "NKVD", ".", "Mirsky", "’s", "arrest", "may", "have", "been", "caused", ...	[ 13, 14, 15 ]	D. S. Mirsky
UNK	considered	27,948	considered	VERB	Great Purge	14,368	consider	2	14,480	[ "He", "died", "of", "a", "heart", "disease", "aged", "31", ".", "In", "1930s", "his", "works", "were", "considered", "as", "a", "manifestation", "of", "Ukrainian", "nationalism", "and", "became", "prohibited", ";", "the", "monument", "of", "him", "in", "Kh...	[ 14 ]	Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,369	Terror	2	14,481	[ "The", "speaker", "of", "the", "Polish", "Senate", ",", "Bogdan", "Borusewicz", ",", "said", "that", "Nemtsov", "\"", "fell", "victim", "\"", "to", "\"", "a", "chauvinistic", "campaign", "against", "people", "who", "do", "not", "agree", "with", "imperialisti...	[ 211, 212 ]	Assassination of Boris Nemtsov
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,370	purge	2	14,482	[ "Wangenheim", "fled", "Nazi", "Germany", "in", "the", "1930s", "and", "found", "refuge", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "While", "living", "in", "exile", "at", "Moscow", "'s", "Hotel", "Lux", ",", "he", "continued", "writing", "and", "producing", "mo...	[ 67 ]	Gustav von Wangenheim
UNK	purges	27,948	purges of the 1930s	NOUN	Great Purge	14,371	purge	2	14,483	[ "According", "to", "Gorodetsky", "'s", "version", "Stalin", "saw", "Hitler", "as", "his", "own", "mirror", "reflection", ",", "committed", "to", "realpolitik", "and", "eager", "to", "improve", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "'s", "national", "status", "which", "it"...	[ 98, 99, 100, 101 ]	Gabriel Gorodetsky
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,372	purge	2	14,484	[ "The", "statue", "was", "unveiled", "on", "June", "12", ",", "1996", "with", "the", "help", "of", "the", "Russian", "government", "and", "financial", "contributions", "from", "seven", "Russian", "cities", ",", "including", "Magadan", ".", "The", "design", "w...	[ 43, 44 ]	Mask of Sorrow
UNK	surge	27,948	surge in political purges	VERB	Great Purge	14,373	surge	2	14,485	[ "There", "were", "numerous", "exiled", "German", "communists", "in", "Moscow", ",", "and", "they", "all", "used", "to", "report", "on", "one", "another", "to", "the", "Soviet", "authorities", "during", "the", "surge", "in", "political", "purges", "that", "ac...	[ 24, 25, 26, 27 ]	Albert Hotopp
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,374	purged	2	14,486	[ "In", "emailed", "comments", "to", "the", "''", "Wall", "Street", "Journal", "''", "in", "January", "2014", ",", "Gülen", "said", "that", "\"", "Turkish", "people", "...", "are", "upset", "that", "in", "the", "last", "two", "years", "democratic", "progress...	[ 206 ]	Fethullah Gülen
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,375	purge	2	14,487	[ "While", "the", "accusation", "of", "lax", "security", "in", "the", "Kremlin", "was", "the", "pretext", "for", "humiliating", "Yenukidze", ",", "the", "real", "reason", "may", "have", "been", "his", "failure", "to", "contribute", "adequately", "to", "the", "...	[ 213 ]	Avel Yenukidze
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,376	Terror	2	14,488	[ "The", "traditional", "approach", "to", "the", "Soviet", "history", "emphasized", "the", "importance", "of", "totalitarian", "system", ",", "including", "the", "personality", "cult", "and", "the", "almost", "unlimited", "powers", "of", "the", "\"", "great", "lea...	[ 127, 128 ]	J. Arch Getty
UNK	purges	27,948	political purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,377	purge	2	14,489	[ "During", "the", "18th", "century", ",", "Seel", "'s", "German-speaking", "ancestors", "were", "among", "those", "invited", "by", "Catherine", "the", "Great", "(", "and", "her", "son", "Paul", "and", "grandson", "Alexander", "who", "ruled", "after", "her", "...	[ 67, 68 ]	Under Jakob's Ladder
UNK	started	27,948	started a process	VERB	Great Purge	14,378	start	2	14,490	[ "Panarin", "says", "he", "is", "a", "supporter", "of", "Russia", "as", "a", "superstate", "but", "claims", "that", "Russia", "presently", "has", "no", "imperial", "ambitions", ".", "He", "also", "supports", "Pan-Eurasian", "nationalism", "of", "Nikolai", "Trub...	[ 75, 76, 77 ]	Igor Panarin

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,277

purged

2

14,389

[ "According", "to", "Ehrenburg", ",", "the", "mandatory", "State", "literary", "commission", "did", "not", "commit", "to", "publish", "the", "book", "in", "October", "1944", ":", "\"", "Instead", "of", "a", "straight", "answer", ",", "the", "resolution", "was...

[ 203 ]

The Black Book of Soviet Jewry

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,278

Terror

2

14,390

[ "She", "chose", "a", "wild", "career", ",", "that", "of", "a", "professional", "motorcyclist", ".", "She", "joined", "the", "famous", "sports", "club", "Dynamo", "and", "became", "a", "prominent", "motorcycle", "racer", ".", "Then", "the", "troubles", "came"...

[ 41, 42 ]

Natalia Androsova

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,279

purge

2

14,391

[ "Nikishov", "was", "born", "in", "1894", "the", "son", "of", "a", "peasant", "in", "Varkino", ",", "in", "the", "Saratov", "Governorate", "of", "the", "Russian", "Empire", "(", "now", "Volgograd", "Oblast", ")", ".", "He", "joined", "the", "Communist", "...

[ 55 ]

Ivan Nikishov

UNK

Purge

27,948

the Great Purge

PROPN

Great Purge

14,280

Purge

2

14,392

[ "Leon", "Lichtblau", "(", "also", "known", "under", "the", "pseudonym", "Adolf", "Cristin", ",", ";", "August", "23", ",", "1901", "-", "April", "25", ",", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "Romanian", "socialist", "and", "communist", "militant", ",", "and", "Sov...

[ 37, 38, 39 ]

Leon Lichtblau

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,281

purge

2

14,393

[ "He", "was", "arrested", "on", "April", "5", ",", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "Stalinist", "purges", ".", "On", "April", "25", ",", "1938", "he", "was", "indicted", "with", "\"", "spying", "and", "provocative", "activities", "and", "membership", "in", ...

[ 11, 12 ]

Leon Lichtblau

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,282

Terror

2

14,394

[ "Dmitry", "Ivanovich", "Mushketov", "(", ";", "–", "18", "February", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "Russian", "geologist", "and", "paleontologist", ",", "one", "of", "the", "victims", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror" ]

[ 23, 24 ]

Dmitry Mushketov

UNK

purges

27,948

great purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,283

purge

2

14,395

[ "Ellman", "asserts", "that", "the", "\"", "national", "operations", "\"", "of", "the", "NKVD", ",", "particularly", "the", "\"", "Polish", "operation", "\"", ",", "which", "occurred", "during", "the", "late", "1930s", "during", "the", "great", "purges", "may...

[ 27, 28 ]

Holodomor genocide question

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,284

Terror

2

14,396

[ "With", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "becoming", "immersed", "in", "the", "first", "months", "of", "1937", "in", "a", "massive", "and", "xenophobic", "secret", "police", "campaign", "against", "perceived", "underground", "espionage", "networks", "remembered", "as", ...

[ 28, 29 ]

Red Sport International

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,285

purge

2

14,397

[ "In", "1932", ",", "at", "the", "grandly", "titled", "\"", "first", "world", "congress", "\"", "of", "the", "International", "Red", "Aid", "(", "IRH", "-", "workers", "'", "welfare", ")", "organisation", ",", "Rubiner", "was", "elected", "to", "a", "seni...

[ 162, 163 ]

Frida Rubiner

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalin 's repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,286

repression

2

14,398

[ "After", "the", "beginning", "of", "Perestroika", "an", "opportunity", "to", "write", "about", "forbidden", "things", ",", "such", "as", "Stalin", "'s", "repressions", ",", "appeared", ".", "Since", "the", "1950s", ",", "since", "the", "time", "of", "Khrushc...

[ 15, 16, 17 ]

Pavel Prudnikau

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,287

purge

2

14,399

[ "Upon", "Krivitsky", "'s", "return", ",", "Reiss", "composed", "a", "letter", "to", "the", "Central", "Committee", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "addressed", "to", "Stalin", "and", "dated", "July", "17", ",", "1937...

[ 79 ]

Ignace Reiss

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,288

Terror

2

14,400

[ "Yury", "Alexeyevich", "Dmitriev", "(", "born", "1956", "in", "Petrozavodsk", ")", "is", "a", "rights", "activist", "and", "local", "historian", "in", "Karelia", "(", "Northwest", "Russia", ")", ".", "Since", "the", "early", "1990s", ",", "he", "has", "wor...

[ 39, 40 ]

Yury A. Dmitriev

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,289

purge

2

14,401

[ "In", "1933", ",", "Ottwalt", "and", "his", "wife", ",", "Waltraut", ",", "left", "Germany", "and", "went", "into", "exile", "in", "Denmark", ",", "then", ",", "by", "way", "of", "Czechoslovakia", ",", "ended", "up", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "."...

[ 86 ]

Ernst Ottwalt

UNK

purges

27,948

purges of 1937

NOUN

Great Purge

14,290

purge

2

14,402

[ "During", "the", "purges", "of", "1937", ",", "the", "majority", "of", "OGPU", "personnel", "who", "were", "involved", "in", "the", "White", "Sea", "Canal", "construction", ",", "including", "Genrikh", "Yagoda", ",", "the", "head", "of", "the", "OGPU", ","...

[ 2, 3, 4 ]

The I.V. Stalin White Sea – Baltic Sea Canal

UNK

trials

27,948

criminal trials of the 1930s

NOUN

Great Purge

14,291

trial

2

14,403

[ "According", "to", "the", "ITAR-TASS", "news", "agency", ",", "the", "prosecution", "stated", "that", "Khabarov", "'s", "group", "planned", "to", "launch", "an", "operation", "codenamed", "“", "Dawn", "”", "to", "overthrow", "official", "authorities", "in", "t...

[ 257, 258, 259, 260, 261 ]

Leonid Khabarov

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's political purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,292

purge

2

14,404

[ "He", "arrived", "in", "Oslo", "in", "August", "1935", ".", "He", "was", "given", "a", "post", "as", "a", "secretary", "with", "the", "\"", "International", "Bueau", "of", "Revolutionary", "Youth", "Organisations", "\"", "(", "''", "\"", "Internationalen", ...

[ 192, 193, 194, 195 ]

Peter Blachstein

UNK

purges

27,948

purges of the time

NOUN

Great Purge

14,293

purge

2

14,405

[ "After", "1935", "her", "son", "Wolfgang", "worked", "in", "the", "movie", "industry", "in", "Moscow", ".", "He", "is", "described", "by", "one", "source", "as", "a", "follower", "of", "Nikolai", "Bukharin", ",", "however", ".", "This", "may", "or", "may...

[ 41, 42, 43, 44 ]

Käte Duncker

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,294

purge

2

14,406

[ "In", "1934", ",", "she", "and", "her", "husband", "took", "an", "active", "part", "against", "Engelbert", "Dollfuss", "in", "the", "Austrian", "Civil", "War", ",", "forcing", "them", "to", "flee", "Austria", ".", "They", "first", "went", "to", "Czechoslov...

[ 111, 112 ]

Ruth von Mayenburg

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,295

purge

2

14,407

[ "Bitsenko", "returned", "to", "Russia", "and", "continued", "her", "party", "activities", ".", "Being", "strongly", "opposed", "to", "the", "rupture", "with", "the", "Bolsheviks", ",", "in", "September", "1918", "she", "was", "a", "founder", "of", "the", "sp...

[ 71 ]

Anastasia Bitsenko

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,296

Terror

2

14,408

[ "Identified", "as", "a", "\"", "deserving", "co-worker", "in", "the", "building", "of", "socialism", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "\"", ",", "Kurt", "Liebknecht", "was", "given", "Soviet", "citizenship", "in", "1937", ".", "He", "moved", "into", "a", "s...

[ 72, 73 ]

Kurt Liebknecht

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist spy purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,297

purge

2

14,409

[ "From", "1925", "Edwin", "Hoernle", ",", "together", "with", "his", "comrade", "Heinrich", "Rau", ",", "returned", "to", "work", "in", "the", "party", "'s", "Agriculture", "Department", ",", "working", "on", "an", "agricultural", "policy", "which", "in", "so...

[ 696, 697, 698 ]

Edwin Hoernle

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,298

Terror

2

14,410

[ "According", "to", "British", "historian", "Simon", "Sebag", "Montefiore", "his", "successful", "infiltration", "into", "the", "Bolsheviks", "helped", "fuel", "the", "paranoia", "of", "the", "Soviets", "(", "and", "more", "specifically", ",", "Stalin", ")", "tha...

[ 33, 34 ]

Roman Malinovsky

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,299

Terror

2

14,411

[ "During", "the", "Great", "Terror", "of", "the", "late", "1930s", ",", "Sultan-Zade", "came", "under", "the", "suspicion", "of", "the", "secret", "police", ".", "He", "was", "arrested", "in", "January", "1938", "and", "jailed", "for", "five", "months", "be...

[ 2, 3 ]

Avetis Sultan-Zade

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,300

Terror

2

14,412

[ "While", "there", "were", "penetration", "accusations", "after", "the", "1917", "Bolshevik", "Revolution", ",", "the", "great", "mass", "of", "large-scale", "accusations", "and", "purges", ",", "after", "Stalin", "consolidated", "power", "but", "before", "WWII", ...

[ 33, 34 ]

Counterintelligence failures

UNK

purge

27,948

purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,301

purge

2

14,413

[ "After", "the", "Sovietization", "of", "Georgia", "in", "1921", ",", "Baazov", ",", "aided", "by", "his", "son", ",", "the", "leading", "Georgian-Jewish", "writer", "Gerzel", "Baazov", ",", "organized", "Jewish", "schools", "across", "the", "country", "and", ...

[ 98 ]

David Baazov

UNK

purge

27,948

purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,302

purge

2

14,414

[ "Ferenc", "Bajáki", "was", "born", "on", "May", "6", ",", "1883", ".", "The", "Social", "Democratic", "Party", "from", "1900", "to", "1919", "he", "was", "a", "member", "of", "the", "KMP", ".", "During", "the", "time", "of", "the", "People", "'s", "C...

[ 102 ]

Ferenc Bajáki

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalinist repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,303

repression

2

14,415

[ "The", "film", "is", "set", "in", "the", "post-Stalinist", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "A", "young", "Soviet", "woman", ",", "Katya", ",", "lost", "her", "parents", "during", "the", "Stalinist", "repressions", ".", "Though", "she", "pretends", "to", "be", "a",...

[ 22, 23 ]

Despite the Falling Snow (film)

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,305

purge

2

14,417

[ "Miller", "immediately", "went", "back", "out", "into", "the", "field", ".", "His", "success", "in", "Ethiopia", "led", "UP", "to", "assign", "him", "to", "cover", "the", "initial", "stages", "of", "the", "Spanish", "Civil", "War", "in", "late", "1936", ...

[ 48, 49 ]

Webb Miller (journalist)

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,306

purge

2

14,418

[ "''", "f.", "''", "A", "Communist", "Party", "of", "Poland", "had", "existed", "in", "the", "past", ",", "but", "was", "eliminated", "in", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "in", "1938" ]

[ 18, 19, 20 ]

History of Poland

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,307

Terror

2

14,419

[ "Bron", "was", "buried", "in", "a", "mass", "grave", "at", "Kommunarka", ",", "Butovo", ",", "near", "Moscow", ",", "one", "of", "the", "sites", "of", "mass", "executions", "during", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", "in", "the", "1930s", "–", "1950s", ...

[ 25, 26 ]

Saul Bron

UNK

Purges

27,948

Purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,308

purge

2

14,420

[ "Soviet", "forces", "suffered", "heavy", "damage", "in", "the", "field", "as", "a", "result", "of", "poor", "levels", "of", "preparedness", ",", "which", "was", "primarily", "caused", "by", "a", "reluctant", ",", "half-hearted", "and", "ultimately", "belated",...

[ 94 ]

Soviet Armed Forces

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalin 's repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,309

repression

2

14,421

[ "His", "father", "Teymur", "Salahov", "had", "been", "a", "victim", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "repressions", ",", "having", "been", "arrested", "in", "1937", "and", "executed", "shortly", "after", ".", "His", "mother", "Sona", "was", "left", "to", "bring", "up...

[ 9, 10, 11 ]

Tahir Salahov

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,310

purge

2

14,422

[ "After", "1929", "she", "lived", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "working", "in", "a", "publishing", "house", ".", "She", "opposed", "the", "Stalinization", "of", "the", "KPP", "and", "the", "Communist", "International", ".", "Arrested", "in", "1937", ...

[ 31, 32 ]

Maria Koszutska

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,311

purge

2

14,423

[ "He", "was", "transferred", "to", "the", "NKVD", "in", "November", "1938", ",", "when", "Lavrentii", "Beria", "was", "appointed", "its", "head", ".", "Dekanozov", "was", "the", "deputy", "chief", "of", "GUGB", "and", "at", "the", "same", "time", "headed", ...

[ 47 ]

Vladimir Dekanozov

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,312

Terror

2

14,424

[ "Augusts", "Kirhenšteins", "was", "born", "on", "18", "September", ",", "1872", "on", "the", "estate", "of", "Valtenberg", "Manor", "in", "Mazsalaca", ",", "in", "the", "Governorate", "of", "Livonia", ".", "He", "was", "the", "eldest", "son", "of", "the", ...

[ 71, 72 ]

Augusts Kirhenšteins

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,313

Terror

2

14,425

[ "David", "Riazanov", "(", ")", ",", "born", "David", "Borisovich", "Goldendakh", "(", ";", "10", "March", "1870", "–", "21", "January", "1938", ")", ",", "was", "a", "political", "revolutionary", ",", "Marxist", "theoretician", ",", "and", "archivist", "."...

[ 74, 75 ]

David Riazanov

UNK

Ezhovshchina

27,948

Ezhovshchina

PROPN

Great Purge

14,314

Ezhovshchina

2

14,426

[ "During", "the", "Ezhovshchina", "of", "1937", ",", "Riazanov", "was", "again", "arrested", ",", "this", "time", "as", "a", "purported", "member", "of", "a", "\"", "right-opportunist", "Trotskyist", "organisation", ".", "\"", "On", "21", "January", "1938", "...

[ 2 ]

David Riazanov

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,315

Terror

2

14,427

[ "Tilton", "was", "arrested", "on", "November", "27", ",", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "height", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", ".", "He", "did", "not", "immediately", "plead", "guilty", "to", "alleged", "crimes", ",", "however", ",", "only", "being", ...

[ 14, 15 ]

Alfred Tilton

UNK

aspects

27,948

darker aspects

NOUN

Great Purge

14,316

aspect

2

14,428

[ "Inge", "von", "Wangenheim", "'s", "literary", "output", "includes", "novels", ",", "memoirs", ",", "essays", "and", "travel", "books", ".", "She", "produced", "novels", "covering", "the", "creation", "and", "development", "phase", "of", "the", "German", "Demo...

[ 94, 95 ]

Inge von Wangenheim

UNK

purges

27,948

political purges of 1937

NOUN

Great Purge

14,317

purge

2

14,429

[ "Vasiliy", "Sergeyevich", "Oshchepkov", "or", "Васи́лий", "Серге́евич", "Още́пков", "(", "January", "7", ",", "1893", "-", "October", "10", ",", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "researcher", "of", "different", "types", "of", "national", "wrestling", "and", "martial",...

[ 71, 72, 73, 74 ]

Vasili Oshchepkov

UNK

arrested

27,948

both arrested

VERB

Great Purge

14,318

arrest

2

14,430

[ "In", "January", "1933", "the", "NSDAP", "(", "Nazi", "party", ")", "took", "power", "and", "lost", "little", "time", "in", "establishing", "a", "one-party", "state", "in", "Germany", ".", "Membership", "of", "political", "parties", "(", "other", "than", "...

[ 200, 201 ]

Trude Richter

UNK

purged

27,948

were purged

VERB

Great Purge

14,319

purge

2

14,431

[ "Starting", "from", "the", "early", "1930s", ",", "the", "Ukrainization", "policies", "were", "abruptly", "and", "bloodily", "reversed", ".", "\"", "Ukrainian", "bourgeois", "nationalism", "\"", "was", "declared", "to", "be", "the", "primary", "problem", "in", ...

[ 54, 55 ]

Ukrainization

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,320

purge

2

14,432

[ "During", "the", "pre-war", "period", ",", "the", "efficiency", "and", "morale", "of", "Red", "Army", "command", "staff", "was", "low", "as", "a", "result", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", ".", "By", "August", "1941", ",", "Axis", "forces", "had", "achie...

[ 20, 21, 22 ]

Order No. 270

UNK

camp

27,948

camp

NOUN

Great Purge

14,321

camp

2

14,433

[ "Kutateladze", "'s", "parents", "divorced", "when", "he", "was", "four", ",", "and", "he", "was", "raised", "by", "his", "mother", ",", "Aleksandra", "Vladimirovna", ",", "an", "obstetric", "nurse", ".", "His", "father", ",", "Semen", "Samsonovich", ",", "...

[ 62 ]

Samson Kutateladze

UNK

purge

27,948

1938 purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,322

purge

2

14,434

[ "Lunin", "was", "born", "in", "Odessa", ",", "the", "son", "of", "a", "soldier", ".", "He", "studied", "at", "the", "Rostov-on-Don", "maritime", "college", "and", "joined", "the", "merchant", "marine", "serving", "aboard", "the", "tanker", "''", "Azneft", ...

[ 44, 45 ]

Nikolay Lunin

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,323

Terror

2

14,435

[ "If", "workers", "did", "not", "cooperate", ",", "because", "they", "thought", "it", "was", "against", "their", "self-interest", "(", "for", "whatever", "reason", ")", ",", "they", "were", "''", "forced", "''", "to", "do", "so", ",", "in", "peace-time", ...

[ 154, 155 ]

Value-form

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,324

purge

2

14,436

[ "In", "1923", "the", "battalion", "split", "on", "ideological", "grounds", ";", "the", "left-wing", "demanded", "socialism", ",", "whilst", "the", "right-wing", "were", "more", "interested", "in", "Zionist", "pioneering", ".", "Despite", "the", "split", ",", "...

[ 92, 93 ]

Gdud HaAvoda

UNK

Terror

27,948

Terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,325

terror

2

14,437

[ "The", "December", "1934", "assassination", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "right-hand", "man", "Sergei", "Kirov", "served", "as", "one", "of", "the", "triggers", "for", "the", "Great", "Purge", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Communist", "Party", ".", "Littlepage", "noted", ...

[ 223 ]

Jack Littlepage

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,326

purged

2

14,438

[ "His", "father", ",", "Michael", "Plisetski", "(", "1899", "–", "1938", ")", ",", "was", "Consul", "General", "of", "the", "USSR", "at", "the", "island", "of", "Spitsbergen", ",", "where", "he", "managed", "the", "coal", "concessions", "(", "trust", "\""...

[ 42 ]

Alexander Plisetski

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,327

Terror

2

14,439

[ "She", "returned", "to", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "in", "the", "spring", "of", "1937", ",", "the", "year", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", ",", "where", "she", "worked", "as", "an", "announcer", "and", "editor", "for", "the", "English-language", "broadcas...

[ 16, 17 ]

Williana Burroughs

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,328

Terror

2

14,440

[ "Georgii", "Nikolaevich", "Frederiks", "(", ")", "(", "1889", "–", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "Russian", "and", "Soviet", "geologist", "who", "specialized", "in", "paleontology", ",", "tectonics", "and", "stratigraphy", ".", "He", "described", "many", "fossil", ...

[ 36, 37 ]

Georgii Frederiks

UNK

trials

27,948

Soviet purge trials

NOUN

Great Purge

14,329

trial

2

14,441

[ "Freisler", "became", "notorious", "during", "this", "period", "for", "berating", "each", "member", "of", "the", "steady", "stream", "of", "defendants", "passing", "before", "him", ",", "in", "a", "personalized", "injudicial", "manner", "from", "the", "bench", ...

[ 98, 99, 100 ]

Roland Freisler

UNK

purge

27,948

purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,330

purge

2

14,442

[ "It", "was", "during", "the", "Red", "Terror", "that", "the", "Cheka", ",", "hoping", "to", "avoid", "the", "bloody", "aftermath", "of", "having", "half-dead", "victims", "writhing", "on", "the", "floor", ",", "developed", "a", "technique", "for", "execution...

[ 99 ]

Cheka

UNK

terror

27,948

terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,331

terror

2

14,443

[ "The", "Soviet", "conception", "of", "human", "rights", "was", "very", "different", "from", "conceptions", "prevalent", "in", "the", "West", ".", "According", "to", "the", "Soviet", "legal", "theory", ",", "\"", "it", "is", "the", "government", "who", "is", ...

[ 152 ]

Human rights in the Soviet Union

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,332

purge

2

14,444

[ "He", "was", "released", "from", "prison", "on", "20", "December", "1938", ",", "based", "on", "an", "earlier", "amnesty", ".", "He", "lived", "with", "his", "wife", "and", "children", "and", "worked", "in", "Warsaw", "cooperatives", "until", "the", "outbr...

[ 64, 65, 66 ]

Bolesław Bierut

UNK

repression

27,948

1937 repression of the officer corps

NOUN

Great Purge

14,333

repression

2

14,445

[ "At", "the", "start", "of", "the", "Second", "World", "War", "much", "of", "the", "Red", "Army", ",", "including", "its", "armoured", "forces", ",", "was", "in", "transition", "and", "recovering", "from", "the", "1937", "repression", "of", "the", "officer"...

[ 26, 27, 28, 29, 30, 31 ]

Armoured warfare

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,334

Terror

2

14,446

[ "Terrorism", "in", "Russia", "has", "a", "long", "history", "starting", "from", "the", "time", "of", "the", "Russian", "Empire", ".", "Terrorism", ",", "in", "the", "modern", "sense", ",", "means", "violence", "against", "civilians", "to", "achieve", "politi...

[ 95, 96 ]

Terrorism in Russia

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,335

Terror

2

14,447

[ "Zhdanov", "enlisted", "with", "the", "Russian", "Social", "Democratic", "Labour", "Party", "(", "Bolshevik", ")", "in", "1915", "and", "was", "promoted", "through", "the", "party", "ranks", ",", "becoming", "the", "All-Union", "Communist", "Party", "manager", ...

[ 135, 136 ]

Andrei Zhdanov

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,336

Terror

2

14,448

[ "Mikhalkov", "'s", "most", "famous", "production", "to", "date", ",", "''", "Burnt", "by", "the", "Sun", "''", "(", "1994", ")", ",", "was", "steeped", "in", "the", "paranoid", "atmosphere", "of", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", ".", "The", ...

[ 28, 29 ]

Nikita Mikhalkov

UNK

trials

27,948

Stalin 's purge trials

NOUN

Great Purge

14,337

trial

2

14,449

[ "The", "Lattimores", "left", "China", "in", "1938", ".", "Owen", "spent", "six", "months", "in", "Berkeley", ",", "California", ",", "writing", "a", "draft", "of", "the", "''", "Inner", "Asian", "Frontiers", "of", "China", "''", "and", "continuing", "as", ...

[ 79, 80, 81, 82 ]

Owen Lattimore

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalinist repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,338

repression

2

14,450

[ "Akhmad", "(", "or", "Akhmat", ")", "Abdulkhamidovich", "Kadyrov", "was", "born", "in", "Karaganda", "in", "the", "Kazakh", "Soviet", "Socialist", "Republic", "on", "23", "August", "1951", "to", "a", "Chechen", "family", "that", "had", "been", "expelled", "f...

[ 33, 34 ]

Akhmad Kadyrov

UNK

purge

27,948

Great Stalinist purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,339

purge

2

14,451

[ "While", "it", "shares", "a", "sense", "of", "prevailing", "entropy", "with", "the", "previous", "song", "on", "the", "album", ",", "\"", "Gates", "of", "Eden", "\"", ",", "the", "critique", "in", "\"", "It", "'s", "Alright", ",", "Ma", "(", "I", "'m...

[ 195, 196, 197 ]

It's Alright, Ma (I'm Only Bleeding)

UNK

repression

27,948

repression under Stalin

NOUN

Great Purge

14,340

repression

2

14,452

[ "In", "1942", ",", "Lutfali", "Abdullayev", "met", "17-year-old", "Sevda", "Pepinova", "and", "four", "years", "later", "the", "two", "hatched", "plans", "to", "marry", ".", "However", "Pepinova", "'s", "mother", "strongly", "opposed", "to", "this", "marriage"...

[ 89, 90, 91 ]

Lutfali Abdullayev

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,341

purge

2

14,453

[ "In", "the", "20th", "century", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "as", "a", "result", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "and", "later", "destalinization", ",", "many", "photographs", "of", "officials", "from", "the", "periods", "show", "extensive", "airbrushing", ";", ...

[ 11, 12, 13 ]

Airbrush

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,342

purge

2

14,454

[ "Two", "rounds", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "(", "1927", "–", "1934", "and", "1937", "–", "1938", ")", "resulted", "in", "the", "expulsion", "of", "nearly", "10,000", "people", ",", "from", "all", "levels", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "of", ...

[ 3, 4, 5 ]

Tajikistan

UNK

Terror

27,948

Stalin 's Terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,343

terror

2

14,455

[ "During", "the", "1930s", ",", "the", "Soviet", "government", "under", "Joseph", "Stalin", "began", "selling", "art", "treasures", "and", "other", "valuables", "seized", "from", "the", "Romanov", "family", "and", "former", "Russian", "aristocrats", "after", "the...

[ 134, 135, 136 ]

Marjorie Merriweather Post

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,344

purge

2

14,456

[ "Most", "of", "her", "literary", "work", "is", "autobiographical", "to", "various", "extents", ".", "Her", "1977", "novel", "''", "The", "Wanderers", "''", "traces", "the", "decimation", "of", "the", "pacifist", "Russian", "Mennonite", "community", "during", "...

[ 37, 38 ]

Ingrid Rimland

UNK

purged

27,948

purged by Stalin 's regime

VERB

Great Purge

14,345

purge

2

14,457

[ "His", "father", "(", "and", "co-founder", "of", "Koch", "Industries", ")", ",", "Fred", "C.", "Koch", ",", "had", "spent", "time", "developing", "petroleum", "cracking", "units", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "under", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "regime", ...

[ 84, 85, 86, 87, 88 ]

Market-Based Management Institute

UNK

Ezhovshchina

27,948

Ezhovshchina

PROPN

Great Purge

14,346

Ezhovshchina

2

14,458

[ "Syrtsov", "was", "arrested", "in", "the", "spring", "of", "1937", "during", "the", "secret", "police", "terror", "remembered", "to", "history", "as", "the", "Ezhovshchina", "and", "was", "interrogated", ",", "and", "executed", "about", "five", "months", "late...

[ 18 ]

Sergey Syrtsov (politician)

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,347

Terror

2

14,459

[ "In", "August", "1937", ",", "Berman", "'s", "fall", "began", "in", "the", "time", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", ".", "On", "August", "17", ",", "1937", ",", "he", "lost", "his", "position", "as", "head", "of", "the", "GULAG", "and", "was", "appoin...

[ 13, 14 ]

Matvei Berman

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,348

purge

2

14,460

[ "According", "to", "Aleksandr", "Mikhailovich", "Orlov", ",", "standing", "cells", "were", "used", "as", "part", "of", "the", "Stalinist", "purges", "of", "the", "1930s", ".", "After", "two", "days", "in", "a", "standing", "cell", ",", "a", "Secretary", "o...

[ 14, 15 ]

Standing cell

UNK

shot

27,948

were shot and killed

VERB

Great Purge

14,349

shoot

2

14,461

[ "Anna", "Tieke", "(", "born", "Anna", "Wittenburg", ":", "11", "November", "1898", "-", "15", "January", "1938", ")", "was", "a", "German", "communist", ".", "With", "her", "family", "she", "relocated", "to", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "in", "1931", ".", ...

[ 51, 52, 53, 54 ]

Anna Tieke

UNK

purge

27,948

widespread purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,350

purge

2

14,462

[ "Meanwhile", ",", "the", "leader", "'s", "belief", "-", "not", "entirely", "unjustified", "-", "that", "he", "was", "surrounded", "in", "the", "Kremlin", "by", "comrades", "who", "might", "not", "think", "him", "the", "best", "man", "for", "the", "job", ...

[ 56, 57 ]

Anna Tieke

UNK

purges

27,948

the Stalin purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,351

purge

2

14,463

[ "During", "the", "1920s", "and", "1930s", "she", "worked", "for", "the", "illegal", "News", "Service", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "in", "Germany", "and", "for", "the", "Comintern", "as", "an", "\"", "agent", "\"", ".", "In", "1937", ",", "while",...

[ 39, 40, 41 ]

Berta Daniel

UNK

purge

27,948

purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,352

purge

2

14,464

[ "The", "Soviet", "capital", "was", "by", "now", "the", "scene", "of", "a", "major", "and", "sustained", "purge", "of", "actual", "and", "presumed", "enemies", "of", "the", "leadership", ",", "with", "intelligence", "workers", "and", "foreigners", "particularly...

[ 13 ]

Berta Daniel

UNK

purges

27,948

the Stalin purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,353

purge

2

14,465

[ "One", "member", "of", "the", "intelligence", "community", "who", "had", "not", "fallen", "foul", "of", "the", "Stalin", "purges", "was", "Elena", "Stasova", ",", "with", "whom", "Daniel", "had", "worked", "at", "the", "IRH", "in", "the", "1920s", ".", "...

[ 12, 13, 14 ]

Berta Daniel

UNK

events

27,948

events in Moscow

NOUN

Great Purge

14,354

event

2

14,466

[ "By", "1948", "it", "was", "becoming", "apparent", "that", "the", "government", "control", "structure", "being", "unrolled", "in", "the", "Soviet", "occupation", "zone", "was", "based", "on", "careful", "planning", ".", "The", "key", "planners", "were", "a", ...

[ 211, 212, 213 ]

Maria Weiterer

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,355

purge

2

14,467

[ "As", "chair", "of", "the", "Prague", "SAPD", "group", ",", "Stefan", "Szende", "was", "at", "the", "heart", "of", "the", "arguments", "that", "led", "to", "the", "party", "split", ".", "The", "starting", "point", ",", "as", "it", "was", "for", "many",...

[ 104 ]

Stefan Szende

UNK

turmoil

27,948

political turmoil

NOUN

Great Purge

14,356

turmoil

2

14,468

[ "As", "they", "were", "traveling", "with", "the", "theater", ",", "Simonovich-Efimova", "'s", "interest", "in", "painting", "rekindled", ".", "She", "was", "inspired", "to", "depict", "women", "in", "their", "regional", "dress", "digging", "potatoes", ",", "co...

[ 108, 109 ]

Nina Simonovich-Efimova

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinst purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,358

purge

2

14,470

[ "Gonikman", ",", "a", "menshevik-internationalist", "in", "1917", ",", "joined", "the", "bolshevik", "party", "in", "1919", ".", "From", "1923", "to", "1924", "he", "supported", "the", "Left", "Opposition", ".", "Gonikman", "became", "director", "of", "the", ...

[ 40, 41 ]

Solomon Gonikman

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalinist repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,359

repression

2

14,471

[ "After", "Bolshevik", "takeover", "of", "Azerbaijan", ",", "he", "supervised", "cultural", "and", "educational", "activities", "within", "the", "government", "of", "Azerbaijan", "SSR", ".", "Avoiding", "constant", "persecution", ",", "he", "moved", "to", "Ulyanovs...

[ 61, 62 ]

Ahmed bey Pepinov

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,360

Terror

2

14,472

[ "In", "the", "early", "1930s", ",", "suspected", "prostitutes", "were", "subjected", "to", "administrative", "expulsions", ".", "With", "the", "deployment", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", "they", "were", "sentenced", "to", "imprisonment", "on", "political", "ch...

[ 18, 19 ]

Prostitution in the Soviet Union

UNK

execution

27,948

execution

NOUN

Great Purge

14,361

execution

2

14,473

[ "A", "native", "of", "Kutaisi", ",", "Magalashvili", "began", "her", "studies", "at", "the", "School", "of", "the", "Caucasian", "Society", "of", "Fine", "Arts", ",", "moving", "to", "Moscow", "in", "1915", "to", "study", "at", "the", "Moscow", "School", ...

[ 146 ]

Ketevan Magalashvili

UNK

terror

27,948

Stalinist terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,362

terror

2

14,474

[ "Akhmatova", "'s", "work", "ranges", "from", "short", "lyric", "poems", "to", "intricately", "structured", "cycles", ",", "such", "as", "''", "Requiem", "''", "(", "1935", "–", "40", ")", ",", "her", "tragic", "masterpiece", "about", "the", "Stalinist", "t...

[ 29, 30 ]

Anna Akhmatova

UNK

purge

27,948

1938 purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,363

purge

2

14,475

[ "The", "members", "of", "the", "group", "dispersed", "after", "the", "events", ".", "Peter", "the", "Painter", "was", "never", "seen", "or", "heard", "from", "again", ".", "It", "was", "assumed", "he", "left", "the", "country", ",", "and", "there", "were...

[ 71, 72 ]

Siege of Sidney Street

UNK

climate

27,948

oppressive political climate of the time

NOUN

Great Purge

14,364

climate

2

14,476

[ "Symphony", "No.", "4", "in", "C", "minor", ",", "Opus", "43", ",", "between", "September", "1935", "and", "May", "1936", ",", "after", "abandoning", "some", "preliminary", "sketch", "material", ".", "In", "January", "1936", ",", "halfway", "through", "thi...

[ 75, 76, 77, 78, 79, 80 ]

Symphony No. 4 (Shostakovich)

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,365

purge

2

14,477

[ "In", "May", "1933", ",", "along", "with", "several", "other", "fugitive", "Comminists", ",", "he", "managed", "to", "get", "to", "the", "Saarland", "which", "was", "the", "only", "part", "of", "Germany", "still", "under", "foreign", "military", "occupation"...

[ 82, 83, 84 ]

Bernard Koenen

UNK

terror

27,948

terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,366

terror

2

14,478

[ "According", "to", "historian", "Roy", "Medvedev", ",", "the", "term", "describes", "the", "rehabilitation", "of", "Joseph", "Stalin", ",", "identification", "with", "him", "and", "the", "associated", "political", "system", ",", "nostalgia", "for", "the", "Stali...

[ 44 ]

Neo-Stalinism

UNK

Purge

27,948

the Great Purge

PROPN

Great Purge

14,367

Purge

2

14,479

[ "Mirsky", "returned", "to", "Russia", "in", "September", "1932", ".", "Five", "years", "later", ",", "during", "the", "Great", "Purge", ",", "Mirsky", "was", "arrested", "by", "the", "NKVD", ".", "Mirsky", "’s", "arrest", "may", "have", "been", "caused", ...

[ 13, 14, 15 ]

D. S. Mirsky

UNK

considered

27,948

considered

VERB

Great Purge

14,368

consider

2

14,480

[ "He", "died", "of", "a", "heart", "disease", "aged", "31", ".", "In", "1930s", "his", "works", "were", "considered", "as", "a", "manifestation", "of", "Ukrainian", "nationalism", "and", "became", "prohibited", ";", "the", "monument", "of", "him", "in", "Kh...

[ 14 ]

Vasyl Ellan-Blakytny

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,369

Terror

2

14,481

[ "The", "speaker", "of", "the", "Polish", "Senate", ",", "Bogdan", "Borusewicz", ",", "said", "that", "Nemtsov", "\"", "fell", "victim", "\"", "to", "\"", "a", "chauvinistic", "campaign", "against", "people", "who", "do", "not", "agree", "with", "imperialisti...

[ 211, 212 ]

Assassination of Boris Nemtsov

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,370

purge

2

14,482

[ "Wangenheim", "fled", "Nazi", "Germany", "in", "the", "1930s", "and", "found", "refuge", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "While", "living", "in", "exile", "at", "Moscow", "'s", "Hotel", "Lux", ",", "he", "continued", "writing", "and", "producing", "mo...

[ 67 ]

Gustav von Wangenheim

UNK

purges

27,948

purges of the 1930s

NOUN

Great Purge

14,371

purge

2

14,483

[ "According", "to", "Gorodetsky", "'s", "version", "Stalin", "saw", "Hitler", "as", "his", "own", "mirror", "reflection", ",", "committed", "to", "realpolitik", "and", "eager", "to", "improve", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "'s", "national", "status", "which", "it"...

[ 98, 99, 100, 101 ]

Gabriel Gorodetsky

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,372

purge

2

14,484

[ "The", "statue", "was", "unveiled", "on", "June", "12", ",", "1996", "with", "the", "help", "of", "the", "Russian", "government", "and", "financial", "contributions", "from", "seven", "Russian", "cities", ",", "including", "Magadan", ".", "The", "design", "w...

[ 43, 44 ]

Mask of Sorrow

UNK

surge

27,948

surge in political purges

VERB

Great Purge

14,373

surge

2

14,485

[ "There", "were", "numerous", "exiled", "German", "communists", "in", "Moscow", ",", "and", "they", "all", "used", "to", "report", "on", "one", "another", "to", "the", "Soviet", "authorities", "during", "the", "surge", "in", "political", "purges", "that", "ac...

[ 24, 25, 26, 27 ]

Albert Hotopp

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,374

purged

2

14,486

[ "In", "emailed", "comments", "to", "the", "''", "Wall", "Street", "Journal", "''", "in", "January", "2014", ",", "Gülen", "said", "that", "\"", "Turkish", "people", "...", "are", "upset", "that", "in", "the", "last", "two", "years", "democratic", "progress...

[ 206 ]

Fethullah Gülen

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,375

purge

2

14,487

[ "While", "the", "accusation", "of", "lax", "security", "in", "the", "Kremlin", "was", "the", "pretext", "for", "humiliating", "Yenukidze", ",", "the", "real", "reason", "may", "have", "been", "his", "failure", "to", "contribute", "adequately", "to", "the", "...

[ 213 ]

Avel Yenukidze

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,376

Terror

2

14,488

[ "The", "traditional", "approach", "to", "the", "Soviet", "history", "emphasized", "the", "importance", "of", "totalitarian", "system", ",", "including", "the", "personality", "cult", "and", "the", "almost", "unlimited", "powers", "of", "the", "\"", "great", "lea...

[ 127, 128 ]

J. Arch Getty

UNK

purges

27,948

political purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,377

purge

2

14,489

[ "During", "the", "18th", "century", ",", "Seel", "'s", "German-speaking", "ancestors", "were", "among", "those", "invited", "by", "Catherine", "the", "Great", "(", "and", "her", "son", "Paul", "and", "grandson", "Alexander", "who", "ruled", "after", "her", "...

[ 67, 68 ]

Under Jakob's Ladder

UNK

started

27,948

started a process

VERB

Great Purge

14,378

start

2

14,490

[ "Panarin", "says", "he", "is", "a", "supporter", "of", "Russia", "as", "a", "superstate", "but", "claims", "that", "Russia", "presently", "has", "no", "imperial", "ambitions", ".", "He", "also", "supports", "Pan-Eurasian", "nationalism", "of", "Nikolai", "Trub...

[ 75, 76, 77 ]

Igor Panarin