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2.a i What are the characteristics of shifting cultivation? Limited capital for investment Use of rudimentary tools and equipment 1Small land usually cultivated Slash and burn technique of clearing Crops not properly managed. Ii State the problems associated with shifting cultivation . A wasteful method of farming Slow rate of regeneration of vegetation allowing soil erosion to take place No incentive to develop land No permanent structures are put up hence a lot of time wasted in moving or travelling to the homestead A lot of time wasted in moving from one place to another. B What is pastoralism? A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock. C State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm Type of enterprise itself Environmental factors Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise Available resources e.g labour and capital Cultural factors social factors Governmental policy Type of market he is producing for.
B What is pastoralism? A major system of keeping livestock and moving with them from place of search of better pasture and water for livestock. C State the factors to consider in choosing a type of farm Type of enterprise itself Environmental factors Knowledge and skills of the farmer about the enterprise Available resources e.g labour and capital Cultural factors social factors Governmental policy Type of market he is producing for. D What is arable farming? Growing of crops only. E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation.
Growing of crops only. E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching?
E i State the limitations of mixed farming The farmer will obtain sustainable income throughout the year The farmer will never experience total loss Animals contribute manure to crops while crops contribute provide crop residues fed to animals. Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? 2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management.
Labour is utilized efficiently throughout the year Animals can be used to do work in the farm e.g oxen ploughing ii State the limitations of mixed farming Lack of enough land for more enterprises Lack of enough capital Lack of specialisation. F i Give the types of farming practised by small scale farmers Arable farming Pastoralism Mixed farming ii Name the types of large scale farming Plantations Ranching iii Why does the Kenya government put a lot of emphasis on ranching? 2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management. G i State the advantages of plantation farming Provision of employment Revenue to government High outputs Foreign exchange earner Economies of large scale production Other activities done e.g processing. Ii State the disadvantages of plantations.
2Because arable land is becoming smaller Ranching will lead to higher production of livestock to meet the high demand for meat iv State the common features of ranching as a farming system: Done in marginal areas with poor pasture System is extensive Extension services provided Improved pastures Selective livestock breeding High level livestock management. G i State the advantages of plantation farming Provision of employment Revenue to government High outputs Foreign exchange earner Economies of large scale production Other activities done e.g processing. Ii State the disadvantages of plantations. Overdependence on one enterprise High initial capital required. Iii State the major characteristics of plantation farming. Most of the work is mechanised Requires skilled and qualified personnel Large tracts of land used Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market. Provides a lot of employment High output and quality of products Enjoys the economies of large scale production Scientific methods of farming used High investments of capital.
Iii State the major characteristics of plantation farming. Most of the work is mechanised Requires skilled and qualified personnel Large tracts of land used Sometimes run by a company or the government or individuals The aim is to produce enough for local consumption and export market. Provides a lot of employment High output and quality of products Enjoys the economies of large scale production Scientific methods of farming used High investments of capital. 3.a List the ecological factors affecting agriculture. Rainfall Humidity Soil Temperature Wind Light Topography b Mention the aspects of rainfall which are important in crop production Reliability Distribution Intensity of rainfall Amount of rainfall c i What is optimal temperature? Temperature at which plant growth is at its best. 3ii State the effects of temperature on crop production. Photosynthesis Respiration Flowering and ripening Quality of the products. D State the effects of wind to crops. Physical damage Stress through evaporation chilling Spread of pests, weeds, diseases Soil erosion Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration.
Photosynthesis Respiration Flowering and ripening Quality of the products. D State the effects of wind to crops. Physical damage Stress through evaporation chilling Spread of pests, weeds, diseases Soil erosion Increase of water and mineral uptake by increasing transpiration. 4.a . I. Define the term soil. A collection of natural unconsolidated body covering the earth s crust, where plants grow ii . Name the ways in which soil is important to growing plants. Provides enchorage support for the plant Provides nutrients Provides moisture b . I State the factors which influence the soil forming process Climatic factors e.g rainfall Biotic factors e.g plants Type of parent materials Topography of land Time taken by the process. Ii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? Movement of animals in large groups Man s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction.
Provides enchorage support for the plant Provides nutrients Provides moisture b . I State the factors which influence the soil forming process Climatic factors e.g rainfall Biotic factors e.g plants Type of parent materials Topography of land Time taken by the process. Ii . What biological agents influence the speed of the soil forming process? Movement of animals in large groups Man s activities e.g cultivation, mining, road and railway construction. Micro-organisms ie. Decomposing plant and animal remains and adding to soil Earth worms, termites, moles etc mix up soil Roots of higher plants force their way through the rock cracks and further break them physically. C i Define the term soil Profile The vertical arrangement of soil layers ii How does soil profile influence plant growth?
E i What is soil structure? Aggregation of soil particles. Ii State the farming practices that improve soil structure. Addition of organic matter Fallowing Mixed cropping including cereals and legumes Minimum tillage Good crop rotation programme Cultivation at right moisture content of soil Liming. Iii Why is a good soil structure desireable for growing crops. Improves drainage and water infiltration. Improves aeration Minimises buildup of carbondioxide in the soil which becomes toxic to crops and micro-organisms. Facilitates better root penetration Creates favourable conditions for activity of micro-organisms Ensures adequate water retention for growing crops It makes tillage easier. F i What is soil texture? Proportion of different sizes of soil particles. Ii State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Aeration porosity Drainage Water holding capacity capillarity Stickiness consistency Cation exchange capacity PH availability of nutrients iii Give the types of soil based on texture.
Proportion of different sizes of soil particles. Ii State the properties of soil that are influenced by its texture. Aeration porosity Drainage Water holding capacity capillarity Stickiness consistency Cation exchange capacity PH availability of nutrients iii Give the types of soil based on texture. Sandy soils Clay soils Loam soils 5.a State the advantages of using farm tools. They make work easier i.e increase working efficiency Help to avoid drudgery Timeliness of operations is achieved 5Operations e.g spraying to control pests and diseases are more exact hence effective b List the factors that determine a farmer s choice of tools and equipment. Nature of work to be done The financial status Type of power used on the farm Condition of land where the tool will be used. C i Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order.
Nature of work to be done The financial status Type of power used on the farm Condition of land where the tool will be used. C i Why should tools and equipment to maintained well? To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order. Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely.
To reduce cost of repair replacement To increase their durability last long To increase work efficiency Ensure safety of the user To remain in good working order. Ii How should tools and equipment be maintained? Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely. E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment.
Store in sheds and racks Clean and oil moving parts Regularly sharpen cutting edges Clean tools thoroughly after use Keep metal parts rust free Replace or repair broken wornout parts Ensure there are no loose parts Use tool for its intended purpose Buy good quality tools and equipment Always keep tools in good working condition d List the safety precautions necessary for tools and equipment Use the tool for its intended purpose Sharp points should always point away from user people Use protective clothing when working with tools Always replace repair broken parts keep handles smooth Handle delicate tools carefully store them safely. E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment. Garden tools Workshop tools Livestock production tools Masonery and plumbing tools 6.a State the importance of land preparation.
E How is friction reduces in moving parts? Apply oil Apply grease Generally lubricate moving parts f Name the categories of farm tools and equipment. Garden tools Workshop tools Livestock production tools Masonery and plumbing tools 6.a State the importance of land preparation. Removal of weeds Breaking the soil into smaller pieces Mixing organic matter into soil bury crop aeration Improve drainage water holding capacity 6Destroy pests and disease causing organisms. B i What is primary cultivation? All operations carried cut in opening up land for crop promotion. Ii Which factors influence choice of tools for primary cultivation. Type of soil Availability of implements Depth of ploughing Type of tilth required Condition of the land Type of crop to be growth Topography of the area Financial ability of the farmer Time remaining before planting c i What is secondary cultivation? Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting. Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation?
Type of soil Availability of implements Depth of ploughing Type of tilth required Condition of the land Type of crop to be growth Topography of the area Financial ability of the farmer Time remaining before planting c i What is secondary cultivation? Subsequent cultivation after primary cultivation to make seedbed fine and ready for planting. Ii Give reasons for secondary cultivation? Removing weeds which have just germinated break soil into small clods Make the field level Mixing organic matter with soil Make land ready for planting. D i Define minimum tillage To maintain soil structure To reduce soil erosion To reduce cost of seedbed preparation To conserve soil moisture To avoid damage to roots. Iii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Saves time Reduces cost of production Maintains soil structure controls soil erosion Maintains soil moisture e Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation.
D i Define minimum tillage To maintain soil structure To reduce soil erosion To reduce cost of seedbed preparation To conserve soil moisture To avoid damage to roots. Iii State reasons for practising minimum tillage. Saves time Reduces cost of production Maintains soil structure controls soil erosion Maintains soil moisture e Name the factors that determine the number of tillage operations during seedbed preparation. Implement used type of machinery used The crop to be planted Soil moisture Initial condition of the land Soil type soil condition Skill of operator Liability of soil to erosion topography Capital available cost of operation Time available for other operations. 7.a List the sources of water on the farm. 7Surface water Rain water rainfall Underground ground water b How is water conveyed from one point to another? Transporting in containers by vehicles animals human Piping Use of channels c State how water is stored on a farm Use of water tank container Use of dam pond d i Name the types of water pipes.
7.a List the sources of water on the farm. 7Surface water Rain water rainfall Underground ground water b How is water conveyed from one point to another? Transporting in containers by vehicles animals human Piping Use of channels c State how water is stored on a farm Use of water tank container Use of dam pond d i Name the types of water pipes. Metal pipes Plastic pipes Hose pipe ii Mention the types of metal pipe Aluminium pipes Galvanised iron pipes. Iii What features are considered when buying plastic pipes? Quality of material used for making the pipes Size of the pipes i.e diameter length Working pressure of the pipes. E Name the types of water pumps to be used on the farm. Centrifugal rotodynamic Semi-rotary Piston reciprocating pumps Hydram. F i Why should water be treated before use? Kill disease causing organisms Remove chemical impurities Remove bad smell and taste Remove sediments and other solids.
9b List types of records kept on mixed farms. Production records Health records Field operations Feeding Inventory Breeding records c List types of records kept by crop farmers. Field operations Marketing Production Labour Inventory. 11. A i What are livestock domesticated animals ii Give examples of livestock Cattle, poultry, sheep, goat, pigs, bees, fish, donkey, camel b i Explain the role of livestock in human life food supply. Source of income Raw materials for industry Source of employment Cultural uses e.g dowry, sacrifices, etc Biological cooks e.g cocks For sports and recreation. Ii List factors that affect livestock industry in Kenya. Tradition and belief Product input prices Management Capital Selling prices marketing Climatic conditions Communication transport Diseases and parasites. C i List dairy breeds of cattle Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey ii State their characteristics. Triangular shaped Well attached udder Little flesh on the body Short, well set legs Ling, thin neck Feminine appearance Wide spring of ribs Long, thin tail. 10d i Name beef cattle breeds.
C i List dairy breeds of cattle Friesian, Ayrshire, Guernsey, Jersey ii State their characteristics. Triangular shaped Well attached udder Little flesh on the body Short, well set legs Ling, thin neck Feminine appearance Wide spring of ribs Long, thin tail. 10d i Name beef cattle breeds. Boran, Aberdean Angus, Hereford, Galloway, Charolais. Ii What are the characteristics of beef cattle. Blocky squared rectangular shape Low set have short legs Have a fleshy body Have short, thin necks Smaller udders. E Name the important rabbit breeds in Kenya. Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant. F i Which is the common species of camel in Kenya? Single humped dromedary ii State the uses of camels Milk production Meat production Provide leather, wool and Transport people loads ii State the general characteristics of camels.
Chinchilla, earlops, New Zealand, White, Kenya white, Californian Angora, Flemish giant. F i Which is the common species of camel in Kenya? Single humped dromedary ii State the uses of camels Milk production Meat production Provide leather, wool and Transport people loads ii State the general characteristics of camels. Beast of burden Provides meat, wool, milk and leather Adapted to life in dry regions Drink a lot of water Resistant to most diseases. G i What is the reasons for keeping poultry? For meat and egg production. Ii List the characteristics of broilers. Have red waxy combs and wattles Beak free from yellow pigmentation Abdomen soft and pliable to touch Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone Well developed bones Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour Body is light iii List the characteristics of broilers. Heavier and bigger than layer Grow very fast Females lay very few eggs.
Ii List the characteristics of broilers. Have red waxy combs and wattles Beak free from yellow pigmentation Abdomen soft and pliable to touch Good distance between pelvic bones and breastbone Well developed bones Bent is crescent shaped, moist and white in colour Body is light iii List the characteristics of broilers. Heavier and bigger than layer Grow very fast Females lay very few eggs. H Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for Hampshire down for meat Corriadace for multon and wool dual purpose 11Romney Marsh which is dual purpose Merino kept for wool South Down for mutton Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production. I Name important goat breeds and their uses Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian Meat is Jamnapar Meat and skin is small E. A goat Wool fur is the Angora goat. J Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya.
H Name the major breeds of sheep in Kenya and indicate the purpose they are kept for Hampshire down for meat Corriadace for multon and wool dual purpose 11Romney Marsh which is dual purpose Merino kept for wool South Down for mutton Locals e.g Black headed persia, Maasai sheep are kept for meat and skin production. I Name important goat breeds and their uses Dairy breeds are Toggenberg and saanen Dual purpose are Boer, Nubian Meat is Jamnapar Meat and skin is small E. A goat Wool fur is the Angora goat. J Name important pig breeds kept in Kenya. Large white Saddleback Landrace Hampshire k i Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds. Ii State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds.
Large white Saddleback Landrace Hampshire k i Give the meanings of exotic and to indigenous breeds. Exotic means imported breeds while indigenous means local breeds. Ii State the characteristics of exotic cattle that make them better suited to marginal areas than exotic cattle breeds. Able to walk long distances in search of pasture and water Tolerate high ambient temperatures Tolerate tick-borne diseases. Iii What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? Can tolerate high temperatures High butter fat content Small size hence less food required Can utilize poor pasture well. L i State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds .
Iii What are the advantages of keeping a Jersey cow instead of Friesian for production of milk? Can tolerate high temperatures High butter fat content Small size hence less food required Can utilize poor pasture well. L i State the general characteristics of exotic cattle breeds . No humps Produce more milk Easily attacked by tropical diseases Susceptible to tropical heat Cannot tolerate hardy areas Early maturing ii Give the characteristics of indigenous cattle Are humped Produce less milk Good resistance to tropical diseases like East Coast Fever Tolerate hardy areas Can withstand tropical heat Late maturing 12FORM TWO TOPICS. 1. A i What is soil fertility? The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields. Ii State the characteristics of a fertile soil. Suitable PH Good aeration Deep soil Good water holding capacity Good drainage Free from pests and diseases.
The ability of a soil to provide all the required plant nutrients thereby producing and sustaining high crop yields. Ii State the characteristics of a fertile soil. Suitable PH Good aeration Deep soil Good water holding capacity Good drainage Free from pests and diseases. Iii How can a fertile soil loss its fertility 13Soil erosion Weed infestation Leaching of nutrients Alteration of soil PH Monocropping Accumulation of undesirable salts salination Burning the land Soil capping formation of impervious layer. Iv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility Improving water retention Crops rotation Maintain right PH value Erosion control Drainage to remove water logging Maintain adequate nutrient level Weed control Irrigation to add water b i What are plant nutrients? Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life Mainly got from the soil ii Na me the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur.
Iii How can a fertile soil loss its fertility 13Soil erosion Weed infestation Leaching of nutrients Alteration of soil PH Monocropping Accumulation of undesirable salts salination Burning the land Soil capping formation of impervious layer. Iv . State the ways of maintaining or improving soil fertility Improving water retention Crops rotation Maintain right PH value Erosion control Drainage to remove water logging Maintain adequate nutrient level Weed control Irrigation to add water b i What are plant nutrients? Minerals which constitute plant food and help to sustain plant life Mainly got from the soil ii Na me the major plant nutrients macro-nutrients Nitrogen, phosphorous, potassium, calcium, magnesium, sulphur. C State the roles and deficiency of the following nutrients in plants. I Nitrogen uses. Formation of proteins Part of chlorophyll Vegetative growth Increase grain size. Deficiency. Chlorosis yellowing Stunted growth Premature leaf fall Very short roots Excessive supply Excessive succulency in grains Lodging Weak stems Delayed maturity ii Phosphorous used.
Formation of proteins Part of chlorophyll Vegetative growth Increase grain size. Deficiency. Chlorosis yellowing Stunted growth Premature leaf fall Very short roots Excessive supply Excessive succulency in grains Lodging Weak stems Delayed maturity ii Phosphorous used. Protein and enzyme formation Shoot growth Root development Synthesis of sugar Seed formation 14Deficiency Purplish leaves Less fruit grain low yield Stunted slow growth Delayed maturity Poor root development Weak slender stems iii Potassium uses. Carbohydrate formation Uptake of nutrients Resistance against diseases Strengthen straw cell wall Development of chlorophyll Neutralise organic acids. Deficiency. Lodging weak stems Chlorotic leaf surface Scorching at tips and margin Premature defoliation Mottling brown spots on leaves Stunted growth. D i What is soil sampling? Taking a small representative quantity of soil from an area for testing. Ii List the methods of soil sampling. Traverse diagonal pattern Zigzag random collection. Iii State the reasons for soil testing: To determine nutrient status of the soil To determine soil PH.
Ii List the methods of soil sampling. Traverse diagonal pattern Zigzag random collection. Iii State the reasons for soil testing: To determine nutrient status of the soil To determine soil PH. Iv Explain the procedure of soil sampling: Clear all vegetation Make a vertical cut and scoop soil at 15-25 cm depth Take soil from many places take representative sample Mix all soils thoroughly Break up soil clods. Get a small representative sample by quartering. V State precautions necessary during soils sampling Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil. Vi Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops: Soil analysis 15Leaf analysis Observation of deficiency symptoms iv State the importance of soil PH to a crop: Determines availability of nutrients in a place Determines presence activity of micro-organisms in soil Influences soil structure.
Get a small representative sample by quartering. V State precautions necessary during soils sampling Avoid contamination e.g by cigarette ash Avoid unused areas like ant-hill manure heaps etc Avoid mixing top soil with sub-soil. Vi Name the methods of detecting nutrient deficiency in crops: Soil analysis 15Leaf analysis Observation of deficiency symptoms iv State the importance of soil PH to a crop: Determines availability of nutrients in a place Determines presence activity of micro-organisms in soil Influences soil structure. 1.a i Differentiate between manure and fertilizer: Manures are organic substances which contain plant nutrients Fertilizers are inorganic manures usually prepared artificially and sold commercially. Ii List the common organic manures Farm yard manure Green manure Compost manure Organic mulches. B . I What is organic matter? Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains.
Ii List the common organic manures Farm yard manure Green manure Compost manure Organic mulches. B . I What is organic matter? Part of soil formed from dead and decomposed plant and animal remains. Ii State the importance of organic matter Improves soil aeration Improves soil structure Improves water infiltration and retention in soil Adds nutrients after decomposition Reduces soil erosion Modify soil temperature iii How can organic matter be added to soil? Incorporating crop remains, weeds, etc Adding organic manure Mulching using organic materials c i Describe how to make farm Yard manure: Place plant materials in inside a shed on the floor Animals defecate on it and mix it with urine and dung Remove it from pen and heap it outside for 6 months Cover the heap with soil and polythene sheet to prevent leaching of nutrients Consolidate heap to prevent entry of water Allow it to rot completely before being used.
Nearness to the place where compost will be used Distance to the place where compost will be used Direction of prevailing winds in relation to the position of homestead milking shed In a well drained place In a sheltered place Accessibility to the site ii Describe how to make compost manure Materials are put in a pit or pits 1.2 x 1.2 x 60cm depth Chop large pieces into small pieces Keep compost well moistened and well aerated Add organic materials in layers Add some soil to provide micro-organisms Add ash to provide potash and sulphure Insert a stick to allow free air circulation, test temperature and to test degree of decomposition. Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air Add water whenever compost becomes dry Keep the center warm Avoid contraction or waterlogging Do not use material infested with pests or disease Protect from rain and sun Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil. E i How is green manuring done on the farm? A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green.
Turn compost every two to three weeks to facilitate air Add water whenever compost becomes dry Keep the center warm Avoid contraction or waterlogging Do not use material infested with pests or disease Protect from rain and sun Materials include crop residues, animal waste, old manure, farm yard manure, inorganic fertilizers and top soil. E i How is green manuring done on the farm? A crop is grown and then ploughed under to be incorporated in the soil while it is still green. Ii List the characteristics of green manure crops: Fast growth rate Preferably a legume Leafy high foliage ratio Ability to rot rapidly iii What are the advantages of green manuring? 17Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil Increases crop yields. 2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content.
Ii List the characteristics of green manure crops: Fast growth rate Preferably a legume Leafy high foliage ratio Ability to rot rapidly iii What are the advantages of green manuring? 17Fixation of atmospheric nitrogen into the soil Improves soil aeration, water infiltration and absorption Increases organic matter and humus content of the soil Increases crop yields. 2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK b i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate.
2.a Classify fertilizers by nutrient content. Straight fertilizers contain one type of nutrient e.g nitrogenous, potassic or phosphatic Compound contains two or more e.g DAP, MAP and NPK b i Name the common nitrogenous fertilizers. They supply nitrogen and include sulphate of ammonia, ammonium sulphate nitrate, ammonium nitrate, urea and calcium ammonium nitrate. Ii State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics Highly soluble in water easily leached no residual effect Have a scorching burning effect on plants They are volatile change into gaseous form Hygroscopic absorb moisture from the atmosphere cake easily. Iii When are they applied and why at that time? When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer.
Ii State properties of nitrogenous fertilizers characteristics Highly soluble in water easily leached no residual effect Have a scorching burning effect on plants They are volatile change into gaseous form Hygroscopic absorb moisture from the atmosphere cake easily. Iii When are they applied and why at that time? When the crop is already growing e.g for maize at 30-45 cm height At this stage the crop has well developed roots to absorb dissolved nitrogen fertilizer. The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen. C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers: They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP ii When are they applied and why at the time? Applied at planting time Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots.
The crop has well developed leaves for foliar feed Crop is growing fast and required a lot of nitrogen. C i Name the common phosphatic fertilizers: They supply phosphorous and include DSP, SSP and TSP ii When are they applied and why at the time? Applied at planting time Applied for formation, development and early establishment of roots. Has long residual effect stays long in the soil Have low mobility Rather insoluble d i Name the common potassic fertilizers supply potassium and include potassium chloride kcl and muriate of potash. Ii Characteristics: Easily soluble Mobile No fixation hence Easily absorbed Easily leached Have searching effect. E i What is fertilizer application? Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing?
E i What is fertilizer application? Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing? F i Calculate the amount of K 2 O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K 2 O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 Therefore:400kg of fertilizer contains 400 x 5 20kg of K 2 O 100 ii A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare.
Restoring soil fertility by supplying growing plants with nutrients that may be lacking in the soil. Ii List the methods of fertilizer application: Broadcasting 18Row application Top dressing Side dressing Foliar spraying iii What is top dressing? F i Calculate the amount of K 2 O potassium chloride contained in 400 kg of a compound fertilizer 25:10:5 5kg of K 2 O is contained in 100kg of 25:10:5 Therefore:400kg of fertilizer contains 400 x 5 20kg of K 2 O 100 ii A farmer is to apply a compound fertilizer 20:30:10 on a vegetable plot measuring 5 metres long by 4 metres wide, at the rate of 200kg per hectare. A Calculate the amount of the fertilizer the farmer would require for the plot. Show your working 10,000 sq. M require 200kg of fertilizer therefore 5 x 4 sq. M would require 20 x 200 0.4 kg 400gm 10,000 b What do the figures 20, 30 and 10 in the fertilizer stand for 20 stands for the ratio of N 2 Nitrogen 30 stands for the ratio for phosphorous 10 stands for the ratio of potassium iii How much of a fertilizer labeled 20:20:10 should be applied to a plot which requires 30 kg P 2 O 5 ?
Iii What happens to nitrogen in the soil? May evaporate volatilize Used up by micro-organisms May be used up by plants May be released into atmosphere by bacteria In the process of denitrification May be leached May be eroded. B i State the importance of carbon cycle Provides carbon dioxide for photosynthesis Production of energy for plant and animal use. Ii Describe the carbon Compounds in plant residues digested oxidised to release carbon dioxide Carbon dioxide in the soil produces carbonic acid, carbonates and bicarbonates. Animals release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration Plants also release carbon dioxide to the atmosphere during respiration. Iii How is carbon lost? Leaching Used by higher plants iv How can carbon be restored to the atmosphere? Enhancing process of photosynthesis Burning hydrocarbons During plant and animal respiration. 5. A i Define crop propagation. Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones. Ii What are the methods of crop propagation?
5. A i Define crop propagation. Development and multiplication of new individual crops from existing ones. Ii What are the methods of crop propagation? Seeds Vegetative materials b i List the different methods of vegetative propagation: Use of cuttings Layering Grafting 20Budding bud grafting Use of storage organs ii State advantages of vegetative propagation. Desirable characteristics reserved Disease resistance imported from some crops Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop. Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long.
Desirable characteristics reserved Disease resistance imported from some crops Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop Short period to maturity Quick way of multiplication of low viability plants Gives more than one variety on one crop. Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection?
Iii State its disadvantages. Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate?
Cannot produce new varieties Difficult to keep materials free from diseases Vegetative materials cannot be stored for long. C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth.
C i What are the advantages of seed propagation Easy to store large number of seeds Plant can produce large number of seeds Can produce new plant varieties ii State the disadvantages of seed propagation Do not breed true to type Some seeds have long dormancy periods Seed may spread undesirable genes quickly Crops may take too long to produce fruits Seeds may be attacked by pests diseases d i Give the advantages of early planting Crops make good use of available rainfall Establishment is early hence withstand competition from weeds Crops escape attack by pests and diseases Crops use nutrients well before leaching e.g nitrogen Crops reach market early hence get good market Reduces labour competition for various operations ii State the factors to consider when selecting seeds or other planting materials for planting Quality of parent plant e.g high yielding, vigorous growth Disease and pest resistance Free from weeds and pest disease damage Early maturing suitable to the area High quality products good size and grade Should be viable iii What are the reasons for seed selection? To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth. E i List the methods of planting Dibbling Broadcasting Row planting Drilling ii State the advantages of row planting.
To obtain high crop yields 21Reducing chances of disease pest attack Obtain viable seeds Obtain high quality produce To get seeds suitable to the area iv What practices are carried out for seeds to ensure that they germinate? Proper seed selection Planting at same depth Proper seedbed preparation Planting at proper moisture content Treating seeds to break dormancy Treating soil against pests and diseases Plant at correct depth. E i List the methods of planting Dibbling Broadcasting Row planting Drilling ii State the advantages of row planting. Saves on seeds economy on seeds Easy to get correct spacing Makes subsequent operations easier iii State the factors which influence planting depth. Soil moisture Soil type Size of seeds. Iv What factors determine crop spacing?
Saves on seeds economy on seeds Easy to get correct spacing Makes subsequent operations easier iii State the factors which influence planting depth. Soil moisture Soil type Size of seeds. Iv What factors determine crop spacing? Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting?
Iv What factors determine crop spacing? Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation?
Fertility status of soil Moisture content of soil Use to which crop is to be put Machinery to be used in subsequent operations Growth habit of crop Number of seeds per hole Prevalence of certain diseases pests Method of planting v State the advantages of correct spacing Avoid competition for nutrients, light, water, space Obtain adequate plant population Controls spread of pests and diseases Easy to carry out subsequent operations easy to mechanics vi Why is correct plant population necessary? To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation? Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field seedbed ii Why is crop rotation important?
To obtain high quality crops Helps a farmer to control weeds pest diseases Helps in soil and water conservation To obtain high yields 22f Name the treatments necessary on planting materials before planting? Legume seed inoculation Seed dressing Breaking dormancy of seeds Pre-conditioning seeds g List the field practices on crops; Thinning Gapping Pruning Roguing Staking training propping Earthing h i What is crop rotation? Growing of different crops in an orderly sequence on the same field seedbed ii Why is crop rotation important? Maintains soil fertility improves soil structure, aeration, water infiltration, addition of nitrogen by legumes Controls pests diseases Makes maximum use of soil nutrients Reduces chance of erosion Controls weeds. Iii State the factors to consider when planning a crop rotation system: Nutrient requirement of different crops in the sequence The need to include grass loys in the programme Prevalent pests and diseases Types of crops in the sequence Growth habit of the different crops included.
Iv Why dry grains before storage? Prevents germination sprouting in storage Reduces pests disease attack Reduces attack by fungi. V What factors are considered when grading crops for market? Size Colour Shape Dryness Damages on crops j i List the various storage structures on farms Traditional granaries Maize crib Bags Bulk storage e.g silos ii State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms . Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery?
Size Colour Shape Dryness Damages on crops j i List the various storage structures on farms Traditional granaries Maize crib Bags Bulk storage e.g silos ii State the problems farmers face in storage of produce from farms . Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery? A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery.
Vermin s, insects and fungi Dampness in stores causes rot Storage facilities are poor Little knowledge on treatment before storage Lack of capital to construct good structures and buy chemicals. Iii List the features a good crop storage structure has Raised from the ground adequately Leak-proof roof water proof roof Clean or easy to clean Vermin proof Strong enough to support the produce in store Strong enough to keep away thieves Well ventilated Easy to load unload 6.a What is a nursery? A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery. When seeds are too small Easy to handle take care of seedlings Easy to select seedlings Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care Pest control is easy It is possible to carry out watering Uniformity of plants in the field 24For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting. C State the nurseries management practices.
A place where seeds are grown to get special attention before being transferred into the main field seedbed b State the reasons for using a nursery. When seeds are too small Easy to handle take care of seedlings Easy to select seedlings Some seeds are delicate hence not viable and require proper care Pest control is easy It is possible to carry out watering Uniformity of plants in the field 24For bulking up as in the case of sugarcane planting. C State the nurseries management practices. Proper watering Hardening off Controlling pests and diseases Thinning or pricking out d Explain the following nursery practices. I Pricking out. Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy avoid overcrowding ii Hardening off. Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions. Iii Rogueing.
Done to enable seedling to grow vigorously and healthy avoid overcrowding ii Hardening off. Carried out to make the seedlings to get used to the actual field conditions. Iii Rogueing. Removal of diseased crop plants 7.a i What is health and diseases Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal. Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning. Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly.
Removal of diseased crop plants 7.a i What is health and diseases Health is the state of the body in which all body organs and systems are functioning normally and are normal. Disease is any alteration in the state of the body or any organs or systems which would interfere with or interrupt the proper functioning. Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly. Iii State the signs of illness in cattle Dullness Abnormal urination e.g red water Rough hair-coat hair falls off Abnormal respiration rate Dry mucus membrane Abnormally low or high temperature Loss of appetite Abnormal pulse rate Decline in production Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea constipation Aggressive when approached. Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms.
Ii State the importance of keeping livestock healthy To increase quantity of livestock products To increase quality of livestock products To increase profit level reduce cost of production To prevent the spread of diseases To increase productive life of an animal To enable them to breed regularly. Iii State the signs of illness in cattle Dullness Abnormal urination e.g red water Rough hair-coat hair falls off Abnormal respiration rate Dry mucus membrane Abnormally low or high temperature Loss of appetite Abnormal pulse rate Decline in production Abnormal defalcation e.g diarrhoea constipation Aggressive when approached. Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms. V What are the categories of diseases? 25Bacterial Viral Ricketsial Fungal Protozoan b State the general methods of disease control.
Iv List the causes of animal diseases: nutritional cause chemical causes physical cause living organisms. V What are the categories of diseases? 25Bacterial Viral Ricketsial Fungal Protozoan b State the general methods of disease control. Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics prophylaxis Proper sanitation farm hygiene Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals Routine vaccination to prevent infection Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc Proper nutrition feed properly Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax Proper housing avoid overcrowding Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others Avoid injuring animals Rotational grazing to control parasites internal parasites Prevent avoid factors causing stress. 8.a What is a parasite? Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes.
Use of prophylactic drugs e.g antibiotics prophylaxis Proper sanitation farm hygiene Use of antiseptics and disinfectants for cleaning Quarantine and isolation to reduce spread Slaughtering, culling or killing affected animals Routine vaccination to prevent infection Killing vectors e.g ticks, tsetsefly, etc Proper nutrition feed properly Use proper technique of milking to control mastitis Artificial insemination to avoid breeding disease e.g contagious abortion Proper disposal of carcass e.g for Anthrax Proper housing avoid overcrowding Treat affected animals to avoid infecting others Avoid injuring animals Rotational grazing to control parasites internal parasites Prevent avoid factors causing stress. 8.a What is a parasite? Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes. B i What are external parasites? Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle.
Any organism that depends on another organism, called host, for nutritional and protective purposes. B i What are external parasites? Live on the host at lease for part of its life cycle. Ii State examples of external parasites: Ticks, tsetsefly, mites, lice, fleas, keds iii State the signs of infestation by external parasites: Anaemia Irritation scratching Loss of hair Sores wounds on skin Presence of parasites on animals body iv List the harmful effects of external parasites. Transmit diseases cause diseases Suck blood and cause anaemia Irritation and discomfort Poor quality hides and skins Increase production costs. C i State the categories of tick. One-host Two-host 26Three-host ii Give the stage of tick s life cycle in proper order Egg, larva, nymph, adult. Iii How are ticks controlled? Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host.
Iii How are ticks controlled? Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock.
Use of chemicals acarioides Ploughing the pastures or crop Burning infested pasture Hand picking and killing Rotational grazing Fencing the farm d i What are internal parasites? Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition?
Stay inside body of host. Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk.
Ii Give examples of internal parasites Round worms Flukes liver fluke Tapeworms iii List the harmful effects of internal parasites: Retarded growth malnutrition emaciation Lower production rate Diarrhoea constipation Damage to the organs blindness pneumonia Blockage of organs Irritation coughing Anaemia Death iv State the methods of controlling internal parasites of livestock. Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases.
Regular drenching deworming Rotational grazing Draining of swampy areas Proper sanitation in livestock houses Spraying swampy areas with appropriate chemicals Burning pastures t kill eggs Plough the pastures to bury eggs e a Name intermediate hosts for: i Tape worm Pig cattle ii Liver fluke Snail mud or vaster snail f Why should drenching alone not be an affective control measure for livestock It does not destroy intermediate hosts It does not destroy other stages of the parasites 9.a What is nutrition? Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases. Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins.
Process by which an animal takes in, digests and assimilates food 27b Describe the various nutritional elements: i Carbohydrates Are energy foods Produces heat for all body processes Produces energy for maintaining animal alive Crude fibre in carbohydrates prevents constipation Excess converted to fats and stored Source includes roughage, cereals, tubers, lactose from milk. Ii Proteins Are body building feeds Provides raw materials for synthesis of animal Products e.g milk, eggs, etc Used in synthesis growth of cells Used to produce energy For formation of enzymes and antibodies Maintain body tissues repair and replacement Deficiency leads to stunted growth, low fertility, low production, wearing out of body tissues and poor resistance to diseases. Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts. Sources are most food eaten.
Iii Fats Source of energy Sources include sunflower, fish meal, seeds, etc iv Vitamins. Classified as water soluble or fat soluble Functions are to promote growth, help in blood clotting, bone formation, muscular activities, prevent diseases and act as catalysts. Sources are most food eaten. V Minerals. Maintain osmotic pressure, regulate metabolism, bone formation and development, teeth development, increase food conversion, increase in appetite. Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition. Sources include mineral supplements. Vi Water Functions: Regulation of body temperature Make cells turgid and maintain body shape Transport of nutrients Biochemical reactions As a lubricant vii Factors influencing intake.
Deficiency leads to reduced appetite, loss of weight, decrease in production, poor growth and loss of condition. Sources include mineral supplements. Vi Water Functions: Regulation of body temperature Make cells turgid and maintain body shape Transport of nutrients Biochemical reactions As a lubricant vii Factors influencing intake. Size of animal Productivity e.g milk Type of food given to animal Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant Ambient temperature Species kind of animal 28c Explain what the following means: i Concentrates A feed with high protein and or energy content but low in fibre Have high available nutrients per unit weight Compact in form mashes powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc Fed in small amounts. Ii Roughage A feed with high fibre contents and or low energy Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder. D What is a ration?
Size of animal Productivity e.g milk Type of food given to animal Physiological status of animal e.g pregnant Ambient temperature Species kind of animal 28c Explain what the following means: i Concentrates A feed with high protein and or energy content but low in fibre Have high available nutrients per unit weight Compact in form mashes powder, granules, salt and mineral blocks, etc Fed in small amounts. Ii Roughage A feed with high fibre contents and or low energy Are bulky, of low digestibility, low in protein, and of plant origin e.g pasture, hay, silage, fodder. D What is a ration? Amount of food that will produce essential nutrients to an animal to enable animal nest its nutritional requirements. E Explain the meaning and importance of.
Ii Draw a ruminant stomach e.g cow and explain the functions of the four chambers. 29Rumen: First chamber Stores and softens food Microbial action of food takes places here Reticulum Separates coarse food from fine food particles Omasum Grinds food and reduces water content Abomasum Has enzymes which act on food thus causing food digestion b How is grass digested in the rumen of an adult ruminant? Food is stored in the rumen Coarse grass is regurgitated from the rumen for further chewing in the mouth i.e chewing cud. Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen. Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released.
Saliva that is mixed with feed when chewing cud creates alkaline PH suitable for bacterial action in the rumen. Food undergoes microbial fermentation in the rumen In the rumen carbohydrates are broken down into volatile fatty acids acetic acid and butyric acid. Gases like methane, carbon dioxide and hydrogen are released. Proteins are broken down into peptides amino acids Amino acids essential amino acids are synthesized from ammonia and other non-protein nitrogen by micro-organisms. Micro-organisms also synthesize certain vitamins e.g vitamin B complex, vitamin K. Much of the volatile fatty acids and ammonia are absorbed through bolching i.e carbon dioxide and methane. C State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system . I Crop Softening food Storage of food ii Gizzard Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose. 11.
C State the functions of the following parts of poultry digestive system . I Crop Softening food Storage of food ii Gizzard Contains small stones which help to grind food and break down cellulose. 11. A i Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during the formation of an egg. 30Ovary Produces ova Infindibulum Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls Yolk takes 15 minutes here Magnum Albumen is added Egg takes 3 hours here Isthmus Secretes the shell membrane Water, minerals and vitamins Process takes 1 hours Uterus shell gland Has calcium deposits Shell added round eggs Completes the addition of albumen Process takes 18 22 hours Vagina Pigmentation of egg takes place here Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg Takes 1. 10 minutes Cloaca Delivers the egg out gently. Ii Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and state the functions of the labeled parts.
A i Draw the reproductive system of a hen and explain the stage taken during the formation of an egg. 30Ovary Produces ova Infindibulum Site of fertilization and storage of sperm calls Yolk takes 15 minutes here Magnum Albumen is added Egg takes 3 hours here Isthmus Secretes the shell membrane Water, minerals and vitamins Process takes 1 hours Uterus shell gland Has calcium deposits Shell added round eggs Completes the addition of albumen Process takes 18 22 hours Vagina Pigmentation of egg takes place here Socrates mucus which reduces friction and facilitates expulsion of the egg Takes 1. 10 minutes Cloaca Delivers the egg out gently. Ii Draw a clearly labeled diagram to show the reproductive system of a cow and state the functions of the labeled parts. Fallopian tube. This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary. This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus. Ovary.
This is a passage through which ova pass from the ovary. This is where fertilization takes place as the ovum passes to the uterus. Ovary. Produce ova Produce sex hormones e.g oestrogen, progesterone 31Uterus After fertilization foetus develops until birth here. Vagina and Vulva. Receive male s sperms Aid in expulsion of young from the womb during birth b i What is selection in animal breeding? The process of allowing certain animals to be parents of future generations. Ii State the factors to consider during selection. Increase in yield Improved quality of products Resistance against diseases Resistance to heat or dry conditions Reduced maturity age. C i What is breeding? It involves mating of desirable males and females ii State the importance of breeding. To obtain high quality products Increase production capacity Import disease resistance Increase tolerance to high ambient temperature To reduce maturity age. Iii Give the methods of mating cattle Artificial insemination AI Natural method d i What is natural mating?
May cause inbreeding if bull is not controlled Expensive uneconomical to keep a bull There is a risk of transmission of breeding diseases A bull may cause physical injury to a cow handler Only a limited number few cows can be mated by one bull within a given period of time. E Explain the main systems of breeding. I Grading up The process of crossing until an animal having desirable characteristics is obtained. Example is mating Boran bull to Friesian cow to obtain increased production and disease resistance. 32ii Line breeding Is the mating of two individuals originating from one ancestor or same line of breeding. Iii Cross breeding Meaning: Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed. Reasons: To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents. What is hybrid vigour?
Iii Cross breeding Meaning: Mating two pure breeds belonging to different breeds mating a pure bred sire of one breed to a high quality grade female of another breed. Reasons: To produce a hybrid with hybrid vigour Imparts desirable genes from either of the parents. What is hybrid vigour? The increased ability and performance of the offspring above the average of the two unrelated parents. Iv Outcrossing Mating two unrelated animals of the same breed v Inbreeding. Meaning. Mating of closely related animals Aim To retain preserve certain desirable qualities Disadvantages Increases embryonic mortality abortion Reduces disease resistance ability Reduces the vigour of the animal causes weakness abnormality Reduces yield. F i What is artificial insemination? Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female s reproductive canal by artificial means. Ii State its advantages.
F i What is artificial insemination? Obtaining semen from males and depositing it in female s reproductive canal by artificial means. Ii State its advantages. Cheap can be afforded by many farmers Controls breeding diseases One male can serve many females Makes use of good bulls quick way of improvement Young small females not injured Used to prevent inbreeding Semen can be used in distant places iii Give the disadvantages. Can quickly spread undesirable genetic traits Requires special equipment and good communication network Timing of optimum period is difficult Not readily available to small scale farmers. 3312. A Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing. I Selection of breeding stock . High fertility and regular breeding Good quality products Fast growing early maturing Healthy stock Good mothering instinct Good body conformation not physically deformed.
A Discuss sheep management from selection of breeding stock to lambing. I Selection of breeding stock . High fertility and regular breeding Good quality products Fast growing early maturing Healthy stock Good mothering instinct Good body conformation not physically deformed. Ii Breeding Flush owes by giving extra concentrates high plant nutrition Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating Clip wool around vulva for easy mating do crouching Raddling of rams before mating Use one ram for 35 60 owes Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture. If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram. Remove rams from owes after mating.
Ii Breeding Flush owes by giving extra concentrates high plant nutrition Flushing should be started about 3 weeks before mating and continued for three weeks after mating Clip wool around vulva for easy mating do crouching Raddling of rams before mating Use one ram for 35 60 owes Mating time for lambing to coincide with the season when there is enough pasture. If more than one ram used, use different colour of paste for each ram. Remove rams from owes after mating. Iii Management during gestation Food owes on good pasture concentrates 3 4 weeks before lambing steam up Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing Deworm owes 2 3 weeks before lambing Vaccinate owes 2 3 weeks before lambing against common diseases Provide clean water. Iv Lambing management.
Remove rams from owes after mating. Iii Management during gestation Food owes on good pasture concentrates 3 4 weeks before lambing steam up Move owes to clean pasture three weeks before lambing Deworm owes 2 3 weeks before lambing Vaccinate owes 2 3 weeks before lambing against common diseases Provide clean water. Iv Lambing management. Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning.
Iv Lambing management. Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13.
Observe signs of lambing and supervise assist when necessary Disinfect navel cord immediately after lambing Ensure lambs suckle within first 1-2 hours Dagging clipping of wool around teats after lambing Owes that give birth to more than one lamb should be given extra feeding. B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding.
B Disease the management of lambs from birth upto and including weaning. Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar?
Weak lambs should be artificially reared Rejected orphaned lambs should be given to faster mothers Keep lambs and the owe on good pastures Dock the lambs within the first 2 weeks Castrate male lambs not needed for breeding within the first two weeks Introduce creep feed to the lambs from 6 weeks Dip spray dust sheep as necessary against octoparasites Treat sick animals Wean lambs between 4 5 months or when 22kg live weight Put identification marks before weaning Trim hooves before mating Deworm lambs before weaning Keep records 13. A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows?
A i Describe the factors to consider when selecting a gilt for breeding. Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative.
Maturity ie. Proper age 12 months or 90 100 kg live weight 34Good mothering instinct Fast growth rate Lack of physical defects Healthy i.e lacking history of many diseases ii What characteristics should be considered when selecting a breeding boar? Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time.
Docile good temperament Good body conformation for the breed Lack of physical deformities Strong back and legs Fast growing early maturing b What preparations should be carried out for a sow one weak before she farrows? Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows?
Clean and disinfect the farrowing pen Wash clean and disinfect the sow Treat the sow against external parasites Move the sow to farrowing pen orate within a week separate from the rest Reduce sow s ration a day before farrowing Provide heat in the farrowing pen creep area Provide clean bedding material Provide bran to the sow as a laxative. C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours.
C Discuss the management of piglets from farrowing to weaning time. Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary.
Keep watch over farrowing process help in the farrowing process Remove mucus and any foreign materials around piglet s nostrils Put piglet in a safe warm place Tie out and disinfect umbilical cord Dispose of afterbirth stillborns Ensure piglets suckle colestrum piglets suckle immediately after birth Got rid of excess piglets rear excess piglets artificially give excess piglets to a foster mother Clip off the needle tooth Give piglets iron injection or iron paste to control anaemia Provide croop food to the piglets Give sow extra food according to the number of piglets sucking it Castrate male piglets not intended for breeding at about 3 weeks of age Put identification marks on piglet identify piglets using appropriate method Weigh piglets regularly weekly and later monthly Remove sow from farrowing pen to wean piglets Select the piglets to be used for breeding Provide piglets with extra food and water at weaning Keep farrowing pen clean throughout the rearing period Wean between 4 8 weeks of age Keep appropriate records Deworm piglets at weaning time Provide adequate water Control diseases as necessary vaccination Control external parasites d How would you rear a gilt from weaning time to the time it farrows? 35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen.
35Food gilt on atleast 3 kg of sow and weaner meal daily Provide clean drinking water Vaccinate the gilt to control common diseases Control external parasites by dusting with pesticides Treat gilt of sick House the gilt next to a boar at age of 12 months Ready to be served serve it at right age and weight Keep the pen clean by maintaining clean litter Flush gilt 3-4 weeks before service by feed on high quality diet Take gilt to the boars pen for service and let it stay for at least 12 hours. Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen. Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process.
Observe the return to heat, if any, after three weeks, and repeat the service if necessary. Steaming up should start 1 months before farrowing by giving 3-4 kg of feed 7-10 days before farrowing, the gilt should be washed and moved into a clean and disinfected farrowing pen. Sow and weaner meal should be reduced three days before farrowing Observe the signs of farrowing, and supervise the farrowing process. Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing. E i Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar. When the boar is old When the health of the boar is poor injury When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock to stop inbreeding When the bear is too fat and lazy back leg weakness When the performance of offsprings is poor When the bear lacks libido infertile ii Why should a breeding sow be culled?
Deworm the gilt 7-10 days before farrowing. E i Give the reasons for culling a breeding boar. When the boar is old When the health of the boar is poor injury When the offsprings are being used as replacement stock to stop inbreeding When the bear is too fat and lazy back leg weakness When the performance of offsprings is poor When the bear lacks libido infertile ii Why should a breeding sow be culled? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers. 14. A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out?
14. A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats.
A Why are goats suited to most parts of Kenya? Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing.
Goats are browsers require less food They can do with little water They are easy to manage Less attack by diseases Good walkers good climbers b What are the various management practices a goat farmer should carry out? If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15.
If goats are kept for milk, the kids should be removed from their mother and fed from a bucket or a bottle The kid should be fed three times a day Solid food should be introduces at 2-3 weeks old Regular vaccination should be carried out after weaning Hoof trimming Confined meat producing goats may be fed on out forage Food on sweet potato vines, napier grass or green maize In addition to grazing, dairy goats food on roughage such as silage 36Concentrates must be fed to lactating goats to correct any mineral deficiency in roughage provide mineral lick Proper records on various operations should be kept Spraying against external parasites farm hygiene Identification operations e.g tagging, branding, ear-notching tatooing Castrate males not required for breeding c Give the methods of improving dairy goats. Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15. A State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding.
Proper selection bulling Proper breeding upgrading cross breeding Maintaining good health Proper feeding Proper milking methods Proper housing. 15. A State the factors that should be considered when selecting rabbits for breeding. Good body size Breeding efficiency Good body conformation Growth rate Good health Freedom from physical deformities. B Why is it important that rabbits are fed on a balanced diet? For quick growth To prevent mineral deficiency To give good quality products To give maximum yield Prevention from diseases c List the heat signs in a doe. Restlessness Rubs itself against any object Vulva swells Interested in other rabbits May lie on her side d Name the types of rabbits keeping. Rabbitry and hutches Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials Warren Colony system. E State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites. Cleanliness in the housing units Do not feed on contaminated food Isolation and treatment of sick ones Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits.
Rabbitry and hutches Mordant i.e movable rabbit house built of light materials Warren Colony system. E State the general routine management practices necessary to protect rabbits from diseases and parasites. Cleanliness in the housing units Do not feed on contaminated food Isolation and treatment of sick ones Disinfect cages, water and feed troughs Impose quarantine of two weeks on new rabbits. 3716. A State the uses of bees on the farm. Pollination of flowers Production of honey and wax b Give the functions of the various classes of bees found in a beehive. Queen is fertile and lays egg Drones are fertile males and mate with queen to fertilize the eggs Works are sterile male who take care of all other bees and the hive, and also offer protection to the hive. C How can bees be attracted to a hive? Using honey Smear sugar syrup on hive Use of molasses. D i When is it recommended to harvest honey?
C How can bees be attracted to a hive? Using honey Smear sugar syrup on hive Use of molasses. D i When is it recommended to harvest honey? Late in the evening Early in the morning ii State why smoke should be used when harvesting honey, but not fire. Smoke makes bees loss aggressive less active It does not kill bees breed Quality of honey obtained is sufficiently high iii What precautions are necessary when harvesting honey? Avoid excess smoke getting into the hive Prevent rain water from getting into hive Use clean utensils to avoid contamination Use of protective clothes e i Name diseases of bees. Acorive disease Foul breath disease ii Give examples of pests of bees. Safari ants Bee lose Private wasps Wax moth Birds Honey badger Beetles Robber bees 17. What makes the camel suited to living and working in desert conditions?

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