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By 19thc , they had settled in Uasin Gishu and even spread into Tanzania along the Rift Valley. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 50 As they moved, they assimilated the Sirikwa peoples. They also waged war against the neighbouring Kalenjin, Akamba and Abagusii. In the 1850s the Maas... |
I They influenced Communities like the Nandi who adopted the institution of Prophet or diviner from the institution of Laibon among the Maasai. The Highland Nilotes They comprise the kalenjin speakers namely the Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Marakwet, Keiyo, Pokot and Sabaot. They are believed to be the earliest Nilotic spea... |
Elgon region around AD1600. They moved south east to Teo, near Lake Baringo. Due to the Maasai attacks, they moved westwards to Tambach where they stayed for a long period. They later moved southwards to Rongai near Nakuru. They only separated from the Nandi due to drought and the Maasai Raids on the Nandi. The Kipsigi... |
Etc. C The constant raids as a means of interaction led to some communities seeking for refugee in secure places. E.g the Abagusii too refugee in the present Kisii highland due to the Kipsigis, Nandi and Maasai raids in 1800AD. D A sense of unity developed among some communities e.g. among the Luo, as a means of Defenc... |
In some communities like the Akamba, Abaluhyia, only boys circumcised. Among the Abagusii and Agikuyu, both boys and girls were circumcised. The initiates were taught the values and customs of their community Circumcision marked an entry into an age set whose functions included defending the community from external att... |
Economic organization of the Bantu The Bantu kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Dowry was paid inform of livestock. Some communities used livestock as a form of currency in barter trade. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours such as the Luo, kalenjin and Maasai. T... |
A medicine person was called mundu mugo. Their main work was to cure diseases. They learned their skills through apparent-iceship. The Agikuyu had designated sacred places for prayers, worship and offerings an example was the mugumo tree for offering sacrifices . Marriage was an important institution among the Agikuyu.... |
Hunting and gathering was also done by Agikuyu to supplement their food. The Ameru The Ameru had a system of government which ensured high standards of morality and stability. This system evolved as they migrated and interacted with other communities. Social organization of the Ameru The Ameru was a system characterize... |
The Ameru believed in the existence of a supreme being called Baaba Weetu who was a loving father and took care of all. He was omnipresent. The Ameru also believed in the existence of spirits which either brought happiness or tears depending on how one lived on earth. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit h... |
It also officiated over religious ceremonies The age set system provided the community with warriors who defended the community from external aggression. Religions leaders like prophets influenced the political administration for the Ameru. Their system of government alternated between two organizations namely, Kiruga ... |
For example, during harvest, weddings, deaths and birth. Political organization The smallest political unit among the Akamba was the homestead, Musyi comprising three to four generations of extended family with a stockade round the home of each married man. Outside the entrance of the homestead, there was an open space... |
They practiced trading activities e.g. they sold Ivory, feathers, shells hides, arrows, spearheads, to neighbours and the Arabs, Swahili traders. The Akamba were skilled Iron workers produced spears, arrow heads, hoes, knives. The Akamba Practiced woodcarving making tools and shields. They engaged in pottery, making po... |
The role of the council of elders was to settle disputes between families. A number of clans formed sub-communities headed by clan elders. Circumcision of boys and girls formed part of the initiation rites for the Abagusii. The initiates were taught the values and customs of the society after which they were considered... |
They hunted wild game for meat and skins. They also collected wild fruit roots and vegetables. The Abagusii raided their neighbours for livestock. To date, they still raid the Maasai and Kipsigis for livestock. The Mijikenda The Mijikenda comprise of nine groups that had similar social, economic and political structure... |
The council of elders declared war on warring neighbors. Economic organization The Mijikenda kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and skin. Hunting and gathering was also done to supplement their food They traded in the coastal trade with the Arabs and with the Akamba from interior. The Mijikenda ... |
The Luo as their form of initiation extracted six lower teeth. The other groups practiced circumcision. In all the groups, the initiates were taught the community values. The economic organization The nilotes were nomadic pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat and blood. They traded... |
The Nandi By 1900 AD, the Nandi had already established their social, economic and political institutions. Social organization The family was the basic social unit. Several related families grouped together to form clans among Nandi. The family institution was very important in the community. It played an important rol... |
He foretold what was going to happen in the future. E.g. success or misfortune in the community. Economic organization The Nandi were pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats for milk, meat, manure and blood. Cattle were a symbol of status among the Nandi and also a form of dowry settlement. The Nan... |
They only promoted to senior warriors after the Saket apeito ceremony slaughter of bullock that was done after every fifteen years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 The Maasai Social organization The Maasai were divided into two groups; the pastoral Maasai Purko and the Agricult... |
This ceremony is still practiced upto date. Economic organization of the Maasai The Maasai were nomadic pastoralists who kept Livestock like sheep, cattle and goats formilk, meat and blood.. They traded among themselves and also with their neighbours such as the Agikuyu, kalenjin and Taita. They sold animal products an... |
They were permitted to own livestock. The senior elders They comprise the senior most age-set. Membership was determined by age and experience. The group performed religious functions and also was responsible for and dealt with difficult judicial and political decisions. The Maasai adopted the institution of Oloibon or... |
They sold pots, baskets, cattle, fish and livestock for grains, spears, arrows and canoes from the Abaluhyia, Abagusii, Kipsigis and Nandi. They also Cultivated plants like millet, sorghum, etc Most of them practiced hunting and gathering to get additional meat and hides and to supplement the food they produced. They p... |
They are a nomadic Sam speaking group. They comprise the Borana, Gabra, Galla Oromo , Rendille and Burji. The communities developed complex social, economic and political institutions that were interrupted by the coming of the Muslims and Europeans. Social organization of the Cushites The Cushites had a patrilineal soc... |
Some Cushites who lived along river valleys practiced substance agriculture where they grew grain crops, vegetables, dates, peas, pepper, tubers and bananas. They also practiced iron smelting and made iron tools e.g. swords, knives, bangles and arrow heads. They hunted wild game for food, ivory, skins hides for clothin... |
Each age set had a leader with specific duties. They believed in the existence of a supreme god, whom they referred to as wak waq . He was the creator of everything. They had religious leaders who mediated between God and the people Later on, through interaction with their neighbours, all the Somali became Muslims by t... |
Social organization The Borana had a complex social organization. The society was divided into clans led by elders whose responsibility was to settle disputes and maintaining law and order. Each clan was made up of related families. The borana had a strong belief in the extended family. The Borana were nomadic. But the... |
Economic organization a The borana were basically practiced nomadic Pastoralists who kept cattle, goats and sheep. Cattle was slaughtered as part of their religious rituals and also provided raw materials for houses and other local industries. B They traded with their neighbours to get what they could not produce e.g. ... |
.Powers were distributed equally between the two moieties at all levels such as in the Gada class, age-set and camp councils as well as in tribal ceremonies. The complex age set system mainly provided a military base for the society. The age sets, Hariyya, were recruited from boys of the same age. Gada class Luba was r... |
Periplus of the Erythrean Sea; by a Greek merchant in 1st C AD describes the people and places along the coast and the Indian Ocean Trade. Erythrean Sea Trade . Geopgraphia by Claudius Ptolemy makes reference to east African coast and the trade along Somalia and Kenyan coasts. Christian Topography of Cosmos Indico of t... |
Romans In AD 45, Hippalus, a Roman sailor using monsoon wind knowledge reached the red sea and entered the Indian Ocean. The Romans were keen on breaking the Arab monopoly over trade. Evidence of trade between the Romans and the coast is in the writing of a Roman Historian Pliny 23-79AD who points out the high coast of... |
The earliest Arab settlement was Qanbalu Pemba . They later settled in manda, Kilwa. Lamu and Mombasa. The Arabs reffered to the Africans as the Zenj Blacks Factors that facilitated the coming of Arabs to the east African coast. The Indian ocean provided the highway through which the traders traveled The traders had th... |
They also exported frankincense and myrrh among other things. Traders from Persia, Arabia and Syria brought glass beakers and bowls, swords, pots, grains, sugar, cloth and beads in exchange for palm oil, tortoise shells, ivory and slaves. The Greek, roman and Chinese traders brought porcelain bowls, daggers, swords, po... |
Factors which promoted the Indian Ocean trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 a Availability of items of trade from the east African coast and foreigner countries. For example, ivory, slaves, cotton and porcelain. B The high demand for trade items from the coast by consumers f... |
Stone buildings were constructed, new dressing styles arose women began to wear buibui while men wore kanzus , new eating habits also evolved. D The Islamic law, sharia was also introduced. E Many Africans were converted to Islam. However the religion did not spread beyond the coastal region prior to the 19th c. f New ... |
This paved way for European imperialism later on. P Trade routes led to the establishment of trade caravan routes which later were upgraded to by the colonialists. The coming of the Portuguese Since the 10th century Arabian influence along the coast had been strong. Most of the port towns along the East African coast h... |
F The Portuguese wished to share in the profits of the Indian Ocean Trade by imposing taxes and forcing wealthy coastal towns to pay tribute to the king of Portugal. G The coast had natural harbors where ships could anchor on their way to and from the East for fresh food and water. The Portuguese therefore wanted to es... |
He arrived in Malindi in March 1498 to a warm welcome by the locals. He returned to Portugal in 1499 and gave a report of the flourishing Sofala trade, the Deep Harbour in Mombasa and the existing disunity of coastal people. In response to Vasco da Gama s expeditions, the king of Portugal sent fleets of ships to conque... |
Towns that submitted without struggles were only asked to pay tribute to Portugal. Malindi was even excused from paying tribute due to her friendship with the Portuguese. In 1509 Alba quiqui captured the remaining towns i.e. the work of conquest was completed with taking the islands of Pemba, Mafia, and Zanzibar. Momba... |
B They had well trained soldiers with superior skills of fighting compared to the coastal people who had no permanent organized army e.g. Vasco da Gama, Francisco D Almeida were ruthless army commanders which helped them to defeat the coastal dwellers. C They had better and faster ships carracks well equipped for naval... |
Other forts and garrisons were established at Sofala and Kilwa. The Portuguese captains were responsible for the collections of tributes from coastal rulers. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 79 They imposed the customs dues on all imports and exports. They were also responsible for... |
B It had few soldiers and could not keep fortified garrison along the coast. C Authority was left in hands of incompetent and corrupt officials who were after enriching themselves. D The Africans hated the Portuguese due to differences in religion, that is to say, Muslims against Christians Portuguese . E The Portugues... |
R The income obtained from the gold trade was not enough to pay for administration i.e. soldiers and officials. S The Capture of Fort Jesus their stronghold in 1698 by the Omani greatly contributed to their decline. The collapse of Portuguese rule In 1585, a Turkish captain, Amir Ali Bey, arrived at the coast as an env... |
The coastal Arab towns had appealed to their brothers in Oman for assistance against the Portuguese brutality. In 1652, an Oman fleet sailed to pate and Zanzib ar, overpowered and killed the Portuguese. In 1696, Imam Saif Ibn Sultan of Oman sailed to Mombasa with a large fleet and army. The Portuguese took refuge in Fo... |
Negative: a Trade declined due to the constant wars and rebellions and heavy taxes imposed. B There was decline of the coastal towns because many were burnt down and left in ruins for example Kilwa and Mombasa. C There was widespread poverty and misery among the coastal people due to decline in trade. For free KCSE Not... |
Towns they were loyal to Oman were attacked. The Mazrui established themselves as independent rulers of Mombasa and ordered towns like pate, Pemba and Malindi to pay allegiance to them. Their greatest allies were the Mijikenda who promised them support in case of Omani attack. The struggle between the Mazrui and the Im... |
His cousin Badr Ibn saif took over. In 1806, Said stabbed Badr to death fearing domination. With the assistance of the British he had entrenched his position as the Seyyid of Oman at the age of 15 years. The British even promised him support in claiming the east African coast. He then sent a governor to build a fortres... |
It also had fresh water, adequate rainfall and fertile soils that favoured clove growing. C Zanzibar was easily defensible as an island. It was easy to sea the enemy from far and launch an attack from the island. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 84 d The good deep harbours of Zanzi... |
By 1870, about 1400 to 1500 slaves worked on plantation farms in Malindi which had become the granary of Africa producing all kinds of grains, mangoes, coconut, mangoes and oranges. Seyyid said also established a clove plantation in Zanzibar. He also encouraged people to grow coconut trees by putting in place a policy ... |
Domestic and child slavery already existed therefore Africans were willing to exchange slaves for European goods. The huge profits enjoyed by middlemen like Arab Swahili traders encouraged the traders to get deeply involved in the trade. The suitable winds and currents monsoon winds which eased transportation for slave... |
Plantation farming increased in some areas, especially the clove plantations were slaves worked. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 86 Organization of slave trade in E. Africa The middlemen involved were; Arab Swahili traders African chiefs. Ways of obtaining slaves Selling of domest... |
They were very overcrowded and packed like spoons with no room even to turn. Whenever they saw anti-slave trade people, slaves would be thrown in the ocean As a result many died in the process. Effects Impact of slave trade on people of E. Africa Positive effects a New foods were introduced through trade routes like ma... |
Negative effects a African population was reduced; people who would have been great leaders and empire builders were killed. It is estimated that over 15 to 30 million people were sold in to slavery while other millions died in the process being transported. B Slave trade brought misery, suffering and lowered the quali... |
The Abolition movement which had begun in Britain and her overseas territory first took effect in West Africa. The decline in West African trade encouraged the expansion of trade in East Africa especially with America and West Indies. Slave trade was difficult to stop because of division of African tribes against each ... |
Seyyid Said and Barghash were always unwilling to end slave trade at once due to fear of losing revenue and risk of rebellion by Arabs who found it profitable. The anti-slavery group was small compared to the East African Coast. European powers continued with slave trade, they shipped the slave cargos in to ships beari... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 90 f The British desire to protect their national interests, British planters wanted slave trade stopped to avoid competition with other European planters .This is because other planters were producing cheaper sugar, British sugar accumulated hence ... |
It forbade the shipping of slaves outside the Sultan s East African possessions, i.e., beyond Brava to the north. In 1871 the British set up a parliamentary commission of inquiry to investigate and report on slave trade in E. Africa. In 1872 Sir Bartle Frere persuaded Sultan Barghash to stop slave trade but not much wa... |
Therefore began to crumble .This gave opportunity to other ambitious leaders like TippuTip to create an independent state in Manyema ,where he began selling his ivory and slaves to the Belgians in Zaire. E The abolition of slave trade was a catalyst to the partition of East Africa where by Britain took over Kenya, Zanz... |
The source of slaves and ivory extended as far as Mt. Kenya region, Baringo and the shores of Lake Victoria. The trade led to the development of Mombasa and Lamu as important market points. The Waswahili and Mijikenda traders were also used in the trading caravans to the interior. By 1860s, Arabs and Swahili traders st... |
They established trade routes such as the route from Ujiji via Tabora to Bagamoyo. They travelled to Katanga in DRC for iron, salt and copper. By 1850 nyamwezi merchants such as Msiri , and leaders like Nyungu ya Mawe and Mirambo played a key role in the trade development. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Vi... |
B It increased the volume of local and regional trade as varieties of new goods were introduced. C There was the Emergence of a class of wealthy Africans along the coast and the interior as Arab, African and Waswahili merchants acquired a lot of wealth. E.g. Kivoi of Ukambani, Ngonyo of Mijikenda, Tippu tip, Msiri, Nyu... |
He also gave letters of introduction to the Arab caravans leading into the interior. D The improvement of the monetary system by Seyyid said facilitated the trade. He introduced the small copper coins from India to supplement the silver currency Maria Theresa dollars and the Spanish Crown . He also employed the service... |
E New trade goods and crops were introduced to the coast. F Participants in the trade grew richer and exhibited high standards of living. G The slave trade led to sufferings, killings and increased warfare. CHRISTIAN MISSIONARIES IN EAST AFRICA Introduction Christian missions were organized efforts to spread the Christ... |
John Ludwig Kraft of CMS is said to have been the first European to see Mt. Kenya while Johann Redman was the first to see Mt. Kilimanjaro. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 96 g They had a mission to clear the way for the colonization of East Africa. The missionaries were tasked by... |
They established a station at Rabai. They also set up mission stations at Jomvu and Lamu. They were able to convert some people among the Mijikenda. In 1863, the University Mission Society to Central Africa moved to Zanzibar where a mission was started from Re-union and later to Bagamoyo. Cardinal Lavigerie s formation... |
The roles of these missionaries varied enormously depending on the colonial context and their relations with the colonial authorities. Missionaries in Tanganyika The missionaries here enjoyed the support of the sultan of Zanzibar, Seyyid Said. At Zanzibar, the Roman Catholic missionaries began to follow the lead of CMS... |
They came in through Tabora and Usukuma and reached Rubaga, mutesa s capital in 1877 where they set up a church. In 1879, the Roman Catholic Missionaries and White Fathers followed also from Tabora and Kibanga. The Protestants and Catholics were supported by Kabaka Mwanga though he did not want them to work outside the... |
F Christian missionaries participated in skill development in East Africa. They for example participated in modernizing Agriculture and carpentry by setting up agricultural institutionsand carpentry workshops for training. G Christian missionaries were also influential in establishing educational institutions and train... |
G The missionaries efforts to translate the bible into several local languages helped them succeed for example Kraft translated the New Testament of the Bible into Swahili and wrote a Swahili dictionary and a Grammar book. H The missionaries also received the support of African converts in spreading the Gospel. Convert... |
This was because East Africa had a multiplicity of languages hence rendering communication between the missionaries and the local people very difficult. B There was a problem of the influence of Islam. Arabs being the first group of people to arrive at the coast and interior had deep rooted Islam into the people thus m... |
Customs like polygamy, satanic worship, etc were deep rooted into African communities which proved a threat for the missionaries to successfully uproot them. K The missionaries made their work difficult by involving in politics and judicial systems which were beyond spiritual jurisdiction. Local leaders could misinterp... |
In the technical schools, carpentry and brick laying skills were obtained. I A new class of elite emerged. Africans educated mainly in English and French emerged, these later served as doctors, lawyers, clerks, teachers, catechists, agriculturalists and priests who played a great role of spreading Christianity. For exa... |
Sir Harry John stone who signed on behalf of the British government confessed that; b Missionaries supplied information to the colonialists which they utilized to plan how to effectively impose their colonial rule on how to crash the African resistance. In the religious wars in Buganda, the British fought behind the Pr... |
When defending one s property against violent attack. When a law enforcement officer s life is endangered, for example when apprehending armed criminals. 2. Equality and freedom from discrimination Every person is equal before the law and has the right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. This means that b... |
Right to assembly, demonstration, picketing and petition Every citizen has a right to assemble and participate in peaceful demonstrations and even present petitions to public authorities Responsibility: Those demonstrating must not interfere with peace of others for example through harassment of motorists and property ... |
11. Consumer rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 107 Consumers have the right to goods and services of reasonable quality. Consumers have the right to the information necessary for them to gain full benefit from goods and services. Consumers have the right to the protection of ... |
G Protect and enhance intellectual property and indigenous knowledge of biodiversity and the genetic resources of the communities. Responsibility Every person has a responsibility to protect and conserve the environment and ensure ecologically sustainable development, and use of natural resources. For free KCSE Notes, ... |
18. Freedom of association Every person has the right to form, join and participate in the activities of an association of any kind, provided that the association is not engaged in illegal activities, such as stealing or killing. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 19. Protection ... |
Fair administrative action Every person should be subjected to an efficient, lawful, reasonable and procedurally fair administrative action. This promotes efficient administration in public offices Responsibility The officers of the state have a responsibility to accord every person fair administrative action. The righ... |
Fair hearing Every person has the right to have any dispute that can be resolved through a court hearing be resolved in such a manner that will accord him or her fair and public hearing. An accused person has the following rights; a To be presumed innocent until proven otherwise. B To be informed of the charges. C To h... |
M A good citizen has a duty to maintain transparency and accountability. Public servants should be accountable for their actions and maintain high level of transparency. N A good citizen supports government by taking part in projects that ensure sustainable development in the country- through participation in environme... |
It Provides protection to individuals against any form of discrimination bill of rights. It provides for a unitary government b Education. The curriculum aims at ensuring that pupils and students focus on issues that unite them. The integrated education system encourages the children to accept one another as Kenyans. T... |
J The government encourages social, economic interaction among Kenyans e.g. through marriages, worship etc. Factors that undermine national unity in Kenya a Tribalism this is the practice of favouring people who are from one s own ethnic group in employment, admission to schools and allocation of resources. Others end ... |
Steps have been taken by the Kenyan government to promote national integration since independence. A The government has developed national symbols like the flag, anthem, and the court of arms. These symbols have helped to identify us as one nation. B Immediately after independence the then only major opposition party, ... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 m Abolition of ethnic organizations and groupings. N Promotion of national public service i.e. civil servants can serve anywhere in the country.. Conflict resolution Conflict refers to a situation in which people or groups are involved in seriou... |
Discussion. During this stage, a friendly environment is cultivated to enable discussion of workable solutions. This is usually a give and take situation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 119 c. Reaching an agreement. The points of agreement reached should be fair to both parties w... |
Barter trade however has the following disadvantages; a It may involve bulky goods in the transaction. B There may lack double coincidence. It is difficult always to get the goods one wants. C Lack of standards of deferred payment; if a good was borrowed, it would be difficult to decide whether the same value was retur... |
For example when one sells a house in one city to go and dwell in another. F Money as a unit of account is used as a calculating medium and assigning prices of goods and services. G Money is easily divisible into smaller units. For example, if a product is valued at a lower price, the buyer only pays the agreed cost. H... |
C Specialization and improved technology which always creates a need to exchange skills and goods with those who do not have. E.g trade between Mathira kikuyu cultivators and the Mukurwe-ini kikuyu ironmongers and weavers. Some even exchanged skills for money. D Population increase making man to begin to supplement his... |
In Bunyoro-Kitara for example, the Omukama had officers whose duty was to collect taxes from the market places. G Many people were brought together through trade. In Bunyoro Kitara, communities like the Alur, Acholi, Langi, Basoga, Baganda, Kumani, Iteso and Banyankole interacted through trade. NB; the greatest danger ... |
8th-16thc AD Factors that led to the development of the trans-Saharan trade a Demand for West African good such as gold, slaves and kola nuts by the North Africans and for North African goods like horses, cotton cloth and weapons by the west Sudan people. B Existence of rich merchants in the region, such as the Berbers... |
Monopoly of the Hausa traders from Kano region. D Hides and skins- from Hausa land for making leather clothing and shoes. E Ivory- originated from western belt mainly from cote d ivore. F Gum- from Mauritania and Senegal g Dyed cloth and pepper From the north a Salt- from Taghaza, Taodeni, Bilma and Ghadames. B Horses-... |
H Exposure to frequent sandstorms which killed many traders. I Sometimes wars between kingdoms disrupted trade. Impact of the trans-Saharan trade Positive impact; a The trade stimulated the emergence of urban centres along the trade routes. Towns like Taghaza and Timbuktu developed due to the production of trade commod... |
Negative impacts: a The trade increased warfare in the region as communities gained access to firearms and horses. Thousands of people lost their lives. B Many people in the western Sudan belt were captured and taken into slavery to meet the demands of the trans-Saharan traders. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Pap... |
International trade This is a type of trade that involves the exchange of goods between different countries in one continent or beyond the continent. Examples of international trade include a The Indian Ocean trade b The trans-Atlantic trade. The trans-Atlantic trade The trans-Atlantic trade involved Europe, Africa and... |
They relied on slave labour from Gambia. Development and organization of trans-Atlantic slaves. The demand for labor in the western hemisphere stimulated a profitable three-legged trading pattern. European manufactured goods, namely cloth and metal wares, especially firearms, went to Africa where they were exchanged fo... |
Existence of the institution of slavery in West Africa where the war captives, adulters, witches, the weak, debtors and murderers were enslaved b. Availability of firearms to precipitate warfare and capture of the conquered as slaves. C. Existence of well defined trade routes easily used by the slave merchants to acces... |
Sailing with vessels down the coast, and then stopping at different points to purchase slaves until there was enough cargo. The slaves were branded before loading them into the ships ready for the trans-Atlantic journey which was called the Middle Passage . The ships were filthy, hot, and crowded. By 1654, some 8,000-1... |
I The fact the trade was very lucrative led to its further expansion. J Improved technology which meant ability to construct greater capacity ships. Th is enhanced transportation of more slaves from West Africa and thus development of the trade . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 13... |
D Led to the eventual decline of the Trans Atlantic trade at its abolition. E Stimulated development of ports in West Africa and in Europe. F African leaders accumulated a lot of wealth e.g Dahomey, jaja, Asantehene. G It led to development of European economies. A number of large cities grew along the coastal ports. F... |
Limitation of human porterage Human porterage was cumbersome, slow and tiresome. Humans Carry limited amount of goods at particular time. It is not convenient over long distances. Animal transport Early human beings used the domesticated animals to carry loads on their backs or pull carts. Such animals are referred to ... |
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