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C Establishing operational bases. The British built Forts like Fort Smith Kabete and Fort HallKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 24 Murang a to enhance their political control. D Use of company Rule. In the initial stages, due to the fear of the enormous costs of effective occupation and administration, the British mandated the IBEA. Company to administer the Kenyan protectorate. The Imperial British East Africa Company of Sir William Mackinnon was given the royal charter in 1888 and thus had the following new powers; a Levying and collecting taxes and institute custom duties in the area. B Establishing political authority and Maintain of law and order in the British East Africa. C Promoting legitimate trade and Eradicate slave trade d Developing and civilizing the indigenous peoples with the assistance of the imperial consul based in Zanzibar. Achievements of the IBEAC. A The company succeeded in quelling local aggression in the British spheres of influence from communities such as the Nandi, Maasai and Akamba. B The company established a series of Forts at Kibwezi, Machakos, Smith and Dagoretti, which laid the basis for colonial administration in Kenya. C The company improved transport and communication in the protectorate by pioneering road construction in Kenya. For example the Sclater s Road between Kibwezi and Busia in 1894 which assisted in transportation of railway building materials. D The company succeeded in eradicating slavery to some extend and securing freedom for many slaves. E The company also developed a rubber industry along the coast and the interior. Reasons why Britain used the IBEA Company to administer her possession. A Absence of a clear policy on the administration of colonial possessions. This gave room to the use of the company to administer the colony. B The company could provide cheap administrative capital that Britain had failed to raise for colonial governance. The colonies were not yet economically viable c There was a problem of inadequate personnel to be used in the administration of the colonies. D I.B.E.A.Co s long experience in the region. The company had invested heavily in east Africa, hence making its participation in the administration of the colony inevitable. Why company rule had failed by 1895. |
D I.B.E.A.Co s long experience in the region. The company had invested heavily in east Africa, hence making its participation in the administration of the colony inevitable. Why company rule had failed by 1895. A The region lacked strategic natural resources for export thus making the IBEACO, a trading company, to operate at a loss and narrow its revenue base. Minerals like Gold, copper and Diamond were not existent. B The company lacked sufficient capital to carry out the day- to- day administrative operations. The company had spent the little funds available in the construction of fortified trading stations, with little reward. C Transportation of goods in the region proved expensive and slow as the region did not have any navigable rivers d The company faced the problem of poor coordination of its activities caused by lack of proper channels of communication between the head office in Europe and the offices in the colony. E Some of the company officials were corrupt and therefore misappropriated funds. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 25 f The company faced numerous resistances especially in the Nandi country thus disrupting their operation. At one time, Fort Smith was set on fire by African resisters. G Some of the company officials lacked experience in administrative matters since most of them came merely as traders. H The company officials also were affected by the harsh tropical climate and diseases like malaria and sleeping sickness that killed many. The company thus surrendered the Charter in 1895 to the British government for a compensation of 250,000 dollars Factors facilitated the establishment of the British control over Kenya during the 19th century? A The Christian missionary factor. They created an atmosphere of friendship with Africans, which was important for colonization. They also occasionally called home for protection against hostile communities. B Presence of trading company IBEACO. The companies through their agents signed treaties with African rulers and among themselves as a means of initiating effective occupation of Kenya. C Superior military power good army. The European armies were more efficient than he African ones. This was witnessed in the ability to quell the numerous wars of resistance like the Nandi resistance. D Disunity among African communities. By the time the British came to East Africa, the Wanga were up against the neighboring communities in western Kenya, the Nandi and the Maasai were at war and the Mijikenda against the coastal Arabs over land. This was of advantage to the British. |
D Disunity among African communities. By the time the British came to East Africa, the Wanga were up against the neighboring communities in western Kenya, the Nandi and the Maasai were at war and the Mijikenda against the coastal Arabs over land. This was of advantage to the British. E Signing of treaties. There was Collaboration of some communities with the British. The Maasai signed the Maasai Agreement of 1900. The Wanga also signed various treaties with the British. F The British policy of indirect rule was readily acceptable, thus reducing the chances of resistance. G Financial support from the home government. KENYA PEOPLES RESPONSES BRITISH INVASION OF KENYA Africans in Kenya offered varied responses to the British intrusion into their country. Some resisted while other collaborated. The communities that resisted actively included the Nandi, Agiryama, Bukusu, Somali and sections of the Agikuyu The Nandi Resistance 1895-1906 Reasons why the Nandi resisted British occupation of their land. A The Nandi had gained a lot of pride, having subdued their neighbours E.g the Luo, Maasai, Abagusii and Abaluhyia. At that time, they were enjoying a sense of superiority that gave them confidence to take the British Intruders head-on. B The Nandi military superiority made them feel equal if not superior to the whites. Their warriors were well- trained and equipped and had gained a lot of experience through the numerous cattle raids the conducted against their neighbours. C The Nandi detested the physical appearance of the white people which they considered asKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 26 evil and must be expelled from their community. D The Nandi were opposed to Land alienation by the British. They disliked the grabbing of their land for railway construction white settlement. E Kimnyole s prophecy that foreigners would dominate the Nandi motivated them to fight against the Europeans. F The Nandi had a long history of resisting and fighting intruders. They had successfully warded off the Arab and Swahili traders in the 1850s. G The Nandi resisted as a means of safeguarding their independence which they had enjoyed for a long time. H The Nandi also enjoyed unity under the leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei between 1895 and 1905. |
They had successfully warded off the Arab and Swahili traders in the 1850s. G The Nandi resisted as a means of safeguarding their independence which they had enjoyed for a long time. H The Nandi also enjoyed unity under the leadership of Koitalel Arap Samoei between 1895 and 1905. This had helped them to register numerous victories against neighbouring communities. They therefore felt strong enough to resist the British. Course of the Nandi rebellion. The Nandi wars of resistance began in 1895. The Nandi mainly employed guerilla warfare ambushing the caravan traders and mail carriers who passed in their territory. When two Nandi warriors strayed into the Guasa Mesa administrative camp headed by Andrew Dick in 1895, he murdered them as a response to the attacks by the Nandi on foreigners passing in their territory. The Nandi retaliated through the murder of a British trader, Peter West and thirty of his workers. This sparked off British punitive expeditions against the Nandi with the first in 1897 which however failed to stop the Nandi raids. When the railway reached the Nandi territory, they refused to cooperate with the railway builders and even kept stealing building materials to make weapons and ornaments. They even ambushed and murdered railway builders. In 1900, the British sent three punitive expeditions under Colonel Evatt, the commander of the Uganda Rifles reinforced by the Maasai, Baganda, Swahili and Indian mercenaries. The Nandi were supported by the Kipsigis enabling them to resist for so long causing high death toll on the British and the Nandi as well. The year 1901 witnessed a temporary truce worked out by the British administrator, Walter Mayes 1901-1905 , after realizing the heavy causalities both sides were experiencing. The war was re-ignited when the Nandi realized that the British had started settling and farming on their land. They destroyed the railway in protest. The British reacted by destroying crops and villages and stealing cattle for the next three years. The Nandi war of resistance only ended when the British officer in Nandi, Captain Meinertzhagen, hatched a plan to have Koitalel, the chief coordinator of the r sistance, killed. He and his advisers were killed in October 1905, during a peace meeting convened by Meinertzhagen. |
The British reacted by destroying crops and villages and stealing cattle for the next three years. The Nandi war of resistance only ended when the British officer in Nandi, Captain Meinertzhagen, hatched a plan to have Koitalel, the chief coordinator of the r sistance, killed. He and his advisers were killed in October 1905, during a peace meeting convened by Meinertzhagen. The Nandi finally sought for peace in December 1905 ending the ten year long resistance. Why the Nandi offered the longest and strongest ever resistance to the British intrusion in Kenya. A The British intrusion into their territory happened when the Nandi were at the best of their power and superiority. B Existence of a superior military organization based on the age set system. The Nandi armyKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 27 was strong and could match any foreign force. The regimental age-set system supplied the Nandi with young men who were experienced in battle, disciplined, organized and were effective. C The Nandi also possessed knowledge of weapon manufacture and repair through their local ironsmiths and using stolen railway material. D The Nandi enjoyed regular supply of food and war equipment which sustained the fighters for a long period. This was mainly aided by the Nandi mixed economy enabling them to turn livestock for food when the British destroyed crops. E The Nandi had good knowledge of the terrain in which they were fighting the intruders thus having an advantage over the British who were not familiar with the terrain. The difficulties faced by the British as posed by the terrain disadvantaged them during the resistance f The Nandi knowledge of Guerilla tactics. This enabled them to organize many surprise attacks while vandalizing key British installations like the telegraph lines. G The existence of strong leadership. The Nandi leadership was religiously inspired and therefore very strong. The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters. H Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions i The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900.. |
The Orkoiyot was their symbol of unity and strength and was believed to possess some supernatural powers that gave courage to the fighters. H Their enemies, the British troops, were slowed down in their advance by problems like respiratory disease due to the wet and cold climate. The Nandi were accustomed to these conditions i The Nandi received assistance from the Kipsigis fighters the Elgeyo, Lembus and Nyangori which enabled them to hold off the British for Six weeks in 1900.. Why the Nandi were defeated in the hands of the British. A The British obtained support, against the Nandi, from the collaborating communities like the Somali and the Maasai. B The British military strength remained superior to that of the Nandi especially in terms of the weapons. Their guns were superior to the Nandi spears. C There was an outbreak of smallpox in the Nandi country 1890. This weakened them by killing many and rendering others unable to fight on. D They Nandi failed to get support from the neighboring Kenyan communities like the Luo and the Abaluhyia who were not friendly to them. E The treachery employed by Captain Meinertzhagen, the British commander who lured Nandi Orkoiyot Koitalel Arap Samoei to a meeting where he was killed. F The death of Koitalel Arap Samoei demoralized the Nandi into even signing for peace. G The British used Scorched Earth Policy, which seemed more punitive to the Nandi since their houses were burnt and livestock confiscated. Results of the Nandi resistance. A The Nandi country was colonized by the British after 1906. The Nandi lost their independence. B There was massive loss of life. Koitalel Arap Samoei, his entire council of elders and over 1000 warriors were killed. The British also experienced casualties on the part of their forces. C There was destruction of property through burning and looting. E.g the British confiscated atleast 5000 herds of cattle and burnt more than 5000 huts and grain stores. D There was massive land alienation. The Nandi were pushed into reserves where they experienced impoverishment due to drought and cattle diseases. |
E.g the British confiscated atleast 5000 herds of cattle and burnt more than 5000 huts and grain stores. D There was massive land alienation. The Nandi were pushed into reserves where they experienced impoverishment due to drought and cattle diseases. The Nandi lot theirKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 28 territory and traditional salt licks at Kapchekendi and Kamelilo that were now inhabited by the whites. E The Nandi military organization disintegrated thus making them lose their dignity and authority in the region. F The Nandi were separated from their close cousins and allies the Kipsigis through the creation of the Nandi Reserves where they were confined. Their economic lifestyle of grazing animals freely was also disrupted. G Many Nandi warriors were recruited into the colonial police. Agiriama resistance. A Bantu speaking group inhabiting the coastal region, their reaction to the British invasion was motivated by the reaction of the Mazrui Arabs and the Swahili who rose up against the British in 1895. The Agiriama reaction began as an offer of support to the Mazrui Arabs, with whom they had long trading links, during their conflict with the British over succession to the Takaungu Sheikhdom. The Agiriama was also hitting back against the Busaidi Arabs who were encroaching on their territory. The British had supported the Al Busaidi collaborators throughout succession conflict. The British reacted by bombarding Rashid s Headquarters at Mweli forcing the Agiriama and the Mazrui to resort to guerilla warfare. While the Mazrui Arabs later surrendered, the Agiriama now resorted to full scale r sistance against the British encroachment in 1914. Causes of the Agiriama resistance. A They did not want to pay taxes, especially hut tax that was hurting to traditionally polygamous group, to the British. The British also were forcing them to pay it in terms of labour instead of allowing them to sell their grains and livestock to pay. B They had lost their independence the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees c They were opposed to forced labour on British plantations for little or no pay especially on land that had been snatched from them. D The British did not respect their culture. The British policemen at Kitengani insulted the Agiriama culture by raping their women. |
B They had lost their independence the British replaced the Agiriama traditional rulers with their own appointees c They were opposed to forced labour on British plantations for little or no pay especially on land that had been snatched from them. D The British did not respect their culture. The British policemen at Kitengani insulted the Agiriama culture by raping their women. E The Agiriama were reacting against forced conscription into the King s African Rifles. They were forced to produce a 1000 able-bodied men within a month, join the British army f They lost their land to the British due to the massive land alienation for settler farming. They were forced to offer paid labour on their own former land to the chagrin of the elders. G The British, who were seeking to take over the Agiriama role as middlemen, disrupted their trade in ivory and food stuffs h They disliked the British-appointed headmen whose duties included collection of taxes and recruitment of labour. Course of the resistance. The Agiriama resistance was inspired by a Giriama prophetess, Mekatilili wa Menza. She was joined by an Elder, Wanje wa Madorika in mobilizing people to a mass resistance against the British rule. The immediate course of their reaction was the forced military recruitment into the KAR. ToKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 29 provoke the British to war, they barred their young men from moving outside their villages to work. Mekatilili and Wanje called on the people to return to their ancestral shrine at Kaya Fungo and offer sacrifices and denounced all appointed puppet rulers in favour of the traditional council of elders. The two administered traditional oaths to unite and inspire the people to war. I.e. the Mukushekushe oath for women and the Fisi oat for men. When a state of emergency was declared by the British over the Agiriama, they resorted to Hitand-run warfare. They attacked the homes of loyalists, Europeans and collaborators forcing the missionaries to seeker refuge at Rabai. The British countered the hit-and-run warfare with burning villages and crops and driving away livestock The resistance only subsided when Mekatilili and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii. |
When a state of emergency was declared by the British over the Agiriama, they resorted to Hitand-run warfare. They attacked the homes of loyalists, Europeans and collaborators forcing the missionaries to seeker refuge at Rabai. The British countered the hit-and-run warfare with burning villages and crops and driving away livestock The resistance only subsided when Mekatilili and Wanje were arrested and deported to Kisii. The Arabs, under Fadhili bin Omari, mediated between the Agiriama and the British, marking the end of the war under the following terms; a The Agiriama to offer a specific number of labourers for European settlers and public works. B They would also offer a certain number of able-bodied men to serve in the King s African Rifles. C The British would occupy all the land to the north of River Sabaki. Role of Mekatilili in the Agiriama resistance. A She encouraged the Agiriama to face the British by administering the Mukushekushe and Fisi oaths to unite the people to war. B She presented the grievances of the Agiriama, some of which the British later addressed. C She rallied the people together against a common enemy thus laying the basis for nationalistic struggles for independence. Results of the Agiriama resistance to the British a Many people lost their lives some as fighters while others were caught in the crossfire. B The Agiriama lost their independence to the British c There was Rampant destruction of property i.e. food stores at home, food crops in the fields and cattle. Some property was lost through confiscation. D The community s economic activities were disrupted, especially the lucrative trade at Takaungu, where they had been acting as middlemen. E The Agiriama were prohibited from brewing traditional liquor. F The British withdrew their order demanding Agiriama to move out of their homes. G For the first time women took up the leadership of the rebellion e.g. Mekatilili Bukusu resistance. Reasons why the Bukusu resisted the British rule. A They wanted to safeguard their independence and culture i.e. circumcision. B They were being compelled to recognize Nabongo Mumia as the overall leader of Abaluhyia. C The Bukusu did not like the idea of paying taxes to the British through force. |
Circumcision. B They were being compelled to recognize Nabongo Mumia as the overall leader of Abaluhyia. C The Bukusu did not like the idea of paying taxes to the British through force. D They resented the British demand in 1894, that the Bukusu warriors surrender guns they possessed. E The British invasion had happened when the Bukusu were enjoying immense militaryKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 30 power. Course of the resistance. The Bukusu resistance began with the ambush of a trade caravan heading to Ravine through bukusuland. The Bukusu stole all the rifles. When they were commanded to surrender all the guns in 1894 and declined, the British sent a punitive expedition which however was defeated. The British administrator at Elureko, Charles Hobley sought for reinforcement from Major William Grant of the Ugandan protectorate. In 1895, at the battles of Lumboka and Chetambe, the Bukusu were summarily defeated. Methods used by the Bukusu to resist the British. A Use of Warfare. They directly fought the British troops led by Major William Grant, at Lumboka and Chetambe hills. B Ambushes. The Bukusu ambushed a caravan of traders, sent by the commanding officer at Kavirondo to the Ravine Station. C Revolting against rule by Wanga agents. The Bukusu Murdered a Wanga agent, Hamisi, who had been sent, to administer the area. Effects of the Bukusu resistance. A The Bukusu lost most of their land through massive land alienation b They lost their independence as bukusuland was declared part of the British East Africa Protectorate. C There was massive loss of life within the Bukusu and the British forces. D There was loss f property and disruption of Bukusu economy. The Bukusu lost their cattle and sheep. E Bukusu women and children were taken prisoners by the British. The Somali resistance. The Somali resistance was a reaction to the British declaration that Jubaland was a British protectorate. They were led by their leader Ahmad bin Murgan. Causes of Somali resistance. A The Somali were opposed to the division of Somaliland into the British and Italian spheres of influence, which separated the clans. B They were opposed to punitive expedition sent against them by the British. |
Causes of Somali resistance. A The Somali were opposed to the division of Somaliland into the British and Italian spheres of influence, which separated the clans. B They were opposed to punitive expedition sent against them by the British. C The Somali people being Muslims were opposed to being controlled by the British who were Christians. D The British attempted to stop the Somali raiding activities against their neighbors. E The Somali were against British control of their pastureland and watering points. F The British wanted the Somali to drop their nomadic way of life. Course of the resistance. The British initially reacted minimally to the Somali aggression on their Kisimayu neighbourhood in 1898 due to the following reasons; a They viewed such an undertaking as to expensive in terms of the arms and military personnel that would have been involved. B The Somali were a nomadic group therefore it was very hard and time consuming to suppress them. C There was no economic justification for waging such a war on a highly unproductive territory. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 31 However, when the Somali murdered the British sub-commissioner for Jubaland, Mr Jenner, in 1900, the British dispatched a punitive expedition of Indian regiments against them. The Somali rose up again in 1905 against the British after they had procured Firearms. The Somali skirmishes continued into 1914 with the change of boundaries and finally ended in 1925 when Jubaland was put under the Italian Somaliland. Results of the Somali resistance. A There was massive loss of life, as many Somalis were killed. Sub-commissioner Jenner was also killed. B The British divide the Darod and Hawiye clans through the boundary changes of 1914. C The Somali cattle were confiscated. D Somali lost their independence through the declaration of the protectorate status. E The process of colonization by Europeans was delayed considerably. F There was favorable boundary change that saw Ogaden being placed under Italian Somaliland. Collaboration In Kenya, the Maasai, Wanga and a section of the Agikuyu, Akamba, and Luo collaborated. The Maasai collaboration. In the 19th century, the Maasai community changed from a once feared community to one marred by succession disputes and natural calamities. |
Collaboration In Kenya, the Maasai, Wanga and a section of the Agikuyu, Akamba, and Luo collaborated. The Maasai collaboration. In the 19th century, the Maasai community changed from a once feared community to one marred by succession disputes and natural calamities. The Disputes between Lenana and Sendeyo over succession of Mbatian after he died weakened the Maasai community to the level of merely collaborating with the British intruders. Sendeyo moved with his followers to northern Tanzania leaving behind Lenana s group who chose the path of collaboration. Reasons for the Maasai collaboration with the British. A Losses of the Maasai military supremacy. At the time the British came to Kenya, the Nandi had overtaken the Maasai in terms of military superiority. They therefore sought for foreign support against their aggressors. B Internal feuds. There were a series of succession disputes in the period between 1850 and 1890 caused by differences in economic activities. In one of the disputes, when Lenana seemed to be losing to Sendeyo, he appealed to the British for support. C Natural calamities disasters. The Maasai country witnessed severe hunger, livestock and human diseases in the 1850s. These weakened them more making them unable to resist. D Threat and wars from the Agikuyu. When the Maasai went to reclaim their women and children at the end of the hunger period, the met with outright threat of attacks from the Agikuyu. They therefore sought British support. E Prophecy of Mbatian. He prophesized the coming of a white man who was more powerful and that the Maasai should not bother to resist him. F Lenana personally chose the path of collaboration because he wanted to consolidate his position and that of his kingdom. He was looking for the much needed military support to overcome his sibling, Sendeyo of the Loita Maasai. The process of Maasai collaboration. |
F Lenana personally chose the path of collaboration because he wanted to consolidate his position and that of his kingdom. He was looking for the much needed military support to overcome his sibling, Sendeyo of the Loita Maasai. The process of Maasai collaboration. The attempt by Lenana to secure assistance against Sendeyo was the beginning of his collaboration with the British The Kedong massacre incident Maasai warriors attacked a caravan of Swahili and AgikuyuKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 32 traders travelling from Ravine and the resultant death of 100 Maasai at the hands of three white men Andrew Dick and two French companions made the Maasai the immediately seek for collaboration with the British. They cooperated with the British in establishment of colonial administration. The provided mercenaries in the British punitive expedition against the Nandi, Kipsigis and Kikuyu. Maasai were rewarded with cattle acquired from uncooperative peoples e.g. The Nandi and Agikuyu They exchanged gifts and used British manufactured goods. Lenana was made a paramount chief. Between 1904 and 1923, a fair proportion of the Maasai agreed to be moved from one grazing land to another to pave way for British settlement. They signed the first Maasai agreement in 1904 by which they moved into two reserves, one to the south of Ngong and the railway and the other up on the Laikipia plateau. A corridor of five kilometres was set aside in Kinangop for the Eunoto ceremony that accompanied circumcision. The second Maasai agreement of 1911 implied the Maasai abandon the Laikipia plateau to rejoin others in the enlarged southern reserve. Results of the Maasai collaboration. A Lenana was made a paramount chief of the Maasai in 1901. B The collaboration led to the separation of the Maasai related clans. The Purko Maasai were divided into the Loita and Ngong Maasai. C There was massive land alienation with the Maasai being moved to the Ngong and Laikipia reserves and later the southern reserve. D Maasai freedom in conducting rituals was curtailed with their confinement to a five square-mile reserve for initiation rites. E The Maasai lost their independence. |
C There was massive land alienation with the Maasai being moved to the Ngong and Laikipia reserves and later the southern reserve. D Maasai freedom in conducting rituals was curtailed with their confinement to a five square-mile reserve for initiation rites. E The Maasai lost their independence. Just like any other part of kenya, Maasailand became part of the British protectorate. F There was total disruption of their territorial integrity. Even their cattle economy was disrupted as the number of livestock was reduced. There was an attempt to cause them to abandon their nomadic habit. G The Maasai gained material reward in form of cattle and grains looted from resisting communities like the Nandi and Luo of Ugenya. H Their age old custom of livestock cross- breeding with their Samburu neighbours was disrupted with the curtailing of their migratory behaviour. Their stock was therefore weakened. I Some Maasai were hired as mercenaries against the resisting communities such as the Nandi and Agikuyu. Wanga Collaboration. Nabongo Mumia, the Wanga leader from 1880, was an ambitious and shrewd leader who had the desire to expand his Kingdom through collaboration with British intruders and soliciting their military assistance. Reasons for Wanga Collaboration. A Nabongo Mumia hoped that by collaborating, he would be made a paramount Chief of the entire western region. B There was family rivalry over leadership. This compelled Mumia to seek help against his brother Sakwa. He wanted to safeguard his position at home. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 33 c He wanted British protection against the Nandi, who were by then enjoying military superiority, the Bukusu and the Luo of Ugenya d He wanted to revive a disintegrating kingdom. E He wanted to take advantage of the British western civilization particularly education and religion. He also wanted material gains from the British. F He aimed at achieving territorial expansion. Mumia aimed at ruling up to Kabras, Kimilili, Marama, Butsotso, Ugenya and Samia. G He realized that his community was very small and it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. H Having realized that the British declaration of western Kenya as their sphere of influence was inevitable, he chose to become their ally at the earliest opportunity ever. Process of Wanga Collaboration. |
G He realized that his community was very small and it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. H Having realized that the British declaration of western Kenya as their sphere of influence was inevitable, he chose to become their ally at the earliest opportunity ever. Process of Wanga Collaboration. Mumia s contact with the outside world began when he befriended the Swahili and Arab caravan traders and later the IBEA Company merchants when they visited wangaland. They built a fort and a trading station at Elureko, his capital, which was to remain the headquarters of the British administration in western Kenya until 1920. Ways in which Nabongo of Wanga collaborate with the British. A He offered his seat-elureko to become an operational base of the British expeditions. B He offered his men to fight alongside the British in their expeditions against other communities. C He provided Wanga agents to aid the British in administering the conquered areas. D The Wanga provided food, water and shelter to the British invading forces. E They gave the British free passage through their territory and offered them hiding places during the battles. F Mumia signed treaties of friendship with the British. Results of the Wanga collaboration with the British. A Wanga kingdom was strengthened using military support from the British. Wanga kingdom was expanded. Nabongo gained more territories e.g. Samia, Bunyala and Busoko b Their king Mumia was declared a paramount Chief thus raising his prestige. He ruled as a British paramount chief ruling as far as Bunyala, Gem , Ugenya and Alego, upto 1926, when he officially retired c Mumia warriors became agents of the British colonialism. The warriors were used to subdue the Luo, Bukusu and Nandi. D The Wanga Princes became agents of British rule over western Kenya. For example, Mumia s half-brother Murunga was appointed chief of the Isukha and Idakho. E Mumias headquarters at Elureko became the seat of British administration in western Kenya upto 1920 when it was moved to Kakamega. F Mumia and his people gained material benefits from the British through trade, western education and religion. G Nabongo Mumia became an important ally of the British administration in western ken ya, providing them with vital information over the appointment of chiefs and Headmen in western Kenya. |
E Mumias headquarters at Elureko became the seat of British administration in western Kenya upto 1920 when it was moved to Kakamega. F Mumia and his people gained material benefits from the British through trade, western education and religion. G Nabongo Mumia became an important ally of the British administration in western ken ya, providing them with vital information over the appointment of chiefs and Headmen in western Kenya. H Due to the Wanga Collaboration, there was intensified enmity and hostility between the Wanga people and other Abaluhyia subsections who viewed the Wanga as traitors. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 34 i However, The Wanga, just like any other collaborator or resister lost their independence when Kenya was declared a British Colony in 1920. Mixed reactions The communities that exhibited mixed reaction were the Akamba, Agikuyu and Luo. The Akamba Reaction. The arrival of the British traders threatened to destabilize the prominence enjoyed by the Akamba as middlemen during the long distance trade. The British even tried to stop the Akamba from organizing raids on their Oromo, Agikuyu and Maasai neighbours. Why the Akamba decided to resist British administration? A The British failed to respect Akamba traditions and customs. For example, the cutting down of the ithembo shrine tree for a flag post at Mutituni in 1891. B When the Akamba attacked the Agikuyu, The British intervened against them. This was not taken kindly. C The Akamba were protesting the misconduct of Company officials based at Machakos who stole from the local people and raped Akamba women. D The establishment of colonial administration disrupted the long distance trade, which was the Akamba lifeline. E The establishment of British rule meant loss of independence for the Akamba. F The establishment of military posts in Ukambani without their consent. The British built a fort at Masaku in 1890. G The British kept on disrupting their peace by sending military expeditions that resulted in death and massive destruction of property. H The Akamba were also resisting forced labour. Course of the Akamba resistance. In 1890, Nzibu Mweu led he Akamba in boycotting to sell goods to the company agents. |
H The Akamba were also resisting forced labour. Course of the Akamba resistance. In 1890, Nzibu Mweu led he Akamba in boycotting to sell goods to the company agents. Prophetess Syonguu also ordered the Iveti Warriors to attack the Masaku fort in the same year as a reaction to the cutting down of the ithembo tree for a flagpole. The British agents were defeated during this surprise attack. When the British tried to stop the Akamba raids on their neighbours in 1894, a Warrior, Mwatu wa Ngoma ordered the Akamba warriors, who had been inspired by medicinemen, to attack the British. The British responded with devastating consequences on the side of the Akamba forcing them into collaboration with the British District Commissioner, John Ainsworth. Mwatu wa Ngoma became a collaborator. Later, another gallant fighter, Mwanamuka, led the Kangundo people to attack the colonial police at Mukuyuni and Mwala, killing six. With the assistance of Maasai mercenaries, the British sent a punitive expedition against the Akamba and even confiscated their livestock When Mwanamuka tried to blockade the Lukenya area to cut off communication between Fort Smith and Masaku, he was met with devastating consequences that forced him to also petition for peace. Why a section of the Akamba collaborated with the British. A They had lost heavily during the Akamba-British war of 1894 causing them to fear the British. B The ruthlessness with which the British attacked the Akamba scared many warriors intoKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 35 collaborating. For example, the Machakos station superintendent, Leith dispatched troops to deal with Syonguu s forces in 1891, causing merciless killings and looting of property. C Some especially the trades collaborated expecting material gains. D Collaborators wanted to gain prestige. E They wanted to get guns to be used in robbing for wealth. F The Akamba had been weakened by the 1899 famine and were therefore unable to effectively tackle the British. Reasons for the Akamba defeat. A Some of the Akamba were not patriotic to the resistance course. Some self-serving opportunists allied with the colonial agents with the aim of enriching themselves thereby resulting in the Akamba defeat. B Internally, the Akamba lacked territorial cohesion. |
A Some of the Akamba were not patriotic to the resistance course. Some self-serving opportunists allied with the colonial agents with the aim of enriching themselves thereby resulting in the Akamba defeat. B Internally, the Akamba lacked territorial cohesion. It was therefore very difficult to coordinate a strong resistance to British rule among a highly segmented society lacking in a centralized system of government. C Sections of The Akamba community experienced severe famine in 1899. They were weakened to the level of being unable to stage a gainful resistance to the British. D The role of missionaries who pacified some sections to the level of collaborating with the intruders. The missionaries actively undermined their religious practices and traditional beliefs. E When the Akamba caravan trade and raiding activities were disrupted, they had lost a significant source of livelihood and thus became weakened more. Consequences of the Akamba reaction. A The Akamba lost their independence as their territory was declared a British protectorate. B There was massive alienation of Kamba land to pave way for white settlement. C Many people, especially the Akamba warriors lost their lives during the confrontations with the British soldiers. D The British interfered with the Akamba culture by cutting down the Ithembo tree and raping their women. E The Akamba were subjected to heavy taxation in order to raise revenue for the colonial administration. F Many of the Akamba men were forcefully conscripted into the King s African Rifles to fight in world War I. The Agikuyu reaction. The Agikuyu was also a highly segmented nature lacking in territorial unity. This explains why they had mixed reaction against the British. Explain the causes of Agikuyu resistance. A The British failed to respect Agikuyu traditions and customs. The missionaries campaigned against female circumcision and Kikuyu forms of worship. B Misconduct of company officials. They stole from the local people, killing some of them, and raped Agikuyu women. C The Agikuyu were revolting against the forced supply of grains and water, by their women, to the British soldiers. D There was massive land alienation, which had left many landless or pushed to unproductive land. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 36 e Harassment of the Agikuyu, by British punitive expeditions. |
C The Agikuyu were revolting against the forced supply of grains and water, by their women, to the British soldiers. D There was massive land alienation, which had left many landless or pushed to unproductive land. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 36 e Harassment of the Agikuyu, by British punitive expeditions. To enforce their policies, the British usually applied excessive force. F The British had begun meddling in the Agikuyu internal affairs making them suspicious of their intentions. G Fear of Loss of independence by some leaders like Waiyaki wa Hinga. H The Agikuyu were reacting against the punishment meted on them by the British for raiding Fort Smith in 1892. Reasons why some Agikuyu collaborated. A Agikuyu leaders like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Karuri wa Gakure wanted to derive personal wealth and prestige through collaboration. B Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Karuri wa Gakure hoped that by collaborating, they would be made paramount Chiefs among the Agikuyu. C The collaborators wanted British protection against their enemies amongst the Agikuyu and other neighbouring communities. D They wanted to take advantage of the British western civilization particularly education and religion. E They also wanted material gains from the British through trading with them. F The Agikuyu of Nyeri realized that it was futile to resist the militarily superior Europeans. They therefore chose to collaborate. Organization of the Agikuyu reaction. When captain Lugard established a fort at Dagoretti in 1890, he began relating with Waiyaki wa Hinga who was in charge of the area. Wayaki s people supplied Lugard s men with food. However, when Wilson took over from Lugard who had left for Uganda, his soldiers began looting food and livestock from the Agikuyu. The Agikuyu reacted by setting the Dagoretti fort on fire. Waiyaki was arrested by the forces sent by Sub-commissioner Ainsworth, and died enroute to Mombasa. It is alleged that he was buried alive at Kibwezi after provoking his captors. Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu, a collaborator, succeeded Waiyaki at Dagoretti. |
Waiyaki was arrested by the forces sent by Sub-commissioner Ainsworth, and died enroute to Mombasa. It is alleged that he was buried alive at Kibwezi after provoking his captors. Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu, a collaborator, succeeded Waiyaki at Dagoretti. In 1899, Fort Dagoretti was closed down due to a series of raids. Francis Hall opened another Fort at Murang a renamed Fort Hall after his death in 1901 after the locals were subdued and forced to accept the British Colonial rule. British trader John Boyes forged an alliance with Karuri wa Gakure, the Agikuyu leader at Fort Hall, which enabled him to subdue the resisting Agikuyu groups. He also made contacts with Wang ombe of Gaki Nyeri who together with Gakure supplied the British with mercenaries in exchange for confiscated loots from resisting groups. Meinertzhagen, who succeeded Francis Hall in 1902, subdued the Muruku and Tetu section led by Chief Gakere of the Agikuyu. Chief Gakere was murdered and his associates deported to the coast after they wiped out the entire Asian caravan on the slopes of the Aberdares. The Agikuyu of Iriani Nyeri were defeated in 1904 and their Aembu and Ameru allies sought for peace in 1906, having seen the effects of resisting. By 1910, British rule had been established in the entire Mount Kenya region. With the Agikuyu settling peacefully in the reserves upto 1920s when they began to agitate again. Results of the Agikuyu mixed reaction. A The reactions fuelled mistrust, hatred and animosity in most of Kikuyuland. Such feelings ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 37 mistrust continue among the Agikuyu of Murang a, Kiambu and Nyeri up-to-date. B There was massive alienation of Agikuyu land by the British with the help of the collaborators like Wang ombe wa Ihura and Gathirimu who gave land to the British for construction. C Some Agikuyu leaders amassed a lot of wealth and rose to prominence. |
Such feelings ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 37 mistrust continue among the Agikuyu of Murang a, Kiambu and Nyeri up-to-date. B There was massive alienation of Agikuyu land by the British with the help of the collaborators like Wang ombe wa Ihura and Gathirimu who gave land to the British for construction. C Some Agikuyu leaders amassed a lot of wealth and rose to prominence. For example, Karuri wa Gakure and Wang ombe of Nyeri, d The collaborators like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and his people received western education and were converted to Christianity. E There was massive loss of lives for the resisters. For example Waiyaki wa Hinga and many Agikuyu fighters were killed. F The Agikuyu, both collaborators and Resisters lost their independence when their territory was declared a British protectorate. G The Agikuyu wars of resistance forced the British to shift their administrative base from Fort Dagoretti to Fort Hall. H There was massive destruction of property. The Agikuyu razed down Fort Dagoretti. The Agikuyu villages were burnt by the British. The Luo reaction. The resisters were the Luo of Sakwa, seme, Uyoma, Ugenya and Kisumu. The collaborators were the Luo of Gem and Asembo, led by Chief Ruoth Odera Akang o. Reasons for the resistance against the British by the Luo of Ugenya. A To protect their land and national heritage. B To protect their freedom and independence c Protect their livestock, grains and fish from being taken by the British soldiers who were undisciplined d The Luo had become a formidable nation in the area and did not entertain any intruder. E They were also provoked by the punitive expedition sent against them by Mumia and the British. Why the Gem and Asembo Luos collaborated. A Their chief, Odera Akang o had been influenced by the Wanga Neighbours who had gained materially from their collaboration. B Odera also needed British assistance to subdue the Luo of Seme, Uyoma, Sakwa and Ugenya, and the Nandi, who were a threat to his people. |
Why the Gem and Asembo Luos collaborated. A Their chief, Odera Akang o had been influenced by the Wanga Neighbours who had gained materially from their collaboration. B Odera also needed British assistance to subdue the Luo of Seme, Uyoma, Sakwa and Ugenya, and the Nandi, who were a threat to his people. C He realized the futility of resisting the British through the experience of his neighbours. Course of the Luo resistance. The Luo of Ugenya set off the resistance by attacking the Wanga in an attempt to expand. They vandalized British key installations like the telegraph wires and administrative stations. In 1896, the British sent an expedition against them and 200 people were killed. When the British attacked the Seme Luo for cattle and Grains, they were provoked into revolting. They attacked the Asembo Luo who had collaborated with the British. The British invaded them in 1898 with devastating effects in terms of property and life loss. The Luo of Kisumu rose up in 1898 attacking a British Canoe party on Winam Gulf for taking their fish without paying. They were however overcome. The Gem and Asembo Luos led by Ruoth Odera Akang o supported the British throughout all these confrontations. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 38 Results of the Luo reaction. A Both collaborators and resisters lost their independence to the British. B The Luo lost their property through burning and looting. C There was massive loss of lives, especially among the Ugenya Luo. D It Bred hatred between the collaborators and resisters e The collaborating communities were able to gain western education and religion as the British established schools and missions in their areas. F The African leadership was replaced with the British administration, thereby undermining traditional political systems. G The Luo were alienated from their land to pave way for the British occupation and settlement. Colonial system of administration in Kenya. In their administration of Kenya, the British employed both central government and local government as the basic administrative framework. Central Government. The protectorate was divided into provinces headed by Provincial commissioners, who acted as representatives of the Governor. The governor was answerable to the colonial secretary in Britain. Hierarchy of colonial administration in Kenya. 1. Colonial secretary. |
Hierarchy of colonial administration in Kenya. 1. Colonial secretary. Based in London, he was the political head of the British colonial administration and overall coordinator of the colonial policies as passed by the British parliament. 2. Governor. Reporting to the colonial secretary, he was the representative of the British government in the Kenyan colony. He headed the executive council which effected colonial policies and programmee he gave assent to laws from the LEGCO before they were implemented. 3. Provincial Commissioners. They represented the governor at provincial level and implemented the policies and laws that were enacted by the legislative council that was established in 1907. They supervised the work of DCs, Dos and the entire provincial administration on behalf of the governor. 4. District commissioners. They implemented policies and maintained law and order and security in their districts. They headed the District Advisory Committees. They coordinated the work of Dos and Chiefs. 5. District Officers. They implemented orders from the DCs and coordinated the work of the chiefs. They maintained law and order in their divisions. 6. Chiefs. They acted as a link between the people and the Governor at local levels. They maintained law and order at the locations and coordinated the work of headmen. 7. Headmen. They were a link between the government and the people at the grassroots level. They mobilized people for development within their villages. NB. The principal function of Chiefs and Headmen under the Headman s Ordinance and Chiefs Authority Act was tax Collection and labour recruitment for public works and European settlers. Their duties were confined in the African reserves. The advisory and Executive Councils guide the governor and effected the colonial policies. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 39 Local Government. The British introduced the Local Government in colonial Kenya because; a They wanted to involve the local communities in administration of the region. This would reduce the costs of administration. B They wanted to mobilize local people in resources exploitation in order to stir up development c Local Government was a means of providing a legal forum for the local people to make decisions about their day to day affairs d The Local Government would provide an important link between the Central government and the locals. E The Local Government would provide a means through which the government would understand Africans better. F It also originated from the desire by European settlers to safeguard a number of privileges for themselves by getting directly involved in local administrative units Local Native Councils. |
B They wanted to mobilize local people in resources exploitation in order to stir up development c Local Government was a means of providing a legal forum for the local people to make decisions about their day to day affairs d The Local Government would provide an important link between the Central government and the locals. E The Local Government would provide a means through which the government would understand Africans better. F It also originated from the desire by European settlers to safeguard a number of privileges for themselves by getting directly involved in local administrative units Local Native Councils. They were established in 1922 after the passing of the Native Authority Ordinance. In 1924, the District Advisory Councils DACs were renamed Local Native Councils LNCs Objectives of the LNCs. A To encourage and develop a sense of responsibility and duty among the Africans. B To provide a mechanism through which educated Africans could articulate their grievances at District level. C To ensure proper restriction of the Africans in their reserves. D To provide a means through which the government would understand the Africans better so that to contain them. Achievements of the Local Native councils. A The councils succeeded in restriction African political Agitations and other activities to their reserves. B The LNCs provided basic social needs like water, cattle Dips, Public Health, Education and Markets. C They succeeded in maintaining basic infrastructure in their areas of jurisdiction. D They succeeded in collecting taxes to finance their operations. NB; in 1948, the LNCs were renamed African Native Councils. Pascal Nabwane became the first African chairmen of the ADCs in 1958. The ADCs operated as local authorities for Africans until 1963. Impact of Local government. A It exploited local resources and initiated development. B It created a link between the central government and the local people. C It helped maintain law and order using the small police force set up in 1896. D It promoted infrastructural development and general welfare of Africans. It used the levied taxes to improve social services such as schools and hospitals. E It helped in the arbitration of African disputes through the District African Courts. E.g, Land disputes were settled by the LNCs. Factors that undermined the local Government. A Shortage of trained personnel to work in the LNCs and ADCs. |
E.g, Land disputes were settled by the LNCs. Factors that undermined the local Government. A Shortage of trained personnel to work in the LNCs and ADCs. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 40 b Poor transport and communication leading to poor coordination of their activities. C Lack of adequate revenue to finance their operations as the colony lacked strategic mineral resources. D There was a lot of rivalry between the settlers and the locals, later becoming the freedom struggles. This hampered the operations of the councils. E Racial discrimination was so pronounced that basic services were absent in African areas. Many Africans survived through self-help schemes. COLONIAL ADMINISTRATION The methods mainly used by the British to administer their colonies were 1. Direct rule. 2. Indirect rile. Difference between direct rule and indirect rule. Indirect rule was a system under which the British recognized the existing African political system and used it to rule over the colonies. Direct rule was a system where the Europeans the British entrenched themselves in the direct administration of their colonies. Indigenous political and administrative institutions and leaders are replaced with European systems. Indirect ruleKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 41 This was a policy advanced by Fredrick Lugard, the British High Commissioner in the protectorate of Northern Nigeria from 1900 to 1906. To Lugard, as summed up in his book, The Dual Mandate in the Tropical Africa 1922 , the resident acts as a sympathetic adviser to the native chief, on matters of general policy. But the native ruler issues his instructions to the subordinate chiefs and district heads, not as orders of the resident but as his own . Such a system was applied in Kenya and in West Africa. Why Britain used indirect rule in Kenya and Nigeria. A Britain lacked enough manpower to handle all the administrative responsibilities in the colonies. For example, in the Nigerian protectorate, there were only 42 British officials by 1900. B Lack of adequate funds for colonial administration from the parent government made her use the existing traditional political system as a means of cutting down the administrative costs. C The use of indirect rule was a means of diffusing the expected stiff resistance from the Africans. The traditional rulers were to be made to feel that they had lost no power. D The policy of administration had succeeded in India and Uganda, thus motivating them to apply it in Kenya and Nigeria. |
C The use of indirect rule was a means of diffusing the expected stiff resistance from the Africans. The traditional rulers were to be made to feel that they had lost no power. D The policy of administration had succeeded in India and Uganda, thus motivating them to apply it in Kenya and Nigeria. British rule in Kenya. In Kenya, the British lacked both funds and experienced personnel to facilitate their administration. Kenya also did not have a reference model of an administrative system like that in Buganda Kingdom. It was only among the Wanga section of the Abaluhyia and the Maasai where traditional chiefs that were recognized by the British existed. Where the institution of chieftainship did not exist as the case of the Agikuyu, the British appointed chiefs men with ability to communicate in Kiswahili and organize porters like Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu in Kiambu, Karuri wa Gakure in Murang a and Wang ombe wa Ihura in Nyeri. The passing of the Village Headman Act in 1902 gave the chiefs the responsibilities of maintaining public order, hearing of petty cases and clearing of roads and footpaths. The 1912 0rdinance increased the powers of the chiefs and their assistants headmen ; they were now allowed to employ other persons to assist them, such as messengers and retainers. They were to assist the District officers in Tax collection and control brewing of illegal liquor and cultivation of poisonous plants like Cannabis sativa. They were to control carrying of weapons and mobilize African labour for public works. The selected colonial chiefs however faced two problems; a Most of them lacked legitimacy and were therefore rejected not only by the African elders who regarded them as nonentities, but also by the young generation who saw them as tools of colonial oppression and exploitation. B Many of the colonial chiefs were young and inexperienced. C Many of the chiefs also became unpopular since they used their positions to amass riches in terms of large tracts of land, livestock and wives. E.g Chief Musau wa Mwanza and Nthiwa wa Tama acquired 8000 herds of cattle and 15 wives respectively in kambaland. The structure of administration was as discussed earlier with governor being answerable to theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 42 colonial secretary in London. Below him were provincial commissioners, district commissioners, district Officers and Chiefs. |
E.g Chief Musau wa Mwanza and Nthiwa wa Tama acquired 8000 herds of cattle and 15 wives respectively in kambaland. The structure of administration was as discussed earlier with governor being answerable to theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 42 colonial secretary in London. Below him were provincial commissioners, district commissioners, district Officers and Chiefs. All the administrative positions above that of the chief were occupied by European personnel. The British in Nigeria. Nigeria comprised the Lagos colony and protectorate, the Southern Nigeria Protectorate and the Northern Nigeria Protectorate. These regions were later amalgamated into the Nigerian protectorate in 1914. In Northern Nigeria, Fredrick Lugard employed indirect rule. Reasons for the use of indirect rule by the British in northern Nigeria. A The system was cost-effective. There was need to reduce the administrative cost by using the local chiefs in administration while employing very few British officials. B Northern Nigeria had communities with a well-organized centralized system of government complete with Islamic sharia whose use provided a base to govern the protectorate. I.e. The Sokoto Caliphate c The vastness of the region coupled with the inadequate British administrative work force and Poor transport and communication network made it difficult for the British officials to effectively administer some parts of the region. D The system would help dilute African resistances since governance was by local rulers. The British were keen on guarding against the local resistance to their administration. E The method ensured smooth transition from African to British dominion. It was a way of deliberately preparing Africans for self-government. F Indirect rule had been tried successfully in Uganda and India. Indirect administration as applied in northern Nigeria. In Northern Nigeria, the existing emirates with centralized system of administration formed the basis of local governance. The Emirs were retained and were to rule under supervision of the British resident officials. The British administration was based on the local customs and laws. Chiefs chosen by the British were to be acceptable by the local people. Local chiefs collected taxes and a portion of it was given to the Central Government. Local Native Courts operated as per the laws of the land. The Emirs were allowed to try cases in their own Muslim courts. The Emirs were mandated to maintain law and order. They possessed firearms. In 1914, Northern and Southern Nigeria were Brought under one syatem of administration . |
The Emirs were mandated to maintain law and order. They possessed firearms. In 1914, Northern and Southern Nigeria were Brought under one syatem of administration . However Lugard found it hard to apply indirect rule in Southern Nigeria. Why indirect rule was not successful applied in southern Nigeria. A Southern Nigeria lacked a centralized indigenous system of administration, which would have been vital in the application of indirect rule. B The south had many ethnic groups, many languages and many disparities in customs, which denied it the homogeneity necessary for the application of indirect rule. C The southern people were infuriated by the British introduction of new concepts like forced labour and direct taxes. D The British did not give themselves time to understand the operation of the social, political and economic systems of the people of southern Nigeria. E The educated elites in the south felt left out of the administration of their own country inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 43 favour of the illiterate appointees of the British. F There existed communication barrier between the British supervisors, the warrant chiefs and the people, which sometimes led to misinterpretation and misunderstanding. G The warrant chiefs sometimes misused their powers in tax collection and molesting women sexually. H The brutish had used excessive force in dealing with any form of resistance and this made them unpopular Problems associated with indirect rule as a system of government. A Indirect rule could only e applied where centralized government was present. Its application in stateless societies often faced difficulties. B Where chiefs were imposed, especially in the stateless societies, their authority lacked legitimacy and only resulted in suspicion and lack of confidence. This would lead to constant riots when they tried to exert their authority. C Local people even in the highly centralized states looked at indirect rule as curtailing the authority of their local rulers and hence resented it. E.g the Yoruba state in Nigeria. D Some inexperienced British officials tended to interfere too much with the vital African customs and practices e.g. among the Asante thus bringing further problems. E Different administrations had different views on the degree of indirect rule to be applied hence confusion was created. It was difficult to draw a boundary between the advisory and supervisory roles of colonial powers. F Language was a problem and there was need for interpreters. Communication was poor and made adaptation difficult. |
B Many of the British settlers developed the attitude and consequently the belief that the territory was pre-ordained to be a white settler colony. C The territory was administered by a commercial company B.S.A.C for a long period 1890- 1923 d An administrator below who was a long chain of European civil servants performing simple administrative duties headed BSAC. E Direct method of administration was applied to the Africans who had initially resisted the intrusion. New chiefs were appointed to dethrone the traditional leaders. F The Legislative Council that was begun in 1898 gave the European settlers political Rights to the extent that by 1923, they had attained some self-governance. G The system was characterized by massive alienation of African Land compelling Africans to provide labour to the new European settlers. H There was racial segregation which was effected through the Legislative Council. African communities suffered greatly in the hands of the settler regime. Reasons for use of direct rule by the British in Zimbabwe. A The British desired to fully control the economy of Zimbabwe and maximize on profit generation through direct involvement in administration. B The Shona and Ndebele resistance against British intrusion made the them not to trust the Matabele chiefs nor use them as British agents c There was lack of reliable political system to be used in indirect administration of the region. The local political institutions based on the Induna system had been destroyed when the British conquered and occupied Zimbabwe. D Existence of enough B.S.A Co personnel on the spot who were familiar with the area as well as the British system of government. E Favourable climatic conditions and the expected rich mineral deposits attracted many settlers who later provided the necessary personnel. F There was a strong desire by the Europeans to be able to direct their own affairs and destiny without interference from within or without The spirit nationalism The BSAC administrative structure in Southern Rhodesia 1905-1923 The government was headed by a resident Commissioner who was appointed by the Company stationed at Salisbury. Below him were various commissioners in charge of the Districts all Europeans . Below them were African Chiefs whose duty included collecting tax, recruiting labour and maintaining law and order. In 1898, a LEGCO was established heavily dominated by the European settlers. An Executive Council, consisting of the Resident Commissioner and 4 nominees of BSA.Co was also established. |
Below them were African Chiefs whose duty included collecting tax, recruiting labour and maintaining law and order. In 1898, a LEGCO was established heavily dominated by the European settlers. An Executive Council, consisting of the Resident Commissioner and 4 nominees of BSA.Co was also established. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 45 In 1902, a Native Affairs Department, headed by a European Native Commissioner was created thus entrenching the dominance of Europeans in Zimbabwe. The duty of the commissioner was to allocate land to Africans, collect taxes and recruit labour. For lack of enough valuable minerals in Zimbabwe as expected, the Europeans compensated by acquiring large tracts of land from African communities with some having grants of upto 3000 acre pieces of land. Europeans occupied 21 million acres while Africans despite their majority were confined to 24 million acre reserves. The Company relinquished control in 1923 to for Zimbabwe to become a crown colony. Crown colony Rule 1923-1953 Why the settlers favoured crown colony over merger with South Africa. A The merger would have led to domination by Afrikaners in their political matters. B Their economic interests would have been neglected in favour of those of Afrikaners. As a crown colony, a Governor was appointed in 1923 to represent the Queen of England. British government was empowered by the constitution to veto any legislation that would discriminate against Africans. This however never happened practically. For example, the government formulated the Two-Pyramids Policy or parallel development policy characterized by discrimination against Africans. At the base of the pyramid was the majority Africans relegated to offering cheap labour for the white settlers. At the apex was the minority whites who took the highest positions in the economic and political system. To legitimize the two pyramids policy were two Acts that were passed in 1930 and 1934. A Land Apportionment Act of 1930. The Act introduced rigid territorial segregation with land being divided into white s and Africans portions. No African was allowed to acquire land outside their segregated portion. The minority whites acquired over half of the best arable land. Africans were given the semi arid areas infested by mosquitoes. Land was categorized into four; 1 Native Reserve Area. For Africans population. The Land was characterized with congestion since it was inadequate. 2 Native Purchase Area. For Africans to buy. Such areas had harsh climatic conditions. 3 European Area. |
For Africans to buy. Such areas had harsh climatic conditions. 3 European Area. For Whites only. 4 Unassigned Area. For government expansion of buildings and other uses. Effects of the Land Apportionment Act on Africans. A Many Africans became migrant labourers, moving to mines, towns and European farms to provide cheap labour since their land was unproductive. B Large tracts of African land were alienated and they were confined to only 29 million acres while only 50,000 whites occupied 49 million acres of land. C This exposed Africans to problems like overgrazing that further deteriorated their land. D There was widespread poverty among Africans. For those on the reserves, they faced starvation, those in towns faced slum life. E Africans suffered racial segregation in provision of social services in urban areas. F There was disruption of social roles as African men moved to towns and settler farms. Women took over men s jobs in the reserves. G Land apportionment became the seedbed for the rise of African nationalism inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 46 Zimbabwe. H Africans were exposed to over taxation to compel them to provide labour to the Europeans. B The Industrial Conciliation Act of 1934. The prime objective of the Act was to protect white workers from African competition. The government through the act prohibited Africans from setting up a trade union. Africans from beyond southern Rhodesia were imported to provide labour to the whites at low wages. The act resulted in relegation of Africans to the lowest level while skilled jobs were set aside for the Europeans. The two acts resulted in the humiliating conditions for the Africans which resulted in the rise of African Nationalism that continued more after the Second World War. As an answer to African agitation, the government invited more white settlers giving them more large tracts of land. The settlers also began to agitate for the formation of a federation of the three central African territories southern Rhodesia, Northern Rhodesia and Nyasaland In 1953, the British government gave approval for the formation of the federation of central African countries. The Central African Federation. The federation was organized as follows; 1 Each territory had its own government responsible for local administration. 2 Each territorial government was responsible for all aspects of native affairs within its boundaries. 3 The British government was directly involved in the administration of the two northern protectorates. |
The federation was organized as follows; 1 Each territory had its own government responsible for local administration. 2 Each territorial government was responsible for all aspects of native affairs within its boundaries. 3 The British government was directly involved in the administration of the two northern protectorates. 4 An African Board was established to ensure that no racist legislation against the Africans was passed in the federation parliament. 5 The Federal Parliament was given powers to deal with all matters involving more than one territory and foreign affairs. The first Prime Minister of the Federation, Garfield Todd, being sympathetic to African protests over formation of the federation, legalized the formation of trade Unions and funded African education and Agriculture. Unfortunately when Todd was replaced in 1958, all his programmees were abandoned. In 1963, the federation was dissolved and shortly afterwards Malawi and Zambia became independent as southern Rhodesia remained a self-governing colony. The reign of Ian Smith. Ian Smith s Rhodesian Front Party, controlled by the white extremists with no regards for Africans, won the 1962 elections. On 15th october 1965, Smith led the settlers to announce a Unilateral Declaration of Independence UDI from Britain implying that political leadership was now fully in the hands of the white rebel settlers. This declaration provoked instant protest not only within Africa but also from the international community. UN declared sanctions against South Rhodesia though countries like South Africa and Portugal unfortunately continued to trade with her making the sanctions ineffective. In 1970, UDI declared itself a republic under a new constitution that entrenched whites Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 47 position in Zimbabwe by spelling the following; a Voting qualifications for Africans were revised and were now based on income. This automatically disenfranchised the majority of Africans. B The land tenure system was revised to enable the Europeans to purchase land from the government. Meanwhile the war of independence had began in 1966, provoked by the 1965 UDI declaration, with a patriotic front formed by Zimbabwe African National Union ZANU of Mugabe Robert and Zimbabwe African People s Union ZAPU of Joshua Nkomo waging a guerilla warfare. Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, with Robert Mugabe as the fits Prime Minister. Effects of British rule in Zimbabwe. A It led to African land alienation by white settlers Africans were displaced from their ancestral lands. |
Zimbabwe became independent in 1980, with Robert Mugabe as the fits Prime Minister. Effects of British rule in Zimbabwe. A It led to African land alienation by white settlers Africans were displaced from their ancestral lands. B The establishment of white settlement subjected Africans to abject poverty and suffering. Africans were subjected to intense economic exploitation through taxation and forced labour. C African traditional economy was undermined as many of the Africans were forced to work for the Europeans. D African interests were ignored in the day-to-day running of the colony. E African traditional rulers lost their autonomy and became mere puppets of British administration. F African cultures were undermined, for example through the separation of families as people sought alternative livelihood. G The white settlers were to enhance the production of cash crops as transport, trade and industry were developed. H Africans were denied freedom of movement and confined I reserves. I Positively, it led to development of transport network the region. J It led to introduction of new crops in the region k It led to rise of nationalism as many Africans could no longer bear the burden of suffering in the hands of the whites. ASSIMILATION Definition. This was a system of administration in which French colonies were given a culture and civilization similar to that of France. This system was influenced by the French revolution of 1789, which emphasized the equality of all men. In Africa, it was perfected by Lewis Faidherbe in Senegal when he was governor from 1854 to 1865. To many historians Assimilation was a deliberate French policy to help them destroy African Chieftaincies and Kingdoms that were thriving at the time of their arrival. Under the system, Africans had to; Learn the French language. Practice the French legal system. Apply the French civil and political system. Convert to Christianity and learn French mannerism including eating and dressing habits. Later on assimilation evolved into association which had been first applied in Africa in centralKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 48 Africa by Savorgnan de Brazza. Association involved letting the subjects develop independently due to the belief that nonwesterners were racially inferior and would therefore never be accepted as equal to Europeans even when assimilated. French administration in West Africa. The French system of administration was highly centralized. The eight French colonies were grouped into the confederation of French West Africa. |
French administration in West Africa. The French system of administration was highly centralized. The eight French colonies were grouped into the confederation of French West Africa. They were governed from one capital, Dakar, Senegal. The federation was headed by a Governor-General answerable to the French Minister for colonies in Paris. Each colony was headed by a lieutenant- Governor answerable to the Governor-General in Dakar. Each colony was divided into cercles provinces , each headed by a commandant de cercle. Each cercle was further divided into small districts each headed by a chef de sub-division below whom were African chiefs chefs de cantons in charge of locations . At the base were chefs de village in charge of the sub-locations. All the French overseas colonies were seen as overseas provinces and each elected a deputy to the French Chamber of Deputies in Paris lower House . However the French administrators appointed lacked high standards of education and some were military officers simply rewarded with senior administrative positions. This led to inefficiency. French administration in Senegal. In Senegal, the policy of assimilation was only applied in the four communes of St.Louis, Goree, Rufisque and Dakar. In the rest of the country, African chiefs who ruled were put I three grades namely; a Chefs de province: - equivalent of the paramount chiefs, they were usually successors of the pre-colonial chiefs. B Chefs de Canton: - these were ordinary people appointed by the French officials due to their ability, to be charge of locations. They kept register of taxpayers the location, helped the government in conscription of Africans into the army and assisted in mobilizing forced labour for road construction and other public works. C Chefs de village:- these were usually traditional heads of the community village who were given the responsibility of collecting taxes, maintenance of law and order, organizing relief during floods and locust invasion and maintaining roads I their areas. The privileges which were enjoyed by assimilated Africans in the four communes of Senegal included; Economic privileges They were exempted from forced labour. They were allowed to work in France. They were exempted from paying taxes. They were allowed trading rights like the French people. Political privileges They were allowed to send representatives to the French Chamber of Deputies. They were enfranchised like the French people in France right to vote They enjoyed the rights of the French Judicial System like the French. |
They were allowed trading rights like the French people. Political privileges They were allowed to send representatives to the French Chamber of Deputies. They were enfranchised like the French people in France right to vote They enjoyed the rights of the French Judicial System like the French. They were allowed to operate Local Authority structures which were similar to those inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 49 France. They were allowed to retain Muslim law. They were exempted from arbitrary arrest through the Indigenization policy. Characteristics of assimilation. A Administrative assimilation. There was an administrative relationship between the French colonies and their mother country. Colonies were regarded as overseas provinces. B Political assimilation. The colonies were represented in the French chamber of deputies thus maintaining a close political identity. C Economic assimilation. The French currency was used in the colonies to enhance the economic relationship. D Personal assimilation. Africans in the Quatre communes were given French citizenship and other privileges enjoyed by French citizens. Reasons why assimilation was successful in the four communes. A There was a high percentage of Mullato population within the communes, who readily accepted the French culture making it easy for the French to apply assimilation. B Africans were familiar with Europeans and their culture due to long interaction with them through trade. C Many people had converted to Christianity and this made it possible for the French to apply their policy. Factors that undermined the application of the French policy of assimilation in West Africa. A There was opposition by local people who did not want the French to interfere with their culture. B The Traditional African rulers resisted the policy since they did not want to lose their authority and influence over the assimilated people. C The French traders in West Africa also opposed the system they viewed assimilated Africans as a potential threat to their commercial monopoly in the region. D The policy of assimilation ran the risk of undermining the very foundation of French colonialism, as it was not possible to exploit Africans who had attained the assimile status. E Missionary school system of education undermined the French policy of assimilation since there was segregation in provision of mission education. F Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation. G Assimilation was becoming too expensive to the French government especially because West African colonies were not self-supporting yet. |
E Missionary school system of education undermined the French policy of assimilation since there was segregation in provision of mission education. F Nationalism conflicted with the policy of assimilation. G Assimilation was becoming too expensive to the French government especially because West African colonies were not self-supporting yet. H The vastness of the French colonies made it difficult to supervise the implementation of the policy. I Muslims resisted fiercely the French attempt to convert them to Christianity. J Racial discrimination against the indigenous people also contributed to the failure of the system. This is because many Frenchmen never accepted assimilated Africans as their equals. K The French citizens in the motherland opposed the policy as they feared being outnumbered in the chamber of deputies. Ways in which Nationalism undermined the policy of Assimilation in French West Africa. A It emphasized loyalty or devotion to one s country and national independence or separatism, which were against the policy of assimilation. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 50 b Nationalists agitated for boycott of anything of French origin. C The nationalists created awareness on the value of African culture and systems; this encouraged Africans to condemn assimilation. D The nationalists created awareness on the importance of African unity which exposed the hypocrisy of assimilation Consequences of assimilation in Senegal. A The policy of assimilation undermined African cultures, as many Africans embraced the French culture. For instance, the French language became the official language in the colony. B The authority of traditional African leaders was eroded and even many were replaced by the assimilated Africans. C The colony was incorporated into the French republic and regarded as an overseas province of France. D Africans from Senegal were allowed to participate in the political matters of France. Some Senegalese like Blaise Diagne were elected as deputies in the French parliament. E The spread of Islam was greatly frustrated, especially in the four communes where Africans were converted to Christianity. F A great rift emerged between the assimilated Africans , who were regarded as French citizens and the rest of African communities , who were subjected to taxation and forced labour The policy of association. Under this system, the French colonial government was to respect the cultures of her colonial peoples and allow them to develop independently rather than force them to adopt French civilization and culture. Unlike the assimilated Africans, subjects retained their cultural practices e.g polygamy and Islam. |
F A great rift emerged between the assimilated Africans , who were regarded as French citizens and the rest of African communities , who were subjected to taxation and forced labour The policy of association. Under this system, the French colonial government was to respect the cultures of her colonial peoples and allow them to develop independently rather than force them to adopt French civilization and culture. Unlike the assimilated Africans, subjects retained their cultural practices e.g polygamy and Islam. The subject came under a system of law known as indigenat where the subject could suffer arbitrary arrest or be forced to serve a longer period in the army than assimilated citizens Why the French government replaced the policy of assimilation with that of association in 1945. A The French had realized that assimilation would lead to equality between them and the colonized people. B Assimilation was too expensive especially because West African colonies were not selfsupporting yet. C The method clashed with the commercial interests. The French businesspersons and their friends in the colonial administration saw Africans as source of cheap labour. They therefore disapproved the idea of uplifting them. D The French had realized that not all the colonial people could be assimilated. Only the elite ones among them could. Association aimed at transforming the Native elites into Frenchmen while allowing the other masses to learn enough French for communication purposes. E They had realized that there was need to allow the colonies to enjoy the freedom of developing according to existing traditional political and social structure. Respect for the culture of her colonies. The similarities between the French and the British colonial administrationsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 51 a Both methods emphasized the superiority of the colonial master and his overlord ship in Africa. The Europeans were in charge and took all senior positions. B The administrative systems applied in both were meant to assist the colonial masters in controlling their territories in Africa. C Both systems led to massive economic exploitation of resources in Africa. E.g minerals, labour, market land etc. D In both Africans reacted to the systems in a hostile manner. E Both methods led to loss of independence and freedom for the African. F In both, every power trained a local army to maintain law and order. G In both, Africans were oppressed through taxation and forced labour. H In both, the position of chief was created where there was none. I.e. In Kenya, southern Nigeria and Somali. Main differences. |
I.e. In Kenya, southern Nigeria and Somali. Main differences. A The British were keen to appoint traditional rulers as chiefs. The French on the other hand were not keen to appoint traditional rulers but simply handpicked individuals who met their qualifications those who embraced French culture and civilization . B The British gave the traditional rulers a lot of power, unlike the French who undermined African chieftaincies. C The British colonies were administered separately by a governor accountable to Britain, unlike the French colonies which were governed as federations equated to provinces of France. D Most of the French administrators were military officers. The British used a mixture of amateurs and professionals. E Whereas the British applied mainly the policy of indirect rule, the French applied the policy of assimilation and later, association. F The French colonies elected their representatives to the Chamber of Deputies in France, while British colonies had legislative councils where policies were debated in the colonies. G Laws applied in the French colonies were legislated in France while in British colonies laws were enacted by the respective legislative assemblies. H In French colonies, assimilated Africans became French citizens with full rights, while the elite in the British colonies remained colonial subjects. I Indirect rule preserved African cultures while assimilation undermined them. SOCIAL AND ECONOMIC DEVELOPMENTS DURING THE COLONIAL PERIOD IN KENYA. The Uganda Railway The railway was built between 1896 and 1901 with George Whitehouse as the Engineer. Work was mainly done by 32,000 Indian coolies and 5,000 clerks and craftsmen. The locals could not provide skilled labour. It costed the British taxpayers about 6 million sterling pounds. Reasons for the construction of the Uganda railway line. A To promote trade with the outside world by encouraging the exploitation of available resources and enable the colony sustain itself b To link Uganda with the Coast so that the British can achieve their strategic interests. C To enable missionaries to go the interior to spread Christianity. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 52 d To help stop slave trade since slaves would no longer be needed to ferry goods to and from the coast. E To provide quick, safe and convenient means of transport for government administrators troops f Open up Kenya for economic development to stop slave trade promote legitimate trade g To maintain law and order so that economic development could be achieved. |
C To enable missionaries to go the interior to spread Christianity. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 52 d To help stop slave trade since slaves would no longer be needed to ferry goods to and from the coast. E To provide quick, safe and convenient means of transport for government administrators troops f Open up Kenya for economic development to stop slave trade promote legitimate trade g To maintain law and order so that economic development could be achieved. H To make Africans more productive and able to generate revenue in form of tax to the colonial government. I To activate interior trade. To enable transportation of imported goods to the interior of the colony. The construction. The railway construction works commenced in Mombasa in 1896. By 1901, the railway had reached Kisumu then Port Florence passing through Nairobi in 1899. Numerous feeder lines were later laid down as follows; The Nairobi Thika Branch 1914 , Konza Magadi 1915 , Voi- Moshi 1918 , Rongai- Solai 1925 , Eldoret-Kitale 1926 , Eldoret- Jinja 1927 , Gilgil-Nyahururu 1929 , Thika- Nanyuki 1930 and Kisumu Butere 1930 In 1948, the Kenya Uganda Railway had been linked with the Tanganyika network to become the East African Railways. Problems experienced during the construction of the Uganda railway. A There was insufficient labour since African labour force was not forthcoming. In the case of the Akamba and the Maasai, they were forcefully recruited. B The climate of the interior was not suitable for the European labour force. The Europeans constantly fell ill, thus interfering with construction progress. C The Arab rebellion under Mbaruk Rashid between 1895 96 at the coast delayed the railway construction. D There was an additional expense of constructing special jetties since Mombasa port was not large enough. E The Man-eaters of Tsavo created danger and havoc to the construction works. F The rift valley terrain was difficult. It was rugged with many hills and escarpments thus causing difficulties in construction. G Hostility of some Kenyan communities to intruders e.g. the Nandi who vandalized the railway and telegraph lines. |
It was rugged with many hills and escarpments thus causing difficulties in construction. G Hostility of some Kenyan communities to intruders e.g. the Nandi who vandalized the railway and telegraph lines. H Insufficient building material since most of them came from Europe and their delivery often delayed, The effects of railway construction. A It led to development of European settler farming in order to make the railway pay for its construction. B There was rampant land alienation. The colonial government alienated African land for railway construction forcing communities like the Maasai and Nandi to move into reserves. C There was rise of wage labour for the railway and later for the settler farmers. D It led to growth of urban centres along the railway line e.g. Nairobi. E Railway construction promoted economic growth of the East African region. This is because farm produce and other commercial products could easily reach market. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 53 f It led to rise of large Asian settlement since many Indians were employed as railway workers. This Asians boosted trade in east Africa. G It led to development of other forms of infrastructure like the roads and telecommunication lines. This stimulated trade development. H It led to transfer of the administrative capital from Mombasa in 1905 to Nairobi. I When the railway reached Kisumu in 1902, it led to major changes to the administrative boundaries within East African region. Initially, the western region up to Naivasha was part of Uganda. J The railway became a major revenue source for the colonial authorities. K It facilitated the establishment of colonial rule in Kenya since it was possible for rapid movement of troops. L It facilitated the cultural and social interaction among the different races. M The railway made rural-urban migration and the resultant enterprises such as hawking and charcoal selling possible. N Other forms of transport and communication developed and expanded along the ralwayline. For example roads and telecommunications. O Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established mission schools. SETTLER FARMING AND COLONIAL LAND POLICIES. As a means of raising revenue to meet the cost of administering the Kenya colony and maintain the Uganda railway, the colonial government encouraged the influx of white settlers to the white Highlands . |
O Christian missionaries were able to move into the interior, where they established mission schools. SETTLER FARMING AND COLONIAL LAND POLICIES. As a means of raising revenue to meet the cost of administering the Kenya colony and maintain the Uganda railway, the colonial government encouraged the influx of white settlers to the white Highlands . The administration did this by; a providing efficient railway transport connecting the coast and the interior b Alienating of the white highlands for European settlement. C advertising the availability of free land in foreign newspapers d giving loan incentives e providing security The settlers however faced the initial challenges of crop and animal diseases, labour shortage, lack of inputs and African aggression. Why the colonial government encouraged white settlement in Kenya. The reasons why the colonial administration led by Sir Charles Eliot 1900- 1904 and later Sir Edward Northey encouraged settler farming in the white highlands were; a They hoped that settler farming would meet the cost of administration and railway maintenance. B The British industries were also in need of cheaper raw Materials in an increasingly competitive European Market. These raw materials would be cheaply produced by the settlers. C The settlers would also help control the prevailing Asian immigration and influence in Kenya. D The colonial government wanted to make Kenya a white man s country by encouraging white settlers to form the backbone of the economy. E Kenya Highlands had cool wet climate and fertile volcanic soils suitable for European settlement and agriculture. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 54 f There was need to get rid of social misfits in Europe and the landless who would be offered avenues in the Kenya colony. G Existence of already willing entrepreneurs lake Lord Delamere and Captain Grogan who were ready to come to Kenya and engage in profitable agriculture. Factors which promoted settler farming. A The land policies availed cheap African labour to settler farmers. The alienation of African land and Creation of African reserves forced Africans to work in the settler farms. B Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow some cash crops in order to enable Europeans continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. C The government built and maintained various forms of transport. For example the railway, Bridges and roads which facilitated faster movement of produce and inputs. D The government Reduced freight charges in the importation and exportation of agricultural inputs and products. |
C The government built and maintained various forms of transport. For example the railway, Bridges and roads which facilitated faster movement of produce and inputs. D The government Reduced freight charges in the importation and exportation of agricultural inputs and products. E The government encouraged formation of cooperatives to help in the processing and marketing of produce. F The establishment of financial institutions such as Agricultural Finance Corporation and Banks provided the settlers with credit facilities. G The government availed extension services for crops and animal farming through the establishment of the Department of Agriculture and research stations to improve the quality of crops and animals. H Trade tariffs were also removed and settlers were granted concessions. Problems experienced by settlers. A Inadequate labour as Africans refused to work. Bush clearance and preparation of land for cultivation was therefore a problem. B Constant raids by the local inhabitants such as the Nandi, Maasai and Agikuyu threatened their peace and security. Some communities even raided their dairy farms for cattle. C Some of the settlers lacked faring experience. Some of the settlers had not engaged in farming before and therefore lacked basic agricultural knowledge. D Inadequate capital often hindered procurement of farm inputs. Machinery, labour. Some settlers became bankrupt and could not meet the day to day operational costs on the farms. E Lack of proper knowledge on farming seasons hence crop failure. The climate and soils in the colony were alien to the settlers. F There was the problem of poor transport and communication as it had become difficult for the government to network all areas occupied by settlers with roads and communication lines. G Inadequate and unreliable market for their produce. They mainly relied on foreign market which could not serve in the case of perishable commodities. H Pests and diseases were prevalent in the white highlands. The settlers were assailed by various human, animal and crop disease. Settler Crop cultivation The main crops cultivated were coffee, wheat, tea and sisal. 1 Coffee. Coffee was first introduced by the Roman Catholic Fathers of St. Austin s Mission near NairobiKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 55 in 1889. It required plenty of farm inputs in terms of chemicals and labour. Therefore was a preserve of wealthy European settlers. Coffee Planters Corporation was founded in 1908 by Lord Delamere s Efforts, and led to the spread in the growing of coffee. |
It required plenty of farm inputs in terms of chemicals and labour. Therefore was a preserve of wealthy European settlers. Coffee Planters Corporation was founded in 1908 by Lord Delamere s Efforts, and led to the spread in the growing of coffee. By 1913, coffee had become the leading cash crop in Kenya grown mainly in Murang a, Thika and Kiambu. Africans were unfortunately not allowed to grow coffee until 1937 Reasons why Africans in Kenya were not allowed to grow coffee before 1937. A Europeans wanted to continue getting cheap African labour for their farms. This could not be available if Africans were allowed to earn some money through growing of coffee. B European settlers did not want to compete with Africans in coffee growing. They feared that it would limit market for their produce. C The settlers claimed that Africans did not have knowledge of growing coffee. They claimed that African participation in cash crop growing would lead to low quality products. D They feared that diseases would spread from African farms to settler plantations. E European settlers claimed that African farmers would produce low quality coffee due to inadequate resources. 2 Wheat. It was introduced in Kenya in 1903 by Lord Delamere who experimented on his Njoro farm. It was however until 1912, when a more resistant variety was developed, that wheat growing took root in Kenya. In 1908, Lord Delamere set up Unga Ltd which boosted wheat farming in Kenya. It was grown in the Nakuru and Uasin Gishu areas. Like coffee, wheat farming was the preserve of wealthy European settlers from Australia, Canada, Britain and South Africa. Africans began to grow wheat only after independence. 3 Sisal. It was introduced in Kenya from Tanganyika in 1893 by Richard Hindorf, a german Doctor. Initially, it was cultivated around Thika in 1904. By 1920, it had become the second largest income-earning crop after coffee. The main sisal growing areas included Baringo, Koibatek, Ol Donyo Sabuk, Ruiru, Thika, Voi, Taita and Taveta. Africans began growing coffee in 1964 though its growth declined due to the completion it faced from synthetic fibre. 4 Tea. Tea was introduced in Kenya in 1903 around Limuru by Messrs Caine Brothers. |
Africans began growing coffee in 1964 though its growth declined due to the completion it faced from synthetic fibre. 4 Tea. Tea was introduced in Kenya in 1903 around Limuru by Messrs Caine Brothers. It was until 1925 when tea began being grown successful with large tea estates being established by tea companies like Brooke Bond and Africa Highland from India. The main tea growing areas were Nandi, Kericho, Sotik, Nakuru, Murang a and Kiambu. Stock rearing. Lord Delamere carried out many experiments in sheep and cattle rearing at his Equator Ranch in Njoro though the Maasai raids in his farm and cattle diseases frustrated his efforts. After cross-breeding exotic types with local stock, he came up with more resistant variety The government also set up an experimental livestock farm in Naivasha. In 1925, the Kenya Cooperative Creameries was established due to Delamere s efforts. Later, the Uplands Bacon Factory was established near Limuru to promote pig rearing. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 56 In 1930, the Kenya Farmers Association KFA was established Colonial land policies in Kenya. To empower the settlers to take up more arable land in Kenya, the Legislative council passed the following Land Acts or Ordinances; 1 The Indian Acquisition Act 1896 . It empowered the authorities to take over land for the railway, government construction and public utilities. 2 The Land Regulations Act 1897 . It allowed the government to offer a certificate of occupation and a lease of 99 years. This Act encouraged settlers to take up land left vacant by the Agikuyu due to drought and famine. 3 The East African Land Order in Council 1901 . It defined crown land as all public land which was not private. The government could take up any land at will, sell it or lease it for use by settlers. 4 The Crown Land Ordinance 1902 . It allowed the government to sell or lease crown land to Europeans at 2 rupees per 100 acres or rent at 15 rupees per 100 acres annually. 5 The Maasai Agreement 1904 . It led to creation of the Ngong and Laikipia reserves while the settlers took up Maasai land for livestock farming. For example Lord Delamere in Nakuru. |
5 The Maasai Agreement 1904 . It led to creation of the Ngong and Laikipia reserves while the settlers took up Maasai land for livestock farming. For example Lord Delamere in Nakuru. 6 The Elgin Pledge of 1906. The government through the British Secretary of State, Lord Elgin confirmed that the Highlands were reserved for settlers. This barred the Asian attempts to buy land in the highlands. 7 The second Maasai Agreement of 1911. The Maasai were pushed out of the fertile Laikipia reserve to pave way for more European settlement and large scale farming. 8 The Crown Land Ordinance 1915 . This provided for land registration scheme for settlers. It defined crown land as land occupied by and reserved for Africans who could be evicted any time. Farm sizes wee increased from 5,000 to 7,500 acres. 9 The Kenya Annexation Order in Council 1920 . It announced that Africans were tenants of the crown even in the reserves. 10 The Land Commission 1924 . It fixed boundaries of the reserves, which were later legalized in 1926. 11 The Native Trust Ordinance 1930 . It stated that African reserves belonged t the Africans permanently. 12 The Carter Commission 1932 . It fixed the boundaries of the white highlands, leading to population pressure in the African reserves. All Africans were removed from the highlands into the reserves. 13 The Kenya Highlands Order in Council 1939 . It fixed boundaries of the white highlands and reserved them permanently and exclusively for Europeans. Effects of the colonial land policies. A The displaced Africans were confined to native reserves thus leading to congestion overuse of land. By 1914, settlers like Lord Delamere and Captain Crogan owned 100,000 and 220,000 acres of land, respectively, at the expense of African congestion in the reserves. B Africans who lost their land became poor. Many Africans became squatters and lived in misery and hopelessness. C The situation in the reserves and the landlessness forced to supply labour in settler farms for wages in order to pay taxes. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 57 d The displaced Africans moved to towns looking for employment. Their movement to towns led to growth of urban centres. E The traditional socio-economic set-up of the Africans was disrupted. |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 57 d The displaced Africans moved to towns looking for employment. Their movement to towns led to growth of urban centres. E The traditional socio-economic set-up of the Africans was disrupted. Communities could no longer migrate in search of better lands and pasture. Family roles changed as women increasingly took over headship of families while men sought for paid employment. F The large European farms suffered acute shortage of labour as many Africans were unwilling to work on them. G It led to the introduction of the Kipande System enforced by the Native Registration Ordinances of 1915 and 1920, to prevent the African labourers from deserting their duties on European farms. H Taxes were imposed on Africans and were to be paid only in monetary form. This was meant to compel Africans seek for wage employment. I The reserving of the highlands for the whites only denied Indians access to agricultural land, compelling them to resort to businesses and residences in urban areas. J Loss of land led to bitterness and made Africans later to form political organizations to demand for their land spread of nation THE DEVONSHIRE WHITE PAPER. The Mandate of the League of Nations compelled Britain, just like any other colonial authority to institute reforms that would involve addressing African grievances. Governor Edward Northey who had given many concessions to the settlers was recalled to Britain in 1922. Other reforms that were instituted were; a Abandonment of Racial segregation policy in Kenya except in the highlands. B Allowing Asians to elect four members to the Legco, which was initially settlerdominated. This however was not done until 1933. In March 1923, settlers in a form of protest to these reforms sent a delegation to London to try to settle scores with the Secretary for Colonies, the Duke of Devonshire. The fundamental set of principles that were issued in this meeting are what came to be known as the Devonshire White Paper. Factors that led to the issuing of the Devonshire white paper. A The influence of The Dual Mandate . This was a book of the League of Nations that had regulations concerning colonial mandates. Britain was committed to the principle of trusteeship whereby she was interested on its African population than European settlement b The rise of race conflicts i.e. Africans versus European dominion and European versus Asian conflicts. The Indians were opposed to the privileged position of European settlers. |
Britain was committed to the principle of trusteeship whereby she was interested on its African population than European settlement b The rise of race conflicts i.e. Africans versus European dominion and European versus Asian conflicts. The Indians were opposed to the privileged position of European settlers. C The banning of racial segregation .The decision by the colonial government to ban racial segregation apart from the white highlands only, disappointed the settlers who wanted the ban lifted hence they sent a delegation to London to see the colonial secretary. D The African general resentment. Their resentment was on land alienation, forced labour, taxation system, kipande system, low wages and no political representation. Terms of the Devonshire White Paper. A White highlands were reserved for European settlement only b Indians would be allowed to elect five members to LEGCO not on a common roll, but on a communal roll. C Racial segregation was abolished in all residential areas. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 58 d Restriction on Indian immigration was lifted e A nominated missionary was to represent African interests in the LEGCO. F The European Settlers demand for self government in Kenya was rejected. G African interests were declared paramount before those of immigrant races if there was a conflict. H The settlers were to maintain their representation in the LEGCO. I The Colonial Secretary was given mandate to exercise strict control over the affairs of the colony. Implications of the Devonshire white paper. The issuance of the paper left the Settlers, Asians and Africans more dissatisfied than ever before as follows; On the part of the settlers; a The Indian call for equality, to them, was unrealistic since they could not stomach the mixing of Oriental and Western cultures in Kenya. B Since European culture was superior, they felt that racial segregation was justified in all spheres. C To the settlers, instead of giving in the Indians grievances, they would rather give in to African demands since they had moral rights to protect African interests. D To them, the white highlands were primarily theirs and they had a legal claim over them. On the Asian part; a They wanted equality of all races instead of settler dominance in Kenya especially pertaining to settlement in the white highlands. B They opposed policies on residential segregation and restriction on their immigration. The government was inviting more settlers to check Indian immigration into Kenya by this time. |
On the Asian part; a They wanted equality of all races instead of settler dominance in Kenya especially pertaining to settlement in the white highlands. B They opposed policies on residential segregation and restriction on their immigration. The government was inviting more settlers to check Indian immigration into Kenya by this time. C They wanted direct and adequate representation in the Legco based on a common roll free election not communal roll . D They objected separate taxation for Europeans and Indians and segregated education. The Devonshire White paper was therefore viewed as the product of the struggle between the Asians and the Europeans. The paper made the Asians join their African comrades in the struggle for freedom, especially in the trade Union Movement. Settler dominance In Kenyan affairs continued upto 1963 despite recommendations done in the white paper. Results of the Devonshire white paper. A The Devonshire white paper saved Kenya from becoming another Rhodesia or South Africa. The European demand for self-government was rejected. B In theory, settler s dominance was weakened but in practice, the white paper upheld the dominance of the settlers more than that of the Africans e.g. segregation in residential areas in towns continued, they dominated the economy because they retained the white highlands. C The paper did not satisfy the Asians since they did not gain access to the white highlands. D Although many Asians came to Kenya, the Asians did not achieve equality with Europeans through a Common Roll. The Indian congress refused to cooperate with the government; they declined to hold elections for the Legislative Council seats offered to them. No AsianKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 59 seats, five in all were occupied until 1933. E Africans were to be represented by a nominated missionary, John Arthur, instead of representation by an African. For the first time, Africans were represented in the Legco. F The Devonshire White Paper Benefited the Africans by declaring recognizing Kenya as an African country where African interests should be paramount g It failed to resolve African land and labour grievances. H It sensitized the Africans on their plight leading to formation of political parties. URBANIZATION Towns that were already in existence before the advent of colonialism include Mombasa, Lamu and Malindi. Many other towns in the interior grew during the colonial period. Factors which led to the establishment of urban centres in Kenya during the colonial period. A Development of transport network. |
Many other towns in the interior grew during the colonial period. Factors which led to the establishment of urban centres in Kenya during the colonial period. A Development of transport network. Construction of roads and the Uganda railway led to growth of some towns as transport terminus or along the transport lines e.g. Nairobi, Voi, Nakuru and Kisumu. B Growth of trade in the interior of Kenya. Most towns began as trading centres for Indian commercial entrepreneurs. E.g Machakos, Nakuru, Kisumu, Nairobi and Voi. C Development of administrative posts. The colonial government established administrative posts in various parts of the country. These posts later grew into urban centres. E.g Fort Hall, Embu, Kapsabet, Meru and Garissa. D Rural-urban migration. The movement to urban areas by African labourers from various parts of the country led to further growth of urban centres. E Development of agriculture. Settler farming led to growth of towns like Eldoret which began as agricultural collection centres f Development of Agro-based industries like flour mills, meat-processing plants and sawmills which attracted labourers from all parts of the country to be transformed into urban centres. G Development of mining activities. This stimulated development of industries in the mining areas leading to urban growth. E.g. Kakamega, Athi River and Magadi. Why Africans moved to urban areas in colonial Kenya. A The Urban centres had recreational facilities and social amenities which attracted the Africans, fed up with hardship conditions in the reserves. B The Africans expected Job opportunities with better wages in the towns where there were industries as compared to the rural areas. C Some Africans were escaping from forced labour and taxation. D The African entrepreneurs wanted to take advantage of the wider markets in the towns to escape poverty in the crowded reserves. Ways through which the colonial government controlled Africans migration to urban centers. A Taking headcount of those who were supposed to live in urban centres b Enacting strict rules about migration into urban centre c Creation of African reserves d Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to undertake in the urban centres lived there e Introduction of kipande system. Positive effects of urbanization during the colonial period. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 60 a It promoted interaction between people of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds, who exchanged ideas and experiences. |
A Taking headcount of those who were supposed to live in urban centres b Enacting strict rules about migration into urban centre c Creation of African reserves d Ensuring that only those who had specific activities to undertake in the urban centres lived there e Introduction of kipande system. Positive effects of urbanization during the colonial period. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 60 a It promoted interaction between people of diverse ethnic and racial backgrounds, who exchanged ideas and experiences. The centres became seedbeds of political activities that eventually culminated into the struggle for independence. B Urbanization promoted national integration and instilled a sense of nationhood among Kenyans as it watered down the differences and prejudices between communities. C The welfare associations formed by Africans in urban areas, like the Bara Association in Mombasa for all hinterland people, united them for a common cause by lessening ethnic hostilities. D Through sporting and cultural activities that took place in towns, relationships between different ethnic groups and races were cemented. E Many Africans benefitted from the numerous employment opportunities as shoe shiners and repairers, charcoal sellers, hawking in industries and in European homes. F Due to the Abundance of labour and raw materials, industries in urban areas expanded further. Negative effects of urbanization during the colonial period in Kenya. A There were inadequate housing facilities to meet the demands of the people. This led to overcrowding especially in slums shanties led to the outbreak of diseases. Lack of planning of housing led to poor drainage and sanitation facilities. B Africans in urban areas were subjected to racial discrimination. The social services provided to the Africans were inadequate and of poor quality. Even houses in towns were occupied according to the various racial groups, with Europeans enjoying the best facilities. C Increased population in urban centres led to serious water shortages. D Establishment of industries in urban centres led to pollution of the environment, which affected the health of the inhabitants. E There was rampant unemployment as urban centres could not cope with the large influx of labourers and increased competition for the available jobs f Many unemployed people in urban areas got involved in social vices crimes such as drug abuse, alcoholism and promiscuity, due to desperation and poverty. G Africans working in urban centres received low wages with employers taking advantage of the high supply of labour, which affected their standards of living. |
D Establishment of industries in urban centres led to pollution of the environment, which affected the health of the inhabitants. E There was rampant unemployment as urban centres could not cope with the large influx of labourers and increased competition for the available jobs f Many unemployed people in urban areas got involved in social vices crimes such as drug abuse, alcoholism and promiscuity, due to desperation and poverty. G Africans working in urban centres received low wages with employers taking advantage of the high supply of labour, which affected their standards of living. H The mass rural-urban migration brought about intensification of migration regulations to control the numbers of African migrants. The Kipande system became stricter. I Economic activities in the rural areas were disrupted by the absence of men who had moved to urban areas. Women took up men s roles. EDUCATION AND HEALTH Education. Formal education in colonial Kenya was provided by four groups; The Christian Missionaries. The Colonial government through local councils. The Africans themselves. Community organizations Asians Major milestones in the development of education in Kenya during the colonial period. Initially, the provision of education was the preserve of the missionaries. For example, the Church Missionary Society CMS pioneered by setting up a school at Rabai in 1844 and anotherKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 61 in Mombasa in 1873. Features of Missionary education a It was elementary. The subjects taught included religion, writing, reading, reading, hygiene and arithmetic. B It was industrial and technical in approach, aiming at training Africans to be carpenters, masons, agricultural assistants and shoe repairers. C It was denominational and aimed at inculcating doctrines of a particular church in the learners. Objectives of Missionary education. A To impart in the Africans Agricultural Skills in order to promote settler farming. B To give the Africans basic technical skills to improve their industrial knowledge. C To train some Africans as Catechists to enhance the spread of Christianity. D To offer Africans basic literacy and numeracy to read the bible and do simple arithmetic. Education development in Kenya in the period between 1904 and 1963 was facilitated by the following factors; 1 The WWI ex-soldiers experiences which convinced them of the advantage of higher education. 2 Increase in African nationalism that demanded for better education for Africans. |
D To offer Africans basic literacy and numeracy to read the bible and do simple arithmetic. Education development in Kenya in the period between 1904 and 1963 was facilitated by the following factors; 1 The WWI ex-soldiers experiences which convinced them of the advantage of higher education. 2 Increase in African nationalism that demanded for better education for Africans. 3 The need to produce better and more skilled manpower for the future independent Kenya. 4 Primary education had produced qualified children who needed higher education. In 1911, the colonial government agreed to share the burden of providing education to Africans with the missionaries. In 1913, the first Government African School was started at Machakos. It became a centre for Technical and Teacher training. In 1918, the education commission made the following far-reaching recommendations to the government in line with the Fraser Commission report of 1908 which had recommended a racially segregated system of education; a Provision of technical education to Africans. B Maintenance of racially segregated Schools. C More cooperation between the colonial government and the missionaries. D Appeals for grants-in-aid for mission schools. In 1924, a commission came to Kenya the Phelps Stokes Commission to look into the education situation. It recommended that Africans should receive Practical AgriculturalOriented Education suitable for rural areas. Other recommendations included; a That there should be a uniform system of education in all government and missionary schools. B That sufficient training for teachers and related personnel should be enhanced by establishing colleges. C That schools should be built in the rural areas. This was done through the education ordinance of 1924. Due to its recommendations, the Native Industrial Training Centre was built at Kabete in 1924 and Jeanes School, Kabete 1925 for offering technical and industrial education. Other schools were started later at Kapsabet, Kajiado, Tambach, Kitui, Kwale, Kabianga and Kapenguria. The 1924 Education Ordinance created an advisory committee on African education. TheKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 62 representation to the committee was missionaries, colonial officials and settlers. The same year, more schools were built with the assistance of the newly formed Local Native Councils. In 1931, another Education Ordinance helped in the establishment of Kakamega GAS In 1932, Kisii GAS in 1934, and Kabianga. |
In 1949, the Beecher Committee was instituted to look into African education From 1961, Asian and African pupils begun to join European schools. Provision of elementary education by Africans was pioneered by John Owalo of the Nomiya Luo Mission in 1910. University Education. Africans in Kenya got opportunity for university education at Makerere which was established in 1922 initially as a technical college and became an affiliate of the university of London on 1949.. In 1954, the Royal Technical College, Nairobi began to offer higher education and became an affiliate of the university of London in 1959 to offer the first degree courses in 1961 when it became known as the royal college. Community based education. This was done mainly by Asian families of Ismaili and Arya Samaj for the Indian traders in urban areas. Allidina Visram, A wealthy man, also established centres of higher education. African Role in educational provision. Africans began their own schools for the following reasons; a They wanted to protect certain cultural practices like feral circumcision and polygamy. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 63 b They wanted to access higher education, since the government and missionaries were only offering them technical and industrial education, so that to be able to compete for the white-collar jobs with other races. C They would also use the schools as a forum to air their grievances and to create political awareness in their community. The Nomiya Luo Mission built several schools in Nyanza between 1908 and 1910. Other schools were built in Gem-Luanda region between 1913 and 1918 and in central Kenya in 1923 in Kiambu. In 1934, the Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Education Association founded more schools In 1938, Githunguri Teacher Training College had been established under Mbiyu Koinange. Health. Developments in provision of health services in colonial Kenya. Initially, just like in the case of education, the Christian missionaries were concerned with provision of health services in colonial Kenya. The colonial government was majorly concerned with eradication of plague, malaria and sleeping disease which the Pioneer European settlers suffered from. Preventive medicine was later introduced to help stop various infections of killer diseases. |
Initially, just like in the case of education, the Christian missionaries were concerned with provision of health services in colonial Kenya. The colonial government was majorly concerned with eradication of plague, malaria and sleeping disease which the Pioneer European settlers suffered from. Preventive medicine was later introduced to help stop various infections of killer diseases. The Church of Scotland Mission and the Church Missionary Society soon opened medical facilities in Kikuyu 1902 , Kaimosi 1903 , Kaloleni 1904 and Maseno 1905 . Dr, Arthur, a missionary and pioneer doctor, put up the Thogoto Mission Hospital in 1907 and the facility exists prominently upto today as the Kikuyu Eye Unit Hospital and Kikuyu Rehabilitation Centre. Objectives of the Health centres. A To eradicate diseases such as smallpox, malaria and sleeping sickness. B To train medical personnel to handle western medicine. C To improve health and hygiene for Africans and Asians in towns where they lived in overcrowded areas lacking in sanitary facilities. Africans began being trained in the provision of emergence health services during the first war. The East African Medical Corps was formed . Between 1919 1922, missionaries began to train Africans as Medical Dressers and Dispensers. After the opening of the Alliance medical college in 1920 and the establishment of a Medical training centre under the Nurses and Midwives Ordinance many African school leavers trained as laboratory and pharmacy assistants. A Public Health Ordinance was passed in 1921 giving the Medical Department powers to institute measures for the control of malaria and prevent communicable diseases. As a follow up to the 1921 Ordinance, new health units were established in the four different African reserves. The Rural Dispensary System was established to supplement the missionary efforts in provision of healthcare. Health centres were built in rural areas as part of the colonial government efforts to improve health facilities. After 1945, the Development and Research Authority DARA gave 47,000 sterling pounds for health care and improvement of health services. In 1949, the Bureau of Medical Research was set up as an agency of the East African HighKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 64 Commission. In 1950 King George IV hospital today the Kenyatta National Hospital was started as a hospital for Africans and in 1951, it started training female nurses. |
After 1945, the Development and Research Authority DARA gave 47,000 sterling pounds for health care and improvement of health services. In 1949, the Bureau of Medical Research was set up as an agency of the East African HighKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 64 Commission. In 1950 King George IV hospital today the Kenyatta National Hospital was started as a hospital for Africans and in 1951, it started training female nurses. By 1962, there were over 100 rural health centres in the country. Role of Africans in Health Provision. Africans were more pre-occupied with superstitions and over-reliance on traditional medicine which negated their participation in provision healthcare.. The traditional medicinemen were dismissed by missionaries despite their wealthy knowledge on herbal Medicine. Today, many people rely on traditional herbalists to compliment healthcare provision. POLITICAL DEVELOPMENTS AND STRUGGLE FOR INDEPENDENCE IN KENYA 1919-1963 Early Political Organizations In Kenya Upto 1939. African participation in the First World War contributed to rapid political developments in Kenya in the following ways; a When many African from different communities and countries met, they realized that they shared numerous interests and problems which necessitated political unity. B The Africans disapproval of the Whiteman s immortality during the war, as he could also get wounded, die and suffer like them. This motivated them to strive for equal rights when they came back. C The introduction of many unfair measures after the war made their lives difficult. For example, governor Northey introduced the Soldier settlement scheme in 1919 to settle British ex-soldiers while African ex-soldiers got a raw deal. Other factors for the rise of early political organizations included; a The introduction of the Kipande system in 1920 which was used to force Africans to provide labour for the European settlers. B The replacement of the Indian Rupee with the shilling in 1921 meant that those in possession of the rupee had valueless money at a short notice. C The reduction of African wages and the increase in hut tax and poll tax in 1920 from 10 to 16 shillings. D The change of status of Kenya from a protectorate to a colony in 1920 which dawned on the Africans that the Whiteman was here to stay unless this move was fought. |
B The replacement of the Indian Rupee with the shilling in 1921 meant that those in possession of the rupee had valueless money at a short notice. C The reduction of African wages and the increase in hut tax and poll tax in 1920 from 10 to 16 shillings. D The change of status of Kenya from a protectorate to a colony in 1920 which dawned on the Africans that the Whiteman was here to stay unless this move was fought. Kikuyu Association This was the first political organization in Kenya. It was founded in 1920 by Loyalist Kikuyu chiefs, concerned about the continued grabbing of African land for European settlement. They also complained about the planned reduction of African wages after the replacement of the rupee with the shilling, the kipande system which they equated to slavery. The patron was Paramount Chief Kinyanjui wa Gathirimu and Chief Koinange wa Mbiyu was the president. The secretary was I.M.Ishmael. Other members were Josiah Njonjo, Philip Karanja, Mathew Njoroge and Waweru wa Mahui. The Association, being made of loyalist chiefs, was never aggressive in its demands. The members therefore failed to get any meaningful concessions from the government. Later, Harry Thuku and Abdalla Tairara joined the association together with other Christian converts who were labourers, colonial house servants and clerks in Nairobi and central Kenya. When Thuku tried to introduce radicalism in the Association, he was forced to decamp on 7thKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 65 June 1921 and founded the Young Kikuyu Association. The East African Association. It began off as Young Kikuyu Association YKA in 1921 having been inspired by the Young Buganda Association in Uganda. Its founders included Harry Thuku, Abdalla Tairara, Mwalimu Hamisi and Muhamed Sheikh. Harry Thuku, the leading founder of this association was a mission educated elite who was working as a telephone operator in Nairobi. He became dissatisfied with the nonaggressiveness of the Kikuyu Association which was dominated by loyalist chiefs, in pressing the colonial government for Africans demands. YKA being very aggressive demanded; The return of African land. Better working conditions for Africans. |
He became dissatisfied with the nonaggressiveness of the Kikuyu Association which was dominated by loyalist chiefs, in pressing the colonial government for Africans demands. YKA being very aggressive demanded; The return of African land. Better working conditions for Africans. Reduction of taxes. Withdrawal of Kipande system which had been introduced in 1920. Increase in wages. YKA incorporated other ethnic community members thus necessitating it to change the name to the East African Association in July 1921. The officials included Harry Thuku Chairman George Samuel Okoth, Abdalla Tairara, Kibwana Kambo, Jesse Kang ethe, Z. K. Sentongo from Uganda, Maitei ole Mootian, Molanket ole Sempele from Tanzania, James Mwanthi and Muhamed Sheikh. EAA became a very popular association in the 1920s attracting huge crowd in its meetings. Grievances of the East African Association They were demanding for the removal of the status of Kenya as a colonial territory. They were demanding for a common roll for all in the legislative council elections. They wanted the return of the alienated land, back to African owners. They were opposed to forced labour. They wanted more educational facilities and opportunities for Africans. They were demanding that all labour in urban areas be paid fair wages. They wanted the compulsory selling of cattle be stopped. Removal of Kipande System. Protested European domination of government. Wanted hut tax that was exclusively paid by Africans abolished. Due to the radical approach that was adopted by Harry Thuku, the colonial Governor had him arrested on 15th March 1922 and detained at the Kingsway Police Station now Nairobi Central Police Station . On 16th March 1922, a Kikuyu Woman, Muthoni Nyanjiru, challenged the African men to violence demanding the release of Thuku. More than 21 people including Muthoni Nyanjiru, were killed when the police opened fire on the over 1000 people who were surging forward. Harry Thuku was deported to Kisimayu. His colleagues Waiganjo and Mugekenji were banished to Lamu as EAA was banned. Consequences of Harry Thuku s arrest. |
Harry Thuku was deported to Kisimayu. His colleagues Waiganjo and Mugekenji were banished to Lamu as EAA was banned. Consequences of Harry Thuku s arrest. A The political parties that succeeded the EAA continued using even more radical approach when they realized that the colonial government was determined to continue using Iron Rule in Kenya. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 66 b Governor Edward Northey was recalled to London by the then Colonial Secretary, Sir Winston Churchill due to the way he mishandled the Thuku affair. C The colonial government did not allow formation of any other countrywide political Associations among Africans until 1945. D Thuku became the undisputed flag-bearer of Kenyan Nationalism prior to formation of later political parties. The kikuyu central association. When EAA was banned, its former officials Joseph Kang ethe and Jesse Kariuki founded the Kikuyu central Association. It was formed in 1924 at Kahuhia, Fort Hall with Kang ethe becoming the president and Henry Gichuru, secretary. Job Muchuchu Treasurer , James Beauttah secretary-general and Jesse Kariuki vice-president . All these were extremist politicians whose activities were closely monitored by the government. Grievances of the Kikuyu Central Association. They were demanding for the removal of the 1915 Crown Land Ordinance that made Africans mere tenants and not real owners of their land. They were demanding for African representation in the Legislative Council. They were opposed to forced labour. They wanted free primary education as opposed to the colonial education system. Establishment of a secondary school, training facility for hospital workers and a school for girls. Removal of kipande system. They demanded that all colonial laws be translated into Gikuyu Language so that all members of the community could understand them. They demanded for the appointment of a well-educated Paramount Chief elected by the majority of the Agikuyu. Wanted hut tax abolished and other taxes reduced They advocated for the growing of coffee and other cash crops by Africans. To work towards the restoration of alienated African land. To pressurize the colonial government to abolish racial segregation. Respect of African culture customs e.g. Circumcision polygamy Agitating release of political prisoners e.g. Harry Thuku. |
Respect of African culture customs e.g. Circumcision polygamy Agitating release of political prisoners e.g. Harry Thuku. By 1925, KCA had attracted membership from all large urban centres in Kenya and the Kikuyu squatters in the Rift Valley. They presented their demands to Governor Grigg when he visited Fort Hall in 1925. In 1927, KCA relocated its headquarters from Murang a to Nairobi in order to link up with other Kenyan elites. In 1928, Jomo Kenyatta became its Secretary- General, taking over from James Beauttah who had been transferred from Nairobi in an act of sabotage by the government. Kenyatta started the Association newspaper, Muigwithania which was instrumental in reviving the cultural values of the Agikuyu. When the Hilton Young Commission was formed in 1927 to look into the question of the federation of Kenya, Uganda and Tanganyika, KCA through Jomo Kenyatta presented the following demands to it; Introduction of free primary education for Africans. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 67 Provision of secondary and higher education for Africans. Abolition of kipande system Appointment of Africans to LEGCO Release of Harry Thuku Giving of Title Deeds to Africans as a guarantee against any further land alienation. Rejection of the proposed East Africa Federation KCA championed female circumcision arguing that it was a beautiful cultural practice which eradicated prostitution in the community. When the Church of Scotland Mission, African inland Mission and CMS expelled all sympathizers with the practice from their missions, KCA responded by leading the pack in the beginning of independent schools and churches. KCA sent Jomo Kenyatta, accompanied by Parmenas Mukiri, to present Agikuyu grievances in 1929 to the colonial office in London. It also helped kikuyu elders in preparing evidence to the Kenya Land Commission in 1931. Rivalry for power within the KCA between 1931 and 1938 nearly rocked the association. The Association was banned in 1940 alongside others. Kavirondo Tax Payers and Welfare Association. It started as Young Kavirondo Association YKA in December 1921 at a Baraza held in Ludha, central Nyanza, by mission educated Luo and Luhyia men. |
The Association was banned in 1940 alongside others. Kavirondo Tax Payers and Welfare Association. It started as Young Kavirondo Association YKA in December 1921 at a Baraza held in Ludha, central Nyanza, by mission educated Luo and Luhyia men. The meeting was meant to discuss issues affecting African communities. The official of the Association were Jonathan Okwiri chairman , Simon Nyende Treasurer , Benjamin Owuor secretary , Rueben Omulo, Ezekiel Apindi, George Samuel Okoth, Mathayo Otieno, Joel Omino and Jolmeo Okaka. The demands of the YKA included; They were demanding for addressing of the problem of change of the status of Kenya from a protectorate to colonial territory. Demanded for a government school to be built in central Nyanza. Demanded for a self- government for nyanza province with a separate legislative council and an elected African president. They were opposed to forced labour and labour camps. An end to land alienation. Creation of the position of paramount chief for central and southern Nyanza, just like Mumias was for northern Nyanza. Removal of Kipande System. Demanded to be given title deeds for their land. Wanted hut tax removed. The advocated for better wages. The members presented their demands to the Nyanza PC in May 1922 and met governor Northey in Kisumu in July 1922 at Nyahera in Kisumu. The governor agreed to authorize the closing down of labour camps and reduce taxation. However, the revocation of the Crown Colony Status was out of question. In 1923, however, government, alarmed by the mobilization level of YKA in Nyanza, compromised its leadership and Jonathan Okwiri handed over chairmanship to Archdeacon Owen fearing the banning of the association the way EAA had been. Under Owen YKA changed its name to KTWA with its emphasis shifting from politicalKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 68 grievances to social grievances focusing on killing rats, digging latrines and keeping compounds clean. It also adopted the use of written memoranda in expressing their grievances. All Nyanza chiefs became Vice-presidents of the association under its new constitution. |
Under Owen YKA changed its name to KTWA with its emphasis shifting from politicalKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 68 grievances to social grievances focusing on killing rats, digging latrines and keeping compounds clean. It also adopted the use of written memoranda in expressing their grievances. All Nyanza chiefs became Vice-presidents of the association under its new constitution. In 1931, the association split up into Luo and Luyia Factions due to disagreements. The Abaluhyia faction formed the North Kavirondo Central Association that had close links with the KCA. It was formed with the objective of stopping any further land alienation for European use without compensation, especially after the 1930s Kakamega Gold rush. By 1944, many of the top leaders of the KTWA had been co-opted into the colonial administration with Okwiri becoming a chief. Benjamin Owuor, Nyende and Okwiri were made members of the LNC in central Nyanza. KWTA was therefore weakened and became extinct in 1944. Ukamba Members Association UMA was formed in 1938 by Samuel Muindi Mbingu Chairman , Elijah Kavula Vice-chairman , Isaac Mwalozi secretary and Simon Kioko treasurer as an association of the Akamba of the eastern part of Kenya. The leaders who founded this association were closely associated with East African Association of Harry Thuku. For example, James Mwanthi, Ali Kilonzi and Muhamed Sheikh. Reasons for the formation of Ukamba Members Association a The Akamba wanted to fight against land alienation for European ranchers causing shortage of land for grazing. B To oppose the colonial policy of de-stocking who argued that overstocking was responsible for soil erosion in Kitui and Machakos regions. In 1936, the Liebigs Group established a meat processing plant to effect the de-stocking policy. C To oppose heavy taxation. D To represent the Akamba people s interests. E To fight for the Akamba rights and freedoms They wrote memorandum to the colonial government with the assistance of Asian lawyers. It mobilized people to fight for their rights through meetings and signing of petitions. They got support from KCA and the Asian representative to the Legco, Isher Das. |
E To fight for the Akamba rights and freedoms They wrote memorandum to the colonial government with the assistance of Asian lawyers. It mobilized people to fight for their rights through meetings and signing of petitions. They got support from KCA and the Asian representative to the Legco, Isher Das. The association used Muigwithania journal of KCA to advance their cause. O 28th July 1938, UMA members including women and children demonstrated and marched to Nairobi with their cattle to seek audience with the governor over destocking and grazing policies. They staged a sit in Nairobi for 6 weeks led by Muindi Mbingu until the governor conceded to their demands at a meeting in Machakos. However, their leader, Muindi Mbingu was arrested in September 1938 and deported to Lamu until 1946. The Association was banned at the beginning of World War II. Problems that faced UMA in its operations. A The colonial government had a negative attitude towards the activities of the association. This discouraged open participation. B Arrest of their leader Muindi Mbingu and his deportation to Lamu demoralized the movement. C The Association alongside others was banned, with the World War II looming. Coast Africa AssociationKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 69 The Association was formed in 1943 with Noah Mwana Sele as president, Muhamed bin Mwichande as vice president, E.W. Timothy as secretary General and H.G.Banks as honorary treasurer. Other officials were Muhamed bin Omar, Enoch Benjamin and H. Harrison. Demands of Coast Africa Association. A The demanded for improved education and the general welfare of Africans in the coastal region b The elevation of Shimo la Tewa to a high school. C The establishment of evening classes in the region so as to give African adults a chance to pursue basic western education. D to protest inadequate healthcare services for the Africans. E They were demanding for appointment of Africans as administrators. F They demanded that tax collected from African drinks be used to develop African rural areas. G They demanded for the revocation of allocation of Mijikenda land to Asians and Arabs. H They demanded for African representation of Coast region in the LEGCO in 1947. |
F They demanded that tax collected from African drinks be used to develop African rural areas. G They demanded for the revocation of allocation of Mijikenda land to Asians and Arabs. H They demanded for African representation of Coast region in the LEGCO in 1947. Unlike other Associations CAA did not present their grievances in political meetings bur instead used written memoranda and also their newspaper, the Coast African Express whose editor wads Elkana Young. This explains why the association existed while others had been banned. In 1955 however, the association began to disintegrate due to the following reasons; a The departure of their leaders Francis Khamisi and Ronald Ngala who joined the Mombasa African democratic union and the LEGCO. B Leadership wrangles based on ethnic consideration. C Shortage of funds to run the activities of the association. It succeeded in achieving elevation of Shimo la Tewa school into a high school and a Legco position for the Mijikenda. Taita hills Association It was formed on 22nd June 1939, being modeled on the KCA and UMA styles. Its objectives were; To achieve equal political status with whites and Asians. To help the Taita community to advance. To protest the destocking policy. Most of the fertile land of the community had been occupied by European settlers who were growing coffee on it. Oppose the plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. They were opposed to the kipande system and forced labour. The Europeans forced the Wataita to work on coffee plantations and ferry the coffee over long distances for low wages. The pioneer founder of the Association was Daniel Mapinga, a young catechist, who began mobilizing the Wataita against oppressive measures used by the colonial government. Unfortunately he died in 1837. In 1939, Woresho Kolandi Mengo, Jimmy Mwambichi and Paul Chumbo took over his course and established THA with the help of KCA leadership. Achievements. A The association succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada WidaKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 70 people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. B The colonial government stopped the de-stocking plan among the Wataita. |
Achievements. A The association succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada WidaKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 70 people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. B The colonial government stopped the de-stocking plan among the Wataita. C The government revised the Taita reserve boundaries and reduced the land initially carved for European settlers. Problems experienced. A It failed to attract prominent personalities I Tata. B It lacked support of all the African groups in the region. For example the Wataveta and Wagisiga were reluctant to join THA. C The association was banned alongside others in May 1940. D Their leader Mwambichi was deported after being arrested. Problems faced by early political organizations. A Their members were subjected to harassment by the colonial government, especially arresting and dispersing demonstrators. B The organizations were demoralized through the deportation of the leaders like Thuku EAA . Muindi Mbingu UMA and Mwambichi THA . C The associations experienced political wrangles between members as witnessed in KCA between 1931 1nd 1839 and CAA upon departure of its tow key leaders. D Many of the leaders of the organizations had little experience in running political parties and therefore mismanaged their offices. E The organizations were faced with financial inadequacy. Many Africans were experiencing financial problems due to land alienation, taxation and poor working conditions and therefore could not adequately contribute to the associations. F There was a lot of disunity since most organizations were ethnic-based Features of the political associations formed in Kenya before 1939 a They lacked a national outlook since they were ethnic tribal based oriented urban based . Most of them were confined to one or two ethnic communities except EAA. B Most of them received material and moral support from the Asians c Mission-Educated African young men led them. For example, Harry Thuku, Okwiri and Mwambichi. D They were formed in response to socio-economic and land problems of various ethnic groups. E They all agitated for an end to European exploitation and oppression rather than demand for political independence. F Most of them did not attract large membership due to their ethnic tendency. G They were non-militant and tended to be moderate and their demanded. |
E They all agitated for an end to European exploitation and oppression rather than demand for political independence. F Most of them did not attract large membership due to their ethnic tendency. G They were non-militant and tended to be moderate and their demanded. H They were characterized by squabbles over leadership. Achievements of early political parties. A They provided political education to the African communities through their political rallies. B They communicated the communities feelings to the colonial government through publications, memoranda or speeches. C They defended the African cultures against further erosion by the European missionaries. For example KCA defended female circumcision among agikuyu. D They re-awakened the masses by making them conscious of the political situation in the country. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 71 d Some succeeded in to stop further land alienation by restraining the Europeans from displacing the Africans to the reserves. For example THA succeeded in stopping the government s plan to relocate the Wada Wida people from Taita hills to Samburu to create room for settlers. E The played the role of trade Unionism by fighting for the welfare of the workers in the absence of formal trade unions. F They publicized Africans grievances to the international community. For Example, the role played by Jomo Kenyatta on behalf of KCA. G They pioneered in the growth of nationalism by forging inter-community relations in the struggle for independence. EMERGENCE OF INDEPENDENT CHURCHES AND SCHOOLS MOVEMENT IN KENYA. This was an expression of African protest against European interference with traditional African economic and political organization. Reasons why independent churches and schools emerged in Kenya. A The desire by majority of Africans to retain their cultural values while at the same time c converting to Christianity. Many were unhappy with the western influence of Christian missionaries who taught against traditional customs. B Africans were unhappy with the 3Rs style of education in mission schools which only prepared them for low positions in government or employment on European farms and homes. They desired to be equal to Europeans and Asians. C Independent schools emerged as a reaction against colonial domination and exploitation in terms of taxation, kipande, forced labour and racial discrimination. D Africans desired leadership in their own churches instead of being led by European missionaries whom they viewed as agents of colonialism. |
They desired to be equal to Europeans and Asians. C Independent schools emerged as a reaction against colonial domination and exploitation in terms of taxation, kipande, forced labour and racial discrimination. D Africans desired leadership in their own churches instead of being led by European missionaries whom they viewed as agents of colonialism. E The role played by Africans like John Owalo and Elijah Masinde who claimed to have received divine calls to begin independent churches. F Some Africans felt dissatisfied with the interpretation of the scriptures. The Holy Spirit Church, for example, broke away on this account. G Some churches were formed to allow Africans to express their Christianity freely through dancing, singing and drum beating which many mission churches did not accommodate. H Characteristics of independent churches and schools. Characteristics of independent churches and schools. A All of them accommodated African cultural values. B Both churches and schools valued Christianity and western education but were against the westernizing influence by missionaries. C Africans held positions of leadership in the churches and schools. D Most Churches and schools worked closely with the African political association. The independent churches movement in Nyanza. John Owalo is credited for leading in the establishment of independent churches in nyanza. He stared as a Roman Catholic, then joined the Church of Scotland mission CSM at Kikuyu before moving to the CMS first in Nairobi, then defected to Maseno. The reason why Owalo suffered from denominational defection is because he was seeking for a mission church that accommodated African cultural values and where Africans could be given a say I terms of leadership and worship. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 72 In 1907, Owalo claimed to have received a direct call from God with instructions to begin his own church. Though CMS at Maseno dismissed him as a lunatic , the colonial authority Nyanza PC John Ainsworth granted Owalo permission to start his own mission. In 1910, he founded the Nomiya Luo Church, which became the first independent church in Kenya. Owalo proclaimed himself as a prophet equating similar to Jesus. Other independent churches in Nyanza included; 1 Dini ya Roho Holy Spirit Church founded among the Luhyia in 1927 as a breakaway from the Friends African Mission. |
In 1910, he founded the Nomiya Luo Church, which became the first independent church in Kenya. Owalo proclaimed himself as a prophet equating similar to Jesus. Other independent churches in Nyanza included; 1 Dini ya Roho Holy Spirit Church founded among the Luhyia in 1927 as a breakaway from the Friends African Mission. The members claimed to speak in tongues and believed in baptism by the holy spirit , 2 Joroho church founded by Alfayo Odongo Mango in 1932 among the Luo. It was similar to Dini ya Roho. 3 The Christian Universal Evangelical Union founded in 1938 In Siaya by Ismael Noo, a school teacher linked to the Anglican Church at Maseno. He began off as one of the leaders of the revival movement at Maseno, which emphasized salvation by the blood of Jesus and public confession of sin. His movement insisted that men and women should have sexual intercourse since they were saved. His church attracted many women and soon he was accused of infidelity with peoples wives. He officially broke away from the Anglican Church at a convention at Nyabondo in Nyakach to establish the Christian Evangelical Union. The church is currently known as the Christian Evangelical Church, having changed its name in 1965. The independent churches and schools movement in central Kenya Due to its proximity to Nairobi, the seat of colonial administration, central Kenya experienced the presence of white settlers more than any other region in Kenya. The schools established by the so many missionary groups in the region only aimed at imparting basic literacy and numeracy skills to African converts. As the evangelized, the missionary groups condemned many traditional African practices and values like polygamy, consumption of traditional brews and female circumcision. It is behind this backdrop that independent churches and schools emerged in central Kenya. Kikuyu Independent schools. Kikuyu elders out of the desire for western education for their children, without necessarily being Europeanized, set up independent schools. In 1913, a Kikuyu elder, Mukunga wa Njehu, donated land at Gaithieko, Kiambu where the first independent school In central kenya was built. In 1925, another school had been built and registered at Githunguri. |
Kikuyu elders out of the desire for western education for their children, without necessarily being Europeanized, set up independent schools. In 1913, a Kikuyu elder, Mukunga wa Njehu, donated land at Gaithieko, Kiambu where the first independent school In central kenya was built. In 1925, another school had been built and registered at Githunguri. The independent Schools Movement emerged in the 1920s as a result of the expulsion from mission schools of the children of the supporters of female circumcision. The two bodies that emerged as a consequence were Kikuyu Independent Schools Association KISA and the Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association KKEA The Kikuyu Independent Schools Association. The Body was closely associated with the Independent Pentecostal Church and was predominantly in Murang a, Nyeri and Embu. Following a showdown over female circumcision, the kikuyu elders got permission from the DC to build a prayer House around Gituamba on land donated by two elders, Kagere Gatundu and Gathai Gachohi of Thiru sub-location. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 73 Between 1929 and 1932, a school was set up at the church. This success inspired the emergence of similar churches and schools in Mariira, Kahiti and Gakarara in Kandara, Murang a. In 1934, KISA was established to coordinate the efficient running of these schools with its leaders including Daudi Maina Kiragu, Musa Muriithi, Hezekiah Gachui, Peter Gathecha and Johana Njoroge. The Association had the responsibility of establishing more schools and maintaining them as well as mobilizing funds for teacher training programmes. Their activities got the support of the colonial authorities which even permitted establishment of more schools that must be registered at the DO s office. By 1935, KISA had established 34 independent schools with an enrolment of 2,518 pupils. Similar schools emerged in the Rift Valley among the kikuyu squatters. Challenges encountered by KISA. A There were inadequate funds to support the large number of pupils and schools. B Many teachers were untrained. C Many of the KISA leaders lacked proper management skills. D Mission schools fought the efforts of KISA leaders. |
B Many teachers were untrained. C Many of the KISA leaders lacked proper management skills. D Mission schools fought the efforts of KISA leaders. E There were disagreements among KISA leaders where some demanded for money for the land they had donated for the schools. The independent churches also suffered from lack of ordained ministers. This problem was solved when KCA invited the Most Reverend William Alexander, the Archbishop of the African Orthodox Church in South Africa in 1935, who established a seminary at Gituamba and ordained Daudi Maina Kiragu, Philip Kiande and Harrison Gachukia Kimanga as Ministers. In 1937 after Archbishop Alexander had left, Daudi Maina Kiragu and Harrison Gachukia Kimanga broke away and formed the African Independent Pentecostal Church which they claimed was independent from external influence. In 1938, KISA named their church the Independent Pentecostal Church. By 1952, at the time of its banning, KISA had 168 schools with an enrolment of 60,000 pupils in central Kenya and rift valley. Kikuyu Karinga Educational Association. The association emerged out of a split at the Gituamba between the Murang a group and the Kiambu members who were radical and were more closely associated with KCA. The term Karinga means pure implying unpolluted kikuyu customs and values. KKEA was opposed to all forms of cooperation with either the missionaries or the colonial authority. By 1940, it had established 12 schools in Kiambu and 11 in the rift valley. By 1952, it had established schools at Moshi and Arusha in Tanganyika. It established its own church in 1952 the African Orthodox Church of Kenya , relying on church ministers trained at Gituamba seminary. It was led by Arthur Gathuna and Philip Kiande The Association was banned in 1952 after declaration of a State of Emergency. In 1939, the Kenya Teachers Training College was established at Githunguri, Kiambu, to train teachers for the independent schools. Mbiyu Koinange was the first principal. It was closed in 1952 alongside other independent schools. Problems faced by independent churches and schools. |
Mbiyu Koinange was the first principal. It was closed in 1952 alongside other independent schools. Problems faced by independent churches and schools. A Poor leadership as many churches and schools were led by people without anyKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 74 management experience. Many of them lacked trained personnel who could run them efficiently. B They faced a lot of hostility from the colonial government and missionaries who constantly harassed them. C Ideological differences among their leaders on which name to adopt. There were also many leadership squabbles as all founders wanted to be recognized. D The schools were forced to follow the official syllabus and become members of the District Education Board. E The independent churches and schools competed with mission churches and schools for followers with the later declaring war on certain African practices POLITICAL ORGANIZATIONS AND MOVEMENTS AFTER 1945. Factors that hastened political development in Kenya after 1945. A The Acquisition of western education by many Africans by 1945 which enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully and to understand political developments outside Kenya. B The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. Moreover, the colonial government failed to reward African ex-soldiers to embitter them more. C The change of government from Conservative to Labour Party in Britain in 1946 stimulated a new attitude in Britain towards decolonization. Africans in Kenya took advantage of this attitude. D The granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans in Kenya to also clamour for their own independence. E The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Kenya. F The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European powers to decolonize helped the Kenyans in their course. G The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. H The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. |
G The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. H The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. I The costs incurred by the European nations during WW2 made their taxpayers become reluctant to raise any more funds for colonial expenditures. Characteristics of political parties formed after 1945. A They had a national outlook as members were drawn from different ethnic groups b Their main objectives was to fight for independence c Educated elites led them d They had a large membership. E They demanded for fair taxation for Africans. F They all demanded for improved conditions for African workers. G They all demanded for the return of alienated land. Kenya African Study UnionKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 75 When Eliud Mathu was nominated to the Legco on 10th October 1944, a number of well educated Africans led by Francis Khamisi agreed to form Kenya African Union KAU with the following objectives;. A To assist Mathu in his new task as the first African nominated to the LEGCO. B To create a Multi-ethnic political grouping representing the interests and constitutional rights of all Africans effectively. C To advocate for more constitutional reforms for Africans. D To demand for better living and working conditions. The interim officials were Harry Thuku chairman , Francis Khamisi Secretary and Albert Owino treasurer . Other officials were James Gichuru, John Kebaso, Simeon Mulandi, Harry ole Nangurai, S.0. Josiah, F.M. Ng anga, Jimmy Jeremiah, J.D. Otiende and S.D. Jakay. Two weeks after its formation, the governor ordered its officials to change its name to the Kenya African Study Union as it was meant to help Mathu in studying African problems. In January 1945, James Gichuru became the president of KASU after Harry Thuku resigned, being unable to cope with radicalism in the union. |
Jakay. Two weeks after its formation, the governor ordered its officials to change its name to the Kenya African Study Union as it was meant to help Mathu in studying African problems. In January 1945, James Gichuru became the president of KASU after Harry Thuku resigned, being unable to cope with radicalism in the union. Under Gichuru, KASU published a newspaper - Sauti ya Mwafrika that concentrated on African grievances and the proposed East African Federation which they opposed. The organization rejected proposals to give more powers to European members in the Executive council. They refused to accept a European dominated government of the East African Federation. Later in 1946 on KASU changed its name to KAU feeling that the former name was inappropriate. Kenya African Union Formed in February 1946, the main demands of KAU were; They protested against inadequate African representation in the LEGCO. They protested against the lack of Participation of Africans in the governance of Kenya. They even demanded for Self-government for Africans. They were against the continued existence of the Kipande System and forced labour. They demanded improvement of the African working conditions with better wages equal to what was paid to other races. They demanded an end to Land alienation and racial discrimination. They demanded an end to Imposition of taxes. They demanded compensation of ex-servicemen. They were protesting against Lack of education opportunities for Africans. The return to Kenya by Kenyatta in 1946 marked the beginning of mass nationalism. On 1st June 1947, Kenyatta became president of KAU after Gichuru stepped down for him. W.W.W. Awori was elected vice-president and Ambrose Ofafa and Muchohi Gikonyo were elected treasurer and secretary respectively. Kenyatta travelled widely in Kenya where he urged people to join KAU After 1947 KAU began to face the problem of a standoff between Radicals like Fred Kubai and Paul Ngei who wanted to use force to acquire independence, and moderates like Kenyatta himself. Radicals who included Bildad Kaggia took over the Nairobi branch of KAU. When the national delegates conference was held in 1951, Jomo Kenyatta retained presidency, J.D. Otiende became secretary General, PAUL Ngei assistant SG and Ole Nangurai Treasurer. |
E A few progressive African farmers were allowed to grow cash crops. Kenya African National Union During the emergency period, From October 1952 to December 1959 African participation in the political process increased rapidly. The Kenya African National Union KANU was formed after the First Lancaster House Conference of January 1960 resolved that nationwide political parties be formed in Kenya as a step towards decolonization. On 27th march 1960, at a meeting at Kirigiti, Kiambu convened by ex-KAU strongmen, James Gichuru and Oginga Odinga, KAU merged with Kenya Independent Movement and the People's Congress Party to form KANU. The colonial government declined to register KANU with Kenyatta as president since he was still in detention. In May 1960 James Gichuru took the presidency with Odinga as his deputy. Tom Mboya became the secretary General and Arthur Ochwada his assistant. Ronald Ngala and Daniel Moi were elected treasurer and assistant treasurer respectively in absentia as they were attending a commonwealth parliamentary Association meeting in London. In the party s constitution, drafted by Mwai Kibaki and Tom Mboya, the following were the objectives; a To attain political independence for Africans inn Kenya. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 82 b To achieve national unity through a unitary national constitution under one central government. C To create a society based on African socialism. D To eradicate poverty, ignorance and disease. E To get back African land. F To have all political detainees released. G To unite with liberation movements in other countries in a Africa in order to end imperialism and colonialism in the continent. H To encourage good neighbourliness in the East African Region. When Kenyata was released, he took over leadership of the party. During the independence elections in may 1963, KANU won 73 seats against KADU s 31 and African Peoples Party s 8 . Jomo Kenyatta became the Prime Minister on 1st June 1963. Achievements of KANU in the struggle for independence. A KANU mobilized Africans in Kenya and united them in the struggle for independence. B Through its numerous nationwide meetings, it provided political education to the Africans in Kenya. |
A It united the smaller communities in Kenya. E.g the Kalenjin, Luhyia, Maasai and coastal communities. B It educated mobilized Africans against the colonial domination. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 83 c It pressed for the release of Jomo Kenyatta while hopping that he would eventually join on their side. D It participated in drawing up the independence constitution in the second Lancaster House conference. E As an opposition party though for a short time, it helped to provide checks on the KANU government. Challenges faced by KADU. A There were suspicions of dominance of the party by some communities. B The party faced the problem of lacking adequate funds to carry out its countrywide campaigns for Independence. C Wrangles between senior officials of the party often undermined the party s operations. D Illiteracy among the majority of the members left the top leaders with too much responsibility over party affairs. E The party was prone to manipulations by the colonial authority in its operations. F The party members were faced with a lot of pressure from KANU to decamp. African People s Party. The party also emerged after the 1962 Lancaster House conference, founded by Paul Ngei, one of the radical members of KAU s Nairobi branch. Paul Ngei had similar fears just like the founders of KADU that the Akamba interests would not be catered for in the proposed government arrangement that favoured KANU as well as KADU. The party was formed in February 1962. After Kenya became a republic in 1964, APP decamped from the opposition to join KANU. The trade-union movement. The early trade Unions in Kenya were formed along racial lines though all form them aimed at addressing labour problems that faced workers. The first trade union in Kenya was the Indian Trade Union formed in 1914 in mombasa. Upto 1914, there existed no African trade union in Kenya because of the following reasons; a Artisans and farm labourers were not allowed to join or form associations since it was feared they would organize sudden and unofficial strikes. B Majority of the Kenyans were illiterate and lacked the knowledge to run workers unions. C The migrant labour system militated against the establishment of such unions. D The colonial government fought attempts by Africans to form workers organizations. |
Meanwhile a trade dispute tribunal led by Mr. Justice Thacker was set up to look into the workers grievances. The AWF became very popular to all workers in Kenya due to the success of the strike. However its leaders were either repatriated from Mombasa to their reserve areas or as was the case of Kibachia, arrested and detained in Baringo district. Achievements of AWF. A It mobilized workers from different communities to come together and fight for better wages. B It provided education to the workers about their rights. C It introduced the concept of collective bargaining among workers in Kenya. D It fought for better living and working conditions for workers. E It advocated for better allowances for African workers wives and children, a factor which resulted in better wages and salaries for workers. F Its activities made the colonial government change its attitude towards labour unions and start to give attention to workers grievances. G It succeeded in exposing the Kenyan workers grievances to the international community as its strike was internationally publicized. Kenya Federation of Labour. Following the enactment of the Trade Unions Ordinance in 1952, various small African trade unions Kenya Local Government Workers Union, Domestic and Hotel Workers Union and East AFRICAN Federation of Building and Construction united to form the Kenya Federation of Registered Trade Unions KFRTU . Its officials included Mwichigi Karanja president , Aggrey Mwinya secretary general , S. Ondiege, Elikana Okusimba, Silas Okeya, David Jomo, S. Osore, James Wainaina and Dishon Sambili. Among the demands of KFRTU were the following; Increase in African wages. Improvement of the living conditions and poor housing for its workers Protest against the arrest and detention of union officials. Protest against forceful evacuation of the Aembu, Ameru and Agikuyu from Nairobi In 1953. Protest against increase in the price of tea and bread in 1955 Protest against the continuity of the state of emergency. In 1953, Tom Mboya s Kenya Local Government workers Union KLGWU joined KFRTU. The following were elected officials in the 1953 elections. |
Protest against increase in the price of tea and bread in 1955 Protest against the continuity of the state of emergency. In 1953, Tom Mboya s Kenya Local Government workers Union KLGWU joined KFRTU. The following were elected officials in the 1953 elections. David Njomo-prrsident, Stephen Obwaka-Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 85 vice president, Tom Mboya- general secretary, G.W.Owuor-assistant SG, Daniel Ng ethetreasurer and John Opiyo- ass treasurer. In 1955, it changed its name to the Kenya Federation of Labour KFL representing 35,000 members. Due to Tom Mboya s efforts KFL was affiliated to the International Confederation of Free Trade Unions ICFTU . Achievements of KFL. A It kept the spirit of African nationalism alive during the emergency period when political associations had been banned. B It secured international support through its affiliation to ICFTU for the cause of African nationalism. C It educated Africans on their rights as workers. D It helped to improve the living conditions of African workers securing for them a major salary increment in 1956 e It prepared some African nationalists for leadership roles in the struggle for independence. For example, martin Shikuku and Tom Mboya. Role of trade union movement in the struggle for independence in Kenya a Trade Unions mobilized workers to strike against colonial government. B They Motivated workers to sustain the struggle for their political rights self governance c They provided national political parties with funds required for their operation. D Trade union leaders became prominent leaders of political associations that fought for independence. E They introduced the concept of collective bargaining for workers in Kenya. F The unions promoted regional cooperation in east Africa. G They improved working conditions of the Africans through their welfare duties. H They intensified the spirit of nationalism after ban on political parties. I They provided a training ground for nationalist leaders e.g. Thomas Mboya j Educated Africans on their rights Problem faced by trade unions during the colonial period. A There was fear of victimization and harassment from the colonial authorities especially in the pioneer years. B The migrant nature of African workforce paused a challenge to their membership. C Ignorance of the African people about trade unionism and its role. |
B Lifting the ban on African political Associations. This was done in 1955 though only Africans were allowed to form local district based political organizations. Tom Mboya formed the Nairobi People s convention Party while D. Mwanyumba formed the Taita African Democratic Union. John Kebaso formed the Abagusii Association, Argwings Kodhek formed the Kenya National Congress and John Keen the Maasai Front. C Africans were able to take part in elections of 1957. It proposed multi-racial elections. However, other than race-pegged rules for participation in the 1956 57 elections, Voting qualification for Africans were based on income, property and education d Proposed direct representation of Africans in the LEGCO. In march 1957, the African elections to the Legco were held and Tom Mboya Nairobi , Masinde Muliro Northern Nyanza , Oginga Odinga Central Nyanza , Lawrence Ogunda south Nyanza , Ronald Ngala Coast , Daniel Arap Moi Rift Valley , James Miumi Ukambani and Bernard Mate central were elected. The elected Africans formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO with Odinga as chairman and Mboya as secretary. Demands of AEMO after formation. A They contested the fewer African positions in the LegCo by condemning the Lyttelton constitution. While elected members were 29, nominated members were 30, majority of who were Europeans. B They protested the rigid voter qualification requirements imposed on Africans and demanded that every African of 21 years and above be allowed to vote, regardless of education or income. C They demanded that registration of voters be done on a common roll. D They called for the end of a State of Emergency. Role played by AEMO in the struggle for independence up to 1963. A They formed pressure groups to demand for greater political rights for Africans. E.g., formation of AEMO. B They formed the core team, which pressurized for independence. C They made known the grievances of Africans in International Fora. D They networked with other African nationalists elsewhere e.g. in Ghana and Nigeria to hasten achievement of independence in Kenya. E They fought for the release of detained nationalists e.g. Kenyatta. F They formed he national political parties e.g. |
E They fought for the release of detained nationalists e.g. Kenyatta. F They formed he national political parties e.g. KANU and KADU, which led the country toKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 89 independence. G They educated and created awareness among the masses about the nationalists struggle. H They took part in the formulation of the independence constitution. The Lennox-Boyd Constitution. In 1958, Sir Allan Lennox- Boyd, who had succeeded Oliver Lyttelton as secretary State for Colonies visited Kenya and made the following constitutional proposals; a An increase by six LegCo Seats for Africans to bring their total representation to 14 seats. B A special membership in the LegCo, with four members from each race, who were to elected by other members of the LegCo. C An increase of the number of African ministers to two. AEMO members rejected the Lennox-Boyd proposals saying they still favoured white monopoly in the colony especially the specially elected membership to LegCo. AEMO also called for the unconditional release of Jomo Kenyatta. They even boycotted the Legco from 1958 to 1959 when a new constitutional conference was promised. Acted of Betrayal became evident among Africans when Musa Amalemba and Wanyutu Waweru accepted the special seats appointment and even Amalemba went ahead to appointed the second African Minister for Housing in 1958. Other developments in 1959 included; The White moderates led by Michael Blundell who resigned as minister of agriculture formed the New Party of Kenya NPK . He was backed by 46 non-African members of the LegCo for his ideas of multi-racialism. The white extremists led by Captain Briggs formed the United Party UP demanding for the abolishing of the LegCo and replacing it with regional assemblies. This was aimed at preserving the white highlands as one regional assembly for European benefits. Increased divisions on AEMO between radicals and moderates .Ngala, Moi, Mate, Towett and Nyagah resigned from AEMO to form the Kenya National Party KNP advocating multi-racialism. This party was interestingly joined by all Arab and Asian members. |
This was aimed at preserving the white highlands as one regional assembly for European benefits. Increased divisions on AEMO between radicals and moderates .Ngala, Moi, Mate, Towett and Nyagah resigned from AEMO to form the Kenya National Party KNP advocating multi-racialism. This party was interestingly joined by all Arab and Asian members. The radicals led by Mboya, Odinga and Gikonyo Kiano formed the Kenya Independent Movement KIM that was exclusively for African membership. They demanded convening of a full constitutional conference to discuss Kenya s future and release of Jomo Kenyatta. The Lancaster House Conferences. The Conferences were called to iron out the differences that arose out of the fact that both radical Europeans and AEMO members opposed multi-racialism. The First Lancaster House Conference 1960 The conference was convened by Ian MacLeod, the secretary of state for colonies. It was attended by all members of the LegCo.. The African team was led by Ronald Ngala and Tom Mboya was the secretary. The conference came up with the following compromise decisions; a The 12 elective seats In the LegCo would remain intact. B There were to 33 open seats in the LegCo, which were to be vied for on a common roll. C Another 20 seats would be reserved 10 of these for Europeans, 8 for Asians and 2 for Arabs. D The composition of the Council of Ministers was to be altered to incorporate 4 Africans, 3 Europeans and 1 Asian. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 90 e The conference authorized the formation of countrywide political parties for Africans. KANU and KANU were formed. The Lancaster conference however failed to entirely please both Africans and the settlers. Some settlers, finding the new turn events so tough began to sell their property and leave Kenya. Africans though feeling that they had not been given a responsive government, accepted ministerial positions as follows; a Ronald Ngala- Minister for Labour, Social Security and Adult Education. B Julius Gikonyo Kiano- Minister for Commerce and Industry. C Musa Amalemba- Minister for Housing, Common Services, Probation and Approved Schools. D James Nzaui Miumi- Minister for Health and Welfare. |
B Julius Gikonyo Kiano- Minister for Commerce and Industry. C Musa Amalemba- Minister for Housing, Common Services, Probation and Approved Schools. D James Nzaui Miumi- Minister for Health and Welfare. Out of fear of political domination by the big tribes the following new alliances were formed; a The Kalenjin Political Alliance of Taita Towett. B The Coast African Political Union of Ronald Ngala. C The Kenya African People s Party of Masinde Muliro. In the 1961 elections KANU won but refused to form government demanding release of Kenyatta. KADU was invited by the governor, Patrick Renson to form a coalition government with Europeans and Asians. When Kenyatta came on 21st August 1961, Kariuki Njiiri offered his Murang a seat to Kenyatta to enable him join LegCo. The second Lancaster conference 1962 The main aim of this conference, called by the then secretary for colonies, Reginald Maulding was to draft the independence constitution acceptable to the two main parties KADU and KANU. It also aimed at reconciling the differences between the two parties. KANU delegation was led by Jomo Kenyatta while Ngala led the KADU group. KANU conceded many KADU grounds to enable success of the negotiations. Main provisions of the independence constitution of Kenya. A The independence constitution provided for a regional majimbo government with each region having a regional assembly and p resident. B It also provided for a bicameral parliament consisting of the senate and the house of representatives upper house and lower house. C The constitution stipulated that the Prime Minister was to be head of Government and Queen the Head of State, represented by the Governor General. D The constitution recommended a multiparty system of government and the party with the majority of seats forming the government. E It contained the Bill of Rights, which protected the individual s rights. In the elections of 1963, KANU won with 73 seats against KADU s 31, APP s 8. Jomo Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister on 1st June 1963. On 12 December, Kenya attained full independence. On 12th December 1964, Kenya became a republic with Kenyatta becoming an executive president. |
Jomo Kenyatta became the first Prime Minister on 1st June 1963. On 12 December, Kenya attained full independence. On 12th December 1964, Kenya became a republic with Kenyatta becoming an executive president. EMERGENCE AND GROWTH OF NATIONALISM IN AFRICA Factors for the rise of nationalism in Africa. A The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation during the colonial period. For example land alienation in the Kenya Highlands, in southern Rhodesian, Algeria and SouthKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 91 Africa which was accompanied with forced labour where the labourers faced mistreatment. B Africans were fed up of heavy and harsh taxation by the Europeans. They were exposed to heavy taxation, ranging from hut tax to breast tax in Belgian Congo. C Africans were fed up with the gradual destruction of their culture by the whites. Missionaries totally dismissed the age-old African traditions as being barbaric. This explains why independent schools and churches sprung up in central Kenya. D The introduction of racial discrimination to go hand in hand with colonialism. All the best social amenities in South Africa, Zimbabwe and Kenya were reserved for the whites. The Europeans equated the black colour with low intelligence, uncivilized and a backward race. E Africans resented colonialism because it interfered with their political institutions. The colonial rulers disregarded traditional rulers, appointing their own puppets in their place. F The Acquisition of western education by many Africans by 1945 enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully and to understand political developments outside Africa. G The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. Moreover, the colonial government failed to reward African ex-soldiers to embitter them more. H The change of government from Conservative to Labour Party in Britain in 1946 stimulated a new attitude in Britain towards decolonization. This motivated African nationalists. I The rise of nationalism in Asia, culminating into the granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans who worked closely with Asian nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, the India Prime Minister. J The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Africa Many African lites attended the conference which served as a source of awakening. |
This motivated African nationalists. I The rise of nationalism in Asia, culminating into the granting of independence to India and Pakistan in 1947 aroused great confidence among Africans who worked closely with Asian nationalists like Jawaharlal Nehru, the India Prime Minister. J The rise of Pan-Africanism in Africa after the 1945 Manchester conference contributed to the new demands for political independence in Africa Many African lites attended the conference which served as a source of awakening. K The formation of the UNO and the pressure it exerted on the European powers to decolonize helped the Africans in their course. L The emergence of United States and the Soviet Union as super powers in the world contributed to the decolonization process. USA was keen to see Britain and France grant independence to their subjects in the world in order to secure new markets. M The signing of the Atlantic Charter in 1941 by Winston Churchill and Franklin Roosevelt which demanded that when the WWII ended, all subject peoples should enjoy the right to self-determination. NATIONALISM IN GHANA The British annexed Gold Coast in 1874 after quelling a stiff resistance by the Asante. In response to the British imperialism, the Fonte Confederation was initiated in 1868, marking the birth of African Nationalism in Ghana. In 1897, the Aborigines Rights Protection Society was formed to guard against the alienation of African land. In the 1930s, African elites like J.B. Danquah launched the Gold Coast Youth Conference in order to awaken the youth to the economic and social needs of the country. Their efforts bore fruits because in 1946, governor Burns embarked on constitutional reforms leading to increased African representation in the LegCo. Of the 18 slots given to Africans in the LegCo, 13 were to drawn from among the chiefs while 5 were to be popularly elected . The elites formed the United Gold Coast Convention UGCC and invited Kwame Nkrumah, a graduate of the University of Pennsylvania in Philadelphia, to come and lead it since most ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 92 them were professionals lacking time for political commitment. Nkrumah appeared to have more political experience having participated in the 1945 Manchester conference. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Ghana. A The early Introduction of cocoa growing led to adoption of money economy in Ghana ahead of other countries. |
Nkrumah appeared to have more political experience having participated in the 1945 Manchester conference. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Ghana. A The early Introduction of cocoa growing led to adoption of money economy in Ghana ahead of other countries. This enabled faster social and economic transformation of the people. B The colonial government s attempt to tamper with cocoa growing by ordering cutting of coca trees hurt people to the level of developing nationalistic feelings against the British. C Ghana was one of the first countries in Africa to receive western education from the missionaries. There was a large class of elites with western university education accompanied with leadership skills to spearhead nationalism their country. D The existence of ex-servicemen in Ghana also played an important role in the campaign for independence. E The granting of trading licences by the government selectively to European traders while deliberately denying then Africans. F Ghana had comparatively better developed transport and communication system. Also being a small country, movement of information, ideas and people was easy, quick and efficient. This facilitated nationalist activities. G The charismatic and strong leadership provided by Kwame Nkrumah brought cohesiveness among people of Ghana. He formed the CPP party, which became the symbol of struggle for the oppressed people of Ghana. H The participation of Kwame Nkrumah in the Pan-African Manchester conference in 1945, which championed the right of countries to self-determination, made the country take the lead in Africa in championing this right. I The people of Ghana were more exposed to international affairs than other countries in Africa due to its location in a region, which had the earliest contacts with European traders and colonizers. The peak of nationalism in Ghana. On 28th February 1948, the ex-soldiers led the Accra riots, protesting to Governor Gerald Creasy the failed fulfillment of the government pledges while in service during the World War II. Two rioters were killed. The shooting incident sparked of chaos in the town leading to another 29 Africans being killed. Nkrumah was arrested together with his colleagues popularly known as the Big Six . Nkrumah, Danquah, William Ofori, Addo, Adjei and Obetsebi Lamptey . This arrest popularized Nkrumah among the Africans. The 1948 Alken Watson commission blamed the social-economic oppression for the riots. The governor ordered for constitutional reforms led by J.H Coussey. |
This arrest popularized Nkrumah among the Africans. The 1948 Alken Watson commission blamed the social-economic oppression for the riots. The governor ordered for constitutional reforms led by J.H Coussey. On 12th June 1949, Nkrumah broke ranks with the conservative UGCC senior members and formed the Convention People s Party CPP . His party gained support mainly from among the primary school leavers, store-keepers, artisans, peasants and cocoa farmers. Nkrumah advocated positive action through legitimate political action, newspaper and political campaigns and constitutional application of boycotts, strikes and non-cooperation based on the policy of absolute non-violence on the basis of Mahatma Gandhi teachings. He started a newspaper, The Accra Evening News to expound CPP views. He was arrested, but secured landslide victory in the February 1951 elections while in jail. He was released to become the leader of government business in the new cabinet. CPP also won in the 1954 elections in whichKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 93 a new party, the National Liberation Movement NLM had emerged to compete CPP. NLM membership mainly from the Ashanti, were uncomfortable with Nkrumah because; He came from a small ethnic group little known in southern Ghana. His radicalism did not please the conservative Ashanti leaders. Again elections were called in July 1956 and CPP trounced NLM. This time, the British accepted the results and on 6th March 1957, the country attained political independence under Kwame Nkrumah Achievements of CPP under Kwame Nkrumah. A CPP under Nkrumah united Africans of all ranks in Ghana in the struggle for national liberation. B The party introduced the concept of positive action to pressurize the government to liberate Africans. C CPP formed the first African government in Africa in 1951 after winning the elections. Under Nkrumah s leadership, Ghana began attaining economic development. D CPP, under Nkrumah, advocated for unity of all Africans in the country us other parties like NLM advocated for regionalism, a factor that enhanced progress towards political libration. How Kwame Nkrumah contributed to the liberation struggle in Africa. A He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Guinea and Algeria. B He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. |
A He funded nationalists in other countries e.g. Guinea and Algeria. B He supported other African leaders who faced political threats from their former colonial masters. C When some countries were faced with threats from their former colonial masters after independence like in the case of Patrice Lumumba in DRC, Nkrumah provided them with his support. D He championed trade unionism in Africa. E He attended pan-African congress in 1945 which was key to defining the liberation struggles in Africa. F He initiated the formation of the Ghana- Guinea Union in 1958 as a practical step towards building African unity. G He convened two pan-African conferences in April 1958 and the all African Peoples conference in December 1958 that led to the formation of O.A.U in 1963. NATIONALISM IN MOZAMBIQUE. Mozambique was among the last countries in Africa to attain independence from the Portuguese. Even before the Berlin conference, Mozambique and Angola were considered Portuguese colonies owing to the later s interests in the region dating back to the pioneer years. Reasons for slow process in decolonization process of Mozambique. A Mozambique was colonized by a colonial power that was very poor and backward and which needed to keep its hold on her to enable her economy grow. She was an important source of revenue for the Lisbon government. B Mozambique housed many settlers who had invested heavily in farming, mining, building, construction and in other sectors. They were therefore reluctant to leave. C Mozambique was an important market for Portuguese products. Portugal was not willing to let go easily. D The support, which the colonial government got from South Africa, enabled them to getKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 94 uranium, which they used, for making bombs used to suppress African independence riots. They also got electricity and assistance to built caborra bassa dam on Zambezi. E Mozambique was big geographically with very poor infrastructure i.e. roads and communication facilities. This hampered fast movement of people and ideas. F Unlike other colonized countries, Mozambique suffered the worst kind of exploitation and repression rigorous censorship and surveillance by security forces, which discouraged emergence of nationalism. G The Portuguese practiced racism out of fear that if they educated Africans and gave them equal status, the Africans would outnumber them and throw them out. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Mozambique. |
F Unlike other colonized countries, Mozambique suffered the worst kind of exploitation and repression rigorous censorship and surveillance by security forces, which discouraged emergence of nationalism. G The Portuguese practiced racism out of fear that if they educated Africans and gave them equal status, the Africans would outnumber them and throw them out. Factors for the growth of nationalism in Mozambique. A The arbitrary replacement of the traditional rulers by the Portuguese administrators whenever they felt they were not performing. B The massive alienation of African land by the Portuguese who pushed Africans to regions of unfavourable conditions. C The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation like forced labour where the labourers faced mistreatment. D The rampant racial discrimination through which Africans continued to lose agricultural land to the Europeans. Being from a poor country, the Europeans competed with Africans for simple jobs like taxi deriving and often gaining advantage on racial lines. E The Portuguese imposed many restrictions on Africans, limiting their freedom of expression and intellectual advancement. For example, General Salazar, who rose to power in the 1920s, ensured strict censorship of the press. F The security police treated Africans with great cruelty. Any political unrest was crushed ruthlessly. The peak of nationalism in Mozambique. In early 1960, the Makonde people of Cabo Delgado province formed the Mozambican- Makonde Union MANU .In June 1960 MANU organized a peaceful protest but in which over 600 Africans perished in police firepower. The government outlawed all African organizations with membership of over thirty people. African political activities went underground. Mwalimu Julius Nyerere inviting some of the liberation groups to relocate to Tanzania in 1962. The political groups united to form the Liberation Front of Mozambique FRELIMO with Eduardo Mondlane Chirambo, formerly a lecturer at Syracuse University in USA, as its first president. From 1962 to 1964, FRELIMO undertook guerilla training in Bagamoyo and at the Mozambique institute in Dar es Salam in preparation for war. From September 1964, they began a full-scale war against the Portuguese along river Ruvuma and extending their attacks on the Cabo Delgado province. By 1967, the Portuguese forces numbered 65,000 soldiers. Mondlane Eduardo was assassinated in 1969. Samora Machel was elected to become the FRELIMO army commander in 1970. |
C FRELIMO was a formidable, well-organized force, which witnessed rapid expansion from a mere 250 in 1964 to 35000 in 1967. D The forested environment favoured guerilla warfare. Moreover, the soldiers knew the topography of the country. E The local population gave their logistic support to the fighters, having become tired of the extreme suppression by the Portuguese administration. F The movement fighters had their own supply of food. G African countries through OAU were united against the Portuguese in Mozambique. H The communist countries notably USSR and china gave FRELIMO military aid. I FRELIMO adopted the right strategy; liberating the country bit by bit and systematically. This approach won the local people s support for the movement. J The FRELIMO Army consisted of all tribes, all sexes and all ages. The women played a very important role in the success of the war. I.e. spies, some fought, hiding the fighters and cooking for them. Problems that faced FRELIMO in the war against Portuguese. A Africans experienced severe shortage of basic needs while in the forests. The government forces ensured that food and other supplies did not reach the fighters. B The attitude of the church in Mozambique made many African faithful reluctant to support the liberation war. The church termed FRELIMO a terrorist organization. C FRELIMO suffered internal divisions due to ideological differences and selfish ambitions among some of the nationalists. African elites like Reverend Uria Simango and Lazaro Kavandame saw FRELIMO as an instrument of acquiring assets for their own selfish benefits. D Competition from rival guerilla movements like Revolutionary Committee of Mozambique COREMO which broke away from FRELIMO in 1965 due to the later s lean towardsKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 96 socialism. E The assassination of FRELIMO leader Eduardo Mondlane in Da es Salaam on 3rd February 1969 was a great blow to the nationalists. F The brutality employed by the Portuguese in dealing with FRELIMO sympathizers. For example at Wiriyamu, in December 1972, 400 civilians, protesting against the Portuguese administration, were massacred. G The apartheid regime in South Africa and the Unilateral Declaration of Independence regime in south Rhodesia combined forces to fight the nationalists in Mozambique since they were a threat to their countries. |
African Nationalism Its roots are traced in the 17th century with the first Boer occupation of South Africa. Africans resisted strongly against the interference with their political freedom and economic resources. This was in form of the Xhosa and Ndebele wars of the 17th c and the Zulu wars of 1870s led by Cetewayo. In 1906, a Zulu chief named Bambata staged another African uprising this time against the British who had annexed the Zululand in 1887. From 1910, when the union of South Africa was created and the Afrikaners gained political control of South Africa, Africans lost all the political privileges they previously enjoyed likeKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 97 ability to vote and contest parliamentary seats. Africans founded independent churches and formed organizations like the Orange River Organization. Factors for the growth of African nationalism in South Africa. A The role of the Christian religion whose ideals encouraged Africans to fight for equality, as all people were equal before God. The Boers however treated Africans with contempt. B The exposure of Africans to severe economic exploitation like land alienation and causing them to be subjected to forced labour on Afrikaner farms. Even the native Land Act of 1913 denied Africans the right to purchase land outside the areas set aside for Africans. C The influence of Pan-Africanism in South Africa as early as the 19th century when people like Rev. Dube founded the Ohlange Institute to educate fellow Africans in South Africa. D The introduction of racial discrimination enshrined in the apartheid law of 1948 convinced Africans that only freedom could save them. All the best hotels, restaurants, schools, recreational centres and most fertile soils were reserved for the whites only. E The Acquisition of western education by many Africans like Rev. Dube, Walter Sisulu and Nelson Mandela enabled them to articulate their grievances more forcefully. They became pioneers of early African political parties. F The return of the ex-servicemen after the second world war which exposed the myth of the white supremacy making Africans ready to fight them. The war also exposed them to democratic ideals elsewhere. G The great exploitation of African labour through Labour regulations and laws. For example, the Mines and Works Act of 1911 effectively excluded Africans from all skilled occupations confining them to manual occupations in Mines and farms. |
The Johannesburg railway station bomber, John Harris, was hanged. The Black conscious movement - Soweto, 1976. In the absence of other forms of political expression, young people sought alternative means to express their political aspirations. African university students, disappointed with the multiracial National Union of South African Students NUSAS , decided to establish the South African Students' Organization SASO in 1969 with Steve Biko, an African medical student at the University of Natal, as president. In 1972, a Black allied workers union and the Black Peoples' Convention BPC was set up to act as a political umbrella organization for the adherents of black consciousness. In 1972, SASO organized strikes on university campuses resulting in the arrest of more than 600 students. On June 16, 1976, hundreds of high-school students in Soweto marched in protest against use of Afrikaans as a Language of instruction. Over 360 African schoolchildren were killed. On 12th September 1977, Steve Biko, who had been held in indefinite detention, died from massive head injuries sustained during police interrogation. In October 1977, SASO, the BPC and all black consciousness organizations were banned. The peak of African nationalism in South Africa. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 99 In 1983, P.W. Botha's government proposed establishment of separate houses of parliament for each racial group. In place of the single House of Parliament were; A 50-member all-white House of Assembly. A 25-member coloured House of Representatives. A 13 member Indian House of Delegates. Implications and results Whites thus retained a majority in any joint session. Liberal government opponents denounced Botha's plans arguing it would permanently exclude Africans from any political role in South Africa. Most blacks strongly condemned the new constitution as it reinforced the apartheid notion. Indians and coloureds also condemned the constitution feeling it weakened their participation in the political process Radical Afrikaners, led by Eugene Terry Blanche, vowed to use all means, including violence, to make sure that apartheid was not weakened. The United Democratic Front UDF , which was formed in late 1983 and the National Front NF aimed to use nonviolent means to persuade the government to withdraw its constitutional proposals and do away with apartheid. |
Most blacks strongly condemned the new constitution as it reinforced the apartheid notion. Indians and coloureds also condemned the constitution feeling it weakened their participation in the political process Radical Afrikaners, led by Eugene Terry Blanche, vowed to use all means, including violence, to make sure that apartheid was not weakened. The United Democratic Front UDF , which was formed in late 1983 and the National Front NF aimed to use nonviolent means to persuade the government to withdraw its constitutional proposals and do away with apartheid. The UDF membership included, Bishop Desmond Tutu and the Reverend Allan Boesak, who emerged as its prime spokesmen. Black trade unions meanwhile resorted to economic and political protests. For example, The National Union of Mineworkers NUM , formed in 1983 by Cyril Ramaphosa, successfully brought work in mines to a stop in a dispute over wage increases. By end of 1985, 879, fatalities and 8000 arrests were linked to political unrest. ANC and UDF were banned. Meanwhile, Supporters of the Zulu-dominated Inkatha Freedom Party IFP and the banned ANC clashed in an upsurge of "black-on-black" violence that would cause as many as 10,000 deaths by 1994. President Botha resigned under pressure on August 14, 1989, the Electoral College named de Klerk to succeed him in a five-year term as president. In October 1989, De Klerk released Walter Sisulu and others except Mandela. He announced on February 2, 1990, the impending release of Mandela and unbanning of the ANC, the PAC, and the SACP, and the removal of restrictions on the UDF and other legal political organizations. Mandela was released on February 11, 1990, at age 71 after 27 years in prison. ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants . Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. |
ANC officials elected Mandela deputy president in March 1990, under ailing president, Oliver Tambo. Between June 5, 1991 and June 17, 1991, the government repealed the pillars of apartheid, the Land Act of 1913, the Group Areas Act of 1950 and Population Registration Act of 1950, the most infamous, which had authorized the registration by race of newborn babies and immigrants . Most international sanctions were lifted soon after the Population Registration Act, Group Areas Act, and Land Acts were repealed. In mid-1992 due to escalating violence, by IFP supporters on ANC sympathizers in Boipatong delayed the process of negotiation for elections. On March 5, 1993, Chris Hani, the popular general secretary of the South African Communist Party SACP , was murdered threatening the process again. On April 12, 1994, a team headed by former British foreign secretary Lord Carrington and former United States secretary of state Henry Kissinger attempted in vain to break the logjam that was keeping the IFP out of the elections. However, on April 19, Buthelezi--under intenseKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 100 pressure from trusted local and international figures including a Kenyan diplomat professor Washington Okumu, relented and agreed to allow the IFP to be placed on the ballot. When the elections finally took place on schedule, beginning on April 26, 1994, ANC won 62.6 percent of the vote; the NP, 20.4 percent; and the IFP, 10.5 percent. Mandela was unanimously elected president by the National Assembly on May 9, 1994, in Cape Town. He was inaugurated on May 10 at ceremonies in Pretoria. Key South African Nationalists. Nelson Mandela Nelson Mandela was born on 18 July 1918 in Umtata, to a Thembu royal family of Transkei. His forename Rolihlahla, means "troublemaker". Later he was given a clans name, Mandiba. His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch. In 1926, Gadla was sacked for corruption. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa. |
His father, Gadla Henry Mphakanyiswa, was a local chief and councillor to the monarch. In 1926, Gadla was sacked for corruption. Nelson's mother was Gadla's third wife, Nosekeni Fanny, a member of the amaMpemvu clan of Xhosa. At a local Methodist school when he was about seven, he was baptised and given the English forename of "Nelson". His father died of an undiagnosed ailment when he was nine. Aged 16, he underwent the circumcision. Mandela joined Clarkebury Boarding Institute in Engcobo, the best secondary school for black Africans in Thembuland. In 1937, he moved to Healdtown, the Wesleyan college in Fort Beaufort where he took an interest in boxing and running. Mandela joined Fort Hare University, where he met Oliver Tambo, a long time friend. He was studying Bachelor of Arts but was expelled in his first year for being involved in a Students' Representative Council boycott against university policies. Mandela relocated to Johannesburg, fearing early forced marriage, where met with his friend and mentor, Walter Sisulu. After 1948 Mandela began actively participating in politics. He led in the ANC's 1952 Defiance Campaign as secretary General of the youth league. Mandela and 150 other participants in the freedom charter adoption were arrested on 5 December 1956 and charged with treason. In 1961 Mandela became leader of the ANC's armed wing, Umkhonto we Sizwe Spear of the Nation . He coordinated sabotage campaigns against military and government targets. On 5 August 1962 Mandela was arrested and was imprisoned in the Johannesburg Fort. On 11 July 1963 police arrested other prominent ANC leaders at Rivonia, north of Johannesburg. Together with Mandela, they were charged with capital crimes of sabotage at the Rivonia Trial. All were sentenced to life imprisonment on 12 June 1964 on Robben Island. Mandela remained there for the next 18 of his 27 years in prison. In March 1982 Mandela was transferred to Pollsmoor Prison, along with other senior ANC leaders. In 1988 Mandela was moved to Victor Verster Prison where he remained until his release on 11 February 1990. |
In 1920 he declined a scholarship to University of Fort Hare to provide financial support for his mother. In 1928 he became secretary of the African Teacher's Association and in 1933 its president. He was also active in missionary work. He became chief in1936, until removed from this office by the government in 1952 due to what colonial authority called conflict of interest. In 1944 Luthuli joined the African National Congress ANC . In 1945 he was elected to the Committee of the KwaZulu Province Provincial Division of ANC. A month later Luthuli was elected president-general of ANC. In 1955, he attended an ANC conference only to be arrested and charged with treason a few months later, along with 155 others. In December 1957, Luthuli was released and the charges against him dropped. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 102 Luthuli s leadership of the ANC covered the period of violent disputes between the party's "Africanist" and "Charterist" wings. In 1962 he was elected Rector of the University of Glasgow by the students, serving until 1965. In 1962 he published an autobiography titled: LET MY PEOPLE GO In July 1967, at the age of 69, he was fatally injured in an accident near his home in Stanger. Methods used by nationalists in South Africa in their struggle for liberation from white minority rule. A They used force to fight for their independence. B Africans used mass media to articulate their grievances, spread propaganda and mobilize the masses. C Riots e.g. the Soweto riots of 1976 against the proposal to make Afrikaner Boer language the medium of instruction in all schools. D There were demonstrations against Press Laws in 1960 at Sharpeville leading to massacres. E Guerilla fighters trained in Algeria, Ghana etc carried out acts of sabotage like bombing strategic installations and power plants. F The role of the clergy .e.g. Desmond Tutu who bitterly campaigned worldwide against apartheid. G Use of diplomacy and negotiations to convince the whites about the futility of apartheid policy. H Use of slogans such as Freedom Charter 1955 which proclaimed south Africa belonged to all races and called for political, social and economic equality i They sent petitions, delegations to international forum. |
I Banning of trade unions also frustrated the activities of nationalists. Where they were allowed to exist, they were monitored by the police. J The nationalists faced the challenge of movement restrictions through the pass laws that were introduced. K African Journalists were harasses and their newspapers proscribed by the government. LIVES AND CONTRIBUTIONS OF KENYAN LEADERS Jomo Kenyatta. Early life Jomo Kenyatta was born Kamau wa Ngengi to Ngengi wa Muigai and Wambui in Gatundu, Kiambu on 20th October 1891. His father died while Kamau was very young was adopted by his uncle Ngengi, who inherited his mother. When his mother died during childbirth, young Kamau moved from Ng'enda to Muthiga to live with his medicine man grandfather K ng wa Magana. He joined the Church of Scotland Mission CSM at Thogoto, as a resident pupil. In 1912, having completed his mission school education, he became an apprentice carpenter. In 1914, he converted to Christianity, assuming the name Johnstone Kamau. He left the mission later that year to seek employment as an apprentice carpenter on a sisal farm in Thika. To avoid forced recruitment as WWI soldier, he lived with Maasai relatives in Narok, where he worked as a clerk for an Asian contractor. He took to wearing a traditional beaded belt known as a 'Kenyatta', a Swahili word which means 'light of Kenya'. In 1922 Kamau adopted the name Jomo Kenyatta, and began working for the Nairobi Municipal Council Public Works Department as a store clerk and water-meter reader. Marriage and family. In 1919 he married Grace Wahu. On 20 November 1920 Kamau's first son Peter Muigai was born. Grace Wahu lived in the Dagoretti home until her death in April 2007 at the age of around 100. In 1942, he married Edna Clarke and Peter Magana was born in 1943. In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho and was independent Kenya's First Lady, when Kenyatta was elected President. Kenyatta and politics. |
In 1942, he married Edna Clarke and Peter Magana was born in 1943. In 1951 Kenyatta married Ngina Muhoho, daughter of Chief Muhoho and was independent Kenya's First Lady, when Kenyatta was elected President. Kenyatta and politics. Kenyatta joined the EAA in 1922 which disbanded in 1925.Kenyatta worked as editor of the KCA's journal between 1924 and 1929, and by 1928 he had become the KCA's general secretary. In May 1928 Kenyatta launched a monthly Kikuyu-language newspaper called Mw gwithania which was intended to draw all sections of the Kikuyu together. He also made a presentation on Kikuyu land problems before the Hilton Young Commission in Nairobi in the same year. In February 1929 Kenyatta was dispatched to London to represent the KCA in discussions with the Colonial Office. He wrote several letters and in the letter published in The Times in March 1930 set out five points:Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 104 The security of land tenure and the return of the land taken by European settlers. Improved educational opportunities for Black Africans. The repeal of Hut and poll taxes. Representation for Black Africans in the Legislative Council. Freedom to pursue traditional customs such as female genital mutilation He returned to Kenya on 24 September 1930. He returned to London in 1931. In 1932 to 1933, he briefly studied economics in Moscow. At University College London from 1935 studied social anthropology. Kenyatta published his own book, Facing Mount Kenya in 1938. Kenyatta and pan-Africanism. In 1945, with other prominent African nationalist figures, such as Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana, Kenyatta helped organize the fifth Pan-African Congress held in Britain. Kenyatta and the struggle for independence. On arrival into Kenya in 1947, he became principal of Kenya Teachers College Githunguri. In 1947, he was elected president of the Kenya African Union KAU after James Gichuru stepped down. From 1948 to 1951 he toured and lectured around the country. |
Sickness and Death President Kenyatta had suffered a heart attack in 1966. In April 1977, then well into his 80s, he suffered a massive heart attack. On 14 August 1978, he hosted his entire family, including his son Peter Magana who flew in from Britain with his family, to a reunion in Mombasa. On 22 August 1978, he died in Mombasa due to old age . He was buried on 31 August 1978 at a mausoleum on Parliament grounds. Kenyatta s tenure as president featured the following problems. A There was a great split within KANU due to his land policy. Kenyatta compromised with the whites over their property. The Land-buying companies formed to buy European farms favoured one community. B From the onset of independence, KADU advocated for Majimboism and therefore opposing national unity. C The 1966 term featured border conflicts with Somalia, and more political opposition. He made the Kikuyu-led KANU practically the only political party of Kenya. He placed several of his Kikuyu tribesmen in most of the powerful state and security offices and posts. D Increasing loss of confidence in his government suspected of complicity in murders of Pio Gama Pinto, Tom Mboya and J.M. Kariuki. MP and Lawyer C.M.G. Argwings-Kodhek and former Kadu Leader and Minister Ronald Ngala. E Poverty, ignorance and disease were serious problems in Kenya in the early years of independence. F There was shortage of manpower since the inherited educational policy left Africans illequipped for skilled employment. G Kenya did not have adequate funds to provide for is development needs. H There was a serious problem of poor transport and communication. I The existence of Banditry Shifta Menace in north-eastern kenya also shifted attention from economic development. Achievements. A Mzee Jomo Kenyatta is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state. B He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations. |
Achievements. A Mzee Jomo Kenyatta is credited with leading Kenya to independence and setting up the country as a relatively prosperous capitalist state. B He oversaw a peaceful land reform process, oversaw the setting up of the institutions of independent Kenya, and also oversaw Kenya's admission into the United Nations. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 106 c During his reign, the country was reasonably well governed, peaceful and stable, the economy developed and grew rapidly and attracted high levels of foreign investment, and a black Kenyan professional and business middle class was established. Failures a Kenyatta failed to mould Kenya, being its founding father, into a homogeneous multi-ethnic state. The country remains a de facto confederation of competing tribes. B His resettlement of many Kikuyu tribesmen in the country's Rift Valley province is widely considered to have been done unfairly. C His authoritarian style, with elements of patronage, favouritism, tribalism and or nepotism drew criticism and dissent, and set a bad example followed by his successors. D He had the Constitution radically amended to expand his powers, consolidating executive power. E He was also been criticized for ruling through a post colonial clique of his relatives, mainly African Kikuyu colonial collaborators from Kiambu, while giving scant reward to the real fighters for Kenya's independence. F Kenyatta has further been criticized for encouraging the culture of wealth accumulation by public officials their office influence, thereby deeply entrenching corruption in Kenya. G His policies are also criticized for leading to a large income and development inequality gap in the country favouring mainly Nairobi and the Country's Central Highlands, over others. Tom Mboya Thomas Odhiambo Mboya was born on August 15, 1930 in Kilimambogo, near Thika town. In 1942, he joined St. Mary's School Yala. In 1946, he went to the Holy Ghost College later Mang'u High School , where he passed well enough to proceed to do his Cambridge School Certificate. In 1948, Mboya joined the Royal Sanitary Institute's Medical Training School at Nairobi, qualifying as an inspector in 1950 and employed by the Nairobi City Council. In 1955, he attended Ruskin College, Oxford, where he studied industrial management. |
In 1929 the family moved to Vishakani near Kaloleni, which was to be Ngala's home for the rest of his life. Ngala attended Alliance High School and Makerere University College where he gained a teaching diploma. He worked as a teacher and later became headmaster of Mbale Secondary School in Taita-Taveta. In 1952 he was transferred to Buxton School in Mombasa where he served as the principal. Political career Ngala was elected to the Legislative Council in 1957 to represent the Coast Rural constituency. He formed the African Elected Members Organization AEMO together with other elected African MPs. At a meeting held on May 14, 1960 in Kiambu he was elected as the KANU's treasurer, a position he declined to take. At a meeting held in Ngong on June 25, 1960, the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU was formed with Ngala as its leader, in opposition to KANU. At the 1961 legislative council elections Ngala formed the first African government. Ngala became Leader of Government Business and later Prime Minister. On 12 November 1964 The leaders of KADU, including Ronald Ngala, Masinde Muliro and Daniel arap Moi decided to dissolve KADU and join KANU. Ngala in the post independence period Ronald Ngala was made Minister of Cooperatives and Social Services in the Kenyatta government. He went on to become one of KANU s vice-presidents at the 1966 Limuru Conference. Ngala remained active in the government until he died in a road accident in 1972. The circumstances of Ngala's death in 1972 were suspicious. Daniel Arap Moi Early life and entry into politics Daniel Arap Moi was born on 2nd September, 1924 in Kurieng'wo in Sacho Location of Baringo County, raised by his mother Kimoi Chebii following the early death of his father. His elder brother Tuitoek played a guardian role, influencing him to go to school at an early age. In 1934, Moi joined African Inland Mission School, Kabartonjo. On October 20th 1936 he was baptised Daniel. |
His elder brother Tuitoek played a guardian role, influencing him to go to school at an early age. In 1934, Moi joined African Inland Mission School, Kabartonjo. On October 20th 1936 he was baptised Daniel. In 1938, he transferred to African Inland Mission, Kapsabet and later to Government African School, Kapsabet where he was a school captain and a captain of the football team. He attended Tambach Teachers Training College. He worked as a teacher from 1946 until 1955. He was posted as a Head teacher at Kabarnet where he studied privately and passed London Matriculation Examinations. He was promoted in 1949 to the rank of P2 and transferred to Tambach Government African School as a Teacher Trainer. President Moi married Helena Lena Bommet in 1950 and they were blessed with 8 children; 3 daughters and five sons, Jennifer, Doris and adopted daughter June; Jonathan, Raymond, John Mark, Philip and Gideon . But they separated in 1974, before his presidency.. Lena died in 2004. Moi s long political career. In October 1955 the Electoral College selected Moi from a list of eight nominated candidates to fill a vacancy left by Joseph ole Tameno who resigned from the unofficial benches of the legislative council. In 1957, when elections were held, for LEGCO, Moi won with a landslideKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 108 against Justus Ole Tipis and later joined AEMO. In 1959, he led AEMO members to visit Jomo Kenyatta in detention in Lodwar. In 1960 he founded the Kenya African Democratic Union KADU with Ronald Ngala to challenge the Kenya African National Union KANU led by Jomo Kenyatta. Moi was among the Kenyan delegation under the auspices of KADU who went to the London Constitutional talks of June 1960. Moi was elected to the Kenyan parliament in 1963 from Baringo North. Since 1966 until his retirement in 2002 he served as the Baringo Central MP and only served as a vice-president from 1967 until 1978 when he became the president. |
Moi was among the Kenyan delegation under the auspices of KADU who went to the London Constitutional talks of June 1960. Moi was elected to the Kenyan parliament in 1963 from Baringo North. Since 1966 until his retirement in 2002 he served as the Baringo Central MP and only served as a vice-president from 1967 until 1978 when he became the president. In 1976, the Kiambu Mafia, tried to infamously change the constitution to prevent the vicepresident automatically assuming power in the event of the president's death. However, Kenyatta withstood the political pressure and safeguarded Moi's position. Presidency When Jomo Kenyatta died on 22 August 1978, Moi became president. Political realities dictated that he would continue to beholden to the Kenyatta system which he had inherited. On 1 August 1982, fate played into Moi's hands when forces loyal to his government defeated an attempted coup d' tat by Air Force officers led by Hezekiah Ochuka. Moi took the opportunity to dismiss political opponents and consolidate his power reducing the influence of Kenyatta's men in the cabinet. He appointed supporters to key roles and changed the constitution to establish a de jure single-party state. Moi, his regime now faced an economy stagnating under rising oil prices and falling prices for agricultural commodities, singlehandedly convinced the KANU delegates at a conference at Kasarani in December, 1991 over the restoration of a multi-party system in 1992 and 1997, marred by political violence and absence of an effective and organized opposition, Moi had no difficulty in winning, skillfully exploited Kenya's mix of ethnic tensions. Mwai Kibaki was elected President on 29 December 2002 and Moi handed over power to him. Moi After retirement. After leaving office in December 2002, Moi lived in retirement but still retained some popularity with the masses. He spoke out against a proposal for a new constitution in 2005. On 25 July 2007, Kibaki appointed Moi as special peace envoy to Sudan. On 28 August 2007, Moi announced his support for Kibaki's re-election. |
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