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A Farmers could use their land title deeds to get loans from banks in order to expand farming on their land. B Land titles enabled people to purchase land with confidence. No one would alienate them from their land. C The reforms enabled thousands of landless people to own land. D Dairy and cash crop production increased. Land ownership by non-citizens. A non-citizen can only own land in the country on the basis of leasehold tenure not exceeding 99 years. Principles that govern utilization of land in Kenya. A Equitable access to land. All members of the society must have equal access to land since it is an important resource. B Transparent and cost effective administration of land. State institutions should be given powers and responsibilities of ensuring transparent and accountable administration of land. C Elimination of gender discrimination. In line with protection of human rights, for all, discrimination against women on issues of land ownership and access to land need be eliminated. D Sustainable and productive management of land resources. Since land is an economic resource, it should be managed well to ensure maximum productivity. E Sound conservation and protection of ecologically sensitive areas. Conservation measures like prohibiting settlement and agricultural activities in water catchment areas and zoning of forest lands to protect them from further degradation. F Encouragement of communities to settle land disputes. This should happen as long as they are consistent with the constitution. Page 72 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Ways in which the Kenya government has solved land related problems since independence. A The problems related to Communal Land ownership have been solved through land demarcation and adjudication by the government. This saw the conversion from traditional system of land ownership to modern freeload tenure. B Landlessness was solved through creation of resettlement schemes. Large-scale farms and former European farms were divided into smaller ones and given to the landless. E.g Mwea Tebere, Bura, Shirika etc. C The government has put marginal lands to more productive use through establishment of irrigation schemes and drainage schemes. D The government removed restriction of movements from the reserves that were created by the colonial government. This decongested the reserves and gave chance to arable farming. E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. |
This decongested the reserves and gave chance to arable farming. E At independence, the t government embarked on land consolidation policy through which scattered plots were put into one holding. F The government also embarked on land reclamation measure to bring previously unused land to productive use. G The Government has established the National Land Commission which manages public land The National Land Commission. Functions of the National Land Commission. A It manages public land on behalf of the national and county governments. B It advises the national government on a comprehensive programme for land registration throughout the country. C It investigates present and past historical injustices, as a result of a complaint or on its on initiative, and recommends appropriate action. D It has a duty to encourage the use of traditional methods of dispute resolution in land conflicts. E It recommends the national land policy to the national government. F It assesses tax on land and premiums on immovable property in any area designated by law. G It monitors land use planning throughout the country. Development in agriculture since independence. After independence, the government encouraged small scale farming of coffee and tea as opposed to large scale farming that existed during the colonial period. The Agricultural development corporation ADC was set up to manage large scale farms that were established by the government in western, Rift Valley and Coast provinces. Such farms specialize in production of seeds to be used by farmers for planting. They also specialize in production of high quality dairy and beef cattle in Kenya. The government also established the Kenya Agricultural Research Institute KARI in Muguga near Kikuyu to assist in identifying good crop breeds for different types of soils. Page 73 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Irrigation Schemes were expanded in the marginal areas. For example. Mea central , Bura coast , Ahero Nyanza and Perkerra central . The government created development authorities to effectively manage water catchment areas. For example, TARDA, KVDA and LBDA. Challenges facing Kenya s agricultural sector. A The 1984 drought and famine in various parts of the country occasioning supply of relief food to the affected regions. B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. C From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically yet the inputs remained expensive. |
A The 1984 drought and famine in various parts of the country occasioning supply of relief food to the affected regions. B Rapid increase in population which is not at pace with the rate of increase in agricultural production. C From the late 1970s, the world market prices of agricultural commodities fell drastically yet the inputs remained expensive. D Corruption and mismanagement of the cooperatives leading to meager earnings for key cash crops in Kenya. E Grabbing of research land by corrupt government officials has affected the operations of the research institutes. F The problem of poor infrastructure in the country sometimes discourages farmers especially during the rainy season. G Ethnic clashes in Molo in 1991-1992, Likoni in 1997 and Mahi Mahiu in 2005 plus the post election violence in 2008 discouraged farmers from intense farming due to insecurity. H Poor technology hassled to low yields. People in Kenya still rely on natural rains for agriculture instead of using irrigation. Others use primitive traditional tools in cultivation. I The problem of pests that destroy the farm yields before reaching the factory. J Competition from COMESA member states and from the more industrialized powers such as the European Union and USA often frustrate Kenyan farmers. Industrial developments in Kenya since independence. Kenya s industrial sector was shaped by the long period of colonization. At independence, industry was characterized by dominance of foreign capital and dominance of the agricultural sector. Factors that facilitated industrial development in Kenya since the colonial era. A The existence of raw materials, such as trona soda ash at lake Magadi, fluorspar at Kerio Valley and lime in several parts of the country. B Existence of fish resource from numerous water bodies has promoted the fish- processing industry. C Existence of expansive forests which provide timber needed in the furniture industry. D The rich scenary, e.g Mt. Kenya, Mt. Elgon, the Aberdares and rich wildlife have promoted the tourism industry. E Kenya s rivers have enough water for production of HEP. F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary link Page 74 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke between the material producing zones , industries and markets.. |
E Kenya s rivers have enough water for production of HEP. F Increase in population since the colonial period ensured supply of labour and the market required for industries to flourish. G The transport and communication infrastructure have provided the necessary link Page 74 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke between the material producing zones , industries and markets.. h Existence of rich agricultural lands producing raw materials such as coffee, tea, sugarcane, sisal and fruits Measures taken by the Kenyan government to promote industrial development since independence. A The government engaged on decentralization programmes to spur development in new areas. Industries were established in rural areas. B The government has embarked on the programmes of funding new markets for industrial products. C Infrastructure was improved through establishment of more roads, railways and improvement of water transport, to-transport raw materials labour and goods. D Power concerns were addressed through construction of the Seven Forks Dam to supplement power from neighboring Uganda. E Favourable government policies have been put in place to attract investors. F The government has put in place measures to reduce imports in order to protect local infant industries. E.g discriminative tariffs were introduced. G The government encouraged and assisted in giving capital for industrial development through development of the co-operative movement, funding through Industrial and Commercial Development Corporation ICDC , the Development Finance Company of Kenya. DFCK and the Industrial Development Bank. H The government has ensured political stability in the country, which is an important factor in industrial development. Factors that have hindered industrial development in Kenya. A The problem of multi nationals whose interests do not favour Kenya s progress. Multi-national co-operation repatriate capital to their own home countries b There is shortage of strategic raw materials e.g. petroleum, diamond. Cotton for textile industries. Many industrial companies use imported raw materials. C Foreigners, who pass policies not friendly to the country, hold managerial positions in industries. D Mismanagement of major industries and lack of transparency I parastatals. E Over concentration of industries in few areas leading to negligence of other areas. It also has led to related problems of industrial concentration like the social ills. F Competition from the industrialized nations who dominate the market and produce high quality goods. G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities. |
G Poverty limits industrialization. A poor population means a small domestic market thus hindering industrial development. H Products are produced with low technology hence small quantities. Further reading on industrial development should be done with reference to evolving world book 4 pages 162- 164 Social Development and challenges since independence. Education. To solve the problems inherited at independence in the education sector poor quality Page 75 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke education and poor facilities available the Kenya children , the government undertook the following measures; a Constitutional amendments were made in 1975 to give Kiswahili a respectable position in the country. B Several educational Commissions were set up to streamline education. C The Harambee strategy was employed to expand educational facilities. Education Commissions. A The Kenya Education Commission 1964 The Ominde commission that recommended overhaul of curriculum to make it relevant. B The National Committee on Education Objectives and policies- Gachathi commission 1976 that looked into he possibility of setting up a second university. C Presidential Working Party on the Second University- The Mackey commission 1982 that established the 8-4-4 system and proposed emphasis of vocational subjects such as art and craft, music, agriculture and Home science. D The Kamunge commission 1988 which recommended cost-sharing in education e The Koech commission 1999 which recommended reintroduction of A-level system in form of Totally Integrated Quality Education and Training. Main developments in education in Kenya since independence. In 1975, Kiswahili was made the official languages of parliament and learning in schools. The ministry of education established structures right from the district level to national level to help in fulfilling the national objectives of education. Several education commissions were set up to streamline education. The harambee strategy was employed to expand education facilities. Many schools were built. In 1980, the government took over the responsibility of providing pre-primary education. In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. Byb1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000. In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witnessed increased enrolment. |
In the 1990s, the government in collaboration with UNICEF launched a programme to promote early childhood education. Byb1998, the total number of students in the various universities was over 40,000. In 1969, the ministry of education took over the administration of primary education from local government, this witnessed increased enrolment. In 1978, the government introduced the school milk programme to encourage children especially in drought prone areas to go to school. The programme stalled in 1990 but had achieved higher enrolment in schools. The Ministry of education launched school feeding programme, targeting dry areas. In 2002, the NARC government introduced the Free Primary Education policy. Further reading be done from evolving world on Elementary education and Tertiary education in Kenya. Health. Measures taken to improve the health sector in postcolonial Kenya. A The ministry of health was created to oversee health matters. B Expansion of health facilities through harambee and donor funds e.g. Nyanza Provincial hospital Russian Hospital c Many health training institutions were started e.g. Medical training colleges Page 76 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke d Improvement in hygiene through provision of piped water. E Establishment of several research institutions on human diseases e.g. KEMRI f Provision of more basic education in order to uplift hygiene standards in the society. G Provision of free anti-retroviral and anti-malaria drugs. Major challenges facing the Health sector in Kenya. A Increase in population has posed major challenges to the government in the provision of healthcare services to its citizens. There has been a challenge of inadequate doctors and medical facilities. B The cost- sharing policy introduced in the 1980s to help buy medicine and other equipment has prevented the poor from going to the hospitals. C The spread of HIV and AIDS and other diseases such as Diabetes and Heart diseases has worsened the situation. D Cultural practices like Female mutilation have made provision of medical services more challenging. E Pollution of the environment has increased allergy-related ailments, many of which have no cure. F Poverty and malnutrition render many people vulnerable to diseases. G Illegal abortion and early pregnancies endanger the lives of mothers. H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services. |
H High rate of accidents and injuries , especially on roads. Ways through which the government has encouraged the preservation of African culture since independence. A Creation of the ministry of culture and social services. The ministry promotes cultural and social values. B The syllabus has been tailored to include cultural studies. C Inclusion of music as a subject in the national curriculum. D The government has encouraged music drama festivals on an annual basis as way of promoting cultural exchange. E The government has encouraged intermarriage between different ethnic groups. F The government has developed cultural heritage centre at the Bomas of Kenya, National Archives and Museums. G Schools have been encouraged to admit people from different communities. H Allowing the media houses to play traditional music dance.. Students Read on sports, literature, theatre, music and dance from evolving world page 174. SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL DEVELOPMENT AND CHALLENGES IN AFRICA SINCE INDEPENDENCE. THE DEMOCRATIC REPUBLIC OF CONGO. Political developments in Democratic Republic of Congo since independence The Belgians relinquished their political dominion of Congo by granting them autonomy on 30th June 1960. Page 77 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Patrice Lumumba Prime Minister of Congolese National Movement Party and Joseph Kasavubu of Abako Party Head of State formed a fragile coalition government. The two leaders differed ideologically. The period between 1960 and 196 witnessed power struggle between Kasavubu and Lumumba on one side and Secessionist Moise Tsombe of Katanga and Albert Kalonji of Kasai on the other side In 1961, Patrice Lumumba was assassinated. This led to withdrawal of his supporters from government. In 1961, the UN Secretary General Dag Hammarskj ld perished in a plane crash in the Congo while attempting to bring a peaceful political solution to the Congo crisis. In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed the civilian government of president Kasavubu and Prime Minister Sylvester Kimba. |
In 1964, a new constitution was formulated as a way of solving the political problems that plagued Zaire soon after independence. Zaire became a federal state with a federal president and separate assemblies for each state. On 23rd November 1965, Joseph Desire Mobutu organized a bloodless military coup, which removed the civilian government of president Kasavubu and Prime Minister Sylvester Kimba. In November 1965, Mobutu took over power after a bloodless coup. In the same year, , Mobutu banned all political parties. He suspended the constitution and parliament. He abolished the federal system and local assemblies and reduced the number of provinces to eight. In 1967, He formed the Peoples Revolution Movement MPR , which became the only legal party in Congo. He in effect-replaced democracy with one-party dictatorship leaned to the west during the cold war. 1n 1970, Mobutu declared himself the life president of Congo, after winning the presidential election. In 1971, he outlawed the use of European names for people, places and physical features as a way of removing colonial legacy. The country was renamed Zaire. His own name changed to Mobutu Sese Seko. Leopoldville was renamed Kinshasa. In 1973, Mobutu announced the nationalization of all foreign enterprises. In 1977-1978, the Shaba Rebellion broke out mainly after an attack by the Congolese National Liberation Front from their base in Angola. The Belgian troops were called to silence the rebels. In 1990 and 1991, multiparty activists stepped up pressure for change. In September 1991, dissatisfied soldiers and civilians held demonstrations, which led to death of 117 people. In 1997, Laurent Kabila successfully ousted Mobutu, assisted by Rwanda and Uganda. Mobutu fled to exile in Morocco where he died. In January 2001, Laurent Kabila was assassinated in mysterious circumstances. His son took over power. In April 2002, through a power-sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress. |
In April 2002, through a power-sharing agreement presided over by Thabo Mbeki and a UN envoy, Mustapha Niasse, a government of national unity was formed. Economic developments in DRC since independence. The political chaos inn DRC up to 1965 did not favour any economic progress. During the Page 78 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke reign of the Belgians in Congo, no viable economic development was initiated. Little development was done in infrastructure in order to facilitate transportation of raw materials to the ports of Matadi etc. At independence, the country was faced with the problems of shortage of manpower, skills and entrepreneurship. When Mobutu took over, there was some slight economic progress. Transport and communication improved as more roads and railway were constructed to link major towns of Matadi, Kinshasa, Lubumbashi and Kisangani. Navigation on the river Congo was improved, which led go expansion of mining and agricultural sectors. Mining of diamonds resumed after the turbulent years and resulted in reduced inflation. Mobutu encouraged foreign investment in the mining sector. However, the fall of world copper prices in 1970s again began to derail the economic growth in DRC. In the 70s, the government nationalized foreign firms employed inexperienced people to control them. In 197, Mobutu enacted a law that placed state finances and expenditure under him, thus reducing the flow of capital to the provinces. In 1976, he encouraged mutual cooperation between private firms and the government in the extraction of minerals such as copper, oil, diamond, cobalt and manganese in a bid to create employment opportunities. He also emphasized on diversification of the economy which greatly boosted food production. The entertainment industry has also grown to become an invisible export through repatriation of profits back home by the foreign based musicians. Energy supply has been increased through the construction of the Luga hydro-electric power station. Social developments and challenges in DRC since independence. Between 1961 and 1965, there was little improvement in the field of health and education in DRC due to constant power struggles and civil strife. When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities. |
When Mobutu took over in 1965, he strived to expand schools and universities. For example, by 1970, he had established three universities. He also improved on the provision of health facilities. He banned religious education in schools In 1971, attempted to revive indigenous culture through the Authenticity programme that involved renaming places that had foreign names. In the 1970 s, in an effort to improve the welfare of citizens, a national insurance programme was established. Mobutu also gave prominence to music as part of the Congolese curriculum. The independent government supported sporting activities through construction of stadium and other sporting facilities. However, living standards in Zaire continued to fall as health services, water and sanitation continued to be inadequate. The steady rise in population was without a commensurate growth of social services. In summary, the common challenges socially were illiteracy, extreme poverty, famine Page 79 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke and diseases caused by civil strife, massive unemployment, refugee problem and religious persecutions by Mobutu. Political challenges that the democratic republic of Congo has faced since independence. A There was general lack of preparedness of the people for independence. Foreigners controlled even the army and the police. B The assassination of Patrice Lumumba in 1961, which plunged the country into the Congo crisis. C Political instability military coup d tat. In November 1965, Mobutu organized a military coup. In 1997, Kabila ousted Mobutu d Ethnic differences tribal clashes civil wars, which split the country into two parts at independence. One controlled by Lumumba and another controlled by Kasavubu. E The problem of Secession. Secessionist movement of the Katanga region Shaba led by Tsombe and Kasai under Kilonji seceded. F Foreign interference intrigues. Belgium constantly interfered and intervened in Zaire s internal matters. France and Britain also began to interfere from 1977 during the cold war period. G Mutinies in the army were common. Economic challenges that Democratic Republic Of Congo D.R.C faced in 1970 s. a Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. |
A Corruption and mismanagement of the economy. Mobutu was the richest president in the world while Zairians became the poorest people in the world. B Inflation due to power struggle and corruption. By 1980, the country s currency was not worthy the paper on which it was printed. C There was also a problem of heavy foreign debt. The country was unable to service her debts. By 1980, Zaire had become the world s third biggest debtor nation. D There was a standstill in the economic activities and disruption of railway transport due to civil wars in the country and neighbouring Angola. E The period also witnessed fall in world copper prices and increase in oil prices f Lack of a sound economic policy TANZANIA. Political developments in Tanzania since independence. At the time of independence, Tanzania comprised of two countries. I.e. Tanganyika and Zanzibar. Tanzania became independent in 1961 under Julius Nyerere while Zanzibar became independent in 1963 under the Sultan Seyyid Abdullah. In 1962, Tanzania became a one-party state with a republican constitution and an executive president. Tanganyika African National Union TANU became the sole political party. On 22nd April 1964, Julius Nyerere and Sheikh Abeid Karume signed a union document. Nyerere became the executive head of state and government while Karume as the first vicepresident. In 1967, president Nyerere adopted the ideology of African Socialism through the Arusha Declaration Page 80 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke In 1972, the first Vice-president, Sheikh Abeid Karume, was assassinated. Aboud Jumbe succeeded him as Zanzibar s president and the vice-president of Tanzania. In 1973, the capital of Tanzania was transferred from Dar-es-Salam to Dodoma. In 1967, the ruling party in the Mainland Tanganyika-TANU and Afro-Shirazi Party in Zanzibar merged to form Chama cha Mapinduzi CCM . Nyerere became the party chairman. In 1978-1979, president Idi Amin invaded Tanzania to annex the Kagera Province, which he claimed, was a Ugandan territory. Nyerere swiftly repulsed Ugandan soldiers. |
The collapse of the East African Community also affected the economy of the country. After 1985, Nyerere s economic policies began to be challenged openly by scholars and economists When president Mwinyi took over, he undertook to reform the economy of Tanzania. Political challenges that Tanzania has faced since independence. Page 81 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a There was an Army mutiny in Tanzania 1964, which threatened her political stability. B The socialism policy The Arusha Declaration received stiff opposition from many both internally and externally. People favoured capitalism. C The assassination of Abeid Karume in 1972 and the resignation of Aboud Jumbe in 1984 appeared to threaten the unity of the two members of the Union Declaration. D The invasion of Tanzania by Uganda in 1978.and the consequent war with Uganda was costly to the country. It also threatened her cooperation with neighbours. E There was an escalation of corruption among leading members of Tanzania s political elite, including claims that President Hassan Mwinyi and his family capitalized on liberalization to amass a lot of wealth. F the re-introduction of multiparty democracy tended to awaken tribalism and regionalism although this problem was contained. Social problems, which Tanzania faced since independence. A Famine and shortage of health services as the government adopted the Structural Adjustment Policies of IMF. B Poverty and a general drop in living standards as production dropped due to socialism. C Lack of social amenities, like clean water in rural areas. D High illiteracy level. E Unemployment. In Tanzania, industries closed after the Arusha declaration. F Population explosion which outstripped the country s resources g Terrorism. Tanzania was under terrorist attacks in 1997 targeting the American embassy. H Environmental pollution. I Over-crowding in urban areas. Economic challenges. A In the early years of independence, the proliferation of African enterprises led to the widening of the gap between the rich and the poor. B Under the ujamaa policy, the forced villagization programme did not satisfy communities in areas with favourable climate. They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production. |
They therefore strongly resisted it. C There was rampant rural-urban migration affecting mainly able-bodied men who felt exploited by the new system of production. D The abolition of cooperatives was met with stiff resistance with many farmers cutting down heir production. Other producers reverted to the black market. E The Tanzanian shilling became unstable due to price fluctuations of some commodities. F There was shortage of donor funds caused by the nationalization programme that was opposed by many donor countries. G The collapse of the East African Community in 1977 denied Tanzania a large common market for her goods SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL CHALLENGES IN AFRICA IN GENERAL. Political challenges that have faced African countries since independence Page 82 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a The political systems that were inherited from the colonial governments seemed to be unworkable in many independent African states. B Sharp ideological difference arose among the pioneer leaders of African states. Such differences internally exploded into civil strife in countries like Mozambique, Angola and DRC. C The cold war had diverstating effects on Africa. It left many African nations divided and locked in border conflicts that continue up to date. D Political instability was quite common in African states. Coups d tat and military takeover was witnessed in Somalia, Zaire, Nigeria, Chad etc Human rights were violated with the rise of dictatorship. E There were strained relations between African leaders caused by personal and ideological differences. Some ended in border closure, which greatly undermined international cooperation. F Many national interests in Africa countries have been in conflict with global and continental interests. Nigeria and Zimbabwe, for example had to be expelled from the Commonwealth of Nations for alleged disregard of human rights and personal property. G Neo-colonialism. Most countries retain the colonial structures of parliament although they have difficulties in sustaining them. Multinational peacekeeping forces are still common in Africa, many African leaders inherited the divide and rule colonial strategy that precipitates anarchy. H The existence of different ethnic groups has contributed to ethnic wars as witnessed in Rwanda, Burundi, Sudan, Nigeria and Kenya. I Most African government seemed ill prepared and in experienced in administration. This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations. |
This resulted in rise of rebel movements, as was the case of Mozambique and Angola. Economic challenges facing independent African states today. A Unemployment and socio-economic inequalities both among individuals and between regions are common in may African nations. B Overdependence on primary exports. The African economy is an extractive one rather than a manufacturing economy. Many countries depend on agriculture and foreign nations for manufactured goods. C World trade terms are not fair for African nations. Africa countries find themselves trading with former colonial powers that give low prices fort raw material from Africa and charge high process for the manufactured goods. D There has been the problem of unfavourable climatic conditions. This has curtailed food production, particularly among agricultural communities. E Population pressure has led to overstretching of social services. There is a high dependency ratio since the population is largely youthful and unemployed. F Poor economic planning. Some economic policies have destabilized the economies. For the Ujamaa policy in Tanzania, the expelling of foreign investors in Uganda and the massive printing of money in Zaire. Page 83 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke g The tough conditions given by donor agencies have sometimes led to deterioration of social welfare. Retrenchment for example was a key prescription of the Structural Adjustment Programme. H Corruption and embezzlement of public funds is common in African countries. There is also general lack of transparency among many leaders. Social challenges that have faced African states since independence. A Inaccessibility to clean water by majority of the people. Most African peoples rely on water fetched from sometimes contaminated streams across long distances. B The challenge of HIV AIDS pandemic. This has had a toll on productive members of the society. C Poor housing facilities.. in urban areas, majority of the population live in slums without sanitation facilities. D The challenge of high population growth rate. This affects the quality of the services provided by governments. E Language problem. Language development and use has been a challenge in Africa. In many countries, conflict tends to arise over the language to adopt- local or the inherited one. F Religious differences. This challenge has been the main cause of the splitting of the once largest country in Africa-Sudan in 2011. The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills. |
The predominantly Christian southern Sudan has become the youngest African state thanks to religious differences. G Absence of practical systems of education. Many countries rely on theoretical education with little emphasis in technical skills. DEVOLVED GOVERN MENT. Devolution This refers to the granting of power from the central government to a lower level such as a region or a local level. A Devolved Government is a system of government where there is a transfer or allocation of authority from a central government to a regional government. In a devolved government, power and resources are decentralized with part of the political and economic decision making transferred to the people through the locally established assemblies. Origin of devolution in Kenya. Page 84 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The Lancaster House Conference of 1962 forms the basis of devolution in Kenya. When the independent constitution was drawn during the conference, a federal system of government as proposed by the KADU delegates was adopted in Kenya. It made provisions for six regions. The legislature was to comprise two chambers the Senate or upper House and the Lower House However after independence in 1963, the Kenyatta Government began plans to scuttle the system of government. By December 1964, KANU and KADU merged to form a unitary government of the republic of Kenya. The enactment of the new constitution on 27th August 2010 reintroduced the concept of devolution in Kenya. Kenya is divided into 47 Counties each governed by A County Governor with the assistance of the County Executive Assembly. The National Government seats in Nairobi. To change County Boundaries, the Following must be considered; a Population density and demographic trends. B Physical and Human infrastructure. C Historical and Cultural Ties. D The cost of administration. E The Views of the communities affected. F The objectives of devolution of government. G Geographical features. Reasons why devolved governments were established in Kenya. A They were established as a means of promoting democratic and accountable exercise of power. B To Foster national unity by recognizing diversity. C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalized communities. |
C To give powers of self-governance to the people and enhance the participation of the people in the exercise of the powers of the State and in making decisions affecting them. D To recognize the right of communities to manage their own affairs and to further their development. E To protect and promote the interests and rights of minorities and marginalized communities. F To promote social and economic development and the provision of services throughout Kenya. G To ensure equitable sharing of national and local resources throughout Kenya. H To facilitate the decentralization of State organs, their functions and services, from the capital of Kenya; i To enhance checks, balances and the separation of powers. Principles of devolution of government in Kenya. A County governments shall be based on the democratic principles and separation of power. B County governments shall have reliable sources of revenue to enable them to govern and deliver services effectively. Page 85 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke c No more than two-thirds of the members of representative bodies in each county government shall be of the same gender. Structure and Functions of a county government in Kenya. The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service. County Assembly in Kenya. A county assembly consists of Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election. Members of special seats no more than two-thirds of the membership of the assembly is of the same gender. Members of marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities and the youth. The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. Nb-The members for special seats and marginalized communities are nominated by political parties in proportion to the seats received in the election in a particular county. Conditions for seeking election to a County Assembly. A The person must be a registered as a voter in his her county. B The person must have been a Kenyan citizen for atleast ten years before the elections. C The person must be able to read and write in English and Kiswahili. D He or she must be of sound mind. E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must not have been declared bankrupt. |
E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. G The person must be nominated by a political party h If he she is an independent candidate, must be supported by at least five hundred registered voters in the Ward concerned. I The person must not have been declared bankrupt. J The person must not have served a sentence of imprisonment of more than six months. K Must not have been a member of IBEC within five years before the date of election. L The person must not have misused or abused a State or public office. Functions of a county assembly. A County assemblies make laws for the effective performance of the county government. B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, d It approves policies for developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions in the county. E It enhances legislation that may set out the structure and framework for the better administration and management of county governments. F It approves oversight budgets and development projects within the county. G It approves investment decisions and loans. Page 86 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke h It supervises other units within the county through political authority, guidance and direction. I Monitors the execution of projects under approved development plans, and assesses and evaluates their impact on development in the county. The process of law making in a county government. It is the duty of the County Executive committee, comprising of the governor, the deputy governor and ten other members to draft the details of the proposed legislation with no bias. The public servants in the county governor s office participate in preparation of the proposed law. The county executive committee then presents the proposed legislation to the county Assembly. The members of the county assembly are then free to make their contributions to the bill during the discussion and debate that follows. Amendments and improvements may be proposed to the bill at this stage. The recommendations are incorporated If the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a by-law of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor. |
The recommendations are incorporated If the members are in favour of the bill, and if it is in conformity with the National Government legislation, then it is approved to become a by-law of the county government The structure of The County Executive Committee. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor. Not more than ten other Members appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly, who are not members of the assembly. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the county assembly. The county governor and the deputy county governor are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county respectively. Members of a county executive committee are accountable to the county governor for the performance of their functions and exercise of their powers. The members of the county executive committee cease to hold office once the office of the county governor falls vacant. Functions of a County Executive Committee. A It implements county legislation. B It implements, within the county, national legislation. C It manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. D It prepares proposed legislation for consideration by the county assembly. E It provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the county. Powers and functions of a governor in a county government. Page 87 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a The Governor is the chief executive officer of the county. The Executive Branch of government, headed by the Governor, includes executive departments and advisory boards. B The Governor is the Chairman of county executive committee. C he she is in charge of implementing , within the county, national legislation to the extent that the legislation so requires; d He ensures, through the county executive committee, the implementation of county legislation. E He manages and coordinates the functions of the county administration and its departments. F He provides the county assembly with full and regular reports on matters relating to the county. G He appoints with the approval of the assembly members, members to the county executive committee. H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. . |
H He ensures that Members of a county executive committee perform their functions and exercise of their powers fully. I He handles on behalf of the county, all external affairs with other counties in consultation with the central government. Excluding any which have been delegated to cabinet secretaries. . J The Governor prepares and submits a budget of the county for the following fiscal year. K He sets the terms and conditions of service of persons holding or acting in public offices in the county. L By virtue of his office, the Governor serves on certain boards and special commissions in the county. The Governor chairs the Board of Public Works. Election of a county governor. The county governor is directly elected by the voters registered in the county at a general election for a term of 5 years. To be eligible for election as county governor, a person must be eligible for election as a member of the county assembly. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. If re-elected, can serve for another final term of 5 years. Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. A County Governor can be removed from office under the following circumstances. A Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical or mental incapacity that hinders performance of the functions of office. Functions of a deputy governor. Page 88 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a As the deputy chief executive of the county, he or she assists the governor in the management and coordination of the functions of the county administration. B He or she acts as the governor of the county when the governor is absent. C The deputy assists the governor in the supervision of work of the county executive committee. D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government. |
D Since he she is a member of the county executive committee, he participates in legislation by also preparing proposals for county legislation. E He assumes governorship of the county incase the governor is incapacitated or is removed from authority for various reasons. Functions and powers of a county government. A County governments have the duty to assist in promotion of agriculture by initiating development in specific areas like crop and animal husbandry, livestock sale yards, slaughterhouses control of plant and animal diseases and development of fisheries. B It provides and supervises county health services, both public health and personal health of county members. C It assists in control of environmental pollution by putting in place legislation to regulate and control air pollution, noise pollution and outdoor advertising. D It promotes cultural activities, public entertainment and public amenities ion the county by putting in place structures such as libraries, museums, sporting facilities, casinos, beaches and county parks. E It has a duty to promote and regulate education at the pre-primary, polytechnic, craft and childcare levels. F It has a duty to develop transport facilities in the county through road construction, street lighting, developing ferries and harbours and parking areas. G The county government regulates county planning and development through land survey and mapping, boundaries, housing, electricity, gas and energy regulation. H It implements specific national government policies on natural resources and environmental conservation. I It also puts in place measures to control drug abuse and access to pornography. Relationship between national and county government. A Governments at either level must exercise their powers and functions in a manner that respects the functional and institutional integrity of government at the other level. B Each of the two governments must assist, support, consult and implement the legislation of the other level of government. C Either of the two governments must liaise with government at the other level for the purpose of exchanging information, coordinating policies and administration and enhancing capacity. D Governments at each level or different level should co-operate in the performance of functions and exercise of powers. E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation in Page 89 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at national level has the role of ensuring that county governments have adequate support to enable them to perform their functions. |
E In any dispute between governments, reasonable efforts to settle dispute should be made. F County governments rely on Procedures provided under national legislation in Page 89 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke settling intergovernmental disputes between them. G Parliament at national level has the role of ensuring that county governments have adequate support to enable them to perform their functions. H County governments must operate financial management systems that comply with any requirements prescribed by national legislation. I National government is permitted to take any measure on county government provided that Notice must be given to county government. J Where a county government is unable to perform its functions, or does not operate a financial management system that complies with national legislation requirements, the national government may intervene. Challenges facing county governments in Kenya. A County governments have inadequate funds. Some are located in areas of limited resources. This impedes provision of essential services. Some are too small to operate efficiently. B Corruption and misappropriation of funds is common in most counties. This is because those vested with the management powers do not have experience since the appointment of governors is through popular vote. C Rural -urban migration is likely to generate population pressure in urban based counties like Nairobi city and Mombasa. Urban problems like mushrooming of slums, poor garbage disposal and insufficient sanitary facilities arise. D There is likely to be national government interference in the affairs and management of county legislation. This hinders free decision-making. E Election of ward members to manage ward affairs may hamper operations of the counties especially in legislation. Possible solutions to the challenges that may face county governments in Kenya. A The National governments through the Equalization Fund should be able to provide adequate financial support to County governments located in areas of limited resources. This will assist in provision of essential services. B Those counties that are too small to operate efficiently should be merged with others in terms of social service delivery. C There should be stricter vetting of candidates to vie for positions of county Governors and deputy county Governors in order the possible challenge of financial management and corruption. D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural -urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties. |
D Urban-based counties should be given more funding by the National Government to enable them solve urban related problems. E The National government should come up with means on how to curb Rural -urban migration. This may be done through creation of employment generating opportunities in rural counties. F The county governments, especially those that are in economically viable areas should be given financial autonomy and a free-hand in decision making, by the national government. PUBLIC REVENUE AND EXPENDITURE IN KENYA. SOURCES OF PUBLIC REVENUE. Page 90 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Public finance refers to revenue and expenditure of the national and county government. Principles that govern the use of public finance in Kenya. A The principle of openness and accountability. There shall be public participation in financial matters. B The public finance system should promote an equitable society, and in particular the burden of taxation should be shared fairly. C Revenue raised nationally should be shared equitably among national and county governments. D Expenditure of public finance should promote the equitable development of the country, including making special provision for marginalized groups and areas. E The burdens and benefits of the use of resources and public borrowing should be shared equitably between present and future generations. F Public money should be used in a prudent and responsible way. G There should be responsible financial management accompanied by clear fiscal reporting to ensure effective use of public funds. NATIONAL BUDGET. The national budget is a comprehensive statement that gives an estimate of public revenue, expenditure and financial plans for a given financial year for a government. Components of the national and county governments budgets in Kenya. A Estimates of revenue and expenditure, differentiating between recurrent and development expenditure. B Proposals for financing any anticipated deficit for the period to which they apply. C Proposals regarding borrowing and other forms of public liability that will increase public debt during the following year. The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary for finance submits to the National Assembly estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the national government for the following financial year. |
The process of Budget preparation and implementation in Kenya. Three months before the end of each financial year, the head of each department or State organ submits estimates of revenues and expenditures for the following year to the secretary for finance. Two months before the end of each financial year, the Cabinet Secretary for finance submits to the National Assembly estimates of the revenue and expenditure of the national government for the following financial year. He also submits a detailed national fiscal, monetary and development plan for a period of three years prepared by him in collaboration with the Secretary responsible for planning and national development. The estimates include estimates for expenditure from the Equalization Fund. The National Assembly then considers the estimates submitted together with the estimates submitted by the Parliamentary Service Commission and the Chief Registrar of the Judiciary. Before the National Assembly considers the estimates of revenue and expenditure, a committee of the Assembly will discuss and review the estimates and make recommendations to the Assembly. Committee makes its recommendations to the National Assembly. Page 91 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke When the estimates have been approved by the National Assembly, there will be an Appropriation Bill, introduced into the National Assembly to authorize the withdrawal from the Consolidated Fund of the money needed for the expenditure. The Appropriation Bill will not include expenditures that are charged on the Consolidated Fund. The process of Budget preparation and implementation in a county government. Further reading about this is encouraged. Sources of public revenue for national government in Kenya. Domestic Revenue Sources. These are the taxes levied on citizens, private and public organizations, foreign investors and business people. There are two main groups of taxes; 1. Direct taxes. 2. Indirect taxes. 1. Direct taxes. Income tax These are taxes derived from people s salaries in form of income tax. 2. Indirect taxes. These are taxes levied on goods and services but with parliamentary approval. They include; a Value-added tax; an indirect sales tax paid on specific goods such as sugar, bread, petroleum products, clothes, electronic equipment and motor vehicles. B Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country. D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee, tea, soda ash and pyrethrum which are exported. |
B Customs duties:- there are duties on imported goods such as motor vehicles, machinery, fertilizer, sugar, wheat, electronics, luxury goods, etc. C Excise tax; this is charged on locally produced goods that are sold within the country. D Export Duty; the duty charged on locally produced goods such as textiles, coffee, tea, soda ash and pyrethrum which are exported. E Trading Licenses; f Sales Stamp Duty; on entertainment services, betting, casino and premium bonds. G Traffic Revenue tax; levied on various categories of traffic services. E.g., the Road Maintenance Levy, the driver s licence, Airport tax by air passengers. H Investment Revenue; earned from parastatal and other profit making bodies that remit profits through the treasury. I Loan interest receipts. Collection of taxes from parastatals like AFC, KTDA, KPC, NCPB and KCB. J Land Rates. K House rates. L Fees; paid in terms of timber levies, CO2 levies and mining fees. M Court Fines n Borrowing under laid down law or procedure . O Tourism fess External Revenue Sources There are two main sources of external assistance; 1. Bilateral Aid; where two friendly nations assist each other. E.g. Kenya and Japan Page 92 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2. Multilateral Aid; many countries form trading blocs or global institutions like World Bank, IMF, European Union and commonwealth for this purpose. Sources of finance for county governments. A The main source of funding for many counties is their equitable share from 15 of the national budget. B Conditional and unconditional grants. Unconditional Grants are funds allocated by the national government without conditions regarding their use. Conditional grants are the funds allocated by the national government for funding of specific projects and programmes. They include; The Equalization Fund for provision of basic services like water, health services, electricity and roads in marginalized areas. The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where the national government guarantees the loan or with the approval of the county assembly. |
The Contingencies Fund to carter for urgent and unforeseen circumstances c Counties own revenues. Counties have the power to collect property rates, impose taxes on entertainment, and impose fees and charges for services they render to people and any other tax that Parliament permits them to impose. D Borrowing, where the national government guarantees the loan or with the approval of the county assembly. E Grants and donations Factors that determine equitable sharing of public finance. A The national interest. B Any provision that must be made in respect of the public debt and other national obligations. C The needs of the national government, determined by objective criteria. D The need to ensure that county governments are able to perform the functions allocated to them. E The fiscal capacity and efficiency of county governments. F Developmental and other needs of counties. G Economic disparities within and among counties and the need to remedy them. H The need for affirmative action in respect of disadvantaged areas and groups. I The need for economic optimization of each county and to provide incentives for each county to optimize its capacity to raise revenue. J The desirability of stable and predictable allocations of revenue. K The need for flexibility in responding to emergencies and other temporary needs. Regulations that govern imposition of taxes and charges in Kenya. A Only the national government may impose Income tax, Value-added tax, Customs duties and other duties on import and export goods; and excise tax. B An Act of Parliament may authorize the national government to impose any other tax or duty. C A county may impose property rates, entertainment taxes, and any other tax that it is authorized to impose by an Act of Parliament. D The national and county governments may impose charges for services. E The taxation and other revenue-raising powers of a county should not be exercised in a way that prejudices national economic policies, economic activities across county Page 93 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke boundaries or the national mobility of goods, services, capital or labour. F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize the exclusion of a State officer from payment of tax. |
F No tax or licensing fee may be imposed, waived or varied except as provided by legislation. G If permitted, a public record of each waiver shall be maintained together with the reason for the waiver; and each waiver, and the reason for it, should be reported to the Auditor-General. H No law may exclude or authorize the exclusion of a State officer from payment of tax. The revenue collected by the government is deposited into the following funds; 1. Equalization Fund; This is a Fund specially established by the National government, to provide basic services including water, roads, health facilities and electricity to marginalized areas to the extent necessary to bring the quality of those services in those areas to the level generally enjoyed by the rest of the nation. 2. Consolidated Fund; this is the fund into which all the money raised or received by the national government is paid. Money set aside by parliament for specific purpose and money set aside by state organs to take care of their expenses is however not deposited in this fund. 3. Contingencies Fund; this is a fund from which advances will be made if the secretary for finance is convinced that there is an urgent matter that needs funding and for which there is no other provisions. 4. Revenue Funds; this is a fund for each county into which all the money raised or received by the county government is paid. Expenditure of Public Revenue. There are two ways in which the national government spends its revenue. 1. Capital expenditure. -. The money set aside in the national budget for development projects. 2. Recurrent expenditure. -. The money used by the government to sustain and maintain the existing facilities. How the national government spends its money under recurrent expenditure. A The government remunerates its employees through regular payment of salaries and wages. B The expenditure is also used to maintain public property throughout the country by allocating necessary funds to roads, airports, colleges, school text book provision and bridge maintenance. C The money is also used to service debts from international donor agencies and local financial institutions. D The money is also used to contribute to regional and international organizations like COMESA, AU, UN and Commonwealth. E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. Page 94 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke County government expenditure. |
E It is used to provide grants to counties and parastatals, and bursaries to schools and colleges. F The money is also used to maintain Kenyan embassies abroad. Page 94 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke County government expenditure. County governments spend their monies in the following ways; a Provision of basic social services like water, health facilities, electricity and cemeteries. B The money from its recurrent expenditure is used to pay wages and salaries to its employees. C The counties spend their money to some extend to control air and noise pollution, and also on refuse removal and solid waste disposal. D Money is used to finance development of roads, parking facilities, ferries and street lighting, develop entertainment, sporting, trading and cultural facilities. E In repair maintenance and improvement of public facilities like roads, health facilities, markets, libraries, housing etc. F Some money is set aside as emergency utility for fire fighting services and disaster management. G The counties use their money to service the borrowed funds plus the interest accrued. H They also use money to provide early childhood education through development of nursery schools. They also develop village polytechnics and home craft training centres. Ways through which proper management of public finances by national government is ensured in Kenya. A Any national governments expenditure by state departments or state organs must be approved by parliament which acts as the public watchdog. B The controller of budget oversees the implementation of the national budget by authorizing legal withdrawals from public funds such as the equalization fund, consolidated fund and contingencies fund c The controller of budget submits to each house of parliament report on the implantation of the budget of the national government. D Where a state organ or any other public body fails to adhere to the laid down procedures of expenditure, the cabinet secretary for finance, with the approval of parliament, may stop the transfer of funds to the body. E There is constant auditing of accounts and financial records of all government and other public bodies. F Every public body has a n accounting officer who is accountable to the national assembly for the financial management of the public body. G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up. |
G The auditor general audits all accounts of all government and state organs. H The government has put up policies related to procurement which is supposed to be fair, transparent, competitive and cost effective. To regulate public procurement, various bodies have been set up. E.g the public procurement oversight authority PPOA , the public procurement administrative review board PPARB i The government has also imposed sanctions against contractors who fail to fulfil their contractual agreements either by failing to complete jobs or by doing shoddy work. Page 95 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke j Sanctions are to be imposed against those persons who fail to pay their taxes, or engage in corrupt practices. K All government contracts are publicly advertised for awarding of tenders and awards. L The government established the Kenya Anti-Corruption Commission KACC in 2004 which has the function of investigating corrupt cases in a non-partisan manner. Management and expenditure of public finances in county governments. A In every county, there is established a revenue fund where all funds, including the county s own revenues, transfers from national revenues, grants and borrowed funds are consolidated. B Money from this fund is only withdrawn following specific procedures authorized by parliament or by county laws. C County governments must operate financial management systems that comply with all requirements of national legislation. D The county assembly must vote on the budget and approve expenditure by various departments of the county. E The county treasury must seek quarterly approvals from the controller of budget for withdrawal from the revenue fund based on the needs of the county. F The accounting officer of a county organ or public body is accountable to the county assembly for the financial management of the public body. G Each county has a county accountant general who maintains financial records of all the funds withdrawn from the revenue fund, and expenditure incurred. H Apart from the internal audits in every county, the auditor general audits the accounts of the county governments and submits reports to the relevant county assembly. The controller of Budget. Role of the controller of budget. A He or she oversees the implementation of the budgets of the national and county governments. B He or she authorizes withdrawals from the public funds such as the Equalization, Consolidated and Revenue Funds. C he or she submits to each house of parliament, every four months, a report on the implementation of the budgets of both national and county government Auditor General. |
By elections in the event of resignation, death or resignation of a member of parliament. There are also local elections in which representatives of local authorities councillors are voted for are held every 4 years. The local authorities include the District Councils, London Boroughs, Metropolitan districts and Regional and island councils. In Britain, there are also euro-elections, first introduced in 1979, in which representatives to the European Union parliament are chosen.81 MPs were elected in 1979. Voter Registration. It is the local authorities that hold the responsibility of registering voters. Since 1948, a postal vote is possible for citizens who are away from their constituencies during the voting period, either on business or other reasons. The following categories of people qualify to vote in Britain; a British Citizens over the age of 18 years. B Citizens from commonwealth countries who have resided in Britain for periods stipulated by law. C Citizens of the republic of Ireland who have been residents for periods stipulated by law. The following are ineligible to vote in Britain. Page 98 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a Persons of unsound mind. B Convicts detained in a prison. C Persons convicted of corrupt or illegal practices in connection with elections cannot vote for five years from the date of conviction. D Adults whose names do not appear on the register of voters. E Peers or members of the House of Lords A candidate who wishes to contest for a parliamentary seat in Britain must fulfil the following conditions; a He she must be a British citizen or a common subject or a citizen of the republic of Ireland. B He she must be of a minimum age of 21 years. C He she must be nominated by a political party or be an independent candidate. The following are disqualified from vying for a parliamentary seat in Britain. A English Scottish peers who have the right to sit in the House of Lords. B Clergy of the Church of England, or the Church of Ireland, Ministers of the church of Scotland, and Roman Catholic priests. C Aliens. D Certified Lunatics. E Undisputed bankrupts. F Convicted persons. G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats. |
G Persons who have committed illegal practices during elections like corruption. H Members of the armed forces. Candidates vie for 650 parliamentary seats. The candidates are either nominated by respective parties or stand as independent candidates and need not reside in the constituencies as long as they register as voters in that constituency. Once nomination of candidates has taken place, campaigns are allowed for two weeks before voting Each candidate appoints an election agent to manage the finances and protect the interests of the candidate during he campaign. The agent also explains the candidate s party policies and identifies party supporters within the constituency. He she familiarizes the candidate s name to prospective voters. Election officials work hand in hand with party agents during Election Day. Each candidate must deposit 500 sterling pounds with the registrar, which is returned in the event that the candidate garners over 5 of the total vote in the constituency. Elections in Britain are by plurality. Candidates who get the highest of votes win the elections. The party that secures most parliamentary seats is declared winner and is asked to form the next government. Emphasis is on number of seats not votes cast. The House of Lords members are drawn from people with high offices. E.g. bishops, distinguished scientists and artists, great sportsmen, retired judges etc Functions of Government in Britain. The British government operates around four basic institutions; a The Monarchy. B The Legislature. Page 99 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke c The Executive. D The Judiciary. The Monarchy. In Britain, the Monarchy is represented by the queen. The Monarch assent to all legislations. The Monarch appoints the PM and approves the cabinet Other Functions of the Monarchy. A The monarch as head of state advises government b The monarch summons, prorogues and dissolve parliament in consultation with the Prime Minister. C The Monarch gives royal assent to bills passed by parliament to become law. D Management of the country s foreign policy including enactment of treaties. E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardons and gives reprieve to people who have been accused of committing various offences. |
E It confers honours to persons who have rendered distinguished services. For example, the peerages to become Lords or knights and will be referred to as LADY OR Sir f The Monarch approves appointment s to important state offices such as judges, senior members of the armed forces and civil service. G The monarch pardons and gives reprieve to people who have been accused of committing various offences. H The Monarch appoints Bishops and Archbishops of the Anglican Church. NB; At the beginning of each new session of parliament, the monarch addresses both Houses together in the House of Lords to mark the formal opening of parliament. In the address, the monarch outlines government proposed legislations for the coming session. Importance of the monarchy to the British people. A The presence of the monarchy helps to give some continuity to executive policy. B It inspires the head of government with a sense of responsibility and dignity. C It acts as a useful counsellor to the head of government. D It is the symbol of commonwealth unity. E It sets standards for social life. The presence of members of the royalty at the inauguration of scientific, artistic and charitable works ensures nationwide support. F The royal family pays state visits to foreign government and undertakes tours in other countries of the commonwealth, hence contributing to better understanding between Britain and other nations. The Legislature parliament. It is made up of the monarchy, House of Lords and House of commons. The following are ways through which one can gain membership to parliament in Britain; a Elections. B Nominations c Inheritance. D By Virtue of office. E.g. members of the House of Lords maintain their parliamentary seat whenever a new parliament is constituted. Parliament is a supreme institution in Britain. It passes changes or repeals laws without being vetoed by the courts of law. How parliamentary supremacy is demonstrated in Britain. A Parliament makes amends and abolishes laws. No other institution can do that. Page 100 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b Branches of government operate under the laws passed by parliament. Parliament is the supreme institution in Britain and all other institutions derive their power from it. C Parliament can pass a vote of no confidence in the executive. Has powers to remove any unpopular government from office. D It approves government revenue and expenditure. |
It is the major legislative arm of the government. It comprises 650 elected members representing constituencies. The leader of the House is the P.M. The chief officer is the speaker who is elected at the start of a new parliamentary session. Functions of the House of Commons. Page 101 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke a Discusses makes and amends laws. However, the monarchy and the house of Lords have powers to veto such laws. B Approves government revenue and expenditure. It controls finances. No taxes can be imposed without the consent of the House of Commons. C It has powers to pass a vote of No confidence in the executive Check the powers of the executive to ensure that the rule of law is maintained. D Debates on matters of national interest. E It directs government policy and keeps development programmes on track. F It is a training ground for future leaders. Factors which influence the activities of Parliament in Britain. A Members of the House of Commons must consider the moral values of the British society before making any decision. B Parliamentarians are always sensitive to public opinion because any unpopular government or party risks not being re-elected. C Local authorities are empowered to make by-laws even without consulting parliament. D Interests of the institutions under the spotlight are always taken into account before legislation is done in parliament. E.g. the Church, Universities, Farmers, trade Unions etc. E Legislation passed by one parliament can be changed by another future one. F International law is also taken into account when laws are made. NB; these are the factors that limit the parliamentary supremacy in Britain. The executive. The executive is made up of the Prime Minister, the cabinet and the civil service. The Prime Minister. Appointed by the monarch, being the leader of the political party that controls an absolute majority, He she is the Chief executive of the country. He performs the following functions; a Appoints and dismisses Cabinet ministers with the consent of the monarch. B He she recommends to the sovereign the appointment of senior civil servants such as the chief Justice, High Commissioners. C He she represents Britain in international fora. D He she controls the cabinet secretariat and oversees the execution of cabinet decisions by various departments. E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. |
D He she controls the cabinet secretariat and oversees the execution of cabinet decisions by various departments. E He she is the leader of the party that nominates him her. F He she settles disputes between various departments. G He she is the leader of the House of Commons. H He she initiates both domestic and foreign policies. The Cabinet. The cabinet is made of the ministers appointed by the P.M with the approval of the monarch and nominated from the party with the majority of seats. The cabinet performs the following functions; a The cabinet ministers institute policies that guide the operations in the various departments of the ministry. Page 102 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b Cabinet determines the policy to present to parliament for consideration. C Cabinet is responsible for the coordination of government activity. E.g. all ministers must implement cabinet decisions with regard to their department. The following conventions provide guidance on the operation of the cabinet; a Once a government is defeated, on a major issue or on a vote of no confidence, it is expected to resign. A government whose party is defeated in General elections is expected to resign. B The cabinet is drawn from the House of Commons and the House of Lords. C The entire cabinet comes from the same political party of majority seats except during a crisis like war. Since 1945, Britain has never embraced a coalition. D The advice offered by the cabinet must be accepted by the monarch, failure to which a crisis can occur. E All members of the cabinet take the Oath of the Privy councillors and are bound to Secrecy by this oath and the official secrets Act. F Members of the cabinet are collectively responsible for all decisions and actions as well as individually responsible of the departments they head. The Civil Service The British law stipulates the civil servants are servants of the crown. A civil servant is expected to non-partisan and to serve the government of the day without favour. Civil service staff does not change with change of government. Recruitment In the civil service is based on merit. Functions of the civil Service in Britain. A It implements ministerial policies as agreed by parliament. B It assists in formulation of policies and generation of policy proposals. C It manages government administrative machinery. D It carries out normal duties that public administration demands. Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. |
D It carries out normal duties that public administration demands. Principles that characterize the British civil service. A The tradition of anonymity. Civil servants are taken to be carrying out the instructions of minister. Ministers get all the credit for all good, as well as censure for all that is criticized. B The principal of civil service impartiality. Those civil services are expected to serve whichever minister is in office without partiality. Senior civil servants are not permitted to take part in national politics except voting. C Ministers make policies and civil servants execute the policies. D The tradition of assumption that it is not the task of the civil service to initiate change or take responsibility for planning future lines of social and economic development. The Judiciary. The judiciary in Britain is based on the supremacy of the law. To safeguard the rule of law, the British Judiciary has an independent court system. How judicial independence is ensured in Britain. A The salaries of judges are not open to discussion by parliament. B Since 1701, judges have always bee appointed on good behaviour until retirement. C A Judge can only be dismissed by a resolution from both houses. The structure of the British Court System. Page 103 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Further reading encouraged components of the British constitution. E Statutes or acts of parliament e.g. act of union with Scotland of 1707. F Customs-the accepted traditions e.g. the first-born of the sovereign succeeds the king queen. G Law of precedence-judges applies accepted principles to new set of facts. H Custom of parliament e.g. the procedures of the two houses. I Historical documents e.g. the Magna Carta. THE USA The origin of USA dates back to 1776, when the thirteen British Colonies declared their independence from Britain. USA is a federal government, a form of representative democracy comprising a union of 50 states The adopted a new constitution in 1787 and has the following features. A It is Federal in nature. B A written constitution. C Bill of rights is contained in it. D The Supreme Court can only interpret it. E Legislature is Bi-cameral i.e. the senate the House of Representatives forming the congress two houses. F It caters for the separation of powers. G Does not provide for secession of a member state. |
The senate the House of Representatives forming the congress two houses. F It caters for the separation of powers. G Does not provide for secession of a member state. H Federal government and individual states share power through their senators in congress i.e. in making laws. I The president is the head of the federal government and governors are heads of state. J It is the supreme law of the land. K Amendment can only be done through a clearly laid down procedure. The electoral process in USA. There are three types of election held in USA. A The election of the president. B Congressional elections c The state election involving election of state governors and state legislatures. All candidates vying for various seats must be American citizens and must be residents in the area they aspire to represent Age limit is 25 years for the representatives and 35 years for the president. During the lection year party primaries are held between March and May to choose presidential candidates. Party conventions are held in July to confirm winners of the primary elections. Each presidential candidate picks a running mate who becomes the vice president if the presidential candidate wins. Presidential elections are held after every 4 years on 2nd November . The election of the president is determined indirectly by the Electoral College that comprises electors appointed by each state. When a presidential candidate wins the popular vote in a state, he automatically wins all the Page 104 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke state s electors. Direct elections are done through popular vote of one man one vote. Senators and members of the House of Representatives are elected after every two years. Senators serve for a period of six years with a third of them elected after every 2 years. Members of the House of Representatives serve for four years and are elected on party basis. Each state elects 2 representatives to the senate making a total of 100 senators for the 50 states. Election of House of Representatives is on the basis of state population. For example, the largest state, California has 52 representatives while Wyoming, the smallest has only one representative. State governors and legislators are elected after every 4 years. Features of the US system of government. A The federal government is made up of the legislature, executive and the judiciary. B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. |
Features of the US system of government. A The federal government is made up of the legislature, executive and the judiciary. B Each state within the federal government functions as a republic and enjoys equal status. C The federal government and independent states share the power of formulating and enforcing laws. D All states have their constitutions but they should not be contradicting to the Federal Constitution. E The Supreme Court interprets the constitution. F The congress Senate and the House of Representatives is the body entrusted with legislative powers. G Senate membership is through popular vote of two members from each state for a period of six years. H The House of Representatives members are elected for a period of two years based on the size of the population. However, each state has to have at least one representative. I All treaties and appointments by the president have to be ratified by the senate. J Presidential vote must be supported by two thirds of the votes of the house. K The Supreme Court made up of the chief justice and eight associate judges heads federal judiciary. L The president appoints federal judges with the approval of the senate. M Courts in the judiciary include the court of appeal, the district courts and other special courts, all formed by the congress. N All criminal cases are handled in the courts except the cases of impeachment, which are voted by the house with the approval of the senate. O Foreign policy and Defence is the preserve of the Federal Government. Features of the state governments of U.S.A. a Each state has a governor. B Each state has a law court those carters for internal affairs. C Each state provides educational, health facilities and public amenities for the welfare of the residents. D Each state is responsible for its own development. E Each state generates its own revenue necessary for discharging its responsibility. F Each state has a bicameral legislature. Page 105 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke g Each state has a state police that maintains law and order. Limitations of state governments in USA. A No state is permitted to enter any treaty, alliance or confederation with other states or countries. B No state may make her own currency. C States are forbidden, unless congress approves, to levy duties on imports or exports. D States are prohibited from maintaining armed forces. |
B No state may make her own currency. C States are forbidden, unless congress approves, to levy duties on imports or exports. D States are prohibited from maintaining armed forces. E States are prohibited from entering into any agreement with foreign powers or engaging in war. How the conduct of USA president is checked a The senate approves presidential appointees to executive positions. B Congress can refuse to approve the use of government funds for a foreign policy it disagrees with. E.g. war. C The congress can impeach a sitting president if his conduct while in office is wanting. D The Supreme Court has powers to declare that the president has acted unconstitutionally, a verdict which can damage his status. E Any president is limited by the constitution to two four-year terms in office. F Opinion polls normally reflect the wishes and feelings of the American people, which the sitting president cannot ignore. G The mass media monitors and reports to the general public every action or speech of the president. Functions of the political parties in USA a Make electoral policies coherent. B The party level helps voters to sort out through the candidates as parties usually stand for different policies. C Parties help to put the desire of the people on the government policy agenda. D Parties provide outlets for citizens to express their sentiments about nominees. E Political party system provides accountability when the policies of the party fails voters hold candidates accountable. Differences existing between the House of Representatives and the senate in terms of membership. A The house of representatives is larger with more than 436 members whereas the senate has only 100 members. B The house of representatives has short period of office 2 years but the senate is on for a long period of office 6 years c Members of the House of Representatives arte elected by constituencies whereas the senate is elected by the state. D Easier qualification for candidates for membership to the House of Representatives. The senate demands stricter qualifications. E The house of representatives is less prestigious than the senate. F Rules of the House of Representatives are more rigid than the rules governing the senate. Functions of the USA president. A He is the head of state. Page 106 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke b He appoints cabinet ministers and senior civil servants with approval of the congress. C He is the commander-in-chief of the armed forces. |
N Candidate age limit is 30 years and above.functions of a prime minister in India.a He is the head of the federal government b He is the leader of the house to which he belongs. He can be either a member of the rajya sabha upper house or lok sabha.c As head of the council of ministers, the prime minister oversees the work o all the ministries.d Chairs cabinet meetings, which are normally held in the cabinet room of the prime ministers office.e Guides the president on appointment to the cabinet.f Participates in the law-making process as a member of the lok sabha. Page 107 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke g The prime minister has traditionally been the minister-in-charge of the department of space, atomic energy and the ministry of personnel, public governance and pensions h Recommends persons for presidential awards.functions of the Electoral Commission of India.a Prepares electoral registers b Setting dates for polling.c Establishing and operating polling station.d Allocation party symbols.e Publishing electoral report.f Accepting or rejecting nominations as per the law.g Counting the votes.h Drawing constituency boundary. What conditions must one fulfill to be elected president in India a He she must be a citizen of India.b He she must have attained the age of 35 and above.c He she should not hold any office.d He she should be qualified to be elected as a member of the house of the people. The lok sabha functions of the cabinet in the government of India.a Formulation of policy issues affecting the management of the government of India.b Defends the government policy.c Ensures that the civil servants implement government policy.d Advises the president.e Gives approval to the budget and estimates of the expenditure.f The cabinet exercises general direction and control of government departments. Page 108 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke. |
It is basically the buying and selling of goods. Trade originated during the New Stone Age. During this period, man began a settled lifestyle. He became specialised in various activities such as weaving, pottery and livestock keeping. This specialisation made some people to produce certain items which others did not produce. The need of satisfying various essential material needs therefore led to emergence of trade. Methods of Trade Barter trade and currency trade are the two existing forms of trade in the world. Barter trade. Barter trade is the oldest method of trade in the world. It existed even during the Old Testament time. Barter trade exists even today. This occurs when people exchange goods for other goods. In this case no established medium of exchange is used. In certain occasions, services are exchanged for goods. The goods may also be exchanged for services. Barter system was very popular before the introduction of money. For instance a cow could be exchanged for a number of goats. A basket of millet could be exchanged for a basket of maize or beans. The people of ancient Ghana exchanged their gold with the people of North Africa for salt. This form of trade did not succeed very well where there was language barrier. Barter trade exists even today. In Kenya, certain commodities e.g. agricultural products are exchanged for machinery and oil. Advantages of barter trade were: 1. There was direct exchange of goods or services for goods. 2. It encouraged people who were exchanging goods for goods to get involved in actual production of the items. This kept the communities busy. 3. Barter trade enabled people who had no goods for exchange to acquire goods they wanted by merely rendering services to those who had. 4. It enabled people to acquire the goods they did not produce themselves. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2 Disadvantages of barter trade were: a Barter trade was not very convenient because sometimes people could not acquire the commodities they intended to exchange their goods for. For example one may have intended to exchange a bag of maize with a bag of millet just to find that there was no millet in the market. B The method was tiresome because all those who wanted to exchange goods had to carry those goods to the market sometimes for long distances. C Since in normal trade there is a buyer and a seller, it became difficult to specify who the buyer or seller was because both were just exchanging items and there was no specific buyer or seller. |
For example one may have intended to exchange a bag of maize with a bag of millet just to find that there was no millet in the market. B The method was tiresome because all those who wanted to exchange goods had to carry those goods to the market sometimes for long distances. C Since in normal trade there is a buyer and a seller, it became difficult to specify who the buyer or seller was because both were just exchanging items and there was no specific buyer or seller. D It was difficult to transport bulky goods to the market. E It was difficult to value goods being exchanged to ensure that the deal was fair for both parties exchanging items. F Barter trade was not very successful where the people exchanging goods had no common language to ease communication. G It was not easy to exchange certain items such as a bull or a donkey because if the other party did not have sufficient goods for exchange, a bull or a donkey could not be split into smaller units to match with the goods available. The Currency trade This method of trade involves the use of money as a medium of exchange. The medium of exchange must be acceptable and convenient to people. Money may be used to purchase commodities or to pay for services. Money is also used a measure of value. Today, people value their property in terms of money. Objects which have ever been used as money before the introduction of modern currencies are cowrie shells, iron bars, bronze, salt, gold and silver. The major world currencies are: i US Dollar ii German Deutsche Mark iii British Sterling Pound iv French Franc v Canadian Dollar vi Mexican Peso vii Japanese Yen viii European Union Euro For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3 Advantages of currency trade are a It is easy to carry money when going to buy items because it is not heavy. B Money can be split into smaller units which enables people to purchase any quantity of goods in the market. C Items are valued easily in terms of Shillings, Dollars, Yen, Pound Sterling, etc. This makes the buyer to have an idea of the value of various items in advance. D Currency trade brings about clear definitions of the terms buyer or seller. In this case the buyer is the one who gives out money to acquire goods while the seller is the one who gives out goods to acquire money. |
This makes the buyer to have an idea of the value of various items in advance. D Currency trade brings about clear definitions of the terms buyer or seller. In this case the buyer is the one who gives out money to acquire goods while the seller is the one who gives out goods to acquire money. E When one receives money for goods delivered or sold, he can save it in banks or store it without fear of any damage such as decay for a long time. Disadvantages of currency as a medium of exchange are i Currency can easily loose value purchasing power as it happened in Uganda during the era of President Idi Amin. Ii If there are no goods available for buying, money becomes useless. Many a times people have starved almost to death during famine due to shortage of food to buy with the money they have. Iii Use of currency in business has encouraged robbery, pickpocketting and many other forms of crime. Types of trade There are three types of trade namely: local trade, regional trade and international trade. Local Trade Local trade is the exchange of goods within the same community at the village level. It may also involve the neighbouring communities or people who share a common boundary. People who conducted local trade established markets on the community boundaries or in a central place where people from a number of villages met to exchange goods. People exchanged goods they had for the things they did not have. This type of trade exists in Kenya even today where local county councils have established markets in certain trading centres. Local trade covers a small area. The origin of local trade Local trade originated from the time early man began a settled lifestyle. It was facilitated by the need to acquire what one did not have from those For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 4 who had. The environmental differences also contributed the emergence of this type of trade. The development of local trade Local trade developed as human population increased. The increase in population led to demand for various items such as food, clothing, pots and ornaments. Some people became specialised in making iron tools, others in making items such as pots, baskets and bark-cloth while others became pastoralists and kept cattle, sheep and goats. The blacksmith obtained meat from the pastoralists and grains from the cultivators. The pastoralists needed knives and spears from the blacksmiths. The cultivators needed iron hoes; knives for harvesting; millet, sorghum and axes for clearing fields for cultivation. |
The blacksmith obtained meat from the pastoralists and grains from the cultivators. The pastoralists needed knives and spears from the blacksmiths. The cultivators needed iron hoes; knives for harvesting; millet, sorghum and axes for clearing fields for cultivation. The demand for goods therefore encouraged local trade to develop and markets were established where people met to buy and sell things. The organisation of local trade People established markets at the most convenient places for all. They set market days when they would meet to exchange goods. At the beginning, the form of trade was mainly barter. Later there was introduction of money currency which acted as a medium of exchange. During this trade, people transported their commodities on their heads and backs. Some communities such as the Maasai used donkeys to carry their goods to the markets while the Somali and the Boran used camels. People who traded were provided with security by local leaders. Some established local merchants bought the items and resold them to other traders far away beyond the local boundaries. For example ivory was sometimes bought from the local markets in Samburu and Baringo and then transported to the coast where it was bought and shipped to Asia. The impact of the local trade Local trade led to intermarriages between people of different villages and people of neighbouring communities. It contributed to the unity of family members who constituted a community. This is because the interaction of people in the markets united them. Local trade enabled people to acquire what they did not have from those who had. It laid the basis for other types of trade such as the regional and the international trade because some of the goods sold at regional and international levels were bought from local markets by the traders and eventually sold far away from the sources. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5 Local trade enabled some people such as Chief Kivoi of Ukambani to acquire skills in trade thereafter becoming experienced long distance traders. Where members of one community traded with members of another community there was development of languages through word borrowing as well as cultural exchange. In this case members of each community would borrow some cultural practices which became known to them as they interacted in the markets. Regional Trade Regional trade is the exchange of goods within a specified part of a continent or region. It can be trade between different communities in a region who are living apart. This trade involves a bigger geographical area than the one covered by local trade. It also involves more traders. |
It can be trade between different communities in a region who are living apart. This trade involves a bigger geographical area than the one covered by local trade. It also involves more traders. An example of regional trade is the Trans-Saharan trade. The origin of the Trans-Saharan trade It is not known exactly the time this trade started but it was going on between 1000AD and 1500AD. The people of West Africa and those from North Africa exchanged goods from very early times even before the Sahara dried up into a desert. The desert trade was later revolutionised by the introduction of the camel in the first century AD. The development of the Trans-Saharan trade The Trans-Saharan trade began developing after the introduction of the camel which replaced the use of oxen and horses which were used by traders before the Sahara turned into a desert. The people involved in this trade were the local inhabitants of West Africa such as the people of ancient Ghana, Mali and Songhai. There were also desert communities like the Tuaregs, the Berbers and the Arabs from North Africa. Later Europeans and Jewish traders who had settled along the North African coast became engaged in this lucrative trade. The people of West Africa Western Sudan sold Gold, ivory, slaves, gum, ostrich feathers, colanuts and hides and skins to the people of North Africa and in return obtained horses, silk cloth, beads, cotton cloth, spices, mirrors, needles, dried fruits and salt from the North African traders. The salt sold was obtained from Targhaza, Taodeni and Ghadames while the gold brought for sale was obtained from Wangara, Bure and Budu mines. The main trade routes were that which connected Fez and Sijilmasa in Morocco with Audaghost in West Africa and passed through Targhaza. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 The other started from Tunis in Tunisia through Ghadames, Ghat and Agades in the Sahara desert to Hausaland. Another one ran from Sijilmasa through Tuat, Gao and reached Timbuktu. The other one started from Tripoli and went past Fezzan to Bornu via Bilma. There were several other minor ones which made the trade routes to resemble a cobweb. All these routes touched the salt mines in the desert as salt was a commodity of trade very much needed by the people of western Sudan. |
The other one started from Tripoli and went past Fezzan to Bornu via Bilma. There were several other minor ones which made the trade routes to resemble a cobweb. All these routes touched the salt mines in the desert as salt was a commodity of trade very much needed by the people of western Sudan. Some Trans-Saharan trade routes and sources of goods The Trans-Saharan trade developed due to the following reasons: 1. The trade commodities which the traders from both sides demanded were available. 2. The trade goods themselves were in great demand. For instance the people of West Africa demanded salt while the people of North Africa demanded gold. 3. The West African rulers provided the traders with security. 4. The desert Tuaregs guided traders; provided them with water, food and accommodation; showed traders direction; acted as interpreters; provided traders with security while crossing the desert and cared for the oasis where traders obtained water. 5. There were established trade routes in the desert which provided considerable transport and communication services to traders. 6. There were enterprising professional merchants who conducted trade across the desert. 7. There were means of transport provided by use of camels, horses and donkeys. 8. There was sufficient capital to finance trade. 9. The local trade which existed in North Africa and West Africa laid the basis for the Trans-Saharan trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 The development of the Trans-Saharan trade was hampered by some of the obstacles traders encountered as they conducted their business across the desert. Some of these obstacles were: a Traders lost direction in the desert. B They were attacked by desert robbers. This occurred when the Tuaregs changed their role of guides to that of robbers. C vggbThe traders were affected by numerous sandstorms which blocked the routes they followed. D The trades were also affected by weather variations because sometimes it became too hot and at other times too cold. E The distance traders travelled across the desert was too long and scaring. F Traders were sometimes in danger of attacks by dangerous desert creatures such as snakes and scorpions. G There was communication barrier due to lack of a common language. This made it necessary for traders to use the Tuaregs as their guides and interpreters but later they became unreliable when they began stealing goods from traders. H There was lack of adequate basic needs such as food and water especially in the desert. |
G There was communication barrier due to lack of a common language. This made it necessary for traders to use the Tuaregs as their guides and interpreters but later they became unreliable when they began stealing goods from traders. H There was lack of adequate basic needs such as food and water especially in the desert. Iii The organisation of the Trans-Saharan trade The Trans-Saharan trade was conducted by the people of western Sudan and the people of North Africa. The traders from North Africa crossed the Sahara desert by use of camels. The traders travelled in large caravans some with about 1000 camels and hundreds of people for security reasons. The Tuaregs and Berbers were recruited to act as guides takshifs to the traders. These guides provided the traders with security. It took about three months to cross the desert. For this reason the traders had stopping places at the oases where they bought food and water for themselves and for their camels. It is the Tuaregs who maintained the oasis and acted as interpreters. When the traders reached western Sudan, they sometimes gave their goods to the local agents on credit. The form of trade was mainly barter. The rulers of West Africa controlled the trade and provided security to traders. In return the traders paid taxes to the rulers. The main items of trade included gold, salt, horses, hides and skins, beads and cloth. When the time to travel back to North Africa reached, the North For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Africa traders employed people to be left trading on their behalf. The merchants stored goods in specific gathering points which acted as distribution centres. They mainly travelled one way in a year. The problems the Trans-Saharan traders encountered The Trans-Saharan traders faced a lot of problems as they carried out their business. The traders travelled long distances across the Sahara desert. Their journeys were tiresome and they had insufficient food and water. Sometimes the trade goods became exhausted. The traders were frequently interrupted by hostile desert communities who wanted to steal their goods and by dangerous sandstorms which blocked their way. Traders lost direction and they were sometimes attacked by dangerous desert creatures. There were frequent shifts of trade routes. Traders were sometimes robed by desert dwellers. The impact of the Trans-Saharan trade The Trans-Saharan trade had several consequences: 1. The trade led to development of urbanisation for example towns such as Gao, Timbuktu and Jenne. 2. |
The impact of the Trans-Saharan trade The Trans-Saharan trade had several consequences: 1. The trade led to development of urbanisation for example towns such as Gao, Timbuktu and Jenne. 2. The trade led to the decline of empires such as ancient Ghana and Mali while others such as Songhai emerged. 3. Islamic religion and culture were introduced. 4. Intermarriages between North Africans and West Africans were promoted. 5. The Trans-Saharan trade led to a class of wealthy merchants who participated in the trade. 6. New cultures were introduced such as eating habits and new styles of dressing. 7. The trade led to the introduction of foreign architectural designs in West Africa. 8. The Trans-Saharan trade contributed to the establishment and development of diplomatic ties between West Africa and North Africa. 9. There was growth of agricultural production as a result of the introduction of new crops. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 9 10. The sharia laws were introduced in the administration of West Africa. 11. The trade exposed Africa to the outside world. 12. The trade led to the development of communication between North and West Africa. The decline of the Trans-Saharan trade The Trans-Saharan trade began to decline in the 15th century and disintegrated completely in the 19th century following colonisation of West Africa by the Europeans. The factors which contributed to its decline were as follows: a The gold mines in western Sudan got exhausted. This discouraged traders from coming to West Africa because the main trading commodity was not available. B The Morrocans invaded West Africa in the 16th century. This undermined the trade because it created anarchy and insecurity in the region. The Morrocans wanted to capture this prosperous trade. C The political instability in West Africa together with the decline of empires such as Mali and Songhai increased anarchy and insecurity in the region. D West Africa was invaded by the Almoravids and the Tuaregs. This further increased insecurity along the major trade routes. E The Tuaregs who guided the traders changed their roles from that of guides to that of robbers. F The emergence of the Trans-Atlantic trade attracted the West African traders who were formerly involved in the Trans-Saharan trade. This led to reduction of the volume of goods and traders who participated in the Trans-Saharan trade. G The Turks invaded North Africa creating insecurity along the caravan routes. |
F The emergence of the Trans-Atlantic trade attracted the West African traders who were formerly involved in the Trans-Saharan trade. This led to reduction of the volume of goods and traders who participated in the Trans-Saharan trade. G The Turks invaded North Africa creating insecurity along the caravan routes. H The colonisation of West Africa by the Europeans reduced regional links and encouraged European exploitation of West African resources therefore undermining the Trans-Saharan trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 10 i The British anti-slave trade pressure and eventual abolition of slave trade led to decline of the Trans-Saharan trade. J Rivalry between caravans and the stiff competition of the traders sometimes resulted to wars which scared traders. K Moroccan ports along the Mediterranean Sea were invaded by the Spanish and Portuguese soldiers in the late 15th century and early 16th century. This disrupted trade. L European merchants began penetrating into the interior of West Africa for trade. They diverted the flow of goods such that goods were later taken to the West African coastal town such as Port Elmina and Accra. International Trade International trade refers to trade between nations. In modern international trade, nations within the same continent are included. The international trade of the period before the mid 20th century which is our main concern involved nations particularly those in different continents and which were not part of one geographical region. This ancient international trade developed as a result of the improvement in water transport. This was achieved mainly through the construction of strong ships and acquisition of better knowledge of navigation which enabled sailors to explore and acquire knowledge about foreign lands overseas. An example of the international trade was the Trans-Atlantic trade. The Trans-Atlantic trade i Origin The Trans-Atlantic trade began after the Portuguese explored the West African coast in the 15th century and after the Spanish sailor, Christopher Columbus sailed to Americas. In the 16th century the Americas became colonised by the Portuguese and the Spanish. These two nations began to open up and develop their acquired territories through mining and establishment of sugar plantations. Attempts to use the Red Indians as labourers eventually failed. There was need to import Africans to supply labour in the mines and sugar plantations. This attempt marked the beginning of the TransAtlantic slave trade. |
Attempts to use the Red Indians as labourers eventually failed. There was need to import Africans to supply labour in the mines and sugar plantations. This attempt marked the beginning of the TransAtlantic slave trade. The increased demand for sugar, tobacco and cotton in the European countries led to the establishment and growth of more For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 11 and more plantations in Americas. A lot of labourers were therefore needed to work in the growing plantations. Africans were more suited to plantation farming because they were handy and could work effectively in hot climates. They were used to tropical diseases and could survive longer. The Africans were also used to physical strains and hardships. All these made Africans to be regarded as the most potential suppliers of labour in the American plantations. Iii The development of Trans-Atlantic trade The first African slaves were the twenty people who were captured and taken to Henry the Navigator in 1442. By 1510 a large number of African slaves from Guinea were exported by the Portuguese to the Spanish colonies. Later slaves were transported directly form Guinea coast to the West Indies. At first the Portuguese were the leading slave exporters. In the 17th century, the Dutch took the leading role as more Europeans settled in Americas and increased the demand for slave labour. The French and the British involved themselves in this lucrative trade. The British captured the leading role from the Dutch and they dominated the Trans-Atlantic slave trade in the 18th century. The increased demand for precious stones, sugar, cotton and tobacco in the European markets and the demand for fire arms, cloth, alcoholics, tobacco, utensils, glassware ornaments, sugar, sweets and iron bars in West Africa accelerated trade. The Trans-Atlantic trade developed and grew rapidly due to the following factors: 1. The commodities which were required by the Africans as well as the Europeans and Americans, were available in the three continents that took part in trade. 2. The goods were also in great demand in the continents especially during the industrial revolution. 3. The West African coast had natural harbours where ships anchored. 4. The West African rulers provided foreign traders with security. 5. There existed enterprising merchants in America, Europe and West Africa who engaged in trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 6. The steamships provided efficient transport and communication means between the three continents. 7. |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 6. The steamships provided efficient transport and communication means between the three continents. 7. The acquisition of new knowledge of navigation enabled sailors to sail across the deep and stormy seas and oceans. 8. The decline of the Trans-Saharan trade enabled a big volume of goods to be taken to the West African coastal markets. Iii The organisation of Trans-Atlantic trade The Trans-Atlantic trade was well organised inform of a triangle which connected Europe, Africa and America. It involved European traders, African middlemen and American plantation owners. Ships loaded with European manufactured goods such as fire arms, cloth, wines and spirits, cigarettes, iron bars, utensils, glassware, ornaments and sweets left Europe and anchored along the West African coast. Slaves captured in the interior of West Africa were marched along the coast. There were established places where the slaves were kept while awaiting shipment. The ships from Europe were unloaded and the European manufactured goods exchanged for slaves, colanuts, precious stones, hides and skins. The ships were once more loaded with the West African commodities which were shipped across the Atlantic ocean to Americas. In Americas, the slaves were sold through auction. The ships were then filled with indigo, cotton, tobacco, rum, sugar, rice, timber and the KEY C - Cotton T - Tobacco S - Sugar G - Gold Silver X - Manufactured goods The Trans-Atlantic trade For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 13 precious stones like gold and silver. They were then shipped to European markets. How the slaves were obtained during the Trans-Atlantic trade a Raids were conducted for capturing slaves. B Free men were kidnapped and thereafter sold as slaves. C Two communities conducted wars and the one which was defeated had is people captured as slaves. D Leaders sold criminals and even some of their innocent subjects. E Slaves were battered with other commodities African traders required. F Children and women were enticed with sweets and thereafter captured. G The weaker states were forced to pay tributes imposed on them by use of slaves. H The people who failed to pay debts were captured and sold as compensation. Alternatively, they surrendered a family member to be sold instead. The impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade 1. |
H The people who failed to pay debts were captured and sold as compensation. Alternatively, they surrendered a family member to be sold instead. The impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade 1. The Trans-Atlantic slave trade caused immense pain and suffering to innocent Africans who were captured, chained, beaten and forced to walk long distances to the West Africa coast. 2. The trade caused an incalculable number of deaths especially during inter community wars, raids and during shipment. The death tool is estimated to be about 20 million. 3. There was a decline in the local industries because the able bodied people were sold away leading to loss of labour and because of sale of cheap manufactured goods. 4. There were changes in the role of chiefs who instead of protecting their people sold them as slaves. 5. There was intensification of warfare in a bid to capture slaves. This resulted to division among and within communities which caused bitterness and disunity of the Africans. The wars between communities were accelerated by the acquisition of firearms. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 14 6. A class of slave merchants emerged in West Africa. Examples of the slave merchants were Jaja of Opobo and Nana of Isekri. The two were very powerful and wealthy. 7. Some states such as Asante, Benin, Oyo and Dahomey rose to power and expanded due to the great wealth obtained from trade. 8. The Trans-Atlantic trade led to expansion of urban centres along the West African coast where commodities were exchanged. Such towns were Whydah, Accra, Porto Novo and Badgry. 9. To some extent some parts of West Africa where raids were conducted became depopulated. This contributed in retarding economic development in those areas. 10. The European traders intermarried with the people of the West African coast giving rise to halfcaste mulato . 11. Africans developed a taste of the European goods. 12. Some weaker kingdoms such as Ketu declined due to constant raids conducted by stronger states such as Dahomey. 13. The Trans-Atlantic trade contributed to the decline of the Trans-Saharan trade because the goods flowing Northwards across the Sahara desert got reduced and instead were taken to the West African coastal markets. 14. Some powerful rulers such as King Geso of Dahomey emerged as a result of the introduction of fire-arms. 15. The trade encouraged slave raids which destroyed property. |
Some powerful rulers such as King Geso of Dahomey emerged as a result of the introduction of fire-arms. 15. The trade encouraged slave raids which destroyed property. Houses and crops for instance were burnt into ashes during slave raids. 16. The Trans-Atlantic trade led to the development of agricultural plantations in the Americas. 17. The trade gave rise to people of African descent in Americas. These are referred to as American Negroes. 18. The final blow as a result of this trade was that West Africa was colonised and therefore came under European control. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 15 The decline of the Trans-Atlantic trade The Trans-Atlantic trade declined in the 19th century because of a number of factors. The industrial revolution in USA led to use of machines to work in the farms. Slave labour was no longer necessary. There emerged the humanitarian movement and the Christian Missionaries in Britain who considered slave trade and slavery as unjust and inhuman. A typical example of humanitarians was Sir William Wilberforce who presented the issue of slave trade and slavery to the British parliament. Dr. Livingstone also advocated slave trade to be abolished. Some economists and scholars were of the feeling that free labour was more paying and productive than slave labour. Some of them argued that mass migration of the Africans should be discouraged to ensure retention of the markets for the European manufactured goods. The decline of plantation economy in America and the Carribeans reduced the demand for slaves for use in the farms. Also the slaves in the Carribeans and America resisted because they wanted to be left free from being enslaved. Lastly, some Europeans felt that it was necessary to retain Africans in their motherland so that they could produce raw materials needed in the European industries. In order to achieve this, it was necessary to abolish the Trans-Atlantic slave trade which was draining Africa of its labour force. Review Questions 1. A Define the following: i Barter trade ii Currency trade iii Local trade iv Regional trade v International trade b Explain the advantages of using currency over barter trade. 2. A Explain the origin and organisation of local trade. B Discuss the factors which contributed to the development of the Trans-Saharan trade. 3 a Describe the role of Takshifs during the Trans-Saharan trade. B Give five trade routes traders followed during the Trans-Saharan trade. 4 a what problems did the traders encountered during Trans-Saharan trade? |
3 a Describe the role of Takshifs during the Trans-Saharan trade. B Give five trade routes traders followed during the Trans-Saharan trade. 4 a what problems did the traders encountered during Trans-Saharan trade? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 16 b Discuss the effects of the Trans-Saharan trade on the people of western Sudan. 5 a What factors contributed to the development of the Trans-Atlantic trade. B Explain the impact of the Trans-Atlantic trade under the following headings. I Social impact ii Economic impact iii Political impact 6 Why did the Trans-Atlantic trade decline in the 19th century? Students Activities 1 Visit the nearest shopping centre and find out the problems the traders encounter as they carry out their business. 2 Draw relevant maps indicating the trade routes during the Trans-Atlantic trade and Trans- Saharan trade. 3 Demonstrate the methods used to obtain slaves and the way they were finally transported to the market along the West Africa Coast and sold. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 17 CHAPTER 2 Development of Transport and Communication Transport is the movement of people and goods from one place to another. Communication is the transmission of information in form of news, messages and ideas over some distances. It includes sending and receiving of information. The early forms of transport included land transport, water transport, human transport and animal transport. Human transport involved carrying goods from one place to another on one s back, head and shoulders. Animals were also used to carry goods and people on their backs from one place to the other. The earliest forms of communication were smoke signals, drum beats, messengers, horn blowing and written messages on scrolls and stone tablets. Traditional Forms of Transport a Land transport This form of transport involved movement of people and goods on land. They either walked or they were transported by use of tamed animals which pulled carts and wagons. Land transport developed mainly because of the invention of the wheel. The invention of the wheel made transport easier because at first it was used to move war chariots and carts which carried agricultural produce. This also encouraged the development of trade and wars. The invention of the wheel therefore eased transportation of bulky loads and speeded transportation of people to various destinations. It also facilitated travel over long distances within a limited period of time. Wheeled vehicles were pulled by horses, donkey and oxen. |
The invention of the wheel therefore eased transportation of bulky loads and speeded transportation of people to various destinations. It also facilitated travel over long distances within a limited period of time. Wheeled vehicles were pulled by horses, donkey and oxen. The invention of the wheel was followed by the development of roads. B Human transport Human transport involved carrying of goods from one place to the other on the backs, shoulders and heads. Sometimes people used shoulder poles to transport goods. The slave traders in East Africa captured slaves and forced them to carry ivory from the interior to the East African coast. Human transport exists even today. It is common to see Kenyan women carrying firewood, coffee, picked tea and cattle feed either on their heads or back. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 18 Porters c Animal Transport After man domesticated animals, he learnt that some could be used to transport goods from one place to the other. These animals carried loads on their backs and they also pulled wheeled vehicles such as carts and wagons. The beasts of burden such as camels, oxen, horses and donkeys were also referred to as pack animals. Donkeys were commonly used in Kenya by the Maasai and the Kamba to fetch water. In many other places, donkeys carried trade goods to the markets. Oxen transported people and goods from one place to the other. They were also used for ploughing. Oxen drawn carts Horses were used to transport soldiers during war times. The soldiers sometimes fought on horseback. Horses also pulled chariots which transported soldiers to battle fields. A camel was a very efficient beast of burden in the desert because it could stay for a long time without water or food. This is because it has a store of fat in its hump. Camels were used to transport goods during the Trans-Saharan trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 19 Other animals which are used for transport are elephants, water buffaloes, dogs and Llamas. D Water transport Water transport began due to the need to cross rivers and lakes to look for food on the other side. Man s first boat like vessel was made of a tree trunk. It was later improved by hollowing it to make a dug-out canoe. Man also discovered that he could make rafts with animal skins or from bundles of reeds tied together. |
Man s first boat like vessel was made of a tree trunk. It was later improved by hollowing it to make a dug-out canoe. Man also discovered that he could make rafts with animal skins or from bundles of reeds tied together. The canoes and rafts were used to move across the shallow waters. The Phoenicians, the Egyptians and the Greeks made the earliest ships many years before the birth of Christ. These ships were used in seas and oceans. The Arabs made dhows that were driven by wind. A dhow Development of modern means of Transport Modern means of transport involves road transport, railway transport, water transport, air transport and space exploration by use of rockets. Road transport The Romans were the first to introduce good quality roads which were of very high standards. This occurred before the birth of Christ. Roman roads survived for hundreds of years because they were well drained and durable. These roads were used by carts chariots and wagons which were pulled by horses, donkeys and oxen. In the 17th and 18th century, British engineers began constructing better roads and bridges. Some of these engineers were George Wade, John Macadam and Thomas Telford. These engineers brought about the construction of high quality roads that were durable and well drained. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 20 By the close of the 19th century various modes of modern transport such as bicycles and motor vehicles had been invented and were in use especially in Europe. The invention of the pneumatic tyres by Dunlop to replace the solid ones and the invention of steam power engines revolutionised land transport. Etienne Lenoir from France invented the first internal combustion engine. A German citizen, Nicholas Otto, invented the four-stroke compression engine. Later in 1883 Gottliep Daimler of Germany came up with an efficient and portable petrol engine which he used to make the first motorcycle and later petrol driven car which was the first ever made. Others who joined in the league of manufacturing vehicles were Karl Benz of Germany and Henry Ford of USA who founded Ford motor company in USA and began manufacturing cars for sale. The vehicle industry since then has been greatly improved. Vehicles that move at very high speed have been introduced. This has resulted to many accidents. |
The vehicle industry since then has been greatly improved. Vehicles that move at very high speed have been introduced. This has resulted to many accidents. As a result of this, in January 2004, Kenya government took the following measures to reduce the increasing number of accidents on the Kenyan Roads and to make travel comfortable and enjoyable: Modern cars i All motor vehicles were to be fitted with seat belts. Ii All public service vehicles were to be fitted with speed governors and were to move at a speed not exceeding 80 kilometres per hour. Iii The carrying capacity of public service vehicles was reduced. Iv Drivers and conductors of public service vehicles were to be permanently employed. V Drivers and conductors of public service vehicles were to be issued with uniforms and badges and photographs for identification. Vi Drivers and conductors of public service vehicles were required to have certificates of good conduct. There are millions of motor vehicles in the world today. The number is still increasing each day because they are manufactured in thousands each day in the world. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 21 Railway transport The idea of making railway lines came earlier than the invention of the locomotive engines. For instance the Germans used wooden rails for their trucks. The trucks were pulled by horses and donkeys. Later iron rails replaced the wooden rails. The first steam engine that could be mounted on a truck was made by Richard Trevithick but it was slow and heavy. It was George Stephenson, a coal miner in England who came up with the best and powerful steam locomotive which was called the Rocket. Later diesel and electric engines were designed. A German called Rudolh Diesel designed a diesel engine. The Siemens brothers designed the electric locomotives in Britain. After these inventions the railway transport spread to other parts of the world. The European colonialists developed the railway transport in Africa in the 19th century and 20th century. Water transport The first sailing ships were propelled by wind. These ships were made of wood. When steam power was discovered, ships began being propelled by steam engines. A ship of the 17th century A Scottish engineer known as William Symington built a steamship which was driven by a paddle wheel. An American called Robert Fulton built a steamship called Clermont that was used to carry passengers between Albany and New York. Some years later, internal combustion engines were invented. Since then oil replaced the power from coal in driving engines. |
An American called Robert Fulton built a steamship called Clermont that was used to carry passengers between Albany and New York. Some years later, internal combustion engines were invented. Since then oil replaced the power from coal in driving engines. From 1881 iron and steel ships began replacing wooden ships. From 1840s, fast moving ships were developed when propellers or screws replaced paddle wheels. Between 1953 and 1962, the Americans were able to make war ships called submarines which used nuclear power. The ships of today are propelled by very powerful engines and are resistant to strong waves. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 22 Air transport The first person to fly used a balloon. The use of balloons was followed by the introduction of airships that carried passengers within the first half of the 20th century. The airships used hydrogen gas that caused accidents because it was highly flammable. The Wright brothers made the first aeroplane that used a petrol engine. Their findings helped to develop aeroplanes that were used in the First World War. Further improvements of engines brought about the development of jet planes that carry many passengers and travel at supersonic speed. An aeroplane Space Exploration The first satellite was launched into orbit round the earth by the Soviet Union in 1957. The USA also sent satellites into orbit round the earth in 1961. Yuri Gagarin from Soviet Union became the first man in space. The USA sent the first man, Neil Armstrong, to the moon in 1969. Since then a number of countries have engaged themselves in space exploration. The USA for example have a programme called Space Shuttle which helps to promote space exploration. Impact of modern means of transport The development of modern means of transport has positive and negative impact in the world. Positive impact The development of water transport, railway transport, road transport and air transport has improved trade between nations because it has quickened movement of business people and urgent documents and messages relating to trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 23 Goods are quickly and easily transported from one place to another. Job opportunities have been created in the transport sector. For example people have taken careers such as driving, mechanics, engineering and piloting. Industries for manufacturing engines, spare parts and other accessories have been established. Air transport has encouraged international co-operation and facilitated quicker and easier movement of perishable items such as fruits and meat. |
For example people have taken careers such as driving, mechanics, engineering and piloting. Industries for manufacturing engines, spare parts and other accessories have been established. Air transport has encouraged international co-operation and facilitated quicker and easier movement of perishable items such as fruits and meat. It has also enabled pests such as locusts to be sprayed from the air. It has enabled countries to conduct student exchange programmes. Air transport has encouraged space exploration by use of satellites. Geologists have used aeroplanes to explore and map oil pools. Geographers have used aeroplanes when conducting aerial survey. Water transport has provided cheaper means of bulky goods across seas and oceans for example the transportation of crude oil, machinery, agricultural products and chemical fertilizers. It has also promoted the fishing industry. In addition railway transport encouraged settlers to settle in the colonies acquired by their mother countries. It also encouraged migration of people to other places and enhanced colonisation. Railway transport encouraged urbanisation on railway junctions. It encouraged mining and farming as it opened up remote areas during the colonial rule in Africa. Road transport has helped to link communities leading to rapid cultural interaction. Road transport has also enabled many countries to have effective administration through quick transportation of administrators and police to the areas they are needed. Negative impact Modern means of transport have encouraged pollution of environment. Trains and vehicles emit fumes while aeroplanes produce a lot of noise. When ships carrying oil or mercury wreck, they contaminate the ocean waters and cause destruction of marine life. Modern means of transport have led to loss of life of many people due to accidents. Plane and vehicle hijacking has increased. There is piracy in seas and oceans. International terrorism has been encouraged through air transport. Modern transport has encouraged wars because ships, vehicles, trains and aeroplanes transport soldiers and weapons during wars. Traditional forms of communication The traditional forms of communication involve smoke signals, drum beats, messengers, horn blowing and written messages on scrolls and stone tablets. Communities used these forms of communication to make their members informed of what was happening and what was expected of them. The messages were sent quickly and easily over considerable distances. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 24 The traditional forms of communication alerted people of impending dangers in times of war. For instance warriors used them in times of crisis to inform others of the approaching enemies. Lastly they enabled relatives who were living apart to keep in touch with each other. |
This continued until the message reached the recipient. These organised groups of messengers were known as runners. The messengers relayed the information and sometimes For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 brought the feedback. They made people of a community to keep in touch with one another and to be aware of what was happening. Messengers informed rulers of the approaching enemies. The disadvantages of this method were as follows: The messengers sometimes gave wrong information in case they forgot the message. Sometimes the message could be distorted. Messengers were at times attacked by wild animals and killed. This resulted to the failure to deliver messages. Sometimes messengers delayed the information in cases of sickness or an accident. Messengers delivered limited ranges of messages because of the problems of memory. The information relayed could not be easily kept confidential. The relay method was tiresome because one had to run for considerable distances. Horn blowing Horn blowing was a method which was widely used among the African communities to send important messages. Sometimes horn blowing was used to call people for urgent meetings. It gathered warriors together in times of war. Special horns were blown to call hunters together especially among the Ameru people of Kenya. Horns were also blown to alert people about important ceremonies such as circumcision among the Chuka people who are part of the Meru communities. Use of this method was advantageous in the sense that horn blowing could be used successfully at any time of both day and night except when it was raining heavily accompanied by thunderstorms because people could not hear. Horns relayed specific messages and could be used in all seasons. They spread messages very fast without delay. Horns were obtained from domesticated animals such as cows and goats and from wild animals such as antelopes and gazelles. The disadvantage of this method is that people who were specialised in blowing horns to produce meaningful sounds were required. Sometimes the messages could be wrongly interpreted if the horns were not accurately blown. People who were deaf could not get the message. People could not use the method to communicate with others if they were separated from them by mountain ranges and hills. This is because the hills acted as a barrier and reflected the sound back. Written messages on scrolls and stones tablets A scroll was a roll of paper which was rolled round a piece of wood for writing on. Scrolls were used in Egypt, Greece, China and Japan. |
It also provides programmes to the general public, which give them awareness on HIV AIDS, good morals, need for unity and how to become good law abiding citizens. The radio serves a large number of people at the same time and it is cheaper to use than many other means of communication. It plays a big role in promoting trade through advertisement. Lastly the radio entertains many people with songs and plays. This is possible because anybody can listen to the appropriate radio programme transmitted in a language he or she understands best. Telegraph Two scientists namely, Charles Wheatstone and William Coke invented the electric telegraph in 1837. The initial telephone wires were laid along railway lines in Britain inorder to alert railway officials about the movement of the locomotives. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 29 Later an American scientist called Samuel Morse improved the telegraph communication by inventing one which never used needles but used a code of dots and dashes. This new device came to be known as Morse Code. It was used to send telegrams to many parts of the world. In Kenya the telegraph wires were laid down during the construction of the Kenya-Uganda railway. Electronic Mail E-mail Electronic mail sometimes called E-mail is a device which allows computer users locally and internationally to exchange messages. The E-mail allows distribution of messages mails to and from computers in a network. Each user of the E-mail has a mailbox address to which messages are sent. Messages sent through e-mail arrive within a very short period irrespective of the distance the sender is. Messages sent merely take seconds to reach. The E-mail has some advantages when used as a means of communication: a It delivers messages very fast. B It is cheap because the cost of delivering messages far away is relatively low. C Volumes or several copies of messages can be sent at the same time. D The same message can be sent to many different people instantly. E The E-mail messages are secure and one does not need to own a computer to use the facility. All one is required to do is to open an account through an Internet Service Provider. Facsimile transreceivers Fax This is a machine which enables transmission of written information like drawings, diagrams and maps in their exact form. Messages to be transmitted are fed into the machine which is connected by a telegraphic or telephone wire to a similar machine elsewhere which produces the message in photographic detail. |
It operates within a specified area where the signals can reach. Internet This is a computer network made up of thousands of networks world-wide. Millions of world computers are connected to the Internet and the number is still increasing at alarming rate. There is no single individual, organisation or government which may claim ownership of the Internet. However, some organisations develop technical For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 31 aspects of the Internet network and set standards for creating applications on it, but no single governing body is in control. The backbone through which the Internet traffic flows is owned by private companies. All computers on the Internet communicate with one another using the transmission control protocol. An Internet user has access to a wide variety of services which include shopping opportunities, real-time broadcasting, interactive collaboration, file transfer and electronic mail. Users of Internet can search and find information of interest aided by special software and data stored in ready usable formats. This is called information browsing. Individuals are able to gain access to a wide range of information topics. The Internet allows a person to use electronic mail and to transfer data in form of files across the Internet from one side to the other. The Internet also allows people to use other computers across the network. The use of computers is becoming popular in Kenya today. Many people and organisations are trying to connect their computers to the Internet so that they can interact with the rest of the world. The impact of modern means of telecommunication 1. The development of telecommunication has improved communication in the entire world by easing communication within countries, between various countries and between citizens and their governments as well as communication among individuals themselves. 2. It has helped to improve travel. Pilots in ships and planes for instance communicate with others in control stations by use of telecommunication facilities. 3. Trade has been promoted due to the development of telecommunication services which provide speed and efficiency of business transactions through advertisements. 4. Radio and television provide mass entertainment to people all over the world. They have also kept people busy during their leisure time. 5. Telecommunication technology has created employment opportunities for many people in the world. 6. It has been used in modern warfare to communicate and to provide information to soldiers in war. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 32 7. It has enabled astronomers to explore the outer space in order to conduct space research. Satellite communication is mainly for this purpose. 8. |
Magazines cover articles, stories and announcements. During the colonial rule Jomo Kenyatta was the editor of a magazine entitled, Muigwithania . Since independence, we have had magazines like the Kenya Gazette, Parents, Today, Weekly Review and Finance among others. Journals These are newspapers which deal with certain specialised subjects for instance they may deal with trade, medicine, education, science and specific topics in history. They are published at certain intervals. We may therefore have titles such as The Journal of African History , The Medicine Journal and The Scientific Journal but each of them covering a specific area in a specified field. Periodicals These are magazines or other publications published at regular intervals for instance on weekly or monthly basis. Advantages of print media 1. Written information through the print media is preserved for a long period without being distorted, forgotten and damaged. 2. Written of information through print media can be done any time because it is not effected by weather or any other physical aspects. 3. It is cheap to store and also transport written material such as newspapers and magazines that contain written information. 4. It is easy to use written information in the print media for future reference because one can easily review the message when necessary. 5. It is easy for the literate to get information and directives from the government by use of newspapers and magazines. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 34 6. Newspapers and magazines are used to advertise business. This promotes business transactions. 7. Ideas are able to spread fast. 8. Printing and sale of newspapers and magazines has created employment opportunities. 9. Print media provides foreign news therefore enabling people to be aware of what happens outside the country. 10. Print media is not discriminative because it serves all the people who can read since newspaper and magazines are written using several languages. For instance, some newspapers are written in English, others in Kiswahili and some in various local languages mother tongues Disadvantages of print media 1. They can be used to spread propaganda. 2. They can be used to tarnish the name of individuals for example the politicians. 3. They sometimes include information that is not suitable for young children. This can affect the morals of the youth. Review Questions 1 a Define transport and communication. B Explain why the camel is regarded as the best beast of burden for use in deserts. 2 a Outline the impact of the invention of the wheel. |
6. Britain had well advanced insurance and banking systems. 7. Trade barrier such as tariffs which could hinder trade never existed in Britain by then because it had adopted the policy of free trade. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 42 8. Britain had enterprising merchants who manned trade and also encouraged industrial growth and development. 9. It had well developed cottage industries which laid the basis of the industrial take off. 10. There was adequate skilled and unskilled labour. 11. The acquisition of colonies overseas provided Britain with more raw materials for the industries. 12. The rapid population growth in Britain expanded the internal market for the manufactured goods while the acquisition of colonies overseas provided external markets. 13. The technological advancement of the people in Britain brought about new inventions which stimulated industrialisation. 14. There was availability of energy from coal. 15. The Agrarian Revolution had provided industrial workers with sufficient food. The effects of the industrialisation in Britain in the 19th century a The industrialisation of Britain in the 19th century stimulated the ruralurban migration of the landless who went to seek for employment in the emerging industrial centres. This led to expansion of industrial centres and hence urbanisation. B Transport and communication facilities such as roads, railways, and telephones were developed to serve the industrial centres by facilitating trade and transportation of raw materials to the factories and manufacture of goods to the market. C There was the expansion of the banking industry and insurance. These provided services to both industrial owners and workers. They also created new employment opportunities. D The industrialisation in Britain led to enormous expansion of local and international trade. The manufactured goods were sold to the British citizens and the surplus was sold to the rest of Europe and to the British For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 43 colonies overseas. The British colonies provided raw materials such as palm oil, iron, copper and cotton in return. E Colonialism was encouraged as a means of acquiring sources of raw materials for the British industries. Britain was able to acquire colonies such as India, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria. F The standards of living of many Britons was raised due to income obtained from the industries. The rise of the standards of living of the middle class in particular resulted to the class struggle between the rich and the poor in Britain therefore sharpening the social stratification. |
Britain was able to acquire colonies such as India, Egypt, Ghana and Nigeria. F The standards of living of many Britons was raised due to income obtained from the industries. The rise of the standards of living of the middle class in particular resulted to the class struggle between the rich and the poor in Britain therefore sharpening the social stratification. G The industrialisation in Britain led to development of agricultural production in Britain as well as in USA and other British colonies. The industrial workers in Britain required food. The machines required lubricating oil which was obtained from the palm oil grown along the West African coast. Cotton was obtained from America and used in the British textile industries to manufacture cotton cloth. H The industrialisation in Britain encouraged establishment of many kinds of machines. These industrial machines produced fumes which polluted the environment. There was also excessive noise which made some people deaf. I Poor living conditions of factory workers encouraged emergence of poor housing or slums. In these slums there was overcrowding of houses which were not properly ventilated. The poor living conditions were as a result of the low wages of the factory workers. J The industrialisation in Britain also encouraged exploitation of labour. Children and women laboured for long hours in industries before manual labour was replaced by use of machines. K Industrialisation in Britain caused unemployment especially after machines were introduced which could do the work formerly done by labourers. The jobless still remained living in slums but they turned to new careers which were immoral such as robbery and prostitution as a means of their survival. L The overcrowding of people in towns and poor sanitary facilities resulted to outbreaks of diseases such as dysentery, cholera and tuberculosis. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 44 Industrialisation in continental Europe It is necessary to note that industrialisation technology spread to other countries of Europe from Britain in the second half of the 19th century. Countries such as Germany, France and Belgium which had abundant deposits of coal, iron and steel as well as the supply of both skilled and unskilled labour became industrialised next. To achieve this, industrial research was carried out. The discovery of the method of converting iron into steel by Henry Bessemer revolutionised the industrial sector. Electricity and petroleum were also discovered and they became important sources of energy for the industries. |
To achieve this, industrial research was carried out. The discovery of the method of converting iron into steel by Henry Bessemer revolutionised the industrial sector. Electricity and petroleum were also discovered and they became important sources of energy for the industries. The rapid industrialisation of continental Europe was characterised by the following: 1 Improved transport and communication to ease transportation of raw materials and marketing of ready manufactured goods. 2 Increased exploitation of coal and iron ore. 3 Improvements in agriculture in order to produce enough food for urban dwellers and industrial workers and also to provide some industrial raw materials. 4 Mass production of manufactured goods as well as the coming up of many new inventions as a result of increased industrial research. Problems the industrial workers experienced a Workers were paid very low wages making them to experience poor living conditions. B Workers were exposed to very dangerous machines, noise and chemicals which resulted to injuries, suffocation, accidents and deaths. C Diseases attacked workers because their living conditions were very poor. Such diseases were typhoid, cholera, dysentery and tuberculosis. D Women and children toiled in the factories and they were also subjected to long working hours which denied them leisure and rest. E The environment they worked in was polluted due to improper disposal of industrial waste. F Workers lived in overcrowded houses where there was inadequate lighting conditions and poor ventilation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 45 g The poverty as a result of low wages increased crime rate in towns. Workers were therefore exposed to constant robbery. H The factory workers were not insured. Effects of the industrial revolution in Europe 1. The Industrial Revolution in Europe stimulated rural urban migration of the landless who wanted to look for jobs in the expanding urban centres. 2. There was scramble for colonies as a means of acquiring sources of raw materials for the industries in Europe and looking for market for the surplus manufactured goods as well as suitable areas for investing their surplus capital. 3. There was increased urbanisation because employment opportunities attracted many people. Trade that developed in towns attracted businessmen who opened other commercial activities that also attracted many people. The development of transport and communication systems and the use of machines in the cottage industry also made people to move to urban centres and hence promoting urbanisation. 4. The standards of living of the people in Europe were raised due to income from the industries. 5. It stimulated expansion of factories instead of cottage industries. |
The standards of living of the people in Europe were raised due to income from the industries. 5. It stimulated expansion of factories instead of cottage industries. Banking and insurance were established. 6. Industrial Revolution in Europe created employment opportunities in the industrial sector in form of mechanics, plant operators, engineers and managers. 7. The Industrial Revolution led to the rise of trade unionism in the European countries such as Britain, France and Germany. 8. There was replacement of human labour with the use of machines. 9. The Industrial Revolution in Europe led to production of goods in large quantities. These goods were exported in bulk. 10. It encouraged the development of transport and communication systems such as railways and roads. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 46 11. The industries led to pollution of the environment, overcrowding of people and crime. 12. The Industrial Revolution in Europe promoted the development of agriculture because the industrial workers needed food. 13. The Industrial Revolution in Europe caused unemployment in the countries where the use of machines had replaced manual labour. 14. The Industrial Revolution in Europe stimulated local and international trade. 15. The Industrial Revolution finally led to exploitation of labour. Children worked in factories for long hours. Emergence of the world industrial powers The USA The USA has led in industrialisation for a long period. Before it became industrialised the Americans were largely agricultural people. The Britons who migrated from Britain to America are the one who stimulated industrialisation in the USA. Many factors however contributed to the success of the industrialisation in the USA. These factors are as follows: 1. The USA had abundant natural resources such as iron ore and coal as well as forestry resources. 2. There was adequate skilled and unskilled labour due to the high population in USA. Slaves also provided labour in the American farms leading to production of raw materials for use in the American industries. 3. The USA had adequate energy resources such as coal and iron ore. Later uranium, petroleum, electricity and natural gas were introduced. 4. There was the development of transport and communication in form of railways, roads, airways, telegraph, radio, telephones, telegrams and televisions. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 5. The technological advancement in North America in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the industrial advancement in the USA because a lot of discoveries and inventions on industry were made. 6. |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 5. The technological advancement in North America in the 19th and 20th centuries contributed to the industrial advancement in the USA because a lot of discoveries and inventions on industry were made. 6. Banks and insurance were introduced in the USA. They contributed a lot to the industrial sector. 7. The government of the USA encouraged foreign investors from Germany and Japan to come and invest in industry. 8. The USA had adequate capital obtained locally as a result of the Agrarian Revolution as well as from the foreigners who had invested there. 9. The USA enjoyed a long period of political stability. Even in the 20th century the USA joined the two world wars almost the time they were ending. Also there were few strikes and industrial disputes. 10. The British citizens who migrated to the USA introduced plantation agriculture that provided the initial industries with the agricultural raw materials. This laid the basis for heavy industries that used iron and steel. 11. In the 20th century the USA embarked on intensive research aimed at promoting industry. The institutions of learning emphasised on Science and scientific research. The universities in particular became devoted to industrial development. 12. The government policies favoured the growing industries. The USA government for example encouraged the home market by discouraging the imposition of tariffs on locally manufactured commodities. 13. The USA had a strong agricultural base that contributed to her industrial take off. This is because the industrial labour force could get enough food supply and raw materials for the processing industries based on agricultural product. The effects of industrialisation on the USA a The people s standards of living has been improved. The USA government supports the unemployed US citizens. B The USA economy has been diversified. It now attains income from both agriculture and industry. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 48 c The USA has been able to boost her industrial technology by encouraging education based on science and research. D The USA has become the major world power after the break of the former USSR. E The USA has been able to use its industrial product and technology to mechanise agriculture in order to increase the agricultural yields. This has enabled the USA to provide the growing population with sufficient food. F The industrial development in the USA has enabled it to take part in space exploration. The first human being to land on the moon, Neil Armstrong, was from the USA. |
12. The second unification of East and West Germany widened the scope of industrial output. 13. There were improved agricultural techniques in Germany that resulted to the increased yields that provided agricultural raw materials for the processing industries. The impact of industrialisation of Germany a Industrialisation improved the standards of living of the German society. Their purchasing power was raised. B Germany was able to develop a network of transport and communication to be able to transport raw materials and manufactured goods. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 50 c Industrialisation enabled Germany to become a strong power before the First World War. This made Germany to join other European nations to look for colonies overseas. D Industrialisation diversified the economy of Germany because the country was able to manufacture vehicles, machinery, chemicals, electronics and textiles that were exported in the local and international markets. E It created employment opportunities for the people in West Germany and the neighbouring states such as Yugoslavia, Turkey and Italy. F Industrialisation in Germany encouraged the growth of urban centres such as Berlin and Warsaw. G Germany s foreign reserve was boosted due to sale of her manufactured goods for instance machinery of all kinds. H Industrialisation boosted local and international trade. I Industrialisation of Germany contributed in reducing inflation. J Industrialisation in Germany also boosted foreign reserve due to sale of the manufactured goods. Japan Industrialisation of Japan began in the second half of the 19th century after the USA made treaties with Japan aimed at creating trade partnership. The introduction of compulsory primary and secondary education and the establishment of universities and other colleges followed this. Many students were sponsored abroad where they acquired education. Japan was engaged in wars with China and Russia between 1894 and 1905. It also fought on one side with Britain, France and Russia during the First World War against Germany and her allies. During the Second World War, Japan attacked the American naval base at Pearl Harbour in the Hawaiian Islands. The USA responded by bombing the Japanese cities of Hiroshima and Nagasaki in 1945. This act affected the economy of Japan but there was economic recovery and continued industrialisation in the later years. Industrialisation in Japan was promote by the following factors: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 51 1. Japan had enough capital for carrying out research and for industrial development. Japan also benefited from the American aid obtained after the Second World War. 2. |
Japan had enough capital for carrying out research and for industrial development. Japan also benefited from the American aid obtained after the Second World War. 2. There was ready internal and external market for the Japanese manufactured goods. 3. Japan enjoyed a long term of political stability mainly after the Second World War. This peaceful atmosphere encouraged industrial progress. 4. Japan has a network of transport and communication for instance railways and roads. 5. The Japanese industrial base which existed before the first world war was improved and made better after the second world war. 6. Power was available from coal, uranium and hydro-electric power for industrial use. 7. Skilled and unskilled labour was readily available in Japan. 8. Japan had abundant raw material for instance, iron ore and coal. 9. Japanese are hardworking people. This promoted industrial development. 10. Japanese goods are of very high quality and at the same time very cheap. This encouraged internal and external market. 11. Japan natural harbours encouraged trade through export and import of goods. 12. Japan has been politically neutral since the Second World War. It trades with any nation. 13. Japanese introduced a new form of taxation aimed at raising funds for promoting industrialisation. 14. The Japanese government encouraged home market and imposed tariffs on foreign goods to discourage them from competing with goods produced in other countries. 15. Japan encouraged foreign investors to come and invest in the country. Japan also invested in other countries. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 52 The effects of industrialisation in Japan 1. Industrialisation has led to improvement of the standards of living of Japan People. 2. The Japan foreign reserve has been boosted due to sale of Japanese manufactured goods. 3. Japan has been recognised as one of the developed industrialised country of the world. 4. Japan has diversified her economy from a predominantly agricultural country to a country which also obtains wealth from Industry. 5. Japan has promoted trade by using locally manufactured ships to carry imported raw materials and goods for export. 6. Job opportunities have been created in the industrial sector. 7. Industrialisation has encouraged development of better and sufficient means of transport and communications. 8. Many people prefer Japanese manufactured goods mainly because they are of high quality and at the same time cheap. Industrialisation in the third world Brazil Industrialisation in Brazil began in the last quarter of the 19th century. The country s industrial process later developed tremendously because of the following factors. 1. |
Industrialisation in the third world Brazil Industrialisation in Brazil began in the last quarter of the 19th century. The country s industrial process later developed tremendously because of the following factors. 1. Large deposits of minerals such as iron ore, gold, bauxite and manganese were available for industrial use. Other raw materials in form of wood for lumbering and agricultural products were available for the Brazilian industries. 2. The Brazilian government provided capital for developing industries. 3. The U.S.A. also provided technical and financial aid to Brazil, such aid was used to develop heavy industries like the Volta and Rendonda steel works. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 53 4. Brazil had cottage industries that laid the basis of its modern industries. 5. There was development of transport and communication in Brazil. This was through the construction of roads and railways for transporting raw materials to the industries. 6. Brazil encouraged foreign investors who established companies from Europe and the U.S.A. 7. The Brazilian government introduced five year development plans to promote industrial development. 8. The first and the second world wars influenced the industrial take off in Brazil by encouraging mass production of locally manufactured goods, which were sold cheaply. 9. Brazilian goods were in demand in Britain, which provided a ready market. 10. The government nationalised industries to enable them to be supervised properly. It also encouraged industrialisation. 11. Coal, petroleum and hydro- electric power were available for providing energy in the industries. 12. There was internal market of the goods from the industries. For example the Brazilians purchase pharmaceuticals transport materials and spare parts, farm tools and machinery and textiles. Obstacles to the industrialisation of Brazil Industrialisation of Brazil has not been smooth A number of factors have undermined Brazilian effort to industrialise. These are: 1. A large percentage of Brazilian citizens are poor and they can not establish industries or provide a high purchasing power for the industrial goods. 2. Still there is inadequate transport and communication facilities even after the government s efforts to improve transport and communication. 3. The Brazilian wealth in owned and controlled by a majority group. 4. The Brazilian population is concentrated along the coastal belt. The interior has labour problems because majority of the Brazilians prefer to work along the coastal belt. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 5. Constant inflation in Brazil makes goods to be expensive. 6. |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 54 5. Constant inflation in Brazil makes goods to be expensive. 6. Brazil has accumulated many foreign debts. This hinders steady progress of the country. 7. The available resources in the Amazon forest are under exploited due to the sparse population there. These are resources that can be used in industries. Impact of the industrial growth in Brazil 1. The Brazilian industrial sector has boosted her foreign reserve. 2. At least there is an improvement in the living standards of the local people in Brazil who survive from the spill of industrial gains. This has succeeded due to reduction of the inflation that has to the rise of the purchasing power of the Brazilians. 3. Exports have been increased due to increase in manufactured goods. 4. Brazil has emerged as one of the most industrialised third world countries. 5. Industrialisation of Brazil has encouraged modernisation of port facilities in order to provide an outlet of goods being exported. 6. It has accelerated the development of transport and communication in Brazil. 7. Employment opportunities have been created especially in the heavy and light industries. 8. Industrial growth has encouraged growth and expansion of urban centres especially those along the coastal belt such as Sao Paulo, Rio de Janeiro and Recife. South Africa South Africa first started as an agricultural country but later there was the discovery of gold and diamonds that promoted the industrialisation of the country. The industries which developed in South Africa, included textile industries, iron and steel industries, chemical industries, cement industries and locomotive industries among others. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 55 The factors which contributed to the industrialisation of South Africa: 1. Availability of minerals such as coal, gold, diamonds, silver and iron ore some of which provided raw materials for the industries. 2. Availability of capital from the sale of some minerals such as gold and diamonds. 3. Availability of power for industries in form of coal and hydro-electric power. 4. Availability of network of transport and communication in form of railways, roads, air transport and telephones. 5. Encouragement of foreign investors who invested in the mining industry. 6. Availability of skilled labour and unskilled labour obtained from the neighbouring states such as Malawi and Mozambique. 7. Existence of local and international market especially after South African majority attained independence in 1994. 8. |
The Indian government encouraged foreign investment in the industrial sector. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 57 10. The political stability in India after the attainment of independence encouraged industrialisation. 11. Protective tariffs were imposed to enable local industries to grow. Impact of Industrialisation of India a India s foreign exchange earnings have been increased due to sale of cheap manufactured goods. B There is a lot of improvement in the living standards of some sections of the Indian community. Even the purchasing power of the people has risen. C India has boosted the agricultural sector through manufacturing of farm tools and machinery. D India s industrial development has created employment opportunities for the citizens. The main industrial cities in India For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 58 e Local and international trade has been encouraged through sale of the manufactured goods. F It has encouraged new urbanisation and expansion of the existing urban centres such as Bombay, Karachi and New Delhi. G India s revenue has been increased and its economy diversified as a result of establishment of light and heavy industries as well as development of agriculture. H India has become technologically advanced and a nuclear power. I India is now one of the most industrialised third world nations. J India has used the income from industry to develop transport and communication network. K Today India is able to provide public services such as education and health care to its citizens. L Modern industrialisation in India has also boosted the cottage industries that include making of garments, plastics, shoes, hosiery and some household items. Plastic buckets and shoes For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 59 Scientific Revolution Scientific revolution refers to the period when man made many inventions and discoveries as a result of his improvement in knowledge and the interest to find out new thing about the universe. The scientific inventions began before the birth of Christ. A number of scientific discoveries and inventions were made in agriculture, industry and medicine. These discoveries and inventions improved man s conditions of living after he indetified various ways of solving his problems. The early civilizations for example in Greece, India, Iraq, Egypt and China influenced the development of early science. The Greeks and the Egyptians were great mathematicians. The Greek mathematician called Pythagoras came up with the right-angled triangle. The Egyptians used mathematical skills to construct pyramids. |
The Greeks and the Egyptians were great mathematicians. The Greek mathematician called Pythagoras came up with the right-angled triangle. The Egyptians used mathematical skills to construct pyramids. They also came up with Geometry and used it in farms. The Chinese also contributed to scientific knowledge in that they discovered the way of making silk cloth, gunpowder and paper. The Indians introduced Zero in mathematics and also use of the decimal points. The Iraq people were in ancient times called the Sumerians or the Mesopotamians. Their scientific inventions were mainly in the fields of medicine, architecture, mathematics and astronomy. During Renaissance , scientific knowledge spread to many countries especially in Europe. This was followed by Agrarian Revolution and Industrial Revolution. Individual scientists contributed a lot to the scientific inventions as from the 15th century. Some of these notable scientists were: 1. Nicolas Copernicus He learnt that the earth went round the sun within a period of one year. He also discovered that the earth rotated on its own axis. 2. Galileo Galilei He agreed with the theory of Copernicus that the earth and the remaining planets moved round the sun in one year after using a telescope to observe the universe. 3. Sir Isaac Newton He discovered the force of gravity and the spectrum. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 60 4. Antoine Lavoisier He found that air is composed of hydrogen and oxygen elements. 5. John Dalton He came up with the Atomic Theory and also discovered colour blindness. 6. Michael Faraday He discovered electricity. This enabled him to make a dynamo which gave out electricity. 7. Thomas Edison He came up with electric lamp. 8. Charles Darwin He formulated the evolution theory which stated that all living things developed from simple life forms to complex ones over millions of years. 9. Edward Jenner He came up with the vaccine for small pox 10. Louis Pastour He found that diseases and decay were caused by microbes. He introduced pasteurisation as a method of conserving liquid foods. 11. Alexander Graham Bell He invented the telephone. 12. George Stephenson He invented the steam locomotive. 13. The Wright Brothers Wilber and Oville Wright They invented the first aeroplane. Important scientific inventions on agriculture 1. Jethro Tull He invented seed drill which was used to plant seeds in rows and a horse drawn hoe. 2. |
Important scientific inventions on agriculture 1. Jethro Tull He invented seed drill which was used to plant seeds in rows and a horse drawn hoe. 2. Robert Bakewell For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 61 He found out that the quality of animals could be improved through cross breeding. Using the method, he came up with quality sheep. 3. Andrew Meikle He came up with a mechanical thresher. 4. Justus Von Liebig He came up with the modern fertiliser industry. In his experiments, he found that plants obtain nitrogen phosphorus and salt from the soil. 5. Cyrus Mc Comic He invented the reaper which could be used for harvesting. 6. Sir John Bennet Lawes He began a super phosphate factory for making fertiliser. Impact of scientific inventions on agriculture a Scientific invention promoted agriculture leading to rapid increase in food production. Fertilisers added nutrients to the soils while farm machinery helped in ploughing, planting, harvesting and threshing. B Scientific inventions improved farming techniques and livestock rearing. For instance cross-breeding brought about quality livestock breeds, while the invention of the seed drill encouraged farmers to plant in rows. C Before the invention of agricultural machines such as tractors, combined harvesters and seed drills, human labour was very popular in farms. After the machines were introduced, manual labour was reduced. This resulted to unemployment of many people in the agricultural sector. D It became easy to preserve foods and even transport them over long distances and over a long period of time because of the invention of refrigerators and the canning process. This led to increase in cultivation. E The introduction of pesticides reduced crop destruction by pests while the development of fungicides reduced crop diseases. Food production therefore increased as a result of the reduction of crop diseases and pests. F The invention of farm machinery led to increase in cultivated land. This was followed by the establishment of large estates leading to plantation farming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 g The desire to make more inventions and to improve what had already been established for instance the need to come up with better breeds of livestock and to come up with more efficient farm tools and machinery led to establishment of scientific research centres and schools which emphasised on science. H There was diversification of agriculture as well as diversification of economy. |
This was followed by the establishment of large estates leading to plantation farming. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 62 g The desire to make more inventions and to improve what had already been established for instance the need to come up with better breeds of livestock and to come up with more efficient farm tools and machinery led to establishment of scientific research centres and schools which emphasised on science. H There was diversification of agriculture as well as diversification of economy. This was important because people stopped depending on a single source of livelihood. I Increase in food production led to increase in population growth. This is because the fertility rate rose as people obtained sufficient and nutritious food which also reduced the death rate. J The invention of farm machinery which replaced manual labour resulted to rural urban migration of the unemployed. There were therefore large populations in towns which required food. For this more land had to be cultivated to feed the town folk. This therefore indirectly promoted the development of agriculture. K Continuous application of fertilisers in farms have affected soils therefore leading to reduction in yields. L Indigenous crops and livestock have been replaced by exotic breeds which are mainly hybrids. M Inhaling of various chemicals and pesticides cause respiratory diseases e.g whooping cough and other diseases like tuberculosis and cancer. Important discoveries in industry a The textile industry had so many discoveries. These were: i James Hargreaves He invented the spinning jenny which prepared large amount of cotton threads. Ii Edmund Cartright He invented the power loom which facilitated weaving. Iii Samuel Crompton For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 63 He invented the spinning mule. This machine produced high quality threads. Iv John Key He invented the flying shuttle. V Thomas Bell He made a cylindrical calico printing machine. Vi Eli Whitney He invented the cotton gin which removed seeds from cotton fibre. B Others who made inventions on industry were: i Michael Faraday He discovered electricity and he made a dynamo for generating electricity. Ii Benjamin Franklin He proved that lightning was a form of electricity. Iii Otto Hahn and Stressman They discovered nuclear energy. Iv George Stephenson He made the locomotive which was called The Rocket . V James Watt He invented the steam engine Impact of scientific inventions on industry 1. As a result of people getting exposed to the industrial goods, their living standards have improved. 2. |
V James Watt He invented the steam engine Impact of scientific inventions on industry 1. As a result of people getting exposed to the industrial goods, their living standards have improved. 2. Jobs have been created in industries. The textile industries for example employ a large number of people. 3. There is diversification of economy as a result of introduction of industries. This has stopped man from depending on agriculture only. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 64 4. New sources of energy were introduced as a result of scientific research. These were like solar energy, atomic and nuclear energy, and electric power. 5. Space exploration has been carried out due to invention of rockets, satellites, and digital cameras. 6. Dangerous weapons such as atomic and nuclear weapons have been invented. This has increased wars in the world. 7. Inventions of engines, motorcars, supersonic planes and locomotives encouraged manufacture of spare parts and vehicles and also refining of oil to get fuel for vehicles. Transport has therefore been revolutionised through scientific inventions. 8. Scientific inventions had reduced the labour burden. Machines do most of the work especially in developed countries. 9. The invention of computers has helped workers to perform their duties efficiently and accurately for example in the banking sector where computers are used to process information and many other types of data. 10. Trade has been encouraged due to the growing demand of the manufactured goods. 11. The industries cause pollution in cities. Industrial fumes, noise and smell affect people. Some are affected by diseases like tuberculosis. 12. Communication network has been improved through the use of Email and Internet. 13. Some countries of the world have become highly industrialized. This has given them the opportunity of becoming world powers. They use the products of their industries to overpower others. Important scientific inventions and discoveries in medicine 1. Joseph Lister He discovered he use of carbonic acid as an antiseptic to sterilise surgical apparatus. Then he developed an antiseptic spray for making the air clean during operations. He also discovered the use of carbonic acid for destroying microbes around the wound after an operation. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 65 2. William Marton He discovered the use of chloroform sometimes refered to as carbonic acid during surgery. 3. Edward Jenner He invented the first vaccine for controlling smallpox. 4. |
3. Edward Jenner He invented the first vaccine for controlling smallpox. 4. Lous Pasteur He discovered that certain bacteria caused certain disease. He discovered that heat could kill bacteria. He therefore discovered that food could be preserved through the method he called pasteurisation. This is heating food to a certain temperature and then making it maintain the same temperature for a specific period of time before it is cooled quickly. He also came up with cures for anthrax and rabies. 5. Sir Ronald Ross He found out that the anopheles mosquitoes carried parasites that caused malaria. He also discovered that proper drainage systems could prevent the breeding of mosquitoes and therefore reduce malaria infections. 6. Rontgen He discovered the x-ray radiation which later enabled doctors to observe the internal organs of man and his bony framework.. 7. Alexander Flemming He discovered penicillin, which was an antibiotic capable for curing coughs, pneumonia, sore throat and wounds. 8. Dr Christian Bernard He introduced the method of transplanting the heart of a death person to a body of a living patient with heart problem. Impact of scientific inventions on medicine 1. There has been rapid increase in life expectancy of human beings. This has resulted to rapid increase in human population. 2. Drugs have been discovered which reduce pains therefore reducing human suffering. Others cure diseases completely. 3. Machinery for use in hospitals have been invented. These are used by doctors for locating and treating diseases. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 66 4. Industries for manufacturing drugs curatives have been established. This has created employment opportunities in the pharmaceutical industries. 5. Preventive measures have been applied such as vaccination which has led to eradication of many diseases. 6. Excess use of drugs may affect the health of many people. This is because certain diseases become resistant to certain drugs. Factors influencing scientific inventions in Africa and other developing nations i Inadequate capital for the use in scientific research. Ii Illiteracy of the people. Many people who are not educated cannot be able to apply scientific principles to come up with new findings. Iii Over-depending on donor countries. This occurs because African countries are poor. Iv Little emphasis in the teaching of science in school. This occurs because of shortages of science equipment for experimental work. V Failure for the governments to assist researchers. Many African countries cannot afford to fund researchers. |
They later development into towns. Examples are Mombasa and Kilwa. 2. There was development of ports and harbours where ships anchored such as Cape Town and Malindi. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 69 3. Some areas like Meroe where local industries were established attracted many people who settled there. These settlements later developed into towns. 4. Areas which had reliable water for irrigation, industrial use and domestic use attracted people who established settlements which later developed into towns. 5. Some administrative centres and palaces of rulers expanded to become towns after the subjects came to settle close to rulers for security reasons. 6. Urban centres developed at major cross-roads and where several trade routes met. Examples are Tuat, Timbuktu and Sijilmasa. 7. Notable religious centres became the meeting places for many people. They attracted people who settled nearby and thereafter towns developed. 8. Development of early education centres such as Timbuktu, Gao and Cairo contributed to development of urbanisation in those centres. 9. The development of Agriculture made people to settle permanently together because food was available. 10. Areas that were secure and were sheltered from possible attacks attracted people who concentrated there. These settlements later developed into towns. Cairo Modern Cairo is situated at the delta of River Nile where some earlier settlements had been established about 2000 years ago. Egypt was invaded by the Fatimids who established a walled town. By mid 14th century Egypt had grown into a big city with many mosques and palaces. It served as an early religious centre. The town had narrow streets, bazaars, shops and crowded living quarters. There was a market where people sold their produce. The Ottoman Turks took control of Egypt in 1517 and remained under their control until 1798 when Napoleon Bonaparte of France captured it from the Turks. Three years later in 1801 the French were driven out of Cairo and it was thereafter made the capital of Egypt by the then ruler, Mohammed Ali. During the reign of Ismaili, Egypt was first modernised. Later it expanded as more buildings reflecting the European style were constructed. Today it is the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 70 largest town in Egypt. It has a modern international airport and a railway network which links Cairo with the other towns. Cairo has many entertainment facilities and museums. |
In 1665 AD London was affected by plague. The following year a great fire burnt the city. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 72 In 1667 the rebuilding act was enacted. It stipulated that all buildings be of stone and brick. In the 1760s the walls and gates of old medieval city of London were demolished. During the 19th century, London was modernised through the construction of many suburbs, rebuilding of bridges and through lighting of city streets. By the close of the century, London had grown into a beautiful city served by a well developed networked of transport and communication. During the First World War, London became the German target. London was heavily bombed. The Tower of London and the British Museum were destroyed. Many other buildings were also damaged. After the war, the British government reconstructed the war damage. Many tall storey buildings were constructed such as the Museum Radio Tower of the General Post Office building. This was followed by construction of shops, residential houses, school, hotels and cultural centres. The city of London got most of its water from river Thames. There were several city markets which provided people with food, meat, fruits and flowers. Today the city of London is under the control of the local government headed by mayors. Several factors contributed to the growth of the city of London. These were: 1. Development of transport and communication. London had a network of roads and railways. Underground roads and railways were established in underground tunnels to reduce traffic congestion. Modern international airports such as Heathrow airport were also established. London was connected to the rest of the world with telegraphs, telephones and radio transmissions. 2. Trade enabled the town of London to grow into city status. Many people migrated to London to conduct business as a way of earning a living. The success of their businesses made them wealthy and they settled permanently. As this process continued, the town also continued to expand. 3. The establishment of industries attracted the people who came to seek for employment and those who came to survive on cheap manufactured goods. 4. The development of port facilities in London encouraged many people to go and do the jobs of loading and unloading cargo. The sailors from England also started their journeys from the seaports like London. Those For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 who came from abroad on their way to England regarded London as their port of call. |
The development of port facilities in London encouraged many people to go and do the jobs of loading and unloading cargo. The sailors from England also started their journeys from the seaports like London. Those For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 73 who came from abroad on their way to England regarded London as their port of call. This contributed to the growth of London. 5. London served as a political and an administrative centre for a long time. The Romans constructed a fort and surrounded it with a wall for security reasons. The colonies Britain acquired were under the colonial secretary who was based in London. 6. The city of London had several museums and theatres that made it an important cultural centre. Many people were attracted by the activities in the city making them to settle there in great numbers. Functions of London a London is the capital of the United Kingdom. It acts as an administrative headquarters. B It is an industrial centre that has both heavy and light industries. C It is a cultural and recreational centre. London has many theatres and museums. D London is a centre of international transport and communication. This is because there are international airports in London and there is the harbour where ships from all over the world anchor. E London is a centre of learning. It has international Universities and colleges. F It is also a commercial centre that has many banks and insurance. It has many shopping centres. G London is a religious centre. It has many churches and cathedrals. H London is also the common wealth headquarter. The problems London has encountered since it was founded i Problem of overcrowding of houses, vehicles and people. Ii Epidemics such as plague affected London during the Romans era and in 1665 AD. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 74 iii London was burnt down in 1666 AD. Iv There was the problem of unemployment. V There was the problem of rural - urban migration of the jobless. Vi There was inadequate housing facilities and poor sanitation. Vii There was high crime rate. Viii There was pollution of the environment due to fumes from industries and vehicles. Ix London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War. This resulted to deaths of people and destruction of property. X There was the demolition of the old city of London in the 1760 s. |
Ix London was bombed by the Germans during the First World War. This resulted to deaths of people and destruction of property. X There was the demolition of the old city of London in the 1760 s. Athens The growth and prosperity of Athens is based on trade and commerce. The land surrounding Athens was rocky. It could not support a large population. The people of Athens depended mainly on imported food that they exchanged with olive oil, wine and wool. Athens was a famous centre of learning. The city state provided education in such fields as philosophy, architecture, drama, science and medicine. The democracy that is enjoyed in the world today originated in Athens where it was actually practised. Athens was surrounded by a protective wall for security purposes because of constant wars with the other city states. The town itself looked clumsy. The streets were merely narrow earth roads that became dusty during the dry spell and muddy during the rainy season. Some houses were made of unbaked brick while others were made of mud. A few beautiful and well-built buildings such as Parthenon temple and the temple of Athena Nike existed. There was a market place in the centre of the town which also acted as a meeting place for people and also the place where people assembled for debates. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 75 On top of the high cliff was the Acropolis Fortress which provided protection for the village below. The biggest problem of Athens was that it had inadequate sanitary facilities for disposing human waste and refuse. Due to this the town was exposed to very bad smell from rotting garbage. Athens weakened and lost its glory between 430 BC and 335 BC due to the following reasons: i Athens was affected by constant rivalries and wars with other city states. Ii Athens was conquered by King Philip of Macedonia and put under the Macedonian domination. Iii Constant epidemics like plague led to death of many Athenian citizens therefore weakening the military might of Athens. Iv The final blow, which made the town to disintegrate, was the death of Alexander the Great whose empire controlled Athens. Other towns such as Rome and Cathage rose to power to fill the political vacuum left by Macedonia. Emergence of modern urban centres in Africa There are many urban centres in Africa that began when the Europeans acquired colonies and settled there. Such towns never existed in Africa before the coming of the Europeans. Some of them began as administrative centres for the colonial authority. |
6. The availability of coal, which provided energy also, promoted industrial development. Today, Johannesburg is the largest city of the Republic of South Africa and the industrial and commercial centre. It is the centre of the country s gold mining industries and the site of the Johannesburg stock exchange. It is a strategic rail, road and air hub with an international airport. It is a mining as well as an industrial centre whose industries include manufacture of mining and railway equipment, automobile parts, chemicals, textiles, electrical and communication equipment. Johannesburg is a cultural and educational centre of South Africa. It has a number of museums, theatres, a symphony, orchestra and an opera company. It has schools and universities. Review Questions 1 a What is urbanisation? B What favoured development of early urbanisation in Africa? 2. A Describe the factors which contributed to the growth of: i London ii Kilwa b What problems did each of the two towns above encounter that affected its growth. 3. Explain the factors which led to the decline of the city of Athens in the first millennium AD? 4. Describe the major problems of the modern urban centres. 5. Explain the growth of Johannesburg as an important urban centre. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 79 7. Describe the functions of Nairobi City. Students Activities 1. Compare the factors that led to the growth of the early urban centres with those which led to the growth of modern urban centres. 2. Draw a map of Africa and indicate the locations of Nairobi, Cairo, Meroe, Johannesburg and Kilwa. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 80 CHAPTER 5 SOCIAL, ECONOMIC AND POLITICAL ORGANISATION OF AFRICAN SOCIETIES IN THE 19TH CENTURY Buganda The Buganda Kingdom was one of the Kingdoms in Uganda. During the 19th century Buganda expanded to become the largest and most powerful kingdoms in Uganda. Several factors brought about the rise of Buganda. These were: a The Baganda were agriculturists. They grew bananas which was their staple food. This enabled them to feed the army. The fertile soils and suitable climate enabled them to grow crops. B During the 18th and 19th centuries, Buganda was under very strong and competent rulers entitled Kabaka. |
This enabled them to feed the army. The fertile soils and suitable climate enabled them to grow crops. B During the 18th and 19th centuries, Buganda was under very strong and competent rulers entitled Kabaka. One such ruler was Kabaka Mtesa I. c Buganda kingdom was centralised and it had a well-organised political system. The centralisation of Buganda enhanced effective control of the kingdom, enhanced loyalty to one single ruler, promoted control and unity of other traditional leaders and also led to emergence of able rulers who strengthened the Kingdom. D Buganda had a strong army, which defended the kingdom, and a navy that conquered people living in the islands of Lake Victoria such as the people of Sese Island. E The decline of Bunyoro Kitara Kingdom enabled Buganda to expand to fill the power vacuum left by Bunyoro. F Participation in the long distance trade by the Baganda people enabled the kingdom to attain wealth that was used to maintain the kingdom. The rulers also taxed the Arab and Swahili traders who ventured into the kingdom to trade. G The annexation of Buddu iron fields enabled Buganda to manufacture superior iron weapons. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 81 h When the British occupied Uganda, she handed over the lost counties of Bunyoro to Buganda. These counties included Bungaizi and Buyoga. This action of the British contributed to more expansion of Buganda. Buganda at its peak in the 19th Century Social organisation of Buganda The social organisation of the Baganda was based on clans made up of members of several related families. There were also social classes with members of the loyal family on top followed by local chief and then below were the commoners followed by slaves. The Kabaka existed who played social roles such as presiding on various ceremonies and rituals, being the chief priest and therefore being in charge of all religious activities. The Kabaka s power was symbolised by his loyal regalia that included the royal drums, the stools and the spears. The Baganda worshipped a god entitled Katonda. They believed in the spirits of the dead ancestors. They thought that the death affected the affairs of the living people. They had a traditional religion they called Lubaale. They consulted the spirits of the dead through prophets. The mediums who consulted the spirits were usually given gifts. The Baganda had medicinemen and sorcerers. |
The Baganda engaged themselves in the long distance trade mainly in the 19th century after the Arab and Swahili merchants from the coast penetrated into kingdom. This trade expanded rapidly during the era of Kabaka Mtesa I. Slaves and ivory were the main commodities the Arab and Swahili traders demanded. They in turn brought ammunitions, cloth, beads and swords that were demanded by the Baganda. Political organisation of Buganda Baganda is believed to have originally been a section of the Chwezi State. It is not known clearly whether it is Kintu or Kimera who established the early kingdom of Buganda. What is clear is that Buganda was a centralised kingdom controlled by a ruler entitled Kabaka whose authority in those early days was limited by the power of the clan heads each entitled Bataka. In the later years, the Kabakas assumed a lot of power because they played the following roles: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 83 a They acted as the chief political and religious leaders and heads of government. B They were considered as the supreme judges in the kingdom and also as the final court of appeal. C They were regarded as the sole defenders of Buganda and protectors of their subjects. D They commanded the army as well as all other juniors for instance, the Katikiros, the Saza chiefs and the Gombolora chiefs. E It was their responsibility to appoint or fire senior officials like the Katikiro and the Chief Justice. F They controlled trade to such an extent that they even taxed foreign traders. The Kabaka was assisted to administer the kingdom by a Prime Minister entitled Katikiro. In the Kabakas court, their existed the Chief Justice entitled Omulamuzi and the treasurer entitled Omuwanika, all appointed by the Kabaka. Together with the Katikiro, they formed the Kabakas advisory body. There existed a legislature assembly called Lukiko, which acted like the modern day parliament. It discussed important issues affecting Buganda kingdom such as issues pertaining to external attacks, relations with foreigners, trade regulations and the ways to deal with the citizens. The kingdom was split into counties each called Saza. Each county was headed by a Saza chief. Counties were further split into sub-counties each entitled Gombolola. |
The kingdom was split into counties each called Saza. Each county was headed by a Saza chief. Counties were further split into sub-counties each entitled Gombolola. Each Gombolola was under the leadership of a Gombolola chief whose duty was to collect the taxes and remit to Kabaka as well to maintain law and order in his area of Jurisdiction. Each Gombolola was further split into a small division called Miluka headed by Miluka chief. Buganda had a strong standing army and navy. The army defended the kingdom while the navy controlled Buganda s possessions in Lake Victoria such as Sese Island. Leadership among the Baganda was hereditary passed from father to son at first but later the Kabaka could appoint a minor chief from the citizens who was royal to him. The Kabaka strengthened the loyalty bestowed on him by all the people in the kingdom by marrying from all popular clans and accepting sons of popular people from various families to come and work in his court. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 84 Shona The Shona settled in central Africa south of River Zambezi in the present day Zimbabwe. It is believed that they migrated to the region from the Congo basin and they are related to the Kalanga. Social organisation of the Shona The Shona worshipped a god who was believed to be all-powerful. They called their god Mwari. The Shona had priest who presided over religious functions for instance during the time of offering sacrifices to the supreme being. The priests also conducted rituals to appease their gods. The Rozwi clan provided the shona community with priests. Worship was conducted in shrines. The shona believed in the existence of the ancestral spirits they referred to as clan spirit, Mhondoro, and the family spirits, Vadzimu. The spirits communicated through intermediaries referred to as Svikiro. The Shona communicated with the spirits through mediums. They conducted a number of ceremonies and festivals. The shona were socially organised into families, several of which made a clan. The clan elders were highly respected. Polygamy was a very common practice among the Shona. It was common to find men with very many wives. This was one way of ensuring that the community had enough warriors and was provided with sufficient labour force. |
Polygamy was a very common practice among the Shona. It was common to find men with very many wives. This was one way of ensuring that the community had enough warriors and was provided with sufficient labour force. The Economic Organisation of the Shona The Shona grew a variety of subsistence crops such as beans, millets and vegetables. They also kept livestock such as cattle, sheep and goats, which provided them with milk and meat. The Shona made iron tools such as spears, hoes and knives. They also weaved and made back cloth. The Shona supplied the people of Sofala with gold. In return the Shona obtained cloth, glassware, and firearms obtained from the Portuguese. The political Organisation of the Shona An emperor who was the head of state and government controlled the Shona kingdom. When the emperor died, his son took over leadership. This implies that leadership among the Shona was hereditary. The emperor administered the empire with the assistance of his immediate relatives and leading officials. These were queen s mother, his principal wives, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 85 his sister, the head drummer, the chancellor, the supreme cook, the chief door keeper and the commander of his army. The emperor was the overall military leader and for this reason he acted as the commander in chief of the standing army which not only defended the kingdom but also tried to conquer other neighbouring communities in order to expand it. The Shona kingdom was divided into smaller divisions that were under the control of lesser kings who were answerable to the emperor. The lesser kings ensured that trade was promoted. The emperor was the sole controller of the entire trade. The profit from trade maintained the army and also sustained the kingdom. Vassal states were made to pay tribute to the emperor. The Shona priest played political roles in that they acted as the emperor s spies. The priests also linked the people with the emperor. In so doing religion was used to create political unity among the Shona. Asante Ashanti The Asante is one of the Akan or Twi speaking peoples of the present day Ghana. The Asante kingdom is believed to have been established as a result of a number of states which united together and settled at a place called Asantemanso. |
In so doing religion was used to create political unity among the Shona. Asante Ashanti The Asante is one of the Akan or Twi speaking peoples of the present day Ghana. The Asante kingdom is believed to have been established as a result of a number of states which united together and settled at a place called Asantemanso. From Asantemanso they dispersed in clans and family groups to new settlements such as Bekwai, Tafo, Nsuta, Mampong, Amakom and Kwaman. Later in the 17th century these settlements united under the leadership of the Oyoko clan. All the Asante states were established surrounding modern Kumasi in an area referred to as Kwaman forest. By the middle of the 18th century, the Asante had become a very large empire as a result of the efforts of Osei Tutu who introduced the golden stool, which became the symbol of Asante union. The Asante rulers were entitled Asantehene. Factors that led to the rise and expansion of the Asante kingdom We have already seen that the Asante kingdom rose from a number of clans and families who migrated and then settled together at Asantemanso. Those settlements later united into states. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 86 The rise of the kingdom was therefore as a result of the unity of those states. The Asante emerged and expanded into a mighty kingdom because of the following reasons: 1. The area the Asante people settled had abundant rainfall which enabled them to grow crops and gather wild fruits to sustain the growing population. 2. Asantehehe Osei Tutu with an Akwamu priest, Okomfo Anokye cemented the Asante union when they introduced the golden stool as the symbol of Asante union. 3. The Asante obtained income for expanding the empire from the trade they conducted with the Europeans at the coast. 4. The Odwira Festival was organised which enabled the state rulers to gather together to pay allegiance to the Asantehehe. 5. The Asante kingdom was controlled by strong and able rulers like Osei Tutu, Opoku Ware and Osei Bonsu who engaged themselves on expansionist missions aimed at enlarging and strengthening the kingdom. 6. The fact that Asante kingdom was highly centralised enabled people to join in order to fight against a common enemy. 7. |
6. The fact that Asante kingdom was highly centralised enabled people to join in order to fight against a common enemy. 7. The neighbouring states such as Denkyira and Fante were weaker that the Asante kingdom. This gave the Asante the advantage of expanding its empire. 8. The Asante army was very strong and well organised. It was made up of soldiers from all the Asante states. 9. The Asante used modern weapons such as guns which they bought from the Europeans along the west African coast. 10. The Asante rulers obtained revenue from the tribute paid by conquered states. This enabled the Asantehene to maintain his army and his kingdom. Social organisation of Asante In the early beginning the Asante lived in separate clans and family groups. When the family and groups migrated from Asantemanso, they went to places For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 87 where they lived in settlements. At first the settlements were not united but later they joined together into states. An Akwamu priest named Okomfo Anokye together with Osei Tutu introduced the golden stool as a symbol of unity, which had religious symbolism. It united all the states not only politically but also socially. The Asante introduced the national festival called Odwira that united the whole of Asante by making state rulers to be royal to the Asantehene. The Asante were polytheistic. They worshipped gods and goddesses. The Asantehene played both political and religious roles. He acted like a religious leader and presided over religious ceremonies. The Asante people worshipped their gods through their ancestors. The ancestors acted as intermediaries between gods and the people. The Asante people sacrificed to their gods. They believed in life after death and in punishment of wrong doers and reward for those who did well. By the first half of the 19th century, the Asante had embraced Islam. The Asante Muslim converts therefore adopted Islamic culture and law sharia . This became the beginning of the Islamic influence in Asante. Economic organisation of Asante The Asante lived in the forest region in the west of River Volta. The land they occupied received heavy rainfall which enabled them to grow crops such as vegetables, kolanuts and grains. The Asante also kept few livestock. They hunted and gathered fruits and red kolanuts from Kwaman forest for sale. |
The land they occupied received heavy rainfall which enabled them to grow crops such as vegetables, kolanuts and grains. The Asante also kept few livestock. They hunted and gathered fruits and red kolanuts from Kwaman forest for sale. The Asante also participated in the local trade. They traded with the Ga and the people of Benin. They exchanged commodities such as salt, cloth and fish. Later they traded with the Europeans who had settled along the West African coast in settlements such as Accra, Anomabo, Cape Coast, Winneba and Elmina. The Asante traders gave Europeans ivory, slaves, gold and colanuts in exchange for firearms, cloth and ironware. The Asante mined gold in the Kwaman forest and practised iron working. They used iron to manufacture tools, bangles, hoes and arrowheads. They practised traditional crafts such as cloth making, basketry, pottery and sculpture making. The Asante hunted elephants to obtain ivory. They also gathered fruits and edible roots. Political organisation of Asante The Asante Empire was centralised and divided into three parts. The first part was the metropolitan or Nucleus State that consisted of the Kumasi State that was directly under the Asantehehe. The second part was the Amatoo or the states within a radius of about 30 to 40 miles of modern Kumasi. These states were outside Kumasi and they For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 88 recognised the Golden stool as the symbol of unity of the Asante. Some of them were Dwaben, Adansi, Bekwai, Nsuta, Mampon and Kokofu. The third part was the conquered states or provincial Asante states that consisted of all the outer circle of states which had earlier been conquered and controlled by the Asante. Examples of them are Akwamu, Akyem, Twifu, Wassa, Denkyira, Sefwi, Akwapem, Assin, Gonja, Dagomba, Gyaman and Takyiman. Gonja Dagomba Takyiman Kumasi Sefwi Akwamu Denkyira Asante Kingdom in the 19th century The Asante kingdom was ruled by kings entitled Asantehene. The Asantehene was the supreme ruler of the kingdom. He had direct control over Kumasi State. The Asantehene was the conmmander in - chief of the army. |
The Asantehene was the supreme ruler of the kingdom. He had direct control over Kumasi State. The Asantehene was the conmmander in - chief of the army. He presided over political and religious festivals and he acted as the final court of appeal because he was the supreme judge. Leadership among the Asante was hereditary. The Asantehene ruled with the advice of the state rulers who formed the union of rulers. The conquered states were administered by their kings but they were regarded as the provinces of the Asante kingdom .A representative who was an appointee of the Asantehene was posted in each province where he acted as the eyes and ears of the Asantehene. He also levied taxes, supervised trade and mining of gold nuggets. Each Asante State was under the rule of Omanhene who took the oath of allegiance to demonstrate loyalty to the Asantehene. The Omanhene represented the Asantehene in the provinces but they were required to pay tribute to the Asantehene and also to provide soldiers in times of conflicts. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 89 The Asante states were all bound together by the golden stool which was the symbol of unity of the Asante. This stool was preserved in the capital, Kumasi. Every state ruler was presented with a symbolic black stool to signify unity of the provinces. There was a national festival organised particularly for state rulers to pay allegiance to the Asantehene. This festival was known as Odwira festival. The Asante had a strong standing army consisting of an infantry and a calvary wing. The Asante army was divided into four segments which included the left wing, the right wing the van and the rear. Every king of a state was given a position within the wings. This position was taken by the army he controlled in his state a thing which made him remain powerful. At its peak, the Asante kingdom consisted of the area surrounding Kumasi which was directly under the Asantehene, the states outside Kumasi which were part of the original Asante union and lay about 90 kilometre radius of present day Kumasi and the vassal or conquered states. The Asante government finally collapsed due to the following reasons: i Constant rebellions by the vassal states who wanted to reassert their independence. Ii The British supported the Fante to flight against the Asante. |
At its peak, the Asante kingdom consisted of the area surrounding Kumasi which was directly under the Asantehene, the states outside Kumasi which were part of the original Asante union and lay about 90 kilometre radius of present day Kumasi and the vassal or conquered states. The Asante government finally collapsed due to the following reasons: i Constant rebellions by the vassal states who wanted to reassert their independence. Ii The British supported the Fante to flight against the Asante. Iii The kingdom had grown too large for the rulers to control effectively. Iv Asante strained relations with Fante and the British affected Asante trade and source of income. V There was weakness in the system of provincial administration because vassal states were not fully incorporated to the kingdom. Vi The Asante ruler, Osei Tutu was forced to grant independence to the southern states. Vii Asantehene Prempe I was exiled. Review Questions 1. Explain the roles of the following in the 19th century: i Kabaka of Buganda ii Asantehene of Asante For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 90 2. Describe the political and social organisation of Buganda. 3. A Explain the factors that led to the rise and growth of Asante Empire. B Describe the political organisation of the Asante Kingdom up to the 19th century. 4. Describe the Shona kingdom under the following headings: a Economic organisation b Political organisation c Social organisation 5. What factors contributed to the decline of the Asante Kingdom. 6. Identify the economic and social activities of the Asante in the 19th century. Students Activities 1. Draw maps to show the location of the Asante and Buganda kingdoms 2. Discuss in groups the factors which contributed to the rise and decline of the Asante and Buganda Kingdoms. 3. Compare the administration of Buganda kingdom with the administration of Asante Kingdom. |
7. A written constitution is prepared in such a way that one can be able to compare the actions and day to day activities of the government with what is written and expected to be achieved and maintained. Advantages of written constitution The following are the advantages of a written constitution: a Once prepared, it is not easy to change or amend it so as to favour particular personalities in power. B It becomes easy for the literates to know the expectations of the government because they can buy the official copies and read themselves. This is because it is readily available for reference and use. C No individual can alter or manipulate any part of the written constitution. The legislative body is the one which has a right of making even a minor amendment or alteration. D The legislators and delegates are able to incorporate the traditions, conventions and customs of the citizens into a written constitution which is people driven and which recognises people s ethnic groupings. E A well written and acceptable constitution can play the role of uniting all the people in a nation. F A written constitution provides a smooth procedure of handing over power after general elections, death of rulers or resignation. This is For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 94 because it provides a clear guideline of what should be done if such a thing happens. G A written constitution enables a country to operate in favourable and orderly manner. H A written constitution spells out the fundamental rights of citizens very clearly therefore making them aware of their rights and also making them have a reference when their rights are infringed. Disadvantages of written constitution i It is too rigid to be easily altered without a lot of consultation. Ii Amending a written constitution is slow and cumbersome. Iii The language used to write the constitution volumes is difficult for people who have not learnt disciplines such as law. Yet it becomes difficult to simplify without altering the meaning and the stress. Iv If the constitution is not properly formulated, it can make various arms of the government to conflict. V For a good lasting written constitution, very qualified experts are required. These may not be available in some countries. Vi The constitution making process is costly and very involving if all the procedures are followed to the dot. Unwritten constitution An unwritten constitution is one which does not exist in a single formal official document. Britain is an example of a country with unwritten constitution. |
Vi The constitution making process is costly and very involving if all the procedures are followed to the dot. Unwritten constitution An unwritten constitution is one which does not exist in a single formal official document. Britain is an example of a country with unwritten constitution. The sources of the British constitution are the Act of Parliament, British conventions, the Hansard, Legal publications by reputable authorities, decisions made by the British law courts from time to time and Royal prerogatives of the King or Queen to declare war or make treaties of peace. Advantages of unwritten constitutions 1. It is easy to make amendments in order to cope with the prevailing situations. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 95 2. It is not rigid. Therefore it can be altered without a lot of consultation. 3. This constitution is long lasting because it is native and therefore acceptable by the majority. Disadvantages of unwritten constitution a Fundamental rights of citizens are not clearly spelt out in an unwritten constitution. B Unwritten constitution requires very qualified judges and lawyers of the law courts who are able to cope with the tedious work of referring to many constitutional documents e.g. statutes, historical documents and customs in order to make any judgement. C An unwritten constitution is not clearly expressed as compared to the written constitution. The independence constitution The first constitution in Kenya was established during the British colonial rule. This may be referred to as the colonial constitution. The colonial constitution discriminated against the Africans while it favoured the whites. As the Africans continued to be aware of their rights they appealed to the colonial government to grant them their rights. Due to political pressure from the Africans, the colonial government unwillingly tried to change the constitution. In 1960 and 1962, constitutional conferences were held in London. African representatives attended. The Lancaster House conference held in London in 1962 concluded the constitution for independent Kenya. The date for independence was also set. The constitution made is the one we are calling the independence constitution. The conference was attended by representatives of the African political parties such as Kenya African National Union KANU , Kenya African Democratic Union KADU and African People s Party APP . KANU and KADU differed in the structure of government they wanted. KANU preferred a strong unitary constitution while KADU wanted a majimbo or Federal constitution. |
The conference was attended by representatives of the African political parties such as Kenya African National Union KANU , Kenya African Democratic Union KADU and African People s Party APP . KANU and KADU differed in the structure of government they wanted. KANU preferred a strong unitary constitution while KADU wanted a majimbo or Federal constitution. KADU was in favour of majimbo constitution because it feared that smaller communities would be dominated by large ones such as the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 96 Luo and the Kikuyu. KANU believed that a unitary government would protect the interests of the smaller communities. The outcome of the 1962 conference was a federal form of constitution. This was followed by the formation of a coalition government between KANU and KADU. Provisions of the independence constitution The independence constitution provided a regional majimbo government. The country Kenya was therefore split into six regions each with its own regional government and assembly with full legislative powers. There was a central government consisting of two chamber national assembly namely the senate and the House of Representatives. The central government was headed by a Prime Minister from the party with majority seats. Nairobi was the headquarters of the central government. The Queen remained as the head of state. She was represented by the Governor General whose duties were to approve legislation, to ensure there was internal security, to deal with all foreign affairs and to give assent to bills to become laws. The independent constitution recommended a multi-party system of government. The party with the majority was to form the government. It recommended a Bill of Rights whose role was to protect the fundamental interests of the individuals. It also recommended formation of a Central Land Board for dealing with all issues concerning land and an independent public Service Commission for appointing, disciplining and firing civil servants. The independence constitution recommended the setting up of an independent electoral commission for setting constitutional boundaries and conducting elections. An electoral commission was established. It was made up of the speakers of both the House of Representatives and the Senate, nominated representatives of each region and a nominated representative of the Prime Minister. The independence constitution provided an independent judiciary that showed complete impartiality when judging cases. No one was allowed to influence the decisions of judges and they enjoyed security of tenure. Lastly, the independence constitution organised for the protection of the minority rights. |
The independence constitution provided an independent judiciary that showed complete impartiality when judging cases. No one was allowed to influence the decisions of judges and they enjoyed security of tenure. Lastly, the independence constitution organised for the protection of the minority rights. This was mainly to ensure that the European and Asian minorities were protected and their properties were safeguarded. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 97 The Kenya Constitution Kenya is governed by a democratic constitution. A democratic constitution recognises and protects human rights for instance the right to acquire and own property, right to life and the rights safeguarding the individual s freedom of expression, association, conscience, movement and assembly. It also recognises the freedom of worship, belief and opinion. The Kenya constitution ensures that people have full and equal enjoyment of all rights and freedoms. It also ensures that all people are equal before the law. An individual has right to equal protection and equal benefit of the law. He has the right to a fair trial. According to the Kenya constitution, no person may be required to perform forced labour or be held in slavery. Constitutional making process Constitution making can take place in a number of ways as follows: a Having it done by Parliament whereby at least 65 of all parliamentary members must vote for a change to the Kenya constitution. B Using a constitutional review commission. This commission may be set up by the President or by Parliament. C Having a constitutional conference attended by selected people from various interests in society. They then make a draft constitution that can if necessary pass through a referendum. D Having a national convention composed of representatives from all walks of life who identify and discuss important national issues in order to prepare a constitution. Constitutions are therefore made through established procedures that are agreed upon by the majority. In Kenya the constitutional making process is as follows: 1. The general public is provided with civic education to enable them to take part in the constitution making process. To begin with, they are made to understand what a constitution is and why it is necessary in any state. They are then enlightened on the shortcomings of the current constitutions and also its strength. People are then requested to give their views on various aspects of the constitution. A commission is set to visit all the constituencies in Kenya to listen and record the views of the public. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 All the views obtained from the constituencies of Kenya are compiled together. |
People are then requested to give their views on various aspects of the constitution. A commission is set to visit all the constituencies in Kenya to listen and record the views of the public. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 98 All the views obtained from the constituencies of Kenya are compiled together. The wishes of the majority are isolated and used to prepare a draft constitution which is forwarded for further discussion. 2. The recommendations are printed, published and circulated to the public. The commission once more visit the public to give their remarks. All the provinces are covered to ensure that the outcome reflects the will of the people. 3. A national constitutional conference is organised and attended by delegates from each district in Kenya. The commission then submits the recommendations which are largely the opinions of the public for further discussion and careful scrutiny. Some of the recommendations may be rejected. Other recommendations are accepted while some are amended. The National Constitution conference members may reject some recommendations and replace them with their own. 4. Sometimes the National Constitutional Conference members are unable to reach a consensus concerning certain recommendations. If this happens the recommendations causing disagreement are referred back to the public to be resolved through a referendum which is organised by the Constitution of Kenya Review Commission. The referendum is conducted within two months. 5. After this is done the draft constitution is forwarded to the National Assembly by the Attorney General after receiving it from the Commission. The draft constitution is treated as a bill and then published for discussion. Once it is recommended by the Members of Parliament after passing through all the stages a bill undergoes before becoming law, it is finally presented to the President for assent. 6. Finally, the constitution is published in the Kenya Gazette and after this implementation begins. Features of Kenya constitution a The constitution is democratic Due to the wishes and ambitions of the people since Kenya attained independence, the country has developed a democratic constitution based on the principles of separation of powers between the Judiciary, the Legislature and the Executive. This is aimed at reducing conflicts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 99 between the three arms of government. The arms of government are therefore required to work independently without excessive interference from each other. B There is supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law Kenya is established on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law. It is governed in accordance with the constitution that acts as the supreme law that binds all authorities and individuals throughout the country. |
The arms of government are therefore required to work independently without excessive interference from each other. B There is supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law Kenya is established on the principles of the supremacy of the constitution and the rule of law. It is governed in accordance with the constitution that acts as the supreme law that binds all authorities and individuals throughout the country. However, the rule of the law emphasises on handling all legal matters in accordance with the Kenyan laws. Every individual suspects is supposed to be given an opportunity for self-defence before a competent court of law after being arrested. The prosecution is supposed to prove the defendant guilty within a specific period and until the victim is proved guilty beyond reasonable doubt, he should be presumed innocent. C Recognition for and protection of individual human rights and freedom The Kenya constitution accommodates this distinctive characteristic in order to preserve the dignity of individuals and communities, to promote the realisations of the potential of all the people and also to promote social justice. The rights and freedom of the individuals are contained in the Bill of Rights. D A government must have relationship with the constitution It is unlawful to establish a system of government that is contrary to the constitution. Constitutional amendments since independence Kenya attained internal self-government on 1st June 1963. The constitution which the country adopted in 1963 was the independence constitution. A In 1964, the independence majimbo constitution was abolished. Kenya became a republic with an executive President. The President was the head of state and government. The country adopted a republican constitution with a unitary system of government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 100 b In 1966, the two houses of parliament, that is the senate and the House of Representatives were abolished and replaced with a single chamber National Assembly Parliament . D In 1966, a member who resigned from the party that sponsored him or her was required to seek fresh mandate from the electorate on the ticket of the new party. Also a member who missed eight consecutive parliamentary sittings or who served a prison sentence of over six months would automatically lose his seat. D In 1966, for any constitutional amendment to be affected there had to be a 2 3 majority of the members of Parliament. E In 1966, the Public Security Act stated that people could be detained on public interest without trial. |
Also a member who missed eight consecutive parliamentary sittings or who served a prison sentence of over six months would automatically lose his seat. D In 1966, for any constitutional amendment to be affected there had to be a 2 3 majority of the members of Parliament. E In 1966, the Public Security Act stated that people could be detained on public interest without trial. For example, a citizen who was considered to be a danger to state security was detained without trial. F In 1966, it was declared that if the Presidency fell vacant, the VicePresident would take over and act as President for the remaining term of office. The President was given power to nominate 12 members of parliament. G In 1968, the President was empowered to make changes on the administrative boundaries. In this case, the Parliament lost control over the changing of administrative boundaries. H In 1968, voting age was lowered from 21 to 18 years. One could qualify to contest for Presidency at the age of 35 years. Before one could contest at the age of 40 years and above. I In 1968, the presidential election was to be done directly by the people who qualified to vote. J In 1968, If the presidency fell vacant, elections were to be held within 90 days. The Vice - President acted as President for a period not going beyond 90 days. The President was also given power to postpone elections when and if he or she found it necessary. He could also shorten the life of the Parliament. K In 1975, the President was empowered to pardon election offenders enabling them to contest in future elections. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 101 l In 1977, the Kenya Court of Appeal was established to replace the East African Court of Appeal. M In 1978, Public officers who wanted to contest during parliamentary elections had to resign six months before election time. N In 1982, Kenya was changed from a de-facto one-party state to a de jure one-party state. This was done through the constitutional amendments which brought about the Section 2A . KANU was to be the only legal political party. O In 1982, the security tenure of office of the Attorney General and Controller Audit General was established. P In 1982, The office of the Chief Secretary and Head of Civil Service was established. |
KANU was to be the only legal political party. O In 1982, the security tenure of office of the Attorney General and Controller Audit General was established. P In 1982, The office of the Chief Secretary and Head of Civil Service was established. Q In 1987, The post of Chief Secretary was abolished and replaced by the office of the secretary to the cabinet. This occurred because the office of the Chief Secretary was too powerful. R In 1987, The President was empowered to dismiss government officers such as the Attorney General and the Controller and Audit General at will. S In 1988, The President was empowered to dismiss the High Court judges and the chairman of the Public Service Commission at will. T In 1988, The Police department was empowered to hold suspected criminals for a maximum of 14 days before presenting them to a court of law for hearing and trial. U In 1990, The tenure of office of the Attorney General, The Chairman of the Public Service Commission and the Controller and Audit General were guaranteed. V In 1990, The Presidency was limited to 2 five-year terms. For one to qualify as President he or she had to win 25 of the votes cast in at least 5 provinces of Kenya. W In 1991, The section 2A of the constitution was repealed and Kenya became a multi-party state. The voting age was lowered from 21 years to 18 years. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 102 x In 1997, Political parties were given the mandate to appoint nominated members of parliament. The Kenya electoral commission commissioners were increased while certain oppressive laws were either amended or repealed. Such laws were: i The public order act ii The Chief s Act iii The Preservation of Public Security Act iv The Vagrancy Act Review Questions 1. A Define the term constitution . B Explain the advantages and disadvantages of a written constitution. 2. Outline the provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. 3. Discuss the main constitutional amendments in Kenya since independence. 4. Identify the differences between written and unwritten constitution. 5. What are the main features of the Kenya constitution? 6. Give reasons why a constitution is necessary in any country. Students Activities 1. Describe the stages in the constitution making in Kenya. 2. Discuss the factors that determine a country s constitution. 3. |
2. Discuss the factors that determine a country s constitution. 3. Have a class debate on whether Kenya should have a Prime Minister with more powers than that of the President or not. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 103 For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 104 CHAPTER 7 Democracy and human rights Democracy is a Greek term derived from the Greek words demos, which means people and Kratia signifies power or rule. The word democracy may mean people s rule. It may also imply a system of government where the people of a country take part in decision making through elected representatives. Abraham Lincoln defined democracy as a government of the people, for the people and by the people. His definition is very popular and easy to comprehend. Any country with a true democratic system of government allows the people to enjoy the rights and freedoms such as rights to life, right to liberty and freedom of speech, freedom of political opinion and freedom of religion. It handles legal matters in accordance with the law. All people in the country are regarded as equal before the law irrespective of their status, race or religion. In a democratic country, people s opinions are taken very seriously because the government has to live to people s expectations. A country which does not honour the opinions of the people public opinion becomes unpopular and it is disowned by the majority who later vote it out of power. From the above explanation we may summarise the main features of democracy as below: a Democracy gives room for consent to various aspects. This is either done directly or through people s representatives. B Democracy emphasises on equality of all the people. The government therefore tries to provide all the people with equal opportunities. C Democracy gives people freedom to organise and enjoy their rights. Types of democracy The two common types of democracy are: 1. Direct democracy 2. Indirect democracy For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 105 Direct democracy A direct democracy is one which people in a country are allowed to participate directly in all decision making. It is sometimes called pure democracy. This kind of decision making was very common among the Bushmen of South Africa and the people of the Greek city states. Unfortunately direct democracy cannot work in countries with large populations because all the people cannot be consulted before decisions are made. |
It is sometimes called pure democracy. This kind of decision making was very common among the Bushmen of South Africa and the people of the Greek city states. Unfortunately direct democracy cannot work in countries with large populations because all the people cannot be consulted before decisions are made. It therefore succeeds in countries or communities with very few people where the opinion of every person is considered to be very useful before final decisions on various issues are made. What is agreed upon by all is accepted by all of them without any question. Direct democracy principles have been applied in Kenya in the attempt to allow people to exercise their democratic rights. Kenyans for example have been consulted to give their opinion concerning the constitutional review. Incase some issues are not agreed upon by members of the constitutional conference, a referendum has to be used so as to act according to the will of the people. Indirect democracy This is sometimes referred to as representative democracy. In this case, people do not participate directly in decision making. They normally use their representatives. The people by way of voting elect the representatives and they specifically express people s feelings on public issues. Indirect democracy is practical in large modern states because there are huge in size and population. The disadvantages of this method are that the people who are elected can easily ignore the people who elected them. They can also fail to consult the electorate in order to be able to air their views in the parliament. There are two types of representative democracy. These are: i Parliamentary democracy ii Presidential democracy Parliamentary democracy Here people cast votes to elect their representatives. Those who are elected choose one person to take leadership as Prime Minister. The one who is chosen appoints the other ministers from among the members of parliament. Those appointed forms the cabinet. The Prime Minister can be forced to resign if the other legislators cast a vote of no confidence on him. If this is done, another Prime Minister is elected to form the government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 106 Presidential Democracy Here the President and other members of Parliament are elected directly by the electorate. They then form a government that lasts for a specified period of time. In the Kenyan case, it is 5 years. Non of the two arms of the government, executive and legislature has full control over the other in this type of democracy. They only act as checks and balances therefore ensuring that non of them tries to overshadow the other. Principles of democracy Democratic principles are the moral professional standards that are necessary in a democracy. |
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