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They can also be defined as things that any individual is allowed to do or have by the law. One is legally allowed to do or have those things irrespective of race, religion, political opinion, creed, sex, language, place of origin, age, one s tribe, colour or other local connections. In Kenya, every person is guaranteed freedom of speech, religion, association and movement. He or she is also guaranteed the right to life, right to own property and right to personal liberty. Governments do not give these rights. They are the rights needed to live a human life. As one enjoys these fundamental rights, he or she should follow the law. He or she should not interfere with other people s rights or with the functioning of the government or the whole society s enjoyment of rights. The rights of the individuals are contained in chapter five of the constitution. The functions of Human Rights are: 1. To safeguard the individual s security, life and liberty. 2. To safeguard the individual s freedom of conscience, movement, association and speech, etc. 3. To safeguard the individual s private property and home. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 109 4. Human rights empower people to air their own views independently without fear. People should have the freedom of expression. 5. They ensure that the weak and the poor are not oppressed by the rich and powerful. 6. The human rights fulfil the moral and spiritual requirements of individuals. 7. They limit conflicts between people therefore inculcating to people the need for unity. 8. The human rights guide the government on how to deal with its citizens so that the citizens can gain confidence with the government. Features of human rights The main features of human rights are: a Human rights affect all the people in the world. Every human being therefore has the right to enjoy these fundamental human rights. B There are limitations of human rights. This simply means that sometimes people abuse the human rights when they fail to honour the rights of others. Due to this, the law has put some limitations on some of the rights and freedoms of the individuals. C Human rights are interdependent in that sometimes you must be having a certain right in order to enjoy the other. You cannot enjoy the freedom of speech if you are denied the freedom of association because you will not get somebody to talk to.
Due to this, the law has put some limitations on some of the rights and freedoms of the individuals. C Human rights are interdependent in that sometimes you must be having a certain right in order to enjoy the other. You cannot enjoy the freedom of speech if you are denied the freedom of association because you will not get somebody to talk to. If you are living in a state of insecurity and your life is in danger then you cannot enjoy many other rights such as right to liberty, freedom of association and freedom of movement. D If the country is at war, certain provisions of the fundamental rights can be suspended. Examples of the provisions which can be suspended are: i The protection in respect to the rights to liberty ii Freedom of expression speech iii Freedom of movement For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 110 iv Right against forced search or entry. V Freedom of association vi Anti-discrimination provision Violation of human rights In order to ensure that human rights are not violated, the government of Kenya set up a standing committee on human rights aimed at providing citizens with a way they can report abuses of human rights. The role of this committee is to receive complaints on human rights abuses from the public. It then makes reports and suggestions to the government on the action to be taken against those who violate the rights. The Kenyan Human Rights Commission also draws attention to human rights abuses. Other groups that observe and report issues on the abuse of human rights are religious groups, police, newspaper journalists, judges, educators, lawyers, trade unionists and the civil society organisations. The Bill of Rights The Bill of Rights is a statement of human or civil rights in a constitution. It explains and guarantees the rights of the individuals. It also clarifies the circumstances which may force the government to deny an individual his rights and freedoms. The Bill of rights in the Kenya constitution is derived from the International Bill of Rights that is found in the International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights. Some of the provisions of the International Bill of rights are: a It states clearly the right to self-determination. Here people are allowed to determine their political position and to continue with their socio-economic and cultural advancement. B There should be equal rights for both men and women as they enjoy civil and political rights. C All people have right to freedom of association. D No person shall be subjected to arbitrary interference of his family or privacy.
B There should be equal rights for both men and women as they enjoy civil and political rights. C All people have right to freedom of association. D No person shall be subjected to arbitrary interference of his family or privacy. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 111 e All people are equal before the law. Therefore no person is above the law and the law should apply to all people equally without any discrimination. F All people have a right to freedom of conscience and religion. G No person shall be subjected to inhuman treatment or torture. H All people have right to liberty. I All people living in a particular state lawfully have freedom of movement in that particular state. J Every person has the right to life that must be protected by law. K No person should be enslaved because all people have a right to freedom. L Every person has the right of being recognised every where in the world as a human being person before the law. M A couple has freedom to marry and start a family so long as they agree to do so. N Minority groups should never be denied their rights for instance religious rights and cultural rights. O Everyone has the right to take part in the public affairs of the state he belongs either directly or indirectly. So the right to vote and to be voted for is provided. The Bill of Rights was included in the constitution of many democratic states that include Kenya. However the Bill of Rights in Kenya had a number of limitations in connection to the constitution in use from independent up to 2003. These are: 1. Some bills lost their power due to use of clauses or exceptions. For instance in the constitution there was the freedom of movement at the same time the parliament was empowered to make laws that could restrict that freedom. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 112 2. The ways of making sure that the rights in the Bill of Rights were carried out were not clarified. 3. The Bill of Rights did not include or protect persons with disabilities against discrimination. 4. The provisions of suspending some of the rights contained in the Bill of Rights were generally very wide. 5. The marginalised communities were not very well protected because the Bill of Rights did not provide clear protection guidelines for such communities. 6.
5. The marginalised communities were not very well protected because the Bill of Rights did not provide clear protection guidelines for such communities. 6. The Kenyan Bill of Rights did not mention the socio-economic and cultural rights as well as the rights to development and the rights to a clean environment. 7. Some sections of the laws allowed discrimination. For example section 91 of the constitution discriminated against women when it allowed the child of a Kenyan father married to a foreign woman to get citizenship automatically while the child of a Kenyan woman married to a foreigner could not be awarded citizenship automatically. The UN charter on human rights The United Nations Organisation UNO sometimes referred to as UN was established after the Second World War to promote international co-operation by encouraging the respect for human rights and freedoms. The Charter of the UN was signed on 26th June 1945 and came into force on 24th October 1945. It provided the constitutional basis for establishing international peace and security. The need to have international peace and security arose as a result of people s concern due to the damages caused by the first world war and the second world war. During these two world wars, many people were killed and property worth millions of shillings destroyed. To prevent such damages occurring again, the Universal Declaration of Human Rights was written. The Declaration of Human Rights states that, all human beings are born free and equal in dignity and rights . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 113 The General Assembly of the United Nations adopted this declaration. It declares: i Civil and political rights ii Cultural rights iii Economic rights iv Social rights 1. Civil and political rights The aliens are protected from expulsion. People are prevented from being forced to testify against themselves or confess their guilt. It also provides for a right to be compensated in case of misuse or error of justice. There is prohibition of racial or religious hatred and ban of wars. Lastly, protection of ethnic, religious or different language minorities is provided. 2. Cultural Rights, Economic Rights and Social Rights The rights included here are the right to work, the right to education, the right to form trade unions, the right to strike, the right to participate in cultural life, the right to have an adequate standard of living, the right to social security, the right to fair and favourable conditions of work and the rights of minorities.
Lastly, protection of ethnic, religious or different language minorities is provided. 2. Cultural Rights, Economic Rights and Social Rights The rights included here are the right to work, the right to education, the right to form trade unions, the right to strike, the right to participate in cultural life, the right to have an adequate standard of living, the right to social security, the right to fair and favourable conditions of work and the rights of minorities. Kenyans enjoying the right to education Some of the human rights contained in the Universal Declaration of Human Rights document 1. Nobody shall be subjected to arbitrary detention, arrest or exile. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 114 2. Nobody should be enslaved. 3. All human beings are born free and equal. 4. All people have a right to life and liberty. 5. All people have a right to freedom of association and assembly. 6. Any person charged with an offence must be presumed innocent until proved guilty in a court of law. 7. Every person has a right to own property. No property should be taken away without proper compensation. 8. Every person is entitled with the right to a fair hearing by an impartial and independent court. 9. The right to freedom of movement within one s country is provided. 10. Anybody has a right to seek refuge in another country for political reasons. 11. Anybody has a right to freedom of expression speech . 12. Anybody has a right to belong to a particular nation. One can also change his nationality if he wants. 13. All people are equal before the law. 14. Anybody is allowed to marry another person and start a family irrespective of their nationality, religion, colour or race. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights document is important because: i It provides an international standard by which governments can be judged on issues of human rights so that they can be accused of violating them and therefore be cut off internationally or certain sanctions put in place to punish them. Ii It encourages some countries to form regional blocs so as to be able to introduce and protect human rights. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 115 The rights of the child Children like any other human beings are entitled to certain rights that provide special protection to them. Children differ from adults in that they have limited capabilities. For this reason they require protection and support of adults.
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 115 The rights of the child Children like any other human beings are entitled to certain rights that provide special protection to them. Children differ from adults in that they have limited capabilities. For this reason they require protection and support of adults. The rights of children are contained in the United Nations Convention on the Rights of the Child. The Children s Act in Kenya was passed by Parliament in the year 2002. It contained a number of rights for children. Some of them are as below: 1. Right to life Every child is entitled to the right to life. The parents and the government should therefore ensure that the children grow up without any obstacles that may affect their lives. 2. Right to education Children have a right to be educated. The parents must therefore ensure that their children obtain basic primary education that is now free. The government is ensuring that successful primary school pupils acquire secondary school education by providing bursary funds to students from poor families. 3. Protection from exploitation Children can easily be exploited as cheap labour. There should be regulations that protect children against exploitation. Children should not be forced to do any work that is likely to negatively affect them morally, physically and mentally. 4. Protection from discrimination Children should be protected against various kinds of discrimination such as being discriminated on the bases of colour, race, religion, sex and many others. 5. Right to good medical care Parents and the government should ensure that children are provided with medical care. For instance they can be vaccinated against certain diseases. Specialists for treating children should also be available. 6. Right to religious guidance The parents should guide their children on how to practice their religion and also instruct them on religious matters. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 116 7. Protection from sexual abuse Children should be protected from rape and from being given money in exchange for sex by adults. 8. Right to basic requirements like food, shelter and clothing Children have a right to be provided with food, shelter and clothing by their parents. In times of famine, the government should provide children with food if their parents are not able to do so. 9. Right to adoption The government has put in place guidelines on the way adoption should be done. 10. Right to play Children should be allowed to play. It is when they play that they make discoveries and also settle their minds. Playing also enables them to socialise with others.
Right to play Children should be allowed to play. It is when they play that they make discoveries and also settle their minds. Playing also enables them to socialise with others. Children socialising Classification of human rights Human rights may be categorised as follows: i Political and civil rights ii Social and cultural rights iii Economic Rights For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 117 iv Development and group rights Political and civil rights Political and civil rights are generally referred to as Civil rights or Fundamental rights, freedoms and protections . They enable individuals to follow their values and interests. They provide individuals with basic freedoms. Examples of civil rights are: i The right to life ii The right to personal liberty iii Freedom of expression iv Freedom of conscience v Freedom of association and assembly vi Freedom of movement vii Freedom of discrimination viii Protection against slavery and forced labour ix Protection from arbitrary search and entry x Right to the secure protection of law. Social and cultural rights They provide people with social freedom and basic needs such as education and health. They also provide people with the right to take part in cultural activities. They encourage fair treatment of all citizens and discourage inhuman treatment and interference with one s body, premises or private life therefore ensuring security to the people. Examples of social and cultural rights are: i Right to education ii Right to start a family or marry iii Right to health or medical care iv Right to housing or good shelter For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 118 v Right to good food vi Right to good clothing vii Right to play and leisure viii Right to social security ix Right to parental love x Right to association xi Protection from discrimination, sexual abuse, drugs and disaster. Economic rights These provide people with economic freedom. They enable people to take part in the economic activities freely without harassment. Economic rights provide people with the right to own and use property and the chance to work and provide for their livelihood. They also provide people with the right to freedom from forced labour and slavery. Examples of economic rights are: i Right to form and become a trade union member ii Right to own property iii Right to work and to fair judgement iv Right to start and operate a business v Right to form and join a trade union Developmental and group rights These help people to have better life.
Economic rights provide people with the right to own and use property and the chance to work and provide for their livelihood. They also provide people with the right to freedom from forced labour and slavery. Examples of economic rights are: i Right to form and become a trade union member ii Right to own property iii Right to work and to fair judgement iv Right to start and operate a business v Right to form and join a trade union Developmental and group rights These help people to have better life. One of the ways of having a better life is living in a clean environment which is free from all forms of pollution for instance excessive noise, excessive fumes and smoke, bad smell from rotting objects and contaminated water due to careless dumping of pollutants. Group rights represent a specific group of people. Examples of development and group rights are: i The right to culture ii The right to clean environment For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 119 iii The right to development iv The right of persons with disabilities v The right of minorities In conclusion, it is vital to note that the new government which took over leadership after 2002 immediately began addressing itself to the issue of discrimination against women and other minorities which is an important issue on human rights. For decades women and women s groups have been disadvantaged yet they contribute greatly to the economy of the country. There were also other groups that are marginalised on the basis of gender, disability, age, customs and traditions. The new government responded positively after power was handed over by the previous regime by taking Affirmative action measures to accelerate equality and reverse discrimination which resulted to nomination of more women to parliament after the general election. It is hoped that the government will continue to encourage fairness to both genders in the assignment of responsibilities and leadership roles as well as making opportunities available for the marginalised groups. By so doing, there will be fair sharing, distribution and allocation of jobs and resources for everyone s benefit and also for the good of everyone in the country. When this is achieved all Kenyans will begin thinking, talking, trying and acting to achieve all the goals set by the practical democratic leaders of our country. Review Questions 1. A Define the term Democracy . B Describe the two types of democracy below: i Direct Democracy ii Indirect or Representative Democracy 2. A What are Human Rights? B Describe the UN Charter on Human Rights 3.
B Describe the two types of democracy below: i Direct Democracy ii Indirect or Representative Democracy 2.a What are Human Rights?b Describe the UN Charter on Human Rights 3.Identify the Rights of the Child which are contained in the Children s Act.4.a How can we classify Human Rights?b Identify the ways the government is adopting Affirmative Action to deal with the past discrimination. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 120 5.What are the sources of Kenya s Bill of Rights?6.Discuss the following: i Presidential democracy ii Parliamentary democracy Students Activities 1.Discuss the principles of democracy.2.In groups identify various human rights abuses in Kenya.3.Have a class debate whether it is right or wrong to compel all street children to join the National Youth Service. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.
History and Government for form 3 Hallo. Welcome to History and Government for form 3. We are going to learn about European invasion of Africa and the process of colonisation, establishment of colonial rule in Kenya, colonial administration, social and economic developments in Kenya during the colonial period, political developments and the struggle for independence in Kenya, emergence and growth of nationalism in Africa and, lives and contributions of Kenyan leaders. Further, we shall discuss The Formation, Structure and Functions of the Government of Kenya in regard to the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary as outlined in the constitution. European invasion of Africa European interests in Africa began as early as the 1st century Ad. The Greeks, Romans, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch traded with the Africans as we learnt in form one. This led to the development of trade routes and centres which opened up Africa. For centuries, these foreigners interacted with the Africans through trade, exploration and missionary work. These however changed between 1884 and 1914 when the Europeans started to invade and colonise Africa in What came to be known as the Scramble and Partition of Africa. European Invasion of Africa European Invasion of Africa European interests in Africa began as early as the 1st century Ad. The Greeks, Romans, Portuguese, British, French and the Dutch traded with the Africans as we learnt in form one. This led to the development of trade routes and centres which opened up Africa. For centuries, these foreigners interacted with the Africans through trade, exploration and missionary work. These however changed between 1884 and 1914 when the Europeans started to invade and colonise Africa in What came to be known as the Scramble and Partition of Africa. Click on the play button to view European interests in Africa. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to: 1. Define the terms scramble and partition 2. Identify the methods used by Europeans to acquire colonies in Africa 3. Describe the process of partition 4. Analyze the impact of partition Scramble and Partition for Africa For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke To scramble means to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get something. Partion means to divide something among people or competitors. The scramble and partition of Africa refers to the rush for European powers to establish their spheres of influence or colonies in Africa. Click on the play button to view animation on scamble.
Partion means to divide something among people or competitors. The scramble and partition of Africa refers to the rush for European powers to establish their spheres of influence or colonies in Africa. Click on the play button to view animation on scamble. Methods used by European to acquire Colonies in Africa European powers used the following methods to acquire colonies in Africa: 1 Signing of Treaties - Europeans used to sign treaties with the local leaders and also among themselves. 2 Military Conquest - this was used whenever treaty making failed 3 Diplomacy - this is when Europeans used peaceful negotiations to acquire territory 4 Trickery - this involved luring African leaders with gifts to surrender their territory to Europeans 5 Company rule - this was the use of chartered companies to administer the colonies on behalf of the European powers 6 Missionaries - this is when missionaries asked for protection from their parent countries after converted Africans to Christianity Process of Partition 1 Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers 2 Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade 3 River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade 4 Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements This process involved dividing Africa among European powers after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers. Process of Partition Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements Process of Partition This process involved dividing Africa among European powers after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established 2 Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers.
The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers. Process of Partition Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements Process of Partition This process involved dividing Africa among European powers after the Berlin conference of 1884-85. The terms agreed during the Berlin conference were: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 once an area is declared a sphere of influence effective occupation must be established 2 Any European power claiming any part of Africa must inform other powers. Otto Von Bismarck 1 Missionaries, traders and explorers irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial powers 2 Any power owning territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade 3 River Niger and Congo must be left free for all European powers for fair trade 4 Partition treaties must be used to sort out any future disagreements Terms of the Berlin Conference The Berlin Conference had the following terms; 1. Once an area is declared a sphere of influence, effective influence must be established 2. Any European country claiming any part of Africa must inform other interested parties 3. Missionaries, traders, explorers, irrespective of their countries of origin should be protected by the colonial power 4. Any power acquiring territory in Africa must undertake to abolish slave trade 5. River Niger and Congo to be left free for all European powers for fair international trade Impact of Partition The partition of Africa had several effects both to both Africans and Europeans. Some of these impacts include: 1. Drawing of boundaries in Africa 2. Spread of Christianity 3. Introduction of Western education 4. Abolition of slave trade 5. Improvement in agriculture 6. Some communities were split into different countries Symbol of Christianity. Prior Knowledge In the previous lesson, we learnt about the impact of the partition of Africa. In order to review this lesson, attempt the following exercise by ticking the negative effects of the partition from the list given.
Some communities were split into different countries Symbol of Christianity. Prior Knowledge In the previous lesson, we learnt about the impact of the partition of Africa. In order to review this lesson, attempt the following exercise by ticking the negative effects of the partition from the list given. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to; 1. Identify different ways in which Africans reacted to European colonization. 2. Discuss the Mandinka resistance under Samouri Toure. African Reaction to European colonization Resistance In this lesson we are will discuss the Mandinka resistance by identifying the reasons for the resistance, reasons for Mandinka defeat by the French and effects of the resistance. Resistance refers to the use weapons by Africans to fight the foreigners. An example of a community that resisted was the Mandinka led by Samouri Toure. Why did the Mandinka resist the French invasion? African Reaction to European colonization Resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: To safeguard their independence Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso African Reaction to European colonization Resistance In this lesson we are will discuss the Mandinka resistance by identifying the reasons for the resistance, reasons for Mandinka defeat by the French and effects of the resistance. Resistance refers to the use weapons by Africans to fight the foreigners. An example of a community that resisted was the Mandinka led by Samouri Toure. Why did the Mandinka resist the French invasion? African Reaction to European colonization Resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: To safeguard their independence Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso African Reaction to European colonization Resistance The Mandika resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: 1. To safeguard their independence 2. Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3. Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy 4. He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects 5.
Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3. Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy 4. He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects 5. The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke African Reaction to European colonization Resistance In this lesson we are will discuss the Mandinka resistance by identifying the reasons for the resistance, reasons for Mandinka defeat by the French and effects of the resistance. Resistance refers to the use weapons by Africans to fight the foreigners. An example of a community that resisted was the Mandinka led by Samouri Toure. Why did the Mandinka resist the French invasion? The Mandika resistance Several reason led to the Mandinka resistance. These include: 1. To safeguard their independence 2. Samouri Toure was unwilling to lose the Bure Gold mines to the French 3. Samouri wanted to maintain economic and military supremacy 4. He was against the introduction of Christianity to his Muslim subjects 5. The French supplied weapons to his enemy Tieba of Sikasso Why the Mandinka resisited French invasion of their territory Several factors enabled Samouri Toure to resist the French for a long time. In order to understand these factors, listen to the following conversation between an elderly man explaining to his grand son why the resistance took so long. Reasons for Samouri Toure's defeat From the conversation we have listened to in the conversation, we have learnt that Samouri Toure was able to resist the French for a long time because; 1 He was a soldier and had a large army that was well equipped with modern weapons. 2 He also used the guerilla tactics in fighting the French and he knew his terrain well. 3 He had a workshop where he made and repaired his weapons. One might wonder why Samouri Toure was defeated by the French. Several factors contributed to Samouri Toure's defeat by the French. These included: 1. Lack of adequate supplies 2. Lack of unity among African societies 3. Samouri's second empire was open to attacks 4. The British refused to support Samouri against the French 5. The French had superior weapons 6. The weapon become demoralized due to continuous warfare. Results of Samouri Toure's resistance The Mandinka resistance had several effects on both Africans and the French.
5 Lewanika admired the western way of life and his thinking was influenced by his secretary who was also a French missionary, Francois Coillard. 6 Lewanika was aware of the British military supremacy Reasons for Lewanikas collaboration Some of the reasons for Lewanika's collaboration with the British were: Lewanika needed British For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke cooperation so as to quash a succession dispute to the throne that was threatened by his half brother Mwanawina. External attacks in the form of Ndebele cattle raids The Portuguese were raiding the Lozi for slaves with sophisticated weapons Lewanika was impressed by the benefits that Chief Khama of the Ngwato in Botswana obtained from cooperating with the British. Lewanika admired the western way of life and his thinking was influenced by his secretary who was also a French missionary, Francois Coillard. Lewanika was aware of the British military supremacy Course of Lewanika's collaboration What did the process of Lewanika's collaboration involve? It involved; 1 The Ware treaty of 1889 that allowed the British to prospect for minerals. 2 The Lochner treaty of 1890 which gave the British exclusive mining rights in all areas of Balotse except for certain traditional iron mines 3 Lawley treaty of 1898 which allowed British settler farming in Balotseland 4 The Coryndon treaty of 1900 that gave the British judicial and administrative powers, and as a result, Lewanika become a paramount chief and an employee in the British administration, and therefore no longer an independent king. Lewanika during negotiations with white colonialists Results of Lozi collaboration Lewanika's collaboration with the British had several effects on both Africans and Europeans. Some of the effects were; Lewanika retained his position as paramount chief of the Lozi The British used Lozi to establish their authority over northern Rhodesia Lozi chiefs lost all their powers except that of tax collection The British South Africa company exploited minerals in Borotseland The British built schools, hospitals, transport and communication links on Borotseland. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to; 1. Explain factors for the European invasion of Kenya 2.
Some of the effects were; Lewanika retained his position as paramount chief of the Lozi The British used Lozi to establish their authority over northern Rhodesia Lozi chiefs lost all their powers except that of tax collection The British South Africa company exploited minerals in Borotseland The British built schools, hospitals, transport and communication links on Borotseland. Objectives By the end of the lesson you should be able to; 1. Explain factors for the European invasion of Kenya 2. Describe the process of British occupation of Kenya Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa Quiz For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke In our lesson we have learnt about the background to the scrable and partion of East Africa. Attempt the following exercise by filling in the correct word or words in the spaces provided.in each of the statements. During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. German spheres of influence in East Africa during the 19th century. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya. In Lesson one, we said that scramble is to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something while partition is to divide something among people or competitors. We shall now look at the Berlin conference that was held between 1884 to 1885 which enabled the European powers to share Africa among themselves. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya.
The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya. In Lesson one, we said that scramble is to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something while partition is to divide something among people or competitors. We shall now look at the Berlin conference that was held between 1884 to 1885 which enabled the European powers to share Africa among themselves. During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Background to the Scramble and partition of East Africa In todays lesson, we shall learn more about the scramble, partion and the British occupation in Kenya. In Lesson one, we said that scramble is to rush for, compete or struggle with others in order to get or do something while partition is to divide something among people or competitors. We shall now look at the Berlin conference that was held between 1884 to 1885 which enabled the European powers to share Africa among themselves. During the sharing, East Africa fell under two European colonial powers, For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke namely Britain and Germany. The colonial interests of these powers were enhanced by the activities of explorers, traders and missionaries. The activities of Carl Peters from Germany and Harry Johnston in East Africa led to the scramble for and partition of the region into British and Germany spheres of influence. Causes for the scramble of East Africa What was the main cause of the scramble? Several causes led to the scarmble and partion of East Africa. The main cause of the British interest in East Africa was to control the source of River Nile for her security in Egypt. River Nile as it flows through Africa from its source in Lake Victoria to Egypt Other causes that led to the scamble and partition of East Africa were; 1 The rise of Germany and Italy in Europe which led to competition for colonies outside Europe.
Several causes led to the scarmble and partion of East Africa. The main cause of the British interest in East Africa was to control the source of River Nile for her security in Egypt. River Nile as it flows through Africa from its source in Lake Victoria to Egypt Other causes that led to the scamble and partition of East Africa were; 1 The rise of Germany and Italy in Europe which led to competition for colonies outside Europe. Many countries wanted to control the source of the Nile and Suez canal which was a center of interest in Europe 2 Demand for raw material for industries in Europe 3 Europeans believed they had superior culture hence wanted to spread it 4 Missionaries appealed for protection from their home governments Causes for the scramble of East Africa What was the main cause of the scramble? Several causes led to the scramble and partition of East Africa. The main cause of the British interest in East Africa was to control the source of River Nile for her security in Egypt. Causes for the scramble of East Africa Other causes that led to the scramble and partition of East Africa were; The rise of Germany and Italy in Europe which led to competition for colonies outside Europe Many countries wanted to control the source of the Nile and Suez canal which was a center of interest in Europe Demand for raw material for industries in Europe Europeans believed they had superior culture hence wanted to spread it Missionaries appealed for protection from their home governments The Process of British occupation in Kenya The process of partition of East Africa involved two powers, namely British and Germany. The actual partition was done through signing of agreements. This included Anglo-Germany agreement of 1886 and Anglo-Germany agreement of 1890, also known as the Heligoland treaty. During the 1886 Anglo-Germany agreement, the two countries agreed that a line was to be drawn from the coast to Lake Victoria. The northern part of the line which today kenya was to belong to the British and the southern was to belong to the Germans. Witu on river Tana was given to Germany, the coastline and the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke were controlled by the Sultanate if Zanzibar. Why was it necessary to sign the Heligoland treaty? This was a treaty that gave Britain full occupation of Uganda after she surrendered Heligoland island in the North Sea.
Witu on river Tana was given to Germany, the coastline and the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke were controlled by the Sultanate if Zanzibar. Why was it necessary to sign the Heligoland treaty? This was a treaty that gave Britain full occupation of Uganda after she surrendered Heligoland island in the North Sea. Germany purchased the coast of Tanyanyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. The Sultan retained the 16 Kilometer coastal strip. The Process of British occupation in Kenya The process of partition of East Africa involved two powers, namely British and Germany. The actual partition was done through signing of agreements. This included Anglo-Germany agreement of 1886 and Anglo-Germany agreement of 1890, also known as the Heligoland treaty. During the 1886 Anglo-Germany agreement, the two countries agreed that a line was to be drawn from the coast to Lake Victoria. The northern part of the line which today kenya was to belong to the British and the southern was to belong to the Germans. Witu on river Tana was given to Germany, the coastline and the islands of Lamu, Pemba, Zanzibar and Mafia were controlled by the Sultanate if Zanzibar. The Process of British occupation in Kenya Why was it necessary to sign the Heligoland treaty? This was a treaty that gave Britain full occupation of Uganda after she surrendered Heligoland island in the North Sea. Germany purchased the coast of Tanyanyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. The Sultan retained the 16 Kilometer coastal strip. Establishment of colonial rule in Kenya In this Topic we shall learn about the response of the people of Kenya to British invasion and occupation. Some Kenyan societies resisted the British. They include the Bukusu, Gusii and Somali, Agiryama. In this lesson we shall pay particular interest to the Nandi resistance. Koitalel Arap Samoei the Nandi leader Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain African response to British invasion of Kenya. B Explain the Nandi response to British invasion of their territory. Quiz In this lesson we have learnt the response of the Nandi to British invasion and occupation.
Koitalel Arap Samoei the Nandi leader Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain African response to British invasion of Kenya. B Explain the Nandi response to British invasion of their territory. Quiz In this lesson we have learnt the response of the Nandi to British invasion and occupation. To evaluate yourself on what you have learnt, attempt the following exercise by filling in the correct answers in the blank spaces provided in the passage For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The response of the Nandi to British invasion and occupation Some Kenyan communities strongly resisted the initial occupation of their territory. They used armed struggle to resist British rule. Among the communities that resisted were the Nandi. In this lesson, we shall discuss the causes of the Nandi resistance, reasons why the resistance took a long time, and results of the resistance. Causes of the Nandi resistance Why did the Nandi resist British invasion of their territory? Several reasons led to the Nandi resistance. These included: 1 They regarded themselves superior due to their good military organization 2 Kimnyole's prophesy had warned them against allowing foreigners in their territory 3 Koitalel Arap Samoei's able leadership. He was also a symbol of unity among the Nandi 4 They were against the construction of the Uganda Railway across their territory 5 They disliked the Europeans due to their pale skin, clothes and associated them with devils 6 They wanted to preserve their cultural practices and religious beliefs Nandi woman being reprimanded for wearing earings and necklace made from telegraph wires. Why the Nandi resisted the British for so long The Nandi resistance lasted for about ten years. The Nandi were favoured by the following factors: 1 Their land is mountainous with valleys. The Nandi were conversant with the terrain 2 They practised mixed economy hence when the British confiscated their cattle, they could still depend on food crops 3 The age set system supplied them with reliable military force 4 Climatic conditions were very harsh for the British invaders 5 Poor transport and communication delayed quick movement of British forces For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Nandi warriors Results of the Nandi resistance The Nandi put up a spirited resistance against the British but were eventually defeated.
Why the Nandi resisted the British for so long The Nandi resistance lasted for about ten years. The Nandi were favoured by the following factors: 1 Their land is mountainous with valleys. The Nandi were conversant with the terrain 2 They practised mixed economy hence when the British confiscated their cattle, they could still depend on food crops 3 The age set system supplied them with reliable military force 4 Climatic conditions were very harsh for the British invaders 5 Poor transport and communication delayed quick movement of British forces For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Nandi warriors Results of the Nandi resistance The Nandi put up a spirited resistance against the British but were eventually defeated. Their defeat led to the following: 1 Loss of independence 2 Loss of lives 3 Destruction of property 4 The Nandi leader, Koitalel Arap Samoei, was killed in 1905 5 Land alienation 6 creation of African reserves. Koitalel Arap Samoei Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the Maasai response to British invasion. The Response of the Maasai to British Invasion and Occupation Collaboration means to cooperate with another person or a second party for various reasons. In this, lesson we are going to discuss the Maasai's response to colonial rule. Maasai reserves and Maasai territories. Causes of Maasai collaboration During the time of scramble and partition of Africa, the Maasai led by Lenana collaborated with the British because of the following reasons: 1 Succession dispute between Lenana and Sendeyo 2 Natural calamities such as drought and locust invasion 3 External attacks from the Nandi and Luo 4 Protect their independence 5 Wanted to protect their pasture land and water points Sign of drought Course of collaboration For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The process of collaboration between the Maasai and the British involved sigining of treaties. The first one in 1904 and the second in 1911. These recognised Lenana as a paramount chief and moved Maasai to semi arid reserves to pave way for white settlers.
Causes of Maasai collaboration During the time of scramble and partition of Africa, the Maasai led by Lenana collaborated with the British because of the following reasons: 1 Succession dispute between Lenana and Sendeyo 2 Natural calamities such as drought and locust invasion 3 External attacks from the Nandi and Luo 4 Protect their independence 5 Wanted to protect their pasture land and water points Sign of drought Course of collaboration For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The process of collaboration between the Maasai and the British involved sigining of treaties. The first one in 1904 and the second in 1911. These recognised Lenana as a paramount chief and moved Maasai to semi arid reserves to pave way for white settlers. Collaboration of the Maasai with the British involved: 1 The signing of the 1904 treaty which created the Laikipia Plateau in the North and Ngong reserves to the South 2 The signing of the 1911 treaty which pushed the Maasai to the Southern reserve 3 Use of Maasai mercenaries by the British to fight the Nandi and Luo Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had several effects. They include the following: 1 Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 2 The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong 3 They lost their land to the British Lenana and colonial masters Other results are: 4 The Maasai freedom was curtailed and were required to conduct their rituals within a specific area 5 There was total disruption of their economy 6 The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai 7 The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu 8 The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed 9 The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Masaai Morans Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had a lot of effects. Some of them lasting upto date many years after independence .
Collaboration of the Maasai with the British involved: 1 The signing of the 1904 treaty which created the Laikipia Plateau in the North and Ngong reserves to the South 2 The signing of the 1911 treaty which pushed the Maasai to the Southern reserve 3 Use of Maasai mercenaries by the British to fight the Nandi and Luo Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had several effects. They include the following: 1 Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 2 The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong 3 They lost their land to the British Lenana and colonial masters Other results are: 4 The Maasai freedom was curtailed and were required to conduct their rituals within a specific area 5 There was total disruption of their economy 6 The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai 7 The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu 8 The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed 9 The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Masaai Morans Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had a lot of effects. Some of them lasting upto date many years after independence . Some of them include For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke the following: - Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 - The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong - They lost their land to the British Other results are: - The Maasai freedom was curtailed to conduct their rituals within a specific area - There was total disruption of their economy - The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai - The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu - The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed - The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1.
They include the following: 1 Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 2 The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong 3 They lost their land to the British Lenana and colonial masters Other results are: 4 The Maasai freedom was curtailed and were required to conduct their rituals within a specific area 5 There was total disruption of their economy 6 The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai 7 The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu 8 The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed 9 The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Masaai Morans Effects of Maasai collaboration The collaboration of the Maasai had a lot of effects. Some of them lasting upto date many years after independence . Some of them include For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke the following: - Lenana became a Paramount Chief of the Maasai in 1901 - The Maasai were moved to reserves, namely Loita and Ngong - They lost their land to the British Other results are: - The Maasai freedom was curtailed to conduct their rituals within a specific area - There was total disruption of their economy - The animals and foodstuffs that were looted from the Nandi, Agikuyu and the Luo was given to the Maasai - The Maasai were used as mercenaries against resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu - The Maasai migratory grazing habits were also curtailed - The Maasai lost their independence and their land was declared British protectorate Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Explain the Akamba response to British invasion 2. Discuss the effects of Akamba response to the British invasion The Akamba Response to British Invasion and Occupation Mixed Reactions Mixed reaction refers to a situation where some people within a community collaborated while other resisted the colonialists. Some of the communities that offered mixed reaction include the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. In today's lesson we shall learn about the Akamba mixed reaction to British invasion and occupation.
Discuss the effects of Akamba response to the British invasion The Akamba Response to British Invasion and Occupation Mixed Reactions Mixed reaction refers to a situation where some people within a community collaborated while other resisted the colonialists. Some of the communities that offered mixed reaction include the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. In today's lesson we shall learn about the Akamba mixed reaction to British invasion and occupation. The Akamba community felt threatened by British interference of their activities and responded by resisting. Some of the causes of resistance were: 1 Loss of independence after the establishment of the colonial rule 2 Cutting down of the shrine tree 3 Abuse of their culture 4 Forced labour 5 Military expeditions For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke MIXED REACTIONS In today's lesson we shall define mixed reaction, explain the Akamba response to British invasion and discuss the effects of Akamba mixed reaction to British invasion. Mixed reaction referes to a situation where some people in the community collaborated while other resisted. The Akamba community felt threatened by British interference of their activities and responded by resisting. MIXED REACTIONS Some of the causes of resistance were: Loss of independence after the establishment of the colonial rule Cutting down of the shrine tree Abuse of their culture Forced labour Military expeditions Course of the Akamba resistance What methods did the Akamba use in the process of their resistance? The following are ways in which the Akamba resisted and the British response. These included: 1 They refused to sell goods to the company agents. 2 The cutting of shrine tree made the prophetess to organize an attack at Masaku Fort 3 The company responded by burning and looting Akamba villages 4 In 1894 more attacks by the Akamba on the British 5 In response, the British attacked and defeated the Akamba, and then the Akamba started collaborating. Collaboration of the Akamba Collaboration means getting into a cooperation, assosciation or partnership with another person, party or group.
Resistance 2. Collaboration and 3. Mixed reactions In this lesson, we shall discuss the colonial system of administration in Kenya. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Discuss the British system of indirect rule in Kenya British Indirect rule in Kenya Indirect rule in Kenya As discussed earlier, Indirect rule was a British system of For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke administration where African chiefs who were in power before the coming of the British were allowed to continue ruling under the British District Commissioners. An African chief Central Administration In order to effectively administer Kenya, the British government introduced a central government which had the following structure: What was the role of African Chiefs in the colonial administration setup? African chiefs worked under District officers. Some the African chiefs had been in power before colonization. The African chiefs had the following duties: 1 Solving petty disputes among Africans 2 Maintaining law and order 3 Collection of taxes 4 Mobilizing African labour for public works 5 Explaining colonial government policies to the people 6 Organizing public Barazas Central Administration In order to effectively administer Kenya, the British government introduced a central government which had the following structure: The colonial secretary based in London The Governor or Chief executive officer based in Nairobi The Provincial commissioners who were in charge of provinces District commissioners who were in charge of districts Division officers. What was the role of African Chiefs in the colonial administration setup? African chiefs worked under District officers. Some the African chiefs had been in power before colonization. The African chiefs had the following duties: Solving petty disputes among Africans Maintaining law and order Collection of taxes Mobilizing African labour for public works Explaining colonial government policies to the people Organizing public Barazas Why the British used indirect rule in Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect Rule in Kenya There were several reasons that made the British to apply indirect rule in Kenya.
African chiefs worked under District officers. Some the African chiefs had been in power before colonization. The African chiefs had the following duties: Solving petty disputes among Africans Maintaining law and order Collection of taxes Mobilizing African labour for public works Explaining colonial government policies to the people Organizing public Barazas Why the British used indirect rule in Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect Rule in Kenya There were several reasons that made the British to apply indirect rule in Kenya. Some of them are: 1 It was cheap because African Chiefs did not require to be paid high salaries 2 The British controlled many colonies and suffered lack of enough personnel 3 There was less resistance from Africans because they were being ruled by their fellow African chiefs 4 Due to poor transport and communication network, the British could not access some of the rural areas 5 The system was already successful in other areas, for example, India. Effects of Indirect rule in Kenya Indirect rule had several effects both on the Africans and Europeans. Some of these effects were: 1 The appointed African chiefs facilitated implementation of colonial laws 2 It made African communities to remain divided as the appointed chiefs supported colonial administration 3 The British policy of divide and rule led to isolation of Africans along tribal lines to serve British interests 4 The creation of chiefs in the former stateless societies made them mediators between the ruler and the ruled. This led to colonial misrule whereby Africans suffered from unpopular colonial laws 5 Independent rule prepared Africans for future responsibilities after independence. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Define the term indirect rule b Give reasons for indirect rule in Nigeria c Explain how indirect rule was applied d Analyse the effects of indirect rule in Nigeria In this lesson, we shall learn about Indirect rule in Nigeria. We shall define Indirect rule, reasons for the application of indirect rule in Nigeria, how it was applied and its effects. What is Indirect rule? Indirect Rule was a British system of administration where African chiefs who were in power before the coming of the British were allowed to continue ruling under the British Administrators. Map showing Nigeria For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect rule in Nigeria Listen to the following conversation between Captain Lugard and the Colonial Secretary.
What is Indirect rule? Indirect Rule was a British system of administration where African chiefs who were in power before the coming of the British were allowed to continue ruling under the British Administrators. Map showing Nigeria For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Reasons for Indirect rule in Nigeria Listen to the following conversation between Captain Lugard and the Colonial Secretary. How Indirect rule was applied Different European powers used different methods to apply their rule in Africa. In Northern Nigeria, indirect rule was applied using the following methods: 1 Northern Nigeria was divided into Emirates headed by Emirs. 2 Emirs were left to rule their own people. 3 Fredrick Lugard assured the Emirs that the British did not intend to replace them hence they cooperated. 4 Lugard allowed the Emirs to impose and collect taxes as before. 5 They were also allowed to judge cases in their courts. 6 The Emirs retained their powers to appoint officials in charge of villages. 7 In each Province, Lugard created a protectorate court to serve as a Court of Appeal presided over by Africans. Challenges in Administration of Indirect rule Challenges of Indirect Rule in Southern Nigeria Indirect rule was faced by several challenges while being applied in Nigeria. Some of these challenges were: 1 Southern Nigeria had many different ethnic groups with diverse political and religious systems. 2 The attempt by Fredrick Lugard to give more powers to the Yoruba traditional leaders proved futile. 3 Egba Community resisted paying taxes. 4 Among the Ibo Community Lugard had appointed Young Mission Educated men to the position of Emirs were opposed by the elders. 5 There was no common language in the South because Elite used English while others used their local languages. Effects of Indirect rule Effects of Indirect rule For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Indirect rule in Southern Nigeria affected Africans and Europeans in several ways: 1. The role of African traditional rulers was transformed. 2. The indigenous systems of administration and justice was modernized by the British. 3 African chiefs accumulated a lot of wealth at the expense of their people. 4 Developments like introduction of Christianity, western education and technology took time before gaining root. 5 Indirect Rule created suspicion and mistrust between the educated elite and traditional chiefs. 6 Indirect Rule helped to preserve African culture.
The British South Africa Company hoisted the Union Flag and by 1895, the new British Colony was named Rhodesia after Cecil Rhodes. The administration was authoritative and managed by the white minorities. The structure used in administering Zimbabwe was as follows; 1 The highest officer in Zimbabwe was the Governor who was under the Colonial Secretary 2 There was a legislative council that was dominated by white minority 3 The Prime Minister controlled the legislature and the Cabinet that was made up of only whites 4 There were magistrates who dealt with issues affecting the settlers 5 There were Native Commissioners who settled cased involving Africans 6 The Native Affairs Department was equivalent to a district under a white officer assisted by African chiefs 7 The chiefs had no powers but were supported to implement orders from the Native Commissioners. Effects of Direct Rule in Zimbabwe The application of Direct Rule in Zimbabwe had the following effects: 1 Settlement of whites who took most of the fertile land 2 Africans were displaced to semi-arid reserves 3 The power and authority of African traditional chiefs was undermined 4 It led to imposition of heavy taxes on Africans 5 Africans were subjected to forced labour 6 African economic activities were disrupted 7 Racial segregation legalized the oppression of Africans by the whites. 8 Unilateral declaration of independence by Ian Smith in 1965 delayed the attainment of real independence in Zimbabwe upto 1980. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Define the term assimilation For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2. Explain the characteristics of assimilation policy 3. Identify factors for the failure of the assimilation policy 4. Analyze the effects of assimilation policy Quiz Drag and drop the communes in their respective places on the map on Senegal provided where assimilation was applied. Assimilation: The French in Senegal Assimilation means "similar" or to "resemble". This meant that the assimilated Africans were the same as the Europeans in terms of culture. Assimilation policy meant that the assimilated Africans acquired the same status as the French people. Map of Senegal showing the four communes.
This meant that the assimilated Africans were the same as the Europeans in terms of culture. Assimilation policy meant that the assimilated Africans acquired the same status as the French people. Map of Senegal showing the four communes. The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination. Characteristics of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy was an administration policy used by the French which was intended to create Frenchmen out of Black Africans. The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals.
The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination. Characteristics of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy was an administration policy used by the French which was intended to create Frenchmen out of Black Africans. The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals. Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage.
Characteristics of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy was an administration policy used by the French which was intended to create Frenchmen out of Black Africans. The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals. Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage. Effects of Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy had several effects on the people of France and Africa.
The main characteristics of this type of administration were as follows: 1 Colonies were regarded as oversees departments of France 2 The colonized people were to adopt the French culture 3 Colonies elected representatives to the French parliament 4 There were common legal practices in French colonies with those of France 5 French language was used as the official language for communication For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Introduction of French system of education 7 Attempt to transform the Africans in Senegal into Frenchmen in black skins The assimilated Africans had the following privileges: 1 Were granted French citizenship 2 Were treated as African Frenchmen 3 Enjoyed educational opportunities like the Frenchmen 4 Were employed in the French civil service 5 Enjoyed the same voting rights as the Frenchmen 6 Could send representatives to represent them in the French chamber of deputies 7 Enjoyed similar trading rights like Frenchmen 8 Were exempted from forced labour, taxation and other forms of discrimination Listen to the French National Anthem Factors that led to the failure of Assimilation Policy Assimilation policy failed in West Africa because cultures cannot die overnight, which is what the French wanted and most of the French nationals were also opposed to the idea of elevating Africans to their equals. Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage. Effects of Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy had several effects on the people of France and Africa. 1 The policy of assimilation undermined African culture 2 The authority of the traditional African leaders were eroded 3 The colony was incorporated into the French republic 4 Africans in Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France 5 The assimilation policy frustrated the spread of Islam especially in the French quarter communes Social and Economic Development During The Colonial Period in Kenya In today's lesson we shall discuss the reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway, problems encountered during the construction and the effects.
Other factors that resulted to the failure of this policy are as follows: 1 It was an expensive policy to implement and sustain 2 The policy was confined to the four communes of Senegal while the interior was not affected 3 Cultural differences between the Africans and the French such as polygamy among the Africans and monogamy among the French 4 Racial discrimination whereby the French resented the idea of equality with Africans 5 Fear of economic rivalry with Africans as it would bring competition 6 Increased dissatisfaction from the African elite elected to the French parliament for they were discriminated by their French counterparts For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 African rejected the policy on religious grounds since they were Muslims and French were Christians 8 Differences between the French legal system and African customary laws in relation to inheritance, divorce, marriage. Effects of Assimilation Policy The assimilation policy had several effects on the people of France and Africa. 1 The policy of assimilation undermined African culture 2 The authority of the traditional African leaders were eroded 3 The colony was incorporated into the French republic 4 Africans in Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France 5 The assimilation policy frustrated the spread of Islam especially in the French quarter communes Social and Economic Development During The Colonial Period in Kenya In today's lesson we shall discuss the reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway, problems encountered during the construction and the effects. The colonial government was determined to develop Kenya socially and economically in order to make the colony pay for its administrative costs. The Kenya-Uganda railway. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. State the reasons for the construction of the Uganda Railway 2. Discuss the problems encountered during the construction of the Uganda Railway 3. Discuss the effects of the Uganda Railway The Uganda Railway In order to open up the territory, the British had to establish better means of transport and communication. This led to the construction of the Uganda railway. The need to construct the Uganda railway started with ideas of William MacKinnon who was in charge of the imperial British east Africa company. The railway started in 1895 and was completed in 1901. It For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke was called Uganda railway because it linked Uganda to the outside world.
The need to construct the Uganda railway started with ideas of William MacKinnon who was in charge of the imperial British east Africa company. The railway started in 1895 and was completed in 1901. It For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke was called Uganda railway because it linked Uganda to the outside world. Reasons for Building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Reasons for building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: 1 To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world 2 To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate 3 To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops 4 To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5 To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Problems encountered in the Construction of the Uganda Railway What were the problems encountered during the construction of the Kenya - Uganda railway? Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically.
It For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke was called Uganda railway because it linked Uganda to the outside world. Reasons for Building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Reasons for building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: 1 To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world 2 To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate 3 To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops 4 To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5 To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Problems encountered in the Construction of the Uganda Railway What were the problems encountered during the construction of the Kenya - Uganda railway? Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically. Some of these effects were; 1 Development of urban centres to replace urbanization 2 It opened up the interior of Kenya to the outside world 3 It facilitated the coming of white settlers to Kenya who introduced new methods of farming 4 The settlers occupied the fertile highlands which made some Africans landless 5 The Indians who had come as railway workers settled in kenya permanently 6 It encouraged the spread of Christianity 7 It promoted both local and international trade 8 It encouraged construction of other means of transport and communication such as roads 9 It led to the redrawing of boundary between Kenya and Uganda 10 It led to the transfer of the capital of kenya from Mombasa to Nairobi Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the settler farming in Kenya.
Reasons for Building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Reasons for building the Uganda Railway The reasons for the construction of the railway were as follows: 1 To link Uganda with the Kenyan coast and the outside world 2 To enhance maximum economic exploitation of the east African protectorate 3 To facilitate quick and efficient movement of administrators and troops 4 To stop slave trade and promote legitimate trade 5 To enable Britain protect her strategic interests of the source of river Nile in Uganda Problems encountered in the Construction of the Uganda Railway What were the problems encountered during the construction of the Kenya - Uganda railway? Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically. Some of these effects were; 1 Development of urban centres to replace urbanization 2 It opened up the interior of Kenya to the outside world 3 It facilitated the coming of white settlers to Kenya who introduced new methods of farming 4 The settlers occupied the fertile highlands which made some Africans landless 5 The Indians who had come as railway workers settled in kenya permanently 6 It encouraged the spread of Christianity 7 It promoted both local and international trade 8 It encouraged construction of other means of transport and communication such as roads 9 It led to the redrawing of boundary between Kenya and Uganda 10 It led to the transfer of the capital of kenya from Mombasa to Nairobi Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the settler farming in Kenya. B Discuss the colonial land policies.
Some of the problems were as follows: 1 The British had to impose skilled and unskilled labour from India coolies 2 Resistance by some African communities who did not want the railway to cross their land such as the Nandi 3 Imposition of materials from abroad increased the cost of construction 4 The man eating lions of Tsavo killed many workers 5 Scarcity of essential supplies, for example water and food particularly across the dry wasteland 6 Tropical diseases such as malaria claimed the lives of railway builders 7 The escarpments of the rift valley posed engineering challenges to the railway construction For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Jiggers were a problem to the Indian workers who were walking bare feet Effects of the Construction of the Uganda Railway The construction of the Uganda railway affected people of Kenya socially and economically. Some of these effects were; 1 Development of urban centres to replace urbanization 2 It opened up the interior of Kenya to the outside world 3 It facilitated the coming of white settlers to Kenya who introduced new methods of farming 4 The settlers occupied the fertile highlands which made some Africans landless 5 The Indians who had come as railway workers settled in kenya permanently 6 It encouraged the spread of Christianity 7 It promoted both local and international trade 8 It encouraged construction of other means of transport and communication such as roads 9 It led to the redrawing of boundary between Kenya and Uganda 10 It led to the transfer of the capital of kenya from Mombasa to Nairobi Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Explain the settler farming in Kenya. B Discuss the colonial land policies. Settler Farming in Kenya In today's lesson we shall learn about the settler farming in Kenya, why the Colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya and the methods it used to promote settler farming. A tea plantation Reasons why the government encouraged white settlers to come to Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke There were various reasons why the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to come to Kenya. Some of them were; 1 the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to make Kenya a white mans country since they would form the backbone of the economy 2 to help finance the administrative cost.
Settler Farming in Kenya In today's lesson we shall learn about the settler farming in Kenya, why the Colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya and the methods it used to promote settler farming. A tea plantation Reasons why the government encouraged white settlers to come to Kenya For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke There were various reasons why the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to come to Kenya. Some of them were; 1 the colonial government encouraged the white settlers to make Kenya a white mans country since they would form the backbone of the economy 2 to help finance the administrative cost. 3 To produce the raw materials for British industries 4 The Africans lacked funds and skills of large scale farming 5 Check Asian migration ad influence by settling more whites 6 To pay for the construction cost of the Kenya Uganda railway Methods used to promote settler farming in kenya The colonial government used various methods to promote settler farming in Kenya. Some of these methods were as follows: 1 Provided land 2 Improved transport and communication network 3 Formation of cooperatives for marketing their goods 4 Provided security 5 Banned Africans from growing cash crops 6 Provided agricultural extension services to settlers A good road Problems faced by the white settlers Farming in the Kenya highlands was not an easy task. The first European farmers faced a wide range of problems, some of which include the following: 1 Constant raids in the farms by the local communities for example the Nandi and the Maasai 2 Many Africans were not willing to offer labour 3 Settlers lacked basic knowledge, skills and experience on agriculture 4 Shortage of funds to buy farm inputs and machinery 5 Poor transport and communication network for example roads and railways For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 The settlers lacked knowledge about the seasons 6 Pests and diseases affected crops and animals A sick animal Problems faced by the white settlers Farming in the Kenya highlands was not an easy task.
Other crops include Wheat-which was introduced by lord Delamare in Njoro in 1903. Wheat is grown in Nakuru and Uasin Gishu. Sisal- which was introduced in 1893 from Tanganyika by Richard Hindrf. The crop is grown in Thika, Eastern Province, Kibwezi, Baringo, Voi, Taita Taveta and Kilif. Tea- which was introduced in Kenya in 1903 at Limuru by Messrs Caire. It is grown in Kericho, Nandi, Muranga, Meru, Nyeri and Kiambu and Livestock- settlers like lord Delamere introduced the rearing sheep and cattle in Njoro. Colonial Land Policies The colonial government encouraged white settlers in Kenya through creating land policies that legalized annexation of land from the Africans for white settlement. The government alienated land to enable the settlers established large scale farming. This was done by passing legislation legalizing the annexation of land through legislative councils. A white settler For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke These legislations came to be known as land policies. They were; 1 Indian acquisition act of 1896, empowered the government to take over land for the construction of the railway line 2 The land legislation act of 1897 which enabled the government to offer certificate of occupation 3 The 1907 east African order in council which defined crown land as all public land which is not private and the government would take it at will, sell it or lease it 4 The Maasai agreement of 1904 pushed the Maasai to Laikipia and Ngong reserves. Settlers were encouraged to take up the Maasai land for farming. Effects of Land Policies The colonial land policies had a number of effects on the people of Kenya. These include: 1 The Africans lost their land 2 Africans were pushed to the reserves, for example the Maasai 3 Land alienation stopped widespread migration and settlements of the Africans 4 Led to the introduction of the Kipande system 5 Many Africans become squatters and laborers in European farms 6 Led to the rise of African nationalism and the struggle for independence Man carrying a Kipande Prior Knowledge In our previous lesson we discussed settler farming and colonial land policies in Kenya.
University of Nairobi Political developments and Struggle for Independence in Kenya 1919-1963 In today's Topic, we shall discuss early political organisations, their characteristics, grievances, problems and the achievements. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta and Jaramogi Oginga Odinga, who played key roles in early political organisations. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Identify the early political organizations b Discuss the characteristics of the early political organizations c Identify the grievances of the Early Political Organisations d Problems faced by the Early Political Organisations e Achievements of the Early Political Organisations. Early Political organisations in Kenya upto 1939 The inter-war period between 1919 and 1939 saw the emergence of many African political Associations. This was mainly attributed to the world war two where many Africans participated. During this period, the Africans united and realised they had the same grivances. When Kenya changed status to become a British protectorate in 1920, the Africans realised that they had lost their freedom. As a result, they formed groups to fight for their independence. Africans during the second world war. Early Political Organisations After Kenya became a colony in 1920, Africans formed several ethnic Political Associations to express their grievances, some of these Associations are: For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 East Africana Association- Its members included Hurry Thuku, Jomo Kenyatta and Jesse Kariuki. 2 Kikuyu Central Association- Had members such as Joseph Kangethe and Jesse Kariuki 3 Kavirondo Tax Payers Welfare Association- The members here included Jonathan Okwiri, Simon Nyende and Benjamin Owuor Gumba 4 Ukamba Members Association- Members included Samuel Muindi Mbingu, Isaac Mwalonzi, Simon Kioko and Elijah Kavula 5 Coast African Association- The key leaders included Noah Mwana Sele, Mohamed bin Mwichande, E.W Timothy and H.G Banks 6 Taita Hills Association-Daniel Mapinga started the association, but died before it established itself. Later, his course was taken up by Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambishi and Paul Chumbo. Characteristics of Early Political Associations Most of the early political organisations had common characteristics.
2 Kikuyu Central Association- Had members such as Joseph Kangethe and Jesse Kariuki 3 Kavirondo Tax Payers Welfare Association- The members here included Jonathan Okwiri, Simon Nyende and Benjamin Owuor Gumba 4 Ukamba Members Association- Members included Samuel Muindi Mbingu, Isaac Mwalonzi, Simon Kioko and Elijah Kavula 5 Coast African Association- The key leaders included Noah Mwana Sele, Mohamed bin Mwichande, E.W Timothy and H.G Banks 6 Taita Hills Association-Daniel Mapinga started the association, but died before it established itself. Later, his course was taken up by Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambishi and Paul Chumbo. Characteristics of Early Political Associations Most of the early political organisations had common characteristics. Among issues they had in common wre grivances and tructure of the methids of operations. Which were the characteristics of the eraly political parties? They were: 1 They were tribal based 2 They were led by mission educated young men 3 Asians gave them both material and moral support 4 They had similar grievances for example, land alienation, poor living and working conditions 5 They were non-militant 6 Had small membership 7 They were not well organised. Grivances of Early Political Organisations The early political organisations had a number of demands; 1 Removal of the Kipande system 2 Return of the alienated land 3 Reduction of taxation 4 Better working conditions 5 Provision of quality education for Africans For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Protection of African culture 7 Removal of colonial oppressive laws 8 Removal of destocking policies. Challenges faced by the Early Political Organisations Early Political Oganisations in Kenya faced a number of problems. These include: 1 Harassment by the colonial government 2 Deportation of leaders, for example, Harry Thuku 3 Leadership wrangles between members 4 Lack of experience in running political parties hence mismanaged their offices 5 Lack of enough funds 6 Disunity due to ethnicity 7 Banning of Political Parties by colonial government Achievements of Early Political Parties Early political oganisations in Kenya had a number of achievements.
Grivances of Early Political Organisations The early political organisations had a number of demands; 1 Removal of the Kipande system 2 Return of the alienated land 3 Reduction of taxation 4 Better working conditions 5 Provision of quality education for Africans For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Protection of African culture 7 Removal of colonial oppressive laws 8 Removal of destocking policies. Challenges faced by the Early Political Organisations Early Political Oganisations in Kenya faced a number of problems. These include: 1 Harassment by the colonial government 2 Deportation of leaders, for example, Harry Thuku 3 Leadership wrangles between members 4 Lack of experience in running political parties hence mismanaged their offices 5 Lack of enough funds 6 Disunity due to ethnicity 7 Banning of Political Parties by colonial government Achievements of Early Political Parties Early political oganisations in Kenya had a number of achievements. These include: 1 Provided political education to African communities 2 They communicated the communities' feelings to the colonial government 3 They defended African cultures against further erosion by European missionaries 3 They played the role of trade unionism by fighting for the welfare of workers 4 They demanded better wages and living conditions for the Africans 5 They publicized African grievances to the international community 6 They promoted nationalism for forging Inter-Community relations Prior Knowledge In our previos lesson, we discussed the early political organisations in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Kenya. Let us remind ourselves about the characteristics of the eraly political organisations by indicating TRUE ot FALSE on the statements given. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: - Trace the origins of the independent churches and schools in Kenya. Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools In this lesson, we shall discuss reasons for the emergence of independent churches and schools, their characteristics and the problems they faced. Independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya during the colonial period as a protest against mission churches and schools established by different missionary societies, They were also against the westernizing influence of missionaries. Late Melkio Ondeto leader of Legio Maria Sect one of the independent churches in Kenya.
Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools In this lesson, we shall discuss reasons for the emergence of independent churches and schools, their characteristics and the problems they faced. Independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya during the colonial period as a protest against mission churches and schools established by different missionary societies, They were also against the westernizing influence of missionaries. Late Melkio Ondeto leader of Legio Maria Sect one of the independent churches in Kenya. Reasons for Emergence of Independent Churches and Schools Africans were against the westernizing influence of the missionaries and started their independent churches and schools. What other factors contributed to the emergence of independent churches and schools? 1 Africans were discriminated in leadership positions in the church 2 Africans considered the missionaries as agents of the colonial government 3 Some Africans were dissatisfied with the interpretation of Christian scriptures 4 Children of parents who were not converted to Christianity were refused admission in missionary schools 5 Africans wanted to preserve their customs for example female circumcision, polygamy and payment of dowry Characteristics of Independent Churches and Schools Independent churches and schools had several characteristics. These include: They were made up of African congregation and led by Africans They combined African traditions and customs with Christian teachings. They allowed African practices for example, polygamy They served as alternative outlets of nationalism during the struggle for independence Teachers in the independent schools were Africans They adopted the use of drums and African type of music and dancing in For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke their worship Characteristics of Independent Churches and Schools Independent churches and schools had several characteristics. These include: 1 They were made up of and led by Africans, 2 They combined African traditions and customs with Christian teachings. 3 They allowed African practices for example, polygamy, 4 Teachers in the independent schools were Africans, 5 They adopted African musical instruments and dancing in their worship. Click on the play button to view clip on African dancing.
Prior Knowledge We remind ourselves of the previous lesson in which we learnt about the formation of Kenya African Union and its contribution to the struggle for independence. We also learnt about the formation of Kenya African National Union and its contribution to Nationalism. In this lesson, we shall discuss: i The Trade Union Movement ii The role of women in the struggle for independence. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Discuss the role of trade unionism in the struggle for independence 2. Discuss the role of women in the struggle for independence. Trade Union Movement In the struggle for Independence In this lesson, we shall discuss the role of trade unionism in the struggle for independence. We shall also discuss the role of women in the struggle for independence. Trade Unions refers to associations of workers whose objectives are to fight for improvement of their welfare. The Trade Union Movement played an important role in the struggle for independence. Statue of Tom Mboya, a charismatic trade Union leader. Reasons for the formation of Trade unions In Kenya During the Colonial Period Kenyan workers during the colonial period encountered several problems and channeled their grievances through trade unions. Which were these grivances? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 There was need for a united front to press for better wages 2 The introduction of the Kipande System interfered with freedom for workers 3 The African workers were heavily taxed, poorly paid 4 The banning of political associations created the desire for alternative avenue to express their political feelings 5 To fight for better working conditions and housing 6 High cost of living due to increased prices of essential commodities Contributions of the Trade union Movement to the struggle for Independence in Kenya Trade unions played an important role in the struggle for independence. Some of the achievements of the trade unions are: 1 They served as a training ground for nationalist leaders for example Tom Mboya 2 They raised funds to sustain political leaders 3 Demanded for the release of political leaders 4 Trade unions served as political outlets when political parties were banned 5 Sensitizing workers on the need for joining political parties 6 Organizing strikes, go-slows, sit-ins and boycotts to oppose some policies of the colonial government Tom Mboya Role of Women in the struggle for Independence for in Kenya The African woman is a source of strength.
Which were these grivances? For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 1 There was need for a united front to press for better wages 2 The introduction of the Kipande System interfered with freedom for workers 3 The African workers were heavily taxed, poorly paid 4 The banning of political associations created the desire for alternative avenue to express their political feelings 5 To fight for better working conditions and housing 6 High cost of living due to increased prices of essential commodities Contributions of the Trade union Movement to the struggle for Independence in Kenya Trade unions played an important role in the struggle for independence. Some of the achievements of the trade unions are: 1 They served as a training ground for nationalist leaders for example Tom Mboya 2 They raised funds to sustain political leaders 3 Demanded for the release of political leaders 4 Trade unions served as political outlets when political parties were banned 5 Sensitizing workers on the need for joining political parties 6 Organizing strikes, go-slows, sit-ins and boycotts to oppose some policies of the colonial government Tom Mboya Role of Women in the struggle for Independence for in Kenya The African woman is a source of strength. Women contributed toward the struggle for independence economically, politically and socially. Let us highlight the role of some of the women who participated in the struggle for Kenyan independence. Moraa Moka Ngiti mobilised her people againsy colonialists, Mekatilili wa Menza mobilised the Agiryama against the British, Syotune wa kithuke used the Kilumi dance in 1911 to mobilise the Akamba against colonial rule, Kobilo Kwondoat Kimosop provide herbal medicine for wounded Tugen worriors. Mary Nyanjiru attacked police officers when Harry Thuku was arrested, Chief Mang'ana of Kadem led her people in resisting the British.
Explain the growth of Ghanaian Nationalism. 4. State the methods used by Ghanaian Nationalists in their struggle for independence. Factors favouring Development of African Nationalism Factors that brought about Nationalism in Africa were as follows: 1 Discontentment of Second World War ex-service men who were not compensated for their services in the war 2 Africans were exposed to radical nationalism through interactions with other people For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3 Influence from other countries granted independence namely India and Pakistan 4 Western educated elite enabled Africans demand for their rights 5 The Pan-African Movement inspired African nationalists in their struggle for independence 6 The formation of UN after 1945 supported decolonization of colonized people 7 Disregard of traditional African rulers by colonialists 8 The resentment of oppressive colonial policies such as land alienation, taxation and racial segregation Growth of Ghanaian Nationalism Active nationalism in Ghana started after the second world war around 1945 when the UN declared the right of all the people to choose the form of government under which to live into govern them. The process of nationalism that eventually led to independence started with the formation of the first national political parties in 1947. -. After 1945, the radical nationalists in Ghana demanded for complete independence - Nationalism in Ghana was characterized by formation of Political Movements which included United Gold Coast Convention UGCC in 1947 - The Accra riots of 1948 spread to other parts of the country after British soldiers killed people who were marching to present their grievances.
Factors favouring Development of African Nationalism Factors that brought about Nationalism in Africa were as follows: 1 Discontentment of Second World War ex-service men who were not compensated for their services in the war 2 Africans were exposed to radical nationalism through interactions with other people For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3 Influence from other countries granted independence namely India and Pakistan 4 Western educated elite enabled Africans demand for their rights 5 The Pan-African Movement inspired African nationalists in their struggle for independence 6 The formation of UN after 1945 supported decolonization of colonized people 7 Disregard of traditional African rulers by colonialists 8 The resentment of oppressive colonial policies such as land alienation, taxation and racial segregation Growth of Ghanaian Nationalism Active nationalism in Ghana started after the second world war around 1945 when the UN declared the right of all the people to choose the form of government under which to live into govern them. The process of nationalism that eventually led to independence started with the formation of the first national political parties in 1947. -. After 1945, the radical nationalists in Ghana demanded for complete independence - Nationalism in Ghana was characterized by formation of Political Movements which included United Gold Coast Convention UGCC in 1947 - The Accra riots of 1948 spread to other parts of the country after British soldiers killed people who were marching to present their grievances. Kwame Nkrumah and other nationalists were arrested Other causes of Ghanaian nationalism included low profits from the sale of cocoa and high prices of European manufactured goods; - Also there was selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to Africans - After the riots, it was recommended that Ghana needed a new constitution to cater for African interests - In 1949 Kwame Nkrumah formed Convention Peoples Party which demanded for independence and got support from the masses - In 1950 Kwame encouraged constitutional strikes, boycotts and non-co-operation without the use of violence although violence broke out For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Government declared a state of emergency and Kwame and other officials of CCP were imprisoned - During his imprisonment newspapers campaigned for independence - In 1951 a general election was held and CCP won and Kwame formed the government - In 1954 National Liberation Movement NLM emerged to compete with CCP but was defeated - In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister.
The process of nationalism that eventually led to independence started with the formation of the first national political parties in 1947. -. After 1945, the radical nationalists in Ghana demanded for complete independence - Nationalism in Ghana was characterized by formation of Political Movements which included United Gold Coast Convention UGCC in 1947 - The Accra riots of 1948 spread to other parts of the country after British soldiers killed people who were marching to present their grievances. Kwame Nkrumah and other nationalists were arrested Other causes of Ghanaian nationalism included low profits from the sale of cocoa and high prices of European manufactured goods; - Also there was selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to Africans - After the riots, it was recommended that Ghana needed a new constitution to cater for African interests - In 1949 Kwame Nkrumah formed Convention Peoples Party which demanded for independence and got support from the masses - In 1950 Kwame encouraged constitutional strikes, boycotts and non-co-operation without the use of violence although violence broke out For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Government declared a state of emergency and Kwame and other officials of CCP were imprisoned - During his imprisonment newspapers campaigned for independence - In 1951 a general election was held and CCP won and Kwame formed the government - In 1954 National Liberation Movement NLM emerged to compete with CCP but was defeated - In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister. Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence. Some of them were; The use of public rallies The formation of Trade Unions The Africans demonstrated, boycotted and used strikes against the colonial rule The International Fora and nationalists presented their grievances such as UNO The use of publications such as the Evening News Magazines Africans participated in constitutional negotiations such as Coussey Commission In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame became Prime Minister Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence.
Kwame Nkrumah and other nationalists were arrested Other causes of Ghanaian nationalism included low profits from the sale of cocoa and high prices of European manufactured goods; - Also there was selective granting of trading licences to European traders while denying the same to Africans - After the riots, it was recommended that Ghana needed a new constitution to cater for African interests - In 1949 Kwame Nkrumah formed Convention Peoples Party which demanded for independence and got support from the masses - In 1950 Kwame encouraged constitutional strikes, boycotts and non-co-operation without the use of violence although violence broke out For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Government declared a state of emergency and Kwame and other officials of CCP were imprisoned - During his imprisonment newspapers campaigned for independence - In 1951 a general election was held and CCP won and Kwame formed the government - In 1954 National Liberation Movement NLM emerged to compete with CCP but was defeated - In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame Nkrumah became Prime Minister. Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence. Some of them were; The use of public rallies The formation of Trade Unions The Africans demonstrated, boycotted and used strikes against the colonial rule The International Fora and nationalists presented their grievances such as UNO The use of publications such as the Evening News Magazines Africans participated in constitutional negotiations such as Coussey Commission In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame became Prime Minister Methods used by Ghanaians in the struggle for Independence The Ghanians used various methods in their fight for independence. Some of them were; 1 The use of public rallies 2 The formation of Trade Unions 3 The Africans demonstrated, boycotted and used strikes against the colonial rule 4 The use of international fora such as the UN to present their grivances 5 The use of publications such as the Accra Evening News Magazines 6 Africans participated in constitutional negotiations such as Coussey Commission 7 In 1957 Ghana attained independence and Kwame became Prime Minister. Kwame Nkruma For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Prior Knowledge In the precious topic we discussed the causes of African Nationalism that resulted to the independence of African countries in the 1960s.
The struggle for liberation started with the formation of political parties. Formation of political parties in Mozambique delayed up to the 1960s because the colony was treated as an extension of Portugal and not allowed to form any political associations. Other reasons included: - The large size of Mozambique colony - Existence of many ethnic groups - Strict and rigorous censorship by the security forces. Map of Mozambique Mozambicans in exile formed a number of political movements. Among these were the National Democratic Union of Mozambique UDENEM0 , the African Union of Independent Mozambique UNAMI and the Mozambique National Union MANU . In 1962, these parties merged to form a common front for the Liberation of Mozambique FRELIMO with Eduardo Mondlane as president of the Movement. Its headquarters were in Dar-es-Salaam, Tanzania. Eduardo Mondlane For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Grievances of the Mozambiquans against Colonial Rule The Mozambicans were negatively affected by the Portuguese colonial administration. What were the grievances of the Africans in Mozambique? Some of them were; 1 Forced labour where Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations, cotton fields and public works 2 They were forced to pay heavy hut taxes 3 Racial discrimination against the Africans especially in job opportunities, education and health 4 Land alienation by the settlers 5 Poor working conditions and low wages for Africans 6 Restriction of African movement 7 Brutality, oppression and arbitrary arrests and murder of Africans The War of Liberation The main events in the war of liberation in Mozambique were as follows; - Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO started full scale guerilla war in Mozambique from 1964 - The war broke out at once in four provinces which undermined the Portuguese forces who had been waiting for them along the Tanzanian border - The Organization of African Union OAU supported FRELIMO financially while Tanzania provided a base for the headquarters.
Eduardo Mondlane For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Grievances of the Mozambiquans against Colonial Rule The Mozambicans were negatively affected by the Portuguese colonial administration. What were the grievances of the Africans in Mozambique? Some of them were; 1 Forced labour where Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations, cotton fields and public works 2 They were forced to pay heavy hut taxes 3 Racial discrimination against the Africans especially in job opportunities, education and health 4 Land alienation by the settlers 5 Poor working conditions and low wages for Africans 6 Restriction of African movement 7 Brutality, oppression and arbitrary arrests and murder of Africans The War of Liberation The main events in the war of liberation in Mozambique were as follows; - Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO started full scale guerilla war in Mozambique from 1964 - The war broke out at once in four provinces which undermined the Portuguese forces who had been waiting for them along the Tanzanian border - The Organization of African Union OAU supported FRELIMO financially while Tanzania provided a base for the headquarters. Other frontline states provided training to the freedom Fighters and other material support - In 1969 Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated and Samora Machel replaced him in 1970 as president of FRELIMO - In 1974 there was a coup de tat in Portugal that overthrew the government and replaced it with a new one that wanted all Portuguese colonies to be granted independence - On 25th June 1975, Mozambique attained independence with Samora Machel as the first president. Problems faced by FRELIMO in the struggle for Independence What do you think were the problems faced by the FLELIMO in the struggle for independence?
Some of them were; 1 Forced labour where Africans were forced to work on sugar plantations, cotton fields and public works 2 They were forced to pay heavy hut taxes 3 Racial discrimination against the Africans especially in job opportunities, education and health 4 Land alienation by the settlers 5 Poor working conditions and low wages for Africans 6 Restriction of African movement 7 Brutality, oppression and arbitrary arrests and murder of Africans The War of Liberation The main events in the war of liberation in Mozambique were as follows; - Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO started full scale guerilla war in Mozambique from 1964 - The war broke out at once in four provinces which undermined the Portuguese forces who had been waiting for them along the Tanzanian border - The Organization of African Union OAU supported FRELIMO financially while Tanzania provided a base for the headquarters. Other frontline states provided training to the freedom Fighters and other material support - In 1969 Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated and Samora Machel replaced him in 1970 as president of FRELIMO - In 1974 there was a coup de tat in Portugal that overthrew the government and replaced it with a new one that wanted all Portuguese colonies to be granted independence - On 25th June 1975, Mozambique attained independence with Samora Machel as the first president. Problems faced by FRELIMO in the struggle for Independence What do you think were the problems faced by the FLELIMO in the struggle for independence? Pause Some of the problems faced by FRELIMO in the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke struggle for independence were; 1 They were operating from exile which complicated their effective operations 2 They lacked adequate finance to carry out their activities 3 There were internal divisions and rivalry that led to a section of FRELIMO breaking away to form the Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique COREMO 4 Poor weapons and lack of proper training of the freedom fighters 5 The Catholic church in Mozambique viewed FRELIMO fighters as terrorists and was reluctant to support them 6 There was shortage of food, clothes, medicine and other supplies to the freedom fighters 7 In 1969 assassination of Eduardo Mondlane was a setback to the struggle for independence Objective By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Discuss the rise and growth of nationalism in South Africa.
Other frontline states provided training to the freedom Fighters and other material support - In 1969 Eduardo Mondlane was assassinated and Samora Machel replaced him in 1970 as president of FRELIMO - In 1974 there was a coup de tat in Portugal that overthrew the government and replaced it with a new one that wanted all Portuguese colonies to be granted independence - On 25th June 1975, Mozambique attained independence with Samora Machel as the first president. Problems faced by FRELIMO in the struggle for Independence What do you think were the problems faced by the FLELIMO in the struggle for independence? Pause Some of the problems faced by FRELIMO in the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke struggle for independence were; 1 They were operating from exile which complicated their effective operations 2 They lacked adequate finance to carry out their activities 3 There were internal divisions and rivalry that led to a section of FRELIMO breaking away to form the Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique COREMO 4 Poor weapons and lack of proper training of the freedom fighters 5 The Catholic church in Mozambique viewed FRELIMO fighters as terrorists and was reluctant to support them 6 There was shortage of food, clothes, medicine and other supplies to the freedom fighters 7 In 1969 assassination of Eduardo Mondlane was a setback to the struggle for independence Objective By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: a Discuss the rise and growth of nationalism in South Africa. Rise and Growth of African Nationalism in South Africa The history of South Africa is characterized by a conflict between two competing nationalisms, ie Afrikaner Boer Nationalism on one side, Africans and other non white on the other side. -. The first whites to settle in South Africa were the Boers Dutch from Holland in 1652. After the Berlin conference, the British also got interested in South Africa for strategic reasons. -. This resulted to the Great Trek and the three Anglo-Boer wars of 1902, 1906 and 1909 where the British lost in all of them - In 1910 Britain granted independence to the union of the Dutch and British migrants settled in South Africa.
- The first whites to settle in South Africa were the Boers Dutch from Holland in 1652. After the Berlin conference, the British also got interested in South Africa for strategic reasons. -. This resulted to the Great Trek and the three Anglo-Boer wars of 1902, 1906 and 1909 where the British lost in all of them - In 1910 Britain granted independence to the union of the Dutch and British migrants settled in South Africa. This excluded the Black Africans who were the majority - Therefore nationalism in South Africa in the 20th Century was a struggle between the majority black Africans against the minority whites Boers to be included in the running of the South African government. African Nationalist Activities In the 20th century there was a struggle between the majority black For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Africans against the minority Boer to be included in the running of South African government. To do this, Africans involved themselves in natianalistic activities eg - In 1912, the South African nationalists formed the first strong anti-apartheid movement called African Native Congress which became African National Congress ANC in 1923 - In 1943, the ANC Youth League mobilized the masses to civil disobedience - In 1959, the Pan African Congress was formed and organized peaceful demonstration against oppressive policies such as pass laws. The police opened fire on the crowd resulting into the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 -From 1960, African nationalism went underground following the ban of political parties. '. Umkhonto We Sizwe' which means 'spear of the nation' was formed after the Sharpeville massacre - In 1990 the president of South Africa Fredrick de Klerk lifted the ban on anti-apartheid movements and released political prisoners including Nelson Mandela - In April 1994, the first multi-racial elections were held and ANC won by a landslide - On 10th May 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first African president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela Nationalists in the Liberation Besides Nelson Mandela, other notable nationalists in the liberation of blacks in South Africa were: - Pixley Ka Isaka Seme - Rev.
The police opened fire on the crowd resulting into the Sharpeville Massacre of 1960 -From 1960, African nationalism went underground following the ban of political parties. '. Umkhonto We Sizwe' which means 'spear of the nation' was formed after the Sharpeville massacre - In 1990 the president of South Africa Fredrick de Klerk lifted the ban on anti-apartheid movements and released political prisoners including Nelson Mandela - In April 1994, the first multi-racial elections were held and ANC won by a landslide - On 10th May 1994, Nelson Mandela became the first African president of South Africa. Nelson Mandela Nationalists in the Liberation Besides Nelson Mandela, other notable nationalists in the liberation of blacks in South Africa were: - Pixley Ka Isaka Seme - Rev. John Dube - Walter Sisulu - Steve Biko - Oliver Tambo - Robert Sobukwe - Archbishop Desmond Tutu - Albert Luthuli For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Mongosuthu Buthelezi Methods Used by Africans in the Liberation In their struggle for independent Africans in South Africa used various methods which included; 1 Armed revolts through ANC's military wing 'Umkhonto We Sizwe' 2 Street demonstrations 3 Strikes and boycotts by African workers 4 International forum where they could lobby for economic sanctions against the apartheid government 5 Church leaders and international musicians condemned the apartheid regime 6 Hunger strikes by the nationalists who were serving their jail terms 7 Through the mass media, for example, newspapers Buthelezi Lives and contributions of Kenyan leaders In this Topic, we shall discuss the lives and contribution of Kenyan leaders, Jomo Kenyatta and wangari Maathai. Jomo Kenyatta was the first President of the Republic of Kenya, founding father of the nation. He was one of the leading nationalists in Kenya and Africa. The late Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was also a renowned Kenyan leader who greatly contributed to Kenya's development as a female leader. Mzee Jomo Kenyatta Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Analyse the early life of Jomo Kenyatta. 2. Explain the political career of Jomo Kenyatta.
Kapenguria six Road to Independence In 1961 KANU won the elections but the party refused to form the government until Kenyatta was released from detention - In 1961 Kenyatta was set free and became the President of KANU - In 1962, he attended the second Lancaster House Conference to discuss the constitution that led Kenya to independence in 1963 Lancaster Conference - In June 1963 KANU won the general elections and Kenya attained internal self-government with Kenyatta as the first Prime Minister - On 12th December 1963 Kenya attained independence with Kenyatta as the first president - On 12th December 1964 Kenya became a Republic - Kenyatta ruled the country until his death in August 22, 1978. Prior Knowledge Previouly, we learnt that Kenya gained independence in 1963. We also said that several nationalists contributed toward the achievement of independence. We also mentioned that after independence, the country faced three major challenges, namely: -Poverty -Ignorance -Disease For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Some of the Kenyan leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta, Martin Shikuku, Mwai Kibaki, Kalonzo MusyokaTekla Lourupe, Oginga Odinga, Dekha Ibrahim, Wangari Maathai, Tom Mboya, Daniel Moi,Charity Ngilu, Ronald Ngala, Eddah Gachukia, Manu Chandaria and Lady Justice Joyce Aluoch have contributed and sacrificed a lot to see Kenya overcome the three challenges and unite the country to achieve development. Other Kenyans who have also played a significant role in national development include Jane Kiano, Ndingi Mwana Nzeki, Kipchoge Keino, Grace Ogot, Kivutha Kibwana, Martha Karua, Raila Odinga, Chelagat Mutai, Paul Muite, Alexander Muge, Kenneth Matiba, Sally Kosgei, James Orengo, Timothy Njoya, Maria Nzomo, Yash Pal Ghai, and Henry Okulu. Which other Kenyans can you add to the list as having contributed to development in Kenya?
We also mentioned that after independence, the country faced three major challenges, namely: -Poverty -Ignorance -Disease For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Some of the Kenyan leaders such as Jomo Kenyatta, Martin Shikuku, Mwai Kibaki, Kalonzo MusyokaTekla Lourupe, Oginga Odinga, Dekha Ibrahim, Wangari Maathai, Tom Mboya, Daniel Moi,Charity Ngilu, Ronald Ngala, Eddah Gachukia, Manu Chandaria and Lady Justice Joyce Aluoch have contributed and sacrificed a lot to see Kenya overcome the three challenges and unite the country to achieve development. Other Kenyans who have also played a significant role in national development include Jane Kiano, Ndingi Mwana Nzeki, Kipchoge Keino, Grace Ogot, Kivutha Kibwana, Martha Karua, Raila Odinga, Chelagat Mutai, Paul Muite, Alexander Muge, Kenneth Matiba, Sally Kosgei, James Orengo, Timothy Njoya, Maria Nzomo, Yash Pal Ghai, and Henry Okulu. Which other Kenyans can you add to the list as having contributed to development in Kenya? Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: Analyse the life and contribution of Wangari Maathai Wangari Maathai In this lesson, we will analyse the life and contribution of the late professor Wangari Maathai who until her death on 25th September 2011, was known for her efforts in environmental conservation. Wangari Maathai Wangari's early life The Late Professor Wangari Muta Maathai was born in Tetu, Nyeri in 1940. She attended Ihithe and St. Cecelia primary schools before joining Loreto Limuru Girls for her secondary education. She later joined Mount St. Scholastica College, in Atchison, Kansas, where she obtained a degree in Biological sciences in 1964. In 1966 she earned a Master of Science degree from the University of Pittsburg. She went on to obtain a PhD from the University of Nairobi where she was also teaching In 1971. This made her the first woman in East and Central Africa to acquire a doctorate degree.
In 1966 she earned a Master of Science degree from the University of Pittsburg. She went on to obtain a PhD from the University of Nairobi where she was also teaching In 1971. This made her the first woman in East and Central Africa to acquire a doctorate degree. In 1976 she became chairperson of the Department of Veterinary Anatomy and later on In 1977 she became an Associate Professor at the University of Nairobi. In both cases, she was the first woman to attain those positions in the region. In 1982, she resigned from teaching and joined political activism and active politics. Late Wangari displays her award Wangari' Contributions The late Wangari Maathai is one of the personalities who have greatly contributed to the development of this country. In 1976-1987, Wangari was actively involved in the activities of the national council of women in Kenya. In 1981-1987 she was the chairperson of the National Christian For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Council of Women. While here, she introduced the idea of community tree planting. Later she formed the Green Belt Movement which has helped plant 40 million trees on community lands including farms, schools and church compounds. Women planting trees, one of Late Wangari's projects. In 1986- the Green Belt Movement established the Pan African Green Belt network which has exposed the idea of tree planting other African countries. Countries that have established Greenbelt movement successfully include: 1. Tanzania 2. Uganda 3. Malawi 4. Lesotho 5. Ethiopia 6. Zimbabwe In 1988 - she launched the campaign known as Jubilee 2000 coalition. This was an organization that sought to seek cancellation of the unpayable debts of the poor countries in Africa by the year 2000. She has campaigned against land grabbing and illegal allocation of forests. Internationally, she is recognized for her struggle for democracy, human rights and environmental conservation. Late Wangari Mathai Wangari' achievements Wangari's achievements include; 1 In 2004- she got the most prestigious award, the Nobel Peace Prize. In the same year, she got the Sophie prize, the Petra Kelly prize for environment and the Sterling Morton. Others include; 1. 2003- Wango environment award 2.
In the same year, she got the Sophie prize, the Petra Kelly prize for environment and the Sterling Morton. Others include; 1. 2003- Wango environment award 2. 2002 - Outstanding Vision and Commitment award as well as the Excellence award from Kenyan community abroad 3 1991- Hunger Projects Africa prize for leadership 4 1989- The Women of the World Late Wangari Maathai receiveing the Nobel Peace Prize Wangari Maathai received honorary doctorate degree from the following institutions; 1. 1990: Williams college MA USA For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2. 1994 Hobert and William Smith College 3. 1997 University of Norway 4. 2004 Yale university Late Wangari Maathai Other achievements of Wangari Maathai are: - She successfully campaigned against the construction of a 60 storey building at Uhuru Park. He also stopped the acquisition of forest land by private developers. -. In December 2002, the late Wangari Maathai was elected as Member of parliament for Tetu Constituency and served as assistant minister for environment and natural resources between 2003 and 2007 in Kenya's ninth parliament. Professor Wangari Mathaai died on 25th September 2011 at the age of 71. Late Wangari Maathai with one of her awards. The Formation, Structure and Functions of the Government of Kenya The government of Kenya is at two levels, National government and County government. The two governments are distinct in their way of operation. They are meant to be independent, consultative and operate through mutual co-operation. In this topic, we shall discuss the composition, structure and functions of the national government. The National government comprises of three arms namely the Legislature, the Executive and the Judiciary. Nairobi Law courts Kenya coat of arms Kenyan Parliament Prior Knowledge Attempt the following exercise to help you review your knowledge on your member of Parliament and some of his or her responsibilities. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the formation and the composition of National Assembly and the Senate. 2. Discuss functions of the Legislature. 3. Analyze the concepts of parliamentary supremacy. The Legislature The Legislature is the arm of Government responsible for drawing the laws that govern the country. This is referred to as the Parliament of Kenya.
Analyze the concepts of parliamentary supremacy. The Legislature The Legislature is the arm of Government responsible for drawing the laws that govern the country. This is referred to as the Parliament of Kenya. The Legislature The Legislature is the arm of Government responsible for making and amending the laws that govern the country. It is also refered to as the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke Parliament of Kenya. It is made up of two chambers, The National Assembly and the Senate. Kenyan parliament Composition of the National Assembly The National Assembly is made up of 350 members including the speaker. The National Assembly consists of; i. 290 - elected members from constituencies ii. 47 - women, one elected from each county iii. 12 -Members nominated by parliamentary political parties based on their strength in National Assembly. Iv. Speaker who is an ex-officio member. Speaker Marende Composition of the National Assembly The National Assembly is made up of 350 members including the speaker. The National Assembly consists of; i. 290 - elected members from constituencies ii. 47 - women, one elected from each county iii. 12 -Members nominated by parliamentary political parties based on their strength in National Assembly. Iv. Speaker who is an ex-officio member. Composition of the National Assembly The National Assembly is made up of 350 members including the speaker. The National Assembly consists of; i. 290 - elected members from constituencies ii. 47 - women, one elected from each county iii. 12 -Members nominated by parliamentary political parties based on their strength in National Assembly. Iv. Speaker who is an ex-officio member. Speaker Marende Composition of the Senate The Senate or the second chamber of parliament is made up of 68 members including the speaker. The membership is as follows; i. 47 -Members, each elected from the county ii. 16 - Women nominated by political parties iii. Two members, a man and a woman representing the youth iv. 2 - Members, a man and a woman representing persons with disabilities, a man and a woman v. The Speaker - ex-officio. Formation of National Assembly and Senate A person is eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly if he she; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Is a registered voter - Meets education, moral and ethical standards set by an act of parliament - Is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate who must be supported by; I.
2 - Members, a man and a woman representing persons with disabilities, a man and a woman v. The Speaker - ex-officio. Formation of National Assembly and Senate A person is eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly if he she; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Is a registered voter - Meets education, moral and ethical standards set by an act of parliament - Is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate who must be supported by; I. Atleast one thousand registered voters in the constituency in case of election to the National Assembly or II. Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office.
Formation of National Assembly and Senate A person is eligible for election as a member of the National Assembly if he she; For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Is a registered voter - Meets education, moral and ethical standards set by an act of parliament - Is nominated by a political party or is an independent candidate who must be supported by; I. Atleast one thousand registered voters in the constituency in case of election to the National Assembly or II. Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office.
Atleast one thousand registered voters in the constituency in case of election to the National Assembly or II. Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate?
Atleast two thousand registered voters in the county in case of election to the senate - Not a state or public officer - Not a member of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission IEBC for the last five years - A Kenyan citizen for at least 10 years - To be of sound mind - Not bankrupt - Not a member of the county assembly Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commission IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate? -. Death of a sitting MP - Absent for eight consecutive sittings - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen - If one becomes insane - If one is declared bankrupt - If MP is imprisoned for more than six months - If MP abuses either public or state office - If one becomes a member of the county assembly Process of Election Kenyan elections will take place after every five years.
A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament A person is disqualified from being elected as a member of Parliament if he she; -Is a state or public officer - Has been a member of the Independent Electrol and Boundaries Commissio IEBC within five years before the election - Has not been a citizen of Kenya for atleast 10 years immediately before the date of election - Is a member of county assembly - Is of unsound mind - Is declared bankrupt -Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of atleast six months by the date of registration as a candidate or at the date of the election -Has misused or abused a state office or public office. A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate? -. Death of a sitting MP - Absent for eight consecutive sittings - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen - If one becomes insane - If one is declared bankrupt - If MP is imprisoned for more than six months - If MP abuses either public or state office - If one becomes a member of the county assembly Process of Election Kenyan elections will take place after every five years. However, incase the country is at war, the parliament through a resolution of more than 2 3 majority in both chambers can prolong the life of parliament but not for more than 6 months.
A parliamentary seat can be declared vacant due to the following circumstances; - Death of a sitting MP - Absence for eight consecutive sittings without permission from the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke speaker - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen -If the electorate recalls the MP Disqualification of a Member of Parliament What are the conditions that can lead to a by-election in either of the chambers ie National Assembly or the Senate? -. Death of a sitting MP - Absent for eight consecutive sittings - If a member resigns in writing to the speaker - If a member resigns from the sponsoring political party - If an independent MP joins a political party - If one ceases to be a Kenya citizen - If one becomes insane - If one is declared bankrupt - If MP is imprisoned for more than six months - If MP abuses either public or state office - If one becomes a member of the county assembly Process of Election Kenyan elections will take place after every five years. However, incase the country is at war, the parliament through a resolution of more than 2 3 majority in both chambers can prolong the life of parliament but not for more than 6 months. In case of a by-election in either chambers, the respective speaker shall notify the IEBC within 21 days. A by-election must be held within 90 days by the IEBC after this notification. A voter casting his vote during For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke an election. Functions of Parliament We shall discuss the functions of Kenyan parliament at both the Senate and National assembly. The role of the National Assembly include; -Represents people of the constituency - Makes and ammends laws - Determines allocation of national revenue between the levels of governments -Appropriates funds for expenditure by National government and national state organs -Checks the executive and other arms of government to protect the interests of citizens -Approves declaration of wars and extension of state of emergency Role of senate includes; -Represents the interests of the counties - Makes laws concerning counties - Determines the allocation of national revenue among counties - Particiaptes in the oversight of state officers - Has the last vote on consideration to removing the president or deputy president from office .
A voter casting his vote during For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke an election. Functions of Parliament We shall discuss the functions of Kenyan parliament at both the Senate and National assembly. The role of the National Assembly include; -Represents people of the constituency - Makes and ammends laws - Determines allocation of national revenue between the levels of governments -Appropriates funds for expenditure by National government and national state organs -Checks the executive and other arms of government to protect the interests of citizens -Approves declaration of wars and extension of state of emergency Role of senate includes; -Represents the interests of the counties - Makes laws concerning counties - Determines the allocation of national revenue among counties - Particiaptes in the oversight of state officers - Has the last vote on consideration to removing the president or deputy president from office . Parliamentary Supremacy The parliament of Kenya as is the case in the rest of commonwealth countries is supreme. It is above the other two arms of government ie the executive and the judiciary. Parliamentary programmes and debates cannot be taken to court. The executive too cannot manipulate debates. Other aspects of parliamentary supremacy include the following;- - The parliament makes laws that affects everybody throughout the country - Parliament controls government revenue and expenditure - Parliament cannot legally bind the successor neither can one be bound by the predecessor i.e. each parliament session is independent - A member cannot be arrested for anything he she says in parliament For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - An MP cannot be arrested for crime committed outside while inside the parliament premises - The parliament has terminative powers, ie can pass a vote of no confidence on the executive - It is the parliament that declares war in consultation with the president Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1 Define the Executive arm of the government 2 Discuss the powers and functions of the president 3 Discuss the functions of the Deputy President 4 Describe the composition and the functions of the Cabinet 5 Describe the functions of the Attorney General and Director of public prosecution 6 Describe the composition and functions of the public service 7 Describe the composition and functions of National Security organs 8 Describe the function of correctional services The National Executive The National executive comprises of the president, the deputy president, the cabinet and public service.
The executive too cannot manipulate debates. Other aspects of parliamentary supremacy include the following;- - The parliament makes laws that affects everybody throughout the country - Parliament controls government revenue and expenditure - Parliament cannot legally bind the successor neither can one be bound by the predecessor i.e. each parliament session is independent - A member cannot be arrested for anything he she says in parliament For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - An MP cannot be arrested for crime committed outside while inside the parliament premises - The parliament has terminative powers, ie can pass a vote of no confidence on the executive - It is the parliament that declares war in consultation with the president Objectives By the end of this lesson you should be able to: 1 Define the Executive arm of the government 2 Discuss the powers and functions of the president 3 Discuss the functions of the Deputy President 4 Describe the composition and the functions of the Cabinet 5 Describe the functions of the Attorney General and Director of public prosecution 6 Describe the composition and functions of the public service 7 Describe the composition and functions of National Security organs 8 Describe the function of correctional services The National Executive The National executive comprises of the president, the deputy president, the cabinet and public service. President Mwai Kibaki Vice President Kalonzo Musyoka Powers and Functions of President The president has powers bestowed on him by the constitution. They include; 1 President is the head of state and government 2 President is the Commander-in-Chief of the defence forces. 3 President is the chairperson of the National Security Council. 4 President is the symbol of National Unity For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Officially opens parliament after General Elections. -. Chairs Cabinet meetings. -. Appoints Cabinet members with the approval of the National Assembly - Ensures that the international obligations of the Republic are fulfilled through the relevant Cabinet secretaries. -. The president performs other executive functions eg establishing an office in the public service. President Mwai Kibaki Functions of Deputy President Let us now look at the functions of the deputy president. The deputy president is the principal assistant of the president. He or she deputizes for the president in the execution of his her functions. The deputy president acts as the president when the president is absent or is temporarily incapacitated. It is a constituional requirement that the deputy president shall not hold any state or public office.
President Mwai Kibaki Functions of Deputy President Let us now look at the functions of the deputy president. The deputy president is the principal assistant of the president. He or she deputizes for the president in the execution of his her functions. The deputy president acts as the president when the president is absent or is temporarily incapacitated. It is a constituional requirement that the deputy president shall not hold any state or public office. Vice President Kalonzo Musyoka Composition and Functions of the Cabinet The Cabinet consists of the president, the deputy president, cabinet secretaries and the Attorney General, and not fewer than fourteen and not more than twenty two cabinet secretaries. Cabinet secretaries should not hold any other state or public office. The secretary to the cabinet takes minutes during cabinet meetings and links the cabinet with the public service. The cabinet has the following functions; Advisory role- The cabinet advises the president on various aspects of government policies. The cabinet secretaries ministers advise the president on the affairs of their ministries. Defending government policy- The cabinet has collective responsibility of defending government policies. Cabinet secretaries are expected to make presentations or clarify issues they are responsible for to the National Assembly or Senate whenever they are required They should also uphold the constitution and act according to it Provide parliament with full and regular reports concerning matters under their control. Functions of the Attorney General The Attorney General shall be appointed by the President with approval of the National Assembly; - He she is the principal legal advisor of the government. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke - Represents the National government in court and any other legal proceedings. -. Promotes and upholds the rule of law and defend the public interest. Prof Githu Muigai, Attorney General Functions of the Director of Public Prosecutions The Director of Public Prosecutions shall be nominated and with the approval of the National Assembly appointed by the president. He she shall hold office for a term of 8 years and not eligible for reappointment 1. Directs the Inspector General of the National Police Service to investigate any information of criminal conduct. 2. Institutes and undertakes criminal proceedings against any person before any court. 3. Protects the interests of administration of justice and prevents abuse of the legal process. Director of public prosecution, Keriako Tobiko Composition and Functions of Public Service The public service is the section of the executive of the government which is headed by secretary to the Public Service Commission. It is composed of: 1.
Protects the interests of administration of justice and prevents abuse of the legal process. Director of public prosecution, Keriako Tobiko Composition and Functions of Public Service The public service is the section of the executive of the government which is headed by secretary to the Public Service Commission. It is composed of: 1. Principal secretaries 2. State departments 3. Public servants An Independent Public Service commission ensures that the functions of the National Public Service are effectively carried out. Its functions include; - Establish and abolish offices in the public service - Appoint persons to hold or act in those offices and confirm appointments - Exercise disciplinary control and remove persons holding or acting in those offices. -. Investigate monitor and evaluate the administration and personnel practices of the public office. -. To develop human resources in the Public Service. -. Evaluate and report to the president and parliament on the performance of the commission. National Security Organs For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke We are going to discuss the National Security. There are three organs of the National security namely; 1. Kenya Defence Forces 2. National Intelligence Services 3. National Police Service. We shall now discuss the composition of each of these organs. Section of Kenyan Defence Forces Kenya Defence Forces The Kenya Defence Force is composed of: - The Kenya Army - The Kenya Air Force - The Kenya Navy. Their functions include; 1. Responsible for the defence and protection of the Sovereignty and territorial integrity 2. Assists and cooperate with other authority in situations of emergency or disaster. 3. May be deployed to restore peace in any part of Kenya affected by unrest or instability. Section of guard of honor mounted by the Defence Forces National Intelligence Services The constitution provides for the establishment of a National Intelligence services. Its functions include; 1. Provides security intelligence to enhance national security 2. Performs any other function prescribed by national legislature The National Police Service The National Police Service consists of the Kenya Police Service and the Administration Police Service. Its functions include; 1. Maintaining highest standards of professionalism and discipline among its members 2. Preventing corruption and promoting transparency and accountability 3. Complying with constitutional standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms 4. Training staff on the highest possible standards of competence and integrity For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5.
Preventing corruption and promoting transparency and accountability 3. Complying with constitutional standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms 4. Training staff on the highest possible standards of competence and integrity For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5. Fostering and promoting relationship with the broader society National Police Service in a matching exercise Correctional Services The correctional services are government institutions that are charged with the responsibility of rehabilitating convicted criminals. The functions of correctional services include; 1. Complimenting the work of national security organs 2. Containing the prisoners as they serve various jail terms 3. Executing court orders by implementing the decisions of the law courts with regard to how the convicts are to be punished. 4. Offering security to convicts while in detention. 5. Rehabilitating and reform convicts by changing their behavior 6. Generally looking at the welfare of the prisoners in area such as health food, shelter etc. 7. Providing labour in some national government projects through the extra-mural employment scheme such as a afforestation, digging canals, building roads etc. The Judiciary In this lesson, we are going to study the structure and function of the judiciary in Kenya. The Judiciary in Kenya consists of Judges, Magistrates and other Judicial Officers. The head of the Judiciary is the Chief Justice. Objectives By the end of the lesson, you should be able to: 1. Describe the structure of the Judiciary. 2. Discuss functions of the Judiciary in Kenya. The Judiciary In this lesson, we are going to study the structure and functions of the judiciary in Kenya. The Judiciary consists of Judges, Magistrates and other Judicial Officers. The head of the Judiciary is the Chief Justice. Nairobi Law courts Structure of the Court Systems in Kenya How is the court sysytem in Kenya structured? The court system in Kenya has the following features; 1. Under the Kenya Constitution, the Supreme Court is the highest court. 2. The second highest court in Kenya is the Court of Appeal. 3. The High Court is the third highest court in Kenya. 4. The above three are referred to as Superior Courts. 5. The Subordinate Courts comprise of Magistrates Courts, Kadhis Courts and the Courts Martial. 6. The constitution empowers parliament to establish other subordinate courts and tribunals as it may seem necessary.
The Subordinate Courts comprise of Magistrates Courts, Kadhis Courts and the Courts Martial. 6. The constitution empowers parliament to establish other subordinate courts and tribunals as it may seem necessary. Functions of the Judiciary For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke The Judiciary in Kenya performs various functions which include: 1. Interpreting the application of laws in Kenya. 2. Adjudicating in both criminal and civil court cases. 3. Settling disputes between conflicting parties or institutions in the political structure. 4. Protecting the constitutional rights and freedoms of individuals. 5. Collecting fines imposed on those found guilty of various offences by the courts. 6. Administering the swearing in of senior government officials e.g. the president before he assumes office. THE SUPREME COURT - It hears and determines any case challenging the election of the president. -. Hears appeals from the court of appeal. COURT OF APPEAL It hears appeals from the High Court and tribunals. HIGH COURT Has supervisory powers over the subordinate courts. SUBORDINATE COURTS The Subordinate Courts are: - Magistrates Courts - The Courts Martial - The Kadhis Courts- Kadhis courts deal with issues concerning marriage, divorce, inheritance for people who belong to the Muslim faith. Concept of the Rule of Law The concept of the rule of law entails the process of handling all legal matters in accordance with the law. All Kenyans are subject to and governed by the same laws irrespective of their status, colour or religion. It stipulates that; 1. No person is above the law. 2. Matters pertaining to law are dealt with in accordance to the law. 3. A person is presumed innocent until proved guilty in a court of law. Concept of Natural Justice The concept of Natural Justice stresses that a suspect should be treated fairly by the courts. The following principles of natural justice must be upheld before any judgement is made on a suspect: 1. The accused person is given the right to fair trial. 2. Suspected persons are presumed innocent until proven guilty in a court of law. 3. This concept discourages mob justice. 4. An accused person is entitled to legal For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke representation. 5. A suspect is given an opportunity to defend himself or herself in a court of law and call for witnesses. 6. All judicial decisions are based on law.
A suspect is given an opportunity to defend himself or herself in a court of law and call for witnesses.6.All judicial decisions are based on law. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke.
E.g the Franza-Ingeleza war of 1892 that pitted the Protestants British against the Catholics French . Fredrick Lugard s intervention on the side of Protestants set stage for the acquisition of Uganda by the British. In Bulozi, Father Francois Coillard convinced Lewanika of the benefits of British protection. In Nyasaland Malawi which was depicted as Livingstone s country, missionaries read role of Scottish missionaries shaped public opinion in favour of imperial control. 4 Treachery and Divide and rule policy. The Europeans instigated inter-tribal wars causing some Africans to support them against warring communities. E.g. use of the Wanga against the Luo and the Luhya in Kenya, the Ndebele shona against the Lozi in Rhodesia. The Italians lied to Menelik II by signing a treaty of friendship but which was published in Italian version indicating that Ethiopia had agreed becoming an Italian protectorate. The Maasai agreement was written in a language that the Lenana never understood. 5 Use of company rule. The British and the Germans used chartered companies to acquire and rule their colonies. For example, the role played by the British South African Company of Cecil Rhodes, Imperial British East African Company of Sir William Mackinnon and the German East Africa Company of Carl Peters. 6 Luring enticements. The Europeans gave gifts like cloth, weapons tools, drinks etc to African chiefs like Lewanika of the Lozi and Mwanga of Buganda thus luring them into collaboration. 7 Diplomatic skills. This involved building relations with African leaders, which were later, used to acquire the areas. The British employed this method in Maasailand and Yorubaland. 8 A blend of diplomacy and force. The British for example initially signed treaties with the Ndebele Moffat and Rudd treaties , but they fought them during the Ndebele war of 1897. FACTORS THAT LED TO THE SCRAMBLE FOR COLONIES IN AFRICA. Economic factors 1. The industrial revolution in Europe. A The revolution led to search for markets for European manufactured goods in Africa resulting in scramble for and partition. B The need for raw materials. The machines invented processed goods faster than use of hand. The Europeans came to Africa in search of raw materials like cotton, palm oil, copper and iron ore.
B The need for raw materials. The machines invented processed goods faster than use of hand. The Europeans came to Africa in search of raw materials like cotton, palm oil, copper and iron ore. C Cheap labour was also readily available in Africa after the abolition of slave trade. D There was desire by the entrepreneurs to invest excess capital gained from accumulation ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 4 profits from industrial investment. Africa provided an avenue for investment. E Industrial revolution led to improved transport system, which was necessary for effective colonization. F The military hardware manufactured during the revolution enabled Europeans to conquer African territories. G The discovery of medicine enabled the Europeans to survive the African conditions and protect themselves from diseases such as malaria, yellow fever etc. H Those who were rendered unemployed in Europe due to invention of machines had to move to Africa to assist in harnessing raw materials. I Industrial revolution led to intense rivalry in trade, which was projected, into Africa. 2. Speculation about the availability of deep pockets of minerals in Africa. Gold and Bronze had been items of trade in Africa for centuries. The discovery of Diamond at Kimberly in the 1860s and Gold in the 1870s precipitated their appetite for Africa more. Political reasons. 1. Unification of Germany after under Otto Von Bismarck after the Franco-Prussian war of 1870-71. The rise of Germany upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa. France for example had to redeem her lost glory especially after the loss of mineral rich Alsace and Lorraine provinces by acquiring eight colonies in Africa. 2. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. With the rise of democracy in European states in the 19th c, it was fatal for any government to ignore public opinion. A For example in 1882, due to public demand, the French assembly was compelled to ratify De Brazza s treaty with Chief Makoko thus creating a French colony in Congo. B German took over South-West Africa Namibia , Togo and Cameroon due to what Bismarck termed as public demand. C In Britain, the public demanded that Britain must maintain her position as the leading colonizing power by taking her share in Africa. 3. Militarism.
C In Britain, the public demanded that Britain must maintain her position as the leading colonizing power by taking her share in Africa. 3. Militarism. Army officers in Europe favoured colonial expansionist wars to give them greater opportunities for glory or promotion. A For example, in Sudan, it was the military offers, in search of glory, and not the French government who directed the extent of French colonization. B British soldiers like Wolseley Kitchener supported the expansion of the British Empire in Africa. 4. The rise of Nationalism. In Europe, there was the rise of a general feeling of civilians that their nations should acquire overseas colonies for national prestige. The Germans began feeling they belonged to a superior race that must be shown by acquiring colonies in Africa. Strategic reasons. 1. Construction of the Suez Canal. The Egyptian question . The construction of the Suez Canal, opened in 1869, promoted a link between Europe and Asia shortened the routes to Far East. It also promoted international trade. It also made Egypt gain some strategic importance to Europeans. The inability of Khedive Ishmael 1863-1879 to pay for the cost of the construction of the canal due to his extravagancy led to British full occupation of Egypt in 1882, being a majorKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 5 shareholder in the Anglo-Suez Company that owned the canal. The dismayed French planned diversions of the Nile waters, and make Egypt a desert, after occupying territories to the south of Egypt. It was against the backdrop that Britain claimed Uganda source of the Nile in 1894, Kenya the gateway to Uganda in 1895 and Sudan where the Nile passes in 1898. 2. French activities in West Africa and the Congo The activities of France in Congo and West Africa, after loss of Egypt, through their Italian agent Savorgnan de Brazza in connection to acquisition of colonies alarmed other powers. This encouraged powers like Germany to join in the scramble and acquire Togo, Cameroon, Namibia and Tanganyika. 3. The personal activities of King Leopold II of Belgium. He endeavored to create a personal empire.
3. The personal activities of King Leopold II of Belgium. He endeavored to create a personal empire. In 1876, Leopold convened the Brussels Geographical Conference where he formed a business company, the International African Association comprising explorers and traders with a mission to civilize Africa, abolish slave trade and establish free trade. As a result of the activities of his agent, Henry Morton Stanley who created the Congo Free State, Leopold had established a personal empire in 1884. It was the activities of king Leopold leading to intense rivalry amongst European nations over Congo that led to the convening of the Berlin Conference in 1884. Social reasons 1. The work of Christian missionaries They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans by giving those gifts like cloths and beer, introducing economic activities like farming, carpentry, clerical work, among Africans, that were important virtues in the process of colonization. Where they were in danger, they pressurized their home governments to protect them. The missionaries had direct contact with the people of the interior of Africa and they were front-runners who paved way for the colonialists through their works. They preached peace, love and hard work and hence calmed down the emotions of Africans towards the Europeans. Some of them wrote exaggerated reports about Africa to convince Europeans to take interest in Africa. 2. The growth of European population. The growth of European population steadily to about 420 million in the 19th century led to the quest for new outlets to resettle the population. E.g Britain settled some of her people in Australia, New Zealand, USA, Canada and South Africa. German, Portugal and Dutch also had to find places in Africa to settle some of their people. 3. Anti-slave trade campaigns- Humanitarian factor. The humanitarians in Europe like William Wilberforce and Granville Sharp, and the missionaries who led the crusade against slave trade advocated for colonization of Africa in order to stop it and introduce Legitimate Trade. When slave trade was abolished, many European nations used it as an excuse to remain in some parts of Africa, control the region, enforce the anti-slavery treaties, and promote legitimate trade. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 6 The pull factors a Existence of Vast natural resources in Africa. There were pockets of minerals in various parts of Africa and ivory awaiting exploitation. This attracted the Europeans.
A That all signatories must declare their sphere of influence an area under each nation s occupation b That once an area is declared a sphere of influence, effective occupation must be established in the area through establishment of firm colonial infrastructures to be followed by colonial administration. C That any state, laying claim to any part of Africa must inform other interested parties in order to avoid future rivalry. D That any power acquiring territory in Africa must undertake to stamp out slave trade in favour of legitimate trade and safeguard African interests. E That if a European power claims a certain part of the African coast, the land in the interior next to the coast became hers. F That the Congo River and the Niger River basins were to be left free for any interested power to navigate. G The European powers vowed to protect and safeguard European interests in Africa irrespective of their nationality. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 7 Impacts of the Partition. Political effects a Introduction of European administration minimized intertribal wars and civil strife. B It led to development of strong African leadership and beginning of state formation. C Colonial government structures inherited by most independent African states have continued to be models of governments in African countries. D Rise of African nationalism to fight colonialism led to the development of African political awareness. E The Europeans gained fame, prestige and national glory by having colonial possessions. F Negatively, it led to collapse of African traditional political systems and leadership. G Use of divide and rule promoted ethnic disunity that continues to trouble Africa many years after independence. H Boundary creation split apart many African communities. For example, the Somali are found both in Kenya and in Somalia, the Maasai in Kenya and Tanzania and the Ewe in Ghana and Togo. I In some cases some communities whose cultures were incompatible found themselves bunched together. Social impacts a Through the protection offered to missionaries, it stimulated the spread of Christianity to various parts of Africa. B It led to development of urban centres. Some towns grew as centres of administration e.g. Nairobi and Machakos. Others grew as railway terminus e.g. Kisumu. C African welfare was boosted. Some African benefited from western education and health facilities introduced by the Europeans. D European languages were introduced in Africa. E Negatively, it created landlessness as European settlers appropriated African land. F The Africans adopted some negative aspects of western culture.
The Mandinka Resistance. Samori Toure c. 1830-1900 One of the great kings and fighters of African freedom was the great Samori Toure. Born about 1830 in Sanankaro, SE of Kankan in present-day Guinea, Samori Toure chose the path of confrontation, using warfare and diplomacy, to deal with the French colonial incursion. His father was a Dyula trader, leading Toure to follow his family s occupation. In the 1850s, he enrolled in the military forces at Madina present-day Mali to liberate his mother, captured during a slave raid by king Sori Birama of Bisandugu. Displaying extraordinary military skill and prowess, he and his mother were subsequently released in 1858. Coupled with his experience as a Dyula trader, he built his army. Samori employed the triple thrust of persuasion, threat and war, in the same way as Sundiata did in Mali, to organized Malink chiefdoms and expand the Mandinka state. Between 1852 and 1882, Samori Toure had created the Mandinka Empire with the capital at Bisandugu, in present day Gambia. Samori s army was powerful, disciplined, professional, and trained in modern day warfare. They were equipped with European guns. The army was divided into two flanks, the infantry or sofa, with 30,000 to 35,000 men, and the cavalry or sere of 3,000 men. There was a third wing of 500 men forming specially trained bodyguards. In 1881, Samori extended the empire to the east as far as Sikasso in Mali to the west, up to the Futa Djallon Empire. Meanwhile, the French were extending eastwards from Futa Djalon while the Mandinka were extending westwards towards Kenyeran trading centre, Next to the rich Bure Gold fields. In 1882, at the height of the Mandinka empire, the French accused Samori Tour of refusing to withdraw from an important market center, Kenyeran his army had blockaded the market . They thus started war on him. His bid to obtain assistance from the British to deal with the French failed as the later were not willing to enter into conflict with the French.
In 1882, at the height of the Mandinka empire, the French accused Samori Tour of refusing to withdraw from an important market center, Kenyeran his army had blockaded the market . They thus started war on him. His bid to obtain assistance from the British to deal with the French failed as the later were not willing to enter into conflict with the French. From 1882 to 1885, Samori fought the French and had to sign infamous Bisandugu treaty on 28th march 1886 and then 1887. Significance of the Bisandugu treaties 1886-1887 a To Toure, these were acts of delay the real confrontation that with the French that would come at an opportune time. B He hoped that by this treaty, he would reach out at the British for a friendship treaty to enable him secure trade routes from the north under Tieba of Sikasso. C The French on their part hoped to use the treaty to enable them to arrange the conquest of the Tukolor Empire. D The treaties put the Mandinka under brief French protection. In 1888, he took up arms again when the French reneged on the treaty by attempting to foster rebellion within his empire. In 1890, he reorganized the army and concluded a treaty with the British in Sierra Leone, where he obtained modern weapons. He now stressed defense and employed guerilla tactics. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 12 The Franco- Mandinka war 1891-1898 Causes of the Franco-Mandinka war 1891-1898 a Samori wanted to safeguard the independence and religion of his empire. Being a staunch Muslim, he could not tolerate non-Muslims on his land. B He was not ready willing to lose the rich Bure Mines to the French whether through diplomacy or warfare. C His empire was at that time enjoying military and economic superiority. The French incursion was merely a threat to his territorial expansion that was to be fought at all costs. D His participation in trade had enabled him to acquire modern arms thus enabling him to build an equipped and well trained army which did not fear the encounter French. He even had facilities for arms repair. E His scheme to play off the British against the French, between 1882 and 1889, had failed. This upset him and therefore left him only with the fighting option.
He even had facilities for arms repair. E His scheme to play off the British against the French, between 1882 and 1889, had failed. This upset him and therefore left him only with the fighting option. F The activities of the French of selling arms to his enemies such as Tieba of Sikasso were viewed by Samori as an act to weaken the Mandinka dominance. Course of the franco-mandinka war. Samori waged a seven year war against France whose army was led by Major Archinard. In 1891, with his improved weaponry and reorganized army, he defeated the French. In 1892, French forces overran the major centers of the Mandinka Empire, leaving death and destruction in their wake. In 1894, the French assembled all their troops in western Sudan Senegal, Mali, Niger, etc to fight Samori. Between 1893 and 1898, Samori s army retreated eastward, toward the Bandama and Como, resorted to the scorched earth tactic, destroying every piece of land he evacuated. He moved his capital east from Bisandugu to Dabakala, thus creating a second empire in 1893. This enabled him to delay the French. He formed a second empire, and moved his capital to Kong, in upper Cote d Ivoire. Disadvantages of Samori s second empire. A He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. B He was at war with the communities, which he had attacked in his expansionist wars. C His southern frontier was open to French attacks from the Ivory Coast. D At his new empire, Samore was cut off from his gold mines at Bure thus; he had no wealth to keep his army running. E The occupation of the Asante Empire by the British in 1896 meant that enemies from all corners surrounded Samori Toure. In 1898, Samori, forced to fight a total war against innumerable odds like famine and desertion that weakened his forces, was captured on September 29, 1898, in his camp in Gu l mou at the town of Sikasso in present-day C te d Ivoire and exiled to Ndjol , Gabon, where he died of pneumonia on June 2, 1900. Factors that aided Samori Toure in offering a protracted resistance to the Europeans.
E The occupation of the Asante Empire by the British in 1896 meant that enemies from all corners surrounded Samori Toure. In 1898, Samori, forced to fight a total war against innumerable odds like famine and desertion that weakened his forces, was captured on September 29, 1898, in his camp in Gu l mou at the town of Sikasso in present-day C te d Ivoire and exiled to Ndjol , Gabon, where he died of pneumonia on June 2, 1900. Factors that aided Samori Toure in offering a protracted resistance to the Europeans. A He had established military workshops with a trained cadre of artisans whom he used to repair and manufacture his own weapons. This guaranteed regular supply of weaponsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 13 during the resistance. B He himself was a courageous fighter, a greater organizer and a military tactician and he personally commanded his army on the battlefield. C His adoption of the Scorched Earth Policy as he mobilized the entire population to retreat left the French to starve and delay their advance. D The success witnessed in trade enabled him to acquire guns and horses from the north, which were important in the resistance. E Through trade and subsequent tribute collection, he obtained adequate wealth, which he used to maintain a large army. F He had a large strong and well-organized army of 35,000 men, which was a formidable force for the French. G He used diplomacy in dealing with the French to buy time to reorganize and strengthen his army, and to negotiate with the British in Sierra Leone to guarantee regular supply of guns. H French soldiers were ignorant of the strange land they were fighting in and were faced with further problem of tropical disease. I Some of his soldiers had served in the French colonial army and were thus familiar with the French tactics. J He used Mandinka nationalism and Islam to unify the army. Many of Samori s soldiers believed that they were fighting a Jihad holy war and therefore fought with determination. Why samori was finally defeated. A Since his army and community were constantly on the move, they could not engage in any gainful economic activity to replenish their supplies.
Many of Samori s soldiers believed that they were fighting a Jihad holy war and therefore fought with determination. Why samori was finally defeated. A Since his army and community were constantly on the move, they could not engage in any gainful economic activity to replenish their supplies. B The abandoning of the rich Bure Gold reserves as Samori retreated meant he had lost an important source of revenue that was initially used to sustain the army. C When he moved to his second empire, He was cut off from Freetown where he used to buy firearms. D Samori failed to get any support from other African societies due to lack of unity. Ahmed Seku of Tukolor and Tieba of Sikasso chose to rather assist the French than support Samori. E His second empire was open to attack from all sides by either the British or the French, making it difficult to defend. F The French had superior weapons and better means to re-equip their stores. They were also determined to defeat samori to set up an overseas colonial empire. G The use of the scorched earth policy was resented by the civilians since it left them with nothing after destruction. It thus starred up local resistance. H Even within his own empire, there was no total unity. The non-Mandinka communities and non-Muslims in the empire who had felt mistreated during his reign supported the French. I The refusal by the British to assist Samori dented his hopes of getting a European ally against the French. J Samori s retreat to Liberia was blocked and his capital besieged. He had to surrender to the French. The Ndebele Resistance. Background. The Ndebele were descendants of Nguni conquerors from South Africa fleeing from the mfecane wars who occupied what is now Matabeleland. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 14 Mzilikazi Ndebele King opened the door for the London Missionary Society led by Robert Moffat, who settled in Matabeleland in 1859. They assisted him in repairing his guns, inoculating cattle, writing and interpreting letters and providing medical care to the sick. He however had little interest in Foreigners and even had those whose who accepted missionary influence killed. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son Lobengula took over.
They assisted him in repairing his guns, inoculating cattle, writing and interpreting letters and providing medical care to the sick. He however had little interest in Foreigners and even had those whose who accepted missionary influence killed. Mzilikazi died in 1868 and his son Lobengula took over. Lobengula was the Ndebele king at the outbreak of the Anglo-Ndebele war of 1893. He went to great lengths to appease the increasingly aggressive British imperialists from the South, Portuguese invasion from Angola and Mozambique and Germans from the south west. He used his diplomatic skills to buy time before engaging in war with the British. He even tried to pit one European nation against the other the Boers and the British . He in 1870 had granted a mining concession to Thomas Baines of Durban Gold Mining Co. in order to diffuse white intervention. In 1888, Lobengula signed the Moffat treaty which stated that he was not to sign any other treaty with other European groups without British permission. Rhodes sent his partner and agent Charles Rudd to compel Lobengula to acquiesce to the Rudd mining Concession- a verbal agreement between Lobengula and BSA Co granting the company a mining monopoly in Matabeleland. In return, he was to get a gunboat on River Zambezi or 500 sterling ponds, a monthly salary of 100 sterling pounds, 1000 rifles and 100,000 cartridges. Lobengula s conditions for concession were not incorporated in the final text. When the terms of the treaty were interpreted to him, he learned that he had been tricked into surrendering his kingdom to Europeans. In 1889, he repudiated the treaty and sent a fruitless delegation of Indunas Motshede and Babiyance to London to meet Queen Victoria. Despite the Ndebele king's repeal of the concession, Rhodes, supported by the British crown, enacted a charter of the newly created British South Africa Company investing it with an array of rights: the right to make treaties, to pass laws and to subject the natives to its police force, as well as to make grants of minerals and land to white settlers Lobengula was thus pushed into reluctant resistance by white greedy rapacity. Causes of the 1893 Ndebele war. 1.
Despite the Ndebele king's repeal of the concession, Rhodes, supported by the British crown, enacted a charter of the newly created British South Africa Company investing it with an array of rights: the right to make treaties, to pass laws and to subject the natives to its police force, as well as to make grants of minerals and land to white settlers Lobengula was thus pushed into reluctant resistance by white greedy rapacity. Causes of the 1893 Ndebele war. 1. The Ndebele detested the treachery used by the British in compelling Lobengula to sign the Rudd Concession 2. British occupation of Matabeleland had ended Ndebele powers over the shona whom they always raided for cattle and women. 3. The British acts of provocation inciting the Shona to raid the Ndebele for cattle . When the Ndebele chose to attack the shona, the British would then fight them under the pretext of protecting their interests in Mashonaland. 4. The attempt by the Ndebele indunas to punish some shona who disobeyed King Lobengula became the immediate cause. Course of the war. The war broke out in October 1893. The British army was led by Dr.Starr Jameson and comprised the shona police and other mercenaries from South Africa. At that time, the Ndebele had been weakened by smallpox and inferior weapons leading to little confrontation between them and the British. Lobengula chose to evacuate his people towards Northern Rhodesia. At the two battles of Shangani River and Mbembezi. The Ndebele were defeated by superior European gun-fire. Lobengula finally fled to Bulawayo where he died in 1894. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 15 The conquerors took advantage of the natives' inner divisions, with people of the low castes remaining passive and even some traitors helping the invaders. The aftermath of the British conquest in Zimbabwe was that cattle were seized from the natives and their land taken. Even the for the small plots that were left to them, Africans were often forcibly prevented from ploughing and sowing, since they were subjected to tax-collection and coerced labour in whiteowned farms. The Ndebele were pushed to the reserves of Gwaai and Shangani.
The aftermath of the British conquest in Zimbabwe was that cattle were seized from the natives and their land taken. Even the for the small plots that were left to them, Africans were often forcibly prevented from ploughing and sowing, since they were subjected to tax-collection and coerced labour in whiteowned farms. The Ndebele were pushed to the reserves of Gwaai and Shangani. Second Matabele War the Chimurenga war 1896-1897 The war of liberation which was dubbed Chimurenga , or the Second Matabele War was a fulfillment of prophesy of a great Shona spirit, Mbuya Nehanda, sister of the great Shona prophet Chaminuka. Mlimo, the Ndebele spiritual leader is in fact credited with fomenting the Second Ndebele War. He convinced the Ndebele that the White settlers were responsible for the drought, locust plagues and the cattle disease rinderpest ravaging the country at the time. Causes of the Chimurenga war. A The war broke out because the Shona and the Ndebele feared disruption of their age-old and valued trade and trade routes. B They fought for economic and trade independence. The company had stopped shona Gold and ivory trade with the Portuguese and forced them to trade only with the company only and at low exchange rates. C They were fighting against land alienation. The BSA Company had alienated the Ndebele land and pushed them to the Gwaai and Shangani reserves that had no water and were infested with tsetseflies. D The war eroded the Ndebele traditional authority. When Lobengula s sons were sent to South Africa by Rhodes for education, they were denied chance of succeeding their father. E They detested the removal of the rights of chiefs to allocate land. The British ruined the regimental system and refused to recognize the power of the indunas and Ndebele laws. F The British began to assume the rights to punish the subjects on behalf of the chiefs. Sometimes even the chiefs were also punished. E.g, Chief Moghabi s village was burnt. G They revolted against taxation which was an interference with their economic independence. The hut tax, introduced in 1894 was collected with much brutality. H The Ndebele were not pleased with the recruitment of the shona in the police force.
G They revolted against taxation which was an interference with their economic independence. The hut tax, introduced in 1894 was collected with much brutality. H The Ndebele were not pleased with the recruitment of the shona in the police force. They felt humiliated as the shona took the chance to revenge for the many years of oppression. I They resented the general brutality of the whites when dealing with the Africans, like threatening the black people with punishment just before pay, to cause them to run away. J They wanted the removal of the policy of forced labour on European mines and farms where workers operated under deplorable conditions, often whipped with syambok whip and worked for long hours without chance to engage in activities of their choice. K The company disregarded the Ndebele customs especially the class system. They treated everybody equally, including the Holi who were traditionally slaves to the Ndebele aristocrats. The traditional leaders were sometimes flogged before their subjects. L The confiscation, by the company, of 250,000 head of cattle in 1893 from the Ndebele. Leaving them with only 50,000 affected by cattle disease. The rights to raid the shona for cattle was also denied. M The people were resented more by the Natural calamities that continued to afflict them and which religious mediums like Mlimo blamed on the presence of the whites. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 16 n The influence of the Mwari cult leaders who urged people to resist with an assurance of victory against the British and immunity against the European bullets. Course of the war. Mlimo's call to battle happened at a time when the BSA Co's Administrator General for Matabeleland, Leander Starr Jameson, had sent most of his troops to fight the Transvaal Republic in the ill-fated Jameson Raid in Dec. 1995 leaving the country's defenses in disarray. War in Matabeleland. On 29th March 1896, the Ndebele High Priest Umlugulu, with senior indunas, organized a ceremony to install Umfezela as Lobengula s successor. On that day, The Ndebele rebels killed the whites on their farms as they found them by surprise. They also killed African policemen in the British force.
On 29th March 1896, the Ndebele High Priest Umlugulu, with senior indunas, organized a ceremony to install Umfezela as Lobengula s successor. On that day, The Ndebele rebels killed the whites on their farms as they found them by surprise. They also killed African policemen in the British force. The European settlers took refuge in fortified camps in Bulawayo, Gwelo, Belingwe and Mangwe. The British immediately sent troops to suppress the Ndebele and the Shona, but it cost the lives of many settlers, Ndebele, and Shona alike. The Matabele military defiance ended only when Burnham found and assassinated Mlimo, thanks to a Zulu informant. The Ndebele finally agreed to peace talks with Rhodes during which Rhodes agreed to disband the shona police and give the Ndebele headmen some powers as indunas. The War in Mashonaland. On 17 June 1896, the Hwata dynasty at Mazowe attacked the Alice Mine. They succeeded in driving away the British settlers from their lands on 20 June 1896. In the same month, Mashaykuma, working with the local spiritual leader Kagubi, the Zezuru Shona people in killing a British farmer Norton and his wife at Porta Farm in Norton. With the war in Matabeleland ending in October 1897, Gen. Carrington was able to concentrate his forces on Mashonaland. Nehanda Nyakasikana and Kagubi Gumboreshumba were captured and executed in 1898, but Mkwati, a priest of the Mwari shrine, was never captured and died in Mutoko. Traditional leaders played a major role in the rebellion, notably Chief Mashayamombe, who led resistance in Mhondoro, Gwabayana, Makoni, Mapondera, Mangwende and Seke. Role of religion in the organization of the Shona Ndebele resistance. A Religion united the Shona and Ndebele who had hitherto been bitter rivals. The two communities entered a common plan of action. B It boosted and sustained the morale of the masses and gave them spiritual strength to fight a might force. C Religion was used as a base of mass action. It provided the resistance with a common ideology.
B It boosted and sustained the morale of the masses and gave them spiritual strength to fight a might force. C Religion was used as a base of mass action. It provided the resistance with a common ideology. Much of the ideology used was derived from Umlugulu, the chief priest of the Ndebele Nyamanda, Lobengula s eldest son and Mlimo , the medium of Mwari Cult d Religious leaders provided leadership to the war against white aggressors who were considered immoral and brutal. E The Mwari Cult provided an important organization link between the Ndebele and shona since it was widespread. F The most important representatives of the Mwari Cult were Mkwati and Singinyamatse who were the backbone of the spiritual unity of the Ndebele. Why the Ndebele and shona were defeated. A Disunity among Africans and between Shona and Ndebele. They fought on different fronts. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 17 Even some African communities supported the British against the shona and Ndebele. B The Ndebele social class lacked unity of purpose. The former aristocrats fought on their own while the former slave classes chose to even cooperate with the British. C British soldiers were well trained as compared to African soldiers. They also got reinforcement from Botswana and South Africa. D The arrest and execution of African leaders like Nehanda, Kagubi and Singinyamatse demoralized the people. E The British had superior weapons as compared to African inferior weapons. F The magic failed to protect them against the enemy bullets. Many people were killed by the British including the leaders of the Mwari cult. G The determination of Cecil Rhodes, who negotiated for peace with Ndebele thus ending the war. This made the suppression of the Shona by the British easy. Results of the war. A The Africans lost their independence as the British established their authority over them. B There was an enormous loss of life and property. C The African land was alienated and they confined to reserves d Africans in reserves were be subjected to forced labour. E The war led to rapid spread of Christianity as the local people lost faith in their religion. F The Ndebele indunas gained recognition as headmen. G The Africans were exposed to severe famine, as the war hindered farming.
E The war led to rapid spread of Christianity as the local people lost faith in their religion. F The Ndebele indunas gained recognition as headmen. G The Africans were exposed to severe famine, as the war hindered farming. H The colonial office in London lost confidence in company rule due to its poor administration. COLLABORATION What is collaboration? This was a style in which Africans responded to European intrusion through diplomacy, adaptation or allying with the Europeans for military support and for material gains Reasons for collaboration by some African communities. A Some African kings needed to safe guard themselves against internal and external enemies. E.g. Lewanika of Lozi who was facing threat from the Ndebele and the Ngoni. B Others wanted to promote trade with the imperialists so that they can gain material wealth. For example, the Wanga and the Shona. C Influence of the missionaries who convinced some African leaders to collaborate in order to get western education and civilization. E.g, Fran ois Coillard encouraged Lewanika to collaborate with the British. D In some communities, there was need for protection against other European powers e.g. the Lozi against the Portuguese. E Others were merely in need for assistance to gain regional supremacy. E.g the Maasai who were on downward trend as the Nandi were raising. F To some it was a means of showing courtesy visitors assuming that they would leave soon and being ignorant of European intentions. For example Kabaka Mwanga of Buganda. G Other African leaders influenced some communities. For example, Chief Khama influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to resist. H Having witnessed the European military might against the resisting neighbours some communities saw it futile to resist stronger forceKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 18 The Lozi Collaboration. Factors, which influenced Lewanika of the Lozi to collaborate with the British. A Lewanika was encouraged to collaborate with the British by King Khama of Botswana who had already benefited from British protection against the Dutch in South Africa. B The European missionaries who had visited him earlier influenced Lewanika. For example, Fran ois Coillard who convinced Lewanika to ally with the British to gain western education. C Lewanika needed support against Portuguese and Germans who were approaching his territory.
B The European missionaries who had visited him earlier influenced Lewanika. For example, Fran ois Coillard who convinced Lewanika to ally with the British to gain western education. C Lewanika needed support against Portuguese and Germans who were approaching his territory. D Lewanika wanted the British to protect his kingdom from attacks by other African communities such as the Ndebele and Shona-protection against African enemies. E Lewanika also wanted the British to protect him against internal enemies e.g. in 1884, Lewanika faced an internal rebellion-to safeguard his position. F Lewanika desired western education especially for his sons and civilization in his country. G Desire for promotion of trade between Britain and his people. He was keen on acquiring European goods such as firearms for territorial defence. H He was fearful and considered it futile to resist a strong military force like Britain. How Lewanika collaborated with the British. Signing of treaties e.g. he first signed a treaty with Harry Ware in 1889 before signing the Lochner Treaty of 1890 and the Corydon Treaty of 1898. These treaties put Bulozi under British protectorate. Lewanika became friendly to British agents like Frank Lochner and the missionary, Fran ois Coillard, whom he allowed to establish a permanent mission station within his territory. He sent his sons to the Coillard mission school as a show of acceptance of westernization. Lochner Treaty of 1890. It was British missionary Francois Coillard who negotiated for the meeting between Frank Lochner, acting on behalf of Rhodes, and Lewanika in 1890. The treaty put Lewanika s Kingdom under the protection of the British South African Company. Terms of the treaty. A Lewanika gave the BSA Company mining rights in Bulozi except in certain farming and iron mining areas. B The company promised to protect the kingdom from outside attacks. C The British company promised to pay the king 2000 sterling pounds a year and 4 royalties of all minerals mined in the area. D A promise was made to develop trade, build schools and develop telegraphy in the kingdom. E Lewanika would still be a king but just a constitutional monarch, not an absolute ruler as before. F That a British resident would be posted in Lealui, the capital of the Kingdom, to monitor company activities and advise Lewanika on foreign affairs.
D A promise was made to develop trade, build schools and develop telegraphy in the kingdom. E Lewanika would still be a king but just a constitutional monarch, not an absolute ruler as before. F That a British resident would be posted in Lealui, the capital of the Kingdom, to monitor company activities and advise Lewanika on foreign affairs. The treaty consequently implied that Lewanika had given up his kingdom to the British company. In 1897, Robert T. Coryndon a former police officer was sent as a British resident in Bulozi. Upon his arrival, he made arrangements for the signing of the Lawley treaty of 1898 which further reduced the size of the area governed by Lewanika. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 19 In October 1900, he signed another treaty, the Coryndon Treaty with Lewanika. The Coryndon Treaty 1900 It had the following terms; a The British government would be responsible for administration of Bulozi. The company administrator would answer to the High Commissioner at the cape. B The company would appoint officials and pay for the administration of the area. C The company would provide schools, industries, postal services, transport and telegraphic facilities. D Lewanika would receive only 850 sterling pounds a year as his stipend. E The company was allowed to acquire land on the Batoka plateau. F The company maintained its rights to prospect for mineral in Bulozi. G Lewanika was to stop slavery and witchcraft in his area. H Lewanika was made paramount chief of Barotse. His powers were reduced more when more white settlers arrived in 1905 ready to participate in government. NB; the Coryndon treaty made Lewanika a mere employee of the company, receiving only a stipend. He lost control of the former vassal states that no longer would pay tribute to him since they were now under the British. In the final run, Lewanika lost his independence just like any other collaborator or resistor. Results of Lewanika collaboration. A Schools and health centres were put up in his kingdom. B He got British protection from Ndebele attacks. C It marked the beginning of the erosion of the independence and traditional authority of his empire.
A Schools and health centres were put up in his kingdom. B He got British protection from Ndebele attacks. C It marked the beginning of the erosion of the independence and traditional authority of his empire. Lewanika lost his authority as the administration was taken over by the British South Africa Company d The British recognized Lewanika as a paramount chief of Barotse and gave him necessary protection. E Lewanika received payment of 2000 yearly f The British South Africa Company took over the control of the minerals g The Lozi land was alienated and given to British settlers h The Lozi were later forced to pay taxes in order to maintain the administration. I The Lozi were forced to work as labourers on settler s farms j The Lozi were employed in the civil service k The British South Africa Company developed infrastructure in Barotseland l The British used Barotseland as a base to conquer the neighbouring communities. The Buganda collaboration. By the mid 19th century, Buganda had become the most powerful state in the interior of East Africa. However despite this might, the Kabakas Mutesa I and Mwanga chose the path of collaboration instead of resisting the European intrusion. Why kabaka Mutesa I 1856-1884 collaborated with the Europeans. A His kingdom was under threat form Khedive Ishmael of Egypt. He therefore wanted British assistance against the Egyptian threat. B There was threat from his traditional enemy, Omukama Kabalega of Bunyoro Kingdom. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 20 c Mutesa wanted to establish a centralized religious authority over Buganda to counter there power wielded by the traditional priest of the Lubaale Cult and the Muslim power and influence. D He wanted modernization and to gain Prestige from association with the Europeans. For example, western education, medicine and other material benefits. E He had the desire to trade with Europeans to get their goods especially firearms. Kabaka Mwanga 1884-1898 Mwanga s main problem when he took over power was religious indecision which eventually generated political instability. In January 1885, he executed three C.M.S converts. In October 1885, he had Bishop Hannington killed.
Kabaka Mwanga 1884-1898 Mwanga s main problem when he took over power was religious indecision which eventually generated political instability. In January 1885, he executed three C.M.S converts. In October 1885, he had Bishop Hannington killed. In May 1886, 30 young converts were burnt to death at Namugongo for refusing to denounce their Christian faith. In 1888, under the urge of the traditionalists, he unsuccessfully attempted to expel all foreigners whom he blamed for causing chaos in his kingdom. He instead was disposed by a combined force of Muslims, Catholics and Protestants and replaced by his brother Kiwewa, sharing authority with foreigners. In 1890, Mwanga recaptured the throne assisted by the Christians and Kabalega of Bunyoro kingdom. He signed a protectorate treaty with Carl peters for the Germans and rejected a treaty offer by Fredrick Jackson of IBEACO. IN 1891, Mwanga signed a treaty of collaboration with Fredrick Lugard, the First British administrator sent to Uganda. This was after the Heligoland Treaty of 1890 had put Uganda a British sphere of influence. Why Mwanga collaborated. A He wanted to acquire protection from internal and external enemies e.g religious groups and Banyoro. B He wanted to secure his position and safeguard the Baganda from interference. C He wanted the British to help him Gain regional supremacy over the surrounding kingdoms of Bunyoro, Ankole and Toro. However, throughout all the religious conflicts that continued in Uganda between the Protestants and the Catholics, Kabaka Mwanga always supported the Catholics to the Chagrin of the British administrators. He was disposed by Lugard in 1894 after the capture of his palace at Mengo. Under Kabaka Mwanga II, Buganda became a protectorate in 1894. This did not last and the Kabaka declared war on Britain in on July 6, 1897. He was defeated at the battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles.
He was defeated at the battle of Buddu on July 20 of the same year. He fled to German East Africa where he was arrested and interned at Bukoba. The Kabaka later escaped and led a rebel army to retake the kingdom before being defeated once again in 1898 and being exiled to the Seychelles. While in exile, Mwanga II was received into the Anglican Church, was baptized with the name of Danieri Daniel . He spent the rest of his life in exile. He died in 1903, aged 35 years. In 1910 his remains were repatriated and buried at Kasubi. The war against Kabaka Mwanga II had been expensive, and the new commissioner of Uganda in 1900, Sir Harry H. Johnston, had orders to establish an efficient administration and to levy taxes as quickly as possible. This he did through the Buganda Agreement of 1900 The Buganda agreement. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 21 The Buganda agreement was signed in 1900 between Sir Harry Johnstone, British Official, and Apollo Kagwa, representing the Baganda Reasons for signing of the Buganda agreement. A The treaty was to define the position of Buganda in the country. B To introduce law and order in the country. C To reduce the cost of British administration since Buganda was to meet the cost of administration. D To define the relationship between Buganda and the British government. Terms of the Buganda agreement a The Buganda laws were to remain in effect as much as they did not interfere with protectorate laws that were to be applicable to Buganda Kingdom as well. Buganda kingdom was to be ruled by the Kabaka with the assistance of Katikiro. The Lukiko was to be the legitimate body making laws of Buganda and it was to compose 89 members. B Buganda people were to pay poll and hut tax. However, No tax was to be levied on Buganda unless approved by the Lukiko parliament . Revenue from Buganda was to be merged with all the revenue from other provinces. C The kabaka, ministers and Chiefs to be paid since they were now employees of the British government. D Buganda boundaries were defined to include parts of Bunyoro the ten sazas she had acquired from Bunyoro . The kingdom was therefore expanded to twenty counties.
C The kabaka, ministers and Chiefs to be paid since they were now employees of the British government. D Buganda boundaries were defined to include parts of Bunyoro the ten sazas she had acquired from Bunyoro . The kingdom was therefore expanded to twenty counties. To ease administration, each county was placed under a Saza Chief. E Land tenure system was changed to include land on freehold basis Mailo land and crown land. The crown land was for protectorate government while the Mailo land was particularly for the kabaka, his ministers and his chiefs. F Though Buganda became a province within the protectorate, Ganda system of government was recognized and modified. It was to have three ministers katikiro, treasurer and chief justice. . The Lukiko had fixed number- 20-saza chiefs, 60 notables and 6 Kabaka s appointees. Results of the Buganda agreement. A British overlord ship was confirmed over Buganda. B Buganda was reduced to a status of a mere province. C The position of the king was reduced he lost his power to give or withhold land as well as the power to appoint or transfer chiefs. D The 1900 Agreement led to the birth of early nationalistic movements. For example, the Bataka Opposition Movement in the 1920s by the landless class people rising up against the land-owning group. E Modern economy and western education were introduced with Buganda taking the lead. F Buganda formed the basis for the British administration as baganda were appointed as British administrators. G It strengthened the special position of Buganda in relation to other communities in Uganda. H Sazas were increased from 10 to 20 and saza chiefs got land and right to impose land rent. I It led t expansion of Christianity and decline of Islamic influence. J Bunyoro kingdom became aggrieved as results of loss of part their territory that was transferred to Buganda by the British. This caused friction later. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 22 Results of African collaboration. A Just like resistors, the collaborating communities also lost their independence and were eventually colonized. Bulozi and Buganda finally became British Protectorates. B The collaborating community leaders gained some recognition, though with reduced powers.
A Just like resistors, the collaborating communities also lost their independence and were eventually colonized. Bulozi and Buganda finally became British Protectorates. B The collaborating community leaders gained some recognition, though with reduced powers. Lewanika foe example became the paramount Chief of Barotseland while Kabaka gained the title, His Highness . C The collaborators were able to secure some amount of protection from their traditional enemies. The Lozi were protected from the Ndebele while the Baganda were protected from the Banyoro. D The collaborators were used by the Europeans to exert their authority over other African societies. The baganda on their part were used to administer Busoga. E The collaborating Africans gained from missionary work. Lewanika s sons for example gained western education. Hospitals and schools were also built in the kingdoms. F There was increased trade between the collaborating communities and the Europeans. The communities gained European goods such as glassware, clothes, guns and ammunition. G The collaborators just like resistors were later subjected to economic exploitation such as land alienation, mining, taxation and forced labour. ESTABLISHMENT OF COLONIAL RULE IN KENYA. CAUSES OF THE SCRAMBLE FOR EAST AFRICA. Factors that contributed to the scramble and partition of East Africa. 1. The rise of Nationalism in Europe. The Unification of Germany, after the Franco- Prussian war 1870-71 upset the balance of power in Europe and there was need to rebalance out through acquisition of colonies in Africa including east Africa. The Germans also felt that the only way their nation could gain recognition among other European powers was through securing colonial possession. 2. Strategic location of East Africa in relation to Egypt. Europeans were concerned with the source of the river Nile in East Africa and control of the Suez Canal. Therefore, the ownership of East Africa was crucial to the Egyptian affairs. East Africa, had, from the days of the Portuguese conquest in the 15th century, proved to be a strategic location for fresh supplies. That is why the Germans and the British competed for possessions in the region. 3. The need to speed up economic development of the European countries. The industrialized nations were rushing for colonies to tap raw materials to keep their factories running. There was also a popular believe that East Africa contained pockets of precious metals awaiting exploitation. They were also driven by the search for market for European produced goods.
The industrialized nations were rushing for colonies to tap raw materials to keep their factories running. There was also a popular believe that East Africa contained pockets of precious metals awaiting exploitation. They were also driven by the search for market for European produced goods. The Europeans were also looking for places to invest their capital. 4. The rise of Public opinion in Europe. There was growth of public support towards the acquisition of colonies. E.g., the Daily Press in London spoke well about acquiring colonies. 5. Social factors. East Africa was to be occupied as a means of stamping out slave trade and replacing it with legitimate trade. The Europeans were keen on spreading their culture to east Africa. They wanted to protect their missionaries who were already operating in east AfricaKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 23 The process of Partition. The Berlin conference failed to fully resolve the rivalry between the Germans and the British in East Africa. The activities of Karl Peters and Harry Johnstone for the Germans and the British respectively in the Mount Kilimanjaro region depicted intense rivalry which almost led to war. The two signed treaties with local chiefs as a way of legalizing their arbitrary declaration of their spheres of influence. Karl peters even declared german protectorate over Ungulu, Uzigua, Usagara and Ukami. These activities together with those of Sir William Mackinnon of the Imperial British East Africa Company became the immediate cause of the partition of east Africa. The partition of East Africa was sealed through the following two treaties. The Anglo-German Agreement of 1886. The agreement facilitated peaceful settlement of the german and British claims on east Africa as follows; a The Sultan was given the 16 KM 10mile coastal strip from Vanga to Lamu. He also acquired islands of Zanzibar, Pemba, mafia, Lamu, pate and Towns like Lamu, Kisimayu, Mogadishu, Merca, and Brava. B Germany acquired the coastline of Witu the region between river Umba in the North and river Ruvuma in the south. C The British got the territory north of river Umba up to river Juba in the north. However, the treaty failed to determine the western boundary, thus leaving Uganda up for grab to any power that got there first.
B Germany acquired the coastline of Witu the region between river Umba in the North and river Ruvuma in the south. C The British got the territory north of river Umba up to river Juba in the north. However, the treaty failed to determine the western boundary, thus leaving Uganda up for grab to any power that got there first. Uganda therefore became a theatre of intense rivalry between Karl Peters who even secured a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga in 1890 and Fredrick Lugard who tried in vain to sign a treaty with Kabaka Mwanga. This tension is what led to the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. Terms of the Heligoland Treaty of 1890. A Germany officially recognized Uganda as a British sphere of influence protectorate. B Germany abandoned her claim over the territory of Witu for British in exchange for Heligoland island in the North sea c Germany accepted British protectorate over Zanzibar and Pemba. D Germany acquired a strip of land on Lake Tanganyika from Britain and the Coastal region of Tanganyika from the Sultan of Zanzibar. E The Sultan of Zanzibar retained a 16km 10 miles Coastal strip. This treaty thus ended the scramble for and partition of East Africa. BRITISH OCCUPATION OF KENYA Methods used by the British to occupy Kenya. A Signing of treaties. The following treaties were signed either by the British or on behalf of the British to facilitate their occupation of Kenya; A treaty by Sir William Mackinnon and the Sultan of Zanzibar Barghash in 1887 which effectively put Zanzibar under the British for 50 years. The Maasai Agreements of 1904 and 1911 between Oloibon Lenana and the British The Anglo-Germany Treaties of 1886 and 1890. B Collaboration. The British collaborated with communities like the Wanga and Maasai who were later used as bases to extend British Authority over other areas. C Establishing operational bases. The British built Forts like Fort Smith Kabete and Fort HallKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 24 Murang a to enhance their political control. D Use of company Rule.

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