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He spoke out against a proposal for a new constitution in 2005. On 25 July 2007, Kibaki appointed Moi as special peace envoy to Sudan. On 28 August 2007, Moi announced his support for Kibaki's re-election. Moi owns the Kiptagich Tea Factory, established in 1979, which in 2009 the factory was under threat of being closed down by the government during the Mau Forest evictions. Challenges and achievements The major test to His leadership was in August 1982 when a detachment of Airforce soldiers attempted to overthrow his government but they were crushed. Achievements Moi served as Chairman of the Organization of African Unity OAU for two consecutive terms - 1981 and 1982. He has also been involved in mediation between various conflicting sides in Uganda, Congo, Somalia, Chad, Sudan, Mozambique, Eritrea Ethiopia, Rwanda, and Burundi etc. He served as Chairman of Preferential Trade Area 1989-1990 , COMESA 1999-2000 , E.A. Co-operation 1996- 2002 and Inter-Governmental Authority on Development IGAD 1993 - 1998 . Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 109 He has travelled widely, being called upon as a president to provide peace keeping forces in troubled parts of the world like Chad, Uganda, Namibia, Mozambique, Iran Iraq, Kuwait, Yugoslavia, Liberia, Morocco, Angola, Serbia Croatia, D.R. Congo, Sierra Leone and East Timor. Moi has supported the formation of regional economic bodies to increase trade and as a means for the developing countries to have a united voice in the global economy. On 30th December 2002, Moi handed over power to Mwai Kibaki in a peaceful transition that followed the Narc victory over Kanu in the December 2002 General Elections. Currently, Moi is setting up a foundation through which he hopes to participate in solving conflicts in the horn of African and the Great Lakes Region as well as help rehabilitate street children and those orphaned by HIV aids. Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga Oct.1911 Jan 20, 1994 . |
On 30th December 2002, Moi handed over power to Mwai Kibaki in a peaceful transition that followed the Narc victory over Kanu in the December 2002 General Elections. Currently, Moi is setting up a foundation through which he hopes to participate in solving conflicts in the horn of African and the Great Lakes Region as well as help rehabilitate street children and those orphaned by HIV aids. Jaramogi Ajuma Oginga Odinga Oct.1911 Jan 20, 1994 . Early years and career Oginga Odinga was born at Nyamira Kang o, in Sakwa location in Bondo, in October, 1911. Christened Obadiah Adonijah, he later renounced his Christian names and became known as Ajuma Oginga Odinga. Young Odinga began his formal education in 1926, at Maranda. He sat for his common entrance examination in 1929. He Attended Maseno School where he sat his STD 8 exams in 1934. He enrolled at Alliance High School in 1935 upto, finishing his formal education with a diploma in education from Makerere University College in 1939. From 1940 to 1942 Odinga taught mathematics at the Church Missionary Society school, Maseno. From 1943 to 1946 he was headmaster of the Maseno Veterinary School. Odinga and Economic and social independence In 1944, he quit teaching and formed the Bondo Thrift Association in 1945. In 1947, he founded the Luo Thrift and Trading Corporation for commercial and political purposes, serving as its managing director until 1962. LUTATCO build their first shop, Maseno Store, posho mills at Ngiya, Bondo and Dudi. The company owned Ramogi Press in Nairobi in 1947, publishing a Dholuo newspaper, Ramogi, edited by Achieng Oneko, Odinga s student in Maseno School. They also published Nyanza Times, Radioposta, Sauti ya Mwafrika and Mumenyereri. Between 1956 and 1957, they built Ramogi House and Africa House Kisumu. He helped to form the Luo Union, which brought together all the Luo people. |
They also published Nyanza Times, Radioposta, Sauti ya Mwafrika and Mumenyereri. Between 1956 and 1957, they built Ramogi House and Africa House Kisumu. He helped to form the Luo Union, which brought together all the Luo people. His efforts earned him admiration and recognition among the Luo, who revered him as Ker a title previously held by the fabled classical Luo king, Ramogi Ajwang, who reigned 400 years before him. Odinga became known as Jaramogi man of the people of Ramogi . Odinga travelled across the major towns in East Africa raising funds that resulted in the building of the Ofafa Memorial Hall in Kisumu in 1957 which became the headquarters of the Luo Union. Odinga s political contributions 1948-1963 In 1947, he won the central Nyanza African District Council elections. In 1948 he joined Kenya African Union KAU having been influenced by a Luo Union and KAU leader, Ambrose Ofafa. In 1957 and became the political spokesman of the Luo. The same year, he was elected member of the Legislative Council for the Central Nyanza constituency. He became the chairperson of AEMO formed by the eight African elected Members of the LEGCO. He with Mboya and Kiano formed the Kenya Independence Movement after AEMO began to disintegrate. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 110 After the 1960 Lancaster House Conference, attended by a unified African delegation, Odinga emerging as one of the radical group leader, dissatisfied Africans with the conference decisions. Odinga and other members of the legislative council formed the Kenya African National Union KANU . Odinga's KANU used its strong showing in the 1961 general elections to help gain Kenyatta's release. Odinga after independence. Kenya gained independence in Dec 1963, and Odinga was appointed minister for home affairs. When Kenya became a Republic in 1964, he was its first Vice-President. As VicePresident he did not agree with Jomo Kenyatta's government, and he resigned his post and quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People's Union KPU . He openly challenged the government's use of private and foreign investment capital and its close ties with the West. |
Kenya gained independence in Dec 1963, and Odinga was appointed minister for home affairs. When Kenya became a Republic in 1964, he was its first Vice-President. As VicePresident he did not agree with Jomo Kenyatta's government, and he resigned his post and quit KANU in 1966 to form the Kenya People's Union KPU . He openly challenged the government's use of private and foreign investment capital and its close ties with the West. Within KANU, a coalition formed against Odinga and in 1966 a KANU reorganization conference abolished his post of party vice-president. In October 1969, Odinga together with Achieng Oneko and other KPU members were jailed by the government. The KPU was banned, and he stayed in prison for 15 months. Odinga remained an opposition leader throughout the1970s. After Kenyatta's death in 1978, the new president, Daniel Arap Moi, tried to bring Odinga back into KANU. Moi, appointed Odinga as chairman of the Cotton Lint and Seed Marketing Board where he did not last long, because he was still outspoken against Kenyatta's policies. When Odinga was reinstated into the party in 1980, he attacked Moi and Kenyatta as corrupt and protested U.S. military presence in Kenya. Odinga attempted to register a political party in 1982, but his plans were foiled when Kenya was made a de jure single-party state in 1982, KANU party again banished Odinga. Throughout the 1980s, Odinga remained vocal in calling for democracy. In 1984, he tried to launch and register the Ramogi Development Trust RADET but the government denied it registration Odinga and the Struggle for multi-parytism in the 1990s In 1991, Odinga founded the National Democratic Party, but the government refused to recognize it and briefly jailed Odinga. Later that year Odinga and five other opposition leaders formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD . But FORD split in 1992, and Jaramogi formed FORD-K finishing fourth behind Moi, Matiba and Kibaki. In 1993, Odinga's reputation suffered when he admitted taking a campaign contribution from a bank accused of bribing government officials. |
Later that year Odinga and five other opposition leaders formed the Forum for the Restoration of Democracy FORD . But FORD split in 1992, and Jaramogi formed FORD-K finishing fourth behind Moi, Matiba and Kibaki. In 1993, Odinga's reputation suffered when he admitted taking a campaign contribution from a bank accused of bribing government officials. In the months before his death in January 1994, Odinga tried to reconcile his branch of FORD with KANU, but without success. Wangari Maathai Early life of Wangari Maathai. Maathai was born on April 1, 1940 in the Ihithe village, Nyeri County, in the central region to Muta Njugi, a farm labourer on a white owned farm in the rift valley. In 1950, she joined Ihithe Primary School for primary education in 1951, Maathai moved to St. Cecilia's Intermediate Primary School at the Mathari Catholic Mission in Nyeri where she studied for four years. During this time, she converted to Catholicism, taking the Christian name Mary Josephine. In 1956 she joined Loreto High School Limuru. She was chosen to study at American universities in September 1960 under the Kennedy Airlift or Airlift Africa. In 1964, she joined the University of Pittsburgh to study for a master's degree inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 111 biology. In January 1966, upon her return to Kenya, Maathai dropped her Christian name, preferring to be known by her birth name, Wangari Muta. In April 1966, she met Mwangi Mathai, whom she later married in 1969 and had three children with him. In 1971, she became the first Eastern African woman to receive a Ph.D., in Anatomy from the University of Nairobi. She was a member of the Nairobi branch of the Kenya Red Cross Society, becoming its director in 1973. In 1979, her husband, Mwangi Mathai divorced her, saying she was too strong-minded for a woman and wife and accusing her of adultery with another Member of Parliament. Wangari Maathai as political activist. In 1979, Maathai ran for the position of chairman of the National Council of Women of Kenya NCWK . |
In December 2007, choosing to run as the candidate of a smaller party Maathai was, defeated in the parliamentary election. The life of Wangari Maathai as an environmental conservationist. Following the establishment of the Environment Liaison Centre in 1974, Maathai became the chair of the board. In 1974, with her husband as the MP for Lang ata constituency, Maathai founded the Envirocare Ltd., a business that involved the planting of trees to conserve the environment. This led to the planting of her first tree nursery, in a government tree nursery in Karura Forest. On June 5, 1977, marking World Environment Day, Maathai led the NCWK in a procession from Kenyatta International Conference Centre to Kamukunji Park where they planted seven trees in honor of historical community leaders. This was the first "Green Belt" planted by what became the Green Belt Movement. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 112 In 1982, she was approached by Wilhelm Elsrud, executive director of the Norwegian Forestry Society. Who partnered with the Green Belt Movement and offered her the position of coordinator. In 1987, Maathai stepped down as chairman of the NCWK and focused her attention on the newly separate nongovernmental organization. In October 1989, Maathai learned of a plan to construct the 60-story Kenya Times Media Trust Complex in Uhuru Park. Her protests, some leading to her being harassed, led to the foreign investors to cancel the project in January 1990 In June 1992, both Maathai and President Arap Moi traveled to Rio de Janeiro for the UN Conference on Environment and Development Earth Summit where she became a chief spokesperson despite government protest. In 1998, Maathai protested against the privatization of large areas of public land in the Karura Forest. In August 16, 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land. On October 8, 2004, Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. On March 28, 2005, she was elected the first president of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council and was appointed a goodwill ambassador for an initiative aimed at protecting the Congo Basin Forest Ecosystem. |
In August 16, 1999, when the president announced that he was banning all allocation of public land. On October 8, 2004, Maathai became the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. On March 28, 2005, she was elected the first president of the African Union's Economic, Social and Cultural Council and was appointed a goodwill ambassador for an initiative aimed at protecting the Congo Basin Forest Ecosystem. Achievements of Wangari Maathai. A As a member of the Kenya Association of University Women, she was on the forefront in campaigning for equal benefits for the women while at the university and also as a member National Council of Women of Kenya NCWK . B she succeeded in stopping the government from encroaching on a public utility at Uhuru park to construct the 60-story Kenya Times Media Trust Complex. C She succeeded in pressurizing the government to release political prisoners through painful hunger protests at Uhuru Park. The prisoners were released in early 1993.. d Maathai was the first African woman, and the first environmentalist, to win the Nobel Peace Prize for her contribution to sustainable development, democracy and peace. E Maathai has been very instrumental in environmental protection through the Green Belt Movement. THE FORMATION, STRUCTURE AND FUNCTIONS OF THE GOVERNMENT OF KENYA. THE ELECTORAL PROCESS. Role of the Independent Electoral and Boundaries Commission in Kenya. A The Commission is responsible for conducting or supervising referenda and elections to any elective body or office. B It is responsible for continuous registration of citizens as voters and regular revision of the voters roll. C It Prescribes and reviews electoral boundaries in constituencies and wards at intervals of not less than eight years, and not more than twelve years. The constitution provides for 290 constituencies established under the following considerations;Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 113 Community of interest, historical, economic and cultural ties Geographical features and urban centres Means of communication d It is responsible for regulation of the process by which parties nominate candidates for elections. E The commission is responsible for settlement of electoral disputes, including disputes relating to or arising from nominations. However it does not handle election petitions and disputes subsequent to the declaration of election results. F The registration of candidates for election. |
E The commission is responsible for settlement of electoral disputes, including disputes relating to or arising from nominations. However it does not handle election petitions and disputes subsequent to the declaration of election results. F The registration of candidates for election. G Educate informs the public on the requirements for voters and contestants h Facilitation of the observation, monitoring and evaluation of elections. I It is responsible for regulation of the amount of money that may be spent by or on behalf of a candidate or party in respect of any election. J Identifies, appoints and trains election officials. K Verifies and announces election results l Prepares ballot papers and other election materials. M Identifies and recommends polling stations. Types of elections. There are three types of elections in Kenya; a General elections. These are elections held after every five years. Initially they were meant to be held on the second Tuesday in August on the fifth year. But this has since been altered due to the delay in new constitution implementation process b By elections. These are elections of new leaders to fill vacant seats left following deaths of occupants, resignation or annulment of their election through successful petition in court. C Re run elections- this are elections held exactly one month after the general elections involving only two presidential candidates in case of no clear winner in the general election. Why Kenyans elect their representatives to parliament every five years. A It is a constitutional requirement that Kenyans elect MPs after every five years. B The elections give Kenyans a chance to practice their democratic right of choosing their representatives. C It enables Kenyans control their elected representatives i.e. the fear of losing election ensures that elected representative serve the electorate well. D It enables Kenyans choose between representatives and between parties that express the policies that they agree with. E Through periodic elections, Kenyans are able to participate in activities of their government The following methods have been used in elections in Kenya. A Mololongo queuing b Acclamation c Secret ballot. THE 2007 ELECTIONS IN KENYA The electoral process that was adopted by the ECK under the stewardship of Samuel Kivuitu in the 2007 election was very unfair and yielded false results. This caused the outbreak of violence, bloodshed, destruction and loss of property. |
A Mololongo queuing b Acclamation c Secret ballot. THE 2007 ELECTIONS IN KENYA The electoral process that was adopted by the ECK under the stewardship of Samuel Kivuitu in the 2007 election was very unfair and yielded false results. This caused the outbreak of violence, bloodshed, destruction and loss of property. The Kreigler commission that was formed to look into the causes of the 2008 violence reportedKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 114 the following weaknesses. A Irregularities in the voter register which excluded 30 of the potential voters the register contained names of deceased persons. Women who had attained the voting age were found to be under represented. B Imbalanced distribution of registered voters among constituencies. Some constituencies like Embakasi had over 200, 000 registered voters while others like Mandera East had less than 20,000 registered voters. C Rampant cheating where in some cases the votes cast were more than 100 of the registered voters. D Existence of exclusive strongholds with some electoral areas being out of bounds for some political parties. E There was a defective system of voter tallying and relaying of information. Some of those declared winners finally lost their seats through election petitions. F Incompetence of the ECK officials with even the chairmen stating clearly that it was impossible to establish who won the elections. G The results relayed sometimes faced integrity queries. Some officials relayed cooked results. H The composition of the ECK raised suspicion especially among the opposition. The principles that govern the electoral process in Kenya. A All citizens have the freedom to exercise their political rights b Not more than two-thirds of the members of elective public bodies shall be of the same gender. C Persons with disabilities must receive fair representation. D There must be universal suffrage based on the aspiration for fair representation and equality of vote. E The elections should be free and fair and will be by secret ballot, free from violence, intimidation, improper influence or corruption. F The elections will be conducted by an independent body, transparent; and administered in an impartial, neutral, efficient, accurate and accountable manner. Legislation on Elections. The following legislations govern the electoral process in Kenya. |
F The elections will be conducted by an independent body, transparent; and administered in an impartial, neutral, efficient, accurate and accountable manner. Legislation on Elections. The following legislations govern the electoral process in Kenya. A The constitution of Kenya-that is a sovereign state and republic with the people owning all sovereign power directly or through democratically elected leaders. B The national assembly and presidential elections Act- it outlines the steps to be followed in the registration of voters, nomination of candidates, polling and counting of votes and other related processes. C The local government act- it gives the procedure and rules for conducting elections for county, municipal and town councils. D The electoral offences Act. It lays out the election offences like bribing of voters, threatening voters, voting more than once or causing violence on polling day or during campaigns. Voter registration. Qualifications of a voter in an electoral process in Kenya. A One must be an adult citizen at least 18 years old. B He she must be a Kenyan citizen in possession of an identity card or passport. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 115 c He she must be a registered voter. D He she must been registered at only one registration centre e One must not be an insane person. F He she must have been convicted of an election offence during the Preceding five years. Voter and civic education. Voter education refers to the provision of information, materials and programmes to voters with the intention of informing them about the specifics of voting process for a particular election. For example, information on who is eligible to vote, where and how to register. Civic education is aimed at conveying knowledge to the citizens about the country s political system and context. For example, information about the system of government, the nature and powers of the elective offices, to be filled in an election. Nomination of candidates. There are two categories of Nominations a Party nominations b IEBC nominations Party nominations This refers to the selection of political party candidates to contest in an election. It is done through queuing, acclamation or secret ballot. It may involve nomination for county, parliamentary or presidential elections. IEBC nominations Once the political parties have nominated their candidates, they are presented to the IEBC for formal nomination to contest the presidential, parliamentary or county civic elections. |
E If one is of unsound mind. F If one is declared bankrupt. G Is subject to a sentence of imprisonment of at least six months, as at the date of registration as a candidate, or at the date of election. H If one is found, in accordance with any law, to have misused or abused a State office or public office. An elected MP may lose his her seat in parliament under the following circumstances. A When he she ceases to be a Kenyan citizen. B He she receive a jail sentence exceeding 6 months or death penalty from a court of law. C When he she resign, through writing to the speaker, from the national assembly. D When he she is declared bankrupt by a court of law. E When he she is found to be of unsound mind. F When he she resigns from the sponsoring political party or as an MP. G When he she fails to attend 8 consecutive sessions during the life of a particular parliament without permission from the speaker. H When he she defects from one party to another. I When he she having been elected to parliament as an independent candidate, decides to join a political party. Campaigns. The campaign periods starts immediately after IEBC nomination of candidates and ends 12 hours before the polling day. The main purpose of campaigns is to give the voters chance to assess aspiring candidates and their party policies and strategies and then decide the right candidate. Polling Voting is done in the polling station. It takes place from 6.00am to 6.00 pm on the Election Day. Counting of votes begins after the closure of the exercise. The presiding officer then announces the number of votes garnered by each candidate. The returning officer, the election officer in the constituency then tallies the total votes from all the polling stations and announces per candidate in the constituency. He she declares the elected mp for the constituency and councilors of each ward. He announces the number of votes per candidate for the presidential elections. The IEBC then declares the validly elected candidates for the presidential, National Assembly and Senate. Factors likely to interfere with free and fair elections in Kenya. A Ethnic loyalties polarization Party loyalties. People may be compelled to vote along tribal lines, in total disregard of the leadership records or accomplishment of those they elect. B Illiteracy of some voters. This curtails their ability to mark the ballot papers correctly. |
People may be compelled to vote along tribal lines, in total disregard of the leadership records or accomplishment of those they elect. B Illiteracy of some voters. This curtails their ability to mark the ballot papers correctly. C Inadequate civic education. The lack of adequate sensitization of the voters can lead to ineffective election process. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 117 d Violence. Harassment of voters by rival groups Insecurity fear instilled in candidates. All forms of chaos makes accessibility to voting stations by voters difficult. E Corruption of candidates and their supporters. This is through bribing of voters to vote for certain candidates. F Incompetent election officials. Some election officials are partisan and therefore unable to preside over elections competently. G Rigging. On many occasions aspiring candidates or their agents have complained of rigging. H Transport difficulties. The electoral process in Kenya has been faced with the problem of Inaccessibility of some polling stations i Communication problems. During the voting day, some remote areas experience communication problems between the headquarters and the polling stations. J Extreme weather conditions. Delivery of polling materials has sometimes been affected by bad weather. K Gender insensitivity. For a long time, women have not been given a fair share in the electoral process in Kenya. L Use and misuse of mass media. Some politicians own some media houses, sometimes they have subjected them to misuse. There has been also the problem of imbalance when it comes to media coverage of elections. Electoral guidelines and regulations that may help minimizeirregularities. A Whatever voting method is used, the system must be simple, accurate, verifiable, secure, accountable and transparent. B The votes cast must be counted, tabulated and the results announced promptly by the presiding officer at each polling station. C The results from the polling stations must be openly and accurately collated and promptly announced by the returning officer. D Appropriate structures and mechanisms to eliminate electoral malpractices must be in place, including the safekeeping of electoral materials. Electoral disputes The following must be observed as pertains to election disputes: a Electoral petitions, other than in a presidential election, must be filed within 28 days after the declaration of the election results by the IEBC. B Service of a petition may be direct or by advertisement in a newspaper with national circulation. |
D Appropriate structures and mechanisms to eliminate electoral malpractices must be in place, including the safekeeping of electoral materials. Electoral disputes The following must be observed as pertains to election disputes: a Electoral petitions, other than in a presidential election, must be filed within 28 days after the declaration of the election results by the IEBC. B Service of a petition may be direct or by advertisement in a newspaper with national circulation. ELECTION OFFICIALS The following are the officers appointed by the IEBC to assist in administering elections. 1. District election coordinators. -. Officials responsible for all electoral matters at district level. They act as a link between people at the grassroots level and the IEBC headquarters. 2. Registration officers. They register voters in each constituency and issue them with voter s card. 3. Returning officers. Are in charge of elections in a constituency which has several polling stations. They perform the following functions: a They set up polling booths in each polling station. B They receive nomination papers from prospective candidatesKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 118 c They distribute ballot papers and boxes to polling stations. D They supervise the voting and counting of votes in the constituency. E They appoint the presiding officers in each polling station. F Announcing the results of the elections. 4. Presiding officers. In charge of polling stations. And perform the following duties; a They conduct the polls in an orderly, free and fair manner at the polling station. B They ensure that every eligible voter votes only once. C They help illiterate voters mark ballot papers. D They seal the ballot boxes and transfer them to a central point in the polling station where the votes will be counted. E They maintain law and order at polling stations and report any irregularities to the returning officer. F They ensure that there is impartiality in conducting. 5. Polling clerks. On the polling day, they assist and guide voters, particularly those who are illiterate. 6. Security personnel. Police officers maintain law and order during the polling and counting of votes. 7. Counting clerks. They sort out ballots and then count the ballots per candidate. 8. Party agents. They represent candidates or political parties in a polling station or counting hall to ensure that the polling and counting procedures are transparent , orderly , free and fair. 9. Observers. |
They represent candidates or political parties in a polling station or counting hall to ensure that the polling and counting procedures are transparent , orderly , free and fair. 9. Observers. These are neutral persons who make observations and write reports on the polling and counting exercise to indicate if the elections were free and fair or not. FORMATION OF GOVERNMENT NATIONAL GOVERNMENT Kenyans directly or indirectly exercise their sovereign or absolute power through their democratically elected representatives. This power is delegated to the state organs or arms of government namely; a The parliament and the legislative assemblies in the county assemblies. B The national executive and the executive structures in the county government. C The judiciary and independent tribunals. The process of National government formation. After every election, the party with the majority of seats in the house forms the government by appointing cabinet secretaries from among professionals not among elected MPs with the approval of the National Assembly. The president then appoints the judiciary with the advice of the JSC. The president-elect is sworn in by the chief Justice and the members of the three arms of government also take oath. The three arms of government operate independently and work on checks and balances The executive is responsible for running the country by developing and implementing policies that lead to national development. Even after dissolution of parliament after its expiry, the cabinet exists until a new one isKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 119 appointed. This is to ensure that there is no power vacuum and that government operations continue. Role of government in Kenya a Government ensures that social and economic development is undertaken by putting in place policies to improve schools, hospitals, agriculture, trade, housing and industry. B It upholds human rights and freedoms and ensures that all citizens live in peace and harmony through the administration of justice and maintaining law and order. C Government organizes an effective defence force to protect the country from internal and external aggression. D It also has a duty to establish sound foreign policies to promote international cooperation with other countries by setting up foreign embassies and high commissions. E It has a duty to foster national unity by recognizing diversity and ensuring equitable sharing of national and local resources. F Government protects and promotes the interests and rights of the minorities and marginalized communities. COUNTY GOVERNMENT The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service and exist in each of the 47 counties throughout Kenya. |
E It has a duty to foster national unity by recognizing diversity and ensuring equitable sharing of national and local resources. F Government protects and promotes the interests and rights of the minorities and marginalized communities. COUNTY GOVERNMENT The county government is composed of County assemblies, county executive committees and county public service and exist in each of the 47 counties throughout Kenya. A county government consists of; a Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election in Kenya. B The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. C Members appointed by the county governor, with the approval of the county assembly, from among persons who are not members of the assembly. The structure of the executive arm of the county government. The executive authority of the county is vested in the county executive committee. The committee consists of; a The county Governor and the Deputy County Governor who are the chief executive and deputy chief executive of the county respectively. B Members who are not members of the assembly and appointed by the County Governor, with the approval of the assembly. They should be not more than ten other. If the assembly has less than thirty members, the members should be One-third of the number of members of the county assembly. NB; Members of a county executive committee are accountable to the county governor for the performance of their functions and exercise of their powers. The appointed members of the county executive committee cease to hold office once the office of the county governor falls vacant. The election of a county governor. The county governor is directly elected by the voters registered in the county at a general election for a term of 5 years. To be eligible for election as county governor, a person must be eligible for election as a member of the county assembly. If re-elected, can serve for another final term of 5 years. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 120 Each candidate for election as county governor nominates a person as his her running mate to be the deputy governor. Removal of a County Governor from office. A governor may be removed from office under the following grounds; a Gross violation of the Constitution or any other law. B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical or mental incapacity that hinders performance of the functions of office. |
B When the county governor commits a crime under national or international law. C When the governor abuses office or is accused of gross misconduct. D When he she suffers from Physical or mental incapacity that hinders performance of the functions of office. The office of the county governor falls vacant when the holder of office; a Dies. B Resigns, in writing, addressed to the speaker of the county assembly. C Is convicted of an offence punishable by imprisonment for atleast twelve months. D Ceases to be eligible to be elected as a county governor. E Is removed from office under the constitution. The deputy county governor assumes office as a county governor for the remainder of the term of the county governor when a vacancy arises. Where the deputy governor is unable to act or his office is also vacant, the speaker acts as governor and elections must be held within sixty days after the speaker assumes office. THE COUNTY ASSEMBLY The composition of a County Assembly in Kenya is as follows; A county assembly consists of Members one member per ward elected by the registered voters of the wards in a general election. Members of special seats no more than two-thirds of the membership of the assembly is of the same gender. Members of marginalized groups, including persons with disabilities and the youth. The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. Nb-The members for special seats and marginalized communities are nominated by political parties in proportion to the seats received in the election in a particular county. The functions of a county assembly. A County assemblies make laws for the effective performance of the county government. B It acts as a watch dog over the county executive committee. C It receives and approves plans and policies for managing and exploiting the county s resources, and, developing and managing the infrastructure and institutions. Conditions that must be met by a person seeking for election to a County Assembly. A The person must be a registered as a voter in his her county. B The person must have been a Kenyan citizen for atleast ten years before the elections. C The person must be able to read and write in English and Kiswahili. D He or she must be of sound mind. E The person must be of unquestionable morals and ethics f If a public officer, he she must relinquish his her public work. |
The Composition and membership of the National Assembly. The National Assembly consists of; a Two hundred and ninety members, each elected by the registered voters of single member constituencies. B Forty-seven women, each elected by the registered voters of the counties, each county constituting a single member constituency. C twelve members nominated by parliamentary political parties according to their proportion of members of the National Assembly to represent special interests including the youth, persons with disabilities and workers. D The Speaker, who is an ex officio member. Membership of the Senate The Senate consists of; a forty-seven members each elected by the registered voters of the counties, each county constituting a single member constituencyKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 122 b Sixteen women members nominated by political parties according to their proportion of members of the Senate elected. C Two members, being one man and one woman, representing the youth. D Two members, being one man and one woman, representing persons with disabilities. E The Speaker, who shall be an ex officio member. The official languages of parliament are English, Kiswahili and Kenyan sign language. Parliament quorum is 50 members for the national assembly and 15 members for the senate. Office of parliament. The following are the officers of parliament; Speakers and deputy speakers. Two Speakers, ex-officio member, one for each of the two houses. Each is elected by members of the respective house from among persons who are qualified to be elected as members of parliament but are not MPs. A deputy speaker is elected from among members of each of the houses by the mps. Their offices become vacant when; A new house of parliament first meets after an election. When he she resigns, dies. When a house resolution of two-thirds removes him her from office. The speakers Preside at any sitting of the house. In a joint meeting of the two houses, the speaker of the national assembly assisted by that of the senate presides over. The speaker has no vote in parliament and in case of a tie, The question is lost. The six speakers in Kenya since independence include; 1. 2008-upto date- Kenneth Marende. 2. 1993-2007- Francis Ole Kaparo 3. 1991- 1992-Professor Jonathan Ngeno 4. 1988- 1990-Moses Arap Keino 5. |
1993-2007- Francis Ole Kaparo 3. 1991- 1992-Professor Jonathan Ngeno 4. 1988- 1990-Moses Arap Keino 5. 1970 1987-Fredrick Mbiti Mati. 6. 1964-1969-Humphrey Slade became the first speaker of the single house. 7. 1963- Muinga Chokwe speaker of the upper house 8. 1963- Humphrey slade speaker of the lower house . Role of the speaker. A He she presides over the proceedings of the house and ensures that they are conducted in accordance with the rules of procedure. He enforces standing orders in the house. B The speaker disciplines members of the house who violate standing orders by ordering such them to leave the house or be barred from attending three house consecutive sittings. C Maintains order during debates and enforces rules which govern conduct of the house. The speaker interprets the rules of the house. D He she gives the MPs chance to contribute towards house debates to ensure that the minority are given a fair hearing before the will of the majority prevails. E He she represents and protects the authority of the house. F He she organizes and determines the business to be conducted in the house by receiving Bills, motions and questions for discussion in the house, and then prepares an order paper. G He she adjourns sittings if the house lacks a quorum. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 123 h He she keeps and maintains the attendance register and grants permission to MPs to be absent from sessions. MPs going out of the country must inform the speaker of their absence from Kenya. I He she heads the National Assembly department and takes charge of its general administration and welfare. He she is responsible for preserving dignity and order and for the comfort and convenience of the members and staff within parliament buildings. J He she chairs the speaker s committee, the committee of powers and Privileges and the standing Order Committee. K The speaker issues orders and makes rules for the regulation of visitors to parliament and represent parliament in its relations with foreign countries. L The speaker chairs the branches of the commonwealth Parliamentary Association, InterParliamentary Union and the Union of African Parliaments. He she represents Parliament at the commonwealth speaker s conference. |
K The speaker issues orders and makes rules for the regulation of visitors to parliament and represent parliament in its relations with foreign countries. L The speaker chairs the branches of the commonwealth Parliamentary Association, InterParliamentary Union and the Union of African Parliaments. He she represents Parliament at the commonwealth speaker s conference. M He she declares parliamentary seats vacant and issues writs for general elections and byelections. N He she receives and accepts letters of resignation from members of parliament. O He she swears in members of parliament before participating in the House deliberations. P He, summons parliament to a new when parliamentarians are on recess. Party leaders As part of parliament officers, there is the leader of the majority party and leader of minority party. The majority party leader is the person who is the leader in the national assembly of the largest party or coalition of parties. The minority party leader is the person who is the leader in the national assembly of the second largest party or coalition of parties. Role of party leaders. A They promote and uphold national unity through party activities. B They enforce adherence to principles of good governance, democracy and upholding human rights and fundamental freedoms and gender equality and equity. C The leaders work to advance the goals of the party and ensure their programme is carried out to the satisfaction of the party. D The leader of the majority party has to ensure and maintain support for legislation. E The leader of the minority party has to protect the rights of the minority. F The leader of the majority party has to ensure accountability and transparency in the party. And the government. Functions of parliament in Kenya. A The elected members of parliament Represents the will of the people, and exercises their sovereignty. B Parliament considers and passes amendments to the Constitution c It has powers to alter county boundaries as provided for in the Constitution. D Parliament has the duty to protect the Constitution and promote the democratic governance of the Republic. E Parliament is the sole body that has the power to make provision having the force of law inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 124 Kenya Functions of the National Assembly in Kenya. A The national assembly represents the will of the people and expresses their sovereignty since it represents people from the 290 constituencies and special interest groups. B The National Assembly deliberates on and resolves issues of concern to the people in the Constituencies and special interest groups. |
E Parliament is the sole body that has the power to make provision having the force of law inKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 124 Kenya Functions of the National Assembly in Kenya. A The national assembly represents the will of the people and expresses their sovereignty since it represents people from the 290 constituencies and special interest groups. B The National Assembly deliberates on and resolves issues of concern to the people in the Constituencies and special interest groups. C The National Assembly enacts legislation that affect the nation-not the county government. For example the money bill may be introduced only in the national assembly. D The National Assembly determines the allocation of national revenue between the levels of government it controls revenue and expenditure in the republic. E It appropriates funds for expenditure by the national government and other national State organs it exercises oversight over national revenue and its expenditure. F The National Assembly reviews the conduct in office of the President, the Deputy President and other State officers It may initiate the process of removing them from office. G The National Assembly approves declarations of war and extensions of states of emergency. Functions of the Senate in Kenya. A The Senate represents the counties, and serves to protect the interests of the counties and their governments. B The Senate participates in the law-making function of Parliament by considering, debating and approving Bills concerning counties. C The Senate determines the allocation of national revenue among counties It exercises oversight over national revenue allocated to the county governments. D The Senate participates in the oversight of State officers by considering and determining any resolution to remove the President or Deputy President from office. The process of law making in Kenya. What is law making? This is the process of enacting new laws or amending the existing ones. The two conditions for the start of a law making process are a The presence of a speaker or his deputy. B A quorum of fifty members of the national assembly. C A quorum of 15 members of the senate. What is a bill? A bill is a proposed piece of legislation law . Bills originate in the National Assembly. A Bill not concerning county government is considered only in the National Assembly, and passed in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Assembly. A Bill concerning county government may originate in the National Assembly or the Senate, and is passed in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Houses. |
Bills originate in the National Assembly. A Bill not concerning county government is considered only in the National Assembly, and passed in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Assembly. A Bill concerning county government may originate in the National Assembly or the Senate, and is passed in accordance with the Standing Orders of the Houses. Bills are classified into two; a Public Bill- these deal with matters of public policy that affect all citizens of Kenya. They are also categorized into two; a. Government Bill-introduced by cabinet secretaries. B. Private member s Bill.-introduced by back-benchers in the national assemblyKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 125 a Private Bill.-this is a bill that affects a particular person, associations or people living in a small part of the country. Money Bill This a bill that has provisions dealing with taxes, payment of charges by public, appropriation , receipt ,custody or issue of public money, raising or guaranteeing of any loan, its repayment or other matters relating to such monies. The process The government departments and public offices to be affected by a bill consult first before it is drafted. A bill is then drafted by the government draftsman the parliamentary counsel in the attorney general s chambers. When the cabinet is satisfied with the draft, it is published in the Kenya gazette at least fourteen days before it is introduced to parliament. The main purpose of this is to give the public chance to view and criticize the Bill. The draft proposal is also presented to parliament to give members chance to research on it on preparation for a debate in the future. A Bill is first introduced by any member or committee of the relevant House of Parliament, but a money Bill may be introduced only in the National Assembly. Before either House considers a Bill, the Speakers of the National Assembly and Senate jointly resolve any question as to whether it is a Bill concerning counties and, if it is, whether it is a special or an ordinary Bill. When any Bill concerning county government has been passed by one House of Parliament, the Speaker of that House refers it to the Speaker of the other House. If both Houses pass the Bill in the same form, the Speaker of the House in which the Bill originated shall, within seven days, refer the Bill to the President for assent. |
Before either House considers a Bill, the Speakers of the National Assembly and Senate jointly resolve any question as to whether it is a Bill concerning counties and, if it is, whether it is a special or an ordinary Bill. When any Bill concerning county government has been passed by one House of Parliament, the Speaker of that House refers it to the Speaker of the other House. If both Houses pass the Bill in the same form, the Speaker of the House in which the Bill originated shall, within seven days, refer the Bill to the President for assent. The National Assembly may amend or veto a special Bill that has been passed by the Senate only by a resolution supported by at least two-thirds of the members of the Assembly. Within fourteen days after receipt of a Bill, the President assents to the Bill; or refer the Bill back to Parliament for reconsideration by Parliament, noting any reservations that the President has concerning the Bill. When a bill is referred back to parliament, the following procedure is followed; a Parliament may amend the bill in light of the president s reservations or pass the bill a second time without amendments. B If parliament amends the Bill after consideration of the president s reservations, the speaker must resubmit the bill to the president for assent. C Parliament could pass the bill without amendments or with amendments that do not fully accommodate the president s reservations if supported by; Two-thirds of the members of the national assembly, and Two-thirds of the delegations in the senate, if the bill requires approval of the senate. The bill then has to be submitted by the appropriate speaker to the president for assent within seven days. If the president fails to assent the bill within seven days, the bill will be considered acted upon and therefore considered null and void. The process of the bill coming into force as a law. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 126 After presidential assent, a Bill becomes a law or an act of parliament. It is then published in the official gazette, the Kenya gazette, within seven days after assent. Sections of it may also be published in the local dailies so as to publicize the law to all residents in the country. The Act of parliament then comes into force as a law on the fourteenth day after its publication in the Kenya Gazette unless the Act specifies a different date or time when it will come into force. The law then binds everybody in the country. |
Sections of it may also be published in the local dailies so as to publicize the law to all residents in the country. The Act of parliament then comes into force as a law on the fourteenth day after its publication in the Kenya Gazette unless the Act specifies a different date or time when it will come into force. The law then binds everybody in the country. Special Bills concerning county governments. Such Bills, when passed by senate, can only be amended or vetoed by National Assembly by a resolution of 2 3 of the members. When the veto or amend fails to pass, the speaker of the National Assembly must within seven days refer the Bill in the form adopted by the senate to the president for assent. Ordinary Bills concerning counties. If one house passes an ordinary bill concerning counties and the second house rejects it , the Bill must be referred to the mediation committee. A mediation committee refers to a committee comprising equal number of members from both houses appointed by the speaker with the task of formulating a version of the Bill that both Houses could pass. Both houses will then vote to pass or reject the formulated version. The Bill is considered rejected if the committee fails to reach an agreed version within 30 days. If the second House passes it in an amended form, the bill must be taken back to the originating house for consideration. If the originating house passes it as amended; it is referred to the president for assent within seven days. If it rejects it, it is referred to the mediation committee. Parliamentary supremacy Meaning of parliamentary supremacy This refers to the sovereign power exercised by parliament which makes law for the country. Parliament is supreme because, through elections, it has the people s mandate to legislate and govern on their behalf and is the only means through which people control government. How parliamentary supremacy is upheld in Kenya. A It is the only Body that makes and repeals laws. Technically, a constitutional court can overrule an act of parliament, but parliament can change the law to prevent that from happening. B Parliament can remove the president from office by impeachment. A member of the national assembly, with the support of at least a third of all the members, may move an impeachment motion. C Parliament through an amendment of the constitution, can limit the powers of the executive. It can also pass a vote of no confidence in the government, compelling the president and his her cabinet secretaries to resign. |
A member of the national assembly, with the support of at least a third of all the members, may move an impeachment motion. C Parliament through an amendment of the constitution, can limit the powers of the executive. It can also pass a vote of no confidence in the government, compelling the president and his her cabinet secretaries to resign. D Cabinet secretaries are accountable to the parliament for their activities in the ministries under their control. They have to answer questions in parliament about their ministries. E Bills prepared by the cabinet have to be legislated by parliament, which is a law making body. F Parliament has to approve government expenditure. The Cabinet secretary in charge ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 127 Finance annually presents the budget to parliament for approval by MPs. -. The public accounts committee scrutinizes government expenditure. The Auditor and controllerGeneral check the expenditure of all ministries and reports to parliament. NB; - The upholding of parliamentary supremacy however depends largely on the integrity and maturity of members of the national assembly. Ways in which parliamentary supremacy in Kenya is limited. A Parliament cannot make laws that contradict traditional customs and practices of the people, unless people want change. B Parliament cannot pass a law that contradicts the constitution. The supremacy of the constitution is upheld. C Increased power of the cabinet can reduce parliament s authority. If the cabinet is too powerful, it may influence parliamentary decisions. D The president can limit the supremacy by making independent decisions. For example, the president has emergency powers which sidestep parliamentary supremacy. State of Emergency does not follow parliamentary directions. E Parliament supremacy can be limited by the application of international laws. Parliament may be forced to ratify a law out of necessity; failure to ratify an international law may invite punitive actions on the country. F Delegated legislation may also limit its powers, i.e. the operation of the county government by-laws may limit parliamentary supremacy although national legislation prevails over county legislation. G Referendum may be used to decide important issues as opposed to parliamentary decisions. Merits of parliamentary supremacy parliamentary system. A It increases harmony, since the legislature and the executive work together. This is realized when MPs, who represent the electorate, bring their views to the executive cabinet secretaries in the legislature. B This system allows ordinary citizens to participate in the governing process by electing their representatives to articulate their views on issues of national interest. |
A It increases harmony, since the legislature and the executive work together. This is realized when MPs, who represent the electorate, bring their views to the executive cabinet secretaries in the legislature. B This system allows ordinary citizens to participate in the governing process by electing their representatives to articulate their views on issues of national interest. C It ensures a responsible and responsive government since the cabinet is controlled by parliament in its actions. Cabinet cannot ignore public opinion, since people choose the MPs. Such could risk a vote of no confidence. D It instills a sense of responsibility in the executive since cabinet secretaries have to sit and answer questions in the house. E The system legitimizes actions taken by the government, particularly when such actions originate from recommendations passed by the MPs- the people s representatives. F A parliamentary system gives citizens a chance to participate in national political leadership through presenting themselves for election as members of parliament or county assemblies. G It provides for regular elections, giving the electorate the chance to reject non-performing MPs and elect others who can perform. H Parliament is a training ground for effective leaders; the system enables Kenyans of ability and experience to prove their worth in parliamentary debates. Demerits of parliamentary supremacy. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 128 a It only works well where there are two parties; with one ruling while the other in opposition. In a case where there are more than two parties. A coalition government may be formed and this form of government is sometimes weak and unstable. Also where the legislature is dominated by one party, the cabinet tends to be dictatorial. B Such government may not be effective in times of emergencies. The head of government has to consult with the cabinet and the legislature before acting. C It weakens the executive. It compels the cabinet secretaries to spend most of their time in parliament instead of dealing with matters of their ministries. Terminative Role of Parliament in Kenya. This means that parliament has the power to impeach a president or pass a vote of no confidence in the government by a two-thirds vote majority of the national assembly, forcing the government to resign. Functions of the Parliamentary Service Commission a The Commission is responsible for providing services and facilities to ensure the efficient and effective functioning of Parliament b It is responsible for constituting offices in the house. |
He receives foreign diplomatic and consular reprentatives. B He is the head of Government. He nominates a deputy president to deputize him. He nominates and, with the approval of the national assembly, appoints or dismisses cabinet secretaries, the attorney general, the Director of Public Prosecutions, the secretary to the cabinet, Principal secretaries, High Commissioners, Ambassadors, and diplomatic and consular representatives, the chief justice and the deputy and all the judges in line with the recommendations of the Judicial Service Commission c He is the Commander-in-Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces He has powers to declare a state of emergency, declare war with the approval of parliament. He is the chairperson of the National Security Council of Kenya. D The President has the duty to safeguard the Constitution, ensure the protection of human rights and fundamental freedoms and the rule of law, safeguard the sovereignty of theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 130 republic, promote and enhance unity of the nation and promote respect for diversity. E The President has legislative powers to address the opening of each newly elected Parliament. He also addresses a special sitting of parliament once every year and any other time. F The President chairs Cabinet meetings and assigns responsibility for the implementation and administration of any Act of Parliament to a Cabinet Secretary. G He presides over national holidays during which he expounds on government policy. H He confers honours in the name of people and republic on men and women of Kenya for outstanding achievements. E.g. OGH, OBS, DSM, HSC and EBS. I He may, on petition of any person, exercise mercy powers in accordance with the advice of the advisory committee. E.g.; Grant a free or conditional pardon to a person convicted of an offence. Postpone execution of any punishment for an offender , for a specified period, or indefinitely Substitute a less severe form of punishment. Remit all or part of a punishment. J The President ensures that the international obligations of the Republic are fulfilled through the actions of the relevant Cabinet Secretaries. NB-the constitution provides the president with immunity from criminal proceedings during the tenure of office in respect of anything done or not done in exercise of the powers granted by the constitution. But this immunity does not extend to a crime for which the president may be prosecuted under any treaty to which Kenya is part to, and which prohibits such immunity. |
The office holder is nominated and appointed by the president, with the approval of theKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 132 national assembly. He she has the following responsibilities; a Taking charge of the cabinet office. B Arranging the business of the cabinet subject to its directions. C Keeping minutes of the cabinet. D Conveying decisions of the cabinet to the appropriate persons or authorities. E Serving other functions as directed by the cabinet. Principal Secretaries. Each state department is under the administration of a principal secretary. He she is nominated and appointed by the president from among persons recommended by the public service commission and approved by the national assembly. This office is an office in the public service. General Functions of the cabinet. A The cabinet Advises and assists the president in governing the country. B The cabinet Discusses matters of national and international concern with the president. C The cabinet Formulates government policies and programmes. During parliamentary debates, the secretaries defend the same policies, interpret them to the people and ensure their implementation. D The cabinet initiates new bills and table government bills in the National assembly. E Cabinet secretaries on their individual capacity give direction to operations within their ministries. F The secretary for finance formulates and prepares the national budget which he she then presents to the National Assembly. The principle of collective responsibility of the cabinet. A The cabinet does not work in the light of day. Cabinet must abide by oath of secrecy. B It requires that the cabinet must act together as a team. The cabinet must speak together with one voice on all matters of government policy. C All cabinet members are collectively responsible to parliament and to the people through parliament. One act of a cabinet secretary is taken to be an act of all the members of the cabinet. D A minister would resign if in his conscience he cannot abide by the principle of collective responsibility. The functions of the Attorney-General in Kenya. A The Attorney-General is the principal legal adviser to the Government. B He represents the national government in court or in any other legal proceedings to which the national government is a party, other than criminal proceedings. C He performs any other functions conferred on the office by an Act of Parliament or by the President. D The Attorney-General has authority, to appear as a friend of the court in any civil proceedings to which the Government is not a party. |
B He represents the national government in court or in any other legal proceedings to which the national government is a party, other than criminal proceedings. C He performs any other functions conferred on the office by an Act of Parliament or by the President. D The Attorney-General has authority, to appear as a friend of the court in any civil proceedings to which the Government is not a party. E The Attorney-General has duty to promote, protect and uphold the rule of law and defend the public interest. The Director of public prosecutions. The DPP is nominated and with the approval of the National Assembly is appointed by the president to hold office for a term of eight years and can t be re-appointed. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 133 He she does not require the consent of any person or authority for the commencement of criminal proceedings. His her powers may be exercised in person or by subordinate officers acting under general or special instructions. A person qualified to be appointed a DPP should have the qualifications to be appointed a judge of the High Court. The functions of the Director of Public Prosecutions. A The Director of Public Prosecutions has power to direct the Inspector-General of the National Police Service to investigate any information or allegation of criminal conduct. B The Director of Public Prosecutions exercises State powers of prosecution and may institute and undertake criminal proceedings against any person before any court other than a court martial in respect of any offence alleged to have been committed. C He has powers to take over and continue any criminal proceedings commenced in any court other than a court martial that have been instituted or undertaken by another person or authority, with the permission of the person or authority. D He has powers to discontinue at any stage, before judgment is delivered, any criminal proceedings instituted by the Director of Public Prosecutions or taken over by the Director of Public Prosecutions. THE PUBLIC SERVICE The public service includes all state organs in both levels of government and all state corporations. Values and principles of public service a High standards of professional ethics. B Efficient, effective and economic use of resources. C Responsive, prompt, effective, impartial and equitable provision of services. D Involvement of the people in the process of policy making. E Accountability of administrative acts. F Transparency and provision to the public, of timely, accurate information. G Fair competition and merit as the basis of appointments and promotions h Representation of Kenya s diverse communities. |
E Accountability of administrative acts. F Transparency and provision to the public, of timely, accurate information. G Fair competition and merit as the basis of appointments and promotions h Representation of Kenya s diverse communities. I Providing adequate and equal opportunities for appointment, training and advancement at all levels of the public service, for women and men, members of all ethnic groups and persons with disability. The Public Service Commission. This is the body charged with the responsibility of recruiting, promoting and managing the affairs of the public servants in Kenya in order to make it a motivated and an efficient workforce. The commission consists of a chairperson, a vice chair person and seven other members appointed by the president with the approval of the National Assembly. The commission has a secretary who is the CEO and is appointed by the commission for a term of five years and is eligible for re-appointment. The following persons do not qualify for appointment to the commission; A person who in the proceeding five years, held office, or stood for elections as; i. A member of parliament or the county assembly. Ii. A member of the governing body of a political party. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 134 iii. If the person holds any state office. Iv. A holder of an office in a political organization that sponsors or supports a candidate for election as Member of Parliament or county assembly. Functions and powers of the Public Service Commission. A The Commission is responsible for establishment and abolishment of offices in the public service. B It appoints persons to hold or act in Offices in the public service and confirm appointments. C It exercises disciplinary control over and removes persons holding or acting in public offices. D It promotes the values and principles throughout the public service. E It investigates monitors and evaluates the organization, administration and personnel practices of the public service. F It has the duty to ensure that the public service is efficient and effective. G It develops human resources in the public service. H It reviews and makes recommendations to the national government in respect of conditions of service, code of conduct and qualifications of officers in the public service. I It evaluates and reports to the President and Parliament on the extent to which the values and principles that govern public service are complied with in the public service. J It hears and determines appeals in respect of county governments public service. |
B The National Intelligence Service. C The National Police Service. National Security Council This is a body whose main responsibility is to exercise supervisory control over national security organs Composition of the National Security Council The Council consists of a. The President. B. The Deputy President. C. The Cabinet Secretary responsible for Defence. D. The Cabinet Secretary responsible for foreign affairs. E. The Cabinet Secretary responsible for internal security. F. The Attorney-General. G. The Chief of Kenya Defence Forces. H. The Director-General of the National Intelligence Service. I. The Inspector-General of the National Police Service. Functions of the National Security Council in Kenya. A It exercises supervisory control over national security organs. B It has duty to integrate the domestic, foreign and military policies relating to national security in order to enable the national security organs to co-operate and function effectively. C It makes assessment and appraisal, the objectives, commitments and risks to the Republic in respect of actual and potential national security capabilities. D The Council reports annually to Parliament on the state of the security of Kenya e With the approval of Parliament, The Council is responsible for deploying national forces outside Kenya for regional or international peace support operations; or other support operations. F It approves the deployment of foreign forces in Kenya. The Kenya Defence Forces. The Kenya defence Forces comprises; a The Kenya Army, established in 1963 and which protects the country against external land-based aggression. B The Kenya Air force, established in 1963, disbanded in 1982 and renamed 82 Air force. It helps in the control of locust invasion. C The Kenya Navy, based in Mombasa and created in 1964, patrols Kenya s territorialKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 136 waters and is always on the alert for sea-borne invasions, and for illegal landings and departure, and unauthorized fishing by foreign vessels in Kenyan waters. Functions of the Kenya Defence forces. A The Defence Forces are responsible for the Defence and protection of the sovereignty and territorial integrity of the Republic. B They assist and cooperate with other authorities in situations of emergency or disaster. C They may be deployed to restore peace in any part of Kenya affected by unrest or instability only with the approval of the National Assembly. D The forces also assist in the preservation of internal security. For example the handling of the attempted coup by the Kenya Army in 1982. |
C They may be deployed to restore peace in any part of Kenya affected by unrest or instability only with the approval of the National Assembly. D The forces also assist in the preservation of internal security. For example the handling of the attempted coup by the Kenya Army in 1982. E They participate in nation building activities such as road and bridge construction. F The military also assists the public during emergencies and calamities such as floods, famine, fire outbreaks, landslides and other disasters. For example during the El Nino rains-construction of mobile bridge on Mombasa-Nairobi highway. G The Navy specializes in detecting and fighting off criminals who use water masses like the Indian Ocean to commit crimes within the Kenyan territory. E.g. Somali Pirates. H The Kenya Army takes part in peacekeeping Missions, such as the United Nations peace keeping operations in different parts of the world and also the African Union and Commonwealth. The Kenya Defence Council. Its composition is as follows; a The cabinet secretary responsible for defence is the chairperson. B The Chief of the Kenya Defence Forces. C The Three Commanders of the defence forces. D The Principal Secretary in the ministry responsible for defence. Functions. It is responsible for the overall policy, control and supervision of the Kenya Defence Forces. Challenges facing the Kenya Defence Forces. A There has being cases of indiscipline, such as the abortive coup attempt in 1982. B There have been rampant cases of corruption facing some members of the Kenya Defence Forces, especially on matters of recruitment of new members into the defence forces, purchase of military and police equipment and deployment of officers on specialized duties. C Tribalism, regionalism and nepotism have also been experienced in the Kenya Defence Forces, thereby demoralizing hardworking officers who are left out unfairly during promotions. D Sometimes the Kenya Defence Forces faces the problem of lack of adequate funds to equip the forces with good equipment to facilitate their work. E The majority of the military personnel are not provided with opportunities to acquire further education. F Piracy and militia attacks and raids at the Kenyan Borders also present a major security challenge to the Defence Forces. G Invasion of Kenya s territorial waters by foreign fishermen and foreign fishing vessels from the big nations challenges the ability of the Kenya Navy to curb illegal fishing. |
E The majority of the military personnel are not provided with opportunities to acquire further education. F Piracy and militia attacks and raids at the Kenyan Borders also present a major security challenge to the Defence Forces. G Invasion of Kenya s territorial waters by foreign fishermen and foreign fishing vessels from the big nations challenges the ability of the Kenya Navy to curb illegal fishing. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 137 h The location of Moi Airbase at Eastleigh presents a big challenge to the air force. The Airbase was built by Britain in 1964 when the population in the area was scarce. Today the area has human congestion i The defence forces also face challenges related to allegations on violations of human rights. After the 2008 elections violence, the Kenya Army was deployed to restore peace in Mt. Elgon, where they were accused of violating human rights by killing people, destroying property, and sexually assaulting women. The National Intelligence Service. Initially called the Special Branch, This is an independent civilian government agency dedicated to protecting the national security interests of Kenya and safeguarding its citizens from threats such as terrorism and corruption. Function of the National Intelligence Service a It is responsible for security intelligence and counter intelligence to enhance national security. B It liaises with the National police CID to investigate some of the threats that have criminal implications e.g. terrorism. And lay the appropriate charges. C Information gathered by the NIS assists the government in decision making and planning. D The NIS in its operations protects human rights issues and the individual freedoms. Challenges facing the National Intelligence Service. A Lack of trust from Kenyan citizens. The citizens are reluctant to provide information to NIS as they view it not to be any different from the former Special Branch which was known to be a tool of oppression and torture. B The body lacks financial credibility and political independence. The extent to which NIS is Neutral in its handling of sensitive affairs is questionable. C Lack of a clear distinction between accountability and necessary secrecy has sometimes brewed tension. It is difficult to audit the activities of the Body just like any other government organization, due to the nature of its tasks. D The growing volumes and complexity of communications presents a significant security challenge for national intelligence and government agencies that seek to intercept, process monitor and analyze it. E External and internal threats for example Al-shabaab militia from Somalia, Merille Warriors from Ethiopia and Al-Qaeda attacks. |
It is difficult to audit the activities of the Body just like any other government organization, due to the nature of its tasks. D The growing volumes and complexity of communications presents a significant security challenge for national intelligence and government agencies that seek to intercept, process monitor and analyze it. E External and internal threats for example Al-shabaab militia from Somalia, Merille Warriors from Ethiopia and Al-Qaeda attacks. Internally, the refugees hosted in Kenya and the illegal migrants from Somali and Sudan are also a threat. The problem of drug trafficking is also a threat. F Continuous capacity building training is a necessity, given the complexity of the task. However this remains a challenge. G Limited financial and human resources since inadequate funds are allocated to the service. This limits its operations. Sometimes even the staff employed is incompetent. H Political interference- with the aim of using the service to gain political mileage. I Ignorance of the Kenyan people on the kind of tasks the service undertakes and the advice it gives to the government. For example, anytime the country has been faced with tension or violence as was the case in 2008, the public seem not to understand the role of NIS. J The organ does not have implementation powers and is limited in terms of the ability to follow up an implementation of the advice given to the government. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 138 The National Police Service. The East African Protectorate Police was first created in the 1890s. In 1920, it was renamed the Kenya Police. In 1953, control of the entire police force was placed under the Commissioner of Police. The National Police service was established in 2010 with a mandate to function throughout Kenya. It is headed by the Inspector-General who appointed by the president with the approval of the parliament. He She exercises independent command over the national police service The National polices Service Consists of; a The Kenya Police Service, headed by a deputy inspector general also appointed by the president in accordance with the police service commission recommendations. B The Administration Police Service, headed by a deputy inspector general also appointed by the president in accordance with the police service commission recommendations. Functions of the National Police Service a The National Police Service is responsible for the operations of the Kenya police service and the Administration police service in Kenya. B It has the duty of ensuring the highest standards of professionalism and discipline among its members. |
B The Administration Police Service, headed by a deputy inspector general also appointed by the president in accordance with the police service commission recommendations. Functions of the National Police Service a The National Police Service is responsible for the operations of the Kenya police service and the Administration police service in Kenya. B It has the duty of ensuring the highest standards of professionalism and discipline among its members. C It has the duty to prevent corruption and promote and practice transparency and accountability. D It has the duty to ensure that organs operating under it comply with constitutional standards of human rights and fundamental freedoms. E It ensures that the staff is trained to the highest possible standards of competence and integrity and to respect human rights and fundamental freedoms and dignity. F It fosters and promotes relationships with the broader society. Functions of the police service Kenya police service and administration police service . A The police maintain law and order to ensure that those who break the law are arrested. B The police protect the law in order to safeguard both life and property. C It investigates crime and prosecutes offenders in the court. D The police confines suspected criminals in remand as they await the hearing and judgment of their cases in the court. E The police regulate traffic and arrests traffic offenders. They also check for defective or unroadworthy vehicles on the road in order to safeguard life. F Provides assistance and relief services to victims of natural calamities such as floods, fire outbreaks and other emergencies. G Takes part in national projects such as road construction, bridges, hospitals and other national facilities. H The police take a leading role during public holidays. They control the crowd and entertain people. I They liaise closely with international police Interpol , in order to investigate and arrest international criminals such as terrorists and notorious Somali pirates. Challenges facing the National Police Service a The police lack adequate transport and communication equipment necessary to discharge their duties. Lack of facilities such as radios, motor vehicles etc. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 139 b Frequent road accident and congestion on roads add pressure to police work. C Many members of the public in Kenya have Negative attitude towards the police making it difficult for them to discharge duties. D Poor conditions of work and remuneration demotivates the police force. E The police force has been accused of Corruption, sometimes demanding for money from the public. This undermines the maintenance of law and order. |
C Raising of qualification requirements for anybody aspiring to join the security organs. This has paved way for employment of university graduates in the forces. D Introduction of professional training programmes for officers with the aim of improving the effectiveness of the organs of national security. E The terms and conditions of service for the members of the security organs have been improvedKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 140 f Community policing has-been introduced to help the security forces to get information from the public through hotlines and suggestion boxes. G There is increased patrolling by the Kenya navy as far north as Somali border to address maritime defence more seriously. H The aviation experts have recommended the relocation of Moi Airbase from its current location which id congested. Correctional services. The Correctional service Department in Kenya has its origins in the adoption of the India Prisons Act in Kenya in 1894 by the colonial government. Initially, prisons were under the supervision of the provincial Administration. In 1963 the Prisons Act was enacted to harmonize the treatment and conditions of offenders in Kenya s penal institutions. The Act s milestone provisions were; a Youth corrective training centres b Extra-mural and penal employment c Provision for organization, discipline, power and duties of prisons officers. Correctional services in Kenya are provided by the former Kenya Prisons Service. The Kenya Prisons Reform Programmee in 2001 adopted The Open Door Policy under which the following reforms were initiated. A Interactive collaboration with all stakeholders in the administration of criminal justice such as courts of law and members of the National Police Service. B Improvement in the management and conditions of the prisons, including rehabilitation programmes, with a view to empower prisoners with knowledge and skill, hasten their reintegration into society and empower them to be law abiding citizens upon release. The functions of Correctional Services in Kenya. A They Rehabilitate correct criminals through counseling. B They deter known criminals from committing other crimes. C They administer Punishment to sentenced criminals as prescribed by the court rulingsimplement the decisions of the courts regarding treatment of prisoners. D They confine prisoners convicted by the courts of law to ensure that the rights and freedoms of the public are protected. E They provide vocational training for prisoners in fields that they make them productive citizens of the country at the end of their jail term. F They keep watch over he behaviors of suspected criminals whose cases are still pending in the law courts. |
D They confine prisoners convicted by the courts of law to ensure that the rights and freedoms of the public are protected. E They provide vocational training for prisoners in fields that they make them productive citizens of the country at the end of their jail term. F They keep watch over he behaviors of suspected criminals whose cases are still pending in the law courts. G They take care of the welfare of prisoners by providing them with the necessary medical attention. H They confine suspected dissidents who are a threat to state security. Challenges facing correctional services in Kenya a The challenge of overcrowding in prisoners on the rise, overcrowding in correctional facilities has been inevitable. This results in poor living and sanitation conditions for inmates. B Disease outbreak is a very common problem in our prisons mainly caused by inadequate and congested facilities. HIV and AIDS is rampant in prisons c Mistreatment of inmates by warders. This has once happened at Kingongo when someKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 141 inmates were allegedly tortured and killed by warders when they attempted to escape. D Food shortage, inadequate medical facilities and poor clothing further compound the situation in prisons. The following reforms have been undertaken to improve the conditions of correctional services in Kenya. A Improvement in the quality of food, medical services and living conditions for prisoners. B Provision of sufficient beddings and clothing. C Introduction of extra-mural Penal employment for petty offenders to ease congestion in the prisons. D There has been supply of new and comfortable motor vehicles for efficient transport in the correctional services department. E Petty offenders have been constantly released to ease congestion in prisons. For example the release of a record 11,500 prisoners in December 2003. Death row inmates who have also been in jail for over ten years have been released. F Easing of access to prisons visits by members of the public relatives. G Introduction of public Relations office to disseminate information. H Streamlining the hearing of cases with a view of keeping prisoners in remand for a short period before sentencing them. I The national government has also become directly involved the affairs of those receiving correction services. THE JUDICIARY. Judicial authority and legal system. Judicial Authority is derived from the people and is vested in courts and tribunals established by the constitution. Principles that guide Judicial Authority in Courts and Tribunals in Kenya. |
Judicial authority and legal system. Judicial Authority is derived from the people and is vested in courts and tribunals established by the constitution. Principles that guide Judicial Authority in Courts and Tribunals in Kenya. A Justice must be done to all, irrespective of status. B Justice shall not be delayed. C Alternative forms of dispute resolution must be pursued including reconciliation, mediation, arbitration and even traditional dispute resolution mechanism. D Justice shall be administered without undue regard to procedural technicalities. E The purposes and principles of the constitution must be protected and promoted. Ways in which the traditional Dispute resolution is limited in Kenya. A The mechanisms used in traditional dispute resolution should not contravene the Bill of RIGHTS. B The traditional court should not operate in a way that is repugnant to justice and morality or results in outcomes that are regnant to justice or morality. C The operations of the traditional courts should not be inconsistent with the constitution. The structure of the judicial system in Kenya. The Hierarchy of the court system in the Kenyan judiciary is in accordance with; a The seriousness of the cases the courts handle. B The punishment they give out c The geographical area of operation. The courts have either original or appellate jurisdiction. Difference between original and appellate jurisdictions. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 142 Original jurisdiction refers to the ability of a court to hear cases brought to a court for the first time. Appellate jurisdiction is the powers of a court to hear appeals brought in from a lower court. The Judiciary consists of the judges of the superior courts, magistrates, other judicial officers and staff. The Head of the Judiciary is the Chief Justice with the Deputy Chief Justice as the Deputy Head of the Judiciary. Chief Registrar of the Judiciary is the chief administrator and accounting officer of the Judiciary. The System of courts is as follows 1. Superior Courts Supreme Court consisting of the Chief Justice who is the president of the court, the Deputy Chief Justice-the vice-president of the court; and five other judges. Appointment to the Supreme Court requires the following qualifications; a. Degree in law from a recognized university or an advocate of the high Court of Kenya. B. Atleast fifteen years experience as a superior court judge or a distinguished academic, judicial officer, legal practioner and or other relevant legal field. C. High moral character, integrity and impartiality. |
Atleast fifteen years experience as a superior court judge or a distinguished academic, judicial officer, legal practioner and or other relevant legal field. C. High moral character, integrity and impartiality. Supreme Court Judges retire at the age of seventy Five Years. Functions of the Supreme Court of Kenya. A The Supreme Court has exclusive original jurisdiction to hear and determine disputes relating to the elections to the office of President. B It has appellate jurisdiction to hear and determine appeals from the Court of Appeal; and any other court or tribunal. C The Supreme Court gives an advisory opinion at the request of the national government, any State organ, or any county government with respect to any matter concerning county government. D It has of right in any case involving the interpretation or application of the Constitution. E All courts, other than the Supreme Court, are bound by the decisions of the Supreme Court 2. Court of Appeal consisting of judges, not fewer than twelve, a president of the Court of Appeal elected by the judges of the Court of Appeal from among themselves. The court of Appeal has membership of 30 Judges currently . Each judge to be appointed to the court of Appeal should have ten years experience as a superior court judge or atleast ten years as a distinguished academic or legal practioner. The court of appeal does not have original jurisdiction except on an application for a stay of execution pending appeal to it on contempt proceedings. Function of the Court of Appeal in Kenya. The Court of Appeal has jurisdiction to hear appeals from the High Court; and any other court or tribunal as prescribed by an Act of Parliament. 3. High Court headed by a Principal Judge of the High Court, who shall be elected by the judges of the High Court from among themselves. Functions of the high court of Kenya. A The High Court has unlimited original jurisdiction in criminal and civil Matters. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 143 b It has jurisdiction to determine the question whether a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights has been denied, violated, infringed or threatened. C It has jurisdiction to hear an appeal from a decision of a tribunal appointed to consider the removal of a person from office. For example, appeals from the courts martial, Business and rental Tribunals on matters related to the constitution. |
Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 143 b It has jurisdiction to determine the question whether a right or fundamental freedom in the Bill of Rights has been denied, violated, infringed or threatened. C It has jurisdiction to hear an appeal from a decision of a tribunal appointed to consider the removal of a person from office. For example, appeals from the courts martial, Business and rental Tribunals on matters related to the constitution. D It has jurisdiction to hear any question respecting the interpretation of the Constitution including the determination of the question whether any law is inconsistent with or in contravention of this Constitution; e It determines any matter relating to constitutional powers of State organs in respect of county governments and any matter relating to the constitutional relationship between the levels of government. F The High Court has supervisory jurisdiction over the subordinate courts and over any person, body or authority exercising a judicial or quasi-judicial function, but not over a superior court g It listens to appeals from the lower courts when the parties involved are not satisfied. H It deals with disputes that take place outside Kenya's territorial waters maritime. I It hears appeals from decisions made by professional disciplinary tribunals involving advocates of the high court and other members of the profession. J It acts as a constitution court by determining whether a case brought before it is constitutional or unconstitutional. K It listens to appeals from special courts when the parties are not satisfied with the decision made. L It corrects amends the irregularities in decisions made by lower courts. M It hears cases that carry death sentences involve large sums of money. N It deals with cases that concern land succession disputes. O It hears election petitions. P It exercises divorce jurisdictions in matrimonial matters, q It hears appeals from tribunals E.g. Rent Restrictions, Business Premises Rent Tribunal. Termination of the services of a judge from office. A judge can be dismissed from service on the following grounds. A Inability to perform the functions of the office arising from mental or physical incapacity. B A breach of a code of conduct prescribed for judges or superior courts by an act of parliament. C Bankruptcy. D Incompetence. E Gross misconduct or misbehavior. The process of removal of a judge from office. |
D Incompetence. E Gross misconduct or misbehavior. The process of removal of a judge from office. Such a process is initiated by the Judicial Service Commission on its own initiative or on petition of any person to it based on any of the dismissal grounds. The commission, if satisfied with the petition or initiative, forwards the matter to the president, who will suspend the said Judge, within Fourteen Days after receiving the petition and on advice of the Judicial Service Commission. A tribunal is then appointed to determine the case. If the Judge is aggrieved by the decision ofKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 144 the Tribunal, he she may appeal to the Supreme Court within ten days after the tribunal has made its recommendation. The president will finally act in accordance with the recommendation of the tribunal. 4. Subordinate courts. A The Magistrates courts. Its jurisdiction in both Civil and criminal cases is limited to geographical areas. However the courts have unlimited Jurisdiction in proceedings concerning claims under customary law such as dowry, divorce, legitimacy, inheritance and the administration of estates of the deceased person. They have unlimited jurisdiction in dealing with matters related to land, adultery and inheritance. These are the courts responsible for sentencing persons who have broken law of the land. Reasons why a person who has broken the law should be sentenced by a court. I. To deter the criminal from future crimes. Ii. To deter others from committing similar offences since they would have known the punishment for breaking the law. Iii. To secure for the public a period o protection from the offender who is in prison. Iv. To reform the criminal through counseling and corrective training v. To satisfy the demands of the people for retribution through punitive justice. B The Kadhis courts. The courts are headed by a Chief Kadhi and not fewer than three Kadhis Qualifications for appointment as a Kadhi. A. One must profess the Muslim religion. B. One must possess such knowledge of the Muslim law applicable to any sects of Muslims. The jurisdiction of the Kadhis Court is limited to the determination of questions of Muslim Law relating to personal status, marriage, divorce or inheritance in proceedings in which all concerned parties profess to the Muslim religion. C The Courts Martial. This is a subordinate court that was established under the Armed Forces Act after the abortive 82 Air force coup. It has penal or disciplinary powers to ensure discipline within the armed forces. |
C The Courts Martial. This is a subordinate court that was established under the Armed Forces Act after the abortive 82 Air force coup. It has penal or disciplinary powers to ensure discipline within the armed forces. They try cases involving assisting an enemy, cowardice, desertion, insubordination, neglect of duty, drunkenness, malingering and absence without leave. There is no right to appeal to the high court against the decisions of the courts martial unless they involve constitutional cases. Industrial Court Juvenile Court The Judicial Service Commission. Membership of the JSC is as follows. A The Chief Justice who is the Chairperson of the Commission. B One Supreme Court judge elected by the judges of the Supreme Court. C One court of appeal judge elected by the judges of the court of appeal. D One High Court Judge and one magistrate, of whom one must be a woman and one a man elected by members of the association of judges and magistrates. E The attorney General. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 145 f Two advocates , one woman and one man each with atleast fifteen years of experience, elected by members of the statutory body responsible for the professional regulation of advocates LSK g One person nominated by the public Service Commission. H One woman and one man to represent the public, not being a lawyer, appointed by the president with the approval of the national assembly. I The chief registrar of the Judiciary, who will be secretary to the commission. Members, except the AG and Chief Justice hold office for a term of 5 years and can be reappointed for one further term Functions of the Judicial Service Commission a The Judicial Service Commission promotes and facilitates the independence and accountability of the judiciary and the efficient, effective and transparent administration of justice. B It recommends to the President persons for appointment as judges. C It reviews and makes recommendations on the conditions of service of judges and judicial officers, other than their remuneration; and the staff of the Judiciary. D It appoints, receives complaints against, investigates and removes from office or otherwise discipline registrars, magistrates, other judicial officers and other staff of the Judiciary. E It prepares and implements programmes for the continuing education and training of judges and judicial officers. F It advises the national government on improving the efficiency of the administration of justice. The concept of Independence of the Judiciary in Kenya. |
E It prepares and implements programmes for the continuing education and training of judges and judicial officers. F It advises the national government on improving the efficiency of the administration of justice. The concept of Independence of the Judiciary in Kenya. A In the exercise of judicial authority, the Judiciary is subject only to the Constitution and the law and not to the control or direction of any person or authority. B The office of a judge of a superior court cannot be abolished while there is a substantive holder of the office. C A member of the Judiciary is not liable in an action or suit in respect of anything done or omitted to be done in good faith in the lawful performance of a judicial function. The Judicial Act protects Judges and Magistrates against any form of victimization and molestation. D There is a separate system of command for the judiciary unlike other government departments. E Appointment of the magistrates is done independently by JSC, which is independent of PSC. The president in consultation with the Judicial Service Commission appoints the Judges. F The judges are bound by the Oath of Allegiance to perform their duties without fear or favour. G Judges enjoy security of tenure. H Statutes fix salaries and allowances of Judges. Challenges facing the judiciary in Kenya. A There is constant Conflict between the three arms of government. This hinders the just operation of the judiciary. Too much interference from the Executive has undermined the independence of the Judiciary. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 146 b The long court processes have always delayed dispensation of justice in Kenya. C Corruption. This is common among the Judges who sometimes compromise their integrity due to greed Public doubts of its impartiality due to rampant corruption d Inadequate personnel. There are few qualified judges. For example in 2002, there were 47 judges serving a population of 30 million people. This causes delay in hearing of cases. E There is constant termination of cases by the Attorney General thereby denying justice to some genuine cases. F Poor co-ordination within the court system g Incompetence of some judicial officers. E.g. poor and inconsistent judgments. This has been attributed to flawed appointments and promotion procedures. H Lack of adequate funds to cater for the needs of the judiciary. This has led to inadequate court structures and facilities such as equipment, chairs, libraries etc. |
This has been attributed to flawed appointments and promotion procedures. H Lack of adequate funds to cater for the needs of the judiciary. This has led to inadequate court structures and facilities such as equipment, chairs, libraries etc. I Lack of continuous legal education to keep them a breast of the latest legal development and skills in information technology. J There is a lot of ignorance among the public in Kenya on judicial affairs and their legal rights ignorance on the legal rights. Members of the public fear the courts and the court language. K Information on the judiciary has not been made available to the public and it appears to be a preserve of a few. L Litigation fees are high limits public s access to the courts. Solutions to the problems facing Kenya s Judiciary. A There has been increased legal education given to officers and members of the public by the judiciary and other bodies like Kituo Cha Sheria, which releases information booklets and offers free legal advice to people. B The terms and conditions of service for judges and other officers were improved in 2002 in order to make them work better. C The government also set up a committee led by Justice Aaron Ringera in what was famously referred to as Judicial Surgery, to investigate the conduct of judges. Those who were adversely mentioned in the report were suspended. D The government has recruited more legal officers to reduce the backlog of cases in courts. E The passing of the Vetting of Judges and Magistrates Act, 2011 VJM Act In March 2011, established the Judges and Magistrates Vetting Board, chaired by Sharad Rao ,which is carrying out the vetting exercise to restore public confidence in the Judiciary. Some of the mile stone decisions undertaken to restore public confidence in the judiciary include; The suspension of Deputy CJ Nancy Baraza and her final resignation for harrassing an innocent security guard. Dropping of President of the Kenyan Appellate Court Justice Riaga Omollo for political bias and authoritarian demeanor while carrying out his activities on the bench. Dropping Judge Samuel Bosire for condoning torture of suspects during Coup trial in 1982. Dropping of Court of Appeal Judge Emmanuel Okubasu for being unsuitable to continue holding office. |
Dropping of President of the Kenyan Appellate Court Justice Riaga Omollo for political bias and authoritarian demeanor while carrying out his activities on the bench. Dropping Judge Samuel Bosire for condoning torture of suspects during Coup trial in 1982. Dropping of Court of Appeal Judge Emmanuel Okubasu for being unsuitable to continue holding office. Joseph NyamuKey notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 147 Justice Mohammed Ibrahim, though Praised as impartial and immune to corruption, was dropped for having an overflowing in-tray of cases Appellate judge Roselyn Nambuye was kicked out due to delays in delivering more than 270 judgements and being too wordy in her ruling. However Nambuye and Mohammed Ibrahim successfully appealed against the decision which once more saw their reinstatement on 21at September 2012 pending further investigations. The Rule of Law. Meaning of the Rule of Law . This is the absolute supremacy or predominance of regular law as opposed to arbitrary power. The concept is associated with the view of Albert Venn Dicey who published a book, The Law of the Constitution in 1895, in which he presupposes the supremacy of the law. That all persons whether individual or in government, are subject to the law. In Kenya, all citizens and residents are subject to and governed by the same law irrespective of their status, race and religion Elements of the rule of law. A The principle of legality. The state can only exercise those powers granted to it by the law. It should be a government of laws and not of men. B Separation of powers of the three arms of government. This refers to the practice of dividing the powers of government into the executive, legislature and judicial functions equally and putting in place a system of checks and balances to ensure they control each other. The three functions are to be independent of each other. C Equality before the law. Everyone should be treated equally under the law. D The judiciary must work without favour or the fear of intimidation in the administration of justice. The principles of the Rule of Law. Joseph Raz in an article titled, The Rule of Law and its Virtues outlines the following eight principles of the rule of law. A All laws should be prospective and open. A new law should only apply in future. B Laws should be durable and not changing every other day. |
A All laws should be prospective and open. A new law should only apply in future.b Laws should be durable and not changing every other day.c No centre of power, and specifically parliament, should enjoy monopoly right in making laws for citizens of a country, the judiciary should scrutinize parliament.d The independence of the judiciary should be protected.e The principal of natural justice should form an important element in the judicial system of a country.f There must be easy accessibility to the courts of law. They should neither be expensive nor intimidating.g The security forces should not use force in contravention of the law. Meaning of the concept of Natural Justice.it refers to the requirement that the bodies that resolve disputes adhere to at least minimum standard of fair decision making Two principles govern the Concept of Natural Justice.1.The person affected by an impending decision must have the right to a fair hearing prior to the decision being made. Key notes for the teacher and students- Cheloti 2013 Page 148 2.The person or body hearing the case should act in good faith and without Bias. The right to fair hearing a The accused must be given prior notice of the case against him and given a chance to respond.b The accused must be given chance of knowing the case against him and stating his own case.c The person charged should have opportunity to consider, challenge and contradict any evidence, being fully aware of the allegations leveled against him.d The person has a right to legal representation by a legally qualified person.e All legal decisions should have reasons within the law..The rule against Bias. Full inquiry must be conducted into the circumstances involved before the Arbitrator makes a decision. The decision made should be impartial with the adjudicator lacking interest in the outcome. A person is presumed innocent until proven otherwise and the police have no right to beat up suspects. End. |
Historical events must contain elements of truth. The study of humankind s past can be classified systematically into three; Social history- dealing with the traditions, values and cultural practices of a people Economic history; dealing with the means of livelihood of a people, such as hunting, gathering, agriculture and trade. Political history; dealing with the control system in a society, for example maintenance of law and order, leadership and security. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 2 THE MEANING OF GOVERNMENT Derived from the verb govern, government means to exercise authority over. To rule or control. Or having power to direct or conduct the policies and public affairs of a country or an institution. In our study, the term government refers to a group of people within a state or a country given authority to organize, direct and control the affairs of the state or country. In Kenya, the government has three arms. The legislature: - Commonly referred to as parliament, this is a law making arm of government. It includes the National assembly and the president. The executive: - this is the arm of government which implements laws. It includes the president, the cabinet and the civil service. The judiciary: - this is the arm of government responsible for seeing that the laws made are constitutional, that they are followed and that those who break them are punished. It is commonly referred to as the courts. Jean Jacques Rousseau, in his book, The Social Contract, describes government as an intermediate body set up by the subjects to ensure equity fairness and the execution of laws while maintaining social and political liberty In this sense, government is not dictatorial since its authority is derived from the people. People must however be free to choose their leaders, even remove those in power and replace them with others, in order to ensure the existence of the principal of fairness. FORMS OF GOVERNMENT There are four forms of government: Democratic government This is a type of government in which rulers regularly seek public mandate through popular vote. Such governments are based on the principles of free and fair elections. According to Abraham Lincoln, an American statesman, they are governments of the people, for the people and by the people .In such a government, freedoms and rights are provided for in the constitution that governs the law of the nation. |
FORMS OF GOVERNMENT There are four forms of government: Democratic government This is a type of government in which rulers regularly seek public mandate through popular vote. Such governments are based on the principles of free and fair elections. According to Abraham Lincoln, an American statesman, they are governments of the people, for the people and by the people .In such a government, freedoms and rights are provided for in the constitution that governs the law of the nation. Aristocratic government Aristos best Kratos - powers An aristocracy is a form of government in which a group of people from the highest social class the royalty- in a society rule over others. Any member of the nobility can seek election or appointment to a government office while other citizens who are less privileged are there to be ruled. The King or Queen is the head of government while senior positions in the gover-nment are given to the privileged members from among the nobles. The nobles are considered superior to others human beings because of the wealthy family back-ground they are born into and their superior education. They are considered a rare breed of people. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 3 Monarchical government This is a form of government where democracy is practiced but aristocratical power is respected. Parliament is the supreme organ but the monarchy- the royalty that are in power be it the king or queen is retained as a tradition, and respected as head of state. Monarchical governments are classified into two;Absolute monarchy: - which refers to the unrestricted power of the Head of State. The monarchy is dictatorial. Constitutional monarchy;- The monarchical power , which is restricted is determ-ined by what is spelt out in the constitution. Such a system of government is found in Lesotho and Britain. Dictatorial government Dictatorship is a system of government where the ruler has total power over his subjects. Dictators are the sole authority where they rule. They make the law and execute justice and exercise their rule forcefully, suppressing their subjects at will. They curtail freedom of other subjects and impose their will over others. Examples of world dictators; Adolf Hitler of Germany who instigated the Germans into believing they were superior race and incited them against the Jews. Idi Amin of Uganda who ruled with a rod of iron NB; the most ideal form of government is where the subjects go to the ballot to elect the people to lead them. |
K It provides intellectual fulfillment to the learner. Through an in -depth study of history, one s mind is enriched. Importance of studying government a It helps us to appreciate the importance of government. B Helps us understand how laws are made and enforced c Helps us understand the organs of the state and the powers vested in them d Helps us understand how government raises and spends revenue. E Helps us compare our government system with other systems of government in other countries. F Understand how development policies are formulated and implemented. G It makes us know our roles as citizens and the roles of the leaders who govern us. This makes better law-abiding citizens. H Its study helps us understand our responsibilities as well as the limitations within which e must operate for the well-being of every member of the society. I It helps us appreciate the constitution and the process of making and reviewing laws and statutes. J It influences career choices. For example, those who choose to specialize in public administration will find the study of government very useful. SOURCES OF INFORMATION ON HISTORY AND GOVERNMENT There three main sources of information on history and government; a Unwritten sources. B Written sources. C Electronic sources Unwritten sources This refers to historical information which is not recorded in writing. Unwritten sources of historical information include oral traditions, linguistics languages , Anthropology culture archaeology, paleontology and genetics. Oral traditions This refers to the practice of handing down historical information by word of mouth from one Generation to the next. This forms a very important source of historical information especially where exists a non-literate society who might not be able to read. Oral traditions include folk tales, proverbs, songs and stories. Songs, proverbs folktales and stories told to a younger generation have been very instrumental in the passing of information from one generation to the other. For example, a song about our struggle for independence in Kenya passes very important information to the younger generation, who not yet had born at that time. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 5 Advantages of oral traditions as a source of information a. Oral traditions hands over historical facts from one generation to another in the absence of written records. B. It is the best source of historical information since even the illiterate can learn their h history using oral traditions c. It is also a form of entertainment. |
B. It is the best source of historical information since even the illiterate can learn their h history using oral traditions c. It is also a form of entertainment. For example through songs, folktales stories and proverbs, people get entertained. D. It complements other sources of information. E. The source of information is captivating especially if it is narrated by a person who participated in the event himself. For example, an Ex- World War II veteran narrating about the war. Disadvantages of oral traditions as a source of information a. The truth and correctness of oral traditions become unreliable especially when the narrator deliberately conceals some information or lies. People tend to conceal their failures while talking so much about their success. B. Information can b exaggerated as they are transmitted by elders to successive generations. At times it is difficult to differentiate between what is real and what is imagined. C. Some information or facts may be forgotten or omitted since oral traditions depend heavily on human memory. This makes the information passed unreliable. D. Dates of information may be lacking. The source may not give correct chronology of events because it depends on human memory. It is common that people forget important dates and information about a particular past event. E. It is an expensive method. One has to pay for the informant s transportation, lunch and accommodation. A historian may also need to travel to far places to find information. F. It is time consuming. One requires a lot of time to interview one individual. Where many people are to be interviewed, it may take a long time. Linguistics This refers to the scientific study of languages. Historical linguistics is the study of language as it changes n the course of time. It seeks to trace the principles of language change and establish the current genealogical classification of a particular language. Such a study helps in discovering language form, content, vocabulary and historical experiences of the people who speak the language. Distribution of language and relationship between languages is important to a historian. People who speak related languages may be assumed to have a common origin, be connected, or had been in close contact at sometime in the past. Variations between languages of the same family can show how long ago the break in contact occurred. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Advantages of linguistics as a source of information a. Through linguistics, Facts can be obtained about the movement of people and their relationship. |
People who speak related languages may be assumed to have a common origin, be connected, or had been in close contact at sometime in the past. Variations between languages of the same family can show how long ago the break in contact occurred. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 6 Advantages of linguistics as a source of information a. Through linguistics, Facts can be obtained about the movement of people and their relationship. Such information helps experts to correctly group languages according to language families. B. It helps us understand communities better as people with a common language may have common origin. It is good for establishing facts on origin, migration and settlement. C. Linguistics complements other sources of historical information. For example, language as a medium of communication helps those using oral tradition to gather information from various sources. D. Language has enabled historical linguists to discover links between different people which were previously unknown. E.g. it is now known that the Bantus had a common origin and possibly spoke one language. However due to long periods of separation between various Bantu groups, through migrations, these groups may not understand each other s language today. E. Linguistics helps in the dating of migration of people. Language drawn from a parent language will change in a certain way and rate through time. When comparing parent language with derived language, it is possible to know how long the derived language has independently from the parent language. E.g. Sheng language and Kiswahili parent language . Limitations in the use of linguistics as a source of information a. It is time consuming learning a language takes a long time therefore delaying acquisition of information. B. There is a danger of omitting a word when translating a language. In the process, vital information about a people s history may be lost. C. Inaccurate information can be passed on where wrong words are borrowed from other languages. D. Some words may just be difficult to understand. E. Some languages have become archaic and irrelevant hence difficult to translate. F. Misinterpretation of words may make them difficult to understand. G. Linguistic analysis for classification purposes may fail to take into account languages with time. H. One word may have different meanings in different languages. This can easily confuse a researcher. For example, Nyoro in Kikuyu means smooth , while the same word in Luo means yesterday . I. |
This can easily confuse a researcher. For example, Nyoro in Kikuyu means smooth , while the same word in Luo means yesterday . I. Lack of original speakers in the language under study limits research findings. Anthropology This is the study of human beings, their origin, development, customs, beliefs, and social attributes like music, dance, drama, and religious beliefs and practices. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 7 Anthropologists have to live among the people under study in order to experience their way of life in order to understand and explain structures of societies, forms of social organization, institutions, descent, marriage, forms of government, systems of inheritance, religious customs and cultural values. The anthropological description of the beliefs and customs of a people will help the historian to determine the cultural past of the people Advantages of anthropology as a source of information a. By living among the people, anthropologists help to discover, understand and explain structures of societies, forms of social organization, cultures, etc. B. Anthropologists assist historians to determine the cultural past of the people. C. It also gives a deeper understanding of a particular aspect of a people s culture. Limitations in the use of anthropology as a source of information a. It is an expensive method as it involves living among the people. B. It is a time-consuming method of acquiring information. C. It is difficult for a researcher to adapt to the environment since the people they are studying may be of a totally different culture. Where they succeed in adapting, they face the risk of losing their own culture. D. People under study may try to behave differently when the researcher is around. A researcher may therefore miss important details. Genetic studies Genetics is the scientific study of the ways in which characteristics are passed from parents to their offspring. The study of heredity and the variation of inherited characteristics. It deals with the ay human beings adapted to the circumstances in their environment and utilized available plants and animals to meet their needs. When used in relation to pants genetic studies helps us trace the origin of various species by identifying them with the region where large numbers of them are found today. After this, interpretation of their movement is made. The appearance of new cultivated varieties can be identified with the people whose economy they form a part. Also, common genes or characteristics among a group of people may indicate some relationships. |
After this, interpretation of their movement is made. The appearance of new cultivated varieties can be identified with the people whose economy they form a part. Also, common genes or characteristics among a group of people may indicate some relationships. Archaeology and paleontology Archaeology is the study of man s past through scientific analysis of the remains of material remains of his culture, e.g. weapons, tools, houses, clothing, utensils, paintings sculpture, pottery, coins, jewellery, cutlery, beads and work o arts. The archaeologist reconstructs the activities and way of life of people who lived in prehistoric times from various evidence remains of the material culture. Other items that can be used in archaeology include remains of charcoal and carbo-nized seeds, remains of cloth or garments, remains of dwelling laces. After studying the available artifacts, the archaeologist formulates his concept of a people s civilization at the time the artifacts were used. The existence of artifacts in an area can enable the historian to deduce the material culture of the people who lived n the past. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 8 Palaeontology is the scientific study of the evolution and structure of extinct plants and animals fossils through scientific examination of fossil remains. Historians and archaeologists work with natural scientists like paleontologists, geologists and ecologists and chemistry in discovering fossils, getting information about soil structure, interpreting man s relationship to his environment and dating of fossils. Methods used by archaeologists and paleontologists in discovering a historical site. A By looking at areas where tectonic forces faulting or erosion have occurred. In such areas, surfaces which may give important clues to the point of finding fossils and artefacts are exposed. B Use of vision. Sometimes vision may help them find on the surface a small part of an early settlement such as a few stones in a regular pattern. C Use of historical research. A place that may be mentioned in a historical document or in an oral narrative may give a clue to the geography of the area and open up further inquiries into the past civilization of such a clue.e.g Omo River Valley, Olduvai Gorge, Ur and Babylon. D Use of experience. An archaeologist may also use his long experience and skill to identify a potential site for archaeological excavation. E During cultivation and building construction, farmers and builders may accidentally expose ancient objects that could arouse the curiosity of researchers. |
D Use of experience. An archaeologist may also use his long experience and skill to identify a potential site for archaeological excavation. E During cultivation and building construction, farmers and builders may accidentally expose ancient objects that could arouse the curiosity of researchers. For example Nyayo ya Mungu in Tanzania was a single footprint on a rock surface that was found in 1995 and became evidence of the existence of early human beings. Advantages of using archaeology a Archaeology gives us detailed information on material culture that other sources may not have. B Archaeology gives a sense of time, as the artifacts are dated. C It complements other sources of information and thus ensures authenticity of the information. D It provides information of varied nature depending on the materials found on the site. For example, if tools, weapons, coins, bones, rock paintings and other items are located, at a site, a lot of information maybe deduced. Limitations of using archaeology a It is an expensive source of information. This is because one has to hire labourers to excavate the site and get artefacts and take them to laboratories for analysis. B It is a time-consuming method. The researcher needs a lot of time to prepare for an excavation and take material for analysis in laboratories. C It is sometime difficult for archaeologists to locate an archaeological site. D Some artefacts and fossils are fragile and can therefore break or disintegrate during excavation. This may result in distortion of the analysis of the artefacts. E Archaeology is only limited to the study of the ancient period and therefore cannot be used to study recent history. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 9 f Archaeological information may sometimes be inaccurate since it is often bases on inferences conclusions and reconstructions. G With archaeology, it may not be easy to accurately determine the date when events took place. It is only estimated through the method of dating fossils. H There are very few archaeological experts and facilities for interpreting archaeological evidence in Kenya. Quite often, artefacts excavated from Kenya are taken to European countries for dating and analysis. What things do archaeologists use to construct the activities of people who lived in prehistory times? A Looking for regions of tectonism faulting associated with fossils and artifacts. B They look for unique features e.g. stone patterns. |
A Looking for regions of tectonism faulting associated with fossils and artifacts. B They look for unique features e.g. stone patterns. C Remains of fossils and artifacts dug out by farmers and constructors. D They dig, excavate for artifacts and fossils. E They study artifacts and fossils found. F They make research in regions associated with evolution of man e.g. rift valley. G They classify the artifacts and fossils. H They use chemical and scientific methods to find ages of their findings e.g. carbon 14dating method What problems face archaeologists in their work of re writing history using unwritten sources? A The exercise is too expensive. B It is dangerous and tedious. Animals like wild dogs can attack scientists. C Identification of the site is not easy because some artifacts are buried. D Some artifacts can be destroyed in the process of digging. E Dating of fossils is difficult. F Personnel are few hence more work. G Poor infrastructure in rural areas where their researches are mainly based h Archaeologists may suffer from diseases caused by changes in climate. I Sometimes the climate of their residence differs from that of the place they are taking METHODS OF DATING FOSSILS There are six methods through which scientists may use to arrive at the age of fossils. 1. Geological periods These are periods that have been given names by paleontologists and geologists for the past ages. They are characterized by the successive type of pants and animals found, and the climatic changes. The recent period is the Holocene period which began 10,000 years ago at the end of the Pleistocene. 2. Chemical dating They exist in two types: a Radio- carbon dating For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 10 This method involves a measure of the rate of decay of carbon -14 in fossils and organic substances. Carbon -14 is a naturally existing radioactive element isotope of carbon of relative atomic mass fourteen and is found in the Carbon Dioxide which is present in the atmosphere. It is absorbed by plants and consequently by all living organisms during their lifetime. When plant or animal dies, absorption stops. Carbon -14 already absorbed begins to disintegrate at a fixed rate from the time of death. |
Carbon -14 is a naturally existing radioactive element isotope of carbon of relative atomic mass fourteen and is found in the Carbon Dioxide which is present in the atmosphere. It is absorbed by plants and consequently by all living organisms during their lifetime. When plant or animal dies, absorption stops. Carbon -14 already absorbed begins to disintegrate at a fixed rate from the time of death. If the amount of carbon -14 still remaining in an organic sample can be measured and related to the content of the isotope in the modern plant or animal, the rate of decay will be known. The date at which the sample was buried will e known. The measurement tells us how long it is since the organism died. The unit of measuring is known as half-life- the number of years it takes for half the carbon -14 to decay. However the accuracy of radio-carbon dating is limited to up to 40,000 years ago. B Potassium argon method This is the method used to date volcanic ash. During volcanic eruptions, potassium is emitted. As soon as the potassium is deposited, the radio-active potassium-40 immediately begins to decay into the gas argon. It is assumed that the argon is retained in the mineral or rock unless there is earth movement. Given that the rate of decay of potassium is known, the amount of argon-40 compared with the amount of potassium, gives a direct measure of age. Because of the slower rate of decay of potassium than the decay of carbon-14, the potassium argon method is used for dates ranging from hundreds of millions of years to 30,000 years. Recently methods have been developed for measuring the potassium and argon simultaneously on the same sample using nuclear. 3. Stratigraphy This is the study and interpretation of the layers of rock successively deposited at one place. It is useful in determining dates for areas affected by sedimentation. Through Stratigraphy, a geological time-chart is obtained showing which rock was formed earlier or later. 4. Fission-track dating This is a method developed for dating Pleistocene samples. The ages of glass and other mineral objects estimated by observing the tracks made in them by the fission fragments of uranium nuclei they contain. It requires that Uranium must be present. The age obtained dates from the time the object solidified. |
The ages of glass and other mineral objects estimated by observing the tracks made in them by the fission fragments of uranium nuclei they contain. It requires that Uranium must be present. The age obtained dates from the time the object solidified. This method has been proved reliable by being able to provide same reading from a sample of glass with a lump of pumice from Olduvai Gorge corresponding with the potassium argon dates from the same layer. 5. Lexico-statistics dating Lexico-statistics is the statistical study of the vocabulary of languages with the intentions of determining their ages and their historical links with other languages. The study is based on the assumption that all languages have a basic vocabulary which will change slowly at a common rate for all languages at all times. The existence of reconstructed vocabulary of the parent language in derivative languages shows the For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 11 Relationship between the two Glottochronology, a subdivision of Lexico-statistics, attempts to establish that languages are historically related .by this method, there is an effort to express rates of language development by formulae precise enough to enable dates when change occurred to be calculated 6. Statistical dating Through a system of averaging, the length of a generation can be determined for a Particular society and dates estimated for events associated with certain generations. If the number and names of successive age-sets are remembered, the same system of averaging can be used. Advantages of using unwritten sources of information on history and government a Information about people s movement and relationship is given. B It is very efficient where there still existed illiteracy and people could not write or read. C It informs us of events in the absence of written materials. D Data received is primary firsthand so accuracy is enhanced. E Materials collected or excavated can be stored in museums for future reference. F They create employment in museums where they are stored. G Information not captured by written sources can be obtained from oral traditions. H There is a sense of reality as it involves things that are seen and touched. I Unwritten sources especially linguistics help in discovering the links between different people, which were previously unknown. J Detailed information on material culture may be obtained. K Dating of the migration of people is more accurate in unwritten sources e.g. In linguistics. Written sources These are sources in which letters or any other symbols have been put on the surface for the purpose of communication. |
K Dating of the migration of people is more accurate in unwritten sources e.g. In linguistics. Written sources These are sources in which letters or any other symbols have been put on the surface for the purpose of communication. They include books, archives, constitutions, journals, novels, plays, newspapers, magazines, documentaries, dairies, annual reports, periodical and paintings. Written sources are classified into two; a Archives and early manuscripts Archives are a collection of historical documents or records, especially those carrying classified information of a government or an organization, which after a period of time are accessible to the public. They are also places where government, public and other historical records are kept.-they are resource centres for information. A manuscript is an author s handwritten or typed text that has not yet been published. Early manuscripts include stone tablets and scrolls. The bible and Quran are based on these two. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 12 b Printed sources They include books, journals, novels, plays, newspapers, magazines, documentaries, dairies and annual reports. Photographs employ both electronic and printing processes but basically fall under printed sourcesWorks of fiction such as films plays and novels are important source of historical information. Fiction is literature in form of prose, especially novels that describe imaginary events and people .Since work of fiction involves feelings and emotions, they can give more information about history. Also reading good historical novels arouses interest in history and gives the reader intellectual fulfillment. Newspapers convey new or fresh events, which with the passing of time becomes history. Advantages of written records a Written records preserve history since events are recorded for future reference. They are a store of information. B Written information can reach or be distributed to all literate people all over the world. C Written sources are less costly compared to those of anthropology or archaeology. D Unlike oral tradition sources which are largely dependent on human memory, written sources are more accurate as information is preserved exactly as it was recorded. E Written records may be written or translated into different languages thus reaching different people all over the world. F Written records are in most cases reliable as biases and prejudices coming from authors can be limited. This can be done by comparing written material with statistical data from other sources. Limitations a Where an author omits essential information for one reason or another, a written source may be rendered quite unreliable. |
F Written records are in most cases reliable as biases and prejudices coming from authors can be limited. This can be done by comparing written material with statistical data from other sources. Limitations a Where an author omits essential information for one reason or another, a written source may be rendered quite unreliable. B Written information may be misunderstood or misinterpreted by readers either with the intention of discrediting others or to suit one s needs. C Writers at times are biased since the write from their particular point of view. For example, the writings of early explorers and missionaries. D Written records are only limited to literate people within the society. Are not useful to illiterate people in the absence of literate members of the society. E At times, depending on the society involved, acquiring written records may be very costly. F Reading written records is often time-consuming. Electronic sources These include microfilms, films, videos, radio, and television Microfilms These are films on which extremely small photographs microphotography of documents and printed matter are stored. They are tinny but when magnified can be clearly read. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 13 The importance of converting documents into microfilms is for preservation purposes and saving storage spaces. Radio This is an authoritative source of historical information that captures words and emotions of an event as I was. For example radio news on the president s speeches gives listeners the actual information on national matters. However, radio lacks the vividness found in television and films. Audio- visual sources These include television, films and videos. Films carry indisputable historical facts as action is recorded live. They also give better understanding of some aspects of the social history of a given people with regard to their music, dress and leisure activities. Videos and films make the past come alive. However, since films are acted, they can sometimes be unrealistic as they may not present facts but an exaggerated version of an event. Television on its part gives good historical information as it depicts the situation as it was. Databanks and databases Databanks are large stores of organized information which can be accessed in number of ways. E.g. if it is a book, information can be accessed through an index, a table of content or by browsing. Electronic databases are stored in computer and facilitate easy and faster retrieval of information. |
Databanks and databases Databanks are large stores of organized information which can be accessed in number of ways. E.g. if it is a book, information can be accessed through an index, a table of content or by browsing. Electronic databases are stored in computer and facilitate easy and faster retrieval of information. One can search for information by use of a number of search terms. Information in a database can be printed when required but can also be accessed instantly on computer. Limitations of using electronics as a source of information in history and government a They are Subject to bias since most audio visuals contain foreign materials carrying the bias of the producer. B Some are limited to the literate only e.g. information in data bases and microfilms can only be accessed by literate people and even computer literate people only. C The information may be inaccurate only giving what is appealing to the public. TV crew depict only what they want to. Censorship may leave out vital information. D Electronic sources of information are too expensive; most people cannot afford e.g. TV, Radios. E Some acted films are unrealistic and therefore contain exaggerated information. EARLY MAN In the study of early man, we will seek to answer questions that human beings have always sought to answer about how they appeared on earth, whether they were created and where the universe came from. The origin of Human Beings A number of theories have been put forward to explain the origin of human beings. A. The creation theory. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 14 b. The mythical traditional theory c. The evolution theory The Creation theory The Jews, Christians and Muslims recognize the creation story as narrated in the first book of bible and in Qur an. That the whole universe was created by god. That God also created man, woman and all living things and all non-living creatures. Man was created in God s own image and woman created to provide man with companionship. The Mythical Theory Among African communities, there are myths about their origin all of them pointing to the fact that the first man was created by God. Examples: Among the Agikuyu, their God Ngai created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi. He gave him land at Mugurwe wa Gathanga. |
Examples: Among the Agikuyu, their God Ngai created the first man, Gikuyu. He the provided him with a wife, Mumbi. He gave him land at Mugurwe wa Gathanga. One of the myths among the Nandi state that the first two people, male and female came from the knees of a giant man, when the knees began swelling and later burs for the two to come out from each of the either knees. The Evolution Theory Charles Darwin, an English man living between 1809 and 1882 questioned the acceptance of the creation theory. Through scientific expedition to South America and the pacific islands in 1831, he developed interest in fossils remains of plants and animals found beneath the earth s surface. In 1859; he published his ideas in a book titled The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection. The ideas enlisted instant battles from the Christian fraternity save for one supporter, Huxley. Clearly the theory of evolution was not accepted but it helped to make people aware of the new ideas concerning the origin of man. What is evolution? Evolution can be defined as the process of change in living organisms over a number of years, frequently involving the beginning of new species from earlier species. According to Charles Darwin, man transformed from simple life slowly over millions of years through environmental mutation, natural selection, isolation and adaptation. Mutation was a stage of abrupt change. Natural selection is an instinct by which the stronger species out compete the weaker for resources. Adaptation is where the surviving species isolate themselves from others as they adapt to new environment through body changes and technological changes e.g. ability to grow crops and make shelter. Darwin s theory of natural selection comprises the following points. All organisms or creatures are uniquely different and this uniqueness is based on heredity factors which an organism has from birth. Although many young organisms are produced, few manage to develop to maturity. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 15 The organisms that manage to grow to maturity and reproduce are those that are able to constantly adapt to the existing environment. In view of the limited resources, even after mutation, Darwin argued that only the fittest organisms survive as the weak species become extinct. This theory is popularly known as survival for the fittest .According to Darwin, isolation and adaptation is the final stage in the evolution process. |
Although many young organisms are produced, few manage to develop to maturity. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 15 The organisms that manage to grow to maturity and reproduce are those that are able to constantly adapt to the existing environment. In view of the limited resources, even after mutation, Darwin argued that only the fittest organisms survive as the weak species become extinct. This theory is popularly known as survival for the fittest .According to Darwin, isolation and adaptation is the final stage in the evolution process. Having survived through mutation and natural selection, the merging species increase in number. This leads to search for basic needs and in the process a species may be isolated from the rest and then finally adapt to the new environment. The theory of evolution holds that Humans belong to the animal kingdom and that man has evolved over the years. Man is a primate just as apes like gorillas, chimpanzees and monkeys. However, man belongs to the family of hominidae, while apes belong to the family of pongidae. Man according to Darwin developed over the years from his ape-like ancestors. Evolution and adaptation of man The earliest Mammals lived on trees for two reasons; a There was more supply of food o trees such as insects, leaves and birds eggs b Security. Animals were more secure from their enemies while up on trees Man evolved from this kind of animals Archaeological evidence points at East Africa as the cradle of mankind. Reasons why East Africa is regarded as the place where man first evolved a Evidence from archaeologists show that the earliest apes first evolved around lake and rift valley areas. And if man evolved from apes, then the first man must have appeared in east Africa. B The savanna landscapes found in east Africa favored evolution while the conditions elsewhere forests and deserts Were unfavourable. C The bones and weapons and tools which archaeologists are finding are proofs to this. These findings are widespread in Olduvai Gorge, Olorgesaillie, and Ngorongoro and around lakes of east Africa. D The discovery of remains of early hominids and their material culture which form a pattern of human evolution prove this. E.g. we can trace the evolutionary process from Dryopithecus to Ramapithecus to Australopithecus to Homo habilis to Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. |
D The discovery of remains of early hominids and their material culture which form a pattern of human evolution prove this. E.g. we can trace the evolutionary process from Dryopithecus to Ramapithecus to Australopithecus to Homo habilis to Homo erectus to Homo sapiens. Important archaeological sites found in East Africa In Kenya; - Rusinga Island, Fort Ternan near Kericho, Kariandusi near Elementaita, Gambles cave, Olorgesaillie, Kobi For a near Lake Turkana, Hyrax Hill and Njoro River cave. In Tanzania; - Olduvai Gorge, Eyasi Simila, Apis Rock and Garusi In Uganda; - Nsongezi, Napak, Magosi, Paraa, Ishanga, Mweya and Nyabusora In Ethiopia; - Omo River Valley and Hadar. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 16 Over a long period of time, man s ancestors lived in thick forests. Later about 15 million years ago, the forests transformed into savanna grasslands causing man s ancestors to change both physically and mentally so as to cope with the new environment. The changes a The tail which no longer had any value in the savanna disappeared. B Man became more upright as there were no more impeding vegetation as was the case of too much foliage and intertwining vegetation in the forests and also to reduce surface area onto which solar insolation had effect. These also enabled quicker movement. C The leg and foot formation changed to enable the weight of the body to be supported and balance to be achieved while moving or at a standstill. D Gradual use of front limbs hands for holding objects enabled man to make tools which made work easier. The limbs also found another role of protection from other predators. As the forests disappeared, competition for food intensified and humans had to change their earlier eating habits. Some fossil evidence clearly give distinctive evidence of the break-off point between apes and hominids mans ancestors. The changes which Homo sapiens underwent as a break-off from apes to modern man. A The skull size of the early human beings became larger indicating bigger brains. For example, Australopithecus, who lived between 5 and 1 million years ago, had a brain capacity of 530cm3. |
Some fossil evidence clearly give distinctive evidence of the break-off point between apes and hominids mans ancestors. The changes which Homo sapiens underwent as a break-off from apes to modern man. A The skull size of the early human beings became larger indicating bigger brains. For example, Australopithecus, who lived between 5 and 1 million years ago, had a brain capacity of 530cm3. Homo erectus who lived later on had an improved brain capacity of between 775 and 1225cm3. B Their jaws and teeth became more powerful compared to earlier forms indicating their use in tearing and cutting tough fibres and even the need for defence as a weapon. The size of the jaws and teeth became smaller. C They developed a refined speech as compared to earlier forms. D They were taller with less hair on their body. E The forearms and hands underwent some changes. They developed a thumb for grasping objects. Their arms and hands became shorter, more appropriate for an upright posture. F Their leg and foot formation also changed. Their feet and toes were smaller than earlier hominids in order to support the weight of the rest of the body while motionless or mobile. The toes were no longer in need for holding onto branches. From apes to homo sapien sapiens Between 40 and 25 million years ago, the first apes appeared on earth. The first man Austropithecus appeared around 4.5 million years ago. The following are the stages through which the evolution of man passed. 1 Aegyptopithecus - An Early African Monkey Aegyptopithecus was reconstructed from a monkey like skull found at Fayum Depression in Egypt. He forms earliest evidence of probable man's ancestors. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 17 Its Teeth were those of a herbivore It had a Small, about 4kg and was named Egyptian ape. It was highly adapted to forest life. Had stereoscopic vision. It could jump skillfully from one tree to other using hands. It Dated 33 million years 2 Dryopithecus Africanus proconsul Its Remains were found at Rusinga Island within Lake Victoria by Mary and Louis Leakey in 1948. |
Had stereoscopic vision. It could jump skillfully from one tree to other using hands. It Dated 33 million years 2 Dryopithecus Africanus proconsul Its Remains were found at Rusinga Island within Lake Victoria by Mary and Louis Leakey in 1948. Its Skull appearance was more close to modern man than to Aegyptopithecus. He had a quadrupedal movement like a chimpanzee. He had a Smooth forehead. He had long teeth like other animals. The shape of his teeth and jaws indicated that He ate fruits. It is his remains that strengthen the belief that east Africa was the first homeland of mankind. 3 Kenyapithecus Ramapithecus He is believed to have appeared between 15 and 12 million years ago First remains found Fort Ternan in Kericho District, Kenya, in 1961 by Dr. Louis Leakey and Mary. Other fossils found at Samburu Hills, near Lake Baringo as well as in the Lake Turkana basin. The equivalent species found in the Siwalikis Hills in northern India near New Delhi was named Ramapithecus He had small canines and could occasionally walk on twos without falling. The creature was small and weighed 36kg with bigger brains than earlier hominids. 4 Australopithecus southern ape By 4-2m years ago a series of species known as australopithecines begin to appear. Perhaps it was the earliest homid closer to modern man. The pelvis and leg were similar to that of modern humans. They were bipedal and this was important in defence, grasp of objects and vision of an impending danger from a distance. His Brain size was smaller than that of a human but larger than gorilla s. He was one of the most hairy hominid that ever existed. He was Short but strong with a low forehead. Had large teeth and skulls His remains were first discovered at Taung in Botswana by Raymond Dart in 1924. The broken up skull found in East Africa at Olduvai Gorge in 1959 by Mary Leakey, was called Zinjanthropus- Nut-Cracker man since it had big jaws that suggest it kept on chewing. |
He was Short but strong with a low forehead. Had large teeth and skulls His remains were first discovered at Taung in Botswana by Raymond Dart in 1924. The broken up skull found in East Africa at Olduvai Gorge in 1959 by Mary Leakey, was called Zinjanthropus- Nut-Cracker man since it had big jaws that suggest it kept on chewing. Other fossils found in South Africa, Omo River Valley, Laetoli in Tanzania, near lakes Turkana and Baringo in kenya and L Natron Four types of Australopithecines that have been identified a Australopithecus Afarensis b Australopithecus Anamensis c Australopithecus africanus. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 18 d Australopithecus Robustus e Australopithecus Anamensis He is aged between 4.2 and 3.9 million years ago and is believed to be one of the oldest a Australopithecines Evidence of his existence is obtained from the Reconstruction of Material consisting of 9 fossils from Kanapoi in Kenya and 12 fossils from Allia Bay in Kenya found by Dr. Meave Leakey, Dr. Allan Walker and the four fossil hunters Kamoya Kimeu, Wambua Mangao, Nzube Mutiwa and Samuel Ngui. The fossil remains comprising a lower jaw were named A. Anamensis in August 1995 in a leading British Scientific journal. He had relatively large canines. The homid was aged between 3.9 and 3.0 million years ago. Its Name is derived from Afar Depression in Ethiopia. He Had Apelike face and human-like teeth. He was small in stature and Bipedal, but Walked bent over, not fully upright. They had very small brains -Brain capacity from 375 to 500 cc Its Brain was the size of an orange. They had a bony ridge over the eyes, a low forehead, a flat nose, and also they had no chin. Remains found at Laetoli in Tanzania and Tugen Hills in Baringo District. C Australopithecus Africanus A. Gracilis A. |
He was about 127 cm 5'0" tall, and about 45 kg 100 lb in weight, although females may have been smaller His fossils were found in the Olduvai Gorge in Tanzania in 1964 by Dr. J. Leakey. His Remains were also found at Hadar and Omo River Valley in Ethiopia and kobi fora along L. Turkana by Benerd Ngeneo in 1972. 6 Homo erectus Upright Man He was BIPEDAL- standing about 4-5 feet tall with a larger brain 700-1250cc . He lived between 2 million and 200,000 years ago. He was clever as illustrated by his ability to make Acheulian tools such as the hand axe which was used as an axe, knife or even as a scraper. He was the First hominid to invent and use fire. Their skeletons were larger and showed that they were quite heavily muscled They were omnivorous like many other early hominids. Only had hair on their head and back like are men that we have today Remains found in Hardar, Ethiopia where the skeleton of a female Lucy were found. Other fossils were found near Nariokotone River on the north western shores of LakeTurkana by Kamoya Kimeu in 1984. Also at Olorgesaillie near Magadi, Isimila near Iringa in TZ and Tenerife in Algeria. The most famous Homo Erectus fossil was found in a cave in Zhoukoudian, China and became known as Peking Man Java man 7 Homo sapiens Wise Man thinking man Their Main difference with their hominid ancestors is their extreme intelligence they were the smartest hominid that ever lived with a Brain capacity of 1000-1800cc They lived between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago They improved their way of life by making a variety of flint, bone, wood and stone tools Microliths They hunted, gathered and fished. Later on, they domesticated plants and animals Their Remains were found at Eliye Springs, Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya, Bodo and Omo River Valley in Ethiopia and Ngaloba in Tanzania. |
Also at Olorgesaillie near Magadi, Isimila near Iringa in TZ and Tenerife in Algeria. The most famous Homo Erectus fossil was found in a cave in Zhoukoudian, China and became known as Peking Man Java man 7 Homo sapiens Wise Man thinking man Their Main difference with their hominid ancestors is their extreme intelligence they were the smartest hominid that ever lived with a Brain capacity of 1000-1800cc They lived between 200,000 and 150,000 years ago They improved their way of life by making a variety of flint, bone, wood and stone tools Microliths They hunted, gathered and fished. Later on, they domesticated plants and animals Their Remains were found at Eliye Springs, Kanjera and Kanam in Kenya, Bodo and Omo River Valley in Ethiopia and Ngaloba in Tanzania. Three sub-species of Homo sapiens existed; a Rhodesian man The sub-species Was discovered in Zambia , hence the name Rhodesian man For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 20 He had straight legs and walked with long strides. Rhodesian man s Brains and skull were very similar to those of modern man. B Neanderthals His Remains were found in Neander valley, Germany 1856 . They Lived in caves and valleys He was 5 feet and 5 inches tall-much stronger, heavily built and more aggressive too. He Had very thick eyebrow ridges like the other hominids He Made clothes from animal skins. They would scrape animal fat so they can use the skin as clothing. They were probably the First humans to bury their dead. He was most likely the most intelligent hominid other than modern humans. He was a nomad, gathering and hunting deer, wild pigs and wild sheep. Their weapons were used to impale animals; therefore, to kill them, they had to approach the animal and get very close. This was dangerous and probably caused injuries and even fatalities. Communication was key in hunting because they had to work as a team. They had the ability to use complex speech; however, their sentences were probably basic. Instead of painting on cave walls they painted their faces. |
Wilmut Ian at the Roslin Institute of Edinburgh, Scotland that led to the first cloned sheep named dolly. Scientists are making attempts to even clone humans. More recent discoveries of early man include the Toumai found in Chad in 2002 dating about 6 to 7 myaIn 2000, another discovery was made in Baringo, Kenya millennium man and is believed todate 6mya. The discovery was made by Martin Pickford and Eustace Gitonga o the National Museums of Kenya. Appearance of races It has been hypothesized modern humans, using superior technology and more efficient adaption, out competed other hominid species to quickly emerge as the only surviving hominid species on the planet. Though we feature much diversity in appearance, these differences are minor compared to our biological similarities all human beings are quite closely related. Many of our physical differences skin, color, hair color, etc. Are relatively recent adaptations to local environment conditions. Evolutionary forces such as genetic drift have also played a role in our creating such variation as well. Biologists and anthropologists classified humans into three different groups based on physical characteristics. Negroids, found in Africa. Caucasians found in Europe Mongoloids found in Asia, Modern genetics has revealed that these categories make very little sense biologically since modern races are derived from a common stock and the different races are able to interbreed. There are also no differences in intelligence among all races of mankind. The term race has traditionally been used by scientists as the equivalent of the subspecies concept when classifying humans. The Cultural and economic practices of early man What is culture? Culture is the way of life of a people-Customs, language and social institutions The things that early humans made and used formed their material culture. Early man s culture can be understood through study of Stone Age or Paleolithic periods What is Stone Age? This refers to the early period of human history when man s tools and weapons were mainly made of stone and to some extend wood and bone There are three Stone Age periods 1 Old stone age- Paleolithic period- 4,500,000 to 50,000years 2 Middle stone age- Mesolithic period-50,000-15,000 years. |
Culture is the way of life of a people-Customs, language and social institutions The things that early humans made and used formed their material culture. Early man s culture can be understood through study of Stone Age or Paleolithic periods What is Stone Age? This refers to the early period of human history when man s tools and weapons were mainly made of stone and to some extend wood and bone There are three Stone Age periods 1 Old stone age- Paleolithic period- 4,500,000 to 50,000years 2 Middle stone age- Mesolithic period-50,000-15,000 years. 3 New Stone Age Neolithic period- 15,000- 1,500 years The Paleolithic Age Paleolithic - Old Stone Age- 4,500,000 50,000 years ago For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 22 The Paleolithic is the longest of all stone ages, covering roughly 2 million years. The hominid species who lived side by side were Australopithecus, Homo habilis and Homoerectus. EARLY STONE AGE TOOLS The hominids Made tools from stone The Tool Traditions was called Oldowan tools pebble tools. The tools were named after Olduvai Gorge where they were found. They were made by Australopithecus and Homo erectus. They were also known as pebble tools because they were made of stones. Among the finds at Olduvai were the chopper, fist hatchet core tools and several flake tools. Such tools were also found at Kobi For a near Lake Turkana, Omo River Valley in Ethiopia, and Kafu Valley in Uganda, Shaba province in Zaire and in Algeria, Tunisia and morocco. In Kenya, the tools were found at sites in kariandusi, Olorgesaillie, Kilombe, Chesowanja, Mtongwe, Isenya and Lewa DownsAustralopithecus Southern Ape They didn t have the intelligence to make sophisticated tools, so they may have made tools out of bones that they foundAustralopithecus afarensis mostly used tools that they found or that nature had created, example was a stick, which they stuck into a termite mound, then the termites clung to it letting the ape pull out the stick covered in food. |
They were made by Australopithecus and Homo erectus. They were also known as pebble tools because they were made of stones. Among the finds at Olduvai were the chopper, fist hatchet core tools and several flake tools. Such tools were also found at Kobi For a near Lake Turkana, Omo River Valley in Ethiopia, and Kafu Valley in Uganda, Shaba province in Zaire and in Algeria, Tunisia and morocco. In Kenya, the tools were found at sites in kariandusi, Olorgesaillie, Kilombe, Chesowanja, Mtongwe, Isenya and Lewa DownsAustralopithecus Southern Ape They didn t have the intelligence to make sophisticated tools, so they may have made tools out of bones that they foundAustralopithecus afarensis mostly used tools that they found or that nature had created, example was a stick, which they stuck into a termite mound, then the termites clung to it letting the ape pull out the stick covered in food. He is however also credited for making Oldowan tools. Homo habilis and the Oldowan Tradition They made stone tools for chopping, scraping, and cutting. Making of Choppers lower left involved knapping a few flakes off the core. Both cores and flakes were used. The Knapper could strike a spherical piece of stone until Flake falls off opposite side. The Tool would then be flipped over and procedure repeated. Several blows would create a cutting edgeRequirements reflect Intelligence, Planning, foreknowledge of design and Knowledge of breakage pattern of rock. There must also be Hand-eye coordination The second phase of the Old Stone Age was marked by tools called Acheulian tools, named after the site of St Acheul in France. Others found in Tanzania, Uganda, Malawi, Zambia, and Zimbabwe. In Kenya, the tools were found at Kariandusi, Olorgesaillie, Kilombe, Chesowanja, Mtongwe, Isenya and Lewa DownsThey were made by Homoerectus. Homo erectus and the Acheulian tool technology. Signature tool: a welldesigned hand axe and cleavers The Hand axe had multiple uses, from cutting, skinning, scraping animal skins, digging and sharpening bone and wood. |
In Kenya, the tools were found at Kariandusi, Olorgesaillie, Kilombe, Chesowanja, Mtongwe, Isenya and Lewa DownsThey were made by Homoerectus. Homo erectus and the Acheulian tool technology. Signature tool: a welldesigned hand axe and cleavers The Hand axe had multiple uses, from cutting, skinning, scraping animal skins, digging and sharpening bone and wood. Characteristics of Acheulian hand axe It was Bifacial: both sides were knapped Symmetrical in breadth Shaped to a point on one end The edge is thin and sharp Broad end is curved, but edge is still sharp. Process of Manufacturing Acheulian Hand axes For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 23 Dozens of flakes were removed from the core, from 25 to 75. Each flake blow must be precisely positioned. The Core must be turned over again and again to maintain symmetry and to keep edge straight. All the exterior rind cortex was removed. It was a demanding task-The hand axe was Symmetrical and finely shaped. OLD STONE AGE-HUNTING AND GATHERING The early Stone Age people lived in small groups and were able to hunt for food using sharpened rocks and sticks. They used simple hunting methods of chasing wild animals and throwing stones at them. They also made traps by digging large pits on the paths used by animals. They ate raw meat from small animals like lizards and rodents Women gathered edible fruits, eggs and roots- had a balanced diet. THE OLD STONE AGE-SHELTER AND CLOTHING Humans during this period found shelter in caves and tree-tops. Their bodies were hairy enough to keep them warm- lack of clothing was therefore bearable during this period. Moreover, the savannahs were also warm enough. They also preferred the grasslands because they provided them with the much needed water and foodThe Australopithecus had a very small brain and that limited the actions they could do. The Australopithecus were very hairy so they didn t need any clothes. Australopithecus diet was mostly made up of fruits and vegetables they found. If Australopithecus found a dead animal it would scavenge of it but the Australopithecus afarensis couldn t cook the meat and kill the germs. |
The Australopithecus were very hairy so they didn t need any clothes. Australopithecus diet was mostly made up of fruits and vegetables they found. If Australopithecus found a dead animal it would scavenge of it but the Australopithecus afarensis couldn t cook the meat and kill the germs. Mesolithic age Mesolithic middle Stone Age- 200,000 10,000 years ago. They period was characterized by superior brains and ability of Homo erectus and Homo sapiens. Great improvements were witnessed. TOOLS Signature tool; Sangoan tool made using Lavallois method The tool was named after Sango Bay site on L. Victoria-Tz The Lavallois technology It involved using cores of smaller stones to hit bigger ones. The tool maker would draw outline of flake on stone module and Strike out flakes and blades of desired shape. The rock would be prepared beforehand to control how rock breaks when struck. The flakes and blades were then trimmed into a variety of knives, scrapers, spear points, choppers and daggers. Also Mousterian tools specialized stone tools and weapons were made. Tang- the first tool with a handle was invented in this period- 40,000 years ago in northern Africa. Fire was also another important tool invented by Homo erectus and he used it as follows For warmth at night, lighting, to cook roots and roast meat, for hunting bushfires , tool-making to harden tips, means of communication, food preservation It also enabled hominids to migrate out of savannah MESOLITHIC FOOD AND CLOTHES For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 24 Homo erectus was considered the first true hunters. Because of better tools Hand axe , fire and axes, they could hunt larger game such as deer, rhinos, pigs, elephants; buffaloes etc. And cook their food. People learnt to wear animal skins and make waist-belts and necklaces. They also painted themselves with red ochre and oil. MESOLITHIC SHELTER. Man used identifiable shelter. An example was found at Orangia in South Africa. Man also used rock shelter rocks scooped out to make hollows . Later man lived in caves with entrance covered with animal skins to keep wind and rain away e.g. |
An example was found at Orangia in South Africa. Man also used rock shelter rocks scooped out to make hollows . Later man lived in caves with entrance covered with animal skins to keep wind and rain away e.g. Matupi Cave in Zaire and Gambles cave near Nakuru. MESOLITHIC LANGUAGE AND ROCK ART Families lived in small groups for security reasons. There were distinct languages to enhance communications. Rock paintings-Pictures of animals were painted on walls and rocks. Examples of Cave paintings were left behind at Kondoa and singida areas in north Tanzania and at Apollo II cave in S.A. This pictures signified man s believe in magic arrows piercing animals he hoped to kill SOCIAL ORGANIZATION There was efficient group organization as evidenced by the ability to carry out large-scale hunting. Language invention further strengthened the social bonds and cultures of early man The Neolithic age Neolithic New Stone Age- 15,000 4,000 years ago This period was marked with the Emergence of Homo sapiens and homo sapien sapiens. THE NEOLITHIC TOOLS Man became a Very skilled toolmaker-they made tools known as microliths- small piece of sharp stone tool . For example, a crescent or a lunate which had a straight sharp cutting edge and a curved blunted back. Their weapons include stone axes, knives, spears, harpoons, wooden bows, and sharp, stone tipped arrows, hooks, needles, and bone fish hooks. NEANDERTHALS were the first to create the pointed tip on hunting spears and harpoons THE NEOLITHIC SHELTER Earlier sapiens used caves as their homes instead of building one. Later, they made permanent homes that looked like tents or tepees, out of tree branches, grass, mammoth bones, and animal skins. They used or made some sort of paint to use on their cave paintings. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Man domesticated plants and animals though he continued to hunt and gather. Man changed as from Nomadic lifestyle to settled stationary lifestyle; a.k.a.sedentary Population also increased due to balanced diet and adequate food For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 THE NEOLITHIC GOVERNMENT Due to settled life and improved settlement, rules and laws were set up as a basis of government. |
They used or made some sort of paint to use on their cave paintings. FOOD AND AGRICULTURE Man domesticated plants and animals though he continued to hunt and gather. Man changed as from Nomadic lifestyle to settled stationary lifestyle; a.k.a.sedentary Population also increased due to balanced diet and adequate food For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 25 THE NEOLITHIC GOVERNMENT Due to settled life and improved settlement, rules and laws were set up as a basis of government. Some people also specialized in leadership, religious activities as well as making of crafts. THE NEOLITHIC RELIGION Man s language and religious beliefs developed as a result of depending on natural forces like rain. They began to ponder over issues like life and death. Evidence is found at Hyrax Hill and Njoro river Cave where human fossil remains were found buried with items such as tools and seeds or foodThe practice of burying someone with his possessions implied a belief in life after death. Neanderthals were the first to bury their dead. They also seemed to have a conception of an afterlife as shown by the actual burial site at La Ferrassie, France, with seven tombs including a man, a woman and several children s graves lying side by side. THE NEOLITHIC ART AND CRAFT Humans specialized in crafts such as basketry, pottery and later smelting Evidenced by this horse head carving to the right. DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICULTURE Definition of agriculture It is the cultivation of crops. The modern definition of agriculture includes animal husbandry, fish farming and bee-keeping. The beginning of Agriculture The domestication of plants and animals began over 10,000 years ago during the Neolithic period Why man domesticated plants and animals a. The increase of human population needed regular food supply -natural environment could no longer provide sufficient food. B. Climatic changes-increased drought, threatened plant life and animal life making natural food scarce. C. Competition for existing food in the natural resulted in inadequate wild food over hunting of animals. D. Hunting and gathering was increasingly becoming tiresome. E. Calamities such as forest fires or floods sometimes destroyed vegetation or drove wild animals away. F. Development of settled life. Man had to stop a life of movement in search of food and water. G. Development of tools microliths e.g. |
Man had to stop a life of movement in search of food and water. G. Development of tools microliths e.g. sickles wooden plough, etc. H. Availability of varieties of indigenous crops e.g. wheat and barley. There are two theories that explain how agriculture started; 1. The Independent theory. Agriculture developed independently in different parts of the world especially along river valleys. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 26 2. One Place Theory Diffusion Theory-Crop growing and animal keeping developed among people of south East Asia. Then the idea spread to the rest of the world; Middle East, India, Central America, China, Southeast Asia 8,000 BC 7,000 BC 6,500 BC 6,000 BC 5,000 BC CROP GROWING The transformation from hunting and gathering to growing of food crops was a gradual development. The first crops were grown by man in areas where they existed naturally. Crop growing first developed in the Fertile Crescent which is in the Middle East. Neolithic women noticed new grain plants grew when they accidentally spilled grain seeds. They tried scattering seeds on purpose it worked! Animals often find plants in places with water good soil - Hunters saw pattern People stayed at sites, animals became tamer People started weeding irrigating so plants would grow better Started saving seeds of better plants to plant One season, nomads liked a site so much they stuck around Stayed so long they harvested a crop and then saw it grow to harvest stage again Groups learned to grow a crop from seed to harvest and then move on Since men did the hunting and females were responsible for the food gathering, women learned how to plant seeds, as well as process and prepare the food. The above facts point out that the beginning of crop farming was accidental and mainly through trial and errorEarliest crops to be domesticated were barley, wheat, sorghum, millet, rice, maize, yams, cassava, potatoes, bananas and grapes. Since they grew in different environments, there were many centres of agricultural revolution. For example; Middle East. Indus valley in India. Nile valley The yellow river valley in china The Danube Valley in Europe. |
For example; Middle East. Indus valley in India. Nile valley The yellow river valley in china The Danube Valley in Europe. WHEAT Originally grown in south-west Asia Initial type was brittle wheat-then replaced by a non-brittle type in 7500BC called emmer Wheat then spread Mesopotamian plains by 6000 BC to Egypt by 3000BC, then to Mediterranean region, central Asia, India and southern Europe. BARLEY The first cereal to be domesticated. Initially grew wildly at Mureybat on the Euphrates in Syria between 7000 - 6000 BC Another evidence of growth found at Ali kosh Iran and Jericho Jordan Then spread to Egypt at Fayum in 4500 BC. Then spread to India and china by about 2000 BC. SORGHUM AND MILLET Originated from Africa at Hoggat in southern Algeria as early as 6000 BC For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 27 Spread to West Africa to around Sudan area between Nile and Chad, by 1500 BC Finger millet originated in East Africa. Later the two spread to Asia and China. RICE Originated in Asia where currently is a stable food- in Thailand at about 3500 BC Then spread to India, Europe and Japan The African variety was grown along the upper Niger around 1500 BC MAIZE Origin- Central America at about 5000 BC at Tehuacan in Mexico. In Africa, was introduced by the Portuguese in 15thc. YAMS The first root and tuber crop to be domesticated- 9000 BC in south East Asia. The African variety, the white guinea yam was grown in Ivory Coast. DOMESTICATION OF ANIMALS The Dog was the first animal to be domesticated. The next animals were the sheep, Goats, cattle and camels. Animal domestication Began through establishment of ties between man and animals during hunting or when fetching water. Dog Assisted humans in hunting, driving away dangerous animals and herding livestock Goats The Goat was first domesticated in south west Asia in5000 BC.Evidence of this is found at Tell Abu Hureyra, Tepe Ali Kosh, and Deh Luren Khuzestan in south -west Iran. Also in Iraq, upper Tigris valley, turkey and south Jordan. |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 29 The Crops grown included barley, wheat, vines, date, palms, grapes, olives, onions, figs, melons and cucumbers. Milk animals kept included goats and cow. Also ducks, pigs, geese and horses were kept. Impact of early agriculture in Mesopotamia a It led to settled life as people now needed to concentrate on farming. B Food production increased. C There was an increase in population along the river valleys due to plenty and regular food supply. D There was emergence of city-states and urban centres. For example Ur, Uruk, Eridu, Nippur, Kish and Babylon. E Surplus agricultural production led to development of trade between communities. F There was increased specialization as all could not engage in farming. Some became craftsmen. G Agriculture influenced writing and arithmetic. Management of estates required knowledge in accounts. The form of writing that was developed was known as cuneiform involving the use of stone tablets. H The invention of the wheel by around 3000 BC. It was used in carts to transport farm produce, for making war chariots to transport soldiers and also in pottery the potter s wheel i The plough was also invented. The first ox-plough consisted of simply a tree trunk with one small branch protruding upwards with the other one upwards. The invention meant that only a few people were needed to cultivate land. J There was the development of science and mathematics with the development of the first formulas for measuring time, distance and area. There was also development in the field of Astronomy. K Religious practices also developed with the connection of most of the gods to agriculture in one way or another. For example, Ninurta was a god of floods. L Development of law. A code of laws was compiled as a means of minimizing conflict in society- the Hammurabi s code. EARLY AGRICULTURE IN EGYPT As early as 7000 BC, people had already settled in the Nile valley. By around 5000 BC, the Egyptians had gradually adopted agriculture, departing from a hunter-gatherer society. Reasons that enhanced development of early Agriculture in Egypt a Availability of Water for irrigation and for domestic use from river Nile. |
EARLY AGRICULTURE IN EGYPT As early as 7000 BC, people had already settled in the Nile valley. By around 5000 BC, the Egyptians had gradually adopted agriculture, departing from a hunter-gatherer society. Reasons that enhanced development of early Agriculture in Egypt a Availability of Water for irrigation and for domestic use from river Nile. B Existence of fertile silt deposits and mud originating from the flooding of the Nile betweenJuly and October annually, which provided fertile soil for crop farming. C Another advantage was that Egypt had a suitable warm climate for crop growing and ripening. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 30 d The Use of shadoof Irrigation technology ensured production of food during drought seasons e Presence of indigenous crops and animals from which domestication was made. Wheat and barley had already become indigenous to Egypt as were animals like sheep and goats. F Foreign influence from South West Asia where farming was first practiced. The proximity of Egypt to Mesopotamia, the first centre of agricultural development ensured that she borrowed heavily from there. G The Natural protection of the region from foreign attacks, since the Nile valley was protected by the Libyan Desert to the West, the Nubian Desert and Nile cataracts to the South and the Nile coast delta on the North. H Political stability. I High population created need for more food and provided farm labour. J Availability of slave labour made crop farming a success. K The invention and use of implements that included wooden sticks, knives and wooden hoes enabled the farmers to increase their yields. L The existence of writing in Egypt helped the Egyptians to keep accurate records of seasons and volume of food. The shadoof irrigation This was the method of irrigation used in Egypt during the drought season when the river was not flooding. A shadoof is a wooden device for lifting water from a river into the canals. It consisted of a long pole swinging up and down between two supporting wooden posts One end has a weight hanging on the pole while the other end has a skin bucket. The bucket is pulled down and dipped into the water by a person. It is caused to rise by the weight, once water has been filled. |
It consisted of a long pole swinging up and down between two supporting wooden posts One end has a weight hanging on the pole while the other end has a skin bucket. The bucket is pulled down and dipped into the water by a person. It is caused to rise by the weight, once water has been filled. The other person empties the water into the canal to be drained into the fields. The Egyptians used farm implements like sticks, knives, axes, sickles and hoesAmong the crops planted in Egypt included wheat, barley, fruits, flax, beans, vegetables, cucumbers, onions, lentils, dates, figs and grapes. They used the broadcasting method. Shifting cultivation was also practiced before human population increased. They kept animals like sheep, goat, pigs, donkey, cattle and poultry. The state directed production. It controlled distribution of harvests as well as handicrafts. Government owned huge granaries and godowns which were used to store food. The king was regarded as the guardian who presided over food supply for all. The master of largesse was responsible for all the livestock in the country. In the year when agricultural production was poor, the head of the exchequer would take care of the distribution of seeds and livestock. Effects of early agriculture in Egypt a Due to improved farming, there was increased food production thus ensuring regular food supplies. B There was Growth in population as food supply increased and became regular. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 31 c Agriculture led to permanent settlement of people. As a result, their living standards improved dramatically as they reaped from farming. D Agriculture promoted trade among the Egyptians. It led to production of surplus food that in turn was used to increase trading activities. E Agriculture Led to rise of urban centres or towns in Egypt such as Memphis s akhetan, Aswan and Thebes along the Nile valley. F Agriculture enabled some society members to specialize in other activities since a few could now produce enough food for all. Some engaged in hand crafts, geometry etc. G Agriculture Led to emergence of government and related governing laws. H Like the case of Mesopotamia, it led to the discovery of arithmetic, geometry, writing and calendar. These were used by the priests to keep records and make accurate prediction of annual foods. The Egyptian calendar is believed to be the earliest calendar in the world. I It promoted social stratification or classes in Egyptian society. |
These were used by the priests to keep records and make accurate prediction of annual foods. The Egyptian calendar is believed to be the earliest calendar in the world. I It promoted social stratification or classes in Egyptian society. Effects of early agriculture Summarize from the effects in Egypt and Mesopotamia. THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN The agrarian revolution refers to rapid changes and improvements in the field of agriculture. Between 1750 and 1850 European countries underwent changes in agriculture. The changes were marked by A new system of land ownership Use of machines and new farming methods. The revolution took place first in Britain. CHARACTERISTICS OF AGRICULTURE IN BRITAIN BEFORE THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION 1. Feudalism was practiced. What is Feudalism? Loosely organized system of government in which local lords governed their own lands but owed military service and other support to a greater lord nobility The feudal kings had plenty of land; but they could not control it all. So they gave land to lords nobility in exchange for protection, loyalty and .Nobility then gave Part of their land to the serfs peasants who would work on it and give part of their crops to the local land lord, for letting them farm the land. 2. Farmers practiced open-field system. In this system land was divided into three portions; I. Portion one- growing corn and wheat II. Portion two- for beans, barley and oats III. Portion three- left fallow to regain fertility. Such a system did not allow effective farming since land was not fully utilized. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 32 It also discouraged livestock farming since it allowed easy spread of livestock diseases. There was uncontrolled breeding in livestock instead of selective breeding since livestock grazed together. Fallow land and existence of Cattle and footpaths that crisscrossed the farms wasted a lot of land. 3. Stripping as a method of farming was used. The existence of strips meant that Land portions were small and discouraged the use of machines. 4. Use of simple tools and implements that included sticks, hoes and later ploughs. Cultivation was therefore on small scale with crop rotation being used as a method of improving fertility. It was however not effective. 5. Use of broadcasting method. |
It was however not effective. 5. Use of broadcasting method. Broadcasting method of planting led to wastage of seeds as it would be eaten by birds and rodents 6. Intercropping was practiced. The growing of two or more crops on the same piece of land. 7. Mixed farming. Livestock was allowed to graze on fallow land 8. Mono-cropping-planting the same type of crop year after on the same piece of land. NB; this was an inefficient system leading to low yields CHANGES THAT MARKED THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN 1. Fallows were abolished and available lands used effectively. This was influenced by population that occasioned demand for more food. The farmers could no longer afford to leave land to regain fertility. 2. Application of new methods of farming. Introduction and use of fertilizers in farms Lord Viscount Townsend discovered that clover added nitrogen to the soil and turnips could survive in winter and be used to feed cattle. Townsend introduced a new four- course crop rotation called the Norfolk system consisting of barley, clover, turnips and wheat on same plot for a four-year period. In 1843, John Bennet Lawes discovered the use of fertilizers and opened a superphosphate factory in London. 3. Use of farm machineries like the horse drawn drilling machine invented by Jethro Tull in 1701 which replaced the broadcasting method. Iron hoes were used instead of sticks, to prepare the ground. In 1925, the wooden plough was replaced with an iron plough. Patrick Bell s invention of the mechanical reaper replaced the sickle in harvesting corn. Andrew Meikles invented a mechanical thresher in 1876 which could cut and bind corn at the same time. The use of machines changed agriculture from a small scale to a large-scale business. 4. Intercropping to retain land fertility. E.g. of maize and beans. This practice enabled farmers to realize more yields. 5. Application of scientific principles to farming. For example, Selective breeding of livestock invented by Robert Bakewell 1725-1795 . He was able to develop the short For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 33 horn, Devon, the Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Ayrshire. He also improved sheep breeds such as the Leicester, Shropshire, Suffolk and the oxford. |
For example, Selective breeding of livestock invented by Robert Bakewell 1725-1795 . He was able to develop the short For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 33 horn, Devon, the Hereford, Aberdeen Angus and Ayrshire. He also improved sheep breeds such as the Leicester, Shropshire, Suffolk and the oxford. Pig varieties- the Yorkshire, Berkshire and Tamworth breeds 6. Fencing of farms land enclosure system; the introduction of land enclosures put to an end to strip farming. This was a demand of the rich landlords that land should be enclosed by fencing. The enclosure act enabled rich people to acquire more land. As a result more land was put under production and more land could be ploughed by one farmer Positive effects of the land enclosure system introduced in Britain a It created large farms which allowed use of horse drill and crop -rotation. B The farms were easily managed and Farmers could specialize in crop or animal production. C Farmers could use their title deeds to borrow money from financial firms for the improvement of their farms. Effects of the land enclosure movement on the peasant farmers in Britain a. The creation of large farms led to landlessness among the peasant farmers, b. Peasant farmers sold off their land to the rich farmers because they could not afford to cultivate the land. C. The land enclosure movement led to displacement of peasant farmers from their land and hence they migrated to towns caused rural -urban migration. D. The rural-urban migration of peasant farmers led to overcrowding in urban centres congestion in urban centres. E. The land enclosure movement caused emigrations of the peasants to other countries such as USA, Canada, Australia, new Zealand and south Africa f. The poor farmers were exploited, as they had to sell their labour to farmers and to the factories exploitation of the poor peasant s labour force. 7. The royal agricultural society. It was established in 1838. Through the journals of the society, new ideas and techniques of farming were publicized all over the country. As a result, many farmers began to adopt the modern methods of farming. CAUSES OF AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN 1. Land consolidation; the introduction of land enclosures which put to an end to strip farming. As a result more land was under production and more land could be ploughed by one farmer. 2. |
Land consolidation; the introduction of land enclosures which put to an end to strip farming. As a result more land was under production and more land could be ploughed by one farmer. 2. Development of new methods of livestock breeding; more scientific methods of breeding livestock were developed. They involved selective breeding in which animals with suitable characteristics were maintained in the herds. 3. Development of new tools for farming which helped to increase agricultural productivity .e.g. Use of seed drill, Rotterdam plough, threshing machine and tractors. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 34 4. Development of new methods of maintaining soil fertility e.g. the new crop rotation system allowed the continued use of land without exhausting its fertility. Chemical fertilizers were also produced. 5. Development of agricultural research in universities and research institutes assisted in improvement of soils and crop yields. Newspapers and agricultural journals helped to spread the results of this research to farmers. 6. Impact of industrial revolution which provided the agricultural sector with inputs and market. 7. Population increase led to high demand for food. EFFECTS OF THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN BRITAIN 1. Food security for the population of Britain due to improved farming methods. 2. There was Growth of population in Britain due to food security lowered mortality rates and increased life expectancy. 3. There was Growth of capital plantation farming to replace subsistence farming. Due to the enclosure act, ownership of large farms was encouraged and subsequently mechanization plantations were set up. 4. Poor farmers who could not afford fencing lost their land. Capital farming therefore led to emergence of landless peasants as large tracts of land were consolidated in enclosures. The poor peasants were compelled to migrate to urban areas where they were subjected to poor living conditions. 5. Trade expanded locally and internationally. When farming was commercialized, Britain expanded trade thus boosting her economy. 6. Growth of a working class. The landless peasants sought wage employment on farms or in towns in the emerging new industries. Thus a class of workers began to emerge. 7. Transport systems like roads and railways improved. They were used to transport agricultural products to the market and raw materials to industries. 8. Industries benefited from agricultural raw materials develop ment of industries. A number of machines produced by industries were also used in agriculture to boost production. 9. Emigration of British national to other parts of the world. |
A number of machines produced by industries were also used in agriculture to boost production. 9. Emigration of British national to other parts of the world. Some of the landless peasants migrated to USA, Canada, Australia, New Zealand and South Africa. 10. Intensification of scientific research by the royal agricultural society to carter for the expanding agricultural sector. THE SPREAD OF AGRARIAN REVOLUTION From Britain the revolution spread to other parts of Europe and Americas and then the rest of the world. Ideas like crop rotation, use of machines, selective breeding of livestock and use of fertilizers spread into continental Europe from Britain. The governments encouraged agricultural science and research. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 35 The work of Louis Pasteur 1890-1960 a Frenchman discovered that disease are caused by bacteria and sterilization of food such as milk through boiling keeps it bacteria-free for long time THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN THE USA The Americas was the origin of many crops in the world the American Indians were subsistence farmers growing crops like yams, potatoes, maize corn , cocoa, tomatoes, cotton, tobacco, beans and cassava. Political and religious differences in Europe in the 17th c forced many Europeans to settle in America as was also the enclosure system in Britain. Craftsmen and labouerers also moved in search of better life. The immigrant settlers came with horses, sheep, cattle, pigs, fowls, seeds and plants from Europe. Some of them participated in improving the machines that were already in use in Europe. For example: a. 1837- John Deere a young blacksmith from Illinois invented a steel plough b. 1837- Cyrus McCormick established a factory in Chicago to produce reapers c. 1837- Daniel Massey produced a similar machine in Canada. D. 1792- Elly Whitney invented the cotton gin and cotton picker American scientists also developed the refrigerator. For example, John Perkins 17661849 an American inventor patented the first prototype refrigerator in England in 1834. The first American patent for a refrigerator was awarded to John Gorrie 1803-1855 in 1851.1859- Ferdinand Carre, a Frenchman invented the absorption system in a refrigerator. This was a major milestone in preservation of meat and other foods in America. Several agricultural zones emerged in America due to differences in soil fertility and climate: a. |
For example, John Perkins 17661849 an American inventor patented the first prototype refrigerator in England in 1834. The first American patent for a refrigerator was awarded to John Gorrie 1803-1855 in 1851.1859- Ferdinand Carre, a Frenchman invented the absorption system in a refrigerator. This was a major milestone in preservation of meat and other foods in America. Several agricultural zones emerged in America due to differences in soil fertility and climate: a. North-Eastern parts- Ranching and dairying b. The south- cotton zone. C. Central region-maize. D. North-west wheat There was large scale mechanized agriculture especially after the abolition of slave trade. Most cash crops were grown to provide raw materials to European industries. Tobacco was grown in Virginia and Maryland. Rice and indigo were grown in Georgia and South Carolina. Cattle s rearing was done in Texas. Transport development also enhanced agricultural development. For example, water transport using the great lakes, railway and road transport. Alexander graham bell invented the telegraph to enhance communication. USA also invested in the field of science and research which boosted agriculture with better hybrid seeds and different strains of livestock. FACTORS THAT FACILITATED THE DEVELOPMENT OF AGRICUL-TURE IN AMERICA BEFORE 1800 a. The enclosure system in Britain led to the Settlement of enterprising European emigrants who wished to make a living through agriculture Determination of European immigrants to succeed as farmers as there was no other source of livelihood. European For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 36 immigration into the region also led to population increase and demand for more food. The immigrants also introduced new crops and new methods of farming leading to agricultural development b. Scientific research made it possible to improve strains of crops to resist diseases, to develop superior animal breeds and to develop new food crops e.g. Soya beans into artificial meat, etc. C. Mechanization; there was extensive use of machines to improve production e.g. steel plough, use of reapers, cotton gin etc. D. The presence of cheap means of transport e.g. Erie Canal, roads, railway, etc speeded up the transportation of goods and raw materials. E. The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 led to increased cotton acreage. F. Environmental influence on the farmers through experience leading to agricultural zoning e.g. |
The invention of the cotton gin in 1793 led to increased cotton acreage. F. Environmental influence on the farmers through experience leading to agricultural zoning e.g. maize in the centre, wheat in the south and beef rearing in the west Presence of suitable soils for different types of crops such as tobacco, cotton and wheat. G. Government recognition of individual land ownership the Homestead Act 1760 encouraged settlers to farm. EFFECTS OF THE AGRARIAN REVOLUTION IN USA Fuelled by peasants who emigrated after they were driven out of Europe by the land enclosure movement, USA became the world s leading producer of agricultural products. The effects of the revolution were as follows: a It led to diversification of agriculture through the introduction of new farm animals and crops. B The new inventions in farm machinery enabled American farmers to bring more land under cultivation. For example the steel plough invented by John Deere and reaping machine by Cyrus McCormick. C Food production especially of wheat and maize, increased due to the use of new farming methods like use of fertilizers and hybrid seeds. D The agrarian revolution led to expansion of agricultural related industries. E Mechanization of agriculture replaced slaves and other labourers at the farms. Many people went to search for employment in urban areas. F The expansion of food production led to increase in trade between USA and Western Europe thus boosting USA economy. G The transport system was improved to enable transportation of farm inputs to farms and agricultural produce to market. H The revolution contributed to the enhancement of research and scientific inventions especially on the field of agriculture. FOOD SITUATION IN AFRICA AND THE REST OF THE THIRD WORLD Third world refers to the less developed countries in Africa, Asia and South America. Many of these third world countries have food shortages and even continue to have weak economies upto date. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 37 Causes to food shortage in Africa a. Rapid population growth which has put a lot of pressure on the available food resources leading to shortages b. Poor land use and agricultural practices. Many farmers still depend on traditional farming methods, for example, not applying fertilizers, pesticides or mechanization, thus producing low yields. C. Some developing countries experience adverse weather conditions such as floods and long periods of drought. Since these countries practice rain-fed agriculture, food production has been affected d. |
C. Some developing countries experience adverse weather conditions such as floods and long periods of drought. Since these countries practice rain-fed agriculture, food production has been affected d. Overemphasis on cash crops at the expense of food crops has contributed to low food production. In Kenya for example, large farms concentrate on growth of flowers, tea and coffee with food crop farming being largely for subsistence. E. Rural-urban migration , especially among the young people has deprived the rural areas of the badly needed labour force for food production f. Lack of adequate capital for agricultural development. Low income poverty. The farmers lack enough funds to purchase farm inputs. G. Political instability in some African countries undermines food production. For example in Ethiopia, Sudan, DRC, Burundi and Rwanda. This has prevented people from concentrating on food production. H. Decline in growing drought resistant crops. Crops like cassava and millet have been abandoned due to attitude thus causing artificial shortage of specific food. I. Poor and inadequate storage facilities have led to food wastage. In Kenya by 2001, the country was losing up to nine million bags of grain per year as a result of poor storage methods. J. Poor transport network leads to uneven distribution of food. It also discourages farmers from producing more. K. Over reliance on food aid and forms of aid has created a dependence attitude in many African countries. Some communities have become complacent about looking for a permanent solution to their food problems. L. Poor economic planning on the part of the government with many countries putting a lot of emphasis on other development projects at the expense of agricultural and food production. M. Poor land tenure systems resulting in low productivity. For example where a few European farmers own large tracts of land but only exploiting a small portion of the expansive farms. N. The HIV AIDS pandemic contributed to food shortages since the scourge leads to death of many of the work force in their prime years. Effects of food shortages a. Loss of life. Many people have lost their lives. For example the Ethiopian famine in 1984 led to the deaths of thousands of people. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 38 b. Increased suffering among millions of people in Africa due to deficiency diseases like kwashiorkor and marasmus. C. Food shortage has created social problems in societies. For example cattle raids by the karamojong and Maasai during the periods of famine. |
The Eastern Cushites They include the Borana, Somali, Oromo, Gabra, Rendille and Burji. They originated either from Ethiopia or Somalia moving and settling into Kenya around 2000 and 1000 years ago due to the following reasons; a Escaping from clan or family feuds. B There was population pressure in their area of origin. C They were in search of better grazing lands. D They were fleeing the outbreak of disease that affected both people and animals. E They were escaping famine and drought. F They fled constant attacks from their neighbours such as the Somali. G The migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure. THE OROMO They came in the 16thcentury from Ethiopia. Initially they settled on the eastern shores of Lake Turkana. They later moved south pushing the Mijikenda and the Pokomo out of the Shungwaya to occupy Malindi and Kilifi. Today they occupy the southern part of Tana River and are neighbours to the Pokomo. Effects of migration and settlement of the Oromo in Kenya a They inter-married with the people they came into contact with e.g. Somali, Pokomo and Borana. B Their settlement in Kenya led to expansion of trade. C Their settlement led to increased conflict between communities over resources e.g. pasture and water. D Displacement and redistribution of people in the area where they settled e.g. the Oromo pushed the Bantu from the Shungwaya region. E Assimilation of some communities they came into contact with e.g. the Oromo vs. Somali. F Cultural exchange e.g. neighbouring communities adopted Islam. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 41 g Settlement in high agricultural potential areas e.g. river valleys encouraged some of them to practice crop farming. H Expansion of agriculture due to demand of agricultural produce. THE BORANA They are also Oromo speaking people whose origin is southern Ethiopia. Their migration into Kenya was due to escaping the Menelik Wars of Conquest in 1897 and who had imposed heavy taxes on them. They represent some of the most recent migrations into Kenya end as late as 1900 when more Borana groups fled into Kenya from Somali running away from the war between the Somali Nationalists and the British. Today the Borana occupy the area north of the Tana River. |
Their migration into Kenya was due to escaping the Menelik Wars of Conquest in 1897 and who had imposed heavy taxes on them. They represent some of the most recent migrations into Kenya end as late as 1900 when more Borana groups fled into Kenya from Somali running away from the war between the Somali Nationalists and the British. Today the Borana occupy the area north of the Tana River. THE SOMALI They originated from Mogadishu where they were living by 10th century A.D. They begun moving southwards into Kenya around that time maybe due to the Oromo threat or they were looking for pasture for their livestock. The Somali represent the largest single group of eastern Cushites in Kenya. Results of Cushitic migration into Kenya a There was massive warfare during the migrations leading to killing of many people in the process. For example, there was constant warfare between the Somali and the Oromo. I They displaced some of the communities which they came into contact with e.g. the Oromo pushed the Mijikenda from the Shungwaya region in AD 1500 AND 1600. B They intermarried with those people they interacted with e.g. the some of the Pokomo intermarried with the Borana. C Their settlement led to expansion development of trade between them and their neighbours e.g. they traded with the Samburu and the Maasai. D There was cultural exchange between them and the Bantu and Nilotic neighbours. E.g. the Taboo against eating Fish among the Bantu, the age set system and circumcision has origin from the Cushites. E The migrations led to population pressure in the region. F Adoption of some agricultural practices from the Bantu. G There was redistribution of population in Kenya. The Mijikenda for example were scattered at Shungwaya. THE BANTU SPEAKERS Introduction The term Bantu refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word NTU which means a person. The Bantu-speaking groups include the Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria, Kikuyu, Akamba, Meru, Aembu, Taita, Agiryama, Digo in Kenya and Pokomo, as well as many other smaller groupsTheir original homeland was somewhere between eastern Nigeria and the Cameroon Congo Basin . |
The Mijikenda for example were scattered at Shungwaya. THE BANTU SPEAKERS Introduction The term Bantu refers to group of people who speak the same or similar language with common word NTU which means a person. The Bantu-speaking groups include the Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria, Kikuyu, Akamba, Meru, Aembu, Taita, Agiryama, Digo in Kenya and Pokomo, as well as many other smaller groupsTheir original homeland was somewhere between eastern Nigeria and the Cameroon Congo Basin . For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 42 They then moved southwards towards present day Democratic Republic of Congo around 500 BC the Bantu were living in the Congo forest . This became a major dispersal point from where the Bantus moved in four major waves. Of these waves, the two waves that account for settle of the Bantu in Kenya are the ones moving southeastwards through the area west of LakeVictoria a 2nddispersal point for Bantus . From here they dispersed in two groups; A. some group passed through present-day Uganda , some settling there Baganda, Banyoro, Batoro , proceeding into kenya to form the western Bantu Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria and abasuba B. From the west Victoria dispersal point a group moved and entered east Africa at appoint south of Lake Victoria and then proceeded eastwards across northern Tanzania to a dispersal point between Taita hills and mt. Kilimanjaro. Some settled in Tanzania Chagga, nyamwezi, sukuma, Kuria, haya, Yao, Segeju, Zaramo .the rest of the groupproceeded northwards to the coast upto Shungwaya another dispersal point . These were the eastern Bantus. REASONS FOR THE BANTU MIGRATION The reasons for the migration of the Bantu are not known but they most likely included the following; a Drought and famine: This broke out because the climate in their cradle land had become unreliable unpredictable. B Population increase which resulted into population pressure, e.g. they became overpopulated in their cradle land. |
REASONS FOR THE BANTU MIGRATION The reasons for the migration of the Bantu are not known but they most likely included the following; a Drought and famine: This broke out because the climate in their cradle land had become unreliable unpredictable. B Population increase which resulted into population pressure, e.g. they became overpopulated in their cradle land. C The constant attacks external pressure from stronger tribes in West Africa and the Nile valley; also due to the migration of the Arabs, who were believed to be more hostile, into West Africa. D Internal conflicts from the Bantu tribes: These conflicts concerned the ownership of agriculture area, the shortage of grazing lands and watering areas. E Epidemics and diseases natural calamities, e.g. earthquakes, over flooding of rivers like river Niger, sickness, diseases such as Nagana caused by Tsetse flies, sleeping sickness e.t.c. F Search for fertile land: Since they were predominantly farmers, the Bantu migrated in order to find more land which could be more fertile than the cradle land, which could no longer support them. G Love for adventure: They moved due to their desire for adventure, i.e. they wanted to find out what was happening in other areas. H Group influence: Some moved because they had seen their relatives and friends move. I Need for water and pasture for their animals forced them to move. J The Bantu migrated in order to export their iron-working culture. They had discovered the knowledge of iron working and had invented iron tools. These iron tools had For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 43 transformed the agricultural sector by making the clearing of land for cultivation faster and more efficient. The western Bantu They include Luhyia, Kisii, Kuria and abasuba and settled in western part of kenya thus their name. Abaluhyia The Abaluhyia community is made up of eighteen sub-groups. The sub-groups which constitute the community have a common background, common customs and speak closely related dialects of the same language. According to Abaluhyia tradition, communities used to hold criminal tribunals at the junctions of footpaths. The area at the junction of footpaths was known as Uluyia or a meeting point and it is claimed that the name Abaluhyia is derived from this. |
Following an easterly course along the lake shore, they settled at the head of Goye Bay in Yimbo location of Nyanza with their homeland spreading across present day Ulowa, Sare and Unyejra at the foot of Ramogi hill. Luo migrants in 1550 AD found them settled in this general area and pushed them from alego to Kisumu where they lived upto 1600AD. Their migration from Kisumu to Kano was motivated by drought in the area.. However, their eastward migration was checked by the Maasai and the Kipsigis By the 18thcentury, they had settled in the Kisii highlands positively interacting with the neighboring Luo, Maasai and Kipsigis in terms of trade. Why the Abagusii remained in the Kano plains for too long before settling in the Kisii highlands. A They were obstructed by the Kipsigis who were migrating westwards. B The Maasai were also quite wild hostile. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 44 c The plains favored their activity of livestock grazing. D Lack of a strong warrior group to fight their expansionist wars against the warring neighbors. Abakuria The origin of the name Kuria is a thorny point in the Abakuria history. The major Abakuria sub-tribes such as Abanyabasi, Abatimbaru, Abanyamongo, Abakira, Abairegi and Abagumbe have traditions to the effect that their ancestor was Mokuria or Mukuria that lived in Msiri . His descendants migrated from Msiri and after many years of wandering on the other side of Lake Victoria; they eventually reached and settled in the present Bukuria By 1800AD, in south Nyanza. According to this tradition, the Abakuria have been divided from time immemorial into two families: the Abasai of the elder wife of Mokuria and the Abachuma of the younger wife. The Abakuria are related to Abalogoli of Abaluhyia and Abagusii and trace same origin at mt. Elgon dispersal point. The Abakuria people appear to have sprung from too many directions to have a common historical origin, although a number of clans claim to have come from Msiri. |
The Abakuria are related to Abalogoli of Abaluhyia and Abagusii and trace same origin at mt. Elgon dispersal point. The Abakuria people appear to have sprung from too many directions to have a common historical origin, although a number of clans claim to have come from Msiri. Among the Abakuria today are found people who were originally from Kalenjin, Maasai, Bantu and Luo speaking communities. The Abakuria adopted the practice of age set organization and circumcision from the southern Cushites Abasuba The name Suba means the people who are always wandering . The Suba migrated into their current locations beginning in the mid-1700s. They came from the region just west of Lake Victoria and settled on the islands. The Suba migrated from Uganda and settled on the two Lake Victoria islands of Rusinga and Mfangano, and are believed to be the last tribe to have settled in Kenya. Other subgroups migrated and settled on the shores of Lake Victoria in the early 18th century. The Suba are descendants of one wave of the Bantu migration from Central Africa over the last 1500 to 1800 years. In the 16th century, it appears, small family groups related to the Ganda people on the western side of the lake migrated across Lake Victoria on boats to settle on Rusinga Island and other islands near what is now Kenya and Tanzania. The Suba are descendants of one wave of the Bantu migration from Central Africa over the last 1500 to 1800 years. In the 16th century, it appears, small family groups related to the Ganda people on the western side of the lake migrated across Lake Victoria on boats to settle on Rusinga Island and other islands near what is now Kenya and Tanzania. Linguistically, the Suba are highly influenced by the neighbouring Luo, to the point of a language shift having taken place among large portions of the mainland Suba. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 45 The remaining speakers of the Suba language are mostly elderly residents on the island of Mfangano. The eastern Bantu They are divided into Highland or Mt. Kenya Bantu and Coastal Bantu. |
For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 45 The remaining speakers of the Suba language are mostly elderly residents on the island of Mfangano. The eastern Bantu They are divided into Highland or Mt. Kenya Bantu and Coastal Bantu. Coastal Bantu They include the Taita, Pokomo and Mijikenda. From the west Victoria dispersal point their first movement was upto Taita hills, where the Taita remained. The Mijikenda and Pokomo proceeded northwards to the coast upto Shungwaya another dispersal point . The main reason for the Shungwaya dispersal was the Oromo attack In AD 1600. Pokomo They moved from Shungwaya following river Tana interacting with the Cushites like the Oromoand Somali. Mijikenda The name means Nine Clans comprising of the Kauma, Giriama, Duruma, Chonyi, Jibana, Kambe, Ribe, Rabai and Digo. From the Shungwaya dispersal point, forced out by the Oromo Somali southwards expansionist attacks , they settled in fortified villages mainly due to security concerns. Each of the nine groups settled in their own separate ridge referred to as Kaya fortified with thorny trees. By the 19th, the Mijikenda were established as middlemen during the long distance trade between the Akamba and the coastal Waswahili. The highland Bantu Examples of highland Bantus include Agikuyu, Ameru, Aembu, Ambeere and the Akamba They are also products of the Shungwaya dispersion. Agikuyu The largest single group of the eastern group. While the Kikuyu can be found throughout Kenya, the heaviest concentration being in Central Province, known as the traditional Kikuyu homeland. The Kikuyu traditionally believe that a man, Gikuyu, was the founder of the tribe. He had a wife named Mumbi, who gave birth to nine plus one daughters. The daughters married and had their own families, retaining a domineering role in Kikuyu society. It was in Mukurwe wa Gathanga division of Nyeri district where an identifiable beginning for the modern Kikuyu people is defined. |
He had a wife named Mumbi, who gave birth to nine plus one daughters. The daughters married and had their own families, retaining a domineering role in Kikuyu society. It was in Mukurwe wa Gathanga division of Nyeri district where an identifiable beginning for the modern Kikuyu people is defined. Ancestors of the Kikuyu arrived in Kenya during the Bantu migrations of 1200-1600 AD. The Agikuyu seem to have moved southwest from the coast at around 1400AD also running away from hostile Oromo. They followed Tana River with some groups falling off and settling in different places. For example the Tharaka settled in the east and the Ambeere settled in the southwest. The main group proceeded upto the confluence of rivers Tana and Thika Mukurwe wa Gathanga. They spread and settled in Kiambu and Nyandarua from Murang a. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 46 The key event in their migration and settlement was military conflict with and defeat of the Gumbapeople by the Mathira and Tetu people, allied with the Athi and the Maasai in the early 1800's. They displaced or absorbed the original inhabitants-the Dorobo Athi and Gumba who were a hunter- gatherer community. Settlement of the Nyeri plains took place after the British moved the Maasai from the area. The Kikuyu were in Kabete by around 1850, Ruiru about 1900. They heavily interacted with the Maasai and Cushites in the area. Describe the relationship between Athi and the Agikuyu a The Athi were the original inhabitants of the land where the Agikuyu live presently. B The Agikuyu claim they bought the land from the Athi. C The Agikuyu also acquired some cultural practices from the Athi e.g. circumcision, clitoridectomy and age set system. D The Athi acted as middlemen in the trade between the Agikuyu, Maasai and the coastal people. Akamba They point to the area around mt Kilimanjaro as their original homeland. From here they moved to Taita Hills before reaching Tsavo West. |
D The Athi acted as middlemen in the trade between the Agikuyu, Maasai and the coastal people. Akamba They point to the area around mt Kilimanjaro as their original homeland. From here they moved to Taita Hills before reaching Tsavo West. They followed the Banks of Athi River in the 15thcentury one group crossing Athi into Ulu. Another group moved south to the Galana River and settled in the region around chyulu hills north of mt. Kilimanjaro By around mid 16thcentury a group of the Akamba had settled in the Mbooni hills near Machakos. Due to environmental influence, the Akamba near Mbooni began to practice agriculture before migrating to iveti, kilungu and masaku. Those that moved to drier Chyulu hills became hunters. The Kitui group adopted pastoralism and hunting and participated in long distance trade. The Ameru Their original homeland is claimed to Mbwa, located somewhere at the coast on manda island. The Shungwaya dispersal might have led to the pushing of the Ameru to tigania and igembe regions at around 1400AD. They crossed the Tana River with the Tharaka sections of Agikuyu and settled to the east of tana. The Chuka section settled in the west of river tana. The mwimbi, imenti, tigania and igembe also settled west of the Tana River. According to tradition, the Meru and Agikuyu were initially migrating as one group and separated at around 15thc and 16thc. Effects of the Bantu Migration The results of the Bantu migration were both positive and negative. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 47 Positive results 1. Introduction of iron working the use of iron tools in the interior of East Africa where peoplewere at first using stone tools. There was an increase in food production. 2. Introduction of new crops e.g. yams, bananas: the Bantu introduced and increased the knowledge of food and extensive crop cultivation. Earlier on, the inhabitants of East Africa were food gatherers, but with iron smelting and its results, food production seriously started. 3. The absorbed other tribes e.g. |
Earlier on, the inhabitants of East Africa were food gatherers, but with iron smelting and its results, food production seriously started. 3. The absorbed other tribes e.g. the gathers: This led to widespread Bantu languages of NTU prefix in East Africa. 4. They introduced centralized administration: They introduced a centralized system of government whereby the king acted as the overall ruler, under who were the other chiefs, down to the lay person. This was done in western Kenya by the Wanga. 5. Introduced a system of building permanent homes: They opened new land to settlement in families, clans and villages. 6. The knowledge of iron smelting which the Bantu introduced led to the making of hoes and pangas for tilling and clearing land, the bows, arrows and spears for defense and protection. 7. They introduced subsistence agriculture, whereby they grew enough food for home consumption, and the rest could be kept in case of shortages, or be exchanged in barter trade. Negative effects 1. The Bantu migration led to depopulation: This was caused by the frequent attacks made on the Bantu by Somali and Oromo, or by the Bantu against the people East Africa for land, through wars. 2. There was loss of culture due to cultural absorption: This was brought about due to Bantu intermarrying with the non- Bantu peoples, whom they came across. 3. There was transformation of languages into new ones: This led to the dying down of some of the Bantu languages, while others remained. The Nilotic speakers Nilotes is a term originating from the word Nile. The origin of these groups is associated with the Nile River. These are the second largest group after the Bantu. They are divided into three groups; a River-lake nilotes- the Luo. B Plains nilotes- the Maasai, Tunkana and Samburu. C Highlands nilotes- kalenjin groups of the Marakwet, Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Elgeyo , Pokot and Sabaot River-lake nilotes They are sometimes referred to as the southern Luos to differentiate them from other riverlake nilotes in Uganda and Sudan like the Dinka, Shilluk, Bor , Anwak, Alur, Acholi, Jopaluo, Padhola, Nuer and Luo of Uganda. |
They are divided into three groups; a River-lake nilotes- the Luo. B Plains nilotes- the Maasai, Tunkana and Samburu. C Highlands nilotes- kalenjin groups of the Marakwet, Tugen, Nandi, Kipsigis, Elgeyo , Pokot and Sabaot River-lake nilotes They are sometimes referred to as the southern Luos to differentiate them from other riverlake nilotes in Uganda and Sudan like the Dinka, Shilluk, Bor , Anwak, Alur, Acholi, Jopaluo, Padhola, Nuer and Luo of Uganda. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 48 They are believed to have originated from Bahr-el-Ghazal region of southern Sudan. They then migrated to Pubungu Pakwach in Uganda where they settled by 1450 AD. They later moved into Kenya. Their arrival caused the displacement of many Bantuspeaking peoples, notably the Gusii, Kuria and Luhya, who were forced into the highlands east and north of the lake. Why did they leave Bahr-el-Ghazal region? A They might have been Escaping from clan or family feuds. B There was population pressure in their area of origin. C They were nomadic pastoralists in search of better grazing lands and water for their livestock d They were fleeing the outbreak of disease that affected both people and animals. E They were escaping famine and drought. F They fled constant attacks from their neighbours. G They were also looking for better fishing grounds. H The migrated to satisfy their spirit of adventure. Their migration into Kenya began in the 15thc. They moved in four distinct groups; a Joka-jok- people of jok. Was the first group to enter into kenya from Uganda. They first settled at Ramogi hills in Kadimo Siaya district displacing the earlier Gusii settlers. Two of Jok s sons fled to south Nyanza to form the Karachuonyo and Wanjare clans. Thisgroup spread to Sakwa, Alego, Asembo and other parts of Nyanza. B Joka-Owiny. Owiny moved from Uganda to settle in Sogoma in Alego with his group in the 17thc. |
Thisgroup spread to Sakwa, Alego, Asembo and other parts of Nyanza. B Joka-Owiny. Owiny moved from Uganda to settle in Sogoma in Alego with his group in the 17thc. He was both a great fighter and leader Ruoth . He came to be known as Owiny Sigoma and his people Joka Ruoth. This group settled in Kisumu, Nyakach and South Nyanza. C Joka-Omolo. They came from northern Banyoro and settled temporarily in Ibanda and Bukoli before moving to Ugenya and Gem. They displaced the Abagusii and Abalogoli out of Yimbo. They spread to Alego and then across winam gulf into south nyanza. D The abasuba. They are Bantu in origin but are associated with the Luo. They are a mixture of Bantu refugees from Uganda who intermarried with the Luo. They settled in the Lake Victoria islands of Mfangano and Rusinga and also in gwasi area. They adopted Luo culture. Effects of Luo Migration a The settlement of the Luo in Kenya led to increase in population in the area. B Their arrival intensified conflicts between them and other communities in the area over limited resources. For example they displaced the western Bantu like the Abaluhyia, Abakuria and Abagusii c There were intermarriages between the Luo and the Luyia and Maasai groups in the area. D The Luo assimilated some Luhyia communities living in the area. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 49 e Their settlement enhanced trade with different communities; they exchanged livestock products for grains with the Luyia. F The Luo adopted agriculture as a result of interacting with the Bantus who were farmers. Plain Nilotes They include the Maasai and Samburu Maa speakers , Iteso, Turkana and Njemps. The Plain Nilotes entered Kenya at around AD 1000 from an area north of Lake Turkana. Why they moved into Kenya: a Drought and famine that broke out in their cradleland. B Population increase which resulted into population pressure in their cradle land. C The external pressure from stronger neighbours. |
Why they moved into Kenya: a Drought and famine that broke out in their cradleland. B Population increase which resulted into population pressure in their cradle land. C The external pressure from stronger neighbours. D Internal conflicts from among other Nilotic groups concerning the ownership of grazing lands and watering areas. E Epidemics and diseases like sleeping sickness affecting both humans and animals. F They moved due to their desire for adventure, i.e. they wanted to find out what was happening in other areas. G Need for water and pasture for their animals forced them to move. Their first point of settlement was near Mount Moroto in eastern Uganda by AD 1000. From here, several groups like the Jie, Iteso, Turkana and karamojong emerged, with the Iteso settling in Uganda in 17thc before expanding into western Kenya by 19thc. The Turkana extended northwards to their present area. The effects of the migration and settlement of the iteso a The settlement of the iteso in their present region led to increase in population in the area. B It intensified conflicts between them and other commu nities in the area over limited resources. C There were intermarriages between the iteso and the Luyia groups in the area. D Cultural interaction giving rise to enriched cultures. E Some people were displaced from the area with the arrival of the iteso. E.g. the Maasai and some kalenjin communities. F The iteso assimilated some communities living in the area. G Their settlement enhanced trade with different communities; they exchanged livestock products for grains with the Luyia. H The iteso adopted agriculture as a result of interacting with the Bantus who were farmers The Maasai Their movement from north of lake Turkana is closely associated with the original Kalenjin speakers. By AD 1500, the Maasai begun to move separately southwards between Mt,. Kenya and Mt. Elgon. By 19thc , they had settled in Uasin Gishu and even spread into Tanzania along the Rift Valley. For free KCSE Notes, Exams, and Past Papers Visit https: Teacher.co.ke 50 As they moved, they assimilated the Sirikwa peoples. They also waged war against the neighbouring Kalenjin, Akamba and Abagusii. |
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