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By 19thc , they had settled in Uasin Gishu and even spread into Tanzania along the Rift Valley. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 50 As they moved, they assimilated the Sirikwa peoples. They also waged war against the neighbouring Kalenjin, Akamba and Abagusii. In the 1850s the Maasai experienced many natural disasters like drought, famine and cattle diseases leading to decline of their power. They also experienced civil wars between the Kwavi iloikop and the Purko Ilmaasai sections. When Oloibon Mbatian died, his two sons Sendeyo and Lenana became involved in a protracted succession dispute. They were also weakened by wars with the Agikuyu. Their power came to an end with the coming of British rule. Effects of the migration and settlement of the plain nilotes into Kenya a The migration and settlement of the Maasai in their present region led to increase in population in the area. B As they migrated, into Kenya, the Maasai pushed and displaced the communities they came across. For example, they subdued the Nandi in the 18thc. C The Maasai influenced the fighting tactics of other groups in Kenya. D The Maasai absorbed the southern Cushites such as the Dorobo. E There were intermarriages between the Maasai and the Akamba, Agikuyu and even the kalenjin groups in the area. F There was Cultural interaction giving rise to enriched cultures. They adopted some cultural practices from the southern Cushites for example, the age-set systems circumcision and clitoridectomy. They also adopted some Kalenjin vocabulary. G Their settlement enhanced trade with different communities; they exchanged livestock products for grains with the Luyia. H A section of the Maasai adopted agriculture as a result of interacting with their agricultural neighbours in the Rift Valley. The Kwavi Maasai became mixed farmers. I They influenced Communities like the Nandi who adopted the institution of Prophet or diviner from the institution of Laibon among the Maasai. The Highland Nilotes They comprise the kalenjin speakers namely the Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, Keiyo, Pokot and Sabaot. They are believed to be the earliest Nilotic speakers in Kenya.
I They influenced Communities like the Nandi who adopted the institution of Prophet or diviner from the institution of Laibon among the Maasai. The Highland Nilotes They comprise the kalenjin speakers namely the Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, Keiyo, Pokot and Sabaot. They are believed to be the earliest Nilotic speakers in Kenya. This evidenced from the narratives of their neighbours like the Luo. Their traditions point their original homeland to be a place to the north-western part of Kenya, between Sudan and Ethiopia. Why they migrated: a They might have been Escaping from internal enemies causing clan or family feuds. B There was population pressure in their area of origin forcing them to look for new land for settlement. C They were fleeing the outbreak of diseases and epidemics that affected both people and animals. D They were escaping famine and drought. E They fled constant attacks from their neighbours. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 f They were also looking for better lands for cultivation. G The migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure. Key notes for the teacher and students- Helot 2012-2013 49 They began migrating from their cradleland in around 600AD. By 700AD, some kalenjin groups like the Sirikwa were already occupying the rift valley. Some were later pushed out of the Mt. elgon region by the incoming Bantu and plain nilotes. Those that remained include the Bok, Bongomek and Kony. The Terik later migrated to western Kenya and greatly borrowed from the Bantu, adopting a new name, Tiriki. The Nandi. They were pushed out of the Mt. Elgon region between 1700 and 1800 by the incoming Maasai. The decline of the Maasai in the 19thc made them rise to become a formidable group that conducted raids against their neighbours like the Abaluhyia and Luo. Their power only declined due to colonization. The Kipsigis They are believed to have separated together with the Nandi from other kalenjin groups at around Mt. Elgon region around AD1600. They moved south east to Teo, near Lake Baringo. Due to the Maasai attacks, they moved westwards to Tambach where they stayed for a long period.
Elgon region around AD1600. They moved south east to Teo, near Lake Baringo. Due to the Maasai attacks, they moved westwards to Tambach where they stayed for a long period. They later moved southwards to Rongai near Nakuru. They only separated from the Nandi due to drought and the Maasai Raids on the Nandi. The Kipsigis moved further south to Kericho while the Nandi moved to Aldai during the 2nd half of 18thc. The Kipsigis settled at Kipsigis Hills forming a strong community that assimilated thelegendary Sirikwa and some Maasai and Abagusii groups. They were for a long time allies of the Nandi. What factors contributed to the Nandi and Kipsigis split during the mid 18th century. A Maasai attacks on the two communities forcing each group to find its own means of Defence. B Drought which caused scattering in search of food and pasture. C Constant conflicts over the limited resources in the region leading to warfare and final split. Results of the Highland nilotes migration a It increased intercommunity conflicts in the region. B Some of the Kalenjin groups assimilated Bantu cultures while their culture was also assimilated by other groups. The Terik for example borrowed many Bantu vocabularies and customs. C They intermarried with other groups in the region, such as the Abagusii and the Luo. D Their migration increased trading activities in the region. E They displaced the people they came across e.g. the Abagusii and the Kwavi Maasai For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 52 Explain the results of the interactions between the various Kenyan communities during the pre-colonial period. A Through the inter-tribal wars, there was loss of lives and destruction of property hence economic decline. B Many communities were displaced as new ones arrived. E.g when the Luos arrived, Abagusii and sections of the Abaluhyia were displaced. Etc. C The constant raids as a means of interaction led to some communities seeking for refugee in secure places. E.g the Abagusii too refugee in the present Kisii highland due to the Kipsigis, Nandi and Maasai raids in 1800AD.
Etc. C The constant raids as a means of interaction led to some communities seeking for refugee in secure places. E.g the Abagusii too refugee in the present Kisii highland due to the Kipsigis, Nandi and Maasai raids in 1800AD. D A sense of unity developed among some communities e.g. among the Luo, as a means of Defence against attacks by the Maasai, Nandi and Abaluhyia. E Tension between various communities was reduced as they interacted through intermarriages e.g. between the Agikuyu and the Maasai. F Some new customs found their way into various communities. E.g the Bantu and the nilotes learned of circumcision and age set system from the southern Cushites. G New technology infused into various communities. E.g. the Bantu and the nilotes learned the art of cattle milking and bleeding, irrigation and manuring from the southern Cushites. H Specialization emerged mainly due to inter-community trade in the region. I There was also increased wealth in some communities. For example through the trade between the Agikuyu and the Akamba, some Agikuyu gained wealth. J New economic activities sprung up in some communities. E.g. the Maasai adopted crop cultivation from the Agikuyu. K The Bantu language was enriched through the borrowing of some vocabulary from the southern Cushites. L The Abakuria were able to develop into a distinct ethnic group as a result of constant raids from the Maasai and the Luo. SOCIO-ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANIZATION OF KENYAN COMMUNITIES IN THE 19THCENTURY THE BANTU Social organization Almost all the Bantu communities were organized in clans made up of people with common descent. All the Bantu communities practiced circumcision. In some communities like the Akamba, Abaluhyia, only boys circumcised. Among the Abagusii and Agikuyu, both boys and girls were circumcised. The initiates were taught the values and customs of their community Circumcision marked an entry into an age set whose functions included defending the community from external attacks, building huts and advising junior age-sets on how to raid.
In some communities like the Akamba, Abaluhyia, only boys circumcised. Among the Abagusii and Agikuyu, both boys and girls were circumcised. The initiates were taught the values and customs of their community Circumcision marked an entry into an age set whose functions included defending the community from external attacks, building huts and advising junior age-sets on how to raid. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 53 All the Bantu communities believed in the existence of a supernatural power that controlled their destiny. The Abaluhyia, for example called their God Were or Nyasaye, the AgikuyuNgai etc. The Bantu communities had diviners and medicineman. Among the Agikuyu community, a medicine person was called mundu mugo. The Bantu celebrated life both in song and dance. There were songs for initiations, childbirth, marriage, harvest and funeral. The mood and style of their song and dances varied depending on the occasion. Political organization of the Bantu All the Bantu communities in Kenya, except the Wanga sub-group of the Luhyia, had decentralized forms of government. The clan formed the basic political unit for all the Bantu communities. Each clan was made up of related families. Leadership of the clan was in the hands of a council of elders who played a pivoted role in solving disputes, decided on inter-tribal marriages, maintaining law and order and making executive decisions affecting the community like declaring war. Among the Agikuyu and Ameru, the council was known as Kiama, Kambi among Mijikenda, Njama among Ataveta and Abagata ba gesaku among the Gusii. The Bantu had an age-set system that had some political significance. For example among the Agikuyu, the boys joined the age-set after initiation to provide warriors who defended the community from external attacks and raid other communities for cattle. Among the centralized Wanga government, the king was known as Nabongo. His office was hereditary. He was assisted by a chief minister and other officials with a council of elders. Economic organization of the Bantu The Bantu kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Dowry was paid inform of livestock. Some communities used livestock as a form of currency in barter trade.
Economic organization of the Bantu The Bantu kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Dowry was paid inform of livestock. Some communities used livestock as a form of currency in barter trade. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours such as the Luo, kalenjin and Maasai. They sold grains in exchange for baskets and fish from the Luo. They practiced iron-smelting, making implements such as knives, hoes arrow heads and spearheads. This sometimes also became trading items. The Bantu practiced crop growing. They grew grains like millet, sorghum and cassava among other crops mainly for food while the excess were sold to neighbours. They practiced craft making pots and weaving baskets. For the Bantu communities who lived along rivers and Lake Victoria, e.g. the Luhyia, they practiced fishing. Hunting and gathering was also done by some communities to supplement their food. E.g. the Akamba. Raiding other communities for cattle. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 The Agikuyu. By 19thcentury, the Agikuyu had a complex social, economic and political organization some of which were products of their interrraction with other communities. Social organization The family was the smallest social unit among the Agikuyu. It was headed by a father. Several families that shared a common ancestry comprised a clan. The Agikuyu had rites of passage which included initiation of both boys and girls through circumcision clitoridectomy. The initiated boys joined the age-set riikaor mariika after being educated on the values and customs of the society. It was only after initiation that boys and girls were considered mature enough to get married. The Agikuyu believed in the existence of one God who controlled their destiny. They called their God Ngai. He was all powerful and as believed to dwell o mt. Kirinyaga where they claim he created them. They also had diviners whose main work was to interpret God s message to the people. The Agikuyu had medicineman. A medicine person was called mundu mugo. Their main work was to cure diseases. They learned their skills through apparent-iceship.
A medicine person was called mundu mugo. Their main work was to cure diseases. They learned their skills through apparent-iceship. The Agikuyu had designated sacred places for prayers, worship and offerings an example was the mugumo tree for offering sacrifices . Marriage was an important institution among the Agikuyu. The political organization of the Agikuyu The Agikuyu had a decentralized system of government. The basic political system was based on the family headed by a father. Several families made up a clan Mbari . Each clan was ruled by a council of elders. Kiama . A senior elder Muramati coordinated the activities of the clan. Several elders aramati formed a higher council of elders kiama kia athamaki The functions of the higher council of elders included settling disputes, deliberating on day to day activities, administering justice and handled disputes, inheritance disputes and acted as a final court of appeal. They had warriors drawn from the age-set system, who defended the community from external aggression. Economic organization of the Agikuyu The Agikuyu engaged in various economic activities; The Agikuyu kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Dowry was paid inform of livestock. They traded among themselves and with their neighbours such as the Akamba and Maasai. They sold grains and iron implements in exchange for livestock products like skins and beads Maasai and imported goods like clothes Akamba . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 55 They practiced iron-smelting, making implements such as knives, hoes which enhanced their farming activities and trade. They borrowed this art from the Gumba. They practiced crop growing. They grew grains like millet, yams, sweet potatoes, arrowroots, sorghum and cassava among other crops mainly for food while the excess were sold to neighbours. They practiced craft making pots and weaving baskets. Hunting and gathering was also done by Agikuyu to supplement their food. The Ameru The Ameru had a system of government which ensured high standards of morality and stability. This system evolved as they migrated and interacted with other communities.
Hunting and gathering was also done by Agikuyu to supplement their food. The Ameru The Ameru had a system of government which ensured high standards of morality and stability. This system evolved as they migrated and interacted with other communities. Social organization of the Ameru The Ameru was a system characterized by the existence of various councils from the council of children to the supreme council of Njuri Ncheke. This was meant to ensure the highest moral standards in the community. The Njuri Ncheke acted as parliament and had the following functions; It presided over religious ceremonies. It solved disputes in the community. It also mediated in disputes involving the Meru and their neighbors It ensured the custody of the community s history, traditions and values heritage It sanctioned wars Acted as ritual leaders. They provided Guidance and counseling community members. It set the moral code to be adhered to by all members of the community. If one went against the moral code, he she would be punished. A member of the Njuri Ncheke who offended another was fined a bundle of miraa. A warrior who violated the code was fined a bull, an elder who violated the code was fined a bull or a goat, a woman who broke the code was fined a big pot of cowpeas. Marriage was regarded highly among the Ameru and a married woman would be assigned to an elderly woman midwife whom she must give gifts like millet, peas and black beans in exchange for midwifery. Any spouse who involved in adultery or any girl who was not a virgin at the time of marriage was stoned to death by a stoning council made up of male initiates. Marriage was exogamous no one was allowed to marry from their clan Before a male child was considered mature, he underwent several stages including circumcision. Before circumcision of both boys and girls, two ceremonies were performed after which they became full members of the community. The time of making spots where the ear-hole perforation would be done. The time of actual perforation of the ears. The Ameru believed in the existence of a supreme being called Baaba Weetu who was a loving father and took care of all. He was omnipresent. The Ameru also believed in the existence of spirits which either brought happiness or tears depending on how one lived on earth.
The Ameru believed in the existence of a supreme being called Baaba Weetu who was a loving father and took care of all. He was omnipresent. The Ameru also believed in the existence of spirits which either brought happiness or tears depending on how one lived on earth. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 56 They believed in life after death with good people going where rains come from when they die. Libations were offered to ancestors to quench their thirst and relieve their hunger Building houses in the Ameru community was the work of women while men defended the community. Economic organization of the Ameru The Ameru cultivated grain crops like millet, peas, black beans, cowpeas and miraa among other crops mainly for food while the excess were sold to neighbours. The Ameru kept Livestock like sheep. Goats and cattle for dowry payment and rituals and also for milk, meat and skin. They traded among themselves and with their neighbours. When the coastal traders penetrated the interior, they exchanged goods with them They practiced iron-smelting, making implements such as knives, spears and hoes which enhanced their farming activities and trade. They practiced craft making pots and weaving baskets. Hunting and gathering was also done by Ameru to supplement their food. Political organization of the Ameru The basic political system was based on the family headed by a father. The basic political unit was the clan. Several families made up a clan headed by a clan elder. The Ameru had a system of councils and age groups which oversaw the administration of the community. Every Meru belonged to the relevant council. E.g. the children s council, council of elders council of warriors. The supreme council was known as Njuri Ncheke. The functions of the supreme council of elders included settling disputes, deliberating on day to day activities, administering justice and handled disputes, inheritance disputes and acted as a final court of appeal. It also officiated over religious ceremonies The age set system provided the community with warriors who defended the community from external aggression. Religions leaders like prophets influenced the political administration for the Ameru. Their system of government alternated between two organizations namely, Kiruga and Ntiba every fourteen years and each had its own army regiment.
It also officiated over religious ceremonies The age set system provided the community with warriors who defended the community from external aggression. Religions leaders like prophets influenced the political administration for the Ameru. Their system of government alternated between two organizations namely, Kiruga and Ntiba every fourteen years and each had its own army regiment. The Akamba The Akamba are of the eastern Bantus who settled in Chyulu hills, Mbooni, Kitui and Machakos. Social organization Like other Bantus, the Akamba were organized into clans whose members claimed commondescent. The Akamba practiced exogamous marriages. However their tradition allowed the adoption of an outsider into a clan For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 57 Wrongdoers among the Akamba were banished from the community if they refused to compensate for the wrong did. There existed no institutional age sets among the Akamba though boys and girls were circumcised before reaching puberty. The initiates were then taught community secrets after two years from circumcision at 14 years At puberty, both men and women were allowed to marry and bear children with the father of a young family automatically becoming a junior elder until his children were ready to be circumcised. He then moved to the next grade only after paying a bullock and several goats. The top two grades formed the administrative council of the community mainly dealing with the ritual ceremonies. The Akamba believed in the existence of a creator called Ngai or Mulungu whom they prayed to through ancestral spirits. The Akamba had ritual experts who included medicine people that guided them in their rituals. Shrines also existed where offerings and sacrifices were made by the elders called Atumia ma ithembo. Mostly found at a place with two large fig trees. The Akamba had many social ceremonies which were accompanied with festivity dance and music. For example, during harvest, weddings, deaths and birth. Political organization The smallest political unit among the Akamba was the homestead, Musyi comprising three to four generations of extended family with a stockade round the home of each married man. Outside the entrance of the homestead, there was an open space thome , where men would sit and discuss political and other important matters.
For example, during harvest, weddings, deaths and birth. Political organization The smallest political unit among the Akamba was the homestead, Musyi comprising three to four generations of extended family with a stockade round the home of each married man. Outside the entrance of the homestead, there was an open space thome , where men would sit and discuss political and other important matters. Several related families formed a wider territorial grouping or clan with its own recreational ground, elder s council made of all the male elders , war leader and palace for worship The clan was the main political unit for the Akamba. There was also a larger territorial grouping above the clan called Kivalo that constituted a fighting unit. There was however no single central authority that united the Akamba the Kivalo was always disbanded after war. Age grades and age sets were common to all in the community and acted as a unifying factor. The elders in the community were ranked according to seniority. Junior elders defended their community. Medium elders Nthele assisted in the administration of the community. The full elders Atumia ma Kivalo participated in delivering judgements. The senior most elders Atumia ma Ithembo were involved in religious activities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 58 By 19th century, due to participation and gaining from trade, a number of people had gained prestige and followers to be regarded as Akamba chiefs or leaders. For example, chief Kivoi. Economic organization Due to variation in the environment, the Akamba participated in varied economic activities. Those who lived around the fertile Mbooni, ulu and Iveti hills practiced farming. They planted sorghum, millet, yams, potatoes, sugarcane and beans. Those who lived in the drier areas like Kitui practiced livestock farming and mainly transhumance during the drier period. The Akamba were also hunters hunting for elephants, leopards, antelopes and Rhinos. They were gatherers who Collected fruits, roots etc. They practiced trading activities e.g. they sold Ivory, feathers, shells hides, arrows, spearheads, to neighbours and the Arabs, Swahili traders. The Akamba were skilled Iron workers produced spears, arrow heads, hoes, knives.
They practiced trading activities e.g. they sold Ivory, feathers, shells hides, arrows, spearheads, to neighbours and the Arabs, Swahili traders. The Akamba were skilled Iron workers produced spears, arrow heads, hoes, knives. The Akamba Practiced woodcarving making tools and shields. They engaged in pottery, making pots, mats etc. They were bee-keepers for honey which they sold. The Akamba acted as middlemen during the long distance trade. The Abagusii They originated in the Congo Forest like other Bantus and settled in the fertile highlands of Kisii, Gucha and Nyamira Districts of Nyanza Province. Political Organization The clan formed the basic political unit for Gusii communities. Each clan was made up of related families. Leadership of the clan was in the hands of a council of elders who played a pivoted role in solving disputes, decided on inter-tribal marriages, maintaining law and order and making executive decisions affecting the community like declaring war. The council was known Abagata ba gesaku. The Abagusii also had chiefdoms made up of several clans, which United to counter-attacks from their neighbours. Each chiefdom was headed by a chief Omugambi , assisted by a councilof clan elders. The elders acted as middlemen through whom people could communicate their wishes and grievances to the chief. The position of the chief was hereditary. The Omogambi presided over religious ceremonies. He led clan members in communal sacrifices and social activities such as the planting and harvesting of crops. He also performed political functions. After circumcision, the boys joined the age-set which acted as a military wing responsible for the defence of the community. The Kisii still practice most of the political features discussed above. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 59 Social organization The Abagusii lived in family unit, headed by a family member, called the family head. Several related families formed a clan, headed by clan elders who formed a council. The role of the council of elders was to settle disputes between families. A number of clans formed sub-communities headed by clan elders. Circumcision of boys and girls formed part of the initiation rites for the Abagusii. The initiates were taught the values and customs of the society after which they were considered adults. The initiated boys were organized into age groups and age-grades.
The role of the council of elders was to settle disputes between families. A number of clans formed sub-communities headed by clan elders. Circumcision of boys and girls formed part of the initiation rites for the Abagusii. The initiates were taught the values and customs of the society after which they were considered adults. The initiated boys were organized into age groups and age-grades. An age-grade was made up of people who were circumcised together. Members of the same age-grade treated one another as real brothers and helped each other in times of need. They believed in the existence of a supreme god, engoro who was the creator of everything. They offered sacrifices to him during special occasions like initiation ceremonies and religions festivals and when there were problems like illness and draught. They worshipped him through their ancestral spirits. Diviners and seers among the Kisii were special people and were called Omoragori. Economic organization The Abagusii practiced crop farming. They grew many food crops including maize, sorghum, yams, peas, beans, millet, cassava, bananas and sweet potatoes. They also kept livestock, cattle, goats and sheep were kept for meat and milk. They also kept poultry. Trading was also a main economic activity among the Abagusii. They traded with their neighbours especially the Luo and the Abaluhyia. The Luo supplied them with livestock, cattle, salt, hides, fish, drums, and poison for arrows, spears and potatoes. In return, the Abagusii supplied the Luo with grain, hoes, axes, spears, arrowheads, razors, soapstone, soapstone dust, baboon skins, pipes, bowls and carvings of animals and birds. The Abagusii were also involved in iron-working, which they kept secret to avoid competition from their neighbours. They made iron implements such as hoes, spears, axes and arrow heads. They also made ornaments. They mined soapstone on the hilltops. They used is dust to decorate their faces during ceremonies. Some was sold to the Luos who used to decorate faces of their heroes. It was used for making pots, pipes, bowls and carvings. They also depended on hunting and gathering to supplement the other economies. They hunted wild game for meat and skins. They also collected wild fruit roots and vegetables. The Abagusii raided their neighbours for livestock.
They hunted wild game for meat and skins. They also collected wild fruit roots and vegetables. The Abagusii raided their neighbours for livestock. To date, they still raid the Maasai and Kipsigis for livestock. The Mijikenda The Mijikenda comprise of nine groups that had similar social, economic and political structures. They are believed to have arrived in their current settlement from Shungwaya. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 60 Social organization of the Mijikenda The Mijikenda were organized in clans comprising of related families. The Mijikenda practiced circumcision. Only boys circumcised. Circumcision marked an entry into an age set whose functions included building huts and advising junior age sets on how to raid. They believed in the existence of a supernatural power that controlled their destiny. They called their God Mulungu. The Mijikenda worshipped ancestral spirits. Prophets among the Mijikenda were called wafisi. Marriage among the Mijikenda was exogamous no one was allowed to marry from their clan . They practiced polygamy There was division of labour among the Mijikenda. Children looked after livestock, young men built houses, cattle sheds, hunted and cleared bushes for cultivation.. The Mijikenda celebrated social ceremonies in song and dance. There were songs for initiations, childbirth, marriage, harvest and funeral.. Political organization The Mijikenda had a strong clan system. Administration was based on a strong clan system. 4-6 clans lived in a fortified village known as kaya. The existence of a council of elders Kambi at clan level to settle disputes and the general administration of the clan An age set riika system formed by young men after circumcision and which provided the base from which warriors were obtained. Social and political unity was strengthened through intermarriage between different clans. Judicial matters were handled by the elders council which was final court of appeal. The council of elders declared war on warring neighbors. Economic organization The Mijikenda kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Hunting and gathering was also done to supplement their food They traded in the coastal trade with the Arabs and with the Akamba from interior.
The council of elders declared war on warring neighbors. Economic organization The Mijikenda kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Hunting and gathering was also done to supplement their food They traded in the coastal trade with the Arabs and with the Akamba from interior. The Mijikenda practiced salt mining which the used as a trading item. The Mijikenda engaged in fishing along the coast as well as on rivers. They practiced crop growing. They grew grains like millet, yams, sweet potatoes, arrowroots, sorghum, coconut and cassava among other crops mainly for food while the excess were sold to neighbours. They practiced craft making pots and weaving baskets using coconut leaves. NILOTES The second largest group in Kenya. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 61 Social organization There were slight variations in the social organizations of the various Nilotic groups in Kenya. However they shared institutions such as the clan-based organization, belief in one God, veneration of ancestral spirits, age-set system, social ceremonies and existence of religious leaders. The family was the basic social unit in many communities. Several related families grouped together to form clans among the Luo, Maasai and Nandi. They believed in one supernatural being. The Maasai referred to him as Engai while the Luo called Him Nyasaye. The communities believed in the existence of ancestral spirits, to whom sacrifices and libations were made to ensure they remained happy. There was the existence of religious leaders whose work was to lead the communitiesduring religious functions and rituals. Some of the religious leaders had assumed political power by 19th c. For example the Orkoiyot among the Nandi and Oloibon among the Maasai. The Maasai and other Nilotic groups had rain makers and diviners. The age-set system was another common social institution. The age sets were formed by those who were initiated at the same time. The institution created a bond among the initiates that cut across the families and clans thus uniting the whole community. There were social ceremonies that accompanied the rites of passage like circumcision, marriage and death. The Luo as their form of initiation extracted six lower teeth. The other groups practiced circumcision. In all the groups, the initiates were taught the community values.
The Luo as their form of initiation extracted six lower teeth. The other groups practiced circumcision. In all the groups, the initiates were taught the community values. The economic organization The nilotes were nomadic pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and blood. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours. The kalenjin traded with the Maasai and with the Luo and neighbouring Bantu communities like the Abaluhyia. They sold animal products and red ochre in exchange for grains from the Bantu. They practiced iron-smelting, making implements such as arrow heads and spearheads. This skilled was borrowed from the Bantu. The Maasai also practiced mining e.g. mined iron, salt and red ochre which they used for decoration and as a commodity for trade. There existed variation in the economic activities within a single community like the Maasai. Some sections of the Maasai e.g. the Kwavi practiced crop growing i.e. growing grains and vegetables. The Purko were purely pastoralists They practiced craft e.g. made pots, weaved baskets and leather belts. Raiding other communities for cattle was also a common economic practice. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 The Luo who lived near Lake Victoria practiced fishing. The Turkana also engaged in fishing on Lake Turkana. Political organization The Nilotic communities had a decentralized system of administration with all the communities organized on clan basis. There existed councils of elders that administered and ensured maintenance of law and order, settled disputes between clans and other communities. The nilotes had a warlike tradition. Each community had Warriors who defended the community and raided other communities. The Luo reffered to the warriors as Thuondi. The Maasai called them Moran. The age-set system determined political leadership since all those initiated together formed one age-set for life. The institution of religion influenced most of the political affairs of the Nilotic speakers. For example, the Orkoiyot among the Nandi and the Oloibon among the Maasai were primarily religious leaders who wielded political authority in the19th century. The Nandi By 1900 AD, the Nandi had already established their social, economic and political institutions. Social organization The family was the basic social unit. Several related families grouped together to form clans among Nandi.
The Nandi By 1900 AD, the Nandi had already established their social, economic and political institutions. Social organization The family was the basic social unit. Several related families grouped together to form clans among Nandi. The family institution was very important in the community. It played an important role in the Kokwet council of elders and in the clan activities. The age-set system was an important social institution among the Nandi. Nandi boys and girls were initiated at puberty through circumcision. Circumcision marked entry into adulthood. The initiates were taught the deepest community values during the period. Age sets were formed by those who were initiated at the same time irrespective of the clans they belonged to. In total, there were eight age-sets among the Nandi namely Sawe, Maina, Chuma, Korongoro, Kipkoimet, Kaplelach, Kimnyinge and Nyongi. The Nandi boys became junior warriors after circumcision. They only promoted to senior warriors after the Saket apeito ceremony slaughter of bullock that was done after every fifteen years. Marriage within the same clan was prohibited among the Nandi. This was meant to create unity by encouraging intermarriages between different clans. They believed in one supernatural being whom they referred to him as Asis, who was believed to be the protector of the community. The Nandi believed in the existence of ancestral spirits, to whom sacrifices and libations were made to ensure they remained happy. The community also had important religious leaders whose work was to lead the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 63 community during religious functions and rituals, diviners and rain makers. The institution of Orkoiyot among the Nandi was borrowed from that of Oloibon among the Maasai. Religious functions did the Orkoiyot of the Nandi. He Mediated between God and the people acting as a priest. He presided over Offering of sacrifices to God on behalf of the people. He advised and blessed the warriors before they went to war. Blessing people before they undertook special activities like planting and harvesting. He foretold what was going to happen in the future. E.g. success or misfortune in the community.
He foretold what was going to happen in the future. E.g. success or misfortune in the community. Economic organization The Nandi were pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat, manure and blood. Cattle were a symbol of status among the Nandi and also a form of dowry settlement. The Nandi cultivated crops such as Millet and sorghum due the fertile soils and favourable climate in areas like Aldai. They also practiced hunting and gathering to supplement their food production. The Nandi raided other communities for cattle. They acquired large herds of cattle through raiding neighbouring communities such as the Maasai. Abaluhyia and Luo. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours. The Nandi traded with the Maasai and with the Luo and neighbouring Bantu communities like the Abaluhyia. They sold animal products and red ochre in exchange for grains from the Bantu. The Nandi however were self sufficient in food. They practiced craft e.g. made pots, weaved baskets and leather belts. Political organization The family was the basic political unit. It was headed by a father who dealt with internal matters such as discipline, allocation of crops, land and cattle. In matters affecting the neighbourhood, he was assisted by the Kokwet council of elders which was made up of neighbourhood heads. Above the Kokwet was the clan organization whose council of elders tackled matters to do with grazing rights. Above the clan, there was a larger sociopolitical unit comprising different war groups located in the same geographical zone called a pororiet. This formed the highest political unit among the Nandi. The pororiet council of elders comprised representatives from different clansIts functions included negotiating for peace and declaring war .The Nandi boys became junior warriors after circumcision. They only promoted to senior warriors after the Saket apeito ceremony slaughter of bullock that was done after every fifteen years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 The Maasai Social organization The Maasai were divided into two groups; the pastoral Maasai Purko and the Agricultural Maasai Kwavi or Iloikop . The Maasai were organized on clan basis with each clan associated with a particular type of cattle.
They only promoted to senior warriors after the Saket apeito ceremony slaughter of bullock that was done after every fifteen years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 The Maasai Social organization The Maasai were divided into two groups; the pastoral Maasai Purko and the Agricultural Maasai Kwavi or Iloikop . The Maasai were organized on clan basis with each clan associated with a particular type of cattle. In total, the Maasai had five clans spread over large areas and not necessarily staying together. Maasai boys and girls were initiated at puberty through circumcision. Circumcision marked entry into adulthood. The initiates were taught the deepest community values during the period. After circumcision, the boys entered an age set to which they belonged the rest of their life. The age set institution created a bond among the initiates that cut across the families and clans thus uniting the whole community. All the boys initiated together also formed a warrior class called Morans and lived in special homesteads called Manyattas away from the rest of the community. For about ten years. They were not allowed to take milk from their mother s house and were required to adhere to ritual and dietary restrictions. They believed in one supernatural being. The Maasai referred to him as Engai. Prayers and sacrifices were offered to him at the shrines. There was the existence of religious leaders whose work was to lead the communities during religious functions and rituals. They called their religious leader Oloibon. Functions of Oloibon He presided over religious ceremonies. He was consulted on all religious matters. He blessed warriors before they went to war. He advised the council of elders. He foretold the future events. The Maasai and other Nilotic groups had rain makers and diviners. There were several social ceremonies that accompanied the rites of passage like circumcision, marriage and death. The Eunoto ceremony marked the graduation of the Morans into junior elders. This ceremony is still practiced upto date. Economic organization of the Maasai The Maasai were nomadic pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats formilk, meat and blood.. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours such as the Agikuyu, kalenjin and Taita.
This ceremony is still practiced upto date. Economic organization of the Maasai The Maasai were nomadic pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats formilk, meat and blood.. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours such as the Agikuyu, kalenjin and Taita. They sold animal products and red ochre in exchange for grains from the Agikuyu. They practiced iron-smelting, making implements such as arrow heads and spearheads.. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 65 They also practiced mining e.g. mined iron, salt and red ochre which They also practiced mining e.g. mined iron, salt and red ochre which they used for decoration and as a commodity for trade. Some sections of the Maasai e.g. the Kwavi practiced crop growing i.e. growing grains and vegetables. They practiced craft e.g. made pots, weaved baskets and leather belts. Raiding other communities for cattle. Political organization of the Maasai The largest political unit amongst Maasai was the tribal section, which was a geographically distinct entity which operated as a nation, especially during ceremonies. Affairs involving inter-clan cooperation were dealt within ad hoc meetings comprising age set spokesmen Before a Maasai young man became an adult, he underwent the following four stages. Boyhood ilaiyak The youths at this stage looked after family and clan livestock until they reached circumcision stage at about 15 years. Warrior hood Ilmuran The stage was joined by young men circumcised together and comprised of ages between 18 and 25 years. They defended the community and conducted raids to boost the clan and tribal flocks. They had a military leader known as Olaiguani. The stayed in isolation in manyattas undergoing military training in order to graduate into senior warriors. After that they were permitted to marry. Junior elders This was the political authority that evaluated the day to day issues of the community. It comprised heads of households,, aim responsibility was to maintain peace and instruct warriors on how to handle issues in the community. They were permitted to own livestock. The senior elders They comprise the senior most age-set. Membership was determined by age and experience.
They were permitted to own livestock. The senior elders They comprise the senior most age-set. Membership was determined by age and experience. The group performed religious functions and also was responsible for and dealt with difficult judicial and political decisions. The Maasai adopted the institution of Oloibon or prophet that combined socio-religious functions and later own assumed political authority. There were several social ceremonies that accompanied the rites of passage like circumcision, marriage and death. The Eunoto ceremony marked the graduation of the Morans into junior elders. This ceremony is still practiced upto date. The Luo Social organization The family was the basic social unit among the Luo. The Luo community valued large families and therefore practiced polygamy. Marriage among the Luo was exogamous no one was allowed to marry from their clan . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 66 Several related families grouped together to form clans among the Luo. They believed in one supernatural being whom they called Nyasaye. They prayed to Nyasaye. The communities believed in the existence of ancestral spirits, to whom sacrifices and libations were made to ensure they remained happy. Sacred shrines and trees existed. He rocks, high hills and even the lake were associated with supernatural power. There was the existence of religious leaders whose work was to lead the communities during religious functions and perform rituals. These included priests, medicine people, rain makers and diviners. For one to be a medicine person, a benevolent spirit called Juogi must possess him or her. The Luo youths as their form of initiation extracted six lower teeth. After that they were allowed to marry. The Luo had several social ceremonies that accompanied the rites of passage like marriage and death. Economic organization The Luo were originally a pastoral and fishing community. They Practiced livestock keeping for prestige and cultural purposes e.g. dowry and for meat and milk. The carried out Fishing along water courses due to their proximity to the lake. Both men and women conducted fishing, which was a source of food as well as a trade commodity. The Luo Traded with their neighbors. They sold pots, baskets, cattle, fish and livestock for grains, spears, arrows and canoes from the Abaluhyia, Abagusii, Kipsigis and Nandi. They also Cultivated plants like millet, sorghum, etc Most of them practiced hunting and gathering to get additional meat and hides and to supplement the food they produced. They practiced craft.
They sold pots, baskets, cattle, fish and livestock for grains, spears, arrows and canoes from the Abaluhyia, Abagusii, Kipsigis and Nandi. They also Cultivated plants like millet, sorghum, etc Most of them practiced hunting and gathering to get additional meat and hides and to supplement the food they produced. They practiced craft. Women specialized in production of pottery products, baskets and clothes Political organization of the Luo The Luo were a decentralized community. The family was the basic political unit among the Luo. The head of the family was referred to as Jaduong. Several related families made up a clan headed by a council of elders called Doho whose main responsibility was to settle inter-family disputes. Below the Doho were lineage councils called Buch Dhoot that tackled domestic issues Above the Doho was a grouping of clans called Oganda headed by a council of elders reffered to as Buch piny and headed by a chief elder called Ruoth. The Buch piny comprised representatives from each clan. It was responsible for settling inter -clan conflicts, declaring war and punishing criminals such as murderers. Religious leaders among the Luo also influenced politics. E.g rainmakers and diviners. One of the members of the council of elders was given a responsibility of advising the council on military matters and was therefore a war leader osumba Mrwayi . Under them was a special group of warriors reffered to as Thuondi bulls . Their work was to raided neighbouring communities like the Maasai, Nandi and Abagusii and other perceived enemies. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 67 The Cushites These were the smallest linguistic group in Kenya inhabiting the northern part of Kenya. They are a nomadic Sam speaking group. They comprise the Borana, Gabra, Galla Oromo , Rendille and Burji. The communities developed complex social, economic and political institutions that were interrupted by the coming of the Muslims and Europeans. Social organization of the Cushites The Cushites had a patrilineal society, which means they traced their origins through the fatherThe Cushites believed in a common ancestor which makes their kinship system strong. All the Cushitic communities practiced circumcision of boys and clitoridectomy for girls as a form of initiation.
They are a nomadic Sam speaking group. They comprise the Borana, Gabra, Galla Oromo , Rendille and Burji. The communities developed complex social, economic and political institutions that were interrupted by the coming of the Muslims and Europeans. Social organization of the Cushites The Cushites had a patrilineal society, which means they traced their origins through the fatherThe Cushites believed in a common ancestor which makes their kinship system strong. All the Cushitic communities practiced circumcision of boys and clitoridectomy for girls as a form of initiation. This was a rite of passage into adulthood. After circumcision, the initiates were taught about their adult roles and their rights as members of the community. Circumcision marked an entry into an age set whose functions included defending the community from external attacks, building huts and advising junior agesets on how to raid. Each age set had a leader with specific duties. They believed in the existence of a supreme god, who was the creator of everything. He was given different names. The Oromo referred to him as wak waq .They also believed in spirits which inhabited natural objects like rocks and trees. The Cushites had shrines from which they prayed to their God. Later on, through interaction with their neighbours, all the Cushites became Muslims by the 16thc. The Cushitic speakers were polygamous and their marriage was exogamous in nature. Inheritance was from father to son among the Cushites. The elder son inherited the father s property and shared it with his younger brothers. Girls had no right to inheritance. The Cushitic life was full of ceremonies. They celebrated life both in song and dance. There were songs for initiations, childbirth, marriage, harvest and funeral. Economic organization They had a diversified economic system that catered for their livelihood and supported their lifestyle. They basically practiced Pastoralism livestock keeping in their semi-arid region They kept cattle, goats, camel and donkeys. Camels and cattle provided milk and blood and were assigning of prestige. Goats and sheep provided meat. Some Cushites who lived along river valleys practiced substance agriculture where they grew grain crops, vegetables, dates, peas, pepper, tubers and bananas. They also practiced iron smelting and made iron tools e.g. swords, knives, bangles and arrow heads. They hunted wild game for food, ivory, skins hides for clothing, bedding and gathered fruits and roots and vegetables. They engaged in craft industry e.g.
Some Cushites who lived along river valleys practiced substance agriculture where they grew grain crops, vegetables, dates, peas, pepper, tubers and bananas. They also practiced iron smelting and made iron tools e.g. swords, knives, bangles and arrow heads. They hunted wild game for food, ivory, skins hides for clothing, bedding and gathered fruits and roots and vegetables. They engaged in craft industry e.g. production of leather items such as handbags, belts etc. Some of them who lived near rivers and along the Indian Ocean practiced fishing. They traded with their neighbours e.g. the Pokomo and the Samburu. Political organization of the Cushites All the Cushitic communities like other groups in Kenya, had decentralized forms of government. The clan formed the basic political unit for all the Bantu communities. Each clan was made up of related families. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 68 The social and political system of the Cushites was interwoven that the social divisions, age set system were also important aspects of the political system. Leadership of the clan was in the hands of a council of elders who played a pivoted role in solving disputes, acting as ritual experts, presiding over religious ceremonies, maintaining law and order and making executive decisions affecting the community like declaring war. Among the Cushites a clan was independent of others except when the wider community faced a common enemy or problem. The Cushites developed an age-set system that had some political significance. After circumcision, the boys joined the age-set after initiation to provide warriors who defended the community from external attacks and raid other communities for cattle. The age set system was based on about ten groups each with its own leader. At the end of an age cycle, a ceremony was performed and the senior age sets retired from public life and settled in different territories. The Somali The social organization of the Somali. Like Somali were organized into clans each comprising of families whose members claimed common descent. They also had an age set system. Circumcision marked an entry into an age set whose functions included defending the community from external attacks, building huts and advising junior agesets on how to raid. Each age set had a leader with specific duties. They believed in the existence of a supreme god, whom they referred to as wak waq . He was the creator of everything.
Each age set had a leader with specific duties. They believed in the existence of a supreme god, whom they referred to as wak waq . He was the creator of everything. They had religious leaders who mediated between God and the people Later on, through interaction with their neighbours, all the Somali became Muslims by the 16thc. The Somali valued marriage as an important institution. They were polygamous and their marriage was exogamous in nature. Political organization of the Somali The Somali had a decentralized political system of administration. The basic political unit was the clan made up of related families. The clan was headed by a council of elders in charge of day to day affairs of the clan e.g. making major decisions and settling disputes and presiding over religious ceremonies. The Somali had an age set system and all male members of the society belonged to an age set. Each age set performed specific roles duties. From the age set system, there evolved a military organization for community defence. Initiates joined the age set system after circumcision. With the advent of Islamic religion political organization changed. They now had community leaders called sheikhs whose role was mainly advisory. The political system was now based on the Islamic sharia. Economic organization a The Somali were hunters and gathers. They hunted wild game for food and gathered fruits and roots and vegetables. B They basically practiced nomadic Pastoralism. They kept cattle, goats, camel and sheep. Their diet was mainly milk, meat and blood. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 69 c They traded with their neighbours to get what they could not produce e.g. the Pokomo and the Mijikenda from whom they acquired grains. D A section of the Somali practiced iron smelting and made iron tools e.g. swords, knives, bangles and arrow heads. They also engaged in craft industry e.g. production of leather items such as handbags, belts etc. E Such craft activities were despised among the Somali and were associated with a group whom they referred to as Sab outcasts . The Borana They are a branch of the Oromo or Galla people who came from Ethiopia. Social organization The Borana had a complex social organization. The society was divided into clans led by elders whose responsibility was to settle disputes and maintaining law and order. Each clan was made up of related families. The borana had a strong belief in the extended family. The Borana were nomadic.
Social organization The Borana had a complex social organization. The society was divided into clans led by elders whose responsibility was to settle disputes and maintaining law and order. Each clan was made up of related families. The borana had a strong belief in the extended family. The Borana were nomadic. But they had a residential section called the camp that consisted of a few huts of related families. .In the camps, it was the most senior married and competent man who became the head of the camp abba olla . He would have his wife s hut built on the extreme left. The Borana had a complex age-set structure called Gada. Each Gada was headed by the most powerful individual among the group members Abba boku . His duty would be to preside over village meetings, proclaim laws and preside over religious ceremonies. The community had two kinship groups that practiced exogamous marriage.. A man from the Gona kinship would only marry from the Sabbo kinship. Polygamy was allowed. The family among the borana was headed by a man referred to as Abba warra with the wife as the female head of the household Hatimana There was division of labour in the society. The men defended the camps, wells, herds and shrines. They dug wells and organized raiding parties. The men also elected leaders of camps, age sets and Gada class. The women performed household duties, wove baskets for carrying children, prepared leather and built houses. Boys herded sheep, goats and cattle. Elders presided over the court cases. The borana worshipped a powerful God, the creator whom they called Wak waq . He was worshipped through religious leaders They had a patrilineal society where inheritance was from the father to the son, and specifically the first son, angafa, who would then redistribute the inherited cattle to the younger brothers. Their culture was full of ceremonies. For example, there were ceremonies when a Gada class entered or left a Gada grade, there was war ceremony butta and a muda ceremony in honor of the kinship leader, kallu. Economic organization a The borana were basically practiced nomadic Pastoralists who kept cattle, goats and sheep. Cattle was slaughtered as part of their religious rituals and also provided raw materials for houses and other local industries. B They traded with their neighbours to get what they could not produce e.g.
Economic organization a The borana were basically practiced nomadic Pastoralists who kept cattle, goats and sheep. Cattle was slaughtered as part of their religious rituals and also provided raw materials for houses and other local industries. B They traded with their neighbours to get what they could not produce e.g. they exchanged their animals with the Mijikenda from whom they acquired grains. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 70 c The Borana were hunters and gathers. They hunted wild game for food and gathered fruits and roots and vegetables. D Those who settled in the fertile region along the tana valley grew crops like beans and pepper. E The Borana women engaged in craft industry e.g. production of leather items such as handbags, belts etc. Men also made wooden tools, weapons and utensils. F The Borana also practiced fishing as they settled along river tana. Political organization of the borana Their political system was based on the kinship system where the society was divided into clans comprising related families. There were two moieties kinships that were further divided into sub-moieties. The sub-moieties were further divided into clans. Each moiety was headed by a hereditary leader known as kallu. The kallu of the Sabbo for example came from the dyallu clan of the karrayyu sub-moiety. The kallu s camp was the spiritual and political centre of the group. His duties included leading in ritual ceremonies, providing judgment in major conflicts between clans. He was elected together with the council of the Gada leaders of each gad class when it prepared to enter a new grade. The kallu were not authorized to bear arms or defend themselves but were to move in company of other members of the society. The borana society was divided into clans led by a council of elders whose responsibility was tosettle disputes and maintaining law and order. Each clan was made up of related families who lived in a residential section called the camp that consisted of a few huts of related families. .Powers were distributed equally between the two moieties at all levels such as in the Gada class, age-set and camp councils as well as in tribal ceremonies. The complex age set system mainly provided a military base for the society. The age sets, Hariyya, were recruited from boys of the same age. Gada class Luba was recruited genealogically.
.Powers were distributed equally between the two moieties at all levels such as in the Gada class, age-set and camp councils as well as in tribal ceremonies. The complex age set system mainly provided a military base for the society. The age sets, Hariyya, were recruited from boys of the same age. Gada class Luba was recruited genealogically. There were eleven grades through which the Gada classes passed from birth to death, with each grade lasting eight years. While age set members were of the same age, Gada members were of varied ages. The age sets formed the age set council that recruited the warriors. Members of the Gada classes formed the Gada council lallaba which the responsibility of making decisions for their classes. They also resolved conflicts between non-relatives and mobilized economic activities such as digging wells, organizing societal rituals and ceremonies and directing relatives with their neighbours such as the Oromo and Somali. The councils contributed to the development of an effective political organization. The complexity of the borana institutions strengthened unity among them. However, the coming of the colonialists in the 20th century heavily impacted on these nomadic pastoral community. CONTACTS BETWEEN EAST AFRICA AND THE OUTSIDE WORLD UP TO THE 19TH C. The early contacts were initially at the coast but later spread inland. The early visitors included the Arabs, Greeks, Chinese, Persians, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 71 The East African coast The existing documentaries and archaeological evidence about the historical information on the east African coast include; The Graeco- Roman Documentary which only makes indirect references to the east African coast. The Swahili chronicles written by the people of the coast. E.g the Kilwa chronicle gives account of achievements of coastal rulers before the arrival of the Portuguese. The writings of Pliny, a Roman Geographer who wrote about the high cost of trade with India in his book, The Natural History. Periplus of the Erythrean Sea; by a Greek merchant in 1st C AD describes the people and places along the coast and the Indian Ocean Trade. Erythrean Sea Trade . Geopgraphia by Claudius Ptolemy makes reference to east African coast and the trade along Somalia and Kenyan coasts.
Periplus of the Erythrean Sea; by a Greek merchant in 1st C AD describes the people and places along the coast and the Indian Ocean Trade. Erythrean Sea Trade . Geopgraphia by Claudius Ptolemy makes reference to east African coast and the trade along Somalia and Kenyan coasts. Christian Topography of Cosmos Indico of the 6TH C describes the trading activities on the coast of East Africa. Renowned travelers like Al-Mosudi, Al Idrisi and Ibn Battuta wrote firsthand accounts about the places they visited and the people they met at the coast in the 10th C AD. The existing archaeological evidence in east Africa include the remains of pottery , iron tools, beads and coins which prove the presence of international trade. Early visitors to the east African coast upto 1500. Due to the great accessibility of the east African coast, there was widespread interaction between it and the people from the outside world. This was also aided by the monsoon winds that blew vessels ships to the coast between November and April and took them away between may and October. The earliest visitors were the Egyptians, Phoenicians and Indonesians. Others who came later on included the Greeks, Persians, Romans, Chinese, Arabs, Syrians, Indians and the Portuguese. The Greeks Their coming to east Africa is accounted for by the quarrels between the Seleucid rulers in Greece and the Ptolemaic Greeks in Egypt over control of the land route to the east through the Mediterranean lands. The rising demand for ivory made the ptolemies venture into the red sea and finally into the east African coast. Evidence of Greek existence on the coast is the Ptolemic Gold Coin found near Dar es Salam. Romans In AD 45, Hippalus, a Roman sailor using monsoon wind knowledge reached the red sea and entered the Indian Ocean. The Romans were keen on breaking the Arab monopoly over trade. Evidence of trade between the Romans and the coast is in the writing of a Roman Historian Pliny 23-79AD who points out the high coast of trade between India, Arabia and china. The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th c AD affected international trading network in the Roman Empire. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 Persians They were mainly immigrants from Shirazi on the eastern shore of the Persian Gulf.
Romans In AD 45, Hippalus, a Roman sailor using monsoon wind knowledge reached the red sea and entered the Indian Ocean. The Romans were keen on breaking the Arab monopoly over trade. Evidence of trade between the Romans and the coast is in the writing of a Roman Historian Pliny 23-79AD who points out the high coast of trade between India, Arabia and china. The fall of the Roman Empire in the 5th c AD affected international trading network in the Roman Empire. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 Persians They were mainly immigrants from Shirazi on the eastern shore of the Persian Gulf. Their adventure into the east African coast happened during the reign of the Sassanid Dynasty 224-636AD , which was determined to rebuild the Persian Empire that had been destroyed by the Macedonian Greeks, through wealth amassed from international trade. By the 6th c, the Persians were trading in India and later china, controlling the red sea and parts of Egypt and Arabia. They got involved in the east African trade and even established ruling dynasties9 e.g. the Shirazi Dynasty at the coast. They intermarried with the locals and introduced Islamic religion. They were later overthrown by the Arabs. The succeeded in introducing Bowls of glass, swords, beakers and pots to the coast. Chinese They visited the coast in the middle ages. This is evidenced in the work of the Chinese authors during the Sung Dynasty 960- 1279 AD and Ming Dynasty 1368-1644 , who referred to the east African coast as Tseng- Pat or Pseng- Po. There has also been evidence of Chinese coins dating to 700 AD at the coast. The last Chinese fleet must have reached Mogadishu in 1430AD. The Chinese brought in Silk cloth, porcelain bowls and plates in exchange for Gold , leopard skin, Rhino Horns and tortoise shells. Porcelain remains have been found at the coast. Arabs The earliest Arab settlers to arrive were the Daybui from Daybul In north western India. They arrived along the east African coast by AD 650 for trade. The earliest Arab settlement was Qanbalu Pemba . They later settled in manda, Kilwa. Lamu and Mombasa. The Arabs reffered to the Africans as the Zenj Blacks Factors that facilitated the coming of Arabs to the east African coast.
The earliest Arab settlement was Qanbalu Pemba . They later settled in manda, Kilwa. Lamu and Mombasa. The Arabs reffered to the Africans as the Zenj Blacks Factors that facilitated the coming of Arabs to the east African coast. The Indian ocean provided the highway through which the traders traveled The traders had the skills of harnessing the monsoon winds trade winds they knew what times of the year to come to the coast and what times to go back. The traders had marine technology e.g. they had ship-building technology and knew how to use the compass for navigation of the ocean They ensured the control of the red sea was in their hands to bar the enemy from attacking them The ports of southern Arabia were good calling places on their journey between the east and the west. The deep harbours at the coast were ideal for their ships to anchor, refuel and get supplies. Reasons for the coming of the Arabs They wanted to trade and control the commercial activities along the east African coast. Some Arabs came as refugees, fleeing from religious and political persecutions in Arabia. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 They came to spread their religion, Islam. Some came as explorers to explore the east African coast. Some came to establish settlements along the east African coast. Trade between the East African coast and the outside world There is sufficient evidence of the existence of regular trading contacts between east African coast and the countries in the Middle East and Far East. Development and organization of the trade The earliest foreign traders must have been the Romans who traded with the Indians in the Far East. They made stopovers at the east African coast for ivory whose demand had grown tremendously. Muslim Arabs acted as intermediaries in the Indian Ocean trade between the Indians and the Romans. They also exported frankincense and myrrh among other things. Traders from Persia, Arabia and Syria brought glass beakers and bowls, swords, pots, grains, sugar, cloth and beads in exchange for palm oil, tortoise shells, ivory and slaves. The Greek, roman and Chinese traders brought porcelain bowls, daggers, swords, pottery, cowrie shells, glassware, beads and silk in exchange for ivory, rhinoceros horns, bee wax, tortoise shells , coconut oil and mangrove poles.
They also exported frankincense and myrrh among other things. Traders from Persia, Arabia and Syria brought glass beakers and bowls, swords, pots, grains, sugar, cloth and beads in exchange for palm oil, tortoise shells, ivory and slaves. The Greek, roman and Chinese traders brought porcelain bowls, daggers, swords, pottery, cowrie shells, glassware, beads and silk in exchange for ivory, rhinoceros horns, bee wax, tortoise shells , coconut oil and mangrove poles. Cowrie shells were obtained from Maldives islands while spices came from Spice Island. East Africa also exported leopard skins, gold, ostrich feathers, copal, copper and iron. Ivory was used in Asia to make bangles, bracelets, piano keys and for decorations The traders relied on the monsoon winds to blow their ships to and from the east African coast. The Indian Ocean trade was conducted through the barter system but later coins were used as a medium of exchange. During barter, the foreigners bartered their goods with gold, ivory and slaves. Seyyid said later introduced copper and silver coins. The middlemen in the trade included the Arabs and Swahili who organized caravans to the interior to acquire local goods which they sold to traders at the coast. As there was no common language spoken, trading was conducted silently, hence the name silent trade Capital for the trade was provided by the Arabs. Later the Indian banyans started giving credit facilities to the traders which increased the volume of trade. The sultan of Zanzibar provided security to the Arab traders, enabling them to penetrate the interior to acquire goods. The trade stimulated development of towns along the coastline. E.g Rhapta probably located between pangani and Dar es Salam , Essina and Sarapion were the earliest towns to grow. Lamu Malindi Mombasa, pate and Brava also developed. The merchants settled at various places on the coast and on the islands and interacted with the locals leading to development of the Swahili culture. Factors which promoted the Indian Ocean trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 a Availability of items of trade from the east African coast and foreigner countries. For example, ivory, slaves, cotton and porcelain.
Factors which promoted the Indian Ocean trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 a Availability of items of trade from the east African coast and foreigner countries. For example, ivory, slaves, cotton and porcelain. B The high demand for trade items from the coast by consumers from the outside world was also a promoting factor. This was caused by the uneven distribution of resources. Foreign items were also on demand at the coat. C The existence of enterprising merchants in both the foreign lands and the east African coast led to promotion of trade links. The Akamba, Mijikenda, nyamwezi and Swahili middlemen for example played a pivoted role in the trade. D The existence of local trade among Africans which acted as a base upon which the Indian Ocean trade was developed. E The accessibility of the east African coast by sea. This enabled the foreigner traders to reach the region across the Indian Ocean. F The existence of the monsoon winds facilitated the movement of the vessels which made it possible for the traders to travel to and from the coasty. G The existence of peace and political stability at the east African coast created a conducive atmosphere for business transactions. Where there was need, the traders were given security by the sultan of Zanzibar. H The existence of natural harbours along the coast ensured safe docking of the trade vessels for fueling and off-loading. I The advancement in the ship building technology in Europe gave great advantage to the traders. This made water transport reliable and regular. J The existence o the Indian Banyans money lenders who gave credit facilities enabled many more people to join the trade. Impacts of the trade on the peoples of east Africa a The trade led to intermarriage between Muslim traders with the local Bantu communities giving rise to the Swahili people with a distinct culture. B There was emergence of Kiswahili as a new language of the coastal people. The language is a mixture of Bantu and Arabic languages. C The trade led to the spread of the Islamic culture along the coastal region. Stone buildings were constructed, new dressing styles arose women began to wear buibui while men wore kanzus , new eating habits also evolved. D The Islamic law, sharia was also introduced. E Many Africans were converted to Islam.
Stone buildings were constructed, new dressing styles arose women began to wear buibui while men wore kanzus , new eating habits also evolved. D The Islamic law, sharia was also introduced. E Many Africans were converted to Islam. However the religion did not spread beyond the coastal region prior to the 19th c. f New crops were introduced along the coast. For example, rice, wheat, millet, cloves, vegetables and fruits such as bananas and oranges. Cloth, cowrie shells and spices were also introduced. G Profits derived from the trade were used to develop towns like Pemba, Mombasa, Lamu, Zanzibar and Kilwa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 75 h The trade led to the rise of a class of rich merchants exhibiting a high standard of living. African merchants who rose to prominence included chief Kivoi among the Akamba, Ngonyo of the Giriama, Mwakikonga of the Digo, Nyungu ya mawe, Mirambo and Msiri of the Nyamwezi. I There was decline of the local industries like weaving and iron working which were affected by the influx of foreign goods like cloth fro India and iron tools from Asia and Europe. J There was destruction of wildlife, especially elephant and rhinoceros due to the increased demand for ivory. K The increased demand for slaves promoted warfare among the communities as many people were captured during slave raids. It also created fear while others lost their life during the warfare. L Slave trade also disrupted African economies as able bodied men were captured leaving behind the aged, weak, and children who made little contribution. Many even died of starvation since they could not participate in food production. M African population in the hinterland greatly reduced as many were sold into slavery. N Money currency was introduced as a means of exchange to replace the barter system of trade. O East African coast was exposed to the outside world through trade. This paved way for European imperialism later on. P Trade routes led to the establishment of trade caravan routes which later were upgraded to by the colonialists. The coming of the Portuguese Since the 10th century Arabian influence along the coast had been strong.
This paved way for European imperialism later on. P Trade routes led to the establishment of trade caravan routes which later were upgraded to by the colonialists. The coming of the Portuguese Since the 10th century Arabian influence along the coast had been strong. Most of the port towns along the East African coast had been built by Arab Sultans, who brought the Muslim religion to the coastal people. The Portuguese explorer and soldier, Vasco da Gama, was the first European to make contact with the people of the East African Coast. He had been paid by the King of Portugal to find a sea route to India. The Portuguese at the East African coast 1500 1700 A.D The Portuguese were the first Europeans to have contacts with the people of the East African Coast. They invaded the east African coast in 1498 at a time when the Ottoman Empire occupied most of the Middle East thus blocking the overland route to India from Europe. They were adventurous and in search for the sea route to India. This led them to the East African Coast where they stayed for 200 years. Reasons for the coming of the Portuguese at the East African coast a The need to establish a commercial empire in order to get the products of East Africa e.g. ivory, gold, silks and spices that were mainly controlled by the Arabs merchants. B They wanted to obtain control of the main trading towns, e.g. Kilwa, Mombasa etc. C They wanted to defeat the Muslim traders and rulers who had monopolized the Indian Ocean trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 76 d They wanted to prevent other European rivals from gaining access to the Indian Ocean Trade e.g. the French, Dutch, and British e Desire to get revenue for the development of their country. F The Portuguese wished to share in the profits of the Indian Ocean Trade by imposing taxes and forcing wealthy coastal towns to pay tribute to the king of Portugal. G The coast had natural harbors where ships could anchor on their way to and from the East for fresh food and water. The Portuguese therefore wanted to establish a calling station for resting, refresh, treating the sick, repairing wrecked ships e.t.c h The coast was strategically located and this made it easy to control sea pirates and other rival powers.
F The Portuguese wished to share in the profits of the Indian Ocean Trade by imposing taxes and forcing wealthy coastal towns to pay tribute to the king of Portugal. G The coast had natural harbors where ships could anchor on their way to and from the East for fresh food and water. The Portuguese therefore wanted to establish a calling station for resting, refresh, treating the sick, repairing wrecked ships e.t.c h The coast was strategically located and this made it easy to control sea pirates and other rival powers. I They wanted to revenge on the Muslim Arabs who had conquered Portugal in 711 AD by converting them to Christianity and stop the spread of Islam i.e. the Arabs had ever run the Iberian Peninsula and forced the Christians to accept Islam. J They hoped to get assistance of King Prester John thought to be in the interior of north east Africa. They hoped the king would help them in their crusade against the Muslims. K They had hope of stopping Egyptians and Turks from sending military aid to their fellow Moslems on the coast. L They were interested in exploration and adventure; this was a period of Renaissance means to be born again change in Europe. Hence hoped to search for the unknown, new knowledge and sailing across un mapped seas. M Desire to acquire revenue for the development of their country. Portuguese conquest of the coast 1500-1510 Stages of conquest Steps taken by the Portuguese to occupy the East African coast. In 1497 King John 11 sent Padro da Covillha on a land journey to India to gather information about the Eastern trades and the sea routes. In 1498 Bathromew Diaz sailed around the Cape of Good Hope, thus proving that there was a way round South Africa to the Indian Ocean. Between 1497- 1499 Vasco da Gama at the command of King Emmanuel the fortunate of Portugal visited Mozambique, Mombasa and Malindi on his way to India. He arrived in Malindi in March 1498 to a warm welcome by the locals. He returned to Portugal in 1499 and gave a report of the flourishing Sofala trade, the Deep Harbour in Mombasa and the existing disunity of coastal people. In response to Vasco da Gama s expeditions, the king of Portugal sent fleets of ships to conquer the important trading towns of the East African coast.
He arrived in Malindi in March 1498 to a warm welcome by the locals. He returned to Portugal in 1499 and gave a report of the flourishing Sofala trade, the Deep Harbour in Mombasa and the existing disunity of coastal people. In response to Vasco da Gama s expeditions, the king of Portugal sent fleets of ships to conquer the important trading towns of the East African coast. In 1500 Pedro Alvares Cabral attempted to capture Sofala with its Gold trade but he failed. In 1502 Vasco da Gama came back with 19 ships aiming at capturing Kilwa because it was the most important and prosperous. He captured the palace, imprisoned the Su ltan and only released him when he accepted to pay tribute to Portugal. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 77 From Kilwa he invaded Mombasa, which tried to get assistance from Malindi but since they were great rivals Malindi refused to give assistance, this disunity made the work of conquest easy. In 1503 Ruy Laurence Ravasco was sent with a number of ships and forced the islands of Mafia and Zanzibar and other towns to pay tribute to Portugal. In 1504, Lopez destroyed gold trade at Kilwa. Attacks were too much on the harbour that trade came to a standstill. But again the Arabs failed to unite to fight the Portuguese. In 1505 Francisco D Almeida arrived at the coast on his way to Gao where he had been appointed the first Portuguese viceroy governor of the Eastern Empire. With 1500 men and 20 ships, he attacked Sofala which surrendered without struggle because she was tired of Kilwa s rule and therefore preferred the Portuguese to fellow Arabs. His forces continued northwards and attacked Kilwa. The Sultan and his followers took off to the bush while the Portuguese looted and burnt down the town before he departed to India. He also conquered Mombasa. In 1506 1507 Tristao Da Cunha took on the Northern towns of Socotra, Oja, Brava and Lamu. Towns that submitted without struggles were only asked to pay tribute to Portugal. Malindi was even excused from paying tribute due to her friendship with the Portuguese. In 1509 Alba quiqui captured the remaining towns i.e.
Towns that submitted without struggles were only asked to pay tribute to Portugal. Malindi was even excused from paying tribute due to her friendship with the Portuguese. In 1509 Alba quiqui captured the remaining towns i.e. the work of conquest was completed with taking the islands of Pemba, Mafia, and Zanzibar. Mombasa was burnt down. By 1515 the Portuguese had succeeded in conquering most of the coastal towns, bring them under Portuguese rule. However towns like Gedi, Kilifi, Pate, Manda, Mombasa and Lamu continued with resistance. Mombasa was heavily attacked in 1528. In 1585, a Turkish captain, Amir Ali Bey, arrived at the coast as an envoy of the sultan of turkey to free the coastal towns from the Portuguese. Rebellion then broke out between 1585 and 1588 between Ali Bey, the Portuguese, and the people of Mombasa and Zimba warriors. The towns of pate, Siyu and Pemba were attacked and forced to pay heavy fines while manda was completely destroyed. Portugal finally brought all the coastal towns under her control establishing her headquarters in Mombasa that had been subdued in 1589. In 1593, the Portuguese built fort Jesus Why the Portuguese build Fort Jesus a They used it as a watch tower b To hide against attacks by the enemies c As military base d To offer food security and protection. E To act as an armament. F To act as a prison for the captives. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 78 Portuguese control of the east African coast as greatly supported by the conquest of Hormuz, which made it easier for them to control sea traffic in the Persian Gulf, Gulf of Eden and Arabian Sea. Why the Portuguese defeated the East African Coastal towns Why the Portuguese were successful a They had superior weapons e.g. cannon guns which made terrible noise and threw people in panic as compared to the poor musket guns of the coastal Arabs. B They had well trained soldiers with superior skills of fighting compared to the coastal people who had no permanent organized army e.g. Vasco da Gama, Francisco D Almeida were ruthless army commanders which helped them to defeat the coastal dwellers. C They had better and faster ships carracks well equipped for naval warfare.
B They had well trained soldiers with superior skills of fighting compared to the coastal people who had no permanent organized army e.g. Vasco da Gama, Francisco D Almeida were ruthless army commanders which helped them to defeat the coastal dwellers. C They had better and faster ships carracks well equipped for naval warfare. The Portuguese soldiers wore Armour on their bodies and helmets on their heads, which protected them from the weapons of the coastal people. D The coastal towns were disunited which gave chance to the Portuguese to fight isolated enemies e.g. Malindi refused to unite with Mombasa due to local conflicts. Some cooperated with the invaders giving them food and bases e.g. Malindi and Sofala. E Some coastal towns like Kilwa were caught unaware. The Portuguese employed cruel methods of fighting like burning down towns and surprise attacks. F The ships acted as stages against the hostile weapons of the coastal people. G The coast had natural harbours and was not open to attacks. H The constant attacks on the coastal towns by the Galla, Zimba and Turkish e.t.c had weakened their defence. I The Portuguese were financially equipped and therefore supported their soldiers because they wanted to control the East African trade. J The coastal states had very weak economies that could not sustain prolonged fights especially against the economically strong Portuguese. Portuguese Administration at the coast By 1510, the conquest of the East African coast was over and administration fell into the hands of the Portuguese. For easy administration, the coast was divided into two zones; a. The area North of Cape Delgado was ruled by the Captain at Malindi. B. The area South of Cape Delgado was ruled by Captain at Mozambique. Both captains were answerable to the Portuguese viceroy at Goa on Indian coast at the General headquarters. Cape Delgado was made the midpoint of the East Africa possession. Sofala was made the regional headquarters but still under the charge of the captain who took his orders from the viceroy at Goa. Later, the Captain in the North was stationed at Mombasa after the construction of Fort Jesus in 1593 because they were rebellious. Other forts and garrisons were established at Sofala and Kilwa. The Portuguese captains were responsible for the collections of tributes from coastal rulers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 79 They imposed the customs dues on all imports and exports.
Other forts and garrisons were established at Sofala and Kilwa. The Portuguese captains were responsible for the collections of tributes from coastal rulers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 79 They imposed the customs dues on all imports and exports. They were also responsible for the suppression of rebellions on the coast. The Portuguese had problems with administration because they could not provide enough troops to all garrisons their strongholds. The Portuguese were more interested in gold trade in Sofala. Unfortunately, they failed to develop this trade because of the following; There were wars in the mining areas between the Portuguese and Coastal people. As a result the Portuguese were so cruel that any sign of disobedience was punished with maximum brutality to serve as a warning to others who might choose to rebel. This partly explains the unpopularity of the Portuguese on the coast. The Portuguese also applied the policy of divide and rule by setting one town against the other. For example Malindi against Mombasa. The relationship with the subjects was not good. They lived in isolation of each other by race and religion. The Portuguese established their own settlements, built their own churches and had their own priest. This could be the reason why their religion was rejected and hatred increased. In addition, the few Portuguese officials were corrupt, plundered and ordered destruction on the coastal town. All this earned them hatred and opposition from the people and it was not a surprise that they were nicknamed "AFRITI" meaning Devil. The Portuguese did not mix freely with Africans because they considered themselves to be a special race. During the Portuguese reign, the glory of the coastal states was no more. The high standards of living the coastal people had enjoyed were no more. The trade that had made them rich was declining. Many buildings were in ruins and there was widespread poverty and misery. Reasons that led to the decline of the Portuguese at the East African Coast Problems challenges they faced a Portugal was a small country that could not provide enough administrators and officials for such a large coastline that extended from Sofala in the south to Mogadishu in the north. The territory was too big and long for effective control and administration. B It had few soldiers and could not keep fortified garrison along the coast. C Authority was left in hands of incompetent and corrupt officials who were after enriching themselves. D The Africans hated the Portuguese due to differences in religion, that is to say, Muslims against Christians Portuguese .
B It had few soldiers and could not keep fortified garrison along the coast. C Authority was left in hands of incompetent and corrupt officials who were after enriching themselves. D The Africans hated the Portuguese due to differences in religion, that is to say, Muslims against Christians Portuguese . E The Portuguese were cruel, harsh and brutal, they always punished the coastal people whenever they attempted to rebel and made them to be hated. F The Portuguese also used divide and rule policy for example, they allied with Malindi against Mombasa. G There was decline of trade due high taxes on imports and other restrictions hence smuggling of goods, which affected the Portuguese economy. Due to decline in trade, the people became poor and dissatisfied and they continuously rebelled. H The Portuguese failed to support their own allies at the coast, some even betrayed them. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 80 i Portugal had been forced into a union with Spain between1580 1640 which weakened her control of the trading colonies as she was no longer interested in the overseas empire. J Portugal was challenged by other European powers, which began competing with the Portuguese in the Indian Ocean Trade e.g. Dutch, English, French, Turks and others. K The coastal people found useful allies against the Portuguese due to their bad rule e.g. Turks, Oman, and Arabs l They were faced with constant rebellions along the coast. This greatly disrupted life at the coast e.g. Pate, Mombasa m Tropical diseases which claimed their life like smallpox, malaria making it difficult for them to administer the coast effectively. N The Portuguese were greatly weakened by a group of cannibals the Zimba, who attacked the East African coast. O The unhealthy climate made the area unattractive for them to work for instance, some places where too humid and hot while others were too cold. P The distance between Portugal and the East African coast was too far hence reinforcement delayed. Q There was a problem of communication barrier, the Portuguese refused to learn the African languages and these made their administration difficult. R The income obtained from the gold trade was not enough to pay for administration i.e. soldiers and officials. S The Capture of Fort Jesus their stronghold in 1698 by the Omani greatly contributed to their decline.
R The income obtained from the gold trade was not enough to pay for administration i.e. soldiers and officials. S The Capture of Fort Jesus their stronghold in 1698 by the Omani greatly contributed to their decline. The collapse of Portuguese rule In 1585, a Turkish captain, Amir Ali Bey, arrived at the coast as an envoy of the sultan of turkey to free the coastal towns from the Portuguese. Rebellion then broke out between 1585 and 1588 between Ali Bey, the Portuguese, and the people of Mombasa and Zimba warriors. The towns of pate, Siyu and Pemba were attacked and forced to pay heavy fines while manda was completely destroyed As a result of their ruthlessness, the coastal people became hostile to the Portuguese. Mombasa for example resisted the humiliation they got from the Portuguese appointedsultan The sultan s heir Yusuf was treated as a servant who resented the people of Mombasa On 15thaugust 1631, during the Christian feast of Assumption in Mombasa, Sultan Yusuf stabbed the captain with a knife, killing him instantly. This sparked off a rebellion where many Portuguese were killed. Yusuf posed a threat to the Portuguese rule until his death in 1637. The people of pate also revolted in 1666. However, their ruler was arrested and exiled to Goa where he was executed In 1622, the Persians drove the Portuguese from Hormuz. In 1650, the Portuguese were expelled from their bases in Muscat by the Omani Arabs under sultan Saif For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 81 Britain, France and Holland also began to compete the Portuguese in trade. The final blow to Portuguese rule was attack by the Omani Arabs and the seizure of fort Jesus. The coastal Arab towns had appealed to their brothers in Oman for assistance against the Portuguese brutality. In 1652, an Oman fleet sailed to pate and Zanzib ar, overpowered and killed the Portuguese. In 1696, Imam Saif Ibn Sultan of Oman sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and army.
The coastal Arab towns had appealed to their brothers in Oman for assistance against the Portuguese brutality. In 1652, an Oman fleet sailed to pate and Zanzib ar, overpowered and killed the Portuguese. In 1696, Imam Saif Ibn Sultan of Oman sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and army. The Portuguese took refuge in Fort Jesus as battle raged on about 2500 Portuguese men, women and children the Portuguese were unfortunate as they could not get supplies to sustain the war with 3000 plus Arab soldiers with full packing of the coastal people. In 1697, the Omani forces got access to the Fort and found most Portuguese afflicted with disease. By December 1698, the Omanis penetrated the Fort only to find all except twelve Portuguese dead. This marked the end of Portuguese rule though they made a temporaryseizure of the fort in 1728 but were overpowered. For the coastal people, it was however a mere change of guard from the Portuguese to the Arabs. Results of Portuguese stay at the coast of East Africa Positive: a The Portuguese built Fort Jesus at the coast in Mombasa in1592 3 which became a fortress and later a tourist attraction for centuries. B They enriched the Swahili language with an addition of 60 words e.g. emeza meaning table and pesa meaning money. C They introduced new crops from South Africa of which many have become staple diet for many East Africans e.g. cassava, pawpaws, maize, oranges, sweet potatoes, guavas, pineapples and mangoes d They made an improvement in ship building. During their stay on the coast, many architects came in from India and Europe. E There was establishment of closer trading links between the coast and India. F They introduced new farming methods for example they encouraged the use of cow dung as manure. G They led to the coming of more European and Asian traders and craftsmen especially those who helped in the building of Fort Jesus. H They broke the Muslim- Arab monopoly of the Indian Ocean Trade. Negative: a Trade declined due to the constant wars and rebellions and heavy taxes imposed. B There was decline of the coastal towns because many were burnt down and left in ruins for example Kilwa and Mombasa. C There was widespread poverty and misery among the coastal people due to decline in trade.
Negative: a Trade declined due to the constant wars and rebellions and heavy taxes imposed. B There was decline of the coastal towns because many were burnt down and left in ruins for example Kilwa and Mombasa. C There was widespread poverty and misery among the coastal people due to decline in trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 82 d There was heavy loss of lives during the attacks. There was depopulation due to the many wars in the areas e There was destruction of property like buildings and crops, which led to famine and starvation. F The coastal people suffered oppression and brutality under harsh rule of the Portuguese. G Their religion, Christianity, made no impact at the coast because they lived far from their subjects and stagnation of the Islamic faith because discouraged preaching. H Smuggling developed because the Portuguese had failed to establish proper trading links with the Interior. I Some towns were prevented from trading with their initial partners which led to their decay e.g. Gedi j They led to the European interest at the coast hence leading to the colonization in the 19th Century. THE ESTABLISHMENT AND IMPACT OF OMANI RULE AT THE EAST AFRICAN COAST The Omani Arabs Imams of Omani replaced the Portuguese as the rulers of the East African coast after the capture of fort Jesus in 1698.The new rulers initially administered the region through some Arab families; The Mazrui Mazaria family which ruled Mombasa The Nabahan Family which ruled Lamu. The civil wars back home made it hard for the Omani Arabs to control the coast immediately. There were also threats of Persian invasion. Constant rebellion from coastal towns against Omani governors posed a serious challenge to Omani rule. Pate for example refused to pay tax and even murdered the imam s messengers. Towns they were loyal to Oman were attacked. The Mazrui established themselves as independent rulers of Mombasa and ordered towns like pate, Pemba and Malindi to pay allegiance to them. Their greatest allies were the Mijikenda who promised them support in case of Omani attack. The struggle between the Mazrui and the Imams of Oman 1741-1840 The coastal towns led by Mombasa resisted Oman s conquest due to the following reasons. A The Omani wanted the revenue from the taxes levied on trade.
Towns they were loyal to Oman were attacked. The Mazrui established themselves as independent rulers of Mombasa and ordered towns like pate, Pemba and Malindi to pay allegiance to them. Their greatest allies were the Mijikenda who promised them support in case of Omani attack. The struggle between the Mazrui and the Imams of Oman 1741-1840 The coastal towns led by Mombasa resisted Oman s conquest due to the following reasons. A The Omani wanted the revenue from the taxes levied on trade. B The towns also wished to maintain their independence as they were during the Portuguese rule. C The towns were also encouraged by the prevailing weaknesses in Oman due to civil wars and the Persian threat. D The harsh and ruthless rule and manner in which the Oman rulers collected taxes. E Mombasa had fought against the Portuguese and did not wish to be under control of another foreign power. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 83 The struggle The appointment of Mohammed Ibn Azthman al Mazrui as the new governor of Mombasa coincided with the death of the Oman Imam Saif Ibn- Sultan of the Yorubi and his replacement with Ahmed Bin Said al-Busaidi. The new Mombasa governor refused to recognize the new imam and declared the independence of Mombasa from Oman. The sultan had him murdered and fort Jesus seized. A year later, the brother of the murdered governor recaptured the town and the fort. This became the century long struggle between the al-busaidi and al-Mazrui families. Taking advantage of the problems in Oman, Mombasa expanded her power and control over the coastal towns she took over pate in 1807 and attacked Lamu in 1810 . Lamu appealed to Oman for assistance. Seyyid Said and the struggle Further political changes happened in Oman. Seyyid said rose to power as the imam Seyyid of Oman. His father, the ruler of Oman had died in a sea battle in 1804 when he was only 13 years. His cousin Badr Ibn saif took over. In 1806, Said stabbed Badr to death fearing domination. With the assistance of the British he had entrenched his position as the Seyyid of Oman at the age of 15 years.
His cousin Badr Ibn saif took over. In 1806, Said stabbed Badr to death fearing domination. With the assistance of the British he had entrenched his position as the Seyyid of Oman at the age of 15 years. The British even promised him support in claiming the east African coast. He then sent a governor to build a fortress in Mombasa and to order all towns to recognize the power of Oman. Mombasa s new governor Abdullah Ibn Ahmed defied the order and even continued to attack Brava. By 1817, Seyyid said had succeeded in freeing Pate from Mazrui rule. In 1822, with the help of Zanzibar, an Oman ally, he liberated Pemba and Brava from Mombasa. In 1823, he gained control of the Bajun Islands. He ordered that no town should trade with Mombasa. In 1824, the sultan of Mombasa offered Mombasa to become a British protectorate to protect him from the Oman rule. The new powerful position of Mombasa was however short-lived upto 1826 due to the terms of the Moresby anti-slavery treaty between Seyyid said and the British. The animosity between Mombasa and Oman continued. In 1837, there was a dispute in Mombasa over the succession to the vacant office of the Liwali. This became an opportune chance for Seyyid said to lure the members of the Mazrui family into fort Jesus where he killed them. Seyyid Said; Sultan of Zanzibar 91840-1856 After that Seyyid said consolidated his power and control over the coast as well as the interior of east Africa. He then transferred his capital from Muscat to Oman. The transfer of the capital to Zanzibar from Muscat was due to the following reasons: a Seyyid said desired to effectively control the coastal towns through the centrally located Zanzibar. B Zanzibar had a pleasant climate compared to Muscat which was hot and dry. It also had fresh water, adequate rainfall and fertile soils that favoured clove growing. C Zanzibar was easily defensible as an island. It was easy to sea the enemy from far and launch an attack from the island.
It also had fresh water, adequate rainfall and fertile soils that favoured clove growing. C Zanzibar was easily defensible as an island. It was easy to sea the enemy from far and launch an attack from the island. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 84 d The good deep harbours of Zanzibar I which ships could anchor were attractive. Zanzibar s central position also favoured development of long distance trade. E The town had a long history of loyalty to Oman throughout the Mazrui- busaidi struggles. Seyyid said appointed Liwalis to rule important towns. They were give the responsibility of collecting custom dues levied at each port. The Arabs in the local towns were allowed to rule themselves. Seyyid said was keener on the commercial empire than p olitical leadership. He stated I am nothing but just a merchant . Seyyid said developed an economic programme based on agriculture and international trade. The development of plantation Agriculture Seyyid sad encouraged settlers from Oman and Zanzibar to take advantage of the fertile sols and good climate at the coast to settle in Mombasa. Malindi, Lamu and Pemba venture into agriculture. Plantation agriculture largely depended on slave labour. The people of Mombasa extended plantation agriculture into the mainland, acquiring land from the Mijikenda in exchange for gifts. They planted rice, maize, millet, beans, sesame and sorghum. Along the island, large plantations of coconut mango trees, cashew nuts and citrus fruits were developed. Grain plantations were developed around Malindi and Takaungu whose land was largely unoccupied and the orma were no longer a threat. By 1870, about 1400 to 1500 slaves worked on plantation farms in Malindi which had become the granary of Africa producing all kinds of grains, mangoes, coconut, mangoes and oranges. Seyyid said also established a clove plantation in Zanzibar. He also encouraged people to grow coconut trees by putting in place a policy that for eve coconut tree cut, three were to be planted. Plantation agriculture intensified slave trade.
By 1870, about 1400 to 1500 slaves worked on plantation farms in Malindi which had become the granary of Africa producing all kinds of grains, mangoes, coconut, mangoes and oranges. Seyyid said also established a clove plantation in Zanzibar. He also encouraged people to grow coconut trees by putting in place a policy that for eve coconut tree cut, three were to be planted. Plantation agriculture intensified slave trade. The Slave Trade in East Africa Slave trade: The buying and selling of human beings Slavery: The state of being enslaved: It s a system where by some people are owned by others and are forced to work for others without being paid for the work they have done. It involves capturing, transporting of human beings who become the property of the buyer. The slave trade was one of the worst crimes against humanity. The trade was started by Arabs who wanted labour for domestic use and for their plantations. However, they were later joined by Europeans.. Reasons for the rise of slave trade During the second half of the 18th century, France opened up larger sugar plantations on the islands of Reunion, Mauritius and in the Indian Ocean. African slaves were thus recruited from East Africa to go and work in those plantations. Africans were considered physically fit to work in harsh climatic conditions compared to the native red Indians and Europeans. This greatly increased the demand for the indigenous people slaves . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 85 The increased demand for sugar and cotton in Europe led to their increase in price and therefore more labour slaves was needed in the British colonies of West Indies and America. Strong desire for European goods by African chiefs like Mirambo and Nyungu ya Mawe forced them to acquire slaves in exchange for manufactured goods such as brass, metal ware, cotton cloth, beads, spirits such as whisky, guns and gun powder. The existence and recognition of slavery in East Africa societies. Domestic and child slavery already existed therefore Africans were willing to exchange slaves for European goods. The huge profits enjoyed by middlemen like Arab Swahili traders encouraged the traders to get deeply involved in the trade. The suitable winds and currents monsoon winds which eased transportation for slave traders greatly contributed to the rise of slave trade.
Domestic and child slavery already existed therefore Africans were willing to exchange slaves for European goods. The huge profits enjoyed by middlemen like Arab Swahili traders encouraged the traders to get deeply involved in the trade. The suitable winds and currents monsoon winds which eased transportation for slave traders greatly contributed to the rise of slave trade. The Legalization of slave trade in 1802 by Napoleon 1 of France increased the demand for slaves in all French Colonies. The increased number of criminals, war captives, destitute forced African chiefs to sell them off as slaves. The Oman Arabs contributed to the rise in the demand for slaves. This is because they acted as middlemen between the African Swahili people, the Portuguese and French traders. They therefore worked very hard to get slaves in order to obtain revenue from them. The invention of Spanish mines in West indices increased slave demands to work in the mines. The exodus of slaves from East Africa to Northeast Africa, Arabia and Persia contributed to the increase in the demand for slaves. It led to an enormous number of slaves obtained from East Africa being transported to other countries. The movement of Seyyid Said s capital to Zanzibar led to an increase in slave trade. This is because when Seyyid said settled in Zanzibar in 1840, he embarked on strong plans to open up slave trade routes to the interior of East Africa. This boosted slave trade, whereby the number of slaves being sold at the slave market in Zanzibar annually by that time, reached between 40000 and 45000 thousand slaves. The outbreak of diseases like Nagana led to an increase in slave trade. This is because the beasts of burden i.e. camels, donkeys, etc could not be taken on many of the caravan routes. It therefore necessitated people themselves to be involved in the transportation of the trade goods and ivory. Such people included porters who were regarded as slaves, or free Africans who could sell their services in return for cloth and other trade goods. Development of long distance trade that needed slaves to transport goods from the interior of East Africa. Plantation farming increased in some areas, especially the clove plantations were slaves worked. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 86 Organization of slave trade in E. Africa The middlemen involved were; Arab Swahili traders African chiefs.
Plantation farming increased in some areas, especially the clove plantations were slaves worked. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 86 Organization of slave trade in E. Africa The middlemen involved were; Arab Swahili traders African chiefs. Ways of obtaining slaves Selling of domestic slaves in exchange for goods like beads, guns, glass etc Selling of criminals, debtors and social misfits in society by the local chiefs to the Arab slave traders. Prisoners of war could be sold off. Porters were sometimes kidnapped, transported and sold off to the Arab traders. Raiding villages, this would begin at night with gun shoots and people would scatter consequently leading to their capture. Through inter tribal wars many Africans become destitutes and these would be captured by the slave traders. Tax offenders were sold off by the African chiefs. They were also captured through ambushes during hunting, travelling and gardening. Slaves would be acquired from the main slave trade market in Zanzibar. Other Africans are also said to have gone voluntarily in anticipation of great wonders and benefits from the Arab Swahili traders. Slave journey: - Slaves journey was a difficult one. They moved long distances on foot. Chained, whipped and sometimes killed on the way. Had little food and water and experienced extreme suffering. This is illustrated by a Quotation from Dr. David Livingstone s Last Journal. London 1878: We passed a woman tied by the neck to a tree and dead we saw others tied up in a similar manner, and one lying in the path shot or stabbed for she was in a pool of blood. The explanation we got invariably was that the Arab who owned these victims was enraged at losing the money by the slaves becoming unable to march. The main slave market where slaves were auctioned was at Zanzibar. The journey across the India Ocean was horrible. Crowded in ships with hardly any space to breath. Ships carried anything from 250 to 600 slaves. They were very overcrowded and packed like spoons with no room even to turn. Whenever they saw anti-slave trade people, slaves would be thrown in the ocean As a result many died in the process. Effects Impact of slave trade on people of E.
They were very overcrowded and packed like spoons with no room even to turn. Whenever they saw anti-slave trade people, slaves would be thrown in the ocean As a result many died in the process. Effects Impact of slave trade on people of E. Africa Positive effects a New foods were introduced through trade routes like maize, pawpaws, rice, groundnuts both at the coast and in the interior. B Plantation farming increased in some areas, especially the clove plantations were slaves worked. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 87 c The interior was opened to the outside world this later encouraged the coming of European missionaries. Many European Christian missionaries came to East Africa to preach against slave trade and to campaign for its abolition. D The trade routes became permanent routes and inland roads which led to growth of communication networks. E Swahili was introduced in land and is now being widely spoken in Tanzania, Kenya, Uganda and Eastern Congo. F Islam as a religion was introduced by Arabs and it spread, especially in Yao land and in Buganda land. G A new race called Swahili was formed through intermarriages between Arabs and some Africans. H There was growth of Arab towns such as Tabora and Ujiji inland. I There was emergence of dynamic leaders such as Mirambo and Nyungu ya Mawe in the latter half of the nineteenth century. J Slave trade strengthened the large and powerful states, which could easily get access to guns at the expense of small ones. K Slave trade led to a situation whereby power became centralized and no longer with the small, local authority segimentary societies mainly to enable African chiefs directly control slave trade. L Slave trade encouraged large-scale trade whereby contact was established between the trade masters and indigenous local population. M Africans were dispersed to other parts of the world e.g Arabia, America and West Indies. In Africa, Sierra-Leone and Liberia were founded to accommodate former slaves from Europe and America. Negative effects a African population was reduced; people who would have been great leaders and empire builders were killed. It is estimated that over 15 to 30 million people were sold in to slavery while other millions died in the process being transported. B Slave trade brought misery, suffering and lowered the quality of people in East Africa this is because they were reduced to commodities which could be bought and sold on land.
Negative effects a African population was reduced; people who would have been great leaders and empire builders were killed. It is estimated that over 15 to 30 million people were sold in to slavery while other millions died in the process being transported. B Slave trade brought misery, suffering and lowered the quality of people in East Africa this is because they were reduced to commodities which could be bought and sold on land. C Villages and families were destroyed and broken up by slave raiders and never to be reunited this later resulted in to loss of identity. D Diseases broke out among the overcrowded slaves for example the Spaniards introduced Syphilis and soon it spread to other traders. E Slave trade led to displacement of people and many became homeless and destitute many and stayed in Europe with no identity. F Economic activities such as farming were disrupted. This is because the young and able craftsmen, traders and farmers were carried off, causing economic stagnation as the economic workforce depleted. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 88 g Progress slowed down, which resulted in famine, poverty and destitution and helplessness. H There was a decline in production of traditional goods such as coffee, beans, bark cloth and iron which greatly hindered the cash economy. I There was a decline in African industries which also faced a lot of competition from imported manufactured goods for example the Bark cloth and iron working industries. J Guns were introduced into the interior which caused a lot of insecurity and increased incidences of wars for territorial expansion. K Clans and tribal units, languages were broken and inter-tribal peace was disturbed for example Swahili language replaced the traditional languages in the interior. Abolition of slave trade Reasons why it was difficult to stop slave trade Slavery existed before in Africa societies that is to say, domestic slavery and internal slave trade, which provided a favourable situation for continuation of the lucrative slave trade. The Abolition movement which had begun in Britain and her overseas territory first took effect in West Africa. The decline in West African trade encouraged the expansion of trade in East Africa especially with America and West Indies. Slave trade was difficult to stop because of division of African tribes against each other .This meant that African tribes would find it difficult to unite together and resist the slave traders, who raided their societies using organized bands of men.
The Abolition movement which had begun in Britain and her overseas territory first took effect in West Africa. The decline in West African trade encouraged the expansion of trade in East Africa especially with America and West Indies. Slave trade was difficult to stop because of division of African tribes against each other .This meant that African tribes would find it difficult to unite together and resist the slave traders, who raided their societies using organized bands of men. Disregard of human life, many African rulers tended to put less value for the lives of their subjects whom they ruled for example quite often, a ruler of a tribe would easily order his warriors to attack the villages of his subjects and seize their property, kill some of them. Active participation and willing cooperation of African chiefs and coastal traders who were making a lot of profits made the slave trade last for so long. Many European countries depended on the products of slave labour in West Indies and America for example, British industries depended on raw sugar, raw cotton and unprocessed minerals from America which she was not willing to lose. European slave merchants and Africans involved in the trade were blinded by the huge profits made from the trade. There was smuggling of slaves outside the forbidden areas. Slave traders would pretend to sail northwards when sighted by British patrol ships but would change course after British navy ships had disappeared. Other European countries refused to co-operate with Britain to end slave trade because they had not yet become industrialized, and therefore they still benefited from it for example Portugal and Spain. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 89 The only economic alternative of slave trade was Agriculture which was not reliable compared to the booming slave trade. The anti slavery campaign was too expensive for Britain alone to compensate slave owners. Stopping slave trade in the interior was difficult because Arabs were in control of large areas. The East African coastline was long which delayed the anti-slavery group penetration in the interior. Due to the tropical climate, most British personnel were affected by malaria which hindered the stopping of Slave trade. Seyyid Said and Barghash were always unwilling to end slave trade at once due to fear of losing revenue and risk of rebellion by Arabs who found it profitable. The anti-slavery group was small compared to the East African Coast. European powers continued with slave trade, they shipped the slave cargos in to ships bearing American Flags.
Seyyid Said and Barghash were always unwilling to end slave trade at once due to fear of losing revenue and risk of rebellion by Arabs who found it profitable. The anti-slavery group was small compared to the East African Coast. European powers continued with slave trade, they shipped the slave cargos in to ships bearing American Flags. Factors that led to the abolition of slave trade It was the British government that began the abolition of the slave trade during the years,1822 - 1826 . This was because of the pressure by various groups based on different factors; a Rise of humanitarians in Europe such as Christians and scholars condemned it on moral grounds. The missionaries wanted it to be stopped because they wanted good conditions for the spread of Christianity. The formation of the humanitarian movements in England aimed at stopping all kinds of cruelty including slave trade, flogging of soldiers and child labour. B Industrialization in Britain was one of the main forces behind the abolition .E.g. Britain industrialists urged its abolition because they wanted Afr icans to be left in Africa so that Africa can be a source of raw materials for their industries, market for European manufactured goods and a place for new investment of surplus capital. C Formation of Anti-slavery movement and the abolitionist movement in 1787. Its chairman was Granville Sharp and others like Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce who gathered facts and stories about the brutality of slave trade and slavery to arouse public opinion in Britain. D Religious revival in Europe, Anglicans preached and condemned slave trade as being opposed to laws of God and humanity. Catholic popes also protested against the trade and prohibited it. In 1774, many religious leaders served as examples when they liberated their slaves in England. E The French revolution of 1789 and the American revolution of 1776 emphasized liberty, equality and fraternity brotherhood of all human beings. As a result, people began to question whether anyone had a right to deprive fellow man of his liberty when he had done wrong. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 90 f The British desire to protect their national interests, British planters wanted slave trade stopped to avoid competition with other European planters .This is because other planters were producing cheaper sugar, British sugar accumulated hence the need to stop over production. G The rise of men with new ideas e.g. Prof.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 90 f The British desire to protect their national interests, British planters wanted slave trade stopped to avoid competition with other European planters .This is because other planters were producing cheaper sugar, British sugar accumulated hence the need to stop over production. G The rise of men with new ideas e.g. Prof. Adam Smith challenged the economic arguments which were the basis of slave trade when he argued convincingly that hired labour is cheaper and more productive than slave labour, Rou sseau spread the idea of personal liberty and equality of all men. H Slaves had become less profitable and yet had led to over population in Europe. I Influential abolitionists like William Wilberforce a British member of parliament urged the British government to legislate against the slave trade in her colonies. J The ship owners stopped transporting slaves from Africa and began transporting raw materials directly from Africa and America to Europe, which led to a decline in slave trade. Steps in the abolition of slave trade The movement to abolish slave trade started in Britain with the formation of Antislavery movement. The British government abolished the slave trade through anti slave laws Legislation , treaties and use of force. The Anti slavery movement was led by Granville sharp, other members were Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce and others. The first step was taken in 1772 when slavery was declared illegal and abolished in Britain. The humanitarians secured judgment against slavery from the British court. In 1807, British parliament outlawed slave trade for British subjects. 1817 British negotiated the reciprocal search treaties with Spain and Portugal. Equipment treaties signed with Spain 1835 Portugal 1842 and America 1862. In E. Africa in 1822 Moresby treaty was signed between Captain Moresby and Sultan Seyyid Said it forbade the shipping of slaves outside the sultan s territories. British ships were authorized to stop and search suspected Arab slave-carrying dhows. In 1845, Hamerton treaty was signed between Colonel Hamerton and Sultan Seyyid Said. It forbade the shipping of slaves outside the Sultan s East African possessions, i.e., beyond Brava to the north. In 1871 the British set up a parliamentary commission of inquiry to investigate and report on slave trade in E. Africa.
It forbade the shipping of slaves outside the Sultan s East African possessions, i.e., beyond Brava to the north. In 1871 the British set up a parliamentary commission of inquiry to investigate and report on slave trade in E. Africa. In 1872 Sir Bartle Frere persuaded Sultan Barghash to stop slave trade but not much was achieved. On 5th March 1873, the Sultan passed a decree prohibiting the export of slaves from main land and closing of slave market at Zanzibar. Zanzibar slave market was to be closed within 24 hours. 1876 the Sultan decreed that no slaves were to be transported overland. 1897 decree left slaves to claim their freedom themselves 1907, slavery was abolished entirely in Zanzibar and Pemba. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 91 In 1927, slavery ended in Tanganyika when Britain took over from Germany after the 2nd world war. Effects of abolition of slave trade a The suppression of slave trade led to loss of independence that is to say, it confirmed among the Arabs and Swahilis that the Sultan had lost independence over the East African coast, and that he was now a British puppet . B The suppression of slave trade led to development and growth of legitimate trade which provided equally profitable business to both Europeans and African traders. Many ship owners diverted their ships from transporting slaves to transporting raw cotton and raw sugar from Brazil and America. C It accelerated the coming of European missionaries to East Af rica who emphasized peace and obedience thus the later European colonization of East Africa. D Disintegration of the sultan Empire. This is because it loosened the economic and political control which the sultan had over the East African nations .His empire in E.A. therefore began to crumble .This gave opportunity to other ambitious leaders like TippuTip to create an independent state in Manyema ,where he began selling his ivory and slaves to the Belgians in Zaire. E The abolition of slave trade was a catalyst to the partition of East Africa where by Britain took over Kenya, Zanzibar and Uganda and Germany took over Tanganyika. F Slave trade markets were also closed for example Zanzibar in 1873 following the fr re treaty signed between Sultan Barghash and Bantle Frere.
Therefore began to crumble .This gave opportunity to other ambitious leaders like TippuTip to create an independent state in Manyema ,where he began selling his ivory and slaves to the Belgians in Zaire. E The abolition of slave trade was a catalyst to the partition of East Africa where by Britain took over Kenya, Zanzibar and Uganda and Germany took over Tanganyika. F Slave trade markets were also closed for example Zanzibar in 1873 following the fr re treaty signed between Sultan Barghash and Bantle Frere. G Islam became unpopular as many converted to Christianity. H African societies regained their respect and strength as they were no longer sold off as commodities. Development and organization of long distance trade Local trade refers to the exchange of goods among members of a community. Regional trade involves exchange of goods between a community and her neigbouring communities. Long distance trade was the exchange of trade goods between communities over long distance, for example between the east African interior and the east African coast. The organization of long distance trade The communities that participated in the long distance trade were the Akamba, Swahili, Arabs, Yao, nyamwezi, Mijikenda and Baganda. The trade developed because of the demand for ivory in Europe and the United States of America, slaves for plantation agriculture at the coast and in Mauritius and reunion sugar plantations Ivory and slaves from the interior were exchanged for cloth. Utensils, ironware, zinc and beads at the coast. The system of trade were barter. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 92 The middlemen included the Mijikenda and the Akamba who obtained slaves and ivory from the interior. The Akamba adopted the long distance trade after the outbreak of famine in 1836 and due to the central location of their country. The Akamba organized caravans that left for the coast on weekly basis to sell ivory, gum copra, honey, bees wax, rhinoceros horns and skins. They had prosperous traders like chief Kivoi who is remembered for organizing the trade. They set up markets and routes in the interior. The source of slaves and ivory extended as far as Mt. Kenya region, Baringo and the shores of Lake Victoria. The trade led to the development of Mombasa and Lamu as important market points.
The source of slaves and ivory extended as far as Mt. Kenya region, Baringo and the shores of Lake Victoria. The trade led to the development of Mombasa and Lamu as important market points. The Waswahili and Mijikenda traders were also used in the trading caravans to the interior. By 1860s, Arabs and Swahili traders started penetrating to the interior of Kenya as far as Uganda. In Kenya, the main trading centres were taveta, Mbooni hills, elureko in Wanga and Miazini near Ngong and along Lake Baringo. By 1870, the Akamba dominance in the trade declined as a result of competition from the Arab and Waswahili traders who began penetrating into the interior to get goods from the source. Movement between the interior and the coast was carried out in caravans along well defined routes. The trade routes became insecure due to the Oromo and Maasai raids. The abolition of slave trade also affected the long distance trade. In Tanganyika, the Yao, nyamwezi, Arabs and Waswahili were great traders. The Yaoexchanged tobacco, hoes, and animal skins at Kilwa with imported goods like cloth and beads. They were also the principal suppliers of ivory and slaves to Kilwa. The Yao were the most active long distance traders in east Africa. The Arabs and Waswahili traders organized caravans into the interior and set up markets and trade routes. They were given security by Seyyid said who signed treaties with Chief Fundikira of the Nyamwezi to allow the Arab traders to pass through his territory. They established interior Arab settlements at Tabora which became the centre of Arab culture. The nyamwezi organized trading expeditions under their chiefs upto the coast with ivory, copper, slaves, wax hoes, salt and copra. They returned with cloths, beads and mirrors. They established trade routes such as the route from Ujiji via Tabora to Bagamoyo. They travelled to Katanga in DRC for iron, salt and copper. By 1850 nyamwezi merchants such as Msiri , and leaders like Nyungu ya Mawe and Mirambo played a key role in the trade development.
They established trade routes such as the route from Ujiji via Tabora to Bagamoyo. They travelled to Katanga in DRC for iron, salt and copper. By 1850 nyamwezi merchants such as Msiri , and leaders like Nyungu ya Mawe and Mirambo played a key role in the trade development. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 93 When the Arab and Waswahili traders arrived in Buganda, the kabaka welcomed them because he needed their goods such as beads, cloths, guns etc. He also wanted assistance in aiding his neighbours. E.g the invasion of Busoga in 1848 was assisted by the Arab traders. From the raids to Bunyoro, Toro, and ankole and Buvuma and Ukerewe islands, the Baganda acquired cattle, ivory, slaves and grains which the sold to the Arabs. The Khartoumers also practiced long distance trade. They raided the northern part of Uganda for ivory and slaves. Arab and Waswahili traders ventured into the Bunyoro kingdom by 1877 for ivory. There were three main trade routes that linked east African coast and the interior; a From Mombasa through the Mijikenda area onto Taita-taveta then branching into two. One leading to Kilimanjaro onto the Lake Victoria region the diversion was to evade the hostile Maasai. . The other branch proceeded northwards from taveta across Galan River into Ukambani then to mt Kenya region and further west. Taveta became an important point on these routes. B The route from Kilwa to Yao then branching southwards to Cewa in Zimbabwe. C From Bagamoyo to Tabora where it branched northwards to Buganda and another branch to Ujiji then to Zaire. MAP OF EAST AFRICA SHOWING TRADE ROUTES Effects of the Long distance trade on the people of East Africa a The trade led to Development of towns e.g. Mombasa, Lamu, Kilwa, Pemba and Zanzibar. B It increased the volume of local and regional trade as varieties of new goods were introduced. C There was the Emergence of a class of wealthy Africans along the coast and the interior as Arab, African and Waswahili merchants acquired a lot of wealth. E.g.
B It increased the volume of local and regional trade as varieties of new goods were introduced. C There was the Emergence of a class of wealthy Africans along the coast and the interior as Arab, African and Waswahili merchants acquired a lot of wealth. E.g. Kivoi of Ukambani, Ngonyo of Mijikenda, Tippu tip, Msiri, Nyungu ya mawe of nyamwezi, Mwakikonga of the Digo etc. D There was Introduction of foreign goods such as beads, cloth and plates to the peoples of East Africa. E The trade led to Introduction of new crops to the coast e.g. bananas, rice sugarcane and mangoes. F Arab and Waswahili traders introduced Islam to the East African Coast. They also introduced Islamic culture along the coast. G Development of plantation agriculture in Malindi and Mombasa due increased slave trade. H It led to the development of trade routes and market centres in the region. Such routes later became important highways during the colonial rule and upto today. I Traders gave reports about the coast, its strategic and commercial stability leading to the colonization of East Africa. J It led to the development of a money economy that replaced barter trade For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 94 k The trade facilitated the colonization of east Africa as the interior was exposed to the outside world. Development and organization of international trade The east African coast also participated in international trade during the 19 Th century with traders from different countries such as USA, Britain and France. Factors that facilitated the development of international trade a The existing earlier trade links between east Africa and the Far East before this period. B The existence of regional trade which became a means through which goods such as ivory were acquired from the interior to be used in the international trade. C The role played by Seyyid said through encouraging the foreign traders to come to the coast. He even signed treaties with them. He also gave letters of introduction to the Arab caravans leading into the interior. D The improvement of the monetary system by Seyyid said facilitated the trade. He introduced the small copper coins from India to supplement the silver currency Maria Theresa dollars and the Spanish Crown .
He also gave letters of introduction to the Arab caravans leading into the interior. D The improvement of the monetary system by Seyyid said facilitated the trade. He introduced the small copper coins from India to supplement the silver currency Maria Theresa dollars and the Spanish Crown . He also employed the services of the Indian Banyans or Baluchis Money Lenders who organized credit facilities for the caravans going into the interior. E There was a high demand for goods from the coast and the international community. Trade goods on demand were also readily available. E.g Gold ivory slaves cloths, beads, and guns. F The existence of deep natural harbours and the attractive beaches lured many foreigners to the region. G The existence of a class of wealthy merchants facilitated the trade. H The establishment of specific trade routes and markets such as Zanzibar, Kilwa and Mombasa facilitated the movement and exchange of goods. I The sultan s identification of Britain as the sole trading agents in the interior overcame any rivalries which could have led to competition and decline of regional trade which would have in turn affected the international trade. J The development of a sound trading policy by Seyyid said to ensure international market for his grains, coconuts and ivory. He developed trade links with Europe and America by signing treaties with USA in 1833 that opened a consulate in Zanzibar in 1837. He signed a similar treaty with Britain in 1839 that opened a consulate in Zanzibar in 1941. With France in 1844 and Germany in 1871.The arrival of IBEACo with William McKinnon further strengthened international trade links and increased the volume trade. Consequences of international trade a Through the trade, the east African coast was exposed to the outside world. B Some of the European traders later spread their faith thus leading o the spread of Christianity in east Africa. C The international trade fostered good relations between the east African coast and European nations and USA. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 95 d The contacts between the coast and European powers later contributed to the colonization o east Africa by Britain and Germany. E New trade goods and crops were introduced to the coast. F Participants in the trade grew richer and exhibited high standards of living. G The slave trade led to sufferings, killings and increased warfare.
E New trade goods and crops were introduced to the coast. F Participants in the trade grew richer and exhibited high standards of living. G The slave trade led to sufferings, killings and increased warfare. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA Introduction Christian missions were organized efforts to spread the Christian faith for the purpose of extending religious teaching at home or abroad. Their coming of Christian missionaries to East Africa and Africa in general was based on a number of motives which were humanitarian, economic, political and social in nature. The Portuguese were the first to introduce Christianity to the east African coast in the 15th c.This attempt however had little success. By the 19th century, a number of missionary groups worked in East Africa and these included; 1. The Church Missionary Society 2. The Holy Ghost Fathers 3. The University Missionary Society to Central Africa 4. The White Fathers 5. The Methodist Fathers 6. The Mill Hill Fathers 7. The London Missionary Society Reasons for the coming of Christian missionaries in East Africa a The missionaries had the ambition to spread Christianity to the people of East Africa. This would be through preaching and teaching the holy gospel so that many would get converted to Christianity. B They wanted to fight against slave trade in East Africa. Earlier travelers like John Speke and James Grant, H.M. Stanley, Dr. David Livingstone and others had reported about the evils of slave trade in East Africa. C They wanted to check on the spread of Islam in East Africa from the coast with intentions of converting many to Christianity. D Some missionaries came because they had been invited by certain African chiefs, For example, Mutesa I of Buganda wrote a letter through H.M Stanley inviting missionaries to Buganda. E They came to establish legitimate trade in East Africa. They, for instance wanted to trade in items like glass, cloths, etc. As Dr. Livingstone told Cambridge University students, I go back to Africa to make an open pass for commerce and Christianity .. Similarly, his speech in 1857 emphasized the unity between Christianity and Commerce. F The missionaries also loved to adventure and explore the interior of East Africa. For example Dr. John Ludwig Kraft of CMS is said to have been the first European to see Mt. Kenya while Johann Redman was the first to see Mt. Kilimanjaro.
John Ludwig Kraft of CMS is said to have been the first European to see Mt. Kenya while Johann Redman was the first to see Mt. Kilimanjaro. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 96 g They had a mission to clear the way for the colonization of East Africa. The missionaries were tasked by their home governments to preach ideas of love, respect, brotherhood, forgiveness, tolerance and non violence so that when the colonialists come, they would meet less resistance from the East Africans. H It s also argued that missionaries wanted to civilize East Africans. They argued that they came to stop some of the barbaric acts and customs e.g. Female Genital Mutilation among the Kikuyu in Kenya, human sacrifices and the practice of killing twins. I The information they gave about important places like the source of the Nile, fertile soils, river falls and the climate all attracted the missionaries into East Africa. Early contacts by travelers like Stanley, Speke and Grant, among others encouraged missionaries to come. J The expulsion of some of the missionaries from other parts of Africa led them into East Africa. For example Johann Ludwig Kraft and Johann Redman are said to have been expelled from Ethiopia around 1842 before they chose to relocate to East Africa. Missionary Activities in East Africa The pioneer missionaries in East Africa were the Church Missionary Society led by the Germans John Krapt and Johann Rebmann who arrived in East Africa around 1844 and 1846 respectively. Krapt arrived and established a mission station at Rabai. When they realized they were not making any great impact at the coast, the two moved into the interior visiting the Akamba and Taita. The CMS set up stations in Taita and taveta. They were the first Europeans to see Mount Kilimanjaro in 1847. Krapt discovered the source of River Tana and was the first European to see Mount Kenya in 1849. In 1949, Jacob Erhardt, a Germany explorer joined them and became the first European to draw a crude map of east Africa fro then stories he heard from traders. In 1862, the united Methodist Church led by Thomas Wakefield arrived from Britain and settled at the coast. They established a station at Rabai. They also set up mission stations at Jomvu and Lamu. They were able to convert some people among the Mijikenda.
They established a station at Rabai. They also set up mission stations at Jomvu and Lamu. They were able to convert some people among the Mijikenda. In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo. Cardinal Lavigerie s formation of the White Fathers Mission in Algeria 1863 extended to other parts of Africa. In 1875, Freetown Mission a centre for freed slaves was established. By 1889, about 1400 slaves had settled in Freetown. In 1877, the Church Missionary Society mission arrived in Buganda while the white fathers arrived in 1879. In 1891, the Presbyterian Church of Scotland arrived in Kenya and began their work at Kibwezi in Machakos. In 1898, the Church of Scotland Mission arrived at Kikuyu and set up a mission station at Thogoto. Members of the African Inland Church from the United States of America established their station at Nzaui in Machakos. They then spread to Kijabe, Nandi, Kabarnet and Nyakach in Nyanza. The catholic missionary societies, like the Holy Ghost Fathers and the Consolata Fathers arrived in Zanzibar but later moved to Mombasa in 1890 . They advanced interior and founded stations among the Akamba and For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 97 among the Agikuyu towards the end of the Century. The Holy Ghost fathers established a station at St Austin s near Nairobi in 1899 while the Consolata fathers from Italy opened a station in Nyeri in 1907The Mill Hill Fathers reached Kenya from Uganda. In 1902, the Friends Missions arrived at Kaimosi. By 1914 there were many missionary societies working in western Kenya. For example, the Seventh Day Adventists, the Quakers Friends Mission and the Church of God Mission. The roles of these missionaries varied enormously depending on the colonial context and their relations with the colonial authorities. Missionaries in Tanganyika The missionaries here enjoyed the support of the sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Said. At Zanzibar, the Roman Catholic missionaries began to follow the lead of CMS in taking interest in East Africa.
The roles of these missionaries varied enormously depending on the colonial context and their relations with the colonial authorities. Missionaries in Tanganyika The missionaries here enjoyed the support of the sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Said. At Zanzibar, the Roman Catholic missionaries began to follow the lead of CMS in taking interest in East Africa. The CMS began a freed slave centre at Freetown in 1875 where the freed slaves were taught Christianity and formal education. The slave villages later became Christian outposts. The CMS finally reached Uganda in 1879 where they were later joined by the White Fathers from Tabora and Ujiji. In 1863, a group of missionaries from the Holy Ghost Fathers arrived from Reunion where they had been working among freed slaves and began their work in Zanzibar. They also began a freed slave settlement at Bagamoyo. By 1885, they had set up five villages that were to act as Christian outposts Missionary work in Tanganyika was motivated by the reports given by Dr, David Livingstone on the horrors of slave trade. In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa under Bishop Tozer moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo. Dr.Livingstone of UMCA also worked I Ujiji in 1871 where he met with Henry Morton Stanley, a journalist who had been sent to look for him. In 1875, the London Missionary Society set up a mission post around Lake Tanganyika. Missionaries in Uganda The pioneer missionaries were the members of the CMS based in Tabora, Tanganyika. The first protestant missionaries were sent from England in 1876 after a letter that was sent by Henry Morton Stanley confirming Kabaka Mutesa I s invitation. They came in through Tabora and Usukuma and reached Rubaga, mutesa s capital in 1877 where they set up a church. In 1879, the Roman Catholic Missionaries and White Fathers followed also from Tabora and Kibanga. The Protestants and Catholics were supported by Kabaka Mwanga though he did not want them to work outside the capital and beyond the royal family. This arrangement did not favour Missionary work in Uganda. Soon there ensued rivalry between the Catholics and protestants.
They came in through Tabora and Usukuma and reached Rubaga, mutesa s capital in 1877 where they set up a church. In 1879, the Roman Catholic Missionaries and White Fathers followed also from Tabora and Kibanga. The Protestants and Catholics were supported by Kabaka Mwanga though he did not want them to work outside the capital and beyond the royal family. This arrangement did not favour Missionary work in Uganda. Soon there ensued rivalry between the Catholics and protestants. The kabaka had also embraced Muslims and African traditionalists to the level of generating the infamous religious and political conflicts that rocked the kingdom eventually leading to its colonization. Missionary work expanded upto lake Nyasa. For example the Scottish Mission of the Livingstone Mission and the church of Scotland Mission set upstatations around lake Nyasa in 1876. Activities of Christian missionaries in East Africa The following were the activities carried out by the Christian missionaries in East Africa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 a Missionaries carried out evangelization. They tried to convert and baptize many people into Christianity from their paganism and Islam. B Christian missionaries carried out linguistic research and came up with new developments in language. Dr Kraft for example translated the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and grammar hence making it easy for people to understand the Bible more. C The Christian missionaries built many churches in East Africa many of which are still in existence. They for example set up a church at Zanzibar, Rubaga and Rabai missionary station near Mombasa. This enhanced evangelization into the local population. D They carried out exploration work into the discovery of various East African physical features. For example, Kraft was the first European to see Mt. Kenya in 1849 while Rebmann was the first to European see Kilimanjaro in 1848. E Christian missionaries set up stations for free rehabilitation services for example in 1868 the Holy Ghost Fathers set up a home for the free slaves at Zanzibar. F Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agricultural institutionsand carpentry workshops for training. G Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and training efficient class of African clergy catechists who were close and more understandable to the local communities.
F Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agricultural institutionsand carpentry workshops for training. G Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and training efficient class of African clergy catechists who were close and more understandable to the local communities. This helped and enhanced the propagation of faith. H Christian missionaries were at times involved in political processes that were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. They for example participated in the overthrow of Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. They also acted as front runners in the colonization process. Reasons for the success of missionary work in East Africa a The missionaries faced no strong opposition from any religion. Islam was only greatly dominant at the coast. B The evils of slave trade made East Africans welcome missionaries as liberators. Their campaign against slave trade won them much support from different tribes in East Africa. C The support they got from some of the local chiefs and kings led to their success. For instance, the sultan of Zanzibar gave them immense support. Mutesa I of Buganda and Mirambo of Nyamwezi all gave them protection as well as rights to do their work in their territories. D The earlier explores helped to map out potential areas of East Africa for smooth missionary work. For instance, H.M Stanley had identified Buganda as a hospitable community for the missionaries and they were later welcomed by the Kabaka of Buganda in 1877. E The support missionaries got from their home governments led them to success. This was inform of finance and physical manpower for instance colonial governments gave protection to the missionaries whenever they were challenged by local chiefs or other For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 99 threats. For instance Captain Lugard supported the Prot estants in the religious wars in Buganda. F Some missionary groups sought for alliances with African chiefs. Such treaties of friendship made their work easy since the chiefs would call on their subjects to take on the missionary teachings. G The missionaries efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book. H The missionaries also received the support of African converts in spreading the Gospel. Converts could now teach in their mother tongue and therefore overcame the language barrier.
G The missionaries efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book. H The missionaries also received the support of African converts in spreading the Gospel. Converts could now teach in their mother tongue and therefore overcame the language barrier. I The industrial revolution had provided such technology like the printing press which made printing of bibles and other academic work easy. J Their efforts in life saving services like medical care Quinine won them great admiration among the people of East Africa that few were ready to oppose them. The discovery of quinine also facilitated their work as it cured tropical diseases. K The missionaries practical skills enabled them to survive even when their supplies from home delayed. They for instance adopted agriculture as soon as they settled anywhere. This ensured steady supply of food. L The building of the Kenya Uganda railway greatly encouraged missionary work in the interior. The missionaries could now travel between the coast and the interior. M Political stability in East Africa favoured missionary work because missionaries could settle. N The emergence of the African independent church movement boosted the spread of Christianity. African initiatives to Africanize Christianity encouraged its growth in East Africa.. o The death of Dr. David Livingstone in 1873 and other earlier missionaries increased the determination by many groups to see missionary work succeed in Africa, and East Africa in particular. E.g. the London news paper wrote after his death, the work for Africa must hence forth begin in earnest where Livingstone left it off. P Establishment of resettlement centers for freed slaves e.g. at Bagamoyo and Frere town near Mombasa where skills like carpentry, and agriculture were taught. Such communities thus looked at missionary work as a life- saving mission Problems faced by missionaries in East Africa Christian missionaries in East Africa were faced with various problems which clipped their activities at times. These include: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 100 a They faced the problem of language barrier. This was because East Africa had a multiplicity of languages hence rendering communication between the missionaries and the local people very difficult. B There was a problem of the influence of Islam. Arabs being the first group of people to arrive at the coast and interior had deep rooted Islam into the people thus making it difficult for the people to easily adopt Christianity.
This was because East Africa had a multiplicity of languages hence rendering communication between the missionaries and the local people very difficult. B There was a problem of the influence of Islam. Arabs being the first group of people to arrive at the coast and interior had deep rooted Islam into the people thus making it difficult for the people to easily adopt Christianity. For example, by the time Sir Edward Frere arrived in East Africa 1873 Rebmann had only 6 converts. C Existence of tropical diseases was yet another problem faced by the Christian missionaries. Tropical diseases like malaria, small pox, claimed many missionary lives thus making progress in their activities very difficult since they could be left very few in numbers. D Another hardship was caused by geographical barriers. These included hilly areas, rivers, lakes and forests. These hindered their free movement to various places thus a threat to their activities. E Divisions and quarrels between various missionary groups for example Catholics versus Protestants was a hindrance to their activities. This could create divisions and biases among the believers thus weakening their capacity to convert more converts. F Poor transport was a hindrance to the missionary activities in East Africa. This was due to undeveloped roads at the time to help in the movement of missionaries from one place to another. G Presence of hostile tribes in East Africa was also a problem that faced Christian missionaries. The Nandi and Maasai who believed that strangers were not supposed to pass via their land could attack and kill many missionaries thereby reducing their numbers compared to the increasing number of converts. H The presence of wild animals was also a threat to the missionary activities in East Africa. Man enters in Tsavo National Park consumed and threatened many whites. This clipped their activities at times. I The missionaries faced the problem of lack of supplies. They for example lacked enough money, accommodation and drugs. This was because they originated from very far Europe thus making it difficult for them to have full time and constant supplies. Such put their lives at risk and could sometimes lead to death. J The Christian missionaries faced the problem of stiff contradiction and rivals between European missionaries and traditional Africans. Customs like polygamy, satanic worship, etc were deep rooted into African communities which proved a threat for the missionaries to successfully uproot them. K The missionaries made their work difficult by involving in politics and judicial systems which were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. Local leaders could misinterpret them as political rivals and organize their masses for resistance against missionary activities.
Customs like polygamy, satanic worship, etc were deep rooted into African communities which proved a threat for the missionaries to successfully uproot them. K The missionaries made their work difficult by involving in politics and judicial systems which were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. Local leaders could misinterpret them as political rivals and organize their masses for resistance against missionary activities. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 101 Effects of missionaries in East Africa a They spread Christianity and baptized many converts. Catechists were also trained who helped in the spread of Christianity for example, in Kenya by 1911 many people had been converted and many cathedrals and churches were built like the Kikuyu churches Charismatic Arathi or spirit churches. B African religious beliefs, culture and traditions were despised and demoralized for example the birth and murder of twins, human sacrifice. C They established hospitals and clinics which offered modern medicine plus research in tropical diseases like malaria, small pox, yellow fever and sleeping sickness which had claimed many lives. For example, the Mission Hospitals at Rabai, Thogoto, Kaimosi e.t.c. Dr Albert Cook built Mengo hospital. D They introduced the European system of management and styles of dress and architecture which have been adopted by many people in East Africa today. E They put to an end the inter-tribal or inter-village wars and established a stable and peaceful society under one faithful leader centralization . F They studied African languages and translated the Bible into various languages. For example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili, Bishop Edward Steere based inZanzibar learnt and studied Swahili and translated books from English to Swahili, published the New Testament and the entire Bible in 1891. G They established printing presses like Marianum press and published newspapers. H They opened up primary and secondary schools as well as training collages for teachers and trade schools for craftsmen e.g. Alliance High School, Kisubi Vocational School. In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtained. I A new class of elite emerged. Africans educated mainly in English and French emerged, these later served as doctors, lawyers, clerks, teachers, catechists, agriculturalists and priests who played a great role of spreading Christianity.
In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtained. I A new class of elite emerged. Africans educated mainly in English and French emerged, these later served as doctors, lawyers, clerks, teachers, catechists, agriculturalists and priests who played a great role of spreading Christianity. For example, in 1890, Africans were ordained as priests of the University Mission to Central Africa in Tanganyika. J They paved way for the improvement of agriculture through establishing experimental farms and plantations where new crops, better methods of farming and equipment were introduced for example cotton was introduced by Kenneth Boroup in 1903 and Africans were taught how to use a plough and how to grow coffee. K Missionaries improved communication and transport which in turn led to the opening up of the hinterland of Africa. The building of strong boats and ships gave Europeans courage to travel far from home. L Missionaries destroyed local industries like craft industry e.g. blacksmiths, pottery work were all destroyed and replaced with European products e.g. manufactured items like cups, saucepans, etc. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 102 m They contributed to the rise of nationalism. This was made possible through education where the African elite emerged and started demanding for independence e.g. Tom Mboya, Obote, Nyerere, and Kenyatta. N They fought slave trade which was later abolished and equality and liberty for all was encouraged in East Africa. O Mission stations were developed in towns like Rabai missionary station near Mombasa. Role of Christian missionaries in the colonization of East Africa a Missionaries signed treaties which were later used by colonialists to take over colonies e.g. Tucker, a British Missionary interpreted the 1900 Buganda Agreement to the regents of Kabaka Daudi Chwa II. This led to loss of political, economic and social powers to the British protectorate government. Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the British government confessed that; b Missionaries supplied information to the colonialists which they utilized to plan how to effectively impose their colonial rule on how to crash the African resistance. In the religious wars in Buganda, the British fought behind the Protestants. C In fact there was a reciprocal relationship between missionaries and the colonialists that is why missionaries laid the ground work before the partitioners offered missionaries protection for the success of their evangelization mission.
Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the British government confessed that; b Missionaries supplied information to the colonialists which they utilized to plan how to effectively impose their colonial rule on how to crash the African resistance. In the religious wars in Buganda, the British fought behind the Protestants. C In fact there was a reciprocal relationship between missionaries and the colonialists that is why missionaries laid the ground work before the partitioners offered missionaries protection for the success of their evangelization mission. D The Church missionary society managed to raise enough funds for Imperial British East African Company for its staying in Uganda for at least 2 or more years. The church missionary society and Captain Lugard viewed that the company s withdraw would live theBritish and the protestant party in a dangerous position versus Moslems. E Missionaries enhanced the growth of tropical raw materials like coffee, cotton to satisfy the British industrialists urge but disguising everything in Christianity. Bishop K. Boroup for example introduced cotton in Uganda. F They appealed to their home governments for protection in case of attack. It is in this light that Britain came to Uganda during the religious wars of 1884-1892 and later occupied Uganda. G They created a collaborating class by luring it religiously and materially. This class helped colonialists to fight resistors despite the fact that they were all Africans. H In their evangelization role, they brain washed Africans with biblical teachings as love your neighbor as you love yourself , blessed are the humble for the kingdom of God is theirs , etc. With these preaching s they made potential resistance important. I Religion was a mechanism of divide and rule. The converts and the non-converts hated each other which caused division to the advantage of the Europeans. J Collaboration with chattered companies, European Christian missionaries and their converts worked hand in hand with the Imperial British East African Company to defeat Kabalega s resistance. K Missionary stations served as military bases from where the European colonial forces For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 103 launched attacks on the resisting Africans. African Lugard used old Kampala hill as a military base against Kabalega. L Mission stations served as colonial government headquarters. The established mission infrastructure was used to help in the establishment and sustenance of European colonial rule. M Colonialists lacked skilled manpower, so the missionaries by design or accident were very faithful servants of the colonial government i.e.
When defending one s property against violent attack. When a law enforcement officer s life is endangered, for example when apprehending armed criminals. 2. Equality and freedom from discrimination Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that both men and women are equal before the law. Any form of discrimination is illegal and is prohibited in the constitution. 3. Human dignity Every person s dignity should be respected and protected. One must not ridicule or embarrass other members of society. 4. Freedom and security of a person This right protects a person from being detained without a good reason and without trial. No person will be subjected to physical or psychological torture, corporal punishment or cruel and inhuman treatment. Each citizen must also protect the freedom and security of others. It is unlawful for one to subject his or her spouse to either psychological or physical abuse. 5. Freedom from slavery, servitude and forced labour No one should be held in servitude or slavery or perform forced labour. Every employer should treat his or her employees with dignity and not to force them to work. 6. Right to privacy Every person has a right NOT to have him or herself, his or her property searched, or his or her possessions seized. Not revealing a person s family or private affairs unnecessarily or private communications interfered with. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 106 Exceptions to this right: The law allows police officers, tax inspectors and other government agents to search private homes or business premises for purpose of health inspection, tax collection or any other officially sanctioned reason. 7. Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities Responsibility: Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property destruction. 8. Political rights Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office.
Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities Responsibility: Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property destruction. 8. Political rights Every citizen is free to make political choices, which includes the right to form, or participate in forming, a political party and to participate in the activities of, a political party. Every citizen has the right to free, fair and regular elections based on universal suffrage and the free expression of the will of the electors for any elective public body or office. Every adult citizen has the right, without unreasonable restrictions, to be registered as a voter; to vote by secret ballot in any election or referendum and to be a candidate for public office, or office within a political party and, if elected, to hold officer responsibility. It is illegal to prevent other people from participating in elections, buy votes etc. 9. Freedom of movement and residence Citizens have a right to free movement and ownership of property in any part of the country. Responsibility: Citizens should not obstruct efforts of any citizen to move freely and reside and own property in any part of the country. 10. Economic and social rights Every person has the right to the highest attainable standard of health, which includes the right to health care services, including reproductive health care. Every person has the right to accessible and adequate housing, and to reasonable standards of sanitation. Every person has the right to be free from hunger, and to have adequate food of acceptable quality. Every person has the right to clean and safe water in adequate quantities. Every person has the right to social securityEvery person has the right to education. A person shall not be denied emergency medical treatment. The State must provide appropriate social security to persons who are unable to support themselves and their dependants. Nb-it is on the strength of this right that the government is providing free primary education. Responsibility Every citizen must pay tax. 11. Consumer rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 107 Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services.
11. Consumer rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 107 Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of their health, safety, and economic interests. Consumers have the right to compensation for loss or injury arising from defects in goods or services. Responsibility It is one s responsibility to question the quality of goods and services being offered, to enable one get value for money. The traders and other service providers have a responsibility to provide quality goods and services to fellow citizens. They should give truthful information when advertising their products. 12. Right to fair labour practices Every worker has a right to fair labour practices like fair remuneration, reasonable working conditions, the right to join or practice in trade union activities and the right to go on strike .Every employer has a right to join an employers association and participate in its programmes and activities Responsibility One must respect the right to fair labour practices of one s employees. Employees on the other hand must conduct themselves responsibly, even during strikes, to avoid causing physical injury to innocent people, or destroying property. 13. Right to clean and healthy environment Every person has the right to a clean and healthy environment. It is our duty to ensure that the environment is protected for the benefit of present and future generations. The following are the obligations set by the government in order to achieve a clean and healthy environment: a Ensure sustainable exploitation, utilization, management and conservation of the environment b Work to achieve and maintain a tree cover of at least ten percent of the land area of Kenya. C Encourage public participation in management, protection and conservation of the environment. D Establish systems of environmental impact assessment, environmental audit and monitoring of the environment. E Eliminate processes and activities that are likely to endanger the environment. F Utilize the environment and natural resources for the benefit of the people of Kenya. G Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities. Responsibility Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 108 14.
G Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities. Responsibility Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 108 14. Freedom of conscience, religion, belief and opinion Every person, whether individually or as a group, has freedom to manifest any religion or belief through worship, practice, teaching or observance, including observance of day of worship. One cannot be denied employment or educational opportunity because of belonging to a particular religion or because of one s belief or religion. A person cannot be forced to engage in any act that goes against his or her belief or religion. Responsibility Every citizen must be careful not to infringe upon this freedom 15. Freedom of expression This guarantees all Kenyans the freedom to seek, receive or impart ideas or information. It also guarantees freedom of artistic creativity, academic freedom, and freedom to conduct scientific research Responsibility In the exercise of this freedom, everyone is called upon to respect the rights and reputation of others. He she should not spread propaganda with the intention t provoke others to war or to violence. It is unlawful to engage in hate speech. 16. Freedom of media The freedom and independence of the media is guaranteed. The state should not interfere with the media. Responsibility The media industry should report impartially and avoid inciting members of the public. The media should provide fair opportunity for the presentation of divergent views and dissenting opinions 17. Access to information Every person has a right to access information held by the state, or by others, which may be required for the protection of any right or fundamental freedom. The state is expected to make public any important information affecting the nation. Every person has a right to the correction or deletion of untrue or misleading information that affects the person. Responsibility A person should not misrepresent the information accessed, or misuse it for selfish gain. It is also illegal to sell public information for monetary gain. 18. Freedom of association Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 19.
18. Freedom of association Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 19. Protection of the right to property Every person is entitled to own property either individually or as a group, in any part of the country. However the property has to be legally acquired. This right provides all Kenyans a fair opportunity to invest in property and thus, prosper. Responsibility All citizens must respect this right. It is unlawful for one to deprive a person of his or her property without good reason. The state, in acquiring privately owned property must ensure adequate compensation granted promptly and in full The state has an obligation to respect the intellectual property rights of the people of Kenya. 20. Right to language and cultur Every person has the right to use a language, and embrace the culture of the person s choice. Every person has the right to form or join cultural groups. Every person is also protected from being forced to join any such group. Each linguistic group is free to use their language, practice their culture, and form associations and other organs of the civil society. It is unacceptable to force another person to perform, observe or undergo any cultural practice or rite. Responsibility This right should not be used to undermine national unity. Other citizens should be allowed the freedom to enjoy diverse culture, including members of one s own family. 21. Right to family An adult has the right to marry a person of the opposite sex, based on the free consent of the parties. Parties to such a union enjoy equal rights. Both parties have a responsibility to respect the rights of their spouses during marriage and even in the event of its dissolution. It is wrong to deny one s spouse access to marital property after separation or divorce. The constitution also recognizes marriages conducted under traditional, religious, personal or family law. Marrying of underage persons and forced marriages are outlawed in the constitution. 22. Fair administrative action Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices Responsibility The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action. The right requires that a person be given written reasons for any administrative action that will adversely affect a right or freedom of the person. 23.
Fair administrative action Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices Responsibility The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action. The right requires that a person be given written reasons for any administrative action that will adversely affect a right or freedom of the person. 23. Access to justice Everybody should access justice and a reasonable fee will be charged to enhance this, if required. If this is not free, many people will not access justice which will continue to be a preserve of the rich people. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 110 Responsibility Everybody has a responsibility to facilitate fair play and access to justice for all. Any action aimed at blocking justice is unlawful and invites punishment. For example, shielding criminals or attempting to bribe law enforcement officers to prevent them from arresting a criminal. Aiding a criminal to evade arrest, concealing criminal acts; and lying to help culprits evade punishment. 24. Right of arrested persons An arrested person has; a The right to be informed promptly in a language that the person understands of the reason for arrest, the right to remain silent and he consequences of not remaining silent. B The right to remain silent. The right of a person to choose to talk or to remain silent. C The right to communicate with an advocate and other persons whose assistance is necessary freedom of speech with all those who will assist him or her in the case. D The right of not being compelled to make any confession or admission that could be used in evidence against the person. E The right t be held separately from persons serving a sentence should not be held in prisons alongside those already convicted f To be brought to court as soon as reasonably possible, as but not later than twenty four hours after being arrested. G To be charged or be informed of the reason for the extension of detention or release, at the first court appearance. H To be released on bond or bail, on reasonable conditions, pending a charge or trial, unless there are compelling reasons as to why one cannot be released. 25. Fair hearing Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges.
Fair hearing Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges. C To have adequate time and facilities to prepare a defence. D To a public trial before a court. E To have the trial begin and be concluded with few delays. F To be present when being tried. G To be represented by an advocate and be informed of this right immediately. Depending on the circumstances, the accused may be assigned an advocate by the state and at the state s expense. H To remain silent and not testify during the proceedings. I To be informed in advance, of the evidence the prosecution intends to present, and to have reasonable access to that evidence. J To challenge the evidence. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 111 k To refuse to give self-incriminating evidence. L To have the assistance of an interpreter if the accused person cannot understand the language used in the trial. M If convicted, to appeal, or apply for review by a higher court. Responsibility a. The accused person has the responsibility of obeying instructions of the court. B. They must behave well in court and outside the court c. They should respect the rights of the accusers as well as their advocates. D. Accused persons should behave as the law spells out while awaiting the verdict of the court. Whatever the verdict, they should abide by the law. 26. Rights of persons detained, held in custody or imprisoned. A person, who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned under the law, retains all rights and fundamental freedoms in the bill of rights. Except those that are impractical and inapplicable under the circumstances. A person who is detained or held in custody is entitled for an order Habeas Corpus- This is a law that states that a person who has been arrested should not be kept in prison longer than a particular period of time unless a judge in a court has decided that it is right. It is the right of the person who is detained, held in custody or imprisoned to be treated in a humane manner. Responsibility All citizens have a responsibility to ensure that the rights of those detained, held in custody or imprisoned are respected.
M A good citizen has a duty to maintain transparency and accountability. Public servants should be accountable for their actions and maintain high level of transparency. N A good citizen supports government by taking part in projects that ensure sustainable development in the country- through participation in environment friendly projects. Importance of being a good citizen a Being a good citizen promotes peace and stability hence development. B A good citizen promotes law and order hence enjoyment of rights and freedoms. C Good citizenship promotes cordial relationship and social peace. D It reduces government expenditure on security organs necessary for maintaining law and order. E It promotes the good name of a country hence encourages tourism which is important for our development. F It curbs against social vises like corruption, nepotism or tribalism since a good citizen can not indulge in such activities. G It promotes good relationship with neighbors. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 115 NATIONAL INTEGRATION What is National Integration? Integration means unification into a whole. -. The act of combining or bring together various parts in a way that makes them one. National integration refers to the process by which various components of a nation are brought together into a whole leading to national unity. Importance of National Integration Why is National Integration a priority in Kenya? A National integration Helps in social and economic development through enhanced national unity. B It develops a sense of national direction, facilitating unified goals and co-operation. C It enhances political stability and security by eliminating suspicion. D Promotes peaceful c-existence of different tribes and races hence leading to peace and harmony. E Promotes collective responsibility due to easier, more efficient and accurate communication. F It enables a country to develop a sense of direction as national goals are communicated to the people in the spirit of national integration. G It leads to achievement of easier, more accurate communication as the nation increases efforts of national integration. Factors that promote national unity in Kenya a The constitution. This is a set of rules agreed upon by a group of people who have chosen to live together. It provides for equality of all Kenyans before the law. It Guarantees equal opportunities to all Kenyans. It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination bill of rights. It provides for a unitary government b Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them.
It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination bill of rights. It provides for a unitary government b Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them. The integrated education system encourages the children to accept one another as Kenyans. Teaching of history in schools encourages unity. Religious studies taught in schools promote respect for the Supreme Being and fellow human beings. Music and drama festivals in schools promote unity among students. C One government. Our one government, with the three arms is recognized by each Kenyans a body that runs the affairs of the nation. D The presidency. Kenya has one president despite the diversity in parties and tribes. The presidency unites Kenyans. E National language. The use of Kiswahili as the official language enables Kenyans to interact freely. Kiswahili became a national language in 1975. It helps overcome communication barriers and gives Kenyans a sense of belonging and identity f Economic growth. The government attempts to provide social amenities to Kenyans without bias. It has tried to achieve equitable distribution of economic resources. Urbanization promotes socialization and co-existence among Kenyans. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 116 There also the use of a common currency giving Kenyans a sense of nationhood. The policy of offering equal employment opportunities to all Kenyans has enabled Kenyans to work in various parts of the country where they interact freely. G National activities. National holidays remind Kenyans of their history. Agricultural shows enables different economic sectors display and advertize their goods. Games and sports promote unity as they bring together people of different communities for a common cause. H Mass media. The mass media in Kenya is instrumental in ensuring that information is disseminated to all at the same time. It enables Kenyans from all pats to contribute to national debates. I Symbols of National unity. National anthem promotes a sense of belonging among Kenyans and gives them an identity. Existence of the national flag symbolizes national unity. J The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc. Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya a Tribalism this is the practice of favouring people who are from one s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources.
J The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc. Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya a Tribalism this is the practice of favouring people who are from one s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources. Others end up being discriminated against thus leading to hatred and enmity. B Nepotism this is the practice of people favouring their relatives. This vice is similar to tribalism c The unequal distribution of resources causes animosity between those who are favoured and those who are not. D Political wrangles Ethnic conflicts clashes discourage co-operation among the citizens. E Corruption asking for and offering of bribes to obtain and give services violates people s rights to equal treatment. Corruption creates suspicion and hatred among people since those who cannot afford to bribe feel cheated and frustrated. F Discrimination on the basis of gender denies people the right to participate equally in national development. G Racism. This is discrimination on the basis of colour race. This creates hatred and suspicious among people. This was a common cause of disunity during the colonial days. H Religious conflicts. In Kenya, conflicts between the Muslims and Catholics in 2000 led to destruction of a catholic church in Nairobi. Intolerance of other people s religions creates disunity. I Party membership. Multipartism in Kenya has to some extend become a cause of disunity. The country regularly becomes polarized on party lines especially when we near general elections. Sometimes members of parties such as TNA, ODM, UDF, URP etc don t see For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 117 eye to eye during campaigns. There has also been discrimination on the basis of party membership. J Poverty. When people lack basic needs such as food, education, health, shelter and clothing, anti-social behaviour arise. For example, stealing and violence. Criminal activities create fear and suspicion and therefore discourage national unity. K Ignorance. Lack of knowledge creates intolerance of other people s views and lack of appreciation of the development taking place around. This may create unnecessary division. Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence. A The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation.
Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence. A The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation. B Immediately after independence the then only major opposition party, KADU was disbanded to have a single party system. However this did not work for long as Multipartism was inevitably reintroduced. C The government also set up a national curriculum in our educational institutions. This creates a sense of oneness despite the diversity. D Declaring Kiswahili a national language. In 1975, Kiswahili was made a national language of communication as a step towards curbing rampant tribalism. This has greatly assisted as Kenyans of different diversity can communicate. E Promotion and fostering Harambee spirit. This has led to Collective participation in development programmes by people from different groups which have promoted national unity. F During the reign of president Moi the Nyayo philosophy of peace love and unity was introduced. It stressed the concept of being mindful of other people s welfare. It is closely related to the principal of mutual social responsibility as embodied in African socialism. G A new constitution in Kenya was promulgated in august 2010. This constitution promises a lot of hope in terms of unity as it may be an important tool of fighting all vices that have discouraged unity. It also stresses equal rights for all. H The government has tried to bridge the gap between the rich and the poor through the creation of an equalization fund under the new constitution. Through this fund, development easily trickles down to reach the disadvantaged. I Abolition of racial schools hence enrolling students of different backgrounds in the same schools. Ethnic balance in public institutions. J The teaching of history in schools has helped to create a sense of oneness as Kenyans realize that they share a common history. K Promotion of games, sports, drama and cultural activities. National games at school and college level have been a source of interaction. This is a way of developing a common culture in the country l The government has made use of media to propagate unity. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 m Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings. N Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country..
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 m Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings. N Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country.. Conflict resolution Conflict refers to a situation in which people or groups are involved in serious disagreements, or disputes. Conflict resolution refers to the process of settling a dispute when it occurs Levels of conflicts found in Kenya a Individual versus individual. This is where two people disagree for political, economic or social reasons. B Group versus group. This type of conflict involves one group against another also due to political, social and economic reasons. C Individual versus state. Such a conflict of an individual against the state may be political especially one feels his her rights are being violated by the state. D State versus state. This is a case where a state is in disagreement with another state maybe over boundary like was the case between Kenya and Uganda during the reign if Idi Amin dada e Group versus state. This may be caused by for example a trade union demanding the improvement of the terms and conditions of service of its members. For example the standoff between KNUT and KUPPET on one hand and the government over harmonization of the salaries of teachers with those of civil servants in 2012 leading to a countrywide strike in September 2012. The factors that cause conflict h Difference in views arising from background beliefs, social and political standing and values. I Economic differences. E.g. when consumers feel exploited by businessmen, when employees feel exploited by employers. Etc. J Political differences based on ideological orientation i.e. capitalism versus socialism. K Social differences, for example tribal clashes, religious conflicts, racial discrimination, age sex differences. L Limited land economic resources-unfair distribution of land, mineral resources, water resources, etc. Peaceful methods of conflict resolution a Diplomacy negotiation. This is a dialogue between two warring parties in order to reach an agreement over a dispute. The following steps are followed in negotiation; a. Fact finding- negotiation starts with finding out all the facts about the conflict that is to be solved. At this stage, the laws or guidelines to be followed are also looked at. B. Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation.
Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 119 c. Reaching an agreement. The points of agreement reached should be fair to both parties with both feeling they have benefited. Each party should be willing to comprise for negotiation to succeed. B Arbitration this is like an informal court where a neutral person arbitrator is chosen to resolve the dispute by listening to both sides and help them reach an acceptable decision. Arbitration procedure: a. Both sides involved in conflict presents their case as they know it to the arbitrator. B. After listening to the complainant s story, the arbitrator makes questions to clarify some aspects of the story. The other group may also seek clarification. C. The second group then responds to the story by the first group by a representative. The arbitrator again asks questions for clarification. D. On grounds of applicable rules, the arbitrator should consider the facts and then make a decision. C Mediation a person who is not involved in the conflict tries to help the warring parties reach an amicable agreement. The parties involved must be willing to listen and come up with good ideas that can help them solve the disagreement. Steps followed in mediation: Step 1. The mediator explains the rules as a means of helping the two parties reach an agreement and not imposing a decision on them. Step 2. Giving the two parties involved in the conflict chance to explain in their own words what the problem is. The Complainant explains first and then the defendant. Step 3. The mediator, after listening, summarizes the stories from each party and also identifies the facts. Step 4. The Mediator suggests the solutions and invites the two parties to give their opinions of the solutions proposed. Step 5. Depending on the two parties reaction, the solution is looked at afresh and then an acceptable solution identified. Step 6. The acceptable agreement reached is then written down and each party has to be committed to it. D Litigation. This is where one party takes the other to court and the court makes judgments that are bidding on both sides. E Legislation where the parliament passes laws to control conflict.
Barter trade however has the following disadvantages; a It may involve bulky goods in the transaction. B There may lack double coincidence. It is difficult always to get the goods one wants. C Lack of standards of deferred payment; if a good was borrowed, it would be difficult to decide whether the same value was returned later or not. D Some goods cannot be sub-divided into smaller units. If one wanted cloth equal to a half a sheep, then he could not divide the sheep into two parts. E Lack of store of value for some goods which cannot be stored for a long time since they are perishable. E.g. milk, vegetables. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 121 f Lack of measures of value; a specific quantity of goods cannot be measured vis- -vis other goods. Advantages of barter system a Poor countries without adequate foreign currencies benefit from it by being able to exchange goods they have for what they do not have. B It benefits where money is non-existent. C It avoids wastage as demand and supply tend to equate. D It promotes interaction hence good relationship, peace and stability especially among traditional African societies. B Currency trade This is a type of trade that involves the use of money. Money is an item that is mutually recognized as a medium of exchange or a measure of value. In the pre-colonial times items like Gold dust, cloth, copper rods, and iron and cowrie shells were used as a form of currency. Advantages of the use of money in trade a Money is a medium of exchange- it is needed to obtain goods or services. B Money as a measure of value enables units of goods to be bought. A specific quantity of goods can be measured Visa- Vis other goods. C Money is a standard of deferred future payments which allows borrowing and lending to take place. D It is a store of value- one is able to defer satisfaction of a want to future times or make provision for one s want at a future date. E It is a means through which immovable property can be transferred. For example when one sells a house in one city to go and dwell in another. F Money as a unit of account is used as a calculating medium and assigning prices of goods and services. G Money is easily divisible into smaller units.
For example when one sells a house in one city to go and dwell in another. F Money as a unit of account is used as a calculating medium and assigning prices of goods and services. G Money is easily divisible into smaller units. For example, if a product is valued at a lower price, the buyer only pays the agreed cost. H The qualities of money and its functions overcome the difficulties of barter. Money however becomes valuable only when those using it have confidence that it will continue to retain its value during the period it is in possession. Technology today has made the use of currency easier. There is the use of Visa Card and Mobile money services like Mpesa and Airtel Money to carry out transactions. Difference between barter trade and trade in which currency is used as a medium of exchange. A In barter trade goods are exchanged for goods in currency trade, there is use of money as a measure of value. B In barter trade depends on the existence of a double coincidence of needs but in currency method one meets his needs by the use of money. C Items used for barter trade are bulky some and inconvenient to handle -and others perishable. Money is not bulky. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 122 Local trade This refers to the exchange of goods between people within the same geographical area such as a village or town. Origin of local trade This form of trade took place between groups of people who produced different goods mainly because of varying ecological conditions. It was motivated by the following factors; a Existence of surplus production e.g. where some community s harvest was excess; they could sell the excess commodity to carter for shortages elsewhere and to avoid wastage. B Differences in climate and environmental conditions which affected the type of natural resources available in various places not all needs of a particular community can be satisfied by the resources available hence trade. The kikuyu of Nyeri had to go to Mathira for their foodstuff requirements during drought periods. C Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and goods with those who do not have. E.g trade between Mathira kikuyu cultivators and the Mukurwe-ini kikuyu ironmongers and weavers. Some even exchanged skills for money.
C Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and goods with those who do not have. E.g trade between Mathira kikuyu cultivators and the Mukurwe-ini kikuyu ironmongers and weavers. Some even exchanged skills for money. D Population increase making man to begin to supplement his needs by trading with his neighbors. Sometimes, this trade extended even beyond the local community to the neighbouring community. The Abagusii, for example, acquired hides, milk, snake poison, and pottery items from their Luo Neighbours. Some seasonal markets emerged which enabled traders to meet and exchange goods on particular days of the week. Factors that facilitated development of local trade a Availability of capital for investments in trade to generate more wealth. B Specialization and improved technology, e.g. specialization in production, in technology and in marketing. Sometimes people even exchanged their skills for money. C Demand and supply; the growing demand for goods and services was met by increase in supply. D Enterprise; many people began to take greater risk and invested more in trade. E Peace and stability. This enabled people to interact more and hence the growth and expansion of trade. Impact of local trade a There was development of market places which specialized in certain items like pottery, iron tools and baskets. Others specialized in livestock b Local trade helped to strengthen bonds between people in the same locality. It even enhanced intermarriages and other social functions. C Local trade satisfied the requirements of the communities in terms of tools, foodstuff s, medicinal herbs etc. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 123 d Local trade enhanced acquisition of new products that a particular community did not produce. E There was an improvement of transport routes. Some markets were strategically located along transport routes. F In centralized governments like Buganda, Bunyoro-Kitara, Mali, Ghana and Wanga, the local markets that developed due to the trade became important sources of revenue for the kingdoms. In Bunyoro-Kitara for example, the Omukama had officers whose duty was to collect taxes from the market places. G Many people were brought together through trade. In Bunyoro Kitara, communities like the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Basoga, Baganda, Kumani, Iteso and Banyankole interacted through trade.
In Bunyoro-Kitara for example, the Omukama had officers whose duty was to collect taxes from the market places. G Many people were brought together through trade. In Bunyoro Kitara, communities like the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Basoga, Baganda, Kumani, Iteso and Banyankole interacted through trade. NB; the greatest danger to the local traders was that they risked being attacked by hostile communities and wild animals. Regional trade This refers to a type of trade between two distinct geographical regions Characteristics of regional trade It Takes place within a bigger geographical area. It Involves intermediaries or middlemen between producers and the buyers. The trade often covers long distances to and from the market. It involves people who specialize mainly in trade as their means of livelihood. Larger Varieties of goods are involved. In regional trade there existed established markets but goods did not have to be sold on a particular market days like the case of local trade. It also involved large volumes of trade as compared to local trade Examples of regional trade included: a The Trans-Saharan trade b The long-distance trade. The trans-Saharan trade Trans means across. This was therefore the exchange of goods across the Sahara between the peoples of North Africa Berbers and Tuaregs and the people of western Sudan the darkskinned people who occupy the region south of the Sahara The West African kingdoms of Mali, Ghana and Songhai were involved in this trade. Development of the trans-Saharan trade. 8th-16thc AD Factors that led to the development of the trans-Saharan trade a Demand for West African good such as gold, slaves and kola nuts by the North Africans and for North African goods like horses, cotton cloth and weapons by the west Sudan people. B Existence of rich merchants in the region, such as the Berbers and Tuaregs, who provided capital for investment in the trade availability of capital. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 124 c Existence of Local trade in the western Sudan belt and among the barbers and Tuaregs provided a base for the regional trade.
8th-16thc AD Factors that led to the development of the trans-Saharan trade a Demand for West African good such as gold, slaves and kola nuts by the North Africans and for North African goods like horses, cotton cloth and weapons by the west Sudan people. B Existence of rich merchants in the region, such as the Berbers and Tuaregs, who provided capital for investment in the trade availability of capital. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 124 c Existence of Local trade in the western Sudan belt and among the barbers and Tuaregs provided a base for the regional trade. D Existence of the Tuaregs, who provided security to traders, guided them through the deserts and maintained some water points like the oases where the Berber merchants watered their camels and rested before continuing with their journey to and from western Sudan. E Availability of well established trade routes across the desert which made it easy for the traders to travel. F Existence of Kings in western Sudan like Mansa Musa of Mali and Askia Muhamed of Songhai who provided protection to traders, ensured peace and political stability. G Availability of pack animals like the camel and the horse which enabled easy movement through the desert. The camel could carry heavy loads and travel long distances without water. H Existence of oases which became a source of water during the travels, for the camels and the traders. I Invasion of North Africa by the Arabs and their eventual settlement led to increase in the volume of trade. J There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Saharan trade. The trade goods in the trans-Saharan trade From western Sudan; a Gold- this was by far the most important commodity that originated from the wangara region, Bornu, Upper Senegal and upper Niger. B Slaves- they were forcefully captured and later used as soldiers and labourers in the Arab world. C Kola nuts and feathers. Monopoly of the Hausa traders from Kano region. D Hides and skins- from Hausa land for making leather clothing and shoes. E Ivory- originated from western belt mainly from cote d ivore.
Monopoly of the Hausa traders from Kano region. D Hides and skins- from Hausa land for making leather clothing and shoes. E Ivory- originated from western belt mainly from cote d ivore. F Gum- from Mauritania and Senegal g Dyed cloth and pepper From the north a Salt- from Taghaza, Taodeni, Bilma and Ghadames. B Horses- from Tripoli were on demand among the political leaders and their soldiers. C Glassware, beads, mirrors, perfumes, spices, dried fruits, needles, firearms, daggers and cowrie shells. Organization of the trans-Saharan trade Beginning of Trans-Saharan Trade was due to the fact that North Africa was rich in the salt that West Africa lacked while West Africa was rich in gold. The Trans-Saharan trade led to an exchange of salt for gold. The trade was between people of the western Sudan and Arabs from North Africa. Because of the long distance involved, the traders had to For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 125 organize themselves very well. Traders travelled in large caravans of camels and traders to enhance their security. The rich traders from North Africa initiated the trade. They provided trade goods, camels and horses to middlemen who coordinated the trade. The middlemen would contact desert guides known as takshifs who also acted as desert guards. They protected the traders and guarded the oases in the Sahara .The Tuaregs also provided the traders with security and acted as interpreters. The caravans usually departed from the north after the rainy season when sandstorms would subside for smooth travel. The traders made stops at the oases to refresh themselves and let their camels drink water. They carried gifts for leaders of the communities along the route to appease them and as reciprocation for security while traveling through their kingdoms. Rulers of western Sudan offered service to the traders while they were in the territory. The trade was conducted in barter exchanging one good for another silent trade. Some of the caravan traders used agents who sold goods on their behalf in the interim period between their departure back to the north until the time they came back to western Sudan. The rulers of western Sudan controlled trade regulated amount of gold to be sold . The traders paid taxes to the kings of western Sudan. The main items of trade were gold and salt i.e.
H Exposure to frequent sandstorms which killed many traders. I Sometimes wars between kingdoms disrupted trade. Impact of the trans-Saharan trade Positive impact; a The trade stimulated the emergence of urban centres along the trade routes. Towns like Taghaza and Timbuktu developed due to the production of trade commodities like salt and gold respectively. B Profits from the trade stimulated the growth of strong empires as the kings levied taxes on the caravan traders. Examples of such empires include Mali, Ghana and Songhai. C Introduction of horses in the western Sudan belt led to strengthening of the state armies as horses were used by the armies to boost security in the region. D A class of wealthy traders emerged in western Sudan. These were mainly the local merchants who interacted with the merchants from North Africa. E The trade stimulated the emergence and growth of smithing technology and industry. F The trade led to the introduction of iron tools in wider areas of western Sudan. This boosted agricultural production in western Sudan and ensured food security in the area. G There was population increase in western Sudan due to increased food production as a result of better farming tools. H It also enhanced contacts between North Africa and the Suda n belt. This facilitated the spread of European goods and ideas between the peoples of the two regions. I The trade facilitated the spread of Islamic religion in the Sudan belt. For example, the Hausa traders were converted to Islam. J There was introduction of the Islamic system of education in the Sudan belt. The University of Timbuktu for example, teaching mainly Islamic syllabus, was one of the institutions that emerged as a result of the trade. K Sharia law was introduced in the states that accepted Islam in western Sudan. L The trade led to the introduction of the Arabic architectural designs in West Africa. M The Islamic and Arabic culture-language, mode of dressing and eating mannerisms also spread to western Sudan. N The mode of transport in the region was remarkably revolutionized by theintroduction of camels and horses making transport efficient. Negative impacts: a The trade increased warfare in the region as communities gained access to firearms and horses. Thousands of people lost their lives. B Many people in the western Sudan belt were captured and taken into slavery to meet the demands of the trans-Saharan traders.
Negative impacts: a The trade increased warfare in the region as communities gained access to firearms and horses. Thousands of people lost their lives. B Many people in the western Sudan belt were captured and taken into slavery to meet the demands of the trans-Saharan traders. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 127 c The demand for ivory also led to the destruction of wildlife in western Sudan. Decline of the trans-Saharan trade. The trade reached its climax at around AD 8th c. by 15th c, the trade had declined due to the following reasons; a Exhaustion of the salt and gold minefields as well as other like ivory. This discouraged traders from coming to West Africa. B Increased political instability in the region due to so many wars of conquest created insecurity to the traders. C The desert conditions e.g. harsh weather, dangerous insects, snakes and robbers discouraged many traders from the activity. D Invasion of the region by the almorarids and the Tuaregs increased insecurity even more along the trade routes. Hence traders discontinued their involvement. E Moroccan invasion of western Sudan in the 16th century undermined the trade. F The growth of the trans-Atlantic trade attracted some of the trans-Saharan traders thus reducing the volume of commodities that were sold. G Colonization of west and North Africa by Europeans who took over the resources hence African activities were undermined. H Invasion of North Africa by the ottoman Turks created insecurity along the caravan routes leading to decline of the trade. I Anti-slave trade pressure from the British and eventual abolition of slave trade reduced trade profits. J The establishment of commercial ports on the western African coast and the use of navigable rivers by the 16th century AD rendered caravan trade unpopular as it was slow, cumbersome and risky. International trade This is a type of trade that involves the exchange of goods between different countries in one continent or beyond the continent. Examples of international trade include a The Indian Ocean trade b The trans-Atlantic trade. The trans-Atlantic trade The trans-Atlantic trade involved Europe, Africa and the Americas thus earning it the name Triangular trade.
International trade This is a type of trade that involves the exchange of goods between different countries in one continent or beyond the continent. Examples of international trade include a The Indian Ocean trade b The trans-Atlantic trade. The trans-Atlantic trade The trans-Atlantic trade involved Europe, Africa and the Americas thus earning it the name Triangular trade. It was also called the trans-Atlantic slave trade because it involved crossing the Atlantic and the main commodity was slaves. The trade was fueled by the technological innovations especially in Spain and Portugal which facilitated sea transport. The trade happened at a time when the Europeans were keen on expanding overseas 15th and 16th c AD for the following reasons; a. They were searching for the sea route to India and Far East to get the spices and other commodities. The Turks had blocked the land route. B. The Europeans wanted to acquire gold and other precious items that believed to be in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 128 existence in Africa. C. The Europeans wanted to revenge against the Muslims who had colonized the Iberian Peninsula between 8th c and 1491 AD. D. They were motivated by the desire to spread their civilization to the backward areas of the world. E. European countries such as Portugal and Spain also wanted to increase their geographical knowledge. Origin of the trans-Atlantic trade The exact date when the first slave was captured and sold was 1441 AD. Young Portuguese sailor named Ahtam Goncalvez captured a man and a woman on the Western Sahara coast whom he presented to Prince Henry the Navigator, the Portuguese king, thus setting off a chain of reaction in the trade. The Portuguese built a fort on the Arguin Island on the coast of Mauritania in 1445 which was used as a base for buying slaves and Gold. The suppliers of the slaves at the fort were the Moors. The Portuguese ventured into the gold coast in search of gold in 1471. They built a fort at Elmina in 1482.The Portuguese then established trading contacts with the king of Congo who even accepted Christianity and Portuguese culture. He baptized his son Afonso Bemba Nzinga By 1500AD, the Portuguese established sugar plantations in the island of Sao Tome near modern Gambia. They relied on slave labour from Gambia. Development and organization of trans-Atlantic slaves. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable three-legged trading pattern.
They relied on slave labour from Gambia. Development and organization of trans-Atlantic slaves. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable three-legged trading pattern. European manufactured goods, namely cloth and metal wares, especially firearms, went to Africa where they were exchanged for slaves. The slaves were then shipped to the Caribbean and Americas from 1532 AD, where they were sold for cash or sometimes bartered for sugar or molasses. Then the ships returned to Europe loaded with American products. European ports of Bristol, Liverpool and Glasgow in Britain, Bordeaux and Nantes in France, and Amsterdam in Holland were crucial in this trade. The forts that developed in West Africa due to this trade were Elmina, Lagos, Whydah, Accra, Badagri, Sekondi, Winneba, Goree and Dakar. In the 16th c, the Portuguese emerged as the main suppliers of slaves to Spanish colonies, having been granted special licenses, asientos, by the Spanish monarchy. African slaves were more preferred by Europeans because; a. They were available in large numbers. B. They were found to be cheaper to use than European labouerers and American Indians. C. They were thought to be immune to both European and tropical diseases. D. They appeared stronger and therefore suitable for manual labour. The Dutch were among the first European nations to compete the Portuguese in slave trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 129 For example in 1630, they wrestled the Elmina Fort from the Portuguese and captured Luanda in 1641. They were supplying slaves to new sugar plantations in the British Colony of Barbados and the French Caribbean colonies of Martinique of Guadalupe. The British and the French used merchant companies to conduct the slave trade having been motivated by the fortunes the Dutch were making. E.g, the Royal African Company was granted charter in 1672 and began taking colonies to the British colony in Jamaica. The original capture of slaves was almost always violent. As European demand grew, African chieftains organized raiding parties to seize individuals from neighboring societies. Others launched wars specifically for the purpose of capturing slaves Factors that facilitated the acquisition of slaves a. Existence of the institution of slavery in West Africa where the war captives, adulters, witches, the weak, debtors and murderers were enslaved b. Availability of firearms to precipitate warfare and capture of the conquered as slaves. C.
Existence of the institution of slavery in West Africa where the war captives, adulters, witches, the weak, debtors and murderers were enslaved b. Availability of firearms to precipitate warfare and capture of the conquered as slaves. C. Existence of well defined trade routes easily used by the slave merchants to access the interior slave markets. D. The great demand for slaves in the New World Latin America and North America. Ways of obtaining slaves a Selling of domestic slaves in exchange for goods like beads, guns, glass etc b Selling of criminals, debtors and social misfits in society by the local chiefs to the Arab slave traders. C Prisoners of war could be sold off. D Porters were sometimes kidnapped, transported and sold off to the Arab traders. E Raiding villages, this would begin at night with gun shots and people would scatter consequently leading to their capture. F Through inter tribal wars many Africans become destitutes and these would be captured by the slave traders. G Tax offenders were sold off by the African chiefs. H They were also captured through ambushes during hunting, travelling and gardening. I Slaves would be acquired from the main slave trade market in Zanzibar. J Other Africans are also said to have gone voluntarily in anticipation of great wonders and benefits from the new world. Following capture, slaves were force- marched to the coast to holding pens where they were oiled and fed ready for inspection, before being loaded on ships. Prices of slaves depended on sex, age and size. The slaves were bartered for guns, alcohol, gun-powder, cloth and different metals. Two trading systems were used: a Factory system where political authorities allowed Europeans to establish permanent coastal baracoons or fortresses where slaves were kept in bulk as they awaited shipment. This method was only used by chartered companies as t was expensive. It was also only viable in Dahomey where slaves were in large numbers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 130 b Private trading. Sailing with vessels down the coast, and then stopping at different points to purchase slaves until there was enough cargo. The slaves were branded before loading them into the ships ready for the trans-Atlantic journey which was called the Middle Passage . The ships were filthy, hot, and crowded. By 1654, some 8,000-10,000 Africans each year were undergoing the Middle Passage.
Sailing with vessels down the coast, and then stopping at different points to purchase slaves until there was enough cargo. The slaves were branded before loading them into the ships ready for the trans-Atlantic journey which was called the Middle Passage . The ships were filthy, hot, and crowded. By 1654, some 8,000-10,000 Africans each year were undergoing the Middle Passage. The moment of sailing is described as the most traumatic. Many Africans revolted during the middle passage in a bid to escape. For some jumping overboard was more preferable than their blood being turned into red wine, bones into gunpowder, skins, into black leather shoes and flesh -the Whiteman s meat as they believed. Factors which led to the development of the trans-Atlantic slave trade a Increased demand for slave labour by European countries led them to West Africa where they were available in large numbers. Dangers of Middle Passage Suicide Disease The mortality rate averaged between 13 and 33 percent of the slaves and the crew. If the Atlantic were to dry up it would reveal a scattered pathway of human bones marking the various routes of the Middle Passage. . B Greater preference for African slaves by the slave traders since they were thought to be more strong and resistant to tropical disease and could cope with stress easily. C West Africa had well defined interior routes which enabled establishment of earlier strong trade links by the Europeans. There were also vast trade goods like gold, palm oil and ivory. This stimulated the development of trans-Atlantic trade. D African chiefs had developed a taste for European goods like cloths, firearms and glass enabling exchange for slaves, gold ivory and palm oil. There was also existence of the institution of slavery in West African communities. E The introduction of firearms facilitated the capture of slaves and hence their increased supply. F The exploitation of minerals and establishment of plantations in the Americas pushed demand for slaves to higher levels hence trade with the region expanded. G The increased demand for raw materials to feed the growing industries in Europe led to increased demand for slaves in cotton farms in the Americas. H The rivalry between the Portuguese and the Spaniards and with the Britons over the control of slave trade pushed the trade to a higher new level. I The fact the trade was very lucrative led to its further expansion. J Improved technology which meant ability to construct greater capacity ships. Th is enhanced transportation of more slaves from West Africa and thus development of the trade .
I The fact the trade was very lucrative led to its further expansion. J Improved technology which meant ability to construct greater capacity ships. Th is enhanced transportation of more slaves from West Africa and thus development of the trade . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 131 Impact of trans-Atlantic trade on the people of West Africa a It caused immense suffering to many people. B It led to forced emigration of about 10 million people to the Americas between 1500 and 1888. C Many slaves died between capture and arrival to their destinations. D Depopulation occurred in areas where slaves were taken from. This led to underdevelopment since the young and productive people were taken away. E African traditional industries were destroyed by the sale of cheap manufactured goods from Europe. F There was increased conflict between communities especially where the gun was used. This led to destruction of property during the inter-community wars. G Many African communities were weakened and were left unprepared for the scramble and partition of Africa which soon followed. H It led to rise and growth of states e.g. Asante, Dahomey. I It led to founding of Liberia and Sierra Leone as settlements for slaves who were freed. J It led to changes to social roles; women became the heads of their families due to the enslavement of men. K Some African cultures spread to the Americas e.g Jazz Music and samba dancing styles of Brazil and even witchcraft. L The trade led to the rise of the mullato population. E.g in Senegal, where they are mainly found in Goree and Dakar, as a result of the intermingling between the European traders and the African women. M It contributed to the decline of the trans-Saharan trade and the colonization of West Africa. Economic impacts of slave trade a It led to introduction of new manufactured goods in West Africa which undermined many indigenous technologies like smithing and medicine. B Africa was depleted of her vital manpower that was greatly needed in agriculture and defence. This led to economic retardation. C Destruction of African property during the slave raids. D Led to the eventual decline of the Trans Atlantic trade at its abolition. E Stimulated development of ports in West Africa and in Europe. F African leaders accumulated a lot of wealth e.g Dahomey, jaja, Asantehene.
D Led to the eventual decline of the Trans Atlantic trade at its abolition. E Stimulated development of ports in West Africa and in Europe. F African leaders accumulated a lot of wealth e.g Dahomey, jaja, Asantehene. G It led to development of European economies. A number of large cities grew along the coastal ports. For example Glasgow, Bordeaux Liverpool and Nantes. H Growth of industrialization in Europe as the slave labour ensured constant flow of raw materials into the industries. I Some of the slave dealers accumulated enormous wealth. For example, the merchants like Barclays Brothers and sailing companies like Lloyds. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 132 j The trade led to the expansion of plantation farming in USA cotton and sugar plantations which relied on slave labour. Decline of the trans-Atlantic slave trade In 1807, the British government made a decision to abolish slave trade. Factors that led to the abolition of slave trade; a Rise of humanitarians in Europe such as Christians and scholars condemned it on moral grounds. The missionaries wanted it to be stopped because they wanted good conditions for the spread of Christianity. The formation of the humanitarian movements in Engl and aimed at stopping all kinds of cruelty including slave trade, flogging of soldiers and child labour. B Industrialization in Britain was one of the main forces behind the abolition .E.g. Britain industrialists urged its abolition because they wanted Afri cans to be left in Africa so that Africa can be a source of raw materials for their industries, market for European manufactured goods and a place for new investment of surplus capital. C Formation of Anti-slavery movement and the abolitionist movement in 1787. Its chairman was Granville Sharp and others like Thomas Clarkson, William Wilberforce who gathered facts and stories about the brutality of slave trade and slavery to arouse public opinion in Britain. D The attainment of independence by USA in 1776 left Britain in a dilemma since she had no colonies where she would take the slaves to work. E The French revolution of 1789 and the American revolution of 1776 emphasized liberty, equality and fraternity brotherhood of all human beings. As a result, people began to question whether anyone had a right to deprive fellow man of his liberty when he had done wrong.
Limitation of human porterage Human porterage was cumbersome, slow and tiresome. Humans Carry limited amount of goods at particular time. It is not convenient over long distances. Animal transport Early human beings used the domesticated animals to carry loads on their backs or pull carts. Such animals are referred to as pack animals. In 500 AD a paddled collar was devised that rested on the animals shoulders. In 200 AD saddles were introduced in Egypt. Horse shoes were introduced in 700 AD Donkey Ass The first animals to be used as pack animals; they were used in Egypt as early as 3400bc to carry weight upto 80kg. They were commonly used in the trade between Nubia and South Sudan. In Ukambani today, donkeys are used to fetch water. Oxen Referred to as draught animals used for ploughing and pulling carts and also transportation of goods and people. Horses They were first rode but were later trained to pull wagons, chariots and passenger coaches. In the Roman Empire, they carried soldiers during war. Soldiers on horseback are referred to as cavalry. Disadvantages of horses a It is highly susceptible to diseases. B It cannot survive in tsetse fly infected areas. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 134 c The weight limit of the load it can carry is 120kg d They are not suitable in arid and semi-arid areas because they need a lot of water. NB; - horses are mainly reared by the rich as a symbol of high social status. Mules. A crossbreed of a horse and a donkey, they are sterile and carry loads upto 110kg.they are mostly used in mountainous areas in central and southern Europe and in Mexico. Camels It is referred to as the ship of the desert. What makes a camel ideal in desert transport? A It has a unique ability to survive for long without food and water. B They have an incredible water storage capacity, they do not sweat lose much moisture. C They have broad padded, two toed feet ideal for walking on desert sand. D The nostrils have flaps which keep away sand during sandstorms. E Its fur is thick enough to protect it from the sweltering desert heat by day and ext reme cold conditions at night.

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