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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fischer%20glycosidation
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Fischer glycosidation (or Fischer glycosylation) refers to the formation of a glycoside by the reaction of an aldose or ketose with an alcohol in the presence of an acid catalyst. The reaction is named after the German chemist, Emil Fischer, winner of the Nobel Prize in chemistry, 1902, who developed this method between 1893 and 1895.
Commonly, the reaction is performed using a solution or suspension of the carbohydrate in the alcohol as the solvent. The carbohydrate is usually completely unprotected. The Fischer glycosidation reaction is an equilibrium process and can lead to a mixture of ring size isomers, and anomers, plus in some cases, small amounts of acyclic forms. With hexoses, short reactions times usually lead to furanose ring forms, and longer reaction times lead to pyranose forms. With long reaction times the most thermodynamically stable product will result which, owing to the anomeric effect, is usually the alpha anomer.
See also
Fischer–Speier esterification - a more general reaction where an alcohol and carboxylic acid are coupled to form an ester
Helferich method - a glycosidation carried out with phenol
References
Carbohydrate chemistry
Glycosides
Substitution reactions
Organic reactions
Name reactions
Emil Fischer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schlenk%20flask
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A Schlenk flask, or Schlenk tube, is a reaction vessel typically used in air-sensitive chemistry, invented by Wilhelm Schlenk. It has a side arm fitted with a PTFE or ground glass stopcock, which allows the vessel to be evacuated or filled with gases (usually inert gases like nitrogen or argon). These flasks are often connected to Schlenk lines, which allow both operations to be done easily.
Schlenk flasks and Schlenk tubes, like most laboratory glassware, are made from borosilicate glass such as Pyrex.
Schlenk flasks are round-bottomed, while Schlenk tubes are elongated. They may be purchased off-the-shelf from laboratory suppliers or made from round-bottom flasks or glass tubing by a skilled glassblower.
Evacuating a Schlenk flask
Typically, before solvent or reagents are introduced into a Schlenk flask, the flask is dried and the atmosphere of the flask is exchanged with an inert gas. A common method of exchanging the atmosphere of the flask is to flush the flask out with an inert gas. The gas can be introduced through the sidearm of the flask, or via a wide bore needle (attached to a gas line). The contents of the flask exit the flask through the neck portion of the flask. The needle method has the advantage that the needle can be placed at the bottom of the flask to better flush out the atmosphere of the flask. Flushing a flask out with an inert gas can be inefficient for large flasks and is impractical for complex apparatus.
An alternative way to exchange the atm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hexamer%20%28disambiguation%29
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A hexamer is a type of oligomer in chemistry and biochemistry that mostly consists of six similar or identical repeating units.
Hexamer may also refer to people with the surname Hexamer:
Charles John Hexamer (1862-1921) co-founder and president of the National German-American Alliance.
Ernest Hexamer (1827-1912), German civil engineer and originator of the system of fire insurance maps
William Hexamer (1825–1870), German revolutionary and participant in the American Civil War
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20B.%20Hart
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Edwin Bret Hart (December 25, 1874 – March 12, 1953) was an American biochemist long associated with the University of Wisconsin-Madison.
A native of Sandusky, Ohio, Hart studied physiological chemistry in Germany under Albrecht Kossel (recipient of the 1910 Nobel Prize in Physiology or Medicine) at the University of Marburg and University of Heidelberg. Upon his return to the United States, he worked at the New York State Agricultural Experiment Station (part of Cornell University) in Geneva, New York, and then at the University of Michigan before being hired in 1906 by Stephen M. Babcock of the University of Wisconsin to conduct what later came to be known as the "single-grain experiment", which ran from May 1907 to 1911. This experiment entailed a long-term feeding plan using a chemically balanced diet of carbohydrates, fat, and protein instead of single-plant rations as done in Babcock's earlier experiments of 1881 and 1901.
Hart directed the experiment, Babcock provided ideas, and George C. Humphrey oversaw the welfare of the cattle during the experiment. Elmer Verner McCollum, an organic chemist from Connecticut, was hired by Hart to analyze the grain rations and the cow feces. The experiment called for four groups of four heifer calves each, of which three groups were raised and two pregnancies were carried through. The first group ate only wheat, the second group ate only bran, the third group ate only corn, and the last group ate a mixture of the three.
In 1908, i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Banksman
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In Irish and British civil engineering, a banksman is the person who directs the operation of a crane or larger vehicle from the point near where loads are attached and detached. The term 'dogman' may be used in Australia and New Zealand, while 'spotter' is the more common term in United States.
Offshore & Oil and Gas
The general term for a professional banksman offshore is a ‘rigger’ or deck crew. A team of riggers will manage lifting operations. There are specific methods, pieces of equipment, and safety protocol for many different types of loads. Offshore, on rigs or vessels, most equipment and materials will arrive on location, transferred by boat utilising a crane, therefore banksmen play an important role in the marine and offshore industries.
Contemporary
Crane or large vehicle drivers do not always have clear visibility of the loading area, especially when tower cranes are employed. The banksman is in charge of the crane movements from the point of loading and unloading. They may use a system of hand signals or a radio link.
A banksman may also be responsible for directing the movement and loading/unloading of lorries, or directing the movement of other plant. A banksman may also control the movements of an excavator, by carefully monitoring the bucket for any obstructions or underground services.
In many countries, banksmen are required to meet a regulated standard, such as laid down by the UK's Health and Safety Executive; in the UK over a quarter of vehicle d
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Smith%20%28botanist%29
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Sir David Cecil Smith (born 21 May 1930 Port Talbot, South Wales – 29 June 2018) was a British botanist. Smith was most notable for his research into the biology of symbiosis and became a leading authority on it. Smith discovered that lichens and Radiata (coelenterates) shared a similar biological mechanism in carbohydrate metabolism. Further research by Smith demonstrated similar processes in organisms that worked within a symbiotic relationship.
Early life and education
Smith was the youngest of two sons. His parents were William Smith, a mining engineer, and Elva (née Deeble) who was a teacher. Smith's brother Frank was killed in Canada. His father initially worked as a coal mining engineer in South Wales, before securing a position as the manager of a Manganese mine in Sinai desert following the UKGeneral Strike. The family remained in the Sinai desert until the end of World War II, except for occasional periods of leave. In one such period, Smith was born, and lived in the Sinai desert until he was five, when he returned to the UK to live with his grandparents and aunt, Iris, in Port Talbot where he attended primary school.
When Smith was ten he was sent to boarding school at Colston's School, Bristol. After his parents returned to the UK to live in Hatch End, London, when he was 15 Smith was moved to St Paul's School, London to continue his education. It was while St Paul's School, that his interest in the subject of biology started, while on field trips. He applied
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QPNC-PAGE
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QPNC-PAGE, or Quantitative Preparative Native Continuous PolyAcrylamide Gel Electrophoresis, is a bioanalytical, one-dimensional, high-resolution and high-precision technique applied in biochemistry and bioinorganic chemistry to separate proteins quantitatively by isoelectric point and by continuous elution from a gel column.
This variant of native gel electrophoresis and subset of preparative polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis is used by biophysicists to isolate macromolecules in solution, for example, active or native metalloproteins in biological samples or properly and improperly folded metal cofactor-containing proteins or protein isoforms in complex protein mixtures.
The special feature of the QPNC-PAGE technique is based on a standardized polymerization time for acrylamide gel solutions to optimize gel properties, in particular gel stability, during an electrophoretic run. Physiological concentrations of metal ion cofactors are fractionated in quantitative amounts for further analysis.
Introduction
Proteins perform several functions in living organisms, including catalytic reactions and transport of molecules or ions within the cells, the organs or the whole body. The understanding of the processes in human organisms, which are mainly driven by biochemical reactions and protein-protein interactions, depends to a great extent on the ability to isolate active proteins in biological samples for more detailed examination of chemical structure and physiological function
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stuart%20Scharf
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Stuart Martin Scharf (1941 – November 8, 2007) was an American composer, guitarist, and record producer.
Biography
Scharf grew up in Crown Heights and attended Winthrop Junior High School. A mathematics major in college, he graduated with honors from the City College of New York in 1962.
Scharf was a friend of guitarist Jay Berliner, who influenced his career. During the early 1960s, he was the lead guitarist for folk-singer Leon Bibb. He also worked with arranger Walter Raim and folk-singer Judy Collins as well as bassist Bill Lee (father of Spike Lee).
For several years, he partnered with Martin Gersten, chief engineer of WNCN, in a recording studio at 18 Jones Street in Greenwich Village. They shared this space with folk music broadcaster Skip Weshner.
Scharf was a prolific studio musician in New York City during the 1960s, playing guitar with Chad Mitchell, Janis Ian, Al Kooper, and Carly Simon. He also had a producing partnership with Bob Dorough for many years; together, they produced albums by Spanky and Our Gang. Scharf was the composer of Spanky and Our Gang's hit "Like to Get to Know You."
In 1980, he moved to Hamilton Township, Monroe County, Pennsylvania, where he continued his recording business.
Discography
As sideman
With Charles Earland
Charles III (Prestige, 1973)
With J. J. Johnson and Kai Winding
Betwixt & Between (A&M/CTI, 1969)
With Al Kooper
You Never Know Who Your Friends Are (Columbia, 1969)
Easy Does It (Columbia, 1970)
Naked Songs (Columbia, 1
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interactive%20Mathematics%20Program
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The Interactive Mathematics Program (IMP) is a four-year, problem-based mathematics curriculum for high schools. It was one of several curricula funded by the National Science Foundation and designed around the 1989 National Council of Teachers of Mathematics (NCTM) standards. The IMP books were authored by Dan Fendel and Diane Resek, professors of mathematics at San Francisco State University, and by Lynne Alper and Sherry Fraser. IMP was published by Key Curriculum Press in 1997 and sold in 2012 to It's About Time.
Curriculum
Designed in response to national reports pointing to the need for a major overhaul in mathematics education, the IMP curriculum is markedly different in structure, content, and pedagogy from courses more typically found in the high school sequence.
Each book of the curriculum is divided into five- to eight-week units, each having a central problem or theme. This larger problem is intended to serve as motivation for students to develop the underlying skills and concepts needed to solve it, through solving a variety of smaller related problems.
There is an emphasis on asking students to work together in collaborative groups.
It is hoped that communication skills will be developed; exercises aimed at this goal are embedded throughout the curriculum, through the use of group and whole class discussions, the use of writing to present and clarify mathematical solutions; in some IEP classes, formal oral presentations are required.
The IMP curriculum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Syne%20Mitchell
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Syne Mitchell (born 1970 in Jackson, Mississippi) is an American novelist in the science fiction genre. She has a bachelor's degree in business administration and master's degree in physics. She lives in Seattle, Washington and is married to author Eric S. Nylund. Her first science fiction novel was Murphy’s Gambit which won the Compton Crook Award in 2001. Followed by science fiction novels Technogenesis in 2001, The Changeling Plague in 2003, End in Fire in 2005 and the first installment of the Deathless series, called The Last Mortal Man in 2006.
She wrote a how-to book, Inventive Weaving on a Little Loom: Discover the Full Potential of the Rigid-Heddle Loom, for Beginners and Beyond in 2015
Working at Google, Mitchell was part of a team that produced explainer comics: "Smooth Sailing with Kubernetes" (2018) and "Learning Machine Learning" (2019)
Mitchell has also published articles, short stories, an online magazine for handweavers (WeaveZine), and produced a monthly podcast (WeaveCast).
She has worked as a technical writer at Microsoft, Amazon, and Google.
Awards
Winner of the 2001 Compton Crook Award for Murphy's Gambit.
Works
Murphy's Gambit (2000)
Technogenesis (2001)
The Changeling Plague (2003)
End in Fire (2005)
The Deathless series
The Last Mortal Man (2006)
Inventive Weaving (2015)
Mitchell's short fiction:
"After the Nuclear War", American Collegiate Poets, International Publications, 1985
"Tiger's Eye", in Sword and Sorceress IX, DAW, 1992, edi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transgressive%20segregation
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In genetics, transgressive segregation is the formation of extreme phenotypes, or transgressive phenotypes, observed in segregated hybrid populations compared to phenotypes observed in the parental lines. The appearance of these transgressive (extreme) phenotypes can be either positive or negative in terms of fitness. If both parents' favorable alleles come together, it will result in a hybrid having a higher fitness than the two parents. The hybrid species will show more genetic variation and variation in gene expression than their parents. As a result, the hybrid species will have some traits that are transgressive (extreme) in nature. Transgressive segregation can allow a hybrid species to populate different environments/niches in which the parent species do not reside, or compete in the existing environment with the parental species.
Causes
Genetic
There are many causes for transgressive segregation in hybrids. One cause can be due to recombination of additive alleles. Recombination results in new pairs of alleles at two or more loci. These different pairs of alleles can give rise to new phenotypes if gene expression has been changed at these loci. Another cause can be elevated mutation rate. When mutation rates are high, it is more probable that a mutation will occur and cause an extreme phenotypic change. Reduced developmental stability is another cause for transgressive segregation. Developmental stability refers to the capability of a genotype to go through a const
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oblique%20correction
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In particle physics, an oblique correction refers to a particular type of radiative correction to the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. Oblique corrections are defined in four-fermion scattering processes, ( + → + ) at the CERN Large Electron–Positron Collider. There are three classes of radiative corrections to these processes: vacuum polarization corrections, vertex corrections, and box corrections. The vacuum polarization corrections are referred to as oblique corrections, since they only affect the mixing and propagation of the gauge bosons and they do not depend on which type of fermions appear in the initial or final states. (The vertex and box corrections, which depend on the identity of the initial and final state fermions, are called nonoblique corrections.)
Any new particles charged under the electroweak gauge groups can contribute to oblique corrections. Therefore, the oblique corrections can be used to constrain possible new physics beyond the Standard Model. To affect the nonoblique corrections, on the other hand, the new particles must couple directly to the external fermions.
The oblique corrections are usually parameterized in terms of the Peskin–Takeuchi parameters S, T, and U.
See also
Initial and final state radiation
References
Standard Model
Physics beyond the Standard Model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nonoblique%20correction
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In four-fermion scattering processes of particle physics, a nonoblique correction, also called a direct correction, refers to a radiative correction of type
+ → +
in the electroweak sector of the Standard Model. These corrections are being studied at the CERN LEP collider. Together with the oblique corrections, nonoblique corrections can be used to constrain models of physics beyond the Standard Model.
Classes
There are three classes of radiative corrections to these processes:
vacuum polarization corrections,
vertex corrections, and
box corrections.
The vertex and box corrections, which depend on the identity of the initial and final state fermions, are referred to as the non-oblique corrections. The vacuum polarization corrections are referred to as oblique corrections, since they only affect the mixing and propagation of the gauge bosons and they do not depend on which type of fermions appear in the initial or final states.
Examples
An example of a vertex correction is the nonuniversality (flavor dependence) of the couplings of the quarks and leptons to the charged and neutral weak currents. Another example is the anomalous magnetic dipole moment.
In order to affect the nonoblique corrections, particles must couple directly to the external fermions. Such couplings are expected to be suppressed in most cases, with one exception being the vertex.
See also
Initial and final state radiation
References
Standard Model
Physics beyond the Standard Model
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Branges%20space
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In mathematics, a de Branges space (sometimes written De Branges space) is a concept in functional analysis and is constructed from a de Branges function.
The concept is named after Louis de Branges who proved numerous results regarding these spaces, especially as Hilbert spaces, and used those results to prove the Bieberbach conjecture.
De Branges functions
A Hermite-Biehler function, also known as de Branges function is an entire function E from to that satisfies the inequality , for all z in the upper half of the complex plane .
Definition 1
Given a Hermite-Biehler function , the de Branges space is defined as the set of all entire functions F such that
where:
is the open upper half of the complex plane.
.
is the usual Hardy space on the open upper half plane.
Definition 2
A de Branges space can also be defined as all entire functions satisfying all of the following conditions:
Definition 3
There exists also an axiomatic description, useful in operator theory.
As Hilbert spaces
Given a de Branges space . Define the scalar product:
A de Branges space with such a scalar product can be proven to be a Hilbert space.
References
Operator theory
Hardy spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Obstacle%20avoidance
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In robotics, obstacle avoidance is the task of satisfying some control objective subject to non-intersection or non-collision position constraints. What is critical about obstacle avoidance concept in this area is the growing need of usage of unmanned aerial vehicles in urban areas for especially military applications where it can be very useful in city wars. Normally obstacle avoidance is considered to be distinct from path planning in that one is usually implemented as a reactive control law while the other involves the pre-computation of an obstacle-free path which a controller will then guide a robot along. With recent advanced in the autonomous vehicles sector, a good and dependable obstacle avoidance feature of a driverless platform is also required to have a robust obstacle detection module.
Reactive obstacle avoidance is a behavior based control strategy in a robot. It is a task similar to the navigation problem and produces a collision free motion.
See also
D* dynamic pathfinding algorithm
Robotics
Robot control
References
External links
Forecast 3D Laser System: a LIDAR based obstacle detection and avoidance sensor. Forecast generates a 3D point cloud or cost map output that can be used for robotic command and control software, terrain mapping, and other applications.
Further reading
BECKER, M. ; DANTAS, Carolina Meirelles ; MACEDO, Weber Perdigão, "Obstacle Avoidance Procedure for Mobile Robots". In: Paulo Eigi Miyagi; Oswaldo Horikawa; Emilia Villan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electron%20pair
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In chemistry, an electron pair or Lewis pair consists of two electrons that occupy the same molecular orbital but have opposite spins. Gilbert N. Lewis introduced the concepts of both the electron pair and the covalent bond in a landmark paper he published in 1916.
Because electrons are fermions, the Pauli exclusion principle forbids these particles from having the same quantum numbers. Therefore, for two electrons to occupy the same orbital, and thereby have the same orbital quantum number, they must have different spin quantum number. This also limits the number of electrons in the same orbital to two.
The pairing of spins is often energetically favorable, and electron pairs therefore play a large role in chemistry. They can form a chemical bond between two atoms, or they can occur as a lone pair of valence electrons. They also fill the core levels of an atom.
Because the spins are paired, the magnetic moment of the electrons cancel one another, and the pair's contribution to magnetic properties is generally diamagnetic.
Although a strong tendency to pair off electrons can be observed in chemistry, it is also possible that electrons occur as unpaired electrons.
In the case of metallic bonding the magnetic moments also compensate to a large extent, but the bonding is more communal so that individual pairs of electrons cannot be distinguished and it is better to consider the electrons as a collective 'sea'.
A very special case of electron pair formation occurs in super
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Onset%20%28audio%29
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Onset refers to the beginning of a musical note or other sound. It is related to (but different from) the concept of a transient: all musical notes have an onset, but do not necessarily include an initial transient.
Onset detection
In signal processing, onset detection is an active research area. For example, the MIREX annual competition features an Audio Onset Detection contest.
Approaches to onset detection can operate in the time domain, frequency domain, phase domain, or complex domain, and include looking for:
Increases in spectral energy
Changes in spectral energy distribution (spectral flux) or phase
Changes in detected pitch - e.g. using a polyphonic pitch detection algorithm
Spectral patterns recognisable by machine learning techniques such as neural networks.
Simpler techniques such as detecting increases in time-domain amplitude can typically lead to an unsatisfactorily high amount of false positives or false negatives.
The aim is often to judge onsets similarly to how a human would: so psychoacoustically-motivated strategies may be employed. Sometimes the onset detector can be restricted to a particular domain (depending on intended application), for example being targeted at detecting percussive onsets. With a narrower focus, it can be more straightforward to obtain reliable detection.
See also
ADSR envelope
Prefix (acoustics)
References
Bello, J.P., Daudet, L., Abdallah, S., Duxbury, C., Davies, M., Sandler, M.B. (2005) "A Tutorial on Onset Detec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Leake%20Academy
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East Leake Academy is an academy located in East Leake in the Rushcliffe area of Nottinghamshire, England. The school describes itself as specialising in information communication technology (ICT) and mathematics. The current principal is Tom Reid. The school has a student capacity of 1386. In September 2003, the school moved into a £20m new building, built with Private Finance Initiative funding, and rented from Alfred McAlpine Business Services. The school shares its location with a leisure centre and Lantern Lane Primary & Nursery School. In September 2012, the school was changed from a comprehensive to an academy after successfully earning academy status in 2010, in September 2012 the name was also changed from Harry Carlton Comprehensive School to East Leake Academy.
Results
The school achieves higher GCSE results than both the national and Nottinghamshire averages although the highest recent result was in 2003 when 70% gained 5 A–C grades.
History
The school was designed by Donald Gibson, the county architect, to accommodate 300 pupils. It was intended to reflect its rural location and allowed for the school to keep its own livestock. It was opened on 27 July 1957 by Brigadier Martin Redmayne, DSO, TD, PC. The school was then called the East Leake County Secondary School. The first head was Mr Tyler.
A team from the school won a national competition in 2001 to predict UK base interest rates organised by the Bank of England. The school received £10,000.
The school wa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hong%20Song-nam
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Hong Song-nam (2 October 1929 – 31 March 2009) was a North Korean politician who was the Premier of North Korea from 1998 to 2003. He succeeded Kang Song-san. Born in Kangwon Province, he graduated from the Kim Il-sung University and studied electrical engineering at the Prague Technical Institute.
From 1954 he worked in the North Korean Ministry of Heavy Industry. In 1971–1973 he was Minister of Heavy Industry. From 1973–1975 he was Deputy Chairman of the Administrative Council of the DPRK. In 1973–1977 he was Chairman of the State Planning Commission. From 1982 to 1986 he was First Secretary of the Workers' Party of Korea of South Pyongan Province. In 1987–1990 he served as Deputy Chairman of the Administrative Council, the chairman of the State Planning Commission of the DPRK. From 1990–1998 he was deputy chairman of the Administrative Council (deputy premier).
Hong died on 31 March 2009. A funeral committee chaired by Kim Yong-nam was appointed with Jo Myong-rok, Kim Yong-chun, and 33 others as its members.
Works
See also
Politics of North Korea
References
1929 births
2009 deaths
Prime Ministers of North Korea
Workers' Party of Korea politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piedmont%20Governor%27s%20School%20for%20Mathematics%2C%20Science%2C%20and%20Technology
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The Piedmont Governor's School for Mathematics, Science, and Technology is one of Virginia's 18 state-initiated magnet Governor's Schools. It is a half-day school program where 11th and 12th grade students take advanced classes in the morning (receiving their remaining classes from their home high school.)
Four classes are to be taken at the gov. school and two or three more per semester at their base school.
Students at PGSMST have the opportunity to earn an associate degree through Danville Community College (Danville students) or Patrick Henry Community College (Martinsville students) while enrolled at the Governor's School.
The School does not have a classroom facility of its own. Instead, students travel to the Institute for Advanced Learning and Research (Danville site) or New College Institute (Martinsville site) to take courses offered by the program.
History
Before The Piedmont Governors School for Mathematics Science and Technology, it was commonly called the GSGET (Governors School for Global Economics and Technology.)
Mission
The mission of the Piedmont Governor's School for Mathematics, Science, and Technology is to provide a challenging, project-driven, research-based curriculum in a technology-infused environment. The school is designed for academically gifted, highly motivated, and high achieving eleventh (11th) and twelfth (12th) grade students from Danville City, Henry County, Martinsville City, and Pittsylvania County school divisions.
Upon Considera
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permissiveness%20%28biology%29
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In endocrinology, permissiveness is a biochemical phenomenon in which the presence of one hormone is required in order for another hormone to exert its full effects on a target cell. Hormones can interact in permissive, synergistic, or antagonistic ways. The chemical classes of hormones include amines, polypeptides, glycoproteins and steroids. Permissive hormones act as precursors to active hormones and may be classified as either prohormones or prehormones. It stimulate the formation of receptors of that hormone.
Examples
Thyroid hormone increases the number of beta adrenergic receptors available for epinephrine at the latter's target cell, thereby increasing epinephrine's effect on that cell. Specially in cardiac cell. Without the thyroid hormone, epinephrine would have only a weak effect.
Cortisol exerts a permissive effect on growth hormone.
The effects of a hormone in the body depend on its concentration. Permissive actions of glucocorticoids like cortisol generally occur at low concentrations. Abnormally high amounts of a hormone can result in atypical effects. Glucocorticoids function by attaching to cytoplasmic receptors to either enhance or suppress changes in the transcription of DNA and thus the synthesis of proteins. Glucocorticoids also inhibit the secretion of cytokines via post-translational modification effects.
References
Biology terminology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Franz%20Kugler
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Franz Kugler is the name of:
Franz Theodor Kugler (1808–1858), German art historian and poet
Franz Xaver Kugler (1862–1929), professor of mathematics, chemist, assyriologist, and Jesuit priest
Franz Xaver Kugler (Radler) from Munich who invented a beer shandy drink called Radler
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gel%20%28disambiguation%29
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A gel is a complex solid but fluid substance with liquid-like properties.
Gel may also refer to:
Personal care
Hair gel, a gel used for setting hair styles which makes it stay still
Shower gel, a cosmetic body wash
Personal lubricant used for sex purposes
Pharmaceutics and physical chemistry
Gel cap, a gelatinous capsule in which a drug is held
Aerogel, a gel that has been dehydrated under supercritical conditions such that the liquid has been replaced with gas
Hydrogel or aquagel, a water-insoluble polymer
Sol-gel, a colloidal suspension that can be gelled to form a solid
Xerogel, a dried gel that, when heated, becomes a dense glass
Entertainment
Color gel, a transparent colored material used to shade stage lighting for plays and film
Gel, a fictional character in the manga series Hunter × Hunter
Gel, American hardcore punk band
Other uses
Gel (dessert), a dessert made with sweetened and flavored gelatin
Gel conference
Gel pen
Gelling (Arunachal Pradesh), location in India
Georgian lari, by ISO 4217 currency code
Group Exemption Letter, issued by the United States Internal Revenue Service
Lichk, Armenia, formerly Gël
Silica gel
ut-Ma'in language
See also
Agar
Collagen
Colloid
Gelatin
Jelly (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilkka%20Rantasepp%C3%A4-Helenius
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Hilkka Rantaseppä-Helenius (1925–1975) was a Finnish astronomer.
Rantaseppä-Helenius began studying mathematics in hopes of becoming a teacher. Finnish astronomer Yrjö Väisälä inspired her to become an astronomer instead. Helenius, as a daughter of a farmer, was among the lucky few astronomers that had the privilege of having an observatory at their own corral.
Rantaseppä-Helenius worked on observing minor planets. She worked as an assistant at Tuorla Observatory from 1956 to 1962. In 1962 she became an observer when a vacancy became available. She remained an observer until 1975. She was also involved in building the Kevola Observatory by Tähtitieteellis-optillinen seura (Astronomy-Optical Society) on her own property in 1963.
Rantaseppä-Helenius died at age 50 in an accident. The Florian asteroid 1530 Rantaseppä was named in her memory.
References
1925 births
1975 deaths
Finnish astronomers
Women astronomers
Astronomy-optics society
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stirling%20Colgate
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Stirling Auchincloss Colgate (; November 14, 1925 – December 1, 2013) was an American nuclear physicist at the Los Alamos National Laboratory and a professor emeritus of physics at the New Mexico Institute of Mining and Technology from 1965 to 1974, of which he also served its president.
A scion of the Colgate toothpaste family, he was America's premier diagnostics scientist on thermonuclear weapons during the early years at the Lawrence Livermore National Laboratory in California, and later in Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL). While much of his involvement with physics is still highly classified, he made many contributions in the open literature including physics education and astrophysics, specifically studying plasma physics.
Early life and education
Colgate was born in New York City in 1925, to Henry Auchincloss and Jeanette Thurber (née Pruyn) Colgate. He attended Los Alamos Ranch School until 1942 when a military delegation along with input from Robert Oppenheimer and Ernest O. Lawrence decided to close the school. Colgate and others in the class were then graduated without notice. The following year he attended Cornell University to study electrical engineering.
In 1944, Colgate enlisted in the merchant marine. After the atomic bombing of Hiroshima, Japan, the captain of the ship Colgate was serving on called on Colgate to "tell us what it means." At that time what he explained was strictly confidential, most of all the description of nuclear fission.
After be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Performance%20Application%20Programming%20Interface
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In computer science, Performance Application Programming Interface (PAPI) is a portable interface (in the form of a library) to hardware performance counters on modern microprocessors. It is being widely used to collect low level performance metrics (e.g. instruction counts, clock cycles, cache misses) of computer systems running UNIX/Linux operating systems.
PAPI provides predefined high level hardware events summarized from popular processors and direct access to low level native events of one particular processor. Counter multiplexing and overflow handling are also supported.
Operating system support for accessing hardware counters is needed to use PAPI.
For example, prior to 2010, a Linux/x86 kernel had to be patched with a performance monitoring counters driver (perfctr link) to support PAPI.
Since Linux version 2.6.32, and PAPI 2010 releases, PAPI can leverage the existing perf subsystem in Linux, and thus does not need any out of tree driver to be functional anymore.
Supported Operating Systems and requirements are listed in the official repository's documentation INSTALL.txt.
See also
Performance analysis
Further reading
A Portable Programming Interface for Performance Evaluation on Modern Processors / International Journal of High Performance Computing Applications archive Volume 14 Issue 3, August 2000, Pages 189-204 doi:10.1177/109434200001400303
Dongarra, Jack, et al. "Using PAPI for hardware performance monitoring on Linux systems" // Conference on L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20R.%20Lindberg
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David R. Lindberg (1948, U.S.A.) is an American malacologist and professor of integrative biology at the University of California, Berkeley. He is also the Curator for the University of California Museum of Paleontology and co-editor of the journal Molecular Systematics and Phylogeography of Mollusks.
Much of his work has focused on sea snails, specifically on limpets, on the phylogeny of the Patellogastropoda, and various other gastropod groups.
Lindberg renamed the order Docoglossa to Patellogastropoda in 1986. He is also notable for naming the subclass Eogastropoda, and proposing that the taxonomy of the Gastropoda be rewritten in terms of strictly monophyletic groups.
Genera and species containing the name Lindberg
Although these species were named in honor of one or more people who had the surname Lindberg, judging from the year the species were named, only a few of the following taxa were named in honor of David R. Lindberg.
Bathyglycinde lindbergi (Uschakov, 1955)
Bathyraja lindbergi Ishiyama & Ishihara, 1977
Bogidiella lindbergi Ruffo, 1958
Cyclopteropsis lindbergi Soldatov, 1930
Dugesia lindbergi de Beauchamp, 1959
Eualus lindbergi Kobyakova, 1955
Genioliparis lindbergi Andriashev & Neyelov, 1976
Glycinde lindbergi Uschakov, 1955 : synonym of Bathyglycinde lindbergi (Uschakov, 1955)
Gobio gobio lepidolaemus natio lindbergi Turdakov & Piskarev, 1955 : synonym of Gobio gobio gobio (Linnaeus, 1758)
Gurjanovilia lindbergi Jakovleva, 1952 : synonym of Tripop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Ellaway
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Peter H. Ellaway is a British neuroscientist who is an emeritus professor of the Division of Neurosciences and Mental Health at Imperial College, London. His awards include the Commemoration Medal, Charles University, Prague (1988).
External collaborations
Balgrist Institute, Zurich, Prof Volker Dietz
University of Alberta, Prof Arthur Prochazka
Editorial boards
Experimental Physiology, Reviewing Editor until 2005.
Journal of Physiology, Senior Ethical Editor since 2005; Reviewing Editor since 1999.
References
External links
Professor Peter Ellaway Biography at Imperial College London
Emeritus Professor Peter Ellaway BSc PhD Biography at Inspire Foundation
Academics of Imperial College London
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ensemble%20interpretation
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The ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics considers the quantum state description to apply only to an ensemble of similarly prepared systems, rather than supposing that it exhaustively represents an individual physical system.
The advocates of the ensemble interpretation of quantum mechanics claim that it is minimalist, making the fewest physical assumptions about the meaning of the standard mathematical formalism. It proposes to take to the fullest extent the statistical interpretation of Max Born, for which he won the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1954. On the face of it, the ensemble interpretation might appear to contradict the doctrine proposed by Niels Bohr, that the wave function describes an individual system or particle, not an ensemble, though he accepted Born's statistical interpretation of quantum mechanics. It is not quite clear exactly what kind of ensemble Bohr intended to exclude, since he did not describe probability in terms of ensembles. The ensemble interpretation is sometimes, especially by its proponents, called "the statistical interpretation", but it seems perhaps different from Born's statistical interpretation.
As is the case for "the" Copenhagen interpretation, "the" ensemble interpretation might not be uniquely defined. In one view, the ensemble interpretation may be defined as that advocated by Leslie E. Ballentine, Professor at Simon Fraser University. His interpretation does not attempt to justify, or otherwise derive, or explain quantum me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Graduate%20Texts%20in%20Mathematics
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Graduate Texts in Mathematics (GTM) () is a series of graduate-level textbooks in mathematics published by Springer-Verlag. The books in this series, like the other Springer-Verlag mathematics series, are yellow books of a standard size (with variable numbers of pages). The GTM series is easily identified by a white band at the top of the book.
The books in this series tend to be written at a more advanced level than the similar Undergraduate Texts in Mathematics series, although there is a fair amount of overlap between the two series in terms of material covered and difficulty level.
List of books
Introduction to Axiomatic Set Theory, Gaisi Takeuti, Wilson M. Zaring (1982, 2nd ed., )
Measure and Category – A Survey of the Analogies between Topological and Measure Spaces, John C. Oxtoby (1980, 2nd ed., )
Topological Vector Spaces, H. H. Schaefer, M. P. Wolff (1999, 2nd ed., )
A Course in Homological Algebra, Peter Hilton, Urs Stammbach (1997, 2nd ed., )
Categories for the Working Mathematician, Saunders Mac Lane (1998, 2nd ed., )
Projective Planes, Daniel R. Hughes, Fred C. Piper, (1982, )
A Course in Arithmetic, Jean-Pierre Serre (1996, )
Axiomatic Set Theory, Gaisi Takeuti, Wilson M. Zaring, (1973, )
Introduction to Lie Algebras and Representation Theory, James E. Humphreys (1997, )
A Course in Simple-Homotopy Theory, Marshall. M. Cohen, (1973, )
Functions of One Complex Variable I, John B. Conway (1978, 2nd ed., )
Advanced Mathematical Analysis, Richard Beals (1973
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cumulative%20hierarchy
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In mathematics, specifically set theory, a cumulative hierarchy is a family of sets indexed by ordinals such that
If is a limit ordinal, then
Some authors additionally require that or that .
The union of the sets of a cumulative hierarchy is often used as a model of set theory.
The phrase "the cumulative hierarchy" usually refers to the standard cumulative hierarchy of the von Neumann universe with introduced by .
Reflection principle
A cumulative hierarchy satisfies a form of the reflection principle: any formula in the language of set theory that holds in the union of the hierarchy also holds in some stages .
Examples
The von Neumann universe is built from a cumulative hierarchy .
The sets of the constructible universe form a cumulative hierarchy.
The Boolean-valued models constructed by forcing are built using a cumulative hierarchy.
The well founded sets in a model of set theory (possibly not satisfying the axiom of foundation) form a cumulative hierarchy whose union satisfies the axiom of foundation.
References
Set theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Technology%20College
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In the United Kingdom, a Technology College is a specialist school that specialises in design and technology, mathematics and science. Beginning in 1994, they were the first specialist schools that were not CTC colleges. In 2008, there were 598 Technology Colleges in England, of which 12 also specialised in another subject.
History
The Education Reform Act 1988 made technology mandatory, however the Conservative government were unable to afford the cost of funding schools to teach the subject. A first attempt at developing specialist schools to solve this issue, the City Technology College (CTC) programme between 1988 and 1993, had produced only 15 schools, despite an initial aim of 200. In response, Cyril Taylor, chairman of the City Technology Colleges Trust, proposed to allow pre-existing schools to become specialists in technology (CTCs were newly opened schools). This was expected to mitigate the programme's failure and allow the government to gradually pay for the subject of technology. The Major government launched the £25 million Technology Schools Initiative (TSI) afterwards. From 1991, secondary schools were granted additional funds as a reward for specialising in technology in order to improve the curricular provision of technical education. 89 local education authorities applied to join the TSI, with a number of schools individually applying in authorities that chose not to take part. Some authorities, namely those run by the Labour Party, refused to participate
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pieces%20of%20a%20Dream
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Pieces of a Dream may refer to:
Pieces of a Dream (Anastacia album), 2005
"Pieces of a Dream" (Anastacia song), 2005
"Pieces of a Dream" (Chemistry song), 2001
Pieces of a Dream (band), a jazz fusion group
Pieces of a Dream (Pieces of a Dream album), 1981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Hunt%20Morgan%20bibliography
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This is a list of books and monographs by the American geneticist Thomas Hunt Morgan. Morgan produced 22 books on embryology, genetics and evolution. Books are in order by date. Three of Morgan's co-authors have their own articles: Calvin Bridges, Alfred Sturtevant and Hermann Joseph Muller.
The Development of the Frog's Egg: An Introduction to Experimental Embryology, New York: Macmillan, 1897. Full text online at . Translated into German by Bernhard Solger and published in 1904 as Die Entwicklung des Froscheies..
Regeneration Columbia University Biological Series, New York: Macmillan, 1901. Full text online at .
Evolution and Adaptation, New York: Macmillan, 1903. Full text online at .
Experimental Zoology, New York: Macmillan, 1907
Heredity and Sex, New York: Columbia University Press, 1913. Full text online at .
The Mechanism of Mendelian Heredity, with A.H. Sturtevant, H.J. Muller and C.B. Bridges, New York:Henry Holt, 1915. Revised and re-issued in 1922. Full text online at .
A Critique of the Theory of Evolution, Princeton NJ: Princeton University Press, 1916. Full text online at .
Sex-linked Inheritance in Drosophila, with C.B. Bridges, Washington DC: Carnegie Institution, 1916. Full text online at .
The Genetic and the Operative Evidence of Relating to Secondary Sexual Characteristics, Washington DC: Carnegie Institution, 1919
The Physical Basis of Heredity, Monographs on Experimental Biology, Philadelphia: J.B. Lippincott, 1919. Full text online at .
Contributions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J.%20L.%20C.%20Pompe%20van%20Meerdervoort
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Johannes Lijdius Catharinus Pompe van Meerdervoort (5 May 1829, in Bruges – 7 October 1908, in Brussels) was a Dutch physician based at Nagasaki, in Bakumatsu period Japan. While in Japan, he briefly taught medicine, chemistry and photography at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center, and established a medical school and hospital. Some of his noted students included Nagayo Sensai and Matsumoto Jun.
Biography
Pompe van Meerdervoort was born into an aristocratic family originally from Dordrecht, and was the son of an officer in the Royal Dutch Army, Johan Antoine Pompe van Meerdervoort of Leiden, and Johanna Wilhelmina Hendrika de Moulin of Kampen. Pompe studied medicine at the Imperial Academy for Military Medicine in Utrecht and became a naval surgeon in 1849.
Pompe van Meerdervoort traveled to Japan in 1857 with the second Dutch military mission led by Lieutenant Willem Huyssen van Kattendijke. Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate of Japan pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki. However, by the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. Following the Perry Expedition and with the increased threat to Japanese sovereignty posed by the European powers and their Black ships, the Japanese government turned towards the Dutch for technical and military assistance. The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Karel%20van%20den%20Broek
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Jan Karel van den Broek (4 April 1814, Herwijnen, Gelderland – 23 May 1865) was a Dutch physician based at Nagasaki, in Bakumatsu period Japan. While in Japan, he briefly taught medicine, chemistry and photography.
Early life
Jan Karel van den Broek was born in Herwijnen, the Netherlands. After completing his medical education in Rotterdam he started practising in Arnhem in 1837. There he became an active member of the Physical Society Tot nut en vergenoegen (“For benefit and pleasure”). He gave numerous lectures and demonstrations for the members of the society and organised courses for the public. In 1852, he surprised his friends with his decision to leave for the Dutch East Indies. Before his departure he was given an honorary doctorate by the University of Groningen for his research on the human ear.
Asia
In the Netherlands Indies he worked for a short term as physician at Cirebon, Java, after which he was appointed to Dejima, the Dutch trading post in Japan. He arrived there on 1 August 1853. Since the beginning of the seventeenth century, the ruling Tokugawa shogunate of Japan pursued a policy of isolating the country from outside influences. Foreign trade was maintained only with the Dutch and the Chinese and was conducted exclusively at Nagasaki. However, by the early nineteenth century, this policy of isolation was increasingly under challenge. Following the Perry Expedition and with the increased threat to Japanese sovereignty posed by the European powers and th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Boersma
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Paulus Petrus Gerardus "Paul" Boersma (born 15 November 1959, Sint Nicolaasga) is professor of phonetic sciences at the University of Amsterdam. His research and teaching focus on the relationship between phonology and phonetics. Together with David Weenink, he has developed the speech signal processing program Praat, which has become widely used.
Since February 2022, Boersma has been the director of the Netherlands Graduate School of Linguistics (LOT).
References
External links
Paul Boersma's home page
Praat: Doing phonetics by computer
1959 births
Living people
Linguists from the Netherlands
Phoneticians
University of Amsterdam alumni
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
People from Skarsterlân
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Charniak
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Eugene Charniak (1946 – June 13, 2023) was a professor of computer Science and cognitive Science at Brown University. He held an A.B. in Physics from the University of Chicago and a Ph.D. from M.I.T. in Computer Science. His research was in the area of language understanding or technologies which relate to it, such as knowledge representation, reasoning under uncertainty, and learning. Since the early 1990s he was interested in statistical techniques for language understanding. His research in this area included work in the subareas of part-of-speech tagging, probabilistic context-free grammar induction, and, more recently, syntactic disambiguation through word statistics, efficient syntactic parsing, and lexical resource acquisition through statistical means.
He was a Fellow of the American Association of Artificial Intelligence and was previously a Councilor of the organization. He was also honored with the 2011 Association for Computational Linguistics Lifetime Achievement Award and awarded the 2011 Calvin & Rose G Hoffman Prize. In 2011, he was named a fellow of the Association for Computational Linguistics. In 2015, he won the Association for the Advancement of Artificial Intelligence (AAAI) Classic Paper Award for a paper (“Statistical Parsing with a Context-Free Grammar and Word Statistics”) that he presented at the Fourteenth National Conference on Artificial Intelligence in 1997.
Books
He published five books:
Computational Semantics, (with Yorick Wilks), Amsterd
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiral%20resolution
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Chiral resolution, or enantiomeric resolution, is a process in stereochemistry for the separation of racemic mixture into their enantiomers. It is an important tool in the production of optically active compounds, including drugs. Another term with the same meaning is optical resolution.
The use of chiral resolution to obtain enantiomerically pure compounds has the disadvantage of necessarily discarding at least half of the starting racemic mixture. Asymmetric synthesis of one of the enantiomers is one means of avoiding this waste.
Crystallization of diastereomeric salts
The most common method for chiral resolution involves conversion of the racemic mixture to a pair of diastereomeric derivatives by reacting them with chiral derivatizing agents, also known as chiral resolving agents. The derivatives which are then separated by conventional crystallization, and converted back to the enantiomers by removal of the resolving agent. The process can be laborious and depends on the divergent solubilities of the diastereomers, which is difficult to predict. Often the less soluble diastereomer is targeted and the other is discarded or racemized for reuse. It is common to test several resolving agents. Typical derivatization involves salt formation between an amine and a carboxylic acid. Simple deprotonation then yields back the pure enantiomer. Examples of chiral derivatizing agents are tartaric acid and the amine brucine. The method was introduced (again) by Louis Pasteur in 1853
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Seismogenic%20layer
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In geophysics and seismology, the seismogenic layer covers the range of depths within the crust or lithosphere in which most earthquakes originate. The thickness is heavily dependent on location. For oceanic crust, the seismogenic layer thickness can be , and for continental crust, it ranges from . It is also important to note that at subduction zones, there is one seismogenic layer being pushed on top of another. This can result in extremely deep earthquakes up to in depth. The base of this layer represents the downwards change in deformation mechanism from elastic and frictional processes (associated with brittle faulting) to a generally aseismic zone where ductile creep becomes the dominant process. The location of this change in deformation style is sometimes referred to as the brittle–ductile transition zone.
References
Structure of the Earth
Seismology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variability
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Variability is how spread out or closely clustered a set of data is.
Variability may refer to:
Biology
Genetic variability, a measure of the tendency of individual genotypes in a population to vary from one another
Heart rate variability, a physiological phenomenon where the time interval between heart beats varies
Human variability, the range of possible values for any measurable characteristic, physical or mental, of human beings
Other sciences
Climate variability, changes in the components of Earth's climate system and their interactions
Spatial variability, when a quantity that is measured at different spatial locations exhibits values that differ across the locations
Statistical variability, a measure of dispersion in statistics
See also
Variability hypothesis, nineteenth century hypothesis that males have a greater range of ability than females
Variable (disambiguation)
Variable renewable energy, a renewable energy source of a fluctuating nature
Variance, a specific measure of statistical dispersion
Variation (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/QVE
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QVE may refer to:
Quantificational variability effect — a linguistic observation about a feature of natural language semantics
Quintessential Vocal Ensemble — an amateur choral group from Canada
Quantum Vlasov equation — in physics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20Things
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Living Things may refer to:
Life, all objects that have self-sustaining processes (biology)
Organisms, contiguous living systems (such as animals, plants, fungi, or micro-organisms)
Living Things (band), an American alternative rock band
Living Things (Matthew Sweet album), 2004
Living Things (Linkin Park album), 2012
Living Things +, a related DVD by Linkin Park
Living Things World Tour, a related world tour by Linkin Park
See also
Living Thing, an album by Peter Bjorn and John
"Livin' Thing", a 1976 song written by Jeff Lynne, performed by Electric Light Orchestra (ELO)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20States
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David J. States is an American biophysicist who is Professor of Human Genetics at the University of Michigan. His research group is using computational methods to understand the human genome and how it relates to the human proteome. He is the Director of the Michigan NIH Bioinformatics Training Progra] and a Senior Scientist in the National Center for Integrative Biomedical Informatics.
Early life and education
States earned his B.A. ('75), M.D. ('83) and Ph.D. ('83) degrees at Harvard University.
Career
He was a Staff Scientist at the National Magnet Laboratory at MIT and a resident in internal medicine at UCSD Medical Center. He then moved to the NIH as a Clinical Associate and Senior Staff Fellow where he joined the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI). While at NCBI, he and Warren Gish enhanced BLAST, one of the most widely used programs in bioinformatics [4]. In 1992, States was recruited to Washington University as Director of the Institute for Biomedical Computing, and in 2001, he moved to the University of Michigan to establish the University of Michigan Bioinformatics Program. He was a member of the founding Board of Directors and Treasurer of the International Society for Computational Biology and Chair of the 2005 Intelligent Systems for Molecular Biology Conferences.
States is also known for his work in nuclear magnetic resonance where he developed pure absorption phase multi-dimensional spectroscopy, a technique now widely used in protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Legendrian%20knot
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In mathematics, a Legendrian knot often refers to a smooth embedding of the circle into which is tangent to the standard contact structure on It is the lowest-dimensional case of a Legendrian submanifold, which is an embedding of a k-dimensional manifold into a contact manifold that is always tangent to the contact hyperplane.
Two Legendrian knots are equivalent if they are isotopic through a family of Legendrian knots. There can be inequivalent Legendrian knots that are isotopic as topological knots. Many inequivalent Legendrian knots can be distinguished by considering their Thurston-Bennequin invariants and rotation number, which are together known as the "classical invariants" of Legendrian knots. More sophisticated invariants have been constructed, including one constructed combinatorially by Chekanov and using holomorphic discs by Eliashberg. This Chekanov-Eliashberg invariant yields an invariant for loops of Legendrian knots by considering the monodromy of the loops. This has yielded noncontractible loops of Legendrian knots which are contractible in the space of all knots.
Any Legendrian knot may be perturbed to a transverse knot (a knot transverse to a contact structure) by pushing off in a direction transverse to the contact planes. The set of isomorphism classes of Legendrian knots modulo negative Legendrian stabilizations is in bijection with the set of transverse knots.
References
.
External links
The Legendrian knot atlas
Knots and links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CCPP
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CCPP may refer to:
Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics
Combined cycle power plant
Come Croquetas Pinche Perro
Contagious caprine pleuropneumonia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/TIM/TOM%20complex
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The TIM/TOM complex is a protein complex in cellular biochemistry which translocates proteins produced from nuclear DNA through the mitochondrial membrane for use in oxidative phosphorylation. In enzymology, the complex is described as an mitochondrial protein-transporting ATPase (), or more systematically ATP phosphohydrolase (mitochondrial protein-importing), as the TIM part requires ATP hydrolysis to work.
Only 13 proteins necessary for a mitochondrion are actually coded in mitochondrial DNA. The vast majority of proteins destined for the mitochondria are encoded in the nucleus and synthesised in the cytoplasm. These are tagged by an N-terminal or/and a C-terminal signal sequence. Following transport through the cytosol from the nucleus, the signal sequence is recognized by a receptor protein in the translocase of the outer membrane (TOM) complex. The signal sequence and adjacent portions of the polypeptide chain are inserted in the TOM complex, then begin interaction with a translocase of the inner membrane (TIM) complex, which are hypothesized to be transiently linked at sites of close contact between the two membranes. The signal sequence is then translocated into the matrix in a process that requires an electrochemical hydrogen ion gradient across the inner membrane. Mitochondrial Hsp70 binds to regions of the polypeptide chain and maintains it in an unfolded state as it moves into the matrix.
The ATPase domain is essential during the interactions of the protein
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fukui%20Prefectural%20Fujishima%20High%20School
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Fukui Prefectural Fujishima High School (福井県立藤島高等学校, Fukui Kenritsu Fujishima Kōtō Gakkō) is a high school in Fukui, Japan, founded in 1855. The school is operated by the Fukui Prefectural Board of Education. In 2004 the school was chosen as SSH.
Its best known graduate is probably Yoichiro Nambu, winner of the 2008 Nobel Prize in Physics.
History
The history of Fujishima High School can be traced back to the han school of Fukui Domain, established in 1855.
Notable alumni
Hirase Sakugorō - botanist
Yoichiro Nambu - physicist, Nobel laureate
Keisuke Okada - admiral in the Imperial Japanese Navy and the 31st Prime Minister of Japan
Machi Tawara - modern poet
Chosei Komatsu - orchestral conductor
Yuichi Nakagaichi - former volleyball player
See also
List of high schools in Fukui Prefecture
External links
Official Fujishima High School Website
High schools in Fukui Prefecture
Schools in Fukui Prefecture
Educational institutions established in 1855
1855 establishments in Japan
Fukui (city)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cytohet
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In genetics, a cytohet (or heteroplasmon) is a eukaryotic cell whose non-nuclear genome is heterozygous.
The non-nucleic genome of eukaryotic cells exists in cytoplasmic organelles, namely the chloroplasts (only in plant cells) and the mitochondria (in all eukaryotic cells).
Most of the genes in the mitochondria code for respiration-related proteins, and most of the genes in the chloroplasts code for photosynthesis-related proteins. The cytoplasmic genome, in contrast with the nucleic genome, exists in many copies in each cell: each cell contains numerous mitochondria and/or chloroplasts, and each such organelle contains multiple copies of its chromosome.
Mutations in the cytoplasmic genome occur spontaneously and at a much higher rate than in the nucleus, since the mitochondria and chloroplasts are exposed to high concentrations of reactive oxygen species (ROS, by-products of respiration and photosynthesis). Mitochondria and chloroplasts with mutant genes have the ability to cause wildtype alleles in other mitochondria and chloroplasts to become mutant as well; the way in which this is done is still not clear. A certain cell in which a mutant gene exists only in some of the organelles, whereas the wildtype allele exists in the rest, is a cytohet (or heteroplasmon).
External links
http://www.oxfordreference.com/view/10.1093/acref/9780195307610.001.0001/acref-9780195307610-e-1540
Mitochondrial genetics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20for%20Renewable%20Energy%20Systems%20Technology
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The Centre for Renewable Energy Systems Technology (CREST) is a research centre into renewable energy based in the Department of Mechanical, Electrical and Manufacturing Engineering, Loughborough University in England.
Profile
Established in 1993, it is recognised internationally as a centre of excellence in its field particularly in photovoltaic systems, materials and devices, wind power and integration of renewable energy into electricity grids. About fifty researchers, academics and associated staff are involved with CREST's work.
The MSc course in Renewable Energy Systems Technology, developed at CREST, is one of the longest established renewable energy masters courses globally. It is producing a stream of graduates who are working internationally in all aspects of the renewables industry. This course can be studied full-time or part-time distance learning. As an advanced technology course, the modules in the CREST MSc include biomass, wind, solar, water/marine and electrical integration. There is a strong emphasis on electrical generation throughout.
History
The centre was initially set up through the funding of Professor Tony Marmont of Beacon Energy, who remains a mentor and advisory committee member. Other advisory members include Sir Jonathon Porritt and Dr Andrew Garrad of Garrad Hassan & Partners Ltd. Professor Phil Eames is the director of CREST and Leon Freris is a visiting professor. Professor Freris, and Dr David Sharpe, a leading British wind turbine aerod
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horie%20Kuwajir%C5%8D
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Horie Kuwajirō (堀江 鍬次郎 1831 – 1866) was an early Japanese photographer and science writer.
Horie studied rangaku, specifically chemistry, at the Nagasaki Naval Training Center where J. L. C. Pompe van Meerdervoort was an instructor. In addition to chemistry, Pompe van Meerdervoort taught photography. When Swiss photographer Pierre Rossier arrived in Japan in 1858 on a commission from Negretti and Zambra, he taught wet-collodion process photography to Horie and others, including his friend Ueno Hikoma (1838 – 1904) and Maeda Genzō (1831 – 1906). It is possible that Horie accompanied Rossier around Nagasaki while the latter took photographs of priests, beggars, the audience of a sumo match, the foreign settlement, and a group portrait of Philipp Franz von Siebold's son Alexander and several samurai.
In 1860 or 1861 Horie bought a wet-plate camera. The purchase, which included photographic chemicals, was funded by the daimyō of the Tsu Domain, Tōdō Takayuki, and the price was 150 ryō. Apparently the photographic equipment was of such interest to Ueno that he chose to become a subject of Tsu Domain in order to have access to it at the clan residence in Edo. In 1861 Horie photographed Ueno at work in the Tsu Domain's laboratory in Edo (now Tokyo). In 1862 Ueno and Horie co-wrote a textbook titled Shamitsu Kyoku Hikkei that comprised translated extracts from ten Dutch science manuals and which included an appendix titled Satsueijutsu [The Technique of Photography] describing tech
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EusLisp%20Robot%20Programming%20Language
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EusLisp is a Lisp-based programming system. Built on the basis of object orientation, it is designed specifically for developing robotics software. The first version of it ran in 1986 on Unix-System5/Ustation-E20.
References
External links
Object-Oriented Concurrent Lisp with Solid Modeling Facilities: EusLisp
Object-oriented programming languages
Robot programming languages
Programming languages created in 1986
1986 in robotics
Lisp (programming language)
Lisp programming language family
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peskin%E2%80%93Takeuchi%20parameter
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In particle physics, the Peskin–Takeuchi parameters are a set of three measurable quantities, called S, T, and U, that parameterize potential new physics contributions to electroweak radiative corrections. They are named after physicists Michael Peskin and Tatsu Takeuchi, who proposed the parameterization in 1990; proposals from two other groups (see References below) came almost simultaneously.
The Peskin–Takeuchi parameters are defined so that they are all equal to zero at a reference point in the Standard Model, with a particular value chosen for the (then unmeasured) Higgs boson mass. The parameters are then extracted from a global fit to the high-precision electroweak data from particle collider experiments (mostly the Z pole data from the CERN LEP collider) and atomic parity violation.
The measured values of the Peskin–Takeuchi parameters agree with the Standard Model. They can then be used to constrain models of new physics beyond the Standard Model. The Peskin–Takeuchi parameters are only sensitive to new physics that contributes to the oblique corrections, i.e., the vacuum polarization corrections to four-fermion scattering processes.
Definitions
The Peskin–Takeuchi parameterization is based on the following assumptions about the nature of the new physics:
The electroweak gauge group is given by SU(2)L x U(1)Y, and thus there are no additional electroweak gauge bosons beyond the photon, Z boson, and W boson. In particular, this framework assumes there are no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/JCF
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JCF may refer to:
Code of G. Robert Cotton Correctional Facility, a Michigan state prison
Jaguar Conservation Fund
Jamaica Constabulary Force, police
James Caan Foundation
Japan Chernobyl Foundation, a Japanese NPO
Japan Cycling Federation
A series of Victorian Railways hopper wagons
Jordan canonical form of a matrix in mathematics
Joseph Campbell Foundation, US
Juan Carlos Ferrero, Spanish former tennis player and coach
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Horn%20%28writer%29
|
Charles Horn is a Canadian comedy writer, producer and vegan activist.
Biography
Charles Horn was born and raised in Toronto, Ontario, Canada and received his PhD in Electrical Engineering from Princeton University. Horn has written for Fugget About It, Robot Chicken, Robot Chicken: Star Wars, HBO, and freelanced for The Tonight Show with Jay Leno. He is also the author of The Laugh Out Loud Guide: Ace the SAT Exam without Boring Yourself to Sleep!, a comedic and educational SAT study guide published by Andrews McMeel. Horn was nominated in 2008 for an Emmy award for his writing on Robot Chicken: Star Wars.
Veganism
Horn has authored Meat Logic: Why Do We Eat Animals, a book examining justifications for eating meat and other animal products. The book argues for veganism.
Bibliography
The Laugh Out Loud Guide: Ace the SAT Exam without Boring Yourself to Sleep!, Andrews McMeel Publishing, 2008.
That's Just Wrong! (a collection of sketch comedy), 2011.
That's Just Wrong 2! (a collection of sketch comedy), 2012.
That's Just Wrong 3! (a collection of sketch comedy), 2013.
Meat Logic: Why Do We Eat Animals?, 2014.
References
External links
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
Canadian comedy writers
Canadian male television writers
Canadian veganism activists
Princeton University alumni
Writers from Toronto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constraint%20%28mathematics%29
|
In mathematics, a constraint is a condition of an optimization problem that the solution must satisfy. There are several types of constraints—primarily equality constraints, inequality constraints, and integer constraints. The set of candidate solutions that satisfy all constraints is called the feasible set.
Example
The following is a simple optimization problem:
subject to
and
where denotes the vector (x1, x2).
In this example, the first line defines the function to be minimized (called the objective function, loss function, or cost function). The second and third lines define two constraints, the first of which is an inequality constraint and the second of which is an equality constraint. These two constraints are hard constraints, meaning that it is required that they be satisfied; they define the feasible set of candidate solutions.
Without the constraints, the solution would be (0,0), where has the lowest value. But this solution does not satisfy the constraints. The solution of the constrained optimization problem stated above is , which is the point with the smallest value of that satisfies the two constraints.
Terminology
If an inequality constraint holds with equality at the optimal point, the constraint is said to be , as the point cannot be varied in the direction of the constraint even though doing so would improve the value of the objective function.
If an inequality constraint holds as a strict inequality at the optimal point (that is, does not hol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leukotriene%20B4
|
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a leukotriene involved in inflammation. It has been shown to promote insulin resistance in obese mice.
Biochemistry
Leukotriene B4 (LTB4) is a leukotriene involved in inflammation. It is produced from leukocytes in response to inflammatory mediators and is able to induce the adhesion and activation of leukocytes on the endothelium, allowing them to bind to and cross it into the tissue. In neutrophils, it is also a potent chemoattractant, and is able to induce the formation of reactive oxygen species and the release of lysosomal enzymes by these cells. It is synthesized by leukotriene-A4 hydrolase from leukotriene A4.
Diabetes
A study at the University of California, San Diego School of Medicine has shown that leukotriene B4 promotes insulin resistance in obese mice. Obesity is the major cause of type 2 diabetes insulin resistance.
References
Eicosanoids
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C%20signal%20handling
|
In the C Standard Library, signal processing defines how a program handles various signals while it executes. A signal can report some exceptional behavior within the program (such as division by zero), or a signal can report some asynchronous event outside the program (such as someone striking an interactive attention key on a keyboard).
Standard signals
The C standard defines only 6 signals. They are all defined in signal.h header (csignal header in C++):
SIGABRT – "abort", abnormal termination.
SIGFPE – floating point exception.
SIGILL – "illegal", invalid instruction.
SIGINT – "interrupt", interactive attention request sent to the program.
SIGSEGV – "segmentation violation", invalid memory access.
SIGTERM – "terminate", termination request sent to the program.
Additional signals may be specified in the signal.h header by the implementation. For example, Unix and Unix-like operating systems (such as Linux) define more than 15 additional signals; see Unix signal.
Debugging
SIGTRAP for debugging purposes. It's platform-dependent and may be used on Unix-like operating systems.
Handling
A signal can be generated by calling raise() or kill() system calls. raise() sends a signal to the current process, kill() sends a signal to a specific process.
A signal handler is a function which is called by the target environment when the corresponding signal occurs. The target environment suspends execution of the program until the signal handler returns or calls longjmp().
Signa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umesh%20Vazirani
|
Umesh Virkumar Vazirani is an Indian–American academic who is the Roger A. Strauch Professor of Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at the University of California, Berkeley, and the director of the Berkeley Quantum Computation Center. His research interests lie primarily in quantum computing. He is also a co-author of a textbook on algorithms.
Biography
Vazirani received a BS from MIT in 1981 and received his Ph.D. in 1986 from UC Berkeley under the supervision of Manuel Blum.
He is the brother of University of California, Irvine professor Vijay Vazirani.
Research
Vazirani is one of the founders of the field of quantum computing. His 1993 paper with his student Ethan Bernstein on quantum complexity theory defined a model of quantum Turing machines which was amenable to complexity based analysis. This paper also gave an algorithm for the quantum Fourier transform, which was then used by Peter Shor within a year in his celebrated quantum algorithm for factoring integers.
With Charles Bennett, Ethan Bernstein, and Gilles Brassard, he showed that quantum computers cannot solve black-box search problems faster than in the number of elements to be searched. This result shows that the Grover search algorithm is optimal. It also shows that quantum computers cannot solve NP-complete problems in polynomial time using only the certifier.
Awards and honors
In 2005, both Vazirani and his brother Vijay Vazirani were inducted as Fellows of the Association for Computing Machin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Way%20the%20World%20Is
|
The Way the World Is: Christian Perspective of a Scientist is a book first published in 1983 by the John Polkinghorne, who was a Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Cambridge in the Department of Applied Mathematics and Theoretical Physics.
It is a short volume which was written in response to the surprise of a number of working scientists when Polkinghorne quit academic research in 1979 to train for ordination in the Church of England. He subsequently returned to Trinity Hall, Cambridge, as Dean in 1986, and later as the President of Queens' College, Cambridge.
Synopsis
The first part of the book goes through the familiar territory of the scientist's 'Standard Model' of the universe from the Big Bang to the development of human life on Earth. Whilst discussing these the book gives an overview of quantum theory and indeterminism, which Polkinghorn believes represent a challenge to metaphysical naturalism. The book asserts that aspects of human experiences cannot be reduced to physics and biology.
The remaining chapters consider core Christian beliefs, New Testament history and how they fit into this perspective.
Publication data
1983 non-fiction books
Books about religion and science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lehmer%20mean
|
In mathematics, the Lehmer mean of a tuple of positive real numbers, named after Derrick Henry Lehmer, is defined as:
The weighted Lehmer mean with respect to a tuple of positive weights is defined as:
The Lehmer mean is an alternative to power means
for interpolating between minimum and maximum via arithmetic mean and harmonic mean.
Properties
The derivative of is non-negative
thus this function is monotonic and the inequality
holds.
The derivative of the weighted Lehmer mean is:
Special cases
is the minimum of the elements of .
is the harmonic mean.
is the geometric mean of the two values and .
is the arithmetic mean.
is the contraharmonic mean.
is the maximum of the elements of . Sketch of a proof: Without loss of generality let be the values which equal the maximum. Then
Applications
Signal processing
Like a power mean, a Lehmer mean serves a non-linear moving average which is shifted towards small signal values for small and emphasizes big signal values for big . Given an efficient implementation of a moving arithmetic mean called you can implement a moving Lehmer mean according to the following Haskell code.
lehmerSmooth :: Floating a => ([a] -> [a]) -> a -> [a] -> [a]
lehmerSmooth smooth p xs =
zipWith (/)
(smooth (map (**p) xs))
(smooth (map (**(p-1)) xs))
For big it can serve an envelope detector on a rectified signal.
For small it can serve an baseline detector on a mass spectrum.
Gonzalez and Woods call th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stolarsky%20mean
|
In mathematics, the Stolarsky mean is a generalization of the logarithmic mean. It was introduced by Kenneth B. Stolarsky in 1975.
Definition
For two positive real numbers x, y the Stolarsky Mean is defined as:
Derivation
It is derived from the mean value theorem, which states that a secant line, cutting the graph of a differentiable function at and , has the same slope as a line tangent to the graph at some point in the interval .
The Stolarsky mean is obtained by
when choosing .
Special cases
is the minimum.
is the geometric mean.
is the logarithmic mean. It can be obtained from the mean value theorem by choosing .
is the power mean with exponent .
is the identric mean. It can be obtained from the mean value theorem by choosing .
is the arithmetic mean.
is a connection to the quadratic mean and the geometric mean.
is the maximum.
Generalizations
One can generalize the mean to n + 1 variables by considering the mean value theorem for divided differences for the nth derivative.
One obtains
for .
See also
Mean
References
Means
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jane%20Shepherdson
|
Jane Elizabeth Shepherdson CBE (born 23 August 1961 in Kingston upon Hull, Yorkshire) is an English businesswoman. she was the chief executive of UK clothing brand Whistles, and had been the brand director for high-street women's wear store TopShop.
She grew up in Bristol where her father was head of the mathematics department at the university, and her mother was a biochemist. She was educated at Clifton High School, where she began customising her clothes. She studied Business Studies at the University of North London, joining the Burton Group (now the Arcadia Group), after being inspired by her mother's story of a fashion buyer friend.
Shepherdson started as a warehouse picker sending stock to stores, and was then promoted to become a buyer in the jersey department. She ordered a shipment of tank tops, of which 500,000 were sold in a week. Her initiatives at TopShop included:
TopShop Freshers' Week party - to attract teenaged customers
TopShop To Go - delivering items from a list of 100
TopShop Express - fast online motor scooter delivery
The Times quoted her views on the need for speed in introducing fashion in 2006, at TopShop.
A week after TopShop owner Philip Green announced that supermodel Kate Moss had signed a deal to design clothes to be launched in 2007, Shepherdson resigned from Topshop, and was producing, unpaid, a fashion chain for Oxfam, aimed at "ethically conscious shoppers". She has hit out at "cheap, cheap" clothes that exploit workers in developing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terry%20Welch
|
Terry Archer Welch was an American computer scientist. Along with Abraham Lempel and Jacob Ziv, he developed the lossless Lempel–Ziv–Welch (LZW) compression algorithm, which was published in 1984.
Education
Welch received a B.S., M.S. and Ph.D. degree at MIT in electrical engineering. He taught at the University of Texas at Austin and worked in computer design at Honeywell in Waltham, Massachusetts.
Career
He taught at the University of Texas in Austin until joining the Sperry Research Center, Sudbury, Massachusetts, in 1976 where the paper about the LZW algorithm was published. In 1983 he joined DEC where he worked as DEC liaison to MCC's advanced computer architecture program.
He died of a brain tumor in 1988.
References
American information theorists
Modern cryptographers
1939 births
1988 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Clarke%20Fraser
|
Frank Clarke Fraser (29 March 1920 – 17 December 2014) was a Canadian medical geneticist. Spanning the fields of science and medicine, he was Canada's first medical geneticist, one of the creators of the discipline of medical genetics in North America, and laid the foundations in the field of Genetic Counselling, which has enhanced the lives of patients worldwide. Among his many accomplishments, Fraser pioneered work in the genetics of cleft palate and popularized the concept of multifactorial disease.
Biography
Born in Norwich, Connecticut, he returned with his family to Canada when he was an infant. After a few years in Dublin, where his father, Frank Wise Fraser was Canadian Trade Commissioner, the family moved to Jamaica, where he received his primary and secondary school education at Munro College. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in 1940 from Acadia University, a Master of Science degree in 1941, a Ph.D. in 1945, and a Doctor of Medicine degree in 1950 from McGill University. During World War II, he served in the Royal Canadian Air Force but did not go overseas.
Before Fraser took the stage, genetics and medicine were two very separate fields. There was no vision for the potential of genetics in human medicine. But very soon, Fraser turned his attention from fruit flies and mice to human genetics, and became the founder of the first Canadian medical genetics department in a paediatric hospital, named the F. Clarke Fraser Clinical Genetics Centre at McGill Uni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Integrated%20mathematics
|
Integrated mathematics is the term used in the United States to describe the style of mathematics education which integrates many topics or strands of mathematics throughout each year of secondary school. Each math course in secondary school covers topics in algebra, geometry, trigonometry and functions. Nearly all countries throughout the world, except the United States, follow this type of curriculum.
In the United States, topics are usually integrated throughout elementary school up to the seventh or sometimes eighth grade. Beginning with high school level courses, topics are usually separated so that one year a student focuses entirely on algebra (if it was not already taken in the eighth grade), the next year entirely on geometry, then another year of algebra (sometimes with trigonometry), and later an optional fourth year of precalculus or calculus. Precalculus is the exception to the rule, as it usually integrates algebra, trigonometry, and geometry topics. Statistics may be integrated into all the courses or presented as a separate course.
New York State began using integrated math curricula in the 1980s, but recently returned to a traditional curriculum. A few other localities in the United States have also tried such integrated curricula, including Georgia, which mandated them in 2008 but subsequently made them optional. More recently, a few other states have mandated that all districts change to integrated curricula, including North Carolina, Illinois, West Virgi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathew%20Carey%20Lea
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Mathew Carey Lea (August 18, 1823 – March 15, 1897) was an American chemist known for his research on the chemical and physical properties of silver halide salts and their usage in photography. He pioneered early work in mechanochemistry and developed Carey Lea Silver, a photochemical still in use today.
Early life and education
Lea was born in Philadelphia on August 16, 1823. His father, Isaac Lea was a publisher, conchologist and geologist. His grandfather was Mathew Carey, the Irish-American publisher and economist.
He received his education through private tutors including the mathematician Eugenius Nulty. Lea received a classical education including the trivium (grammar, logic and rhetoric), quadrivium (arithmetic, geometry, music and celestial navigation). classical languages and history. Nulty immersed Lea in a single subject for long periods to encourage its complete mastery. Lea also received instruction in the Booth & Boy private chemical laboratory.
On July 14, 1852, Lea married Elizabeth Jaudon (1827-1881), sister of his brother, Henry Charles Lea's wife. Elizabeth had earlier married merchant William Bakewell, but Blakewell had died in Cincinnati in 1850, leaving her with a young daughter. The couple had a son, George Henry Lea (1853–1915), who helped in the family publishing business. After Elizabeth's death, Carey Lea married Eva Lovering, daughter of Harvard Professor Joseph Lovering, but they had no children.
Career
Lea became interested in photography an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Origin%20recognition%20complex
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In molecular biology, origin recognition complex (ORC) is a multi-subunit DNA binding complex (6 subunits) that binds in all eukaryotes and archaea in an ATP-dependent manner to origins of replication. The subunits of this complex are encoded by the ORC1, ORC2, ORC3, ORC4, ORC5 and ORC6 genes. ORC is a central component for eukaryotic DNA replication, and remains bound to chromatin at replication origins throughout the cell cycle.
ORC directs DNA replication throughout the genome and is required for its initiation. ORC and Noc3p bound at replication origins serve as the foundation for assembly of the pre-replication complex (pre-RC), which includes Cdc6, Tah11 (a.k.a. Cdt1), and the Mcm2-Mcm7 complex. Pre-RC assembly during G1 is required for replication licensing of chromosomes prior to DNA synthesis during S phase. Cell cycle-regulated phosphorylation of Orc2, Orc6, Cdc6, and MCM by the cyclin-dependent protein kinase Cdc28 regulates initiation of DNA replication, including blocking reinitiation in G2/M phase.
The ORC is present throughout the cell cycle bound to replication origins, but is only active in late mitosis and early G1.
In yeast, ORC also plays a role in the establishment of silencing at the mating-type loci Hidden MAT Left (HML) and Hidden MAT Right (HMR). ORC participates in the assembly of transcriptionally silent chromatin at HML and HMR by recruiting the Sir1 silencing protein to the HML and HMR silencers.
Both Orc1 and Orc5 bind ATP, though only Orc1 h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Living%20With%20a%20Star
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Living With a Star (LWS) is a NASA scientific program to study those aspects of the connected Sun-Earth system that directly affect life and society. LWS is a crosscutting initiative with goals and objectives relevant to NASA's Exploration Initiative, as well as to NASA's Strategic Enterprises. The program is managed by the Heliophysics Science Division of NASA's Science Mission Directorate.
LWS is composed of three major components: scientific investigations on spaceflight platforms study different regions of the Sun, interplanetary space, and geospace; an applied science Space Environment Testbeds program where protocols and components are tested; and a Targeted Research and Technology Program. Major spacecraft include the Van Allen Probes, Solar Dynamics Observatory, and the Parker Solar Probe.
History
Living With a Star was proposed in 2000 and established with funding in the fall of 2001. An international collaboration was additionally sought, known as the International Living With a Star program, conducted through the Interagency Consultative Group (IACG). After the dedicated IACG "Task Group" concluded meetings with its recommendation, ILWS was formed in 2002.
LWS also maintains the Targeted Research & Technology program.
Areas of study for LWS include:
The Sun
Space weather
Explorers Program
Magnetosphere
Heliosphere
Living with a Star
Solar eclipses
Objectives
The program is focused on understanding the relationship between the Sun and the Earth across several
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20biophysics
|
Molecular biophysics is a rapidly evolving interdisciplinary area of research that combines concepts in physics, chemistry, engineering, mathematics and biology. It seeks to understand biomolecular systems and explain biological function in terms of molecular structure, structural organization, and dynamic behaviour at various levels of complexity (from single molecules to supramolecular structures, viruses and small living systems). This discipline covers topics such as the measurement of molecular forces, molecular associations, allosteric interactions, Brownian motion, and cable theory. Additional areas of study can be found on Outline of Biophysics. The discipline has required development of specialized equipment and procedures capable of imaging and manipulating minute living structures, as well as novel experimental approaches.
Overview
Molecular biophysics typically addresses biological questions similar to those in biochemistry and molecular biology, seeking to find the physical underpinnings of biomolecular phenomena. Scientists in this field conduct research concerned with understanding the interactions between the various systems of a cell, including the interactions between DNA, RNA and protein biosynthesis, as well as how these interactions are regulated. A great variety of techniques are used to answer these questions.
Fluorescent imaging techniques, as well as electron microscopy, X-ray crystallography, NMR spectroscopy, atomic force microscopy (AFM) and sma
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Subgrain%20rotation%20recrystallization
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In metallurgy, materials science and structural geology, subgrain rotation recrystallization is recognized as an important mechanism for dynamic recrystallisation. It involves the rotation of initially low-angle sub-grain boundaries until the mismatch between the crystal lattices across the boundary is sufficient for them to be regarded as grain boundaries. This mechanism has been recognized in many minerals (including quartz, calcite, olivine, pyroxenes, micas, feldspars, halite, garnets and zircons) and in metals (various magnesium, aluminium and nickel alloys).
Structure
In metals and minerals, grains are ordered structures in different crystal orientations. Subgrains are defined as grains that are oriented at a < 10–15 degree angle at the grain boundary, making it a low-angle grain boundary (LAGB). Due to the relationship between the energy versus the number of dislocations at the grain boundary, there is a driving force for fewer high-angle grain boundaries (HAGB) to form and grow instead of a higher number of LAGB. The energetics of the transformation depend on the interfacial energy at the boundaries, the lattice geometry (atomic and planar spacing, structure [i.e. FCC/BCC/HCP] of the material, and the degrees of freedom of the grains involved (misorientation, inclination). The recrystallized material has less total grain boundary area, which means that failure via brittle fracture along the grain boundary is less probable.
Mechanism
Subgrain rotation recrystalli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H0
|
H0 (H followed by zero) or H00 may refer to:
H0 scale, used in rail transport modelling
Higgs boson, in physics, symbol H0
Hammett acidity function, in chemistry, H0
Hubble constant, in cosmology, H0
Null hypothesis, in statistics, often denoted H0
, a British and later Canadian warship
Stye, a bacterial infection of the eyelid, ICD-10 code H00
See also
0H (disambiguation)
Ho (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Soft%20engineering
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Regarding the civil engineering of shorelines, soft engineering is a shoreline management practice that uses sustainable ecological principles to restore shoreline stabilization and protect riparian habitats. Soft Shoreline Engineering (SSE) uses the strategic placement of organic materials such as vegetation, stones, sand, debris, and other structural materials to reduce erosion, enhance shoreline aesthetic, soften the land-water interface, and lower costs of ecological restoration.
To differentiate Soft Shoreline Engineering from Hard Shoreline Engineering, Hard Shoreline Engineering tends to use steel sheet piling or concrete breakwalls to prevent danger and fortify shorelines. Generally, Hard Shoreline Engineering is used for navigational or industrial purposes. To contrast, Soft Shoreline Engineering emphasizes the application of ecological principles rather than compromising the engineered integrity of the shoreline. The opposite alternative is hard engineering.
Background
Hard shoreline engineering is the use of non-organic reinforcing materials, such as concrete, steel, and plastic to fortify shorelines, stop erosion, and protect urban development from flooding. However, as shoreline development among coastal cities increased dramatically, the detrimental ecological factors became apparent. Hard shoreline engineering was designed to accommodate human development along the coast, focusing on increasing efficiency in the commercial, navigational, and industrial secto
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Equilateral%20%28disambiguation%29
|
Equilateral can refer to:
Equilateral polygon, in geometry
Equilateral triangle, in geometry
Equilateral dimension of a metric space, in mathematics
Equilateral triathlon, in which each leg would take an approximately equal time
See also
Venus Equilateral, a set of 13 science fiction short stories by George O. Smith
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PCMB
|
PCMB may refer to:
p-Chloromercuribenzoic acid
Plymouth-Canton Marching Band
PCMB (encoding), a mixed multi-byte character set
Physics chemistry maths and biology together
Pixiv complex Mladá Boleslav (in planning)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse%20labelling
|
Pulse labelling is a biochemistry technique of identifying the presence of a target molecule by labeling a sample with a radioactive compound. This is mainly done to identify the stage at which the messenger RNA is being produced in a cell.
References
Biochemistry detection methods
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ursula%20Goodenough
|
Ursula W. Goodenough (born March 16, 1943) is a Professor of Biology Emerita at Washington University in St. Louis where she engaged in research on eukaryotic algae. She authored the textbook Genetics and the best-selling book The Sacred Depths of Nature and speaks regularly about religious naturalism and evolution. She contributed to the NPR blog, 13.7: Cosmos & Culture, from 2009 to 2011.
She currently serves as president of the Religious Naturalist Association. In 2023, she was elected to the National Academy of Sciences.
Background
Goodenough, daughter of Erwin Ramsdell Goodenough and Evelyn Goodenough Pitcher, earned a B.A. in Zoology from Barnard College in 1963, an M.A. in Zoology at Columbia University in 1965 and a Ph.D. in Biology at Harvard University in 1969. She was an assistant and associate professor of biology at Harvard from 1971 to 1978 before moving to Washington University. She wrote three editions of a widely adopted textbook, Genetics. She served as president of The American Society for Cell Biology in 1984–1985, was elected to the Cellular and Developmental Biology section of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, was elected a Fellow of the American Academy of Microbiology in 2013 and was awarded a Doctor of Letters Honoris Causa by the Meadville School of Theology in 2022. Since 2013, Goodenough has been listed on the Advisory Council of the National Center for Science Education.
Goodenough joined the Institute on Religion in an Age of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gustavus%20Simmons
|
Gustavus J. Simmons (born 1930) is a retired cryptographer and former manager of the applied mathematics Department and Senior Fellow at Sandia National Laboratories. He worked primarily with authentication theory, developing cryptographic techniques for solving problems of mutual distrust and in devising protocols whose function could be trusted, even though some of the inputs or participants cannot be. Simmons was born in West Virginia and was named after his grandfather, a prohibition officer who was gunned down three years before Gustavus was born. He began his post-secondary education at Deep Springs College, and received his Ph.D in mathematics from the University of New Mexico, Albuquerque.
Simmons has published over 170 papers, many of which are devoted to asymmetric encryption techniques. His technical contributions include the development of subliminal channels which make it possible to conceal covert communications in digital signatures and the mathematical formulation of an authentication channel paralleling in many respects the secrecy channel formulated by Claude Shannon in 1948. In the 1980s, he helped found the International Association for Cryptologic Research (IACR). He is also the creator of the Ramsey/graph theory-based mathematical game Sim.
At Sandia, Simmons was primarily concerned with the command and control of nuclear weapons, where the objective is to separate possession of a weapon from the ability to autonomously use it, something which should o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Prospekt%20Nauki
|
Prospekt Nauki (in Russian Проспект Науки) is a Russian publisher of reference, technical and scientific literature as well as text books for specialists and students.
Based in St. Petersburg, the private-owned company publishes in the areas of microbiology, biotechnology, food science, nutrition technology, medical engineering, construction materials and environmental management.
Prospekt Nauki took its name - it means "Science Avenue" in Russian - from the practice prevalent in Russian during the Soviet time to name streets in newly built parts of cities after the goals of communism. Although the publishing house was founded after the collapse of communism, the founders decided to take this name to echo the science books they were setting out to publish.
References
External links
Company website
Book publishing companies of Russia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Millard
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Brian Millard was a British local politician, and was the leader of Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council 2005–2007.
Millard attained a degree in chemistry from the University of Sheffield, before attending the University of Liverpool to complete his doctorate.
He was the Liberal Democrat Leader of Stockport Metropolitan Borough Council (SMBC) from 2005 to 2007. As such he took political responsibility for all Executive Councillors' portfolios and deputizes for other Executive Councillors. Millard took over as leader of the council from Mark Hunter after Hunter's byelection success beating Stephen Day in 2005.
He died on 4 July 2009 at the age of 71 and had recently been elected Deputy Chairman of the local Fire Authority.
Until his death, Millard represented the Cheadle and Gatley ward, he was re-elected on Thursday 4 May 2006 with a majority of several hundred votes.
References
Liberal Democrats (UK) councillors
Year of birth missing
Place of birth missing
Place of death missing
2009 deaths
Councillors in Stockport
Alumni of the University of Sheffield
Alumni of the University of Liverpool
Leaders of local authorities of England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pentamer
|
A pentamer is an entity composed of five sub-units.
In chemistry, it applies to molecules made of five monomers.
In biochemistry, it applies to macromolecules, in particular to pentameric proteins, made of five proteic sub-units.
In microbiology, a pentamer is one of the proteins composing the polyhedral protein shell that encloses the bacterial micro-compartments known as carboxysomes.
In immunology, an MHC pentamer is a reagent used to detect antigen-specific CD8+ T cells.
See also
penta prefix
-mer suffix
Pentamerous Metamorphosis, an album by Global Communication
Pentamery (botany), having five parts in a distinct whorl of a plant structure
Pentamerous can also refer to animals, such as crinoids
Oligomers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20Thirring
|
Walter Eduard Thirring (29 April 1927 – 19 August 2014) was an Austrian physicist after whom the Thirring model in quantum field theory is named. He was the son of the physicist Hans Thirring.
Life and career
Walter Thirring was born in Vienna, Austria, where he earned his Doctor of Physics degree in 1949 at the age of 22. In 1959 he became a professor of theoretical physics at the University of Vienna, and from 1968 to 1971 he was head of the Theory Division and director at CERN.
Besides pioneering work in quantum field theory, Walter Thirring devoted his scientific life to mathematical physics. He is the author of one of the first textbooks on quantum electrodynamics as well as of a four-volume course in mathematical physics.
In 2000, he received the Henri Poincaré Prize of the International Association of Mathematical Physics.
Walter Thirring authored Cosmic Impressions, Templeton Press, Philadelphia and London, in 2007, and in that book he sums up his feelings about the scientific discoveries made by modern cosmology:In the last decades, new worlds have been unveiled that our great teachers wouldn’t have even dreamed of. The panorama of cosmic evolution now enables deep insights into the blueprint of creation… Human beings recognize the blueprints, and understand the language of the Creator… These realizations do not make science the enemy of religion, but glorify the book of Genesis in the Bible.
His memoirs were published in 2010 as The Joy of Discovery: Great En
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compact%20convergence
|
In mathematics compact convergence (or uniform convergence on compact sets) is a type of convergence that generalizes the idea of uniform convergence. It is associated with the compact-open topology.
Definition
Let be a topological space and be a metric space. A sequence of functions
,
is said to converge compactly as to some function if, for every compact set ,
uniformly on as . This means that for all compact ,
Examples
If and with their usual topologies, with , then converges compactly to the constant function with value 0, but not uniformly.
If , and , then converges pointwise to the function that is zero on and one at , but the sequence does not converge compactly.
A very powerful tool for showing compact convergence is the Arzelà–Ascoli theorem. There are several versions of this theorem, roughly speaking it states that every sequence of equicontinuous and uniformly bounded maps has a subsequence that converges compactly to some continuous map.
Properties
If uniformly, then compactly.
If is a compact space and compactly, then uniformly.
If is a locally compact space, then compactly if and only if locally uniformly.
If is a compactly generated space, compactly, and each is continuous, then is continuous.
See also
Modes of convergence (annotated index)
Montel's theorem
References
R. Remmert Theory of complex functions (1991 Springer) p. 95
Functional analysis
Convergence (mathematics)
Topology of function spaces
Topological space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/London%20Research%20Institute
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The Cancer Research UK London Research Institute (LRI) was a biological research facility which conducted research into the basic biology of cancer.
The LRI officially became a part of the Francis Crick Institute ("the Crick") in April 2015, research transferred to the new Crick building in Somers Town throughout 2015 and 2016, and LRI fully closed in 2017, after 115 years of research.
History
The LRI had its origins as the principal research facilities of the Imperial Cancer Research Fund (ICRF), which was founded in 1902 as the first specialist cancer research charity in the United Kingdom. When the ICRF merged with Cancer Research Campaign in 2002 to form Cancer Research UK, the LRI was the largest core-funded institute in Cancer Research UK's portfolio. At the time of its transfer to the Crick, the LRI housed 46 research groups based at two locations: Lincoln's Inn Fields (LIF) laboratories in central London, and Clare Hall (CH) laboratories on London's outskirts at South Mimms, Hertfordshire.
The LRI had an international reputation for cancer research. Themes of research included signal transduction (biology of tissues and organs, and molecular cell biology) and genome integrity (cell cycle and chromosomes and DNA repair). At the time of its transfer to the Crick, 11 of the scientific staff were Fellows of the Royal Society and two had received knighthoods. During its history, the LRI saw four of its researchers receive the Nobel Prize.
Discoveries
Lincoln's Inn Fi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20neuroimaging%20software
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Neuroimaging software is used to study the structure and function of the brain. To see an NIH Blueprint for Neuroscience Research funded clearinghouse of many of these software applications, as well as hardware, etc. go to the NITRC web site.
3D Slicer Extensible, free open source multi-purpose software for visualization and analysis.
Amira 3D visualization and analysis software
Analysis of Functional NeuroImages (AFNI)
Analyze developed by the Biomedical Imaging Resource (BIR) at Mayo Clinic.
Brain Image Analysis Package
CamBA
Caret Van Essen Lab, Washington University in St. Louis
CONN (functional connectivity toolbox)
Diffusion Imaging in Python (DIPY)
DL+DiReCT
EEGLAB
FMRIB Software Library (FSL)
FreeSurfer
Imaris Imaris for Neuroscientists
ISAS (Ictal-Interictal SPECT Analysis by SPM)
LONI Pipeline, Laboratory of Neuro Imaging, USC
Mango
NITRC The Neuroimaging Informatics Tools and Resources Clearinghouse. An NIH funded database of neuroimaging tools
NeuroKit, a Python open source toolbox for physiological signal processing
Neurophysiological Biomarker Toolbox
PyNets: A Reproducible Workflow for Structural and Functional Connectome Ensemble Learning (PyNets)
Seed-based d mapping (previously signed differential mapping, SDM): a method for conducting meta-analyses of voxel-based neuroimaging studies.
The Spinal Cord Toolbox (SCT) is the first comprehensive and open-source software for processing MR images of the spinal cord.
Statistical pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timing%20%28music%29
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Timing in music refers to the ability to "keep time" accurately and to synchronise to an ensemble, as well as to expressive timing—subtle adjustment of note or beat duration, or of tempo, for aesthetic effect.
Research in music cognition has shown that time as a subjective structuring of events in music, differs from the concept of time in physics. Listeners to music do not perceive rhythm on a continuous scale, but recognise rhythmic categories that function as a reference relative to which the deviations in timing can be appreciated. Temporal patterns in music combine two different time scales—rhythmic durations such as half and quarter notes on the one hand, and on the other, the continuous timing variations that characterize an expressive musical performance.
See also
Rhythm
Time signature
References
Music cognition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Malham%20Tarn%20Field%20Studies%20Centre
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FSC Malham Tarn, situated near Malham Tarn in the Yorkshire Dales National Park, North Yorkshire, England, occupies a large Georgian country house, leased from the National Trust. The centre is run by the Field Studies Council and is popular with both geography and biology students, as well as the wider public. Opened in 1947, the Centre celebrated its 60th anniversary in 2007. The centre closed in 2022.
Within walking distance of the Centre are famous limestone features including Malham Cove, Gordale Scar and spectacular karst landscapes. The route of the Pennine Way footpath runs very close to the buildings. Nearby habitats include limestone pavement, grazed and ungrazed grassland, woodland and species-rich fen, acid peat pools and stony hill streams. Malham Tarn itself is one of only eight upland alkaline lakes in Europe.
It was home to Adrian Pickles, a world-expert in the field of inselbergs; he now is working at Preston Montford Field Centre.
The house was built about 1790 for Thomas Lister, Lord Ribblesdale. It was originally known as Malham Water House, and was used as a hunting box. Between 1852 and 1921 it was owned by the Morrison family, and the novelist Charles Kingsley was a visitor. Kingsley was inspired to write The Water-Babies while staying at the house. The house exterior and the surrounding countryside can be seen in the 1951 film Another Man's Poison.
The house was designated in May 1989 as a Grade II listed building.
References
External links
M
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primary%20National%20Strategy
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The Primary National Strategy document was launched in the UK in May 2003 by Charles Clarke, the Secretary of State for Education. The then-existing National Numeracy Strategy and National Literacy Strategy were taken under the umbrella of the Primary National Strategy.
In October 2006 the frameworks for teaching literacy and mathematics were "renewed" and issued in electronic form as the Primary Framework for literacy and mathematics.
See also
National Curriculum (England, Wales and Northern Ireland)
The National Strategies
External links
Primary National Strategy homepage (Archived in 2010 when the Coalition Government took office.)
Renewed Framework homepage
Education in England
United Kingdom educational programs
Education policy in the United Kingdom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20turnover
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In cell biology, protein turnover refers to the replacement of older proteins as they are broken down within the cell. Different types of proteins have very different turnover rates.
A balance between protein synthesis and protein degradation is required for good health and normal protein metabolism. More synthesis than breakdown indicates an anabolic state that builds lean tissues, more breakdown than synthesis indicates a catabolic state that burns lean tissues. According to D.S. Dunlop, protein turnover occurs in brain cells the same as any other eukaryotic cells, but that "knowledge of those aspects of control and regulation specific or peculiar to brain is an essential element for understanding brain function."
Protein turnover is believed to decrease with age in all senescent organisms including humans. This results in an increase in the amount of damaged protein within the body.
Protein turnover in the exercise science
Four weeks of aerobic exercise has been shown to increase skeletal muscle protein turnover in previously unfit individuals. A diet high in protein increases whole body turnover in endurance athletes.
Some bodybuilding supplements claim to reduce the protein breakdown by reducing or blocking the number of catabolic hormones within the body. This is believed to increase anabolism. However, if protein breakdown falls too low then the body would not be able to remove muscle cells that have been damaged during workouts which would in turn prevent the gro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vulcan%20laser
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The Vulcan laser is an infrared, 8-beam, petawatt neodymium glass laser at the Rutherford Appleton Laboratory's Central Laser Facility in Oxfordshire, United Kingdom. It was the facility's first operational laser.
It is designed to deliver irradiance on target of 1021 W/cm2 for a wide-ranging experimental programme in fundamental physics and advanced applications. This includes the interaction of super high intensity light with matter, fast ignition fusion research, photon induced nuclear reactions, electron and ion acceleration by light waves, astrophysics in the laboratory and the exploration of the world of plasma dominated by relativity.
In 2005 the Vulcan laser was the highest-intensity focussed laser in the world, certified by the Guinness Book of World Records, capable of producing a petawatt laser beam with a focused intensity of 1021 W/cm2.
Target Areas
There are currently two active target areas, Target Area Petawatt and Target Area West, Following the decommission of Target Area East.
Target Area West
Target Area West operates with dual short pulse beamlines delivering intensities of 1019 W/cm2 for pump-probe experiments using F3 focussing optics, other configurations are available.
Six long pulse beams can be configured alongside the short pulses in multiple configurations, including single side cluster, cylindrical and spherical compression. The long pulse beams can be operated with pulse lengths from 0.5ns up to 8ns and energy from 50J to 300J per beam. Va
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roscoe%20G.%20Dickinson
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Roscoe Gilkey Dickinson (May 3, 1894 – July 13, 1945) was an American chemist, known primarily for his work on X-ray crystallography. As professor of chemistry at the California Institute of Technology (Caltech), he was the doctoral advisor of Nobel laureate Linus Pauling and of Arnold O. Beckman, inventor of the pH meter.
Dickinson received his undergraduate education at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology and, in 1920, became the first person to receive a PhD from Caltech (which had recently changed its name from Throop College). For his dissertation he had studied the crystal structures of wulfenite, scheelite, sodium chlorate, and sodium bromate. His graduate advisor was Arthur Amos Noyes.
References
External links
Dickinson's Ph.D. thesis
A collection of digitized materials related to Dickinson's and Linus Pauling's structural chemistry research.
1894 births
1945 deaths
Massachusetts Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology alumni
California Institute of Technology faculty
20th-century American chemists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pipe%20network%20analysis
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In fluid dynamics, pipe network analysis is the analysis of the fluid flow through a hydraulics network, containing several or many interconnected branches. The aim is to determine the flow rates and pressure drops in the individual sections of the network. This is a common problem in hydraulic design.
Description
To direct water to many users, municipal water supplies often route it through a water supply network. A major part of this network will consist of interconnected pipes. This network creates a special class of problems in hydraulic design, with solution methods typically referred to as pipe network analysis. Water utilities generally make use of specialized software to automatically solve these problems. However, many such problems can also be addressed with simpler methods, like a spreadsheet equipped with a solver, or a modern graphing calculator.
Deterministic network analysis
Once the friction factors of the pipes are obtained (or calculated from pipe friction laws such as the Darcy-Weisbach equation), we can consider how to calculate the flow rates and head losses on the network. Generally the head losses (potential differences) at each node are neglected, and a solution is sought for the steady-state flows on the network, taking into account the pipe specifications (lengths and diameters), pipe friction properties and known flow rates or head losses.
The steady-state flows on the network must satisfy two conditions:
At any junction, the total flow int
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enrico%20Clementi
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Enrico Clementi (November 19, 1931 in Cembra, Italy - March 30, 2021) was an Italian chemist, a pioneer in computational techniques for quantum chemistry and molecular dynamics.
Dr. Clementi received his Ph.D. in Chemistry from University of Pavia, where he was a student in the Collegio Cairoli, in 1954 and joined IBM Research in 1961. At IBM he was first responsible for atomic calculations, then manager of a scientific computation department until 1974. As an IBM Fellow (elected 1969), he led research and development in parallel computer architecture and fundamental research in chemistry, biophysics and fluid dynamics. In 1991 he retired from IBM to join Université Louis Pasteur in Strasbourg, France as Professor of Chemistry from 1992 until 2000.
Dr Clementi's work has been recognized by awards and honours: IBM Fellow (1969), Fellow of the American Physical Society (1984), President of the International Society of Quantum Biology, Alexander von Humboldt award (2001), Member of the International Academy of Quantum Molecular Science.
Selected publications
E. Clementi, "Tables of Atomic Functions", IBM Journal of Research and Development, Special Supplement, Vol. 9, No. 1, 1965
E. Clementi, C. Roetti, of "Tables of Roothaan-Hartree-Fock Wavefunctions", Special Issue in Atomic Data and Nuclear Data Table, Academic Press, New York, 1974
Books
Enrico Clementi: "Tables of atomic functions", International Business Machines Corp (1965).
Enrico Clementi, Carla Roetti:"Atom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gottfried%20Ungerboeck
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Gottfried Ungerboeck (born 15 March 1940, Vienna) is an Austrian communications engineer.
Ungerboeck received an electrical engineering degree (with emphasis on telecommunications) from Vienna University of Technology in 1964, and a Ph.D. from the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology, Zurich, in 1970. He joined IBM Austria as a systems engineer in 1965, and the IBM Zurich Research Laboratory in 1967.
At Zurich he worked on digital signal processing and switching systems, communication and information theory. Among many contributions to the theory of data transmission, he invented trellis coded modulation.
Ungerboeck joined Broadcom in 1998 as Technical Director for Communication business line.
He has won the 2018 Shannon Award of the IEEE Information Theory Society.
Awards and honours
IBM Fellow (1984)
IEEE Fellow (1985) for contributions to the theory and practice of digital communications.
Broadcom Fellow and Distinguished Engineer (2006)
IEEE Richard W. Hamming Medal (1994)
Marconi Prize (1996)
Australia Prize (1997)
Golden Jubilee Award for Technological Innovation from the IEEE Information Theory Society (1998), for "the invention of trellis coded modulation".
Claude E. Shannon Award (2018)
References
External links
1997 Australia Prize
Ungerboeck Wins "Nobel Prize of Communications"
Gottfried Ungerboeck Oral History, IEEE Global History Network
IBM Fellows
Fellow Members of the IEEE
Austrian information theorists
Coding theorists
Living people
ETH Zurich al
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timeline%20of%20carbon%20nanotubes
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1950s
1952 – Radushkevich and Lukyanovich publish a paper in the Soviet Journal of Physical Chemistry showing hollow graphitic carbon fibers that are 50 nanometers in diameter.
1955 – Hofer, Sterling and McCarney observe a growth of tubular carbon filaments, of 10–200 nm in diameter.
1958 – Hillert and Lange observe a growth of nanoscale tubular carbon filaments from n-heptane decomposition on iron at about 1000 °C.
1960s
Roger Bacon grows "graphite wiskers" in an arc-discharge apparatus and use electron microscopy to show that the structure consist of rolled up graphene sheets in concentric cylinders.
Bollmann and Spreadborough discuss friction properties of carbon due to rolling sheets of graphene in Nature. Electron microscope picture clearly shows MWCNT.
1970s
1971 – M.L. Lieberman reports growth of three different graphitic like filaments; tubular, twisted, and balloon like. TEM images and diffraction data shows that the hollow tubes are multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNT).
1976 – A. Oberlin, Morinobu Endo, and T. Koyama reported CVD (Chemical Vapor Deposition) growth of nanometer-scale carbon fibers, and they also reported the discovery of carbon nanofibers, including that some were shaped as hollow tubes.
1979 – Arthur C. Clarke's science fiction novel The Fountains of Paradise popularizes the idea of a space elevator using "a continuous pseudo-one dimensional diamond crystal".
1980s
1982 – The continuous or floating-catalyst process was patented
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20parts
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In contemporary metaphysics, temporal parts are the parts of an object that exist in time. A temporal part would be something like "the first year of a person's life", or "all of a table from between 10:00 a.m. on June 21, 1994 to 11:00 p.m. on July 23, 1996". The term is used in the debate over the persistence of material objects. Objects typically have parts that exist in space—a human body, for example, has spatial parts like hands, feet, and legs. Some metaphysicists believe objects have temporal parts as well.
Originally it was argued that those who believe in temporal parts believe in perdurantism, that persisting objects are wholes composed entirely of temporal parts. This view was contrasted with endurantism, the claim that objects are wholly present at any one time (thus not having different temporal parts at different times). This claim is still commonplace, but philosophers like Ted Sider believe that even endurantists should accept temporal parts.
Definition
Not everyone was happy with the definition by analogy: some philosophers, such as Peter van Inwagen, argued that—even given the definition by analogy—they still had no real idea what a temporal part was meant to be (1981: 133), whilst others have felt that whether temporal parts existed or not is merely a verbal dispute (Eli Hirsch holds this view).
Gallois surveys some of the attempts to create a more specific definition (Gallois 1998: 256). The early attempts included identifying temporal parts with orde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In%20Search%20of%20Schr%C3%B6dinger%27s%20Cat
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In Search of Schrödinger's Cat: Quantum Physics and Reality is a 1984 book on quantum theory by the physicist John Gribbin, discussing in layman's terms its logic and many interpretations.
Summary
Gribbin explains the body of evidence leading up to the development of quantum physics and summarises the historical context in which it occurred. He explores in detail the mysteries surrounding quantum physics and the implications of the theory. Throughout the book, Gribbin refers to a body of experimental evidence to support the theory and to aid the reader's understanding. He also uses thought experiments to help the reader understand the crucial concepts and interpretations of quantum physics, including of course Schrödinger's cat. Finally, Gribbin explores the philosophical implications of the theory, and leaves the reader with loose ends.
Sequel
In the sequel to this book, Schrödinger's Kittens and the Search for Reality (1995), Gribbin tries to tie these loose ends together with his interpretation of string theory.
References
1984 non-fiction books
American non-fiction books
Books by John Gribbin
English-language books
Popular physics books
Random House books
Schrödinger's cat
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Gates%20Building
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William Gates Building might refer to several structures named after Bill Gates, other members of the Gates family, or his former wife, Melinda French Gates:
Gates Computer Science Building, Stanford, California, U.S.
William Gates Building, Cambridge, University of Cambridge, England
Gates Center for Computer Science, at Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania, U.S.
Bill and Melinda Gates Hall, at Cornell University, in Ithaca, New York, U.S.
William H. Gates Building, at Massachusetts Institute of Technology, in Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
Bill and Melinda Gates Computer Science Complex, at University of Texas at Austin, U.S.
William H. Gates Hall (Seattle), at University of Washington, in Seattle, Washington, U.S.
Bill and Melinda Gates Center for Computer Science & Engineering, at University of Washington, in Seattle, Washington, U.S.
See also
Gates Computer Science Building (disambiguation)
Gates Hall (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20convergence
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In mathematics normal convergence is a type of convergence for series of functions. Like absolute-convergence, it has the useful property that it is preserved when the order of summation is changed.
History
The concept of normal convergence was first introduced by René Baire in 1908 in his book Leçons sur les théories générales de l'analyse.
Definition
Given a set S and functions (or to any normed vector space), the series
is called normally convergent if the series of uniform norms of the terms of the series converges, i.e.,
Distinctions
Normal convergence implies, but should not be confused with, uniform absolute convergence, i.e. uniform convergence of the series of nonnegative functions . To illustrate this, consider
Then the series is uniformly convergent (for any ε take n ≥ 1/ε), but the series of uniform norms is the harmonic series and thus diverges. An example using continuous functions can be made by replacing these functions with bump functions of height 1/n and width 1 centered at each natural number n.
As well, normal convergence of a series is different from norm-topology convergence, i.e. convergence of the partial sum sequence in the topology induced by the uniform norm. Normal convergence implies norm-topology convergence if and only if the space of functions under consideration is complete with respect to the uniform norm. (The converse does not hold even for complete function spaces: for example, consider the harmonic series as a sequenc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematische%20Zeitschrift
|
Mathematische Zeitschrift (German for Mathematical Journal) is a mathematical journal for pure and applied mathematics published by Springer Verlag.
It was founded in 1918 and edited by Leon Lichtenstein together with Konrad Knopp, Erhard Schmidt, and Issai Schur. Past editors include Erich Kamke, Friedrich Karl Schmidt, Rolf Nevanlinna, Helmut Wielandt, and Olivier Debarre.
External links
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1918
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