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A Farmers could use their land title deeds to get loans from banks in order to expand farming on their land. B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land. C The reforms enabled thousands of landless people to own land. D Dairy and cash crop production increas... |
This decongested the reserves and gave chance to arable farming. E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. G The Governme... |
A The 1984 drought and famine in various parts of the country occasioning supply of relief food to the affected regions. B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. C From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically y... |
E Kenya s rivers have enough water for production of HEP. F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary link Page 74 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers ... |
G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities. Further reading on industrial development should be done with reference to evolving world book 4 pages 162- 164 Social Developmen... |
In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. Byb1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000. In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witness... |
H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services. The ministry promotes cultural and social values. B The syllabus has been tailored to include c... |
In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed t... |
In April 2002, through a power-sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress. During the Page 78 For free KCSE Notes, ... |
When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme t... |
A Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy fore... |
The collapse of the East African Community also affected the economy of the country. After 1985, Nyerere s economic policies began to be challenged openly by scholars and economists When president Mwinyi took over, he undertook to reform the economy of Tanzania. Political challenges that Tanzania has faced since indepe... |
They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production. Other producers reverted to the black market. ... |
This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations. B Overdependence on primary exports. The African e... |
The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills. DEVOLVED GOVERN MENT. Devolution This refers to the granting of power from... |
C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests an... |
E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must n... |
The recommendations are incorporated If the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a by-law of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the coun... |
H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. . J The Govern... |
D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government. A C... |
E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation in Page 89 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at natio... |
D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural -urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties. F The county ... |
The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet ... |
B Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country. D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee,... |
The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where ... |
F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize t... |
E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. Page 94 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke County government expenditure. County governments spend their monies in the foll... |
G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up. E.g the public procurement oversight autho... |
By elections in the event of resignation, death or resignation of a member of parliament. There are also local elections in which representatives of local authorities councillors are voted for are held every 4 years. The local authorities include the District Councils, London Boroughs, Metropolitan districts and Region... |
G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats. The candidates are either nominated by respective parties or stand as independent candidates and need not reside in the constituencies as long as they register as v... |
E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardon... |
It is the major legislative arm of the government. It comprises 650 elected members representing constituencies. The leader of the House is the P.M. The chief officer is the speaker who is elected at the start of a new parliamentary session. Functions of the House of Commons. Page 101 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Pa... |
D He she controls the cabinet secretariat and oversees the execution of cabinet decisions by various departments. E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. G He she is the leader of the House of Commons. H He she initiates both domestic and foreig... |
D It carries out normal duties that public administration demands. Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. Civil servants are taken to be carrying out the instructions of minister. Ministers get all the credit for all good, as well as censure for all that is criticized. B T... |
The senate the House of Representatives forming the congress two houses. F It caters for the separation of powers. G Does not provide for secession of a member state. H Federal government and individual states share power through their senators in congress i.e. in making laws. I The president is the head of the federal... |
Features of the US system of government. A The federal government is made up of the legislature, executive and the judiciary. B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. C The federal government and independent states share the power of formulating and enforcing laws. D A... |
B No state may make her own currency. C States are forbidden, unless congress approves, to levy duties on imports or exports. D States are prohibited from maintaining armed forces. E States are prohibited from entering into any agreement with foreign powers or engaging in war. How the conduct of USA president is checke... |
N Candidate age limit is 30 years and above.functions of a prime minister in India.a He is the head of the federal government b He is the leader of the house to which he belongs. He can be either a member of the rajya sabha upper house or lok sabha.c As head of the council of ministers, the prime minister oversees the ... |
It is basically the buying and selling of goods. Trade originated during the New Stone Age. During this period, man began a settled lifestyle. He became specialised in various activities such as weaving, pottery and livestock keeping. This specialisation made some people to produce certain items which others did not pr... |
For example one may have intended to exchange a bag of maize with a bag of millet just to find that there was no millet in the market. B The method was tiresome because all those who wanted to exchange goods had to carry those goods to the market sometimes for long distances. C Since in normal trade there is a buyer an... |
This makes the buyer to have an idea of the value of various items in advance. D Currency trade brings about clear definitions of the terms buyer or seller. In this case the buyer is the one who gives out money to acquire goods while the seller is the one who gives out goods to acquire money. E When one receives money ... |
The blacksmith obtained meat from the pastoralists and grains from the cultivators. The pastoralists needed knives and spears from the blacksmiths. The cultivators needed iron hoes; knives for harvesting; millet, sorghum and axes for clearing fields for cultivation. The demand for goods therefore encouraged local trade... |
It can be trade between different communities in a region who are living apart. This trade involves a bigger geographical area than the one covered by local trade. It also involves more traders. An example of regional trade is the Trans-Saharan trade. The origin of the Trans-Saharan trade It is not known exactly the ti... |
The other one started from Tripoli and went past Fezzan to Bornu via Bilma. There were several other minor ones which made the trade routes to resemble a cobweb. All these routes touched the salt mines in the desert as salt was a commodity of trade very much needed by the people of western Sudan. Some Trans-Saharan tra... |
G There was communication barrier due to lack of a common language. This made it necessary for traders to use the Tuaregs as their guides and interpreters but later they became unreliable when they began stealing goods from traders. H There was lack of adequate basic needs such as food and water especially in the deser... |
The impact of the Trans-Saharan trade The Trans-Saharan trade had several consequences: 1. The trade led to development of urbanisation for example towns such as Gao, Timbuktu and Jenne. 2. The trade led to the decline of empires such as ancient Ghana and Mali while others such as Songhai emerged. 3. Islamic religion a... |
F The emergence of the Trans-Atlantic trade attracted the West African traders who were formerly involved in the Trans-Saharan trade. This led to reduction of the volume of goods and traders who participated in the Trans-Saharan trade. G The Turks invaded North Africa creating insecurity along the caravan routes. H The... |
Attempts to use the Red Indians as labourers eventually failed. There was need to import Africans to supply labour in the mines and sugar plantations. This attempt marked the beginning of the TransAtlantic slave trade. The increased demand for sugar, tobacco and cotton in the European countries led to the establishment... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 6. The steamships provided efficient transport and communication means between the three continents. 7. The acquisition of new knowledge of navigation enabled sailors to sail across the deep and stormy seas and oceans. 8. The decline of the Trans... |
H The people who failed to pay debts were captured and sold as compensation. Alternatively, they surrendered a family member to be sold instead. The impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade 1. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade caused immense pain and suffering to innocent Africans who were captured, chained, beaten and forced t... |
Some powerful rulers such as King Geso of Dahomey emerged as a result of the introduction of fire-arms. 15. The trade encouraged slave raids which destroyed property. Houses and crops for instance were burnt into ashes during slave raids. 16. The Trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of agricultural plantations i... |
3 a Describe the role of Takshifs during the Trans-Saharan trade. B Give five trade routes traders followed during the Trans-Saharan trade. 4 a what problems did the traders encountered during Trans-Saharan trade? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 16 b Discuss the effects of the Tra... |
The invention of the wheel therefore eased transportation of bulky loads and speeded transportation of people to various destinations. It also facilitated travel over long distances within a limited period of time. Wheeled vehicles were pulled by horses, donkey and oxen. The invention of the wheel was followed by the d... |
Man s first boat like vessel was made of a tree trunk. It was later improved by hollowing it to make a dug-out canoe. Man also discovered that he could make rafts with animal skins or from bundles of reeds tied together. The canoes and rafts were used to move across the shallow waters. The Phoenicians, the Egyptians an... |
The vehicle industry since then has been greatly improved. Vehicles that move at very high speed have been introduced. This has resulted to many accidents. As a result of this, in January 2004, Kenya government took the following measures to reduce the increasing number of accidents on the Kenyan Roads and to make trav... |
An American called Robert Fulton built a steamship called Clermont that was used to carry passengers between Albany and New York. Some years later, internal combustion engines were invented. Since then oil replaced the power from coal in driving engines. From 1881 iron and steel ships began replacing wooden ships. From... |
For example people have taken careers such as driving, mechanics, engineering and piloting. Industries for manufacturing engines, spare parts and other accessories have been established. Air transport has encouraged international co-operation and facilitated quicker and easier movement of perishable items such as fruit... |
This continued until the message reached the recipient. These organised groups of messengers were known as runners. The messengers relayed the information and sometimes For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 brought the feedback. They made people of a community to keep in touch with o... |
It also provides programmes to the general public, which give them awareness on HIV AIDS, good morals, need for unity and how to become good law abiding citizens. The radio serves a large number of people at the same time and it is cheaper to use than many other means of communication. It plays a big role in promoting ... |
It operates within a specified area where the signals can reach. Internet This is a computer network made up of thousands of networks world-wide. Millions of world computers are connected to the Internet and the number is still increasing at alarming rate. There is no single individual, organisation or government which... |
Magazines cover articles, stories and announcements. During the colonial rule Jomo Kenyatta was the editor of a magazine entitled, Muigwithania . Since independence, we have had magazines like the Kenya Gazette, Parents, Today, Weekly Review and Finance among others. Journals These are newspapers which deal with certai... |
6. Britain had well advanced insurance and banking systems. 7. Trade barrier such as tariffs which could hinder trade never existed in Britain by then because it had adopted the policy of free trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 42 8. Britain had enterprising merchants who mann... |
Britain was able to acquire colonies such as India, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria. F The standards of living of many Britons was raised due to income obtained from the industries. The rise of the standards of living of the middle class in particular resulted to the class struggle between the rich and the poor in Britain the... |
To achieve this, industrial research was carried out. The discovery of the method of converting iron into steel by Henry Bessemer revolutionised the industrial sector. Electricity and petroleum were also discovered and they became important sources of energy for the industries. The rapid industrialisation of continenta... |
The standards of living of the people in Europe were raised due to income from the industries. 5. It stimulated expansion of factories instead of cottage industries. Banking and insurance were established. 6. Industrial Revolution in Europe created employment opportunities in the industrial sector in form of mechanics,... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 5. The technological advancement in North America in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the industrial advancement in the USA because a lot of discoveries and inventions on industry were made. 6. Banks and insurance were introduced in the... |
12. The second unification of East and West Germany widened the scope of industrial output. 13. There were improved agricultural techniques in Germany that resulted to the increased yields that provided agricultural raw materials for the processing industries. The impact of industrialisation of Germany a Industrialisat... |
Japan had enough capital for carrying out research and for industrial development. Japan also benefited from the American aid obtained after the Second World War. 2. There was ready internal and external market for the Japanese manufactured goods. 3. Japan enjoyed a long term of political stability mainly after the Sec... |
Industrialisation in the third world Brazil Industrialisation in Brazil began in the last quarter of the 19th century. The country s industrial process later developed tremendously because of the following factors. 1. Large deposits of minerals such as iron ore, gold, bauxite and manganese were available for industrial... |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 5. Constant inflation in Brazil makes goods to be expensive. 6. Brazil has accumulated many foreign debts. This hinders steady progress of the country. 7. The available resources in the Amazon forest are under exploited due to the sparse populati... |
The Indian government encouraged foreign investment in the industrial sector. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 57 10. The political stability in India after the attainment of independence encouraged industrialisation. 11. Protective tariffs were imposed to enable local industries t... |
The Greeks and the Egyptians were great mathematicians. The Greek mathematician called Pythagoras came up with the right-angled triangle. The Egyptians used mathematical skills to construct pyramids. They also came up with Geometry and used it in farms. The Chinese also contributed to scientific knowledge in that they ... |
Important scientific inventions on agriculture 1. Jethro Tull He invented seed drill which was used to plant seeds in rows and a horse drawn hoe. 2. Robert Bakewell For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 61 He found out that the quality of animals could be improved through cross breeding... |
This was followed by the establishment of large estates leading to plantation farming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 g The desire to make more inventions and to improve what had already been established for instance the need to come up with better breeds of livestock and to c... |
V James Watt He invented the steam engine Impact of scientific inventions on industry 1. As a result of people getting exposed to the industrial goods, their living standards have improved. 2. Jobs have been created in industries. The textile industries for example employ a large number of people. 3. There is diversifi... |
3. Edward Jenner He invented the first vaccine for controlling smallpox. 4. Lous Pasteur He discovered that certain bacteria caused certain disease. He discovered that heat could kill bacteria. He therefore discovered that food could be preserved through the method he called pasteurisation. This is heating food to a ce... |
They later development into towns. Examples are Mombasa and Kilwa. 2. There was development of ports and harbours where ships anchored such as Cape Town and Malindi. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 69 3. Some areas like Meroe where local industries were established attracted many ... |
In 1665 AD London was affected by plague. The following year a great fire burnt the city. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 In 1667 the rebuilding act was enacted. It stipulated that all buildings be of stone and brick. In the 1760s the walls and gates of old medieval city of Lon... |
The development of port facilities in London encouraged many people to go and do the jobs of loading and unloading cargo. The sailors from England also started their journeys from the seaports like London. Those For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 who came from abroad on their way ... |
Ix London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War. This resulted to deaths of people and destruction of property. X There was the demolition of the old city of London in the 1760 s. Athens The growth and prosperity of Athens is based on trade and commerce. The land surrounding Athens was rocky. It could no... |
6. The availability of coal, which provided energy also, promoted industrial development. Today, Johannesburg is the largest city of the Republic of South Africa and the industrial and commercial centre. It is the centre of the country s gold mining industries and the site of the Johannesburg stock exchange. It is a st... |
This enabled them to feed the army. The fertile soils and suitable climate enabled them to grow crops. B During the 18th and 19th centuries, Buganda was under very strong and competent rulers entitled Kabaka. One such ruler was Kabaka Mtesa I. c Buganda kingdom was centralised and it had a well-organised political syst... |
The Baganda engaged themselves in the long distance trade mainly in the 19th century after the Arab and Swahili merchants from the coast penetrated into kingdom. This trade expanded rapidly during the era of Kabaka Mtesa I. Slaves and ivory were the main commodities the Arab and Swahili traders demanded. They in turn b... |
The kingdom was split into counties each called Saza. Each county was headed by a Saza chief. Counties were further split into sub-counties each entitled Gombolola. Each Gombolola was under the leadership of a Gombolola chief whose duty was to collect the taxes and remit to Kabaka as well to maintain law and order in h... |
Polygamy was a very common practice among the Shona. It was common to find men with very many wives. This was one way of ensuring that the community had enough warriors and was provided with sufficient labour force. The Economic Organisation of the Shona The Shona grew a variety of subsistence crops such as beans, mill... |
In so doing religion was used to create political unity among the Shona. Asante Ashanti The Asante is one of the Akan or Twi speaking peoples of the present day Ghana. The Asante kingdom is believed to have been established as a result of a number of states which united together and settled at a place called Asantemans... |
6. The fact that Asante kingdom was highly centralised enabled people to join in order to fight against a common enemy. 7. The neighbouring states such as Denkyira and Fante were weaker that the Asante kingdom. This gave the Asante the advantage of expanding its empire. 8. The Asante army was very strong and well organ... |
The land they occupied received heavy rainfall which enabled them to grow crops such as vegetables, kolanuts and grains. The Asante also kept few livestock. They hunted and gathered fruits and red kolanuts from Kwaman forest for sale. The Asante also participated in the local trade. They traded with the Ga and the peop... |
The Asantehene was the supreme ruler of the kingdom. He had direct control over Kumasi State. The Asantehene was the conmmander in - chief of the army. He presided over political and religious festivals and he acted as the final court of appeal because he was the supreme judge. Leadership among the Asante was hereditar... |
At its peak, the Asante kingdom consisted of the area surrounding Kumasi which was directly under the Asantehene, the states outside Kumasi which were part of the original Asante union and lay about 90 kilometre radius of present day Kumasi and the vassal or conquered states. The Asante government finally collapsed due... |
7. A written constitution is prepared in such a way that one can be able to compare the actions and day to day activities of the government with what is written and expected to be achieved and maintained. Advantages of written constitution The following are the advantages of a written constitution: a Once prepared, it ... |
Vi The constitution making process is costly and very involving if all the procedures are followed to the dot. Unwritten constitution An unwritten constitution is one which does not exist in a single formal official document. Britain is an example of a country with unwritten constitution. The sources of the British con... |
The conference was attended by representatives of the African political parties such as Kenya African National Union KANU , Kenya African Democratic Union KADU and African People s Party APP . KANU and KADU differed in the structure of government they wanted. KANU preferred a strong unitary constitution while KADU want... |
The independence constitution provided an independent judiciary that showed complete impartiality when judging cases. No one was allowed to influence the decisions of judges and they enjoyed security of tenure. Lastly, the independence constitution organised for the protection of the minority rights. This was mainly to... |
People are then requested to give their views on various aspects of the constitution. A commission is set to visit all the constituencies in Kenya to listen and record the views of the public. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 All the views obtained from the constituencies of Ken... |
The arms of government are therefore required to work independently without excessive interference from each other. B There is supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law Kenya is established on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law. It is governed in accordance with the constitu... |
Also a member who missed eight consecutive parliamentary sittings or who served a prison sentence of over six months would automatically lose his seat. D In 1966, for any constitutional amendment to be affected there had to be a 2 3 majority of the members of Parliament. E In 1966, the Public Security Act stated that p... |
KANU was to be the only legal political party. O In 1982, the security tenure of office of the Attorney General and Controller Audit General was established. P In 1982, The office of the Chief Secretary and Head of Civil Service was established. Q In 1987, The post of Chief Secretary was abolished and replaced by the o... |
2. Discuss the factors that determine a country s constitution. 3. Have a class debate on whether Kenya should have a Prime Minister with more powers than that of the President or not. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 103 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Tea... |
It is sometimes called pure democracy. This kind of decision making was very common among the Bushmen of South Africa and the people of the Greek city states. Unfortunately direct democracy cannot work in countries with large populations because all the people cannot be consulted before decisions are made. It therefore... |
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