Intel/WEC-Eng · Datasets at Hugging Face

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UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,379	Terror	2	14,491	[ "The", "title", "alludes", "to", "Stalin", "'s", "nickname", "\"", "Koba", "\"", ",", "and", "the", "estimated", "20", "million", "deaths", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "during", "Stalin", "'s", "rule", "due", "to", "starvation", ",", "torture", ",", ...	[ 41, 42 ]	Koba the Dread
UNK	purges	27,948	purges of his own military	NOUN	Great Purge	14,380	purge	2	14,492	[ "The", "Point", "of", "divergence", "is", "that", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "of", "his", "own", "military", "(", "1936", "–", "1938", ")", "were", "far", "more", "costly", "than", "in", "reality", ";", "in", "this", "version", ",", "Georgy", ...	[ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]	Counting Up, Counting Down
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,381	Terror	2	14,493	[ "Butovo", "Firing", "Range", "or", "Butovo", "Shooting", "Range", ",", "(", "Russian", ":", "Бутовский", "полигон", ")", "is", "a", "former", "private", "estate", "near", "the", "village", "of", "Drozhzhino", "(", "Russian", ":", "Дрожжино", ")", "in", "Le...	[ 125, 126 ]	Butovo firing range
UNK	terror	27,948	Stalinist terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,382	terror	2	14,494	[ "The", "state", "security", "police", "(", "the", "KGB", "and", "its", "predecessor", "agencies", ")", "played", "an", "important", "role", "in", "Soviet", "politics", ".", "It", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "Stalinist", "terror", ",", "but", "after",...	[ 25, 26 ]	Soviet Union
UNK	purging	27,948	purging	VERB	Great Purge	14,383	purge	2	14,495	[ "The", "Soviet", "forces", "were", "apparently", "unprepared", "despite", "numerous", "warnings", "from", "a", "variety", "of", "sources", ".", "They", "suffered", "much", "damage", "in", "the", "field", "because", "of", "mediocre", "officers", ",", "partial", ...	[ 50 ]	Red Army
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalinist repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,384	repression	2	14,496	[ "Gorenstein", "was", "born", "into", "a", "Jewish", "family", ",", "his", "father", ",", "Naum", "Isaevich", "Gorenstein", "(", "1902", "—", "1937", ")", ",", "was", "a", "professor", "of", "political", "economy", ".", "His", "mother", ",", "Enna", "Abra...	[ 40, 41 ]	Friedrich Gorenstein
UNK	persecutions	27,948	Stalinist persecutions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,385	persecution	2	14,497	[ "Similar", "to", "many", "of", "those", "involved", "in", "the", "political", "affairs", "of", "the", "Azerbaijan", "Democratic", "Republic", "in", "1918", "–", "1920", ",", "Malik-Aslanov", "was", "subject", "to", "Stalinist", "persecutions", ".", "He", "was"...	[ 24, 25 ]	Khudadat bey Malik-Aslanov
UNK	repressions	27,948	massive repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,386	repression	2	14,498	[ "Pospelov", "Commission", "was", "a", "commission", "of", "the", "Central", "Committee", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "Presidium", "headed", "by", "Pyotr", "Pospelov", "whose", "findings", "had", "laid", "the", "basis", "a...	[ 68, 69 ]	Pospelov Commission
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,387	Terror	2	14,499	[ "In", "1936", ",", "Dikiy", "was", "ordered", "out", "of", "Moscow", ",", "then", "he", "was", "appointed", "the", "director", "of", "the", "Bolshoi", "Drama", "Theater", "(", "BDT", ")", "in", "Leningrad", ".", "There", "he", "began", "his", "lifelong",...	[ 57, 58 ]	Aleksei Dikiy
UNK	Repression	27,948	Stalin 's Repression	NOUN	Great Purge	14,388	repression	2	14,500	[ "Alakbar", "was", "among", "the", "first", "to", "be", "arrested", "in", "what", "would", "later", "be", "termed", "as", "Stalin", "'s", "Repression", ",", "in", "which", "70,000", "Azerbaijanis", "were", "executed", "or", "exiled", "along", "with", "hundred...	[ 15, 16, 17 ]	Alakbar Rezaguliyev
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,389	purge	2	14,501	[ "Born", "in", "Kutaisi", ",", "he", "graduated", "from", "the", "Moscow", "University", "in", "1914", ".", "Returning", "to", "Georgia", ",", "Gaprindashvili", "was", "one", "of", "the", "founder", "members", "of", "the", "Symbolist", "group", "Blue", "Horns...	[ 200 ]	Valerian Gaprindashvili
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,390	Terror	2	14,502	[ "Lukács", "and", "his", "wife", "were", "not", "permitted", "to", "leave", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "until", "after", "the", "Second", "World", "War", ".", "During", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Purge", ",", "Lukacs", "was", "sent", "to", "internal", "exile"...	[ 51, 52 ]	György Lukács
UNK	purging	27,948	purging of the party	VERB	Great Purge	14,391	purge	2	14,503	[ "Malenkov", "was", "in", "charge", "of", "keeping", "records", "on", "the", "members", "of", "the", "Soviet", "communist", "party", "–", "two", "million", "files", "were", "made", "under", "his", "supervision", "during", "the", "next", "ten", "years", ".", ...	[ 50, 51, 52, 53 ]	Georgy Malenkov
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,392	purge	2	14,504	[ "Later", ",", "Koval", "was", "recruited", "by", "the", "Soviet", "Main", "Intelligence", "Directorate", "(", "Главное", "Разведывательное", "Управление", ")", ",", "or", "GRU", ".", "By", "the", "time", "he", "received", "his", "degree", "he", "had", "left"...	[ 80, 81, 82 ]	George Koval
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,393	purge	2	14,505	[ "Leonidze", "was", "born", "in", "the", "village", "of", "Patardzeuli", "in", "the", "eastern", "Georgian", "province", "of", "Kakheti", ".", "He", "graduated", "from", "the", "Tbilisi", "Theological", "Seminary", "in", "1918", "and", "continued", "his", "stud...	[ 146 ]	Giorgi Leonidze
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,394	Terror	2	14,506	[ "The", "attention", "of", "the", "audience", "was", "then", "drawn", "to", "Lenin", "'s", "Testament", ",", "copies", "of", "which", "had", "been", "distributed", ",", "criticising", "Stalin", "'s", "\"", "rudeness", "\"", ".", "Further", "accusations", ",",...	[ 54, 55 ]	20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,395	Terror	2	14,507	[ "Zinoviev", "was", "a", "chief", "defendant", "in", "a", "1936", "show", "trial", ",", "the", "Trial", "of", "the", "Sixteen", ",", "that", "marked", "the", "start", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", "in", "the", "USSR", "and", "resulted", "in", "his", "...	[ 23, 24 ]	Grigory Zinoviev
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,396	purge	2	14,508	[ "William", "E.", "Odom", ",", "former", "director", "of", "the", "U.S.", "National", "Security", "Agency", "and", "author", "of", "''", "The", "Collapse", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Military", "''", ",", "says", "that", "Rust", "'s", "flight", "irreparably", ...	[ 87, 88, 89 ]	Mathias Rust
UNK	purge	27,948	purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,397	purge	2	14,509	[ "Further", "complicating", "matters", ",", "the", "purge", "of", "the", "People", "'s", "Commissariat", "for", "Foreign", "Affairs", "forced", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "to", "close", "down", "quite", "a", "number", "of", "embassies", "abroad", ".", "At", "t...	[ 5 ]	Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,398	Terror	2	14,510	[ "In", "1937", "–", "1938", "NKVD", "conducted", "mass", "operations", "\"", "for", "the", "destruction", "of", "espionage", "and", "sabotage", "contingents", "\"", "(", "known", "as", "National", "operations", "of", "NKVD", ")", "among", "diaspora", "nationali...	[ 59, 60 ]	Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,399	purge	2	14,511	[ "He", "left", "the", "Communist", "Party", "in", "response", "to", "the", "revelation", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", ",", "and", "in", "1956", ",", "moved", "to", "California", "with", "his", "wife", "and", "two-year-old", "son", ",", "Pete", "(", "b....	[ 13 ]	Abraham Osheroff
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,400	purge	2	14,512	[ "Khakamada", "was", "born", "to", "a", "Japanese", "father", ",", "Mutsuo", "Hakamada", ",", "a", "communist", "who", "defected", "to", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "in", "1939", ".", "Her", "mother", "-", "Nina", "Sinelnikova", ",", "with", "Russian", "and",...	[ 43, 44 ]	Irina Khakamada
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,401	Terror	2	14,513	[ "Fitin", "became", "deputy", "chief", "of", "the", "NKVD", "'s", "foreign", "intelligence", "in", "1938", ",", "then", "a", "year", "later", "at", "the", "age", "of", "thirty-one", "became", "chief", ".", "The", "Russian", "Foreign", "Intelligence", "Service...	[ 42, 43 ]	First Chief Directorate
UNK	purge	27,948	Stalinist purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,402	purge	2	14,514	[ "In", "1929", ",", "the", "church", "was", "closed", "by", "the", "Soviet", "government", ".", "Life", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "turned", "out", "to", "be", "hard", ".", "The", "famine", "of", "1932", "–", "1933", "renewed", "interest", "in", "t...	[ 83, 84 ]	Gammalsvenskby
UNK	purges	27,948	great Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,403	purge	2	14,515	[ "Maclean", "was", "in", "Moscow", "until", "late", "1939", ",", "and", "so", "was", "present", "during", "the", "great", "Stalinist", "purges", ",", "observing", "the", "fates", "of", "Bukharin", "and", "other", "Russian", "revolutionaries", ".", "Although", ...	[ 14, 15, 16 ]	Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror of 1937	PROPN	Great Purge	14,404	Terror	2	14,516	[ "A", "leader", "of", "the", "clandestine", "Narodnaya", "Volya", "(", "People", "'s", "Will", ")", "group", ",", "which", "advocated", "the", "use", "of", "terror", "to", "achieve", "a", "revolutionary", "overthrow", "of", "the", "government", ",", "Figner",...	[ 161, 162, 163, 164 ]	Vera Figner
UNK	purged	27,948	had purged military experts	VERB	Great Purge	14,405	purge	2	14,517	[ "Häyhä", "served", "as", "a", "sniper", "for", "the", "Finnish", "Army", "during", "the", "1939", "–", "40", "Winter", "War", "between", "Finland", "and", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "He", "was", "in", "the", "6th", "Company", "of", "JR", "34", "dur...	[ 80, 81, 82, 83 ]	Simo Häyhä
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,406	Terror	2	14,518	[ "Although", "some", "critics", "may", "note", "that", "Voloshin", "'s", "poetry", "\"", "may", "be", "esthetically", "inferior", "to", "that", "of", "Pasternak", ",", "say", ",", "or", "Akhmatova", ",", "and", "it", "is", "somewhat", "patchy", ",", "\"", ...	[ 152, 153 ]	Maximilian Voloshin
UNK	terror	27,948	Stalinist terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,407	terror	2	14,519	[ "The", "crux", "of", "Nolte", "'s", "thesis", "was", "presented", "when", "he", "wrote", ":", "\"", "It", "is", "a", "notable", "shortcoming", "of", "the", "literature", "about", "National", "Socialism", "that", "it", "does", "not", "know", "or", "does", ...	[ 663, 664 ]	Historikerstreit
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,408	Terror	2	14,520	[ "Another", "controversial", "statement", "by", "Nolte", "in", "''", "Der", "europäische", "Bürgerkrieg", "''", "was", "his", "comment", "that", "the", "''", "Kristallnacht", "''", "pogrom", "was", "not", "that", "bad", "as", "pogroms", "in", "Imperial", "Russi...	[ 56, 57 ]	Historikerstreit
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,409	Terror	2	14,521	[ "Largely", "the", "same", "groups", "were", "responsible", "for", "the", "mass", "killing", "operations", "during", "the", "civil", "war", ",", "collectivisation", ",", "and", "the", "Great", "Terror", ".", "These", "groups", "were", "associated", "with", "Yef...	[ 20, 21 ]	Ukraine
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,410	purge	2	14,522	[ "Guard", "Regiment", "Hugo", "Eberlein", ",", "officially", "''", "Wachregiment", "\"", "Hugo", "Eberlein", "\"", "''", "and", "also", "known", "as", "''", "NVA", "Wachregiment", "2", "''", ",", "was", "a", "military", "unit", "which", "provided", "security"...	[ 96, 97, 98 ]	Guard Regiment Hugo Eberlein
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,411	Terror	2	14,523	[ "Sandarmokh", "(", ";", ")", "is", "a", "forest", "massif", "from", "Medvezhyegorsk", "in", "the", "Republic", "of", "Karelia", "where", "thousands", "of", "victims", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", "were", "executed", ".", "Over", "9,000", "people"...	[ 22, 23 ]	Sandarmokh
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,412	purge	2	14,524	[ "During", "World", "War", "II", ",", "Stalin", "severely", "suppressed", "the", "native", "Finnish-speaking", "population", "(", "Ingrian", "Finns", ")", "by", "population", "transfers", ",", "collectivization", "and", "purges", ",", "such", "that", "border", "z...	[ 22 ]	Finland–Russia border
UNK	years	27,948	terror years	NOUN	Great Purge	14,413	year	2	14,525	[ "One", "of", "Mezhrabpomfilm", "'s", "last", "films", "was", "Gustav", "von", "Wangenheim", "'s", "''", "Fighters", "''", "(", "1936", ")", ",", "about", "German", "workers", "fighting", "the", "Nazi", "Brownshirts", "and", "the", "SS", "in", "1933", ".", ...	[ 73, 74 ]	Mezhrabpomfilm
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,414	purge	2	14,526	[ "In", "1929", ",", "representing", "the", "Communist", "Party", ",", "she", "took", "a", "full-time", "job", "as", "a", "councillor", "in", "central", "Berlin", ".", "However", ",", "the", "party", "conflicts", "and", "accompanying", "purges", "in", "Moscow"...	[ 27 ]	Frieda Rosenthal
UNK	epidemic	27,948	epidemic of political disappearances	NOUN	Great Purge	14,415	epidemic	2	14,527	[ "Clara", "Zetkin", "died", "on", "20", "June", "1933", "at", "Arkhangelskoye", ",", "a", "short", "distance", "outside", "Moscow", ".", "As", "a", "high-profile", "communist", ",", "friend", "of", "Rosa", "Luxemburg", "and", "feminist", "activist", "over", "...	[ 96, 97, 98, 99 ]	Kostja Zetkin
UNK	purges	27,948	the political purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,416	purge	2	14,528	[ "Fifteen", "years", "later", ",", "after", "her", "husband", "had", "been", "murdered", "in", "the", "Oranienburg", "concentration", "camp", "near", "Berlin", ",", "she", "made", "her", "way", "to", "Moscow", ",", "hoping", "to", "arrange", "for", "the", "...	[ 56, 57, 58 ]	Zenzl Mühsam
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,417	Terror	2	14,529	[ "Something", "that", "would", "have", "been", "impossible", "before", "1989", "was", "Plener", "'s", "contribution", "on", "the", "Stalin", "years", "in", "Moscow", ".", "In", "1997", "she", "published", "\"", "Frauenschicksale", "unter", "Stalin", "\"", "(", ...	[ 70, 71 ]	Ulla Plener
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,418	Terror	2	14,530	[ "A", "great", "uncle", "on", "Svetlana", "'s", "mother", "'s", "side", ",", "Efim", "Dreizer", ",", "was", "a", "victim", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", "of", "the", "1930s", ".", "He", "was", "arrested", ",", "confessed", "under", "duress", ",", "tri...	[ 18, 19 ]	Svetlana Chervonnaya
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,419	purge	2	14,531	[ "In", "1935", "he", "was", "one", "of", "several", "exiled", "German", "Communists", "who", "relocated", "from", "Paris", "to", "Moscow", ",", "where", "by", "March", "1935", "he", "had", "accepted", "an", "invitation", "to", "become", "a", "teacher", "at"...	[ 93, 94 ]	Fred Oelßner
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,420	Terror	2	14,532	[ "The", "writer", "at", "his", "home", "office", "where", "he", "usually", "worked", ".", "1947", ".", "''", "«", "Yaroslav", "Halan", "is", "a", "talented", "publicist", ",", "was", "a", "progressive", "writer", "in", "the", "past", ".", "Nowadays", "he"...	[ 304, 305 ]	Yaroslav Halan
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,421	purge	2	14,533	[ "Itzik", "Feffer", "(", "10", "September", "1900", "–", "12", "August", "1952", ")", ",", "also", "Fefer", "(", "Yiddish", "איציק", "פֿעפֿער", ",", "Russian", "Ицик", "Фефер", ",", "Исаàк", "Соломòнович", "Фèфер", ")", "was", "a", "Soviet", "Yiddish"...	[ 44 ]	Itzik Feffer
UNK	purges	27,948	military purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,422	purge	2	14,534	[ "He", "was", "a", "major", "proponent", "of", "the", "modernization", "of", "Soviet", "armament", "and", "army", "force", "structure", "in", "the", "1920s", "and", "1930s", "and", "became", "instrumental", "in", "the", "development", "of", "Soviet", "aviation"...	[ 70, 71 ]	Mikhail Tukhachevsky
UNK	purge	27,948	great purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,423	purge	2	14,535	[ "Tukhachevsky", "fervently", "criticised", "the", "Red", "Army", "’s", "performance", "during", "the", "1926", "Summer", "manoeuvres", ".", "He", "criticised", "the", "officer", "’s", "inability", "to", "determine", "what", "course", "of", "action", "to", "take"...	[ 160, 161 ]	Mikhail Tukhachevsky
UNK	purges	27,948	military purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,424	purge	2	14,536	[ "Alexander", "Ilyich", "Yegorov", "or", "Egorov", "(", ",", "''", "Alexandr", "Iljič", "Jegorov", "''", ")", "(", "–", "February", "23", ",", "1939", ")", ",", "was", "a", "Soviet", "military", "leader", "during", "the", "Russian", "Civil", "War", ",", ...	[ 97, 98 ]	Alexander Yegorov (soldier)
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,425	purge	2	14,537	[ "Although", "the", "rapid", "industrialization", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "experienced", "in", "the", "1930s", "had", "the", "potential", "to", "enable", "the", "Soviet", "Air", "Forces", "to", "be", "effective", "against", "the", "Luftwaffe", ",", "Stalin", ...	[ 27, 28, 29 ]	History of aerial warfare
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's deadly purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,426	purge	2	14,538	[ "Wasilewska", "at", "times", "favoured", "incorporation", "of", "Poland", "into", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "as", "a", "republic", ".", "She", "explained", "away", "Stalin", "'s", "deadly", "purges", "by", "arguing", "that", "death", "of", "an", "innocent", ...	[ 18, 19, 20, 21 ]	Wanda Wasilewska
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,427	purge	2	14,539	[ "As", "he", "would", "recall", "in", "1983", ",", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "touched", "Kuczynski", "personally", "in", "1942", "when", "he", "found", "himself", "required", "not", "merely", "to", "deliver", "to", "Hermann", "Duncker", "the", "news", "that",...	[ 7, 8, 9 ]	Jürgen Kuczynski
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,428	Terror	2	14,540	[ "From", "1932", "he", "headed", "the", "Central", "Archive", "Administration", "of", "the", "USSR", "and", "was", "editor", "of", "the", "magazine", "\"", "Red", "Archive", "\"", ".", "In", "December", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "Great", "Terror", "the"...	[ 28, 29 ]	Jānis Bērziņš-Ziemelis
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,429	Terror	2	14,541	[ "Chukovskaya", "fell", "in", "love", "with", "a", "young", "physicist", "of", "Jewish", "origin", ",", "Matvei", "Bronstein", ",", "and", "the", "two", "soon", "married", ".", "In", "the", "late", "1930s", ",", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", ...	[ 29, 30 ]	Lydia Chukovskaya
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,430	Terror	2	14,542	[ "Fitin", "became", "deputy", "chief", "of", "the", "NKVD", "'s", "foreign", "intelligence", "in", "1938", ",", "then", "a", "year", "later", "at", "the", "age", "of", "thirty-one", "became", "chief", ",", "with", "the", "rank", "of", "Lieutenant", "General...	[ 49, 50 ]	Pavel Fitin
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,431	purged	2	14,543	[ "The", "most", "difficult", "period", "came", "with", "World", "War", "II", ".", "Neu", "Samara", "was", "not", "purged", "to", "the", "extent", "of", "other", "German", "settlements", ",", "but", "almost", "the", "whole", "adult", "population", "was", "ev...	[ 14 ]	Neu Samara Colony
UNK	repressions	27,948	repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,432	repression	2	14,544	[ "Salman", "Mumtaz", "(", "pseudonymous", "of", "Salman", "Mammedamin", "oghlu", "Asgarov", ";", "May", "20", ",", "1884", "–", "September", "6", ",", "1941", ")", "was", "a", "renowned", "Azerbaijani", "literary", "scholar", "and", "poet", ".", "He", "was"...	[ 68 ]	Salman Mumtaz
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,433	purge	2	14,545	[ "In", "1942", "Brecht", "'s", "reluctance", "to", "help", "Carola", "Neher", ",", "who", "died", "in", "a", "gulag", "prison", "in", "the", "USSR", "after", "being", "arrested", "during", "the", "1936", "purges", ",", "caused", "much", "controversy", "amon...	[ 25 ]	Bertolt Brecht
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,434	purged	2	14,546	[ "Nanuli", "Shevardnadze", "(", ")", "née", "Tsagareishvili", "(", "ცაგარეიშვილი", ")", "(", "9", "March", "1929", "–", "20", "October", "2004", ")", "was", "a", "Soviet", "and", "Georgian", "journalist", "and", "activist", ".", "Nanuli", "'s", "father", "R...	[ 33 ]	Nanuli Shevardnadze
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,435	Terror	2	14,547	[ "During", "the", "1930s", ",", "Rudas", "worked", "at", "the", "Marx-Engels-Lenin", "Institute", "in", "Moscow", "and", "contributed", "frequently", "to", "the", "theoretical", "journal", "''", "Pod", "znamenem", "marksizma", "''", "(", "\"", "Under", "the", "...	[ 46, 47 ]	László Rudas
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,436	purge	2	14,548	[ "However", ",", "the", "very", "independence", "that", "originally", "inspired", "the", "new", "Academy", "caused", "it", "to", "run", "afoul", "of", "Joseph", "Stalin", ",", "and", "he", "abolished", "it", "in", "1936", ",", "an", "early", "manifestation", ...	[ 34 ]	Communist Academy
UNK	purge	27,948	great purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,437	purge	2	14,549	[ "Immediately", "after", "the", "assassination", "of", "Sergey", "Kirov", "in", "Leningrad", "on", "1", "December", "1934", ",", "Agranov", "was", "entrusted", "with", "the", "organization", "of", "mass", "reprisals", "in", "the", "city", ".", "Stalin", "ordere...	[ 97, 98 ]	Yakov Agranov
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,438	purge	2	14,550	[ "Acharian", "was", "born", "in", "Istanbul", "(", "Constantinople", ")", "on", "8", "March", "1876", "to", "Armenian", "parents", ".", "Acharian", "was", "blinded", "in", "one", "eye", "at", "an", "early", "age", ".", "His", "father", ",", "Hakob", ",", ...	[ 289, 290 ]	Hrachia Acharian
UNK	purges	27,948	purges of the 1930s	NOUN	Great Purge	14,439	purge	2	14,551	[ "Despite", "a", "consensus", "at", "the", "highest", "levels", "of", "the", "US", "and", "British", "governments", "that", "it", "would", "be", "necessary", "\"", "to", "liquidate", "Sukarno", "\"", ",", "as", "related", "in", "a", "CIA", "memorandum", "fr...	[ 167, 168, 169, 170 ]	Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66
UNK	terror	27,948	secret police terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,440	terror	2	14,552	[ "Yaroslavsky", "was", "named", "a", "member", "of", "the", "governing", "Central", "Committee", "of", "the", "Bolshevik", "Party", "in", "1919", "as", "a", "candidate", "member", "and", "was", "promoted", "to", "full", "membership", "in", "1921", ".", "He", ...	[ 56, 57, 58 ]	Yemelyan Yaroslavsky
UNK	terror	27,948	Stalin 's terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,441	terror	2	14,553	[ "William", "Shawcross", "wrote", "in", "his", "book", "''", "The", "Quality", "of", "Mercy", ":", "Cambodia", ",", "Holocaust", "and", "Modern", "Conscience", "''", "(", "1984", ")", "about", "Pilger", "'s", "series", "of", "articles", "about", "Cambodia", ...	[ 146, 147, 148 ]	Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,442	Terror	2	14,554	[ "The", "family", "has", "produced", "several", "military", "officers", "and", "intellectuals", ".", "Many", "of", "them", "made", "career", "in", "the", "Imperial", "Russian", "service", ".", "A", "notable", "example", "was", "the", "seasoned", "prince", "Kaik...	[ 210, 211 ]	Mikeladze
UNK	purge	27,948	purge	NOUN	Great Purge	14,443	purge	2	14,555	[ "Matters", "came", "to", "a", "head", "in", "1937", "when", "Hitler", "decided", "to", "help", "Joseph", "Stalin", "in", "the", "latter", "'s", "purge", "of", "the", "Soviet", "military", ".", "Hitler", "ordered", "that", "the", "German", "Army", "staff", ...	[ 18 ]	Abwehr
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,444	Terror	2	14,556	[ "The", "book", "charts", "the", "history", "of", "the", "Gulag", "organization", "from", "its", "beginnings", "under", "Lenin", "and", "the", "Solovki", "prison", "camp", "to", "the", "construction", "of", "the", "White", "Sea", "Canal", "through", "its", "e...	[ 33, 34 ]	Gulag: A History
UNK	reign	27,948	reign of terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,445	reign	2	14,557	[ "Autorkhanov", "authored", "numerous", "books", "and", "articles", "on", "the", "history", "and", "core", "issues", "of", "Communism", ".", "His", "book", "''", "Staline", "au", "pouvoir", "''", "(", "''", "The", "Reign", "of", "Stalin", "''", ")", ",", ...	[ 41, 42, 43 ]	Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,446	Terror	2	14,558	[ "During", "the", "Ukrainian", "Civil", "War", ",", "a", "number", "of", "Ukrainian", "Mennonites", "died", "at", "the", "hands", "of", "anarcho-communist", "makhnovites", ".", "During", "the", "Soviet", "period", ",", "many", "Mennonites", "were", "persecuted", ...	[ 66, 67 ]	Protestantism in Ukraine
UNK	purges	27,948	Soviet purges of the 1930s	NOUN	Great Purge	14,447	purge	2	14,559	[ "He", "was", "born", "in", "1917", "in", "Warsaw", ",", "of", "Jewish", "parents", ",", "and", "as", "a", "law", "student", "was", "active", "in", "student", "politics", "at", "the", "Józef", "Piłsudski", "(", "Warsaw", ")", "University", ".", "His", "...	[ 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 ]	Richard Krygier
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,448	Terror	2	14,560	[ "During", "the", "Great", "Terror", ",", "the", "distortion", "of", "interests", ",", "whereby", "unions", "fought", "for", "state", "production", "interests", "rather", "than", "workers", "'", "direct", "interests", "of", "compensation", "and", "safety", ",", ...	[ 2, 3 ]	Trade unions in the Soviet Union
UNK	series	27,948	a series of purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,449	series	2	14,561	[ "Arrested", "in", "one", "of", "a", "series", "of", "purges", "targeting", "Soviet", "artists", "and", "cultural", "leaders", "in", "1937", "–", "38", ",", "Gusman", "was", "accused", "of", "having", "written", "ideologically", "unsound", "scripts", "in", "t...	[ 4, 5, 6, 7 ]	Boris Gusman
UNK	terror	27,948	stalinist terror	NOUN	Great Purge	14,450	terror	2	14,562	[ "After", "her", "parent", "'s", "arrest", "in", "1937", "during", "the", "stalinist", "terror", ",", "she", "lived", "in", "The", "Kanaker", "Children", "'s", "home", ".", "She", "studied", "philology", "at", "Yerevan", "State", "University", ".", "Arpenik",...	[ 9, 10 ]	Arpenik Charents
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,451	purge	2	14,563	[ "Huseyn", "Javid", "(", ")", ",", "born", "Huseyn", "Abdulla", "oglu", "Rasizadeh", "(", "24", "October", "1882", ",", "Nakhchivan", "–", "5", "December", "1941", ",", "Shevchenko", ",", "Tayshetsky", "District", ")", ",", "was", "a", "prominent", "Azerbai...	[ 61, 62 ]	Huseyn Javid
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,452	purge	2	14,564	[ "After", "Hitler", "had", "taken", "power", "Sperber", "was", "taken", "to", "jail", ",", "but", "was", "released", "after", "a", "few", "weeks", "on", "the", "grounds", "that", "he", "was", "an", "Austrian", "citizen", ".", "He", "emigrated", "first", "...	[ 59, 60 ]	Manès Sperber
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,453	purged	2	14,565	[ "<", "!", "--", "Deleted", "image", "removed", ":", "In", "1937", ",", "however", ",", "Stalin", "purged", "the", "Red", "Army", "of", "its", "best", "military", "leaders", ".", "Fearing", "that", "the", "military", "posed", "a", "threat", "to", "his", ...	[ 13 ]	Military history of the Soviet Union
UNK	purge	27,948	purge of the military 's leadership	NOUN	Great Purge	14,454	purge	2	14,566	[ "The", "Red", "Army", "'s", "focus", "on", "mobile", "operations", "in", "the", "early", "1930s", "was", "gravely", "disrupted", "by", "Stalin", "'s", "purge", "of", "the", "military", "'s", "leadership", ".", "Since", "the", "new", "doctrines", "were", "a...	[ 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]	Military history of the Soviet Union
UNK	Show	27,948	Show trials	NOUN	Great Purge	14,455	show	2	14,567	[ "''", "Arrival", "and", "Departure", "''", "(", "1943", ")", "is", "the", "third", "novel", "of", "Arthur", "Koestler", "'s", "trilogy", "concerning", "the", "conflict", "between", "morality", "and", "expedience", "(", "as", "described", "in", "the", "postsc...	[ 74, 75 ]	Arrival and Departure
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,456	purge	2	14,568	[ "Gamsakhurdia", "survived", "the", "Joseph", "Stalin-Lavrentiy", "Beria", "purges", ",", "which", "destroyed", "a", "large", "part", "of", "Georgian", "literary", "society", ",", "but", "resolutely", "refused", "to", "denounce", "others", ".", "He", "had", "to",...	[ 6 ]	Konstantine Gamsakhurdia
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,457	Terror	2	14,569	[ "Dreiser", "was", "a", "committed", "socialist", "and", "wrote", "several", "nonfiction", "books", "on", "political", "issues", ".", "These", "included", "''", "Dreiser", "Looks", "at", "Russia", "''", "(", "1928", ")", ",", "the", "result", "of", "his", "...	[ 75, 76 ]	Theodore Dreiser
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,458	purge	2	14,570	[ "Khrushchev", "was", "born", "in", "1894", "in", "the", "village", "of", "Kalinovka", ",", "which", "is", "close", "to", "the", "present-day", "border", "between", "Russia", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "He", "was", "employed", "as", "a", "metal", "worker", "dur...	[ 67 ]	Nikita Khrushchev
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,459	purge	2	14,571	[ "His", "father", "was", "imprisoned", "during", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "but", "survived", "16", "years", "in", "the", "gulags", ".", "Most", "of", "Yerofeyev", "'s", "childhood", "was", "spent", "in", "Kirovsk", ",", "Murmansk", "Oblast", ".", "He", "ma...	[ 5, 6, 7 ]	Venedikt Yerofeyev
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,460	Terror	2	14,572	[ "The", "British", "historian", "A.", "J.", "P.", "Taylor", "wrote", "in", "1945", "that", "National", "Socialism", "was", "inevitable", "because", "the", "Germans", "wanted", "\"", "to", "repudiate", "the", "equality", "with", "the", "peoples", "of", "(", "c...	[ 143, 144 ]	Anti-Polish sentiment
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalinist repressions	NOUN	Great Purge	14,461	repression	2	14,573	[ "In", "the", "fall", "of", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "Stalinist", "repressions", ",", "he", "was", "arrested", "again", ".", "Dzhunkovsky", "was", "sentenced", "to", "death", "and", "executed", "on", "February", "21", ",", "1938", ".", "He", "was", "...	[ 8, 9 ]	Vladimir Dzhunkovsky
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,462	purge	2	14,574	[ "As", "a", "small", "child", "with", "his", "mother", "in", "Saint", "Petersburg", ",", "Bers", "had", "cheered", "the", "Russian", "Revolution", "and", "the", "rise", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "but", "by", "the", "late", "1930s", "he", "had",...	[ 46 ]	Lipman Bers
UNK	purges	27,948	political purges of 1937	NOUN	Great Purge	14,463	purge	2	14,575	[ "The", "pioneers", "of", "sambo", "were", "Viktor", "Spiridonov", "and", "Vasili", "Oshchepkov", ".", "Oshchepkov", "died", "in", "prison", "as", "a", "result", "of", "the", "political", "purges", "of", "1937", "after", "accusations", "of", "being", "a", "Ja...	[ 20, 21, 22, 23 ]	Russian martial arts
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,464	purge	2	14,576	[ "After", "the", "prewar", "Communist", "Party", "of", "Poland", "was", "eliminated", "in", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "in", "1938", "(", "some", "five", "thousand", "Polish", "communists", "were", "brought", "to", "Russia", "and", "killed", ")", ",", "a", "...	[ 10, 11, 12 ]	History of Poland (1945–1989)
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalinist purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,465	purge	2	14,577	[ "From", "the", "early", "1920s", "until", "late", "1940s", "throughout", "the", "Stalinist", "purges", ",", "the", "Soviet", "government", "hauled", "the", "bodies", "of", "tortured", "and", "killed", "political", "prisoners", "to", "the", "pine", "forests", "...	[ 9, 10 ]	Bykivnia graves
UNK	Terror	27,948	the Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,466	Terror	2	14,578	[ "A", "document", "attesting", "to", "the", "origins", "of", "the", "Bykovnia", "victims", "was", "found", "by", "the", "Polish", "émigré", "historians", "in", "Nazi", "German", "archives", "after", "the", "war", ".", "Polish", "researchers", "estimate", "that"...	[ 36, 37, 38 ]	Bykivnia graves
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,467	Terror	2	14,579	[ "In", "addition", "to", "food", "shortages", ",", "the", "Gulag", "suffered", "from", "labor", "scarcity", "at", "the", "beginning", "of", "the", "war", ".", "The", "Great", "Terror", "of", "1936", "–", "1938", "had", "provided", "a", "large", "supply", ...	[ 20, 21 ]	Gulag
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,468	Terror	2	14,580	[ "Vlas", "Yakovlevich", "Chubar", "(", ";", ")", "(", "–", "26", "February", "1939", ")", "was", "a", "Ukrainian", "Bolshevik", "revolutionary", "and", "a", "Soviet", "politician", ".", "Chubar", "was", "arrested", "during", "the", "Great", "Terror", "of", ...	[ 27, 28 ]	Vlas Chubar
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,469	Terror	2	14,581	[ "Lajos", "Bebrits", "(", "14", "December", "1891", "–", "9", "August", "1963", ")", "was", "a", "Hungarian", "communist", "newspaper", "editor", "and", "politician", ".", "He", "is", "best", "remembered", "in", "the", "United", "States", "as", "the", "long...	[ 81, 82 ]	Lajos Bebrits
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,470	Terror	2	14,582	[ "Gleb", "Ivanovich", "Bokii", "(", "Глеб", "Иванович", "Бокий", ",", "1879", "–", "1937", ")", "was", "an", "ethnic", "Ukrainian", "Communist", "political", "activist", "and", "revolutionary", "in", "the", "Russian", "Empire", ".", "Following", "the", "October...	[ 109, 110 ]	Gleb Bokii
UNK	repressions	27,948	Stalin 's repressions and purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,471	repression	2	14,583	[ "Sixtiers", "(", "Russian", ":", "Шестидесятники", ",", "Ukrainian", ":", "Шістдесятники", ")", "were", "representatives", "of", "а", "new", "generation", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Intelligentsia", ",", "most", "of", "whom", "were", "born", "between", "1925", "a...	[ 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 ]	Sixtiers
UNK	arrested	27,948	arrested in 1936 and shot in 1937	VERB	Great Purge	14,472	arrest	2	14,584	[ "The", "Bolshoi", "Theatre", "commissioned", "the", "opera", "in", "1932", "intending", "it", "as", "a", "celebration", "of", "the", "15th", "anniversary", "of", "the", "October", "Revolution", ".", "Alexei", "Tolstoy", "and", "Alexander", "Starchakov", "were", ...	[ 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 ]	Orango (Shostakovich)
UNK	purges	27,948	Stalin 's purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,473	purge	2	14,585	[ "The", "Smith", "Act", "trials", "decimated", "the", "leadership", "ranks", "of", "the", "CPUSA", ".", "Immediately", "after", "the", "1949", "trial", ",", "the", "CPUSAalarmed", "at", "the", "undercover", "informants", "that", "had", "testified", "for", "the"...	[ 136, 137, 138 ]	Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders
UNK	purged	27,948	purged	ADJ	Great Purge	14,474	purged	2	14,586	[ "While", "many", "of", "Lysenko", "'s", "views", "on", "agriculture", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "prominence", ",", "predated", "his", "cooperation", "with", "Prezent", ",", "it", "was", "only", "after", "1934", "that", "his", "debate", "with", "the",...	[ 54 ]	Isaak Izrailevich Prezent
UNK	Terror	27,948	Great Terror	PROPN	Great Purge	14,475	Terror	2	14,587	[ "''", "Requiem", "''", "is", "an", "elegy", "by", "Anna", "Akhmatova", "about", "suffering", "of", "people", "under", "the", "Great", "Purge", ".", "It", "was", "written", "over", "three", "decades", ",", "between", "1935", "and", "1961", ".", "She", "ca...	[ 107, 108 ]	Requiem (Anna Akhmatova)
UNK	purges	27,948	purges	NOUN	Great Purge	14,476	purge	2	14,588	[ "After", "1933", ",", "when", "the", "Nazi", "Party", "seized", "control", "of", "the", "government", ",", "the", "Conciliators", "joined", "the", "German", "Resistance", ",", "both", "unaffiliated", "groups", "and", "those", "still", "in", "the", "KPD", ","...	[ 101 ]	Conciliator faction
UNK	arrest	27,948	arrest	NOUN	Great Purge	14,477	arrest	2	14,589	[ "After", "the", "arrest", "of", "his", "elder", "brother", "(", "David", "Taitz", ")", "in", "1938", "Taitz", "decided", "to", "leave", "TsAGI", "not", "waiting", "for", "his", "own", "arrest", "and", "worked", "as", "engineer-editor", "for", "the", "State...	[ 2 ]	Max Taitz
UNK	repressed	27,948	repressed	ADJ	Great Purge	14,478	repressed	2	14,590	[ "In", "1956", "then", "Chief", "of", "the", "institute", "insisted", "that", "Taitz", "should", "be", "assigned", "to", "the", "position", "of", "his", "deputy", ",", "even", "though", "a", "number", "of", "high", "level", "officials", "of", "the", "aviati...	[ 51 ]	Max Taitz

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,379

Terror

2

14,491

[ "The", "title", "alludes", "to", "Stalin", "'s", "nickname", "\"", "Koba", "\"", ",", "and", "the", "estimated", "20", "million", "deaths", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "during", "Stalin", "'s", "rule", "due", "to", "starvation", ",", "torture", ",", ...

[ 41, 42 ]

Koba the Dread

UNK

purges

27,948

purges of his own military

NOUN

Great Purge

14,380

purge

2

14,492

[ "The", "Point", "of", "divergence", "is", "that", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "of", "his", "own", "military", "(", "1936", "–", "1938", ")", "were", "far", "more", "costly", "than", "in", "reality", ";", "in", "this", "version", ",", "Georgy", ...

[ 9, 10, 11, 12, 13 ]

Counting Up, Counting Down

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,381

Terror

2

14,493

[ "Butovo", "Firing", "Range", "or", "Butovo", "Shooting", "Range", ",", "(", "Russian", ":", "Бутовский", "полигон", ")", "is", "a", "former", "private", "estate", "near", "the", "village", "of", "Drozhzhino", "(", "Russian", ":", "Дрожжино", ")", "in", "Le...

[ 125, 126 ]

Butovo firing range

UNK

terror

27,948

Stalinist terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,382

terror

2

14,494

[ "The", "state", "security", "police", "(", "the", "KGB", "and", "its", "predecessor", "agencies", ")", "played", "an", "important", "role", "in", "Soviet", "politics", ".", "It", "was", "instrumental", "in", "the", "Stalinist", "terror", ",", "but", "after",...

[ 25, 26 ]

Soviet Union

UNK

purging

27,948

purging

VERB

Great Purge

14,383

purge

2

14,495

[ "The", "Soviet", "forces", "were", "apparently", "unprepared", "despite", "numerous", "warnings", "from", "a", "variety", "of", "sources", ".", "They", "suffered", "much", "damage", "in", "the", "field", "because", "of", "mediocre", "officers", ",", "partial", ...

[ 50 ]

Red Army

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalinist repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,384

repression

2

14,496

[ "Gorenstein", "was", "born", "into", "a", "Jewish", "family", ",", "his", "father", ",", "Naum", "Isaevich", "Gorenstein", "(", "1902", "—", "1937", ")", ",", "was", "a", "professor", "of", "political", "economy", ".", "His", "mother", ",", "Enna", "Abra...

[ 40, 41 ]

Friedrich Gorenstein

UNK

persecutions

27,948

Stalinist persecutions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,385

persecution

2

14,497

[ "Similar", "to", "many", "of", "those", "involved", "in", "the", "political", "affairs", "of", "the", "Azerbaijan", "Democratic", "Republic", "in", "1918", "–", "1920", ",", "Malik-Aslanov", "was", "subject", "to", "Stalinist", "persecutions", ".", "He", "was"...

[ 24, 25 ]

Khudadat bey Malik-Aslanov

UNK

repressions

27,948

massive repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,386

repression

2

14,498

[ "Pospelov", "Commission", "was", "a", "commission", "of", "the", "Central", "Committee", "of", "the", "Communist", "Party", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "Presidium", "headed", "by", "Pyotr", "Pospelov", "whose", "findings", "had", "laid", "the", "basis", "a...

[ 68, 69 ]

Pospelov Commission

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,387

Terror

2

14,499

[ "In", "1936", ",", "Dikiy", "was", "ordered", "out", "of", "Moscow", ",", "then", "he", "was", "appointed", "the", "director", "of", "the", "Bolshoi", "Drama", "Theater", "(", "BDT", ")", "in", "Leningrad", ".", "There", "he", "began", "his", "lifelong",...

[ 57, 58 ]

Aleksei Dikiy

UNK

Repression

27,948

Stalin 's Repression

NOUN

Great Purge

14,388

repression

2

14,500

[ "Alakbar", "was", "among", "the", "first", "to", "be", "arrested", "in", "what", "would", "later", "be", "termed", "as", "Stalin", "'s", "Repression", ",", "in", "which", "70,000", "Azerbaijanis", "were", "executed", "or", "exiled", "along", "with", "hundred...

[ 15, 16, 17 ]

Alakbar Rezaguliyev

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,389

purge

2

14,501

[ "Born", "in", "Kutaisi", ",", "he", "graduated", "from", "the", "Moscow", "University", "in", "1914", ".", "Returning", "to", "Georgia", ",", "Gaprindashvili", "was", "one", "of", "the", "founder", "members", "of", "the", "Symbolist", "group", "Blue", "Horns...

[ 200 ]

Valerian Gaprindashvili

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,390

Terror

2

14,502

[ "Lukács", "and", "his", "wife", "were", "not", "permitted", "to", "leave", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "until", "after", "the", "Second", "World", "War", ".", "During", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Purge", ",", "Lukacs", "was", "sent", "to", "internal", "exile"...

[ 51, 52 ]

György Lukács

UNK

purging

27,948

purging of the party

VERB

Great Purge

14,391

purge

2

14,503

[ "Malenkov", "was", "in", "charge", "of", "keeping", "records", "on", "the", "members", "of", "the", "Soviet", "communist", "party", "–", "two", "million", "files", "were", "made", "under", "his", "supervision", "during", "the", "next", "ten", "years", ".", ...

[ 50, 51, 52, 53 ]

Georgy Malenkov

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,392

purge

2

14,504

[ "Later", ",", "Koval", "was", "recruited", "by", "the", "Soviet", "Main", "Intelligence", "Directorate", "(", "Главное", "Разведывательное", "Управление", ")", ",", "or", "GRU", ".", "By", "the", "time", "he", "received", "his", "degree", "he", "had", "left"...

[ 80, 81, 82 ]

George Koval

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,393

purge

2

14,505

[ "Leonidze", "was", "born", "in", "the", "village", "of", "Patardzeuli", "in", "the", "eastern", "Georgian", "province", "of", "Kakheti", ".", "He", "graduated", "from", "the", "Tbilisi", "Theological", "Seminary", "in", "1918", "and", "continued", "his", "stud...

[ 146 ]

Giorgi Leonidze

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,394

Terror

2

14,506

[ "The", "attention", "of", "the", "audience", "was", "then", "drawn", "to", "Lenin", "'s", "Testament", ",", "copies", "of", "which", "had", "been", "distributed", ",", "criticising", "Stalin", "'s", "\"", "rudeness", "\"", ".", "Further", "accusations", ",",...

[ 54, 55 ]

20th Congress of the Communist Party of the Soviet Union

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,395

Terror

2

14,507

[ "Zinoviev", "was", "a", "chief", "defendant", "in", "a", "1936", "show", "trial", ",", "the", "Trial", "of", "the", "Sixteen", ",", "that", "marked", "the", "start", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", "in", "the", "USSR", "and", "resulted", "in", "his", "...

[ 23, 24 ]

Grigory Zinoviev

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,396

purge

2

14,508

[ "William", "E.", "Odom", ",", "former", "director", "of", "the", "U.S.", "National", "Security", "Agency", "and", "author", "of", "''", "The", "Collapse", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Military", "''", ",", "says", "that", "Rust", "'s", "flight", "irreparably", ...

[ 87, 88, 89 ]

Mathias Rust

UNK

purge

27,948

purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,397

purge

2

14,509

[ "Further", "complicating", "matters", ",", "the", "purge", "of", "the", "People", "'s", "Commissariat", "for", "Foreign", "Affairs", "forced", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "to", "close", "down", "quite", "a", "number", "of", "embassies", "abroad", ".", "At", "t...

[ 5 ]

Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,398

Terror

2

14,510

[ "In", "1937", "–", "1938", "NKVD", "conducted", "mass", "operations", "\"", "for", "the", "destruction", "of", "espionage", "and", "sabotage", "contingents", "\"", "(", "known", "as", "National", "operations", "of", "NKVD", ")", "among", "diaspora", "nationali...

[ 59, 60 ]

Germany–Soviet Union relations, 1918–1941

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,399

purge

2

14,511

[ "He", "left", "the", "Communist", "Party", "in", "response", "to", "the", "revelation", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", ",", "and", "in", "1956", ",", "moved", "to", "California", "with", "his", "wife", "and", "two-year-old", "son", ",", "Pete", "(", "b....

[ 13 ]

Abraham Osheroff

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,400

purge

2

14,512

[ "Khakamada", "was", "born", "to", "a", "Japanese", "father", ",", "Mutsuo", "Hakamada", ",", "a", "communist", "who", "defected", "to", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "in", "1939", ".", "Her", "mother", "-", "Nina", "Sinelnikova", ",", "with", "Russian", "and",...

[ 43, 44 ]

Irina Khakamada

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,401

Terror

2

14,513

[ "Fitin", "became", "deputy", "chief", "of", "the", "NKVD", "'s", "foreign", "intelligence", "in", "1938", ",", "then", "a", "year", "later", "at", "the", "age", "of", "thirty-one", "became", "chief", ".", "The", "Russian", "Foreign", "Intelligence", "Service...

[ 42, 43 ]

First Chief Directorate

UNK

purge

27,948

Stalinist purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,402

purge

2

14,514

[ "In", "1929", ",", "the", "church", "was", "closed", "by", "the", "Soviet", "government", ".", "Life", "in", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "turned", "out", "to", "be", "hard", ".", "The", "famine", "of", "1932", "–", "1933", "renewed", "interest", "in", "t...

[ 83, 84 ]

Gammalsvenskby

UNK

purges

27,948

great Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,403

purge

2

14,515

[ "Maclean", "was", "in", "Moscow", "until", "late", "1939", ",", "and", "so", "was", "present", "during", "the", "great", "Stalinist", "purges", ",", "observing", "the", "fates", "of", "Bukharin", "and", "other", "Russian", "revolutionaries", ".", "Although", ...

[ 14, 15, 16 ]

Sir Fitzroy Maclean, 1st Baronet

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror of 1937

PROPN

Great Purge

14,404

Terror

2

14,516

[ "A", "leader", "of", "the", "clandestine", "Narodnaya", "Volya", "(", "People", "'s", "Will", ")", "group", ",", "which", "advocated", "the", "use", "of", "terror", "to", "achieve", "a", "revolutionary", "overthrow", "of", "the", "government", ",", "Figner",...

[ 161, 162, 163, 164 ]

Vera Figner

UNK

purged

27,948

had purged military experts

VERB

Great Purge

14,405

purge

2

14,517

[ "Häyhä", "served", "as", "a", "sniper", "for", "the", "Finnish", "Army", "during", "the", "1939", "–", "40", "Winter", "War", "between", "Finland", "and", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ".", "He", "was", "in", "the", "6th", "Company", "of", "JR", "34", "dur...

[ 80, 81, 82, 83 ]

Simo Häyhä

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,406

Terror

2

14,518

[ "Although", "some", "critics", "may", "note", "that", "Voloshin", "'s", "poetry", "\"", "may", "be", "esthetically", "inferior", "to", "that", "of", "Pasternak", ",", "say", ",", "or", "Akhmatova", ",", "and", "it", "is", "somewhat", "patchy", ",", "\"", ...

[ 152, 153 ]

Maximilian Voloshin

UNK

terror

27,948

Stalinist terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,407

terror

2

14,519

[ "The", "crux", "of", "Nolte", "'s", "thesis", "was", "presented", "when", "he", "wrote", ":", "\"", "It", "is", "a", "notable", "shortcoming", "of", "the", "literature", "about", "National", "Socialism", "that", "it", "does", "not", "know", "or", "does", ...

[ 663, 664 ]

Historikerstreit

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,408

Terror

2

14,520

[ "Another", "controversial", "statement", "by", "Nolte", "in", "''", "Der", "europäische", "Bürgerkrieg", "''", "was", "his", "comment", "that", "the", "''", "Kristallnacht", "''", "pogrom", "was", "not", "that", "bad", "as", "pogroms", "in", "Imperial", "Russi...

[ 56, 57 ]

Historikerstreit

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,409

Terror

2

14,521

[ "Largely", "the", "same", "groups", "were", "responsible", "for", "the", "mass", "killing", "operations", "during", "the", "civil", "war", ",", "collectivisation", ",", "and", "the", "Great", "Terror", ".", "These", "groups", "were", "associated", "with", "Yef...

[ 20, 21 ]

Ukraine

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,410

purge

2

14,522

[ "Guard", "Regiment", "Hugo", "Eberlein", ",", "officially", "''", "Wachregiment", "\"", "Hugo", "Eberlein", "\"", "''", "and", "also", "known", "as", "''", "NVA", "Wachregiment", "2", "''", ",", "was", "a", "military", "unit", "which", "provided", "security"...

[ 96, 97, 98 ]

Guard Regiment Hugo Eberlein

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,411

Terror

2

14,523

[ "Sandarmokh", "(", ";", ")", "is", "a", "forest", "massif", "from", "Medvezhyegorsk", "in", "the", "Republic", "of", "Karelia", "where", "thousands", "of", "victims", "of", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", "were", "executed", ".", "Over", "9,000", "people"...

[ 22, 23 ]

Sandarmokh

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,412

purge

2

14,524

[ "During", "World", "War", "II", ",", "Stalin", "severely", "suppressed", "the", "native", "Finnish-speaking", "population", "(", "Ingrian", "Finns", ")", "by", "population", "transfers", ",", "collectivization", "and", "purges", ",", "such", "that", "border", "z...

[ 22 ]

Finland–Russia border

UNK

years

27,948

terror years

NOUN

Great Purge

14,413

year

2

14,525

[ "One", "of", "Mezhrabpomfilm", "'s", "last", "films", "was", "Gustav", "von", "Wangenheim", "'s", "''", "Fighters", "''", "(", "1936", ")", ",", "about", "German", "workers", "fighting", "the", "Nazi", "Brownshirts", "and", "the", "SS", "in", "1933", ".", ...

[ 73, 74 ]

Mezhrabpomfilm

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,414

purge

2

14,526

[ "In", "1929", ",", "representing", "the", "Communist", "Party", ",", "she", "took", "a", "full-time", "job", "as", "a", "councillor", "in", "central", "Berlin", ".", "However", ",", "the", "party", "conflicts", "and", "accompanying", "purges", "in", "Moscow"...

[ 27 ]

Frieda Rosenthal

UNK

epidemic

27,948

epidemic of political disappearances

NOUN

Great Purge

14,415

epidemic

2

14,527

[ "Clara", "Zetkin", "died", "on", "20", "June", "1933", "at", "Arkhangelskoye", ",", "a", "short", "distance", "outside", "Moscow", ".", "As", "a", "high-profile", "communist", ",", "friend", "of", "Rosa", "Luxemburg", "and", "feminist", "activist", "over", "...

[ 96, 97, 98, 99 ]

Kostja Zetkin

UNK

purges

27,948

the political purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,416

purge

2

14,528

[ "Fifteen", "years", "later", ",", "after", "her", "husband", "had", "been", "murdered", "in", "the", "Oranienburg", "concentration", "camp", "near", "Berlin", ",", "she", "made", "her", "way", "to", "Moscow", ",", "hoping", "to", "arrange", "for", "the", "...

[ 56, 57, 58 ]

Zenzl Mühsam

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,417

Terror

2

14,529

[ "Something", "that", "would", "have", "been", "impossible", "before", "1989", "was", "Plener", "'s", "contribution", "on", "the", "Stalin", "years", "in", "Moscow", ".", "In", "1997", "she", "published", "\"", "Frauenschicksale", "unter", "Stalin", "\"", "(", ...

[ 70, 71 ]

Ulla Plener

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,418

Terror

2

14,530

[ "A", "great", "uncle", "on", "Svetlana", "'s", "mother", "'s", "side", ",", "Efim", "Dreizer", ",", "was", "a", "victim", "of", "the", "Great", "Terror", "of", "the", "1930s", ".", "He", "was", "arrested", ",", "confessed", "under", "duress", ",", "tri...

[ 18, 19 ]

Svetlana Chervonnaya

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,419

purge

2

14,531

[ "In", "1935", "he", "was", "one", "of", "several", "exiled", "German", "Communists", "who", "relocated", "from", "Paris", "to", "Moscow", ",", "where", "by", "March", "1935", "he", "had", "accepted", "an", "invitation", "to", "become", "a", "teacher", "at"...

[ 93, 94 ]

Fred Oelßner

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,420

Terror

2

14,532

[ "The", "writer", "at", "his", "home", "office", "where", "he", "usually", "worked", ".", "1947", ".", "''", "«", "Yaroslav", "Halan", "is", "a", "talented", "publicist", ",", "was", "a", "progressive", "writer", "in", "the", "past", ".", "Nowadays", "he"...

[ 304, 305 ]

Yaroslav Halan

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,421

purge

2

14,533

[ "Itzik", "Feffer", "(", "10", "September", "1900", "–", "12", "August", "1952", ")", ",", "also", "Fefer", "(", "Yiddish", "איציק", "פֿעפֿער", ",", "Russian", "Ицик", "Фефер", ",", "Исаàк", "Соломòнович", "Фèфер", ")", "was", "a", "Soviet", "Yiddish"...

[ 44 ]

Itzik Feffer

UNK

purges

27,948

military purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,422

purge

2

14,534

[ "He", "was", "a", "major", "proponent", "of", "the", "modernization", "of", "Soviet", "armament", "and", "army", "force", "structure", "in", "the", "1920s", "and", "1930s", "and", "became", "instrumental", "in", "the", "development", "of", "Soviet", "aviation"...

[ 70, 71 ]

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

UNK

purge

27,948

great purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,423

purge

2

14,535

[ "Tukhachevsky", "fervently", "criticised", "the", "Red", "Army", "’s", "performance", "during", "the", "1926", "Summer", "manoeuvres", ".", "He", "criticised", "the", "officer", "’s", "inability", "to", "determine", "what", "course", "of", "action", "to", "take"...

[ 160, 161 ]

Mikhail Tukhachevsky

UNK

purges

27,948

military purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,424

purge

2

14,536

[ "Alexander", "Ilyich", "Yegorov", "or", "Egorov", "(", ",", "''", "Alexandr", "Iljič", "Jegorov", "''", ")", "(", "–", "February", "23", ",", "1939", ")", ",", "was", "a", "Soviet", "military", "leader", "during", "the", "Russian", "Civil", "War", ",", ...

[ 97, 98 ]

Alexander Yegorov (soldier)

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,425

purge

2

14,537

[ "Although", "the", "rapid", "industrialization", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "experienced", "in", "the", "1930s", "had", "the", "potential", "to", "enable", "the", "Soviet", "Air", "Forces", "to", "be", "effective", "against", "the", "Luftwaffe", ",", "Stalin", ...

[ 27, 28, 29 ]

History of aerial warfare

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's deadly purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,426

purge

2

14,538

[ "Wasilewska", "at", "times", "favoured", "incorporation", "of", "Poland", "into", "the", "Soviet", "Union", "as", "a", "republic", ".", "She", "explained", "away", "Stalin", "'s", "deadly", "purges", "by", "arguing", "that", "death", "of", "an", "innocent", ...

[ 18, 19, 20, 21 ]

Wanda Wasilewska

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,427

purge

2

14,539

[ "As", "he", "would", "recall", "in", "1983", ",", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "touched", "Kuczynski", "personally", "in", "1942", "when", "he", "found", "himself", "required", "not", "merely", "to", "deliver", "to", "Hermann", "Duncker", "the", "news", "that",...

[ 7, 8, 9 ]

Jürgen Kuczynski

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,428

Terror

2

14,540

[ "From", "1932", "he", "headed", "the", "Central", "Archive", "Administration", "of", "the", "USSR", "and", "was", "editor", "of", "the", "magazine", "\"", "Red", "Archive", "\"", ".", "In", "December", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "Great", "Terror", "the"...

[ 28, 29 ]

Jānis Bērziņš-Ziemelis

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,429

Terror

2

14,541

[ "Chukovskaya", "fell", "in", "love", "with", "a", "young", "physicist", "of", "Jewish", "origin", ",", "Matvei", "Bronstein", ",", "and", "the", "two", "soon", "married", ".", "In", "the", "late", "1930s", ",", "Joseph", "Stalin", "'s", "Great", "Terror", ...

[ 29, 30 ]

Lydia Chukovskaya

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,430

Terror

2

14,542

[ "Fitin", "became", "deputy", "chief", "of", "the", "NKVD", "'s", "foreign", "intelligence", "in", "1938", ",", "then", "a", "year", "later", "at", "the", "age", "of", "thirty-one", "became", "chief", ",", "with", "the", "rank", "of", "Lieutenant", "General...

[ 49, 50 ]

Pavel Fitin

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,431

purged

2

14,543

[ "The", "most", "difficult", "period", "came", "with", "World", "War", "II", ".", "Neu", "Samara", "was", "not", "purged", "to", "the", "extent", "of", "other", "German", "settlements", ",", "but", "almost", "the", "whole", "adult", "population", "was", "ev...

[ 14 ]

Neu Samara Colony

UNK

repressions

27,948

repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,432

repression

2

14,544

[ "Salman", "Mumtaz", "(", "pseudonymous", "of", "Salman", "Mammedamin", "oghlu", "Asgarov", ";", "May", "20", ",", "1884", "–", "September", "6", ",", "1941", ")", "was", "a", "renowned", "Azerbaijani", "literary", "scholar", "and", "poet", ".", "He", "was"...

[ 68 ]

Salman Mumtaz

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,433

purge

2

14,545

[ "In", "1942", "Brecht", "'s", "reluctance", "to", "help", "Carola", "Neher", ",", "who", "died", "in", "a", "gulag", "prison", "in", "the", "USSR", "after", "being", "arrested", "during", "the", "1936", "purges", ",", "caused", "much", "controversy", "amon...

[ 25 ]

Bertolt Brecht

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,434

purged

2

14,546

[ "Nanuli", "Shevardnadze", "(", ")", "née", "Tsagareishvili", "(", "ცაგარეიშვილი", ")", "(", "9", "March", "1929", "–", "20", "October", "2004", ")", "was", "a", "Soviet", "and", "Georgian", "journalist", "and", "activist", ".", "Nanuli", "'s", "father", "R...

[ 33 ]

Nanuli Shevardnadze

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,435

Terror

2

14,547

[ "During", "the", "1930s", ",", "Rudas", "worked", "at", "the", "Marx-Engels-Lenin", "Institute", "in", "Moscow", "and", "contributed", "frequently", "to", "the", "theoretical", "journal", "''", "Pod", "znamenem", "marksizma", "''", "(", "\"", "Under", "the", "...

[ 46, 47 ]

László Rudas

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,436

purge

2

14,548

[ "However", ",", "the", "very", "independence", "that", "originally", "inspired", "the", "new", "Academy", "caused", "it", "to", "run", "afoul", "of", "Joseph", "Stalin", ",", "and", "he", "abolished", "it", "in", "1936", ",", "an", "early", "manifestation", ...

[ 34 ]

Communist Academy

UNK

purge

27,948

great purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,437

purge

2

14,549

[ "Immediately", "after", "the", "assassination", "of", "Sergey", "Kirov", "in", "Leningrad", "on", "1", "December", "1934", ",", "Agranov", "was", "entrusted", "with", "the", "organization", "of", "mass", "reprisals", "in", "the", "city", ".", "Stalin", "ordere...

[ 97, 98 ]

Yakov Agranov

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,438

purge

2

14,550

[ "Acharian", "was", "born", "in", "Istanbul", "(", "Constantinople", ")", "on", "8", "March", "1876", "to", "Armenian", "parents", ".", "Acharian", "was", "blinded", "in", "one", "eye", "at", "an", "early", "age", ".", "His", "father", ",", "Hakob", ",", ...

[ 289, 290 ]

Hrachia Acharian

UNK

purges

27,948

purges of the 1930s

NOUN

Great Purge

14,439

purge

2

14,551

[ "Despite", "a", "consensus", "at", "the", "highest", "levels", "of", "the", "US", "and", "British", "governments", "that", "it", "would", "be", "necessary", "\"", "to", "liquidate", "Sukarno", "\"", ",", "as", "related", "in", "a", "CIA", "memorandum", "fr...

[ 167, 168, 169, 170 ]

Indonesian mass killings of 1965–66

UNK

terror

27,948

secret police terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,440

terror

2

14,552

[ "Yaroslavsky", "was", "named", "a", "member", "of", "the", "governing", "Central", "Committee", "of", "the", "Bolshevik", "Party", "in", "1919", "as", "a", "candidate", "member", "and", "was", "promoted", "to", "full", "membership", "in", "1921", ".", "He", ...

[ 56, 57, 58 ]

Yemelyan Yaroslavsky

UNK

terror

27,948

Stalin 's terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,441

terror

2

14,553

[ "William", "Shawcross", "wrote", "in", "his", "book", "''", "The", "Quality", "of", "Mercy", ":", "Cambodia", ",", "Holocaust", "and", "Modern", "Conscience", "''", "(", "1984", ")", "about", "Pilger", "'s", "series", "of", "articles", "about", "Cambodia", ...

[ 146, 147, 148 ]

Year Zero: The Silent Death of Cambodia

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,442

Terror

2

14,554

[ "The", "family", "has", "produced", "several", "military", "officers", "and", "intellectuals", ".", "Many", "of", "them", "made", "career", "in", "the", "Imperial", "Russian", "service", ".", "A", "notable", "example", "was", "the", "seasoned", "prince", "Kaik...

[ 210, 211 ]

Mikeladze

UNK

purge

27,948

purge

NOUN

Great Purge

14,443

purge

2

14,555

[ "Matters", "came", "to", "a", "head", "in", "1937", "when", "Hitler", "decided", "to", "help", "Joseph", "Stalin", "in", "the", "latter", "'s", "purge", "of", "the", "Soviet", "military", ".", "Hitler", "ordered", "that", "the", "German", "Army", "staff", ...

[ 18 ]

Abwehr

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,444

Terror

2

14,556

[ "The", "book", "charts", "the", "history", "of", "the", "Gulag", "organization", "from", "its", "beginnings", "under", "Lenin", "and", "the", "Solovki", "prison", "camp", "to", "the", "construction", "of", "the", "White", "Sea", "Canal", "through", "its", "e...

[ 33, 34 ]

Gulag: A History

UNK

reign

27,948

reign of terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,445

reign

2

14,557

[ "Autorkhanov", "authored", "numerous", "books", "and", "articles", "on", "the", "history", "and", "core", "issues", "of", "Communism", ".", "His", "book", "''", "Staline", "au", "pouvoir", "''", "(", "''", "The", "Reign", "of", "Stalin", "''", ")", ",", ...

[ 41, 42, 43 ]

Abdurakhman Avtorkhanov

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,446

Terror

2

14,558

[ "During", "the", "Ukrainian", "Civil", "War", ",", "a", "number", "of", "Ukrainian", "Mennonites", "died", "at", "the", "hands", "of", "anarcho-communist", "makhnovites", ".", "During", "the", "Soviet", "period", ",", "many", "Mennonites", "were", "persecuted", ...

[ 66, 67 ]

Protestantism in Ukraine

UNK

purges

27,948

Soviet purges of the 1930s

NOUN

Great Purge

14,447

purge

2

14,559

[ "He", "was", "born", "in", "1917", "in", "Warsaw", ",", "of", "Jewish", "parents", ",", "and", "as", "a", "law", "student", "was", "active", "in", "student", "politics", "at", "the", "Józef", "Piłsudski", "(", "Warsaw", ")", "University", ".", "His", "...

[ 43, 44, 45, 46, 47 ]

Richard Krygier

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,448

Terror

2

14,560

[ "During", "the", "Great", "Terror", ",", "the", "distortion", "of", "interests", ",", "whereby", "unions", "fought", "for", "state", "production", "interests", "rather", "than", "workers", "'", "direct", "interests", "of", "compensation", "and", "safety", ",", ...

[ 2, 3 ]

Trade unions in the Soviet Union

UNK

series

27,948

a series of purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,449

series

2

14,561

[ "Arrested", "in", "one", "of", "a", "series", "of", "purges", "targeting", "Soviet", "artists", "and", "cultural", "leaders", "in", "1937", "–", "38", ",", "Gusman", "was", "accused", "of", "having", "written", "ideologically", "unsound", "scripts", "in", "t...

[ 4, 5, 6, 7 ]

Boris Gusman

UNK

terror

27,948

stalinist terror

NOUN

Great Purge

14,450

terror

2

14,562

[ "After", "her", "parent", "'s", "arrest", "in", "1937", "during", "the", "stalinist", "terror", ",", "she", "lived", "in", "The", "Kanaker", "Children", "'s", "home", ".", "She", "studied", "philology", "at", "Yerevan", "State", "University", ".", "Arpenik",...

[ 9, 10 ]

Arpenik Charents

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,451

purge

2

14,563

[ "Huseyn", "Javid", "(", ")", ",", "born", "Huseyn", "Abdulla", "oglu", "Rasizadeh", "(", "24", "October", "1882", ",", "Nakhchivan", "–", "5", "December", "1941", ",", "Shevchenko", ",", "Tayshetsky", "District", ")", ",", "was", "a", "prominent", "Azerbai...

[ 61, 62 ]

Huseyn Javid

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,452

purge

2

14,564

[ "After", "Hitler", "had", "taken", "power", "Sperber", "was", "taken", "to", "jail", ",", "but", "was", "released", "after", "a", "few", "weeks", "on", "the", "grounds", "that", "he", "was", "an", "Austrian", "citizen", ".", "He", "emigrated", "first", "...

[ 59, 60 ]

Manès Sperber

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,453

purged

2

14,565

[ "<", "!", "--", "Deleted", "image", "removed", ":", "In", "1937", ",", "however", ",", "Stalin", "purged", "the", "Red", "Army", "of", "its", "best", "military", "leaders", ".", "Fearing", "that", "the", "military", "posed", "a", "threat", "to", "his", ...

[ 13 ]

Military history of the Soviet Union

UNK

purge

27,948

purge of the military 's leadership

NOUN

Great Purge

14,454

purge

2

14,566

[ "The", "Red", "Army", "'s", "focus", "on", "mobile", "operations", "in", "the", "early", "1930s", "was", "gravely", "disrupted", "by", "Stalin", "'s", "purge", "of", "the", "military", "'s", "leadership", ".", "Since", "the", "new", "doctrines", "were", "a...

[ 18, 19, 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

Military history of the Soviet Union

UNK

Show

27,948

Show trials

NOUN

Great Purge

14,455

show

2

14,567

[ "''", "Arrival", "and", "Departure", "''", "(", "1943", ")", "is", "the", "third", "novel", "of", "Arthur", "Koestler", "'s", "trilogy", "concerning", "the", "conflict", "between", "morality", "and", "expedience", "(", "as", "described", "in", "the", "postsc...

[ 74, 75 ]

Arrival and Departure

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,456

purge

2

14,568

[ "Gamsakhurdia", "survived", "the", "Joseph", "Stalin-Lavrentiy", "Beria", "purges", ",", "which", "destroyed", "a", "large", "part", "of", "Georgian", "literary", "society", ",", "but", "resolutely", "refused", "to", "denounce", "others", ".", "He", "had", "to",...

[ 6 ]

Konstantine Gamsakhurdia

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,457

Terror

2

14,569

[ "Dreiser", "was", "a", "committed", "socialist", "and", "wrote", "several", "nonfiction", "books", "on", "political", "issues", ".", "These", "included", "''", "Dreiser", "Looks", "at", "Russia", "''", "(", "1928", ")", ",", "the", "result", "of", "his", "...

[ 75, 76 ]

Theodore Dreiser

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,458

purge

2

14,570

[ "Khrushchev", "was", "born", "in", "1894", "in", "the", "village", "of", "Kalinovka", ",", "which", "is", "close", "to", "the", "present-day", "border", "between", "Russia", "and", "Ukraine", ".", "He", "was", "employed", "as", "a", "metal", "worker", "dur...

[ 67 ]

Nikita Khrushchev

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,459

purge

2

14,571

[ "His", "father", "was", "imprisoned", "during", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "but", "survived", "16", "years", "in", "the", "gulags", ".", "Most", "of", "Yerofeyev", "'s", "childhood", "was", "spent", "in", "Kirovsk", ",", "Murmansk", "Oblast", ".", "He", "ma...

[ 5, 6, 7 ]

Venedikt Yerofeyev

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,460

Terror

2

14,572

[ "The", "British", "historian", "A.", "J.", "P.", "Taylor", "wrote", "in", "1945", "that", "National", "Socialism", "was", "inevitable", "because", "the", "Germans", "wanted", "\"", "to", "repudiate", "the", "equality", "with", "the", "peoples", "of", "(", "c...

[ 143, 144 ]

Anti-Polish sentiment

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalinist repressions

NOUN

Great Purge

14,461

repression

2

14,573

[ "In", "the", "fall", "of", "1937", ",", "during", "the", "Stalinist", "repressions", ",", "he", "was", "arrested", "again", ".", "Dzhunkovsky", "was", "sentenced", "to", "death", "and", "executed", "on", "February", "21", ",", "1938", ".", "He", "was", "...

[ 8, 9 ]

Vladimir Dzhunkovsky

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,462

purge

2

14,574

[ "As", "a", "small", "child", "with", "his", "mother", "in", "Saint", "Petersburg", ",", "Bers", "had", "cheered", "the", "Russian", "Revolution", "and", "the", "rise", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Union", ",", "but", "by", "the", "late", "1930s", "he", "had",...

[ 46 ]

Lipman Bers

UNK

purges

27,948

political purges of 1937

NOUN

Great Purge

14,463

purge

2

14,575

[ "The", "pioneers", "of", "sambo", "were", "Viktor", "Spiridonov", "and", "Vasili", "Oshchepkov", ".", "Oshchepkov", "died", "in", "prison", "as", "a", "result", "of", "the", "political", "purges", "of", "1937", "after", "accusations", "of", "being", "a", "Ja...

[ 20, 21, 22, 23 ]

Russian martial arts

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,464

purge

2

14,576

[ "After", "the", "prewar", "Communist", "Party", "of", "Poland", "was", "eliminated", "in", "Stalin", "'s", "purges", "in", "1938", "(", "some", "five", "thousand", "Polish", "communists", "were", "brought", "to", "Russia", "and", "killed", ")", ",", "a", "...

[ 10, 11, 12 ]

History of Poland (1945–1989)

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalinist purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,465

purge

2

14,577

[ "From", "the", "early", "1920s", "until", "late", "1940s", "throughout", "the", "Stalinist", "purges", ",", "the", "Soviet", "government", "hauled", "the", "bodies", "of", "tortured", "and", "killed", "political", "prisoners", "to", "the", "pine", "forests", "...

[ 9, 10 ]

Bykivnia graves

UNK

Terror

27,948

the Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,466

Terror

2

14,578

[ "A", "document", "attesting", "to", "the", "origins", "of", "the", "Bykovnia", "victims", "was", "found", "by", "the", "Polish", "émigré", "historians", "in", "Nazi", "German", "archives", "after", "the", "war", ".", "Polish", "researchers", "estimate", "that"...

[ 36, 37, 38 ]

Bykivnia graves

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,467

Terror

2

14,579

[ "In", "addition", "to", "food", "shortages", ",", "the", "Gulag", "suffered", "from", "labor", "scarcity", "at", "the", "beginning", "of", "the", "war", ".", "The", "Great", "Terror", "of", "1936", "–", "1938", "had", "provided", "a", "large", "supply", ...

[ 20, 21 ]

Gulag

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,468

Terror

2

14,580

[ "Vlas", "Yakovlevich", "Chubar", "(", ";", ")", "(", "–", "26", "February", "1939", ")", "was", "a", "Ukrainian", "Bolshevik", "revolutionary", "and", "a", "Soviet", "politician", ".", "Chubar", "was", "arrested", "during", "the", "Great", "Terror", "of", ...

[ 27, 28 ]

Vlas Chubar

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,469

Terror

2

14,581

[ "Lajos", "Bebrits", "(", "14", "December", "1891", "–", "9", "August", "1963", ")", "was", "a", "Hungarian", "communist", "newspaper", "editor", "and", "politician", ".", "He", "is", "best", "remembered", "in", "the", "United", "States", "as", "the", "long...

[ 81, 82 ]

Lajos Bebrits

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,470

Terror

2

14,582

[ "Gleb", "Ivanovich", "Bokii", "(", "Глеб", "Иванович", "Бокий", ",", "1879", "–", "1937", ")", "was", "an", "ethnic", "Ukrainian", "Communist", "political", "activist", "and", "revolutionary", "in", "the", "Russian", "Empire", ".", "Following", "the", "October...

[ 109, 110 ]

Gleb Bokii

UNK

repressions

27,948

Stalin 's repressions and purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,471

repression

2

14,583

[ "Sixtiers", "(", "Russian", ":", "Шестидесятники", ",", "Ukrainian", ":", "Шістдесятники", ")", "were", "representatives", "of", "а", "new", "generation", "of", "the", "Soviet", "Intelligentsia", ",", "most", "of", "whom", "were", "born", "between", "1925", "a...

[ 59, 60, 61, 62, 63 ]

Sixtiers

UNK

arrested

27,948

arrested in 1936 and shot in 1937

VERB

Great Purge

14,472

arrest

2

14,584

[ "The", "Bolshoi", "Theatre", "commissioned", "the", "opera", "in", "1932", "intending", "it", "as", "a", "celebration", "of", "the", "15th", "anniversary", "of", "the", "October", "Revolution", ".", "Alexei", "Tolstoy", "and", "Alexander", "Starchakov", "were", ...

[ 127, 128, 129, 130, 131, 132, 133 ]

Orango (Shostakovich)

UNK

purges

27,948

Stalin 's purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,473

purge

2

14,585

[ "The", "Smith", "Act", "trials", "decimated", "the", "leadership", "ranks", "of", "the", "CPUSA", ".", "Immediately", "after", "the", "1949", "trial", ",", "the", "CPUSAalarmed", "at", "the", "undercover", "informants", "that", "had", "testified", "for", "the"...

[ 136, 137, 138 ]

Smith Act trials of Communist Party leaders

UNK

purged

27,948

purged

ADJ

Great Purge

14,474

purged

2

14,586

[ "While", "many", "of", "Lysenko", "'s", "views", "on", "agriculture", ",", "as", "well", "as", "his", "prominence", ",", "predated", "his", "cooperation", "with", "Prezent", ",", "it", "was", "only", "after", "1934", "that", "his", "debate", "with", "the",...

[ 54 ]

Isaak Izrailevich Prezent

UNK

Terror

27,948

Great Terror

PROPN

Great Purge

14,475

Terror

2

14,587

[ "''", "Requiem", "''", "is", "an", "elegy", "by", "Anna", "Akhmatova", "about", "suffering", "of", "people", "under", "the", "Great", "Purge", ".", "It", "was", "written", "over", "three", "decades", ",", "between", "1935", "and", "1961", ".", "She", "ca...

[ 107, 108 ]

Requiem (Anna Akhmatova)

UNK

purges

27,948

purges

NOUN

Great Purge

14,476

purge

2

14,588

[ "After", "1933", ",", "when", "the", "Nazi", "Party", "seized", "control", "of", "the", "government", ",", "the", "Conciliators", "joined", "the", "German", "Resistance", ",", "both", "unaffiliated", "groups", "and", "those", "still", "in", "the", "KPD", ","...

[ 101 ]

Conciliator faction

UNK

arrest

27,948

arrest

NOUN

Great Purge

14,477

arrest

2

14,589

[ "After", "the", "arrest", "of", "his", "elder", "brother", "(", "David", "Taitz", ")", "in", "1938", "Taitz", "decided", "to", "leave", "TsAGI", "not", "waiting", "for", "his", "own", "arrest", "and", "worked", "as", "engineer-editor", "for", "the", "State...

[ 2 ]

Max Taitz

UNK

repressed

27,948

repressed

ADJ

Great Purge

14,478

repressed

2

14,590

[ "In", "1956", "then", "Chief", "of", "the", "institute", "insisted", "that", "Taitz", "should", "be", "assigned", "to", "the", "position", "of", "his", "deputy", ",", "even", "though", "a", "number", "of", "high", "level", "officials", "of", "the", "aviati...

[ 51 ]

Max Taitz