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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20du%20Bois-Reymond
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Paul David Gustav du Bois-Reymond (2 December 1831 – 7 April 1889) was a German mathematician who was born in Berlin and died in Freiburg. He was the brother of Emil du Bois-Reymond.
His thesis was concerned with the mechanical equilibrium of fluids. He worked on the theory of functions and in mathematical physics. His interests included Sturm–Liouville theory, integral equations, variational calculus, and Fourier series. In this latter field, he was able in 1873 to construct a continuous function whose Fourier series is not convergent. His lemma defines a sufficient condition to guarantee that a function vanishes almost everywhere.
In a paper of 1875, du Bois-Reymond employed for the first time the method of diagonalization, later associated with the name of Cantor («Über asymptotische Werte, infinitäre Approximationen und infinitäre Auflösungen von Gleichungen», Mathematische Annalen 8: 363-414, doi:10.1007/bf01443187). Du Bois-Reymond also established that a trigonometric series that converges to a continuous function at every point is the Fourier series of this function. He is also associated with the fundamental lemma of calculus of variations of which he proved a refined version based on that of Lagrange.
Theory of infinitesimals
Paul du Bois-Reymond developed a theory of infinitesimals:
Writings
Théorie générale des fonctions (Nice : Impr. niçoise, 1887) (translated in French from the original German by G. Millaud and A. Girot)
De Aequilibrio Fluidorum (PhD The
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Statistical%20finance
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Statistical finance, is the application of econophysics to financial markets. Instead of the normative roots of finance, it uses a positivist framework. It includes exemplars from statistical physics with an emphasis on emergent or collective properties of financial markets. Empirically observed stylized facts are the starting point for this approach to understanding financial markets.
Stylized facts
Stock markets are characterised by bursts of price volatility.
Price changes are less volatile in bull markets and more volatile in bear markets.
Price change correlations are stronger with higher volatility, and their auto-correlations die out quickly.
Almost all real data have more extreme events than suspected.
Volatility correlations decay slowly.
Trading volumes have memory the same way that volatilities do.
Past price changes are negatively correlated with future volatilities.
Research objectives
Statistical finance is focused on three areas:
Empirical studies focused on the discovery of interesting statistical features of financial time-series data aimed at extending and consolidating the known stylized facts.
The use of these discoveries to build and implement models that better price derivatives and anticipate stock price movement with an emphasis on non-Gaussian methods and models.
The study of collective and emergent behaviour in simulated and real markets to uncover the mechanisms responsible for the observed stylized facts with an emphasis on agent-b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Busch%20Campus%20of%20Rutgers%20University
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Busch Campus is one of the five sub-campuses at Rutgers University's New Brunswick/Piscataway area campus, and is located entirely within Piscataway, New Jersey, US. Academic facilities and departments centered on this campus are primarily those related to the natural sciences: physics, pharmacy, engineering, psychology, mathematics and statistics, chemistry, geology, and biology. The Rutgers Medical School was also built on this campus in 1970, but a year later was separated by the state, renamed the Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, and merge with the New Jersey Medical School and other health profession schools in Newark and New Brunswick to create the College of Medicine and Dentistry of New Jersey. Rutgers and the medical school continued to share the land and facilities on the campus in a slightly irregular arrangement. On July 1, 2013, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School was officially merged back into Rutgers University, along with most of the other schools of UMDNJ, with the exception of the UMDNJ-School of Osteopathic Medicine.
The campus is named after Charles L. Busch (1902–1971), of Edgewater, New Jersey, an eccentric millionaire, who unexpectedly donated $10 million to the University for biological research at his death in 1971. The campus was formerly known as "University Heights Campus". The land was donated by the state in the 1930s, and a stadium was constructed. The land was formerly a country club, and the original golf course still exists on the campus.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Waksman%20Institute%20of%20Microbiology
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The Waksman Institute of Microbiology is a research facility on the Busch Campus of Rutgers University. It is named after Selman Waksman, a student and then faculty member at Rutgers who won the Nobel Prize for Medicine in 1952 for research which led to the discovery of streptomycin. The institute conducts research on microbial molecular genetics, developmental molecular genetics, plant molecular genetics, and structural and computational biology.
In 2019, Dr. Kenneth D. Irvine was appointed as Interim Director of the Waksman Institute. Dr. Irvine has been a member of the Waksman Institute since 1995 and is currently a Distinguished Professor of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry and Director of the Rutgers Graduate Program in Cell and Developmental Biology. He was selected by his peers after the untimely passing of the Institute's fourth director, Joachim Messing.
History
A total of eighteen antibiotics were isolated in Waksman's laboratory at the New Jersey Agriculture Experimental Station at Rutgers University. Of these, streptomycin and neomycin, and actinomycin were commercialized. Streptomycin, in particular, was the first antibiotic to cure tuberculosis. Waksman used half of his personal royalties from patents for streptomycin to create the Foundation for Microbiology in 1951. The Foundation is a private organization that funds and supports microbiology research.
He requested money from the Foundation to create the Institute of Microbiology at Rutgers. The idea for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carsten%20Thomassen%20%28mathematician%29
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Carsten Thomassen (born August 22, 1948 in Grindsted) is a Danish mathematician. He has been a Professor of Mathematics at the Technical University of Denmark since 1981, and since 1990 a member of the Royal Danish Academy of Sciences and Letters. His research concerns discrete mathematics and more specifically graph theory.
Thomassen received his Ph.D. in 1976 from the University of Waterloo.
He is editor-in-chief of the Journal of Graph Theory and the Electronic Journal of Combinatorics, and editor of Combinatorica, the Journal of Combinatorial Theory Series B, Discrete Mathematics, and the European Journal of Combinatorics.
He was awarded the Dedicatory Award of the 6th International Conference on the Theory and Applications of Graphs by the Western Michigan University in May 1988, the Lester R. Ford Award by the Mathematical Association of America in 1993, and the Faculty of Mathematics Alumni Achievement Medal by the University of Waterloo in 2005. In 1990 he was an invited speaker (Graphs, random walks and electric networks) at the ICM in Kyōto. He was included on the ISI Web of Knowledge list of the 250 most cited mathematicians.
Selected works
with Bojan Mohar: Graphs on surfaces, Johns Hopkins University Press 2001
5-choosability of planar graphs (see List coloring)
works on Hypohamiltonian graphs
Hamilton connectivity of Tournaments (see Tournament (graph theory)) and of 4-connected planar graphs
his proof of Gr%C3%B6tzsch%27s theorem
See also
List of Univer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fusobacterium%20necrophorum
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Fusobacterium necrophorum is a species of bacteria responsible for Lemierre's syndrome and other medical problems.
Biology
F. necrophorum is a rod-shaped species of Gram-negative bacteria. It is an obligate anaerobe and is a common inhabitant of the alimentary tract within humans and animals.
Pathogenicity
F. necrophorum is responsible for 10% of acute sore throats, 21% of recurrent sore throats and 23% of peritonsillar abscesses with the remainder being caused by Group A streptococci or viruses. Other complications from F. necrophorum include meningitis, complicated by thrombosis of the internal jugular vein, thrombosis of the cerebral veins, and infection of the urogenital and the gastrointestinal tracts.
Although this infection is rare, researchers agree that this diagnosis should be considered in a septicaemic patient with thrombosis in an unusual site, and underlying malignancy should be excluded in cases of confirmed F. necrophorum occurring at sites caudal to the head.
The above statistical analysis is dated, necessarily. A 2015 study of young adult students presenting to a single clinic in Alabama had F. necrophorum as the predominant causative organism for pharyngitis 21% of the time (and found in 9% of asymptomatic students). In the same study, Group A Streptococcus was found in 10% of pharyngitis patients (1% of asymptomatic students).
Treatment
F. necrophorum infection (also called F-throat) usually responds to treatment with augmentin or metronidazole, but p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Theoretical%20Advanced%20Study%20Institute
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The Theoretical Advanced Study Institute or TASI is a four-week summer school in high-energy physics or astrophysics held yearly at the University of Colorado at Boulder. The school is meant primarily for advanced graduate students and consists of a series of pedagogical lectures on selected topics given by active researchers in the field. TASI is the most common summer school attended by high-energy physics graduate students in the United States.
Writeups of the TASI lectures are traditionally collected into a published volume each year, creating a valuable resource for students hoping to learn about current research topics in an accessible way. The writeups are typically also posted by the lecturers on arXiv.org, providing freely-accessible web-based sources on various physics topics. Since 2007, TASI has also posted video recordings of the lectures online.
Recent TASI schools
History
The first TASI was held in 1984 at the University of Michigan. Subsequent TASIs were held at Yale (1985), Santa Cruz (1986), Santa Fe (1987), and Brown (1988). Since 1989 TASI has been located in Boulder.
External links
Theoretical Advanced Study Institute in Elementary Particle Physics (TASI)
TASI lecture writeups on INSPIRE-HEP
TASI Lectures on strings, branes, M-theory, quantum gravity, and related topics
University of Colorado Boulder
Physics education
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gijs%20van%20Aardenne
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Gijsbert Michiel Vredenrijk "Gijs" van Aardenne (18 March 1930 – 10 August 1995) was a Dutch politician of the People's Party for Freedom and Democracy (VVD) and businessperson.
Van Aardenne studied Physics and Mathematics at the Leiden University simultaneously obtaining a Master of Physics and Mathematics degree. Van Aardenne worked for a corporate director for an iron manufacturer company in Dordrecht from September 1957 until December 1970 and as CEO from February 1968. Van Aardenne became a Member of the House of Representatives on 18 February 1971 serving until 10 May 1971 and shortly after the election of 1971 returned to the House of Representatives on 3 August 1971 and served as a frontbencher chairing the House Committee for Patent Act Reforms and as spokesperson for Social Affairs and Welfare. After the election of 1977 Van Aardenne was appointed as Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Van Agt-Wiegel taking office on 19 December 1977. After the election of 1981 Van Aardenne returned to the House of Representatives on 25 August 1981 and served as a frontbencher and spokesperson for Finance. After the election of 1982 Van Aardenne was appointed as Deputy Prime Minister and Minister of Economic Affairs in the Cabinet Lubbers I taking office on 4 November 1982. In February 1985 Van Aardenne announced that he wouldn't stand for the election of 1986 following a critical parliamentary inquiry and announced his retirement.
Van Aardenne semi-retired from active po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julian%20Ralph%20Ford
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Dr Julian Ralph Ford (3 November 1932 – 31 January 1987) was an Australian chemist and ornithologist. He was born in Perth and graduated in chemistry from the University of Western Australia in 1955. He worked for the Shell Oil Company until 1960 when he went on to a career of lecturing on chemistry, first at the Perth Technical College and then the Western Australian Institute of Technology.
Ford's early ornithological work included a study of yellow-rumped thornbills. Later he focused on the speciation of birds in inland Australia, making several expeditions in the course of his research. He also discovered that the wedgebill comprised two separate species, the chirruping and chiming wedgebills. He was a member of the Royal Australasian Ornithologists Union (RAOU) and served on its Taxonomic Advisory Committee. He also contributed numerous papers to its journal, the Emu. In 1983 he was awarded a PhD by the University of Western Australia for his ornithological studies.
Julian Ralph Ford is commemorated in the scientific name of a species of lizard, Ctenophorus fordi.
References
Sources
Davies SJJF (1987). "Obituary. Dr Julian Ford". Emu 87: 132.
Robin, Libby (2001). The Flight of the Emu: a hundred years of Australian ornithology 1901-2001. Carlton, Victoria: Melbourne University Press.
Keast, J. Allen (1990). "In Memoriam: Julian R. Ford, 1932-1987". The Auk 107: 601.
Australian ornithologists
Scientists from Perth, Western Australia
University of Western Austr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multi-label%20classification
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In machine learning, multi-label classification or multi-output classification is a variant of the classification problem where multiple nonexclusive labels may be assigned to each instance. Multi-label classification is a generalization of multiclass classification, which is the single-label problem of categorizing instances into precisely one of several (greater than or equal to two) classes. In the multi-label problem the labels are nonexclusive and there is no constraint on how many of the classes the instance can be assigned to.
Formally, multi-label classification is the problem of finding a model that maps inputs x to binary vectors y; that is, it assigns a value of 0 or 1 for each element (label) in y.
Problem transformation methods
Several problem transformation methods exist for multi-label classification, and can be roughly broken down into:
Transformation into binary classification problems
The baseline approach, called the binary relevance method, amounts to independently training one binary classifier for each label. Given an unseen sample, the combined model then predicts all labels for this sample for which the respective classifiers predict a positive result. Although this method of dividing the task into multiple binary tasks may resemble superficially the one-vs.-all (OvA) and one-vs.-rest (OvR) methods for multiclass classification, it is essentially different from both, because a single classifier under binary relevance deals with a single label, witho
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lodwrick%20Cook
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Lodwrick Monroe Cook III (June 17, 1928 – September 28, 2020) was an American businessman and philanthropist. He was best known for his tenure from 1986 to 1995 as the chairman of Atlantic Richfield.
Early life and education
Cook was raised in Grand Cane, Louisiana. He received a bachelor's degree in mathematics from Louisiana State University in 1950 and was also a member of the Sigma Chi Gamma Iota Chapter there. After service in the United States Army, Cook returned to LSU and earned a second degree in petroleum engineering in 1955. He later received a Master of Business Administration (MBA) from Southern Methodist University which he attended in the evenings. Louisiana State University, Pepperdine University, California Lutheran University, and St. Augustine's College have awarded Cook honorary degrees for charitable work and contributions. Cook was the father of five children (all adults) and had ten grandchildren. He lived in Sherman Oaks, California. His wife, Carole Diane Cook, died in 2010.
Employment
Beginning in 1956, Cook was employed with Atlantic Richfield Company (ARCO), the seventh largest oil company in the United States. Cook was hired as an engineer trainee, but went on to hold several management positions in labor relations, refining, marketing and planning, rising to become a vice president of the company in 1970. After heading up ARCO's West Coast refining marketing operations, he chaired the eight-company Owners’ Committee building the Trans Alask
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Laughton
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Professor Michael Arthur Laughton FREng (born 18 December 1934) is Emeritus Professor of Electrical Engineering at Queen Mary, University of London, and currently Visiting Professor at the Department of Environmental Science and Technology at Imperial College.
Early life
He attended King Edward VI Five Ways, a grammar school in Birmingham, then moved to Canada. Laughton attended Etobicoke Collegiate Institute in Toronto, Ontario. At the University of Toronto, he gained a BASc in 1957. From the University of London, he gained a PhD in 1965 and a DSc (Eng) in 1976.
Career
Laughton was formerly Pro-Principal of Queen Mary and Westfield College and Dean of Engineering of the University of London. Together with D. F. Warne, Laughton coedited a book, Electrical Engineer's Reference Book, by M. G. Say that is presently in its 16th edition.
As a Fellow of the Royal Academy of Engineering, Laughton is currently the UK representative on the Energy Committee of the European Council of Applied Sciences and Engineering (EuroCASE), a member of the energy and environment policy advisory groups of the Royal Academy of Engineering, the Royal Society and the Institution of Electrical Engineers, as well as the Power Industry Division Board of the Institution of Mechanical Engineers.
Laughton has acted as Specialist Adviser to UK Parliamentary Committees in both upper and lower Houses on alternative and renewable energy technologies and on energy efficiency. He put great emphasis on the fact
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eurisol
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The EURISOL project is aimed at the design – and eventual construction – of a 'next-generation' European ISOL radioactive ion beam (RIB) facility capable of extending current research in atomic and nuclear physics by providing users with a wide variety of exotic ion beams at intensities far greater than those presently available. The first phase of the project, completed in 2003, set out to determine the feasibility of the project. Phase 2, the EURISOL Design Study, is currently underway and is scheduled to last 4 years. Meant to identify the technological challenges facing the construction of the EURISOL facility, the Design Study has been divided into 12 sub tasks each focusing on a particular aspect of the facility's creation.
Task 9 – Beam Preparation
A central goal of the new EURISOL facility is to produce a variety of exotic ions which yield orders of magnitude above those currently available at RIB installations around the world. To fully utilize such high intensity beams and avoid overwhelming (and dangerous) isobaric contamination, accompanying efforts are needed in the new field of beam preparation and purification. In order to use high-resolution mass separation to eliminate isobaric impurities, a reduction of the beam emittance by an RFQ coolers is necessary to minimize transmission losses. As a result, a key feature in next generation RFQ beam coolers will be their ability to handle beam currents in the microampere range. Task 9's main objective will be to dete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcel%20Loncin%20Research%20Prize
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The Marcel Loncin Research Prize was established in 1994. It is awarded by the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT) in even-numbered years to fund basic chemistry, physics, and/or engineering research applied to food processing and improving food quality. It is named for Marcel Loncin (1920-1995), a Belgian-born, French chemical engineer who did food engineering research while a professor at the Centre d'Enseignement et de Recherches des Industries Alimentaries (CERIA) and afterwards at the Food Engineering Department of the Universität Karlsruhe (TH), Germany. It was the third and final IFT award as of 2006 that has been named for a then-living person.
Award winners receive USD 50,000 in two annual installments and a plaque from the Marcin Loncin Endowment Fund of the IFT.
Winners
References
Mermelstein, N.H. "The Man Behind The Prize." Food Technology. December 2006. p. 23.
External links
Marcel Loncin Research Prize - Official site
Food technology awards
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robotix%20%28competition%29
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Robotix is an annual robotics and programming event that is organised by the Technology Robotix Society at the Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur (IIT Kharagpur). It is held during Kshitij, the institute's annual techno-management festival. Participation is open to college students. The event gives contestants an opportunity to showcase their talents in the fields of mechanical robotics, autonomous robotics and programming.
History
Robotix started in 2001 as an in-house event for the students of IIT Kharagpur. Kunal Sinha, Saurabh Prasad and Varun Rai created the event for IDEON, the school's techno-management festival. The inaugural event hosted eight teams. In 2003, the IDEON festival was reorganized and renamed to Kshitij. Robotix is now organized under Kshitij.
Event participation has increased over the years: Robotix 2006 had 220 teams, Robotix 2007 had 546 teams, and Robotix 2008 had over 1000 teams.
Robotix celebrated its tenth edition in 2010 with an array of challenging problem statements. Robotix 2011 conducted a water surface event, R.A.F.T., in which over 250 teams participated.
Events
Events during Robotix are conducted under three categories: manual, autonomous and programming/online. In the manual events, the participant handles the robot by using a remote control. The remote system may be wired or unwired. The robot then has to perform the specified task, which is usually something mechanical. In the autonomous events, the robots act independently; p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Composition%20of%20relations
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In the mathematics of binary relations, the composition of relations is the forming of a new binary relation from two given binary relations R and S. In the calculus of relations, the composition of relations is called relative multiplication, and its result is called a relative product. Function composition is the special case of composition of relations where all relations involved are functions.
The word uncle indicates a compound relation: for a person to be an uncle, he must be the brother of a parent. In algebraic logic it is said that the relation of Uncle () is the composition of relations "is a brother of" () and "is a parent of" ().
Beginning with Augustus De Morgan, the traditional form of reasoning by syllogism has been subsumed by relational logical expressions and their composition.
Definition
If and are two binary relations, then
their composition is the relation
In other words, is defined by the rule that says if and only if there is an element such that (that is, and ).
Notational variations
The semicolon as an infix notation for composition of relations dates back to Ernst Schroder's textbook of 1895. Gunther Schmidt has renewed the use of the semicolon, particularly in Relational Mathematics (2011). The use of semicolon coincides with the notation for function composition used (mostly by computer scientists) in category theory, as well as the notation for dynamic conjunction within linguistic dynamic semantics.
A small circle has been use
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Neomacounia
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Neomacounia nitida, or Macoun's shining moss, is an extinct moss that was found only in a small area of Ontario, and the sole species in the genus Neomacounia.
Biology
Macoun's shining moss was a large bryophyte with long greenish-brown tufts. The tufts were shiny and up to 6 cm long. The moss was hermaphroditic and capable of fertilizing itself.
The plant was an epiphyte. It lived near the base of tree trunks of various species of elm and cedar that grew in swampy areas. The only known location where this species occurred was in three locales near Belleville, Ontario.
Taxonomy
The species was originally described as Forsstroemia nitida. In 1974, it was reclassified in the monotypic genus Neomacounia. Not all bryologists accept that it is in a monotypic genus, or that it should be placed in the family Neckeraceae. Most recent publications accept the current classification of Macoun's shining moss. The common name honours John Macoun (1831–1920), who was an Irish-born Canadian naturalist.
Extinction
The area where the samples were found was clear-cut for economic purposes between 1864 and 1892, implying that the species became extinct due to habitat loss during that time. Searches and surveys looking for the species were conducted in 1972 and 2001. They failed to find any evidence for the species' continued existence.
This species is the only known endemic Canadian plant to become extinct since the 16th century.
Specimens
All known samples of N. nitida were from three c
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manfred%20Donike
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Manfred Donike (23 August 1933, Köttingen, Rhine Province – 21 August 1995, on a flight from Frankfurt am Main to Johannesburg) was a German cyclist and chemist, known for his research on doping. Donike lived in Rölsdorf.
Donike studied chemistry in Cologne and graduated in 1965. By 1972, Donike had developed a procedure capable of accurate detection of banned substances and their metabolites through analysis, using gas chromatography and mass spectrometry, of urine. In 1977, Donike was hired by the German Sport University Cologne to lead the biochemistry department.
In 1960 and 1961 Donike competed in the Tour de France. His son, also called Manfred, competed at the 1984 Summer Olympics.
Donike died of a heart attack on 21 August 1995 in an airplane while en route to Johannesburg, South Africa.
References
1933 births
1995 deaths
People from Erftstadt
Sportspeople from Cologne (region)
Sportspeople from the Rhine Province
Scientists from the Rhine Province
German male cyclists
Drugs in sport
Ben Johnson doping case
20th-century German chemists
Cyclists from North Rhine-Westphalia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20T.%20Young
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William T. Young (February 15, 1918 – January 12, 2004) was an American businessman and major owner of thoroughbred racehorses.
William T. Young attended the University of Kentucky where he was a member of the Sigma Alpha Epsilon fraternity. Young graduated with high distinction in 1939 with a Bachelor of Science in mechanical engineering. After a short employment with Bailey Meter in Cleveland, Ohio, he served as a captain in the United States Army from 1941 to 1945.
Service In World War II
William T. Young served in World War II as a United States Army officer.
Business career
After the War he was living in Philadelphia but in 1946 returned to his native Lexington where he founded W. T. Young Foods, Inc. that made "Big Top" brand peanut butter. He developed the business into one of the leading producers of peanut butter in the United States. After he sold the company to Procter & Gamble in 1955, it was renamed Jif peanut butter. William Young continued to manage the peanut butter manufacturing operation for Procter & Gamble until 1957, at which time he founded W. T. Young Storage, Inc.
William Young joined the board of directors of Royal Crown Cola and served as its chairman from 1966 to 1984. He was also a director the Kentucky-American Water Company, and the First Security National Bank and Trust Company of Lexington. At one time, William Young was the single largest shareholder of Humana health insurance company. Through the 1960s and early 1970s, he served on the b
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levinson%27s%20inequality
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In mathematics, Levinson's inequality is the following inequality, due to Norman Levinson, involving positive numbers. Let and let be a given function having a third derivative on the range , and such that
for all . Suppose and for . Then
The Ky Fan inequality is the special case of Levinson's inequality, where
References
Scott Lawrence and Daniel Segalman: A generalization of two inequalities involving means, Proceedings of the American Mathematical Society. Vol 35 No. 1, September 1972.
Norman Levinson: Generalization of an inequality of Ky Fan, Journal of Mathematical Analysis and Applications. Vol 8 (1964), 133–134.
Inequalities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CWC%20mode
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In cryptography, CWC Mode (Carter–Wegman + CTR mode) is an AEAD block cipher mode of operation that provides both encryption and built-in message integrity, similar to CCM and OCB modes. It combines the use of CTR mode for encryption with an efficient polynomial Carter–Wegman MAC and is designed by Tadayoshi Kohno, John Viega and Doug Whiting.
CWC mode was submitted to NIST for standardization, but NIST opted for the similar GCM mode instead.
Although GCM has weaknesses compared to CWC, the GCM authors successfully argued for GCM.
References
External links
CWC mode home page
CWC: A high-performance conventional authenticated encryption mode on Cryptology ePrint
Implementation of CWC on top of AES.
Block cipher modes of operation
Authenticated-encryption schemes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robley%20C.%20Williams
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Robley Cook Williams (October 13, 1908 – January 3, 1995) was an early biophysicist and virologist. He served as the first president of the Biophysical Society.
Career
Williams attended Cornell University on an athletic scholarship, completing a B.S. in 1931 and a Ph.D. in physics in 1935. While at Cornell, he was selected for membership in the Telluride House and the Quill and Dagger society. Williams began his career as a researcher as an assistant professor of astronomy at the University of Michigan, and from 1945, associate professor of physics. A growing fascination with viruses led him to leave Michigan in 1950, when he was invited to the University of California, Berkeley by Wendell Stanley, to serve as a professor at the newly created Department of Virology.
Research
Together with Heinz Fraenkel-Conrat, Williams studied the Tobacco mosaic virus, and showed that a functional virus could be created out of purified RNA and a protein coat. That same year, he was elected to the National Academy of Sciences. Williams was involved in the early use of electron micrography in biology. Working with Ralph Walter Graystone Wyckoff he helped develop a technique to take three-dimensional electron microscope images of bacteria using a "metal shadowing" technique. He also helped develop biophysical techniques such as freeze etching and particle-counting by the spray-drop technique.
Personal
His son, Robley C. Williams, Jr., is a professor emeritus of biological science at Vanderb
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Susan%20Perlman
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Susan Perlman (born c. 1949) is a Professor in the Department of Neurology at the David Geffen School of Medicine at UCLA. She is also Director of Ataxia and Neurogenetics Program and Post-polio Program at that school. She has long been the primary investigator for Friedreich's ataxia trials and sits on the Medical Advisory Board of the National Ataxia Foundation.
Early career
Perlman received her B.S. in Biochemistry in 1971 from Cornell University and her MD in 1975 from S.U.N.Y. Stony Brook. She did her Residency in Neurology at UCLA 1976-1979 followed by a two-year Muscular Dystrophy Association Fellowship in Neurology also at UCLA.
Areas of specialism
After finishing her training in general neurology, Dr Perlman began specialty work in chronic diseases of the neuromuscular system (muscular dystrophy, spinal cord diseases, cerebral palsy).
She set up a multidisciplinary clinic, bringing together neurologists with psychologists, social workers, and therapists; the aim being to link diagnosis, rehabilitation and treatment, with clinical research into causes and treatments. Der Perlman set up a separate clinic for post-polio syndrome, to teach the basics of post-polio to neurology and rehabilitation residents; the clinic sees about 200 patients a year, for evaluation and treatment.
She has clinical interests in liver transplantation and neuro-genetics.
Honours and awards
On May 30, 2008, Dr. Perlman was presented with the Sherman M. Mellinkoff Faculty Award at the Hipp
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Hewitt
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Edwin Hewitt (January 20, 1920, Everett, Washington – June 21, 1999) was an American mathematician known for his work in abstract harmonic analysis and for his discovery, in collaboration with Leonard Jimmie Savage, of the Hewitt–Savage zero–one law.
He received his Ph.D. in 1942 from Harvard University, and served on the faculty of mathematics at the University of Washington from 1954.
Hewitt pioneered the construction of the hyperreals by means of an ultrapower construction (Hewitt, 1948).
Hewitt wrote the 1975 English translation of A. A. Kirillov's 1972 Russian monograph Elements of the Theory of Representations (Элементы Теории Представлений), and co-authored Abstract Harmonic Analysis with Kenneth A. Ross (1st edn., 1st vol. in 1963; 1st edn., 2nd vol. in 1970), an extensive work in two volumes.
See also
Cohen–Hewitt factorization theorem
Publications
References
Edwin Hewitt's work in analysis in Topological Commentary 4 (2)
Edwin Hewitt (1920-1999) in Topological Commentary 6
External links
Edwin Hewitt (1920–1999) in memoriam by mathematician Walter Schempp
Probability theorists
1920 births
1999 deaths
20th-century American mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Harvard University alumni
University of Washington faculty
People from Everett, Washington
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HMDS
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HMDS may refer to:
either of two related reagents in organometallic chemistry:
Hexamethyldisilazane ([(CH3)3Si]2NH)
Hexamethyldisilazide ([(CH3)3Si]2NM)
M = Li as in Lithium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (LiHMDS)
M = Na as in Sodium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (NaHMDS)
M = K as in Potassium bis(trimethylsilyl)amide (KHMDS)
Hexamethyldisiloxane (O[Si(CH3)3]2)
Her Majesty's Diplomatic Service, of the United Kingdom
Helmet mounted display and sight, a system for military pilots
Harvest Moon DS, a video game
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atkin%E2%80%93Lehner%20theory
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In mathematics, Atkin–Lehner theory is part of the theory of modular forms describing when they arise at a given integer level N in such a way that the theory of Hecke operators can be extended to higher levels.
Atkin–Lehner theory is based on the concept of a newform, which is a cusp form 'new' at a given level N, where the levels are the nested congruence subgroups:
of the modular group, with N ordered by divisibility. That is, if M divides N, Γ0(N) is a subgroup of Γ0(M). The oldforms for Γ0(N) are those modular forms f(τ) of level N of the form g(d τ) for modular forms g of level M with M a proper divisor of N, where d divides N/M. The newforms are defined as a vector subspace of the modular forms of level N, complementary to the space spanned by the oldforms, i.e. the orthogonal space with respect to the Petersson inner product.
The Hecke operators, which act on the space of all cusp forms, preserve the subspace of newforms and are self-adjoint and commuting operators (with respect to the Petersson inner product) when restricted to this subspace. Therefore, the algebra of operators on newforms they generate is a finite-dimensional C*-algebra that is commutative; and by the spectral theory of such operators, there exists a basis for the space of newforms consisting of eigenforms for the full Hecke algebra.
Atkin–Lehner involutions
Consider a Hall divisor e of N, which means that not only does e divide N, but also e and N/e are relatively prime (often denoted e||N).
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Samuel%20Cate%20Prescott
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Samuel Cate Prescott (April 5, 1872 – March 19, 1962) was an American food scientist and microbiologist who was involved in the development of food safety, food science, public health, and industrial microbiology.
Early life
Prescott was born in South Hampton, New Hampshire, the younger of two children. An older sister, Grace, later became a teacher in South Hampton, located near the Amesbury, Massachusetts area, located across the New Hampshire-Massachusetts state line. His formal education was in an ungraded schoolhouse in New Hampshire. During his fifteenth year, Prescott served as a "rod man" on a surveying crew to lay out the state line between eastern New Hampshire and Massachusetts.
In 1888, he enrolled at the Sanborn Seminary in Kingston, New Hampshire, becoming a member of the first graduating class in 1890 which consisted of three girls and two boys. The seminary was a preparatory school for the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT, then known as Boston Tech). It was there he met Allyne L. Merrill, an 1885 MIT graduate who helped Prescott enroll there in the fall of 1890.
Student days at MIT
Majoring in chemistry at MIT, Prescott had courses that had instructors such as James Mason Crafts in organic chemistry, Ellen Swallow Richards in sanitary chemistry, and William Thompson Sedgwick in bacteriology. Sedgwick would later become the first president of the Society of American Bacteriologists (SAB) in 1899–1901 (The SAB became the American Society for Microbi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Attree
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Richard Attree is a British TV and film composer. He attended Highgate School, and then studied electronic music at the Royal College of Music following a degree in computer science. Whilst completing these studies he played as a keyboard player with various bands. He also worked as a freelance composer, producing music for dance and theatre productions at the London Contemporary Dance Theatre and Royal National Theatre. In 1987, he became the last composer to be recruited at the BBC Radiophonic Workshop, where he remained until the department's closure. During his time at the BBC, he received two Sony Awards, in 1986 and 1989, for "the Most Creative Use of Radio".
Following his departure from the BBC, he returned to freelance work.
Attree's credits include music for Horizon, Wildlife on One, Timewatch, Hardware, Watt on Earth, and the first three series of The Demon Headmaster. He has also produced music for various BBC idents and promos.
References
External links
Official Site
Some Composition Information
Living people
BBC Radiophonic Workshop
British electronic musicians
English television composers
English male composers
Alumni of the Royal College of Music
People educated at Highgate School
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolai%20Reshetikhin
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Nicolai Yuryevich Reshetikhin (, born October 10, 1958, in Leningrad, Soviet Union) is a mathematical physicist, currently a professor of mathematics at Tsinghua University, China and a professor of mathematical physics at the University of Amsterdam (Korteweg-de Vries Institute for Mathematics). He is also a professor emeritus at the University of California, Berkeley. His research is in the fields of low-dimensional topology, representation theory, and quantum groups. His major contributions are in the theory of quantum integrable systems, in representation theory of quantum groups
and in quantum topology. He and Vladimir Turaev constructed invariants of 3-manifolds
which are expected to describe quantum Chern-Simons field theory introduced by Edward Witten.
He earned his bachelor's degree and master's degree from Leningrad State University in 1982, and his Ph.D. from the Steklov Mathematical Institute in 1984.
He gave a plenary lecture at the International Congress of Mathematicians in 2010. He was named a Fellow of the American Mathematical Society, in the 2022 class of fellows, "for contributions to the theory of quantum groups, integrable systems, topology, and quantum physics".
See also
Reshetikhin–Turaev invariant
References
External links
1958 births
Living people
20th-century Russian mathematicians
21st-century Russian mathematicians
Mathematicians from Saint Petersburg
Topologists
Academic staff of the University of Amsterdam
University of California, Berke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isotoluene
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The isotoluenes in organic chemistry are the non-aromatic toluene isomers with an exocyclic double bond. They are of some academic interest in relation to aromaticity and isomerisation mechanisms.
The three basic isotoluenes are ortho-isotoluene or 5-methylene-1,3-cyclohexadiene (here labelled 1); para-isotoluene (2); and meta-isotoluene (3). Another structural isomer is the bicyclic compound 5-methylenebicyclo[2.2.0] hexene (4).
The o- and p-isotoluenes isomerise to toluene, a reaction driven by aromatic stabilisation. It is estimated that these compounds are 96 kJ mol−1 less stable.
The isomerisation of p-isotoluene to toluene takes place at 100 °C in benzene with bimolecular reaction kinetics by an intermolecular free radical reaction. The intramolecular isomerisation, a 1,3-sigmatropic reaction, is unfavorable because an antarafacial mode is enforced. Other dimer radical reaction products are formed as well.
The ortho-isomer is found to isomerise at 60 °C in benzene, also in a second order reaction. The proposed reaction mechanism is a concerted intermolecular ene reaction. The reaction product is either toluene or a mixture of dimerized ene reaction products, depending on the exact reaction conditions.
Ortho-isotoluene has been researched in connection with the mechanism of initiator-free polymerization of polystyrene.
See also
Pentacene
References
Hydrocarbons
Dienes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sulfenic%20acid
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In chemistry, a sulfenic acid is an organosulfur compound and oxoacid with the general formula . It is the first member of the family of organosulfur oxoacids, which also include sulfinic acids () and sulfonic acids (), respectively. The base member of the sulfenic acid series with R = H is hydrogen thioperoxide.
Properties
In contrast to sulfinic and sulfonic acids, simple sulfenic acids, such as methanesulfenic acid, CH3SOH, are highly reactive and cannot be isolated in solution. In the gas phase the lifetime of methanesulfenic acid is about one minute. The gas phase structure of methanesulfenic acid was found by microwave spectroscopy (rotational spectroscopy) to be CH3–S–O–H. Sulfenic acids can be stabilized through steric effects, which prevent the sulfenic acid from condensing with itself to form thiosulfinates, RS(O)SR, such as allicin from garlic. Through the use of X-ray crystallography, the structure of such stabilized sulfenic acids were shown to be R–S–O–H. The stable, sterically hindered sulfenic acid 1-triptycenesulfenic acid has been found to have a pKa of 12.5 and an O–H bond-dissociation energy (bde) of 71.9 ± 0.3 kcal/mol, which can be compared to a pKa of ≥14 and O–H BDE of ~88 kcal/mol for the (valence) isoelectronic hydroperoxides, ROOH.
Formation and occurrence
Peroxiredoxins
Peroxiredoxins are ubiquitous and abundant enzymes that detoxify peroxides. They function by the conversion of a cysteine residue to a sulfenic acid. The sulfenic acid then conv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comparable
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Comparable may refer to:
Comparability, in mathematics
Comparative, in grammar, a word that denotes the degree by which an entity has a property greater or less in extent than another
See also
Incomparable (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolaus
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Nicolaus is a masculine given name. It is a Latin, Greek and German form of Nicholas. Nicolaus may refer to:
In science:
Nicolaus Copernicus, Polish astronomer who provided the first modern formulation of a heliocentric theory of the solar system
Nicolaus Otto (1832 – 1891), German engineer
In mathematics:
Nicolaus I Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician
Nicolaus II Bernoulli, Swiss mathematician
Nicolaus Rohlfs, 18th-century German mathematics teacher who wrote astronomical calendars
In literature:
Nicolaus Becker, German lawyer and writer, the author of the Rheinlied
Nicolaus of Damascus, Greek historical and philosophical writer who lived in the Augustan age
In music:
Nicolaus Bruhns, German composer
Nicolaus Zacharie, Italian composer of the early Renaissance
In Christianity:
Nicolaus Ludwig Zinzendorf, German religious and social reformer and bishop of the Moravian Church
Nicolaus Taurellus, German philosopher and theologian
Nicolaus of Antioch, one of the seven deacons listed in The Acts of the Apostles, chapter 6, verse 5
In other fields:
Nicolaus Delius, German philologist
Other uses
Nicolaus, California, a small town in the United States
Nicolaus (leafhopper), a genus of leafhoppers
See also
Nicholas
Nicholaus
Nikolaus (given name)
References
German masculine given names
Masculine given names
fi:Nicolaus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atmospheric%20Chemistry%20and%20Physics
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Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics is an open access peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the European Geosciences Union. It covers research on the Earth's atmosphere and the underlying chemical and physical processes, including the altitude range from the land and ocean surface up to the turbopause, including the troposphere, stratosphere, and mesosphere. The main subject areas comprise atmospheric modelling, field measurements, remote sensing, and laboratory studies of gases, aerosols, clouds and precipitation, isotopes, radiation, dynamics, and biosphere and hydrosphere interactions. Article types published are research and review articles, technical notes, and commentaries.
The journal has a two-stage publication process. In the first stage, papers that pass a rapid access peer-review are immediately published on the Atmospheric Chemistry and Physics Discussions forum website. They are then subject to interactive public peer review, including the referees' comments (anonymous or attributed), additional comments by other members of the scientific community (attributed), and the authors' replies. In the second stage, if accepted, the final revised papers are published in the journal. To ensure publication precedence for authors, and to provide a lasting record of the scientific discussion, both the journal and the forum are permanently archived and fully citable.
Abstracting and indexing
This journal is abstracted and indexed by:
Web of Science/Science Citation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Functional%20reactive%20programming
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Functional reactive programming (FRP) is a programming paradigm for reactive programming (asynchronous dataflow programming) using the building blocks of functional programming (e.g., map, reduce, filter). FRP has been used for programming graphical user interfaces (GUIs), robotics, games, and music, aiming to simplify these problems by explicitly modeling time.
Formulations of FRP
The original formulation of functional reactive programming can be found in the ICFP 97 paper Functional Reactive Animation by Conal Elliott and Paul Hudak.
FRP has taken many forms since its introduction in 1997. One axis of diversity is discrete vs. continuous semantics. Another axis is how FRP systems can be changed dynamically.
Continuous
The earliest formulation of FRP used continuous semantics, aiming to abstract over many operational details that are not important to the meaning of a program. The key properties of this formulation are:
Modeling values that vary over continuous time, called "behaviors" and later "signals".
Modeling "events" which have occurrences at discrete points in time.
The system can be changed in response to events, generally termed "switching."
The separation of evaluation details such as sampling rate from the reactive model.
This semantic model of FRP in side-effect free languages is typically in terms of continuous functions, and typically over time. This formulation is also referred to as denotative continuous time programming (DCTP).
Discrete
Formulati
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Systems%20immunology
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Systems immunology is a research field under systems biology that uses mathematical approaches and computational methods to examine the interactions within cellular and molecular networks of the immune system. The immune system has been thoroughly analyzed as regards to its components and function by using a "reductionist" approach, but its overall function can't be easily predicted by studying the characteristics of its isolated components because they strongly rely on the interactions among these numerous constituents. It focuses on in silico experiments rather than in vivo.
Recent studies in experimental and clinical immunology have led to development of mathematical models that discuss the dynamics of both the innate and adaptive immune system. Most of the mathematical models were used to examine processes in silico that can't be done in vivo. These processes include: the activation of T cells, cancer-immune interactions, migration and death of various immune cells (e.g. T cells, B cells and neutrophils) and how the immune system will respond to a certain vaccine or drug without carrying out a clinical trial.
Techniques of modelling in Immune cells
The techniques that are used in immunology for modelling have a quantitative and qualitative approach, where both have advantages and disadvantages. Quantitative models predict certain kinetic parameters and the behavior of the system at a certain time point or concentration point. The disadvantage is that it can only be app
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sinkov%20statistic
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Sinkov statistics, also known as log-weight statistics, is a specialized field of statistics that was developed by Abraham Sinkov, while working for the small Signal Intelligence Service organization, the primary mission of which was to compile codes and ciphers for use by the U.S. Army. The mathematics involved include modular arithmetic, a bit of number theory, some linear algebra of two dimensions with matrices, some combinatorics, and a little statistics.
Sinkov did not explain the theoretical underpinnings of his statistics, or characterized its distribution, nor did he give a decision procedure for accepting or rejecting candidate plaintexts on the basis of their S1 scores. The situation becomes more difficult when comparing strings of different lengths because Sinkov does not explain how the distribution of his statistics changes with length, especially when applied to higher-order grams. As for how to accept or reject a candidate plaintext, Sinkov simply said to try all possibilities and to pick the one with the highest S1 value. Although the procedure works for some applications, it is inadequate for applications that require on-line decisions. Furthermore, it is desirable to have a meaningful interpretation of the S1 values.
References
Cryptographic attacks
Computational linguistics
Statistical natural language processing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Avian%20Biology
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The Journal of Avian Biology is a bimonthly peer-reviewed scientific journal of ornithology published by Wiley on behalf of the Nordic Society Oikos (NSO) in collaboration with Oikos (journal), Nordic Journal of Botany, Wildlife Biology, Lindbergia and Ecography.
The editors-in-chief are Staffan Bensch and Jan-Åke Nilsson. The journal was established in 1970 as Ornis Scandinavica and appeared quarterly. It obtained its current name in 1994, changed to bimonthly publication in 2004, continuous monthly publication in 2018, and back to bimonthly publication in 2022.
The Journal only publishes fully open access (since 2022).
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 2.248, ranking it fifth out of 31 journals in the category "Ornithology".
See also
List of ornithology journals
References
External links
Official publishing website
Journals and magazines relating to birding and ornithology
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Academic journals established in 1970
Bimonthly journals
English-language journals
Academic journals associated with learned and professional societies
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K%C4%81rlis%20%C5%A0teins
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Kārlis Šteins (October 13, 1911 in Kazan, Russian Empire – April 4, 1983) was a Latvian and Soviet astronomer and populariser of this science.
In 1925 he finished the Riga 2nd Secondary school. In 1929 he started the studies in University of Latvia, the Faculty of Mathematics and Natural Science. In 1934 he graduated from the University of Latvia. In 1933 he was practicing in Krakow, Poland, at Krakow Astronomical Observatory under supervision of Tadeusz Banachiewicz, and continued there until 1936. In 1933 he calculated the orbit of asteroid 1933 OP, discovered by Karl Wilhelm Reinmuth, and named it 1284 Latvia; this is the first minor planet to bear a Latvia-related name. After 1951 he worked at the University of Latvia as professor at the department of Theoretical Physics. He became an associate professor (docent) in 1956, and professor in 1966. He became a member of the IAU in 1958, and of the Astronomy council of the USSR Academy of Science in 1967.
Karlis Steins enriched astronomy with his research in cosmogony, celestial mechanics, and problems of precise time. He had over 120 publications. He obtained his Ph.D. at Pulkovo Observatory in 1963 by defending his thesis on the evolution of comet orbits.
Asteroid 2867 Šteins discovered in 1969 by Soviet astronomer Nikolai Stepanovich Chernykh, and imaged by the Rosetta spacecraft in 2008, is named in honor of Šteins.
References
1911 births
1983 deaths
Scientists from Kazan
Latvian scientists
Latvian astronomers
Sovi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minkowski%E2%80%93Steiner%20formula
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In mathematics, the Minkowski–Steiner formula is a formula relating the surface area and volume of compact subsets of Euclidean space. More precisely, it defines the surface area as the "derivative" of enclosed volume in an appropriate sense.
The Minkowski–Steiner formula is used, together with the Brunn–Minkowski theorem, to prove the isoperimetric inequality. It is named after Hermann Minkowski and Jakob Steiner.
Statement of the Minkowski-Steiner formula
Let , and let be a compact set. Let denote the Lebesgue measure (volume) of . Define the quantity by the Minkowski–Steiner formula
where
denotes the closed ball of radius , and
is the Minkowski sum of and , so that
Remarks
Surface measure
For "sufficiently regular" sets , the quantity does indeed correspond with the -dimensional measure of the boundary of . See Federer (1969) for a full treatment of this problem.
Convex sets
When the set is a convex set, the lim-inf above is a true limit, and one can show that
where the are some continuous functions of (see quermassintegrals) and denotes the measure (volume) of the unit ball in :
where denotes the Gamma function.
Example: volume and surface area of a ball
Taking gives the following well-known formula for the surface area of the sphere of radius , :
where is as above.
References
Calculus of variations
Geometry
Hermann Minkowski
Measure theory
Theorems in measure theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brunn%E2%80%93Minkowski%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Brunn–Minkowski theorem (or Brunn–Minkowski inequality) is an inequality relating the volumes (or more generally Lebesgue measures) of compact subsets of Euclidean space. The original version of the Brunn–Minkowski theorem (Hermann Brunn 1887; Hermann Minkowski 1896) applied to convex sets; the generalization to compact nonconvex sets stated here is due to Lazar Lyusternik (1935).
Statement
Let n ≥ 1 and let μ denote the Lebesgue measure on Rn. Let A and B be two nonempty compact subsets of Rn. Then the following inequality holds:
where A + B denotes the Minkowski sum:
The theorem is also true in the setting where are only assumed to be measurable and non-empty.
Multiplicative version
The multiplicative form of Brunn–Minkowski inequality states that for all .
The Brunn–Minkowski inequality is equivalent to the multiplicative version.
In one direction, use the inequality (exponential is convex), which holds for . In particular, .
Conversely, using the multiplicative form, we find
The right side is maximized at , which gives
.
The Prékopa–Leindler inequality is a functional generalization of this version of Brunn–Minkowski.
On the hypothesis
Measurability
It is possible for to be Lebesgue measurable and to not be; a counter example can be found in "Measure zero sets with non-measurable sum." On the other hand, if are Borel measurable, then is the continuous image of the Borel set , so analytic and thus measurable. See the discussion i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20for%20Personal%20Robots%20in%20Education
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Institute for Personal Robots in Education (IPRE) was initiated by a $1 million grant from Microsoft Research to Bryn Mawr College and the Georgia Institute of Technology and announced in July 2006. IPRE is designing introductory computer science curricula centered on a Personal Robot. Their vision is that each student will purchase a small, inexpensive robot at the bookstore which they will use throughout their classes in exploring computer science. The hope is that the robot will cost about as much as a textbook. IPRE will develop the hardware, software, and curricular materials for these courses.
The software being developed for introductory computer science courses is called Myro, short for My Robot, and is based in part on Pyro from Python Robotics. Myro is an interface to communicate with robots. It is designed to be used through a number of computer languages, include Python, Ruby, and Scheme.
The robot currently being used is the Scribbler from Parallax, Inc. (company) augmented with a small computer board, called the Fluke. The Fluke contains Bluetooth and a camera. This allows any robot that has a serial interface to be controlled through the low-cost Fluke.
History
Announced in July 2006
First courses taught at Bryn Mawr College and Georgia Institute of Technology in Spring 2007
See also
Python Robotics
References
External links
Institute for Personal Robots in Education
- details on the Fluke board
Computer science education
Microsoft initiatives
Ro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Personal%20robot
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A personal robot is one whose human interface and design make it useful for individuals. This is by contrast to industrial robots which are generally configured and operated by robotics specialists. A personal robot is one that enables an individual to automate the repetitive or menial part of home or work life making them more productive.
Similar to the way that the transition from mainframe computers to the personal computers revolutionized personal productivity, the transition from industrial robotics to personal robotics is changing productivity in home and work settings.
Turning a robot like ASIMO or Atlas into a universally applicable personal robot or artificial servant is mainly a
programming task. As of today vast improvements in motion planning, computer vision (esp. scene recognition), natural language processing, and automated reasoning are indispensable to make this a possibility.
History
iRobot Corp. introduced the Roomba in 2002
The Institute for Personal Robots in Education introduced the concept to teach computing using personal robots in 2006.
Stanford University Personal Robotics Program introduced PR1 in 2007.
Willow Garage introduced the PR2 robot in 2010.
RoboDynamics introduced Luna in 2011.
Milagrow HumanTech introduced India's 1st Robotic vacuum cleaner, the RedHawk in 2011 and then the World's 1st Body Massaging Robot in 2012.
Toys
Robotic toys, such as the well known Furby, have been popular since 1998. There are also small humanoid re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cobra%20ciphers
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In cryptography, Cobra is the general name of a family of data-dependent permutation based block ciphers: Cobra-S128, Cobra-F64a, Cobra-F64b, Cobra-H64, and Cobra-H128. In each of these names, the number indicates the cipher's block size, and the capital letter indicates whether it is optimized for implementation in software, firmware, or hardware.
See also
CIKS-1
Spectr-H64
References
Block ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somnath%20Bharadwaj
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Somnath Bharadwaj (born 28 October 1964) is an Indian theoretical physicist who works on Theoretical Astrophysics and Cosmology.
Bharadwaj was born in India, studied at the Indian Institute of Technology in Kharagpur, and later received his PhD from the Indian Institute of Science. After having worked at the Harish-Chandra Research Institute, he is now a professor at IIT Kharagpur. He has made significant contributions to the dynamics of large-scale structure formation.
In 2003, he was selected to be one of the professors from IIT whose class room lectures would be broadcast in the Eklavya Technology Channel.
Bharadwaj was an invited speakers on Galaxy Formation at the prestigious Indo-US Frontier of Science symposium which was organized by the U.S. National Academy of Sciences in 2005.
He is currently in the editorial board of the Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy published by the Indian Academy of Sciences.
References
External links
Somnath Bharadwaj's page at IIT
Somnath Bharadwaj's articles on INSPIRE-HEP
NASA ADS database of Somnath Bharadwaj's articles
Academic staff of IIT Kharagpur
Indian astrophysicists
Indian cosmologists
20th-century Indian physicists
Living people
Indian Institute of Science alumni
IIT Kharagpur alumni
1964 births
Scientists from Kolkata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jean-Pierre%20Lecocq
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Jean-Pierre Lecocq (17 July 1947 – 20 January 1992) was a Belgian molecular biologist and entrepreneur.
Education
Lecocq was born in Gosselies/Charleroi but grew up in Nivelles. In 1965 he received a scholarship to study Chemistry at the Free University of Brussels. In 1969 he graduated with honors (avec grande distinction). Starting in 1969, he worked on his doctoral thesis in the laboratory of Prof. René Thomas, Département de Biologie Moléculaire, on the interactions between a prokaryote (Escherichia coli) and a virus (bacteriophage lambda). He identified new bacterial genes influencing the decision between the lysogenic cycle and lysis and he analyzed mutants of RNA polymerase. From 1974 to 1975 Lecocq was drafted into the military, but returned to research to finish his PhD in 1975 with summa cum laude (la plus grande distinction). Until early 1977, he continued working at the Free University in Brussels as a post-doc (Chargé de Recherche) with short research stays in the USA (Madison, Wisconsin) and Canada (Laval University, Quebec).
Professional career
From 1977 to 1980, in the early years of the rapidly developing field genetic engineering, Lecocq was project manager in the Department of Genetics of the pharmaceutical company SmithKline RIT, in Rixensart, Belgium, where he set up a molecular biology laboratory and directed the research on vaccines against enteropathogenic E. coli strains, and hepatitis B virus.
In 1980 he was appointed Scientific Director of Tran
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Retrocausality
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Retrocausality, or backwards causation, is a concept of cause and effect in which an effect precedes its cause in time and so a later event affects an earlier one. In quantum physics, the distinction between cause and effect is not made at the most fundamental level and so time-symmetric systems can be viewed as causal or retrocausal. Philosophical considerations of time travel often address the same issues as retrocausality, as do treatments of the subject in fiction, but the two phenomena are distinct.
Philosophy
Philosophical efforts to understand causality extend back at least to Aristotle's discussions of the four causes. It was long considered that an effect preceding its cause is an inherent self-contradiction because, as 18th century philosopher David Hume discussed, when examining two related events, the cause is by definition the one that precedes the effect.
In the 1950s, Michael Dummett wrote in opposition to such definitions, stating that there was no philosophical objection to effects preceding their causes. This argument was rebutted by fellow philosopher Antony Flew and, later, by Max Black. Black's "bilking argument" held that retrocausality is impossible because the observer of an effect could act to prevent its future cause from ever occurring. A more complex discussion of how free will relates to the issues Black raised is summarized by Newcomb's paradox. Essentialist philosophers have proposed other theories, such as the existence of "genuine causal po
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra%20Research%20Institute
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The Harish-Chandra Research Institute (HRI) is an institution dedicated to research in mathematics and theoretical physics, located in Prayagraj, Uttar Pradesh in India. Established in 1975, HRI offers masters and doctoral program in affiliation with the Homi Bhabha National Institute.
HRI has a residential campus in Jhusi town in Prayagraj on the banks of the river Ganga. The institute has over 30 faculty, 50 doctoral students and 25 post-doctoral visiting research fellows and scientists. HRI is funded by the Department of Atomic Energy (DAE) of the Government of India.
History
The institute was founded as the Mehta Research Institute of Mathematics and Mathematical Physics in 1975, with an endowment from the B.S. Mehta Trust, Calcutta. The institute was initially managed by Badri Nath Prasad and following his death in January 1966 by S.R. Sinha, both from the Allahabad University. The first official director of the institute was Prabhu Lal Bhatnagar in 1975 when it became truly operational. He was followed by S.R. Sinha again.
On 29 November 1975 B. Devadas Acharya joined the Mehta Research Institute (MRI) as its first postdoctoral fellow and on 1 January 1980 was appointed as the first assistant professor of mathematics at MRI. During his research work between 1975 and 1984, he gave many talks on graph theory and its applications in computing. In one of his talks to international audiences, he envisioned a computing engine based on matrices which would be much more pow
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20skateboarding%20terms
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This is a skateboarding related list that defines everything, maneuver, venue, and physics terms that are important to skateboarding. These terms are commonly used in the vocabulary of a skateboarder in order to reference specific parts, tricks, and locations efficiently.
Anatomy of a skateboard
A skateboard is made up of many parts both movable and immovable that when put together allow a rider to propel him or herself forward and steer left or right. A skateboard is propelled by pushing with one foot while the other remains on the board, or by pumping in structures such as a pool or half-pipe. A skateboard can also be used by simply standing on the board while on a downward slope and allowing gravity to propel the board and rider.
Board parts
Hardware: Nuts, bolts, and screws that hold the trucks, bushings, and base plate onto the board.
Board: Also known as the Deck or Shape, this is the main part of a skateboard, the portion that is used to skate on. Boards are typically made of 7 or 9 plies of maple, birch, or some other wood, laminated together and shaped into numerous board shapes.
Grip tape: Sandpaper affixed to the top of the board with adhesive. Grip tape provides traction so movement from the feet is transferred to the board.
Nose: The front of the skateboard.
Tail: The rear of the skateboard, usually measured from the rear truck bolts to the end of the board (usually curved up at about a 10 degree angle from the rest of the deck).
Truck parts
Trucks: The tr
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chvorinov%27s%20rule
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Chvorinov's rule is an applied physics relationship first expressed by Czech engineer Nicolas Chvorinov in 1940, that relates the solidification time for a simple casting to the volume and surface area of the casting.
Rule
According to the rule, a casting with a big surface area and small volume will cool more quickly than a casting with a small surface area and a large volume under otherwise comparable conditions. The relationship can be written as:
where is the solidification time, is the volume of the casting, is the surface area of the casting that contacts the mold, is a constant, and is the mold constant.
The ratio of the casting's volume to its surface area is the modulus :
The mold constant depends on the properties of the metal, such as density, heat capacity, heat of fusion and superheat, and the mold, such as initial temperature, density, thermal conductivity, heat capacity and wall thickness.
Mold Constant (B)
The S.I. units of the mold constant are . According to Askeland, the constant is usually 2, however Degarmo claims it is between 1.5 and 2. The mold constant of Chvorinov's rule, , can be calculated using the following formula:
where
= melting or freezing temperature of the liquid (in kelvins),
= initial temperature of the mold (in kelvins),
= superheat (in kelvins),
= latent heat of fusion (in ),
= thermal conductivity of the mold (in ),
= density of the mold (in ),
= specific heat of the mold (in ),
= density of the metal (in ),
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20M.%20MacDougal
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John Mochrie MacDougal (born 1954) is an American botanist, noted for his work on the taxonomy of passion flowers, having discovered several new species.
He earned his Bachelor of Science in 1975 at College of Charleston. In 1984 he earned his doctorate at Duke University.
Between 1984 and 1986 he was visiting assistant professor of biology at the North Carolina Agricultural and Technical State University. Between 1987 and 1989 he was postdoctoral researcher at the Flora Mesoamerica project at the Missouri Botanical Garden in St. Louis, Missouri. Between 1990 and 2002 he was conservatory manager at the Missouri Botanical Garden.
MacDougal has written more than fifty peer reviewed articles and book chapters. Currently, he is an assistant professor of biology at Harris-Stowe State University.
James Mallet and Sandra Knapp have named Passiflora macdougaliana after him.
References
External links
MacDougal's Harris-Stowe State University's page
MacDougal's page at the website of Missouri Botanical Garden
College of Charleston alumni
Duke University alumni
North Carolina A&T State University faculty
Harris–Stowe State University faculty
21st-century American botanists
1954 births
Living people
Missouri Botanical Garden people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Garrels
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Robert Minard Garrels (August 24, 1916 – March 8, 1988) was an American geochemist. Garrels applied experimental physical chemistry data and techniques to geology and geochemistry problems. The book Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria co-authored in 1965 by Garrels and Charles L. Christ revolutionized aqueous geochemistry.
Garrels earned a bachelor's degree in geology from the University of Michigan in 1937. He went on to earn an M.S. degree from Northwestern University in 1939, his thesis work was on iron ores of Newfoundland in 1938. His Ph.D. was awarded in 1941 based on lab studies of complex formation between lead and chloride ions in aqueous solution.
Life and career
Garrels worked for the United States Geological Survey during World War II and returned to teach at Northwestern until 1952. Also in 1952 he published a technical paper, "Origin and Classification of Chemical Sediments in Terms of pH and Oxidation-Reduction Potentials." with William C. Krumbein, which was to become a classic study of sedimentary rocks from a physical chemistry viewpoint. This and following works revolutionized sedimentary and aqueous geochemistry.
He joined the United States Geological Survey again for a time, but returned to academia at Harvard University in 1955. He became full professor in 1957 and later department chair. His work and the lab he supervised at Harvard produced many classic works including the Solutions, Minerals, and Equilibria text. Here between 1960 and 1962 he along
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gil%20Omenn
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Gilbert S. Omenn is an American medical doctor and researcher. He currently is the Harold T. Shapiro Distinguished University Professor at the University of Michigan; professor of Computational medicine & bioinformatics, Molecular medicine & genetics, Human genetics, and Public health; and the Director of the UM Center for Computational Medicine & Bioinformatics. He is the discover of Omenn syndrome, a genetic disorder that is fatal in infancy unless treated.
Omenn has served as editor of the Annual Review of Public Health from 1990–1996. and as president of the American Association for the Advancement of Science (AAAS). He has published more than 600 peer-reviewed papers and reviews and is the author or editor of 18 books.
Education
Omenn received a B.A. from Princeton University (class of 1961) and an M.D. from Harvard Medical School (1965). He interned and did his residency at Massachusetts General Hospital.
Omenn worked with Christian B. Anfinsen at the National Institutes of Health from 1967-1969, doing research as part of military service.
In 1969, he joined the University of Washington (UW) in Seattle, Washington as a fellow, working with Arno G. Motulsky in medical genetics.
He went on to earn a Ph.D. in genetics from the University of Washington, which he received in 1972.
Career
As a fourth-year student, Omenn studied prenatal diagnosis of inherited conditions. He discovered what is now known as Omenn syndrome, a genetic disorder characterized by the loss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lambda%20function
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Lambda function may refer to:
Mathematics
Dirichlet lambda function, λ(s) = (1 – 2−s)ζ(s) where ζ is the Riemann zeta function
Liouville function, λ(n) = (–1)Ω(n)
Von Mangoldt function, Λ(n) = log p if n is a positive power of the prime p
Modular lambda function, λ(τ), a highly symmetric holomorphic function on the complex upper half-plane
Carmichael function, λ(n), in number theory and group theory
Computing
Lambda calculus, in computer science
Lambda function (computer programming), or lambda abstraction
AWS Lambda, a form of serverless computing
See also
Lambda point, of fluid helium
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20J.%20Lumsden
|
Charles J. Lumsden (born 1949) is a Canadian biologist in the Department of Medicine and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto. He has been an early proponent of sociobiology, looking to our genetic nature to supplement culture in describing what makes us human. He wrote two influential books in collaboration with Edward O. Wilson Genes, Mind and Culture: The Coevolutionary Process. (Harvard University Press, 1981) and Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of Mind (Harvard University Press, 1983). Part of his interests lies in the mathematical and philosophical bases of physical theory in biology, and the origins of creativity. He has also co-edited biology textbooks, notably Physical Theory in Biology: Foundations and Explorations 1997.
References
Lumsden: Selected bibliography
Lumsden: Recent articles
Stephen Jay Gould discussed Promethean Fire: Reflections on the Origin of Mind in The New York Review of Books, June 30, 1983
Canadian biologists
Academic staff of the University of Toronto
Living people
1949 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brauer%E2%80%93Siegel%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Brauer–Siegel theorem, named after Richard Brauer and Carl Ludwig Siegel, is an asymptotic result on the behaviour of algebraic number fields, obtained by Richard Brauer and Carl Ludwig Siegel. It attempts to generalise the results known on the class numbers of imaginary quadratic fields, to a more general sequence of number fields
In all cases other than the rational field Q and imaginary quadratic fields, the regulator Ri of Ki must be taken into account, because Ki then has units of infinite order by Dirichlet's unit theorem. The quantitative hypothesis of the standard Brauer–Siegel theorem is that if Di is the discriminant of Ki, then
Assuming that, and the algebraic hypothesis that Ki is a Galois extension of Q, the conclusion is that
where hi is the class number of Ki. If one assumes that all the degrees are bounded above by a uniform constant
N, then one may drop the assumption of normality - this is what is actually proved in Brauer's paper.
This result is ineffective, as indeed was the result on quadratic fields on which it built. Effective results in the same direction were initiated in work of Harold Stark from the early 1970s.
References
Richard Brauer, On the Zeta-Function of Algebraic Number Fields, American Journal of Mathematics 69 (1947), 243–250.
Analytic number theory
Theorems in algebraic number theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypercycle
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Hypercycle may refer to:
Hypercycle (chemistry), a kind of reaction network prominent in a theory of the self-organization of matter
Hypercycle (geometry), a curve in hyperbolic space whose points have the same orthogonal distance from a given straight line
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rule%20induction
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Rule induction is an area of machine learning in which formal rules are extracted from a set of observations. The rules extracted may represent a full scientific model of the data, or merely represent local patterns in the data.
Data mining in general and rule induction in detail are trying to create algorithms without human programming but with analyzing existing data structures. In the easiest case, a rule is expressed with “if-then statements” and was created with the ID3 algorithm for decision tree learning. Rule learning algorithm are taking training data as input and creating rules by partitioning the table with cluster analysis. A possible alternative over the ID3 algorithm is genetic programming which evolves a program until it fits to the data.
Creating different algorithm and testing them with input data can be realized in the WEKA software. Additional tools are machine learning libraries for Python, like scikit-learn.
Paradigms
Some major rule induction paradigms are:
Association rule learning algorithms (e.g., Agrawal)
Decision rule algorithms (e.g., Quinlan 1987)
Hypothesis testing algorithms (e.g., RULEX)
Horn clause induction
Version spaces
Rough set rules
Inductive Logic Programming
Boolean decomposition (Feldman)
Algorithms
Some rule induction algorithms are:
Charade
Rulex
Progol
CN2
References
Machine learning
Inductive reasoning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Crustacean%20Biology
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The Journal of Crustacean Biology is a quarterly peer-reviewed scientific journal in the field of carcinology (crustacean research). It is published by The Crustacean Society and Oxford University Press (formerly by Brill Publishers and Allen Press), and since 2015 the editor-in-chief has been Peter Castro. According to the Journal Citation Reports, its 2016 impact factor is 1.064.
The journal has a mandatory publication fee of US$ 115 per printed page for non-members of the Society and an optional open access fee of $1830 minimum.
References
Further reading
External links
Carcinology journals
Academic journals established in 1981
English-language journals
Quarterly journals
1981 establishments in the United States
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics
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Center for Theoretical Physics may refer to:
Asia Pacific Center for Theoretical Physics, Pohang University of Science and Technology, Pohang, South Korea
Berkeley Center for Theoretical Physics, University of California at Berkeley, U.S.
Center for Mathematics and Theoretical Physics, Rome, Italy
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, West Bengal, India
International Centre for Theoretical Physics, Trieste, Italy
Maryland Center for Fundamental Physics, College Park, Maryland, U.S.
MIT Center for Theoretical Physics, Cambridge, Massachusetts, U.S.
National Center for Theoretical Sciences, Physics, Hsinchu, Taiwan
Simons Center for Geometry and Physics, Stony Brook University, New York
See also
Institute for Theoretical Physics (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Correspondent
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The Mathematical Correspondent was the first American "specialized scientific journal" and the first American mathematics journal, established in 1804, under the editorial guidance of George Baron. The journal published an essay by Robert Adrian which was the first to introduce Diophantine analysis in the United States. In 1807, Adrian, a main contributor to the journal, became editor for one year.
References
Publications established in 1804
Mathematics journals
Defunct journals of the United States
Publications with year of disestablishment missing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HLH
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HLH may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis, a blood disorder
Basic helix–loop–helix, a structural motif in proteins
Hectopsyllidae, a family of parasitic fleas
Places
Haydom Lutheran Hospital, in Manyara Region, Tanzania
Ulanhot Yilelite Airport, in Inner Mongolia, China
Hulan District, in Harbin, China; see List of administrative divisions of Heilongjiang
Merrill (Marriner Wood) Hall, a dorm at Brigham Young University in Provo, Utah, U.S.; see List of Brigham Young University buildings#Helaman Halls
Other uses
HLH Orion minicomputer, by High Level Hardware Ltd
Harry Lloyd Hopkins (1890–1946), an American statesman; see George Racey Jordan#Congressional testimony
Hillesheimite, a mineral; see List of mineral symbols#H
Hala Air, an airline based in Sudan; see List of airline codes (H)
Heavy-lift helicopter, a type of military helicopter
Haklau Min, a variety of Min Chinese, by proposed ISO 639-3 code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudotachylyte
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Pseudotachylyte (sometimes written as pseudotachylite) is an extremely fine-grained to glassy, dark, cohesive rock occurring as veins that form through frictional melting and subsequent quenching during earthquakes, large-scale landslides, and impacts events. Chemical composition of pseudotachylyte generally reflects the local bulk chemistry, though may skew to slightly more mafic compositions due to the preferential incorporation of hydrous and ferro-magnesian minerals (mica and amphibole, respectively) into the melt phase.
Pseudotachylyte was first documented by Shand in the Vredefort Impact Structure and was named due to its close resemblance to tachylyte, a basaltic glass. Though pseudotachylyte is reported to have a glassy appearance, they are extremely susceptible to alteration and are thus rarely found to be entirely composed of glass. Typically, they are completely devitrified into a very fine-grained material with quench textures such as chilled margins, radial and concentric clusters of microcrystalites (spherulites) or as radial overgrowths of microcrystalites on clasts, as well as skeletal and spinifex microcrystalites.
Formation
Seismic faulting
Pseudotachylytes have been referred to as “fossil earthquakes” as they represent definitive evidence of seismic slip. During seismic faulting (earthquakes), pseudotachylyte forms through an extreme concentration of frictional sliding onto a thin surface of a fault. The friction creates heat, and because rocks are insu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate%20%28square%20roots%29
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In mathematics, the conjugate of an expression of the form is provided that does not appear in and . One says also that the two expressions are conjugate.
In particular, the two solutions of a quadratic equation are conjugate, as per the in the quadratic formula .
Complex conjugation is the special case where the square root is the imaginary unit.
Properties
As
and
the sum and the product of conjugate expressions do not involve the square root anymore.
This property is used for removing a square root from a denominator, by multiplying the numerator and the denominator of a fraction by the conjugate of the denominator (see Rationalisation). An example of this usage is:
Hence:
A corollary property is that the subtraction:
leaves only a term containing the root.
See also
Conjugate element (field theory), the generalization to the roots of a polynomial of any degree
Elementary algebra
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20Dorminey
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Bruce Dorminey (born March 8, 1959) is an American science journalist and author who primarily covers aerospace, astronomy and astrophysics. He is a regular contributor to Astronomy magazine. Since March 2012, he has written a regular tech column for Forbes.com. He was also a correspondent for Renewable Energy World. He is host of the weekly aerospace and astronomy podcast, The Cosmic Controversy Podcast.
Biography
Dorminey grew up and attended public schools in the small rural town of Ocilla, Georgia, and is a graduate of Irwin County High School and the University of Washington in Seattle. He began his print journalism career in 1988 in New York and then began reporting from Europe, primarily as a film and arts correspondent, mostly for newspaper outlets such as the International Herald Tribune, the Boston Globe, the Dallas Morning News and Canada's The Globe and Mail. While in Europe, he also wrote political and business-related stories.
Distant Wanderers
Distant Wanderers: The Search for Planets Beyond the Solar System is a book, written by Dorminey, which reports on astronomical research and theory related to the search for extrasolar planets, as of the publication date of 2001. It received reviews from publications including Astronomy magazine, USA Today, and New Scientist
Awards
Dorminey was a 1998 winner in the Royal Aeronautical Society's Aerospace Journalist of the Year Awards (AJOYA) in the "Best Systems or Technology Submission" category for a Financi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Jasper%20Spillman
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William Jasper Spillman (October 18, 1863 – July 11, 1931) is considered to be the founding father of agricultural economics. In addition, he is notable for being the only American to independently rediscover Mendel's laws of genetics.
Early life and education
Spillman was born October 23, 1863, in Lawrence County, Missouri, the eleventh of fifteen children of Nathan Cosby Spilman (b. 1823) and Emily Paralee Pruit (b. 1830). His childhood was spent on their southwest Missouri farm among a large family burdened by the accidental death of his father on July 21, 1871.
In his mid-teens, he began teaching at a rural school near home. Then in 1881, young Willie Spilman (he changed the spelling while in college) enrolled at the University of Missouri. He subsequently received his B.S. in 1886. Following three years as a teacher at Missouri State Normal School, Cape Girardeau, where he married Miss Mattie Ramsay (1865–1935) in 1889, he received his M.S. in 1890 from the University of Missouri in absentia.
Career
At this time, Spillman was teaching botany and physics at Vincennes University in Indiana where he was fortunate in making the acquaintance of Dr. Enoch A. Bryan who later, as president of Washington Agricultural College and School of Science, invited Spillman to join the faculty.
In 1889 the Spillmans moved to Oregon where he was appointed teacher of science at the Oregon State Normal School, today Western Oregon University, at Monmouth. One of the Spillman sisters and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Observer%27s%20paradox
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In the social sciences (and physics and experimental physics), the observer's paradox is a situation in which the phenomenon being observed is unwittingly influenced by the presence of the observer/investigator.
In linguistics
In the field of sociolinguistics, the term Observer’s Paradox was coined by William Labov, who stated with regard to the term:
The aim of linguistic research in the community must be to find out how people talk when they are not being systematically observed; yet we can only obtain this data by systematic observation.
The term refers to the challenge sociolinguists face while doing fieldwork, where the task of gathering data on natural speech is undermined by the researcher's presence itself. As a field worker attempts to observe the daily vernacular of a speaker in an interview, the speaker, aware that their speech will be used for scholarly research, is likely to adopt a formal register. This produces data that is not representative of the speaker's typical speech, and the paradox lies in the fact that if the researcher was not present, the speaker would use normal vernacular.
Hawthorne effect
This variant of the phenomenon is named for the Hawthorne Works, a factory built by Western Electric, where efficiency engineers in the 1920s and 1930s were trying to determine if improved working conditions such as better lighting improved the performance of production workers. The engineers noted that when they provided better working conditions in th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marzieh%20Meshkini
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Marzieh Meshkini () (born 1969 in Tehran) is an Iranian cinematographer, film director and writer. She is married to filmmaker Mohsen Makhmalbaf, who wrote the script for her debut film The Day I Became a Woman.
Personal life
Marzieh Meshkini was born in Tehran in 1969 and studied geology and biology at the University of Tehran.
She is married to director Mohsen Makhmalbaf, whose first wife (Meshkini's sister Fatemeh, who died in a fire) is the mother to his two children Samira and Meysam. Marzieh Meshkini also had a daughter with Makhmalbaf, Hana. All members of the family are filmmakers and are part of the Makhmalbaf Film House.
Work
Marzieh Meshkini studied cinema at the Makhmalbaf Film School, established as part of the Makhmalbaf Film House in the mid-1990s. She has worked on several films from the MFH, including serving as the assistant director on Samira Makhmalbaf's 1998 film, The Apple (Sib), and writing the script for Hana Makhmalbaf's first feature film, Buddha Collapsed out of Shame (Buda az Sharm foru Rikht, 2007).
During the presidency of Mohammad Khatami, there was a relative openness which allowed a number of women, including Meshkini, Samira Makhmalbaf, Rakhshan Banietemad and Mania Akbari to be involved in all types of film: feature, documentary, video art, shorts, etc. Meshkini was thus part of a new wave of female directors who could finally see filmmaking as a legitimate career for women.
In 2000, Meshkini became the first Iranian woman to win award
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cell%20notation
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Cell notation or cell representation in chemistry is a shorthand method of expressing a reaction in an electrochemical cell.
In cell notation, the two half-cells are described by writing the formula of each individual chemical species involved in the redox reaction across the cell, with all other common ions and inert substances being ignored. Each species is separated by a vertical bar, with the species in each half-cell grouped together, and the two half-cells separated by two bars or slashes representing a salt bridge (which generally contains an electrolyte solution such as potassium nitrate or sodium chloride that is left unwritten). It is common practice to represent the anode to the left of the double bar and the cathode to the right, and to put aqueous species closest to the double bar.
Cell notation may be used to represent other information that is not essential to the reaction but still useful to include. For example, the electrode's species may be marked by a degree symbol. The standard abbreviations for the phases of each species are often included as subscripts, in a manner similar to the notation in chemical equations. Sometimes, the initial concentrations of dissolved species may be written to the right in parentheses (see example below).
Some examples of this notation are:
This means that the left electrode (anode) is made of zinc, while the other one (right, cathode) is composed of a silver wire covered by a silver chloride layer which is not soluble.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bram%20van%20Leer
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Bram van Leer is Arthur B. Modine Emeritus Professor of aerospace engineering at the University of Michigan, in Ann Arbor. He specializes in Computational fluid dynamics (CFD), fluid dynamics, and numerical analysis. His most influential work lies in CFD, a field he helped modernize from 1970 onwards. An appraisal of his early work has been given by C. Hirsch (1979)
An astrophysicist by education, van Leer made lasting contributions to CFD in his five-part article series “Towards the Ultimate Conservative Difference Scheme (1972-1979),” where he extended Godunov's finite-volume scheme to the second order (MUSCL). Also in the series, he developed non-oscillatory interpolation using limiters, an approximate Riemann solver, and discontinuous-Galerkin schemes for unsteady advection. Since joining the University of Michigan's Aerospace Engineering Department (1986), he has worked on convergence acceleration by local preconditioning and multigrid relaxation for Euler and Navier-Stokes problems, unsteady adaptive grids, space-environment modeling, atmospheric flow modeling, extended hydrodynamics for rarefied flows, and discontinuous-Galerkin methods. He retired in 2012, forced to give up research because of progressive blindness.
Throughout his career, van Leer's work has had interdisciplinary characteristic. Starting from astrophysics, he first made an impact on weapons research, followed by aeronautics, then space-weather modeling, atmospheric modeling, surface-water modeling a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nested%20intervals
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In mathematics, a sequence of nested intervals can be intuitively understood as an ordered collection of intervals on the real number line with natural numbers as an index. In order for a sequence of intervals to be considered nested intervals, two conditions have to be met:
Every interval in the sequence is contained in the previous one ( is always a subset of ).
The length of the intervals get arbitrarily small (meaning the length falls below every possible threshold after a certain index ).
In other words, the left bound of the interval can only increase (), and the right bound can only decrease ().
Historically - long before anyone defined nested intervals in a textbook - people implicitly constructed such nestings for concrete calculation purposes. For example, the ancient Babylonians discovered a method for computing square roots of numbers. In contrast, the famed Archimedes constructed sequences of polygons, that inscribed and surcumscribed a unit circle, in order to get a lower and upper bound for the circles circumference - which is the circle number Pi ().
The central question to be posed is the nature of the intersection over all the natural numbers, or, put differently, the set of numbers, that are found in every Interval (thus, for all ). In modern mathematics, nested intervals are used as a construction method for the real numbers (in order to complete the field of rational numbers).
Historic motivation
As stated in the introduction, historic users o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vadim%20Gratshev
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Vadim Gennadyevich Gratshev (, 1 May 196317 October 2006) was one of world leading experts in palaeoentomology. Vadim graduated from the Moscow State Pedagogical Institute in 1987 and taught biology at a high school for three years until 1989. Then he decided to pursue academic science and joined the Laboratory of Arthropods at the Paleontological Institute of Russian Academy of Sciences in 1991, first as a Kuperwood Fellow of the Academy of Natural Sciences, and since 1994 as a full-time researcher. Weevils and dryopoids were always his main passion, although his area of interests extended far beyond that. He produced over 20 scientific papers, including an outstanding comparative study of the hindwing venation of the superfamily Curculionoidea published in co-authorship with Vladimir Zherikhin. Being a keen field researcher, he participated in numerous expeditions to the Maritime Province and Sakhalin Island, Kuznetskii Alatau, Novosibirsk Region, Armenia, Azerbaijan, Georgia, Tajikistan, Turkmenia, and Ukraine. The material he collected on his trip to the Drakensberg and Zululand in 2005 inspired him to commence a new project on Afrotropical Elmidae and Anthribidae. Being an optimistic, cheerful multi-talented individual with subtle sense of humour, he did not restrict his interests to extinct and extant beetles. He was an expert in noble orchids, aquarium design and raising geckos, and published several papers on those topics. He was a skillful wood-carver, and his knowle
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christian%20Dancel
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Christian Dancel (February 14, 1847 – October 13, 1898) was a German-American inventor. He was most notably under contract with the Goodyear Shoe Machinery Company of Connecticut.
Biography
Christian Dancel was born in Kassel, Electorate of Hesse on February 14, 1847. He learned mechanical engineering and machinist trades in polytechnic schools. In 1865, within two years of his emigration to New York City, he had invented a machine for sewing shoes.
Charles Goodyear Jr. (son of Charles Goodyear) bought the rights to this machine, and employed Dancel as superintendent of his factory. Soon thereafter, Dancel theorized, created and patented many shoe-construction machines and associated devices. These included a machine to sew a turned shoe, one of which was converted into a "stitcher", and stitch a shoe's out soles. In 1874, he created and installed a shoe welt guide to stitch shoe welts on it. This machine, purchased by his employer, is currently in use today (with only minor improvements to it added).
In 1876, Dancel simultaneously opened his own shop of patented machines used to finish shoes. Over an eight-year time span, at the Goodyear Company's request, he invented a machine with a curved needle which sewed a shoe's outer sole and upper sole with a lockstitch (an improvement over the previous model). He presented it to the Goodyear Company in 1885. He followed this in 1891 with a straight-needle machine delivered a year later. Around 1895, he developed the Brooklyn-ba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jon%20Evans
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Jon Evans (born April 11, 1973) is a Canadian novelist, journalist, adventure traveler, and software engineer.
Early life
Born to an expatriate Rhodesian father and Canadian mother, Evans grew up in Waterloo, Ontario, and graduated from the University of Waterloo. He holds a degree in electrical engineering and possesses over 10 years of experience working as a software engineer. Evans currently resides in Berkeley, California, with his wife, who is an attorney.
Career
Evans received the prestigious 2005 Arthur Ellis Award for Best First Novel from the Crime Writers of Canada for his book Dark Places. His works have garnered attention and reviews from esteemed publications such as The Economist and The Washington Post. The Executor, his graphic novel, was recognized as one of the top ten graphic novels of 2010 by Comic Book Resources, while his novel Beasts of New York was awarded a 2011 ForeWord Book of the Year medal.
In addition to his fiction writing, Evans has contributed to various magazines, including New Scientist, The Times of India, The Walrus, and Wired. He has also penned articles for esteemed newspapers such as The Globe and Mail and The Guardian, and currently writes a weekly column for TechCrunch. Currently residing in San Francisco, California, Evans frequently embarks on global travels to conduct research for his novels, immersing himself in diverse locations.
Bibliography
Much of Evans' work is released under a Creative Commons license and can be downloa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cone%20%28category%20theory%29
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In category theory, a branch of mathematics, the cone of a functor is an abstract notion used to define the limit of that functor. Cones make other appearances in category theory as well.
Definition
Let F : J → C be a diagram in C. Formally, a diagram is nothing more than a functor from J to C. The change in terminology reflects the fact that we think of F as indexing a family of objects and morphisms in C. The category J is thought of as an "index category". One should consider this in analogy with the concept of an indexed family of objects in set theory. The primary difference is that here we have morphisms as well. Thus, for example, when J is a discrete category, it corresponds most closely to the idea of an indexed family in set theory. Another common and more interesting example takes J to be a span. J can also be taken to be the empty category, leading to the simplest cones.
Let N be an object of C. A cone from N to F is a family of morphisms
for each object X of J, such that for every morphism f : X → Y in J the following diagram commutes:
The (usually infinite) collection of all these triangles can
be (partially) depicted in the shape of a cone with the apex N. The cone ψ is sometimes said to have vertex N and base F.
One can also define the dual notion of a cone from F to N (also called a co-cone) by reversing all the arrows above. Explicitly, a co-cone from F to N is a family of morphisms
for each object X of J, such that for every morphism f : X → Y in J
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rajaram%20Nityananda
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Rajaram Nityananda (born 1948) is an Indian physicist who works on Solid State Physics, Liquid Crystals, Astronomical Optics, Image Processing, & Gravitational Dynamics. He currently works as professor at Azim Premji University Bengaluru. He was formerly the Director of the National Centre for Radio Astrophysics and also Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) Centre for Interdisciplinary Sciences in Hyderabad. He served on the Physical Sciences jury for the Infosys Prize from 2015 to 2017. He also serves as an Associate Editor of the Journal of Astrophysics & Astronomy, published by the Indian Academy of Sciences. He also serves as the chief editor for Resonance Journal for Science Education published by Indian Academy of Sciences. He is also the Chairman of the Board of Directors of the National Institute of Technology, Tiruchirappalli and Chennai Mathematical Institute. He is currently serving as a faculty member at the Indian Institute of Science Education and Research, Pune. Previously he worked at Raman Research Institute from 1975 to 2000.
References
External links
Rajaram Nityananda's articles on INSPIRE-HEP
1948 births
Indian astrophysicists
Living people
Bangalore University alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moco
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Moco may refer to:
Biochemistry
Molybdenum cofactor, any of a number of biochemical cofactors
MOCOS, molybdenum cofactor sulfurase
Moco RNA motif, a conserved RNA structure presumed to be a riboswitch that binds molybdenum cofactor
Moco-II RNA motif, a conserved RNA structure identified by bioinformatics
Business
Moelis & Company, a global independent investment bank (referred to colloquially as MoCo)
Mozilla Corporation
Nissan Moco, marketed name for the Suzuki MR Wagon in Japan
Geography
Montgomery County, Maryland, nicknamed "MoCo"
Mount Moco, the tallest mountain in Angola
People
Chilala Moco (born 1977), an Angolan photographer
Marcolino Moco (born 1953), the Prime Minister of Angola from 1992 to 1996
Didi Mocó, stage name of Brazilian comedian Renato Aragão (born 1935)
Miss Moço, Canadian drag queen
"Moco", stage name of Julian Villarreal from the Mexican band and record producer (Celso Piña) (Banda Machos) (Tigrillos) El Gran Silencio
Moco, the fictional drug lord in the 1992 film El Mariachi portrayed by Peter Marquardt
Moco, a character in the anime Dragon Quest
Zoology
Mocó (Kerodon rupestris), also known as the rock cavy, a Brazilian rodent
Oligosoma moco, or Moko skink, a species of skink endemic to New Zealand
See also
Loco moco, a traditional meal in Hawaiian cuisine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Feytmans
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Prof. Ernest Feytmans (born 24 June 1943 in Brussels, Belgium) is a Belgian biologist and was director of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics between 2001 and September 2007.
Feytmans graduated in biology (in 1968) and statistics (in 1973) at the Catholic University of Leuven in Belgium, and obtained a PhD in 1973 following a thesis in Cell Biology with Jacques Berthet and Christian de Duve. After a postdoctoral fellowship at Rockefeller University with Christian de Duve, he became professor at the Catholic University of Santiago, in Chile. In 1975, he became full professor at Namur University, Belgium, where he was head of the department of biology, and then Chancellor from 1982 to 1987 and Dean of the faculty of sciences between 1991 and 1997.
In 1977, he was selected with four other Belgian candidates for European astronaut kit but was not selected to the detachment.
In 1997, he became Dean of the Faculty of Medical Sciences at the University of the West Indies and, in 2001, director of the Swiss Institute for Bioinformatics. In 2007, he became honorary director of the institute.
References
External links
Honorary members of the Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics
Biographies of Astronaut and Cosmonaut Candidates on Space Facts.
1943 births
Living people
Belgian bioinformaticians
Scientists from Brussels
Rockefeller University people
Academic staff of the University of the West Indies
Academic staff of the Pontifical Catholic University of Chile
Academic staff of
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microbial%20population%20biology
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Microbial population biology is the application of the principles of population biology to microorganisms.
Distinguishing from other biological disciplines
Microbial population biology, in practice, is the application of population ecology and population genetics toward understanding the ecology and evolution of bacteria, archaebacteria, microscopic fungi (such as yeasts), additional microscopic eukaryotes (e.g., "protozoa" and algae), and viruses.
Microbial population biology also encompasses the evolution and ecology of community interactions (community ecology) between microorganisms, including microbial coevolution and predator-prey interactions. In addition, microbial population biology considers microbial interactions with more macroscopic organisms (e.g., host-parasite interactions), though strictly this should be more from the perspective of the microscopic rather than the macroscopic organism. A good deal of microbial population biology may be described also as microbial evolutionary ecology. On the other hand, typically microbial population biologists (unlike microbial ecologists) are less concerned with questions of the role of microorganisms in ecosystem ecology, which is the study of nutrient cycling and energy movement between biotic as well as abiotic components of ecosystems.
Microbial population biology can include aspects of molecular evolution or phylogenetics. Strictly, however, these emphases should be employed toward understanding issues of microbial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lilian%20Vaughan%20Morgan
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Lilian Vaughan Morgan (née Sampson; July 7, 1870 – December 6, 1952) was an American experimental biologist who made seminal contributions to the genetics of the fruit fly Drosophila melanogaster, although her work was obscured by the attention given her husband, Nobel laureate Thomas Hunt Morgan. Lilian Morgan published sixteen single-author papers between 1894 and 1947. Probably her most significant scientific contribution was the discovery of the attached-X chromosome and an entirely new pattern of inheritance in Drosophila in 1921. She also discovered the closed or ring-X chromosome in 1933. Both are important research tools today.
Early life
Morgan was born in 1870 in Hallowell, Maine. She was orphaned at the age of three when her parents and younger sister died of tuberculosis. After the death of her parents, Morgan and her older sister Edith were raised by her maternal grandparents in Germantown, Pennsylvania.
Early research career
Morgan enrolled as an undergraduate student at Bryn Mawr in 1887. She majored in biology and was advised by Martha Carey Thomas. After graduating with honors in 1891, she spent the summer at the Marine Biological Laboratory in Woods Hole, Massachusetts, where Edmund Beecher Wilson, one of her previous zoology professors, introduced her to her future graduate advisor and husband, Thomas Hunt Morgan.
In the autumn of 1891, a Morgan earned a fellowship, which enabled her to study the musculature of chitons at the University of Zurich with Ar
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Locally%20simply%20connected%20space
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In mathematics, a locally simply connected space is a topological space that admits a basis of simply connected sets. Every locally simply connected space is also locally path-connected and locally connected.
The circle is an example of a locally simply connected space which is not simply connected. The Hawaiian earring is a space which is neither locally simply connected nor simply connected. The cone on the Hawaiian earring is contractible and therefore simply connected, but still not locally simply connected.
All topological manifolds and CW complexes are locally simply connected. In fact, these satisfy the much stronger property of being locally contractible.
A strictly weaker condition is that of being semi-locally simply connected. Both locally simply connected spaces and simply connected spaces are semi-locally simply connected, but neither converse holds.
References
Properties of topological spaces
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orana%20Steiner%20School
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Orana Steiner School, founded in 1981, is a private, educational Steiner school in Weston, Australian Capital Territory, Australia. It enlists children from preschool through to year 12.
Curriculum
The teaching curriculum is based on the works of Rudolf Steiner. The school offers a wide range of subjects including mathematics, sciences humanities, languages, arts, design-technology and English. It has an excellent reputation for its academic achievements, with high ATAR scores and a broad education that prepares its students to take their place in a global society. The school aims to inspire creative and flexible thinking, resilience and a will to engage in life. .
See also
List of schools in the Australian Capital Territory
References
External links
Private primary schools in the Australian Capital Territory
Private secondary schools in the Australian Capital Territory
Waldorf schools in Australia
1981 establishments in Australia
Educational institutions established in 1981
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20cascading
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In computer science, fractional cascading is a technique to speed up a sequence of binary searches for the same value in a sequence of related data structures. The first binary search in the sequence takes a logarithmic amount of time, as is standard for binary searches, but successive searches in the sequence are faster. The original version of fractional cascading, introduced in two papers by Chazelle and Guibas in 1986 (; ), combined the idea of cascading, originating in range searching data structures of and , with the idea of fractional sampling, which originated in . Later authors introduced more complex forms of fractional cascading that allow the data structure to be maintained as the data changes by a sequence of discrete insertion and deletion events.
Example
As a simple example of fractional cascading, consider the following problem. We are given as input a collection of ordered lists of numbers, such that the total length of all lists is , and must process them so that we can perform binary searches for a query value in each of the lists. For instance, with and ,
= 24, 64, 65, 80, 93
= 23, 25, 26
= 13, 44, 62, 66
= 11, 35, 46, 79, 81
The simplest solution to this searching problem is just to store each list separately. If we do so, the space requirement is , but the time to perform a query is , as we must perform a separate binary search in each of lists. The worst case for querying this structure occurs when each of the lists has equal size , so ea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chiropractic%20education
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Chiropractic education trains students in chiropractic. The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world. Students are trained in academic areas including scopes of practice, neurology, radiology, microbiology, psychology, ethics, biology, gross anatomy, biochemistry, spinal anatomy and more. Prospective students are also usually trained in clinical nutrition, public health, pediatrics and other health or wellness related areas.
The entry criteria, structure, teaching methodology and nature of chiropractic programs offered at chiropractic schools vary considerably around the world, although in the United States programs are required to teach specific areas for accreditation purposes.
A 2005 World Health Organization (WHO) guideline states regardless of the model of education utilized, prospective chiropractors without relevant prior health care education or experience must spend no less than 4200 student/teacher contact hours (or the equivalent) in four years of full‐time education. This includes a minimum of 1000 hours of supervised clinical training. Students must pass boards administered by the National Board of Chiropractic Examiners (NBCE) to be licensed to practice in a U.S. state or territory. The boards consists of parts I, II, III, and IV, as well as other additional tests required by state or if desired by students such as the physiotherapy exam.
History
In
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Value%20object
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In computer science, a value object is a small object that represents a simple entity whose equality is not based on identity: i.e. two value objects are equal when they have the same value, not necessarily being the same object.
Examples of value objects are objects representing an amount of money or a date range.
Being small, one can have multiple copies of the same value object that represent the same entity: it is often simpler to create a new object rather than rely on a single instance and use references to it.
Value objects should be immutable: this is required for the implicit contract that two value objects created equal, should remain equal. It is also useful for value objects to be immutable, as client code cannot put the value object in an invalid state or introduce buggy behaviour after instantiation.
Value objects are among the building blocks of DDD.
Implementation
Due to the nuances of various object-oriented programming languages, each has its own methods and patterns for implementing and using value objects.
C#
In C#, a class is a reference type while a struct (concept derived from the struct in C language) is a value type.
Hence an instance derived from a class definition is an object while an instance derived from a struct definition is said to be a value object (to be precise a struct can be made immutable to represent a value object declaring attributes as readonly).
The following procedure can be carried out to add value object properties to a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fearmongering
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Fearmongering, or scaremongering, is a form of manipulation that causes fear by using exaggerated rumors of impending danger.
Theory
According to evolutionary anthropology and evolutionary biology, humans have a strong impulse to pay attention to danger because awareness of dangers has been important for survival throughout their evolutionary history. The effect is amplified by cultural evolution when the news media cater to people's appetite for news about dangers.
The attention of citizens is a fiercely contested resource that news media, political campaigners, social reformers, advertisers, civil society organizations, missionaries, and cultural event makers compete over, according to attention economy.
Social agents of all kinds are often using fearmongering as a tactic in the competition for attention, as illustrated by the examples below.
Fearmongering can have strong psychological effects, which may be intended or unintended. One hypothesized effect is mean world syndrome in which people perceive the world as more dangerous than it really is. Fearmongering can make people fear the wrong things, and use too many resources to avoid rare and unlikely dangers while more probable dangers are ignored. For example, some parents have kept their children at home to prevent abduction while they paid less attention to more common dangers such as lifestyle diseases or traffic accidents. Fearmongering can produce a rally around the flag effect by increasing support for the incu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leonard%20Herzenberg
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Leonard Arthur "Len" Herzenberg (November 5, 1931 – October 27, 2013) was an immunologist, geneticist and professor at Stanford University. His contributions to the development of cell biology made it possible to sort viable cells by their specific properties.
Education
Herzenberg was born in New York City, U.S.A. He received his bachelor's degree in 1952 from Brooklyn College in biology and chemistry. In 1955, he received his Ph.D. from California Institute of Technology in biochemistry with a specialization in immunology for studies on cytochrome in Neurospora.
Career
After school he was a postdoctoral fellow at the American Cancer Society, working in France at the Pasteur Institute. He returned to the United States in 1957 and worked for the National Institutes of Health as an officer in the Public Health Service department. He started working at Stanford in 1959. He eventually earned the title Professor of Genetics.
In 1970 Herzenberg developed the fluorescence-activated cell sorter (FACS) which revolutionized immunology and cancer biology, and is the basis for purification of adult stem cells.
During a sabbatical in the laboratory of Cesar Milstein between 1976 and 1977, Herzenberg coined the term hybridoma for hybrid cells that result from the fusion of B cells and myeloma cells.
Personal life
Herzenberg and his wife, Leonore Herzenberg, ran the Herzenberg Laboratory at Stanford together until his death. Their daughter, Jana Herzen, is a singer-songwriter and t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smiles%20rearrangement
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In organic chemistry, the Smiles rearrangement is an organic reaction and a rearrangement reaction named after British chemist Samuel Smiles. It is an intramolecular, nucleophilic aromatic substitution of the type:
where X in the arene compound can be a sulfone, a sulfide, an ether or any substituent capable of dislodging from the arene carrying a negative charge. The terminal functional group in the chain end Y is able to act as a strong nucleophile for instance an alcohol, amine or thiol.
As in other nucleophilic aromatic substitutions the arene requires activation by an electron-withdrawing group preferably in the aromatic ortho position.
In one modification called the Truce–Smiles rearrangement the incoming nucleophile is sufficiently strong that the arene does not require this additional activation, for example when the nucleophile is an organolithium. This reaction is exemplified by the conversion of an aryl sulfone into a sulfinic acid by action of n-butyllithium:
This particular reaction requires the interaction of the alkyllithium group ortho to the sulfone group akin a directed ortho metalation.
A conceptually related reaction is the Chapman rearrangement.
A radical version of Smiles rearrangement is reported by Stephenson in 2015.
The Hayashi rearrangement can be considered as the cationic counterpart of Smiles rearrangement.
External links
Article in Organic Syntheses: Org. Synth. 2007, 84, pp. 325–333.
References
Rearrangement reactions
Name reactions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Continuous%20spatial%20automaton
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In automata theory (a subfield of computer science), continuous spatial automata, unlike cellular automata, have a continuum of locations, while the state of a location still is any of a finite number of real numbers. Time can also be continuous, and in this case the state evolves according to differential equations.
One important example is reaction–diffusion textures, differential equations proposed by Alan Turing to explain how chemical reactions could create the stripes on zebras and spots on leopards. When these are approximated by CA, such CAs often yield similar patterns. Another important example is neural fields, which are the continuum limit of neural networks where average firing rates evolve based on integro-differential equations. Such models demonstrate spatiotemporal pattern formation, localized states and travelling waves. They have been used as models for cortical memory states and visual hallucinations.
MacLennan considers continuous spatial automata as a model of computation, and demonstrated that they can implement Turing-universality.
See also
Analog computer
Coupled map lattice
References
Cellular automata
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Green%27s%20function%20for%20the%20three-variable%20Laplace%20equation
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In physics, the Green's function (or fundamental solution) for Laplace's equation in three variables is used to describe the response of a particular type of physical system to a point source. In particular, this Green's function arises in systems that can be described by Poisson's equation, a partial differential equation (PDE) of the form
where is the Laplace operator in , is the source term of the system, and is the solution to the equation. Because is a linear differential operator, the solution to a general system of this type can be written as an integral over a distribution of source given by :
where the Green's function for Laplace's equation in three variables describes the response of the system at the point to a point source located at :
and the point source is given by , the Dirac delta function.
Motivation
One physical system of this type is a charge distribution in electrostatics. In such a system, the electric field is expressed as the negative gradient of the electric potential, and Gauss's law in differential form applies:
Combining these expressions gives us Poisson's equation:
We can find the solution to this equation for an arbitrary charge distribution by temporarily considering the distribution created by a point charge located at :
In this case,
which shows that for will give the response of the system to the point charge . Therefore, from the discussion above, if we can find the Green's function of this operator, we can find to be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20morphology
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Phytomorphology is the study of the physical form and external structure of plants. This is usually considered distinct from plant anatomy, which is the study of the internal structure of plants, especially at the microscopic level. Plant morphology is useful in the visual identification of plants. Recent studies in molecular biology started to investigate the molecular processes involved in determining the conservation and diversification of plant morphologies. In these studies transcriptome conservation patterns were found to mark crucial ontogenetic transitions during the plant life cycle which may result in evolutionary constraints limiting diversification.
Scope
Plant morphology "represents a study of the development, form, and structure of plants, and, by implication, an attempt to interpret these on the basis of similarity of plan and origin". There are four major areas of investigation in plant morphology, and each overlaps with another field of the biological sciences.
First of all, morphology is comparative, meaning that the morphologist examines structures in many different plants of the same or different species, then draws comparisons and formulates ideas about similarities. When structures in different species are believed to exist and develop as a result of common, inherited genetic pathways, those structures are termed homologous. For example, the leaves of pine, oak, and cabbage all look very different, but share certain basic structures and arrangeme
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Wilson%20%28biologist%29
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Ian Andrew Wilson is the Hansen Professor of Structural Biology and chair of the Department of Integrative Structural and Computational Biology at the Scripps Research Institute in San Diego, California, United States.
Education
He received his BSc in biochemistry from the University of Edinburgh in 1971, his PhD degree in molecular biophysics from Oxford University in 1976 under the guidance of David C. Phillips working on the structure of the triosephosphate isomerase. He then did postdoctoral research at Harvard University with Don Craig Wiley from 1977 to 1982 during which he solved the first crystal structure of the influenza virus hemagglutinin.
Career and research
After his postdoc positions, he joined the Scripps Research Institute in La Jolla, California, in 1982 as an assistant professor and is currently professor in the department of molecular biology and the Skaggs Institute for Chemical Biology. His laboratory focuses on the recognition of microbial pathogens by the immune system and has determined over 85 crystal structures of mouse, human, shark, and catalytic antibodies, with a variety of antigens, including steroids, peptides, carbohydrates and viral proteins, such as HIV-1 and Hepatitis C virus envelope glycoproteins. His team was reported by the 6 February 2004 edition of Science magazine to have managed to synthesise the hemagglutinin protein responsible for the 1918 outbreak of Spanish flu.
Since 2000, he has directed the Joint Center for Structural Ge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joseph%20K.%20Spiers
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Joseph K. Spiers (born 1937) is an aerospace engineer and retired United States Air Force general, reaching the rank of major general during his military career.
Spiers was born in 1937, in Tarboro, North Carolina. He received a Bachelor of Science degree in mechanical engineering from North Carolina State University (where he was initiated into Phi Kappa Tau fraternity) and a Master of Science degree in aerospace engineering through the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology program at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base in 1967. He completed Squadron Officer School in 1964, Air Command and Staff College in 1973, and the Air War College in 1976.
Upon graduation from college in 1959, he received his commission as a second lieutenant through the Air Force Reserve Officer Training Corps program. After completing pilot training at Moore Air Force Base, Texas, and Craig Air Force Base, Alabama, he served in the Air Training Command at Craig as an instructor pilot and academic instructor in T-33s and T-37s.
The general entered the U.S. Air Force Institute of Technology program at Wright-Patterson Air Force Base, Ohio, in September 1965. Upon graduation in July 1967 with a M.S. in aerospace engineering, he transferred to George Air Force Base, California, and upgraded to the F-4 Phantom. He served a year with the 559th Tactical Fighter Squadron in Vietnam and South Korea, flying 102 combat missions.
He returned to the United States in March 1969. For the next six years, he worked i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circaseptan
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A circaseptan rhythm is a cycle consisting of approximately 7 days in which many biological processes of life, such as cellular immune system activity, resolve.
See also
Circadian rhythm
Chronobiology
References
Further reading
Halberg F et al. 1965: "Spectral resolution of low-frequency, small-amplitude rhythms in excreted 17-ketosteroid: probable androgen-induced circaseptan desynchronization". Acta Endocrinol. Suppl. 103, 5-54
Kaiser H, Cornelissen G, Halberg F 1990: "Palaeochronobiology circadian rhythms, gauges of adaptive Darwinian evolution: about 7-day circaseptan rhythms, gauges of integrative evolution". In: Chronobiology - its role in clinical medicine (eds. Hayes DK, Pauly JE, Reiter RJ) Wiley-Liss Inc., New York, pp. 755–762
Uezono K et al. 1987: Circaseptan rhythm in sodium and potassium excretion in salt-sensitive and salt-resistant 'Dahl rats'". Progr Clin Biol Res 227A, 297-307
Circadian rhythm
Weeks
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Historic%20Chemical%20Landmarks
|
The National Historic Chemical Landmarks program was launched by the American Chemical Society in 1992 to recognize significant achievements in the history of chemistry and related professions. The program celebrates the centrality of chemistry. The designation of such generative achievements in the history of chemistry demonstrates how chemists have benefited society by fulfilling the ACS vision: Improving people's lives through the transforming power of chemistry.
The program occasionally designates International Historic Chemical Landmarks to commemorate "chemists and chemistry from around the world that have had a major impact in the United States".
List of landmarks
1993
Bakelite, the world's first completely synthetic plastic, developed by Leo Baekeland around 1907
1994
Chandler Chemistry Laboratory at Lehigh University, constructed in 1884
Joseph Priestley House, U.S. home of Joseph Priestley, discoverer of oxygen, from 1798 to 1804
1995
Research on the atomic weight of oxygen conducted by Edward Morley at Case Western Reserve University, published in 1895
Nylon, the first totally synthetic fiber used in consumer products, commercialized by DuPont in 1939
First U.S. facility to produce acetyl chemicals commercially using coal gasification technology, opened by Eastman Chemical Company in 1983
Riverside Laboratory for oil refining research, constructed by Universal Oil Products in 1921
1996
Williams-Miles History of Chemistry Collection at Harding University, est
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jos%20Engelen
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Prof. dr. Joseph Johannus (Jos) Engelen (born 6 July 1950 in Maasniel), a Dutch physicist, was Chairman of the Netherlands Organisation for Scientific Research (NWO) from January 2009 to October 2016.
Curriculum Vitae
Jos Engelen studied physics at the Radboud University Nijmegen where he obtained an MSc degree in 1973. After graduation he worked at the same university as a researcher and lecturer, and gained also his PhD degree here in 1979. From 1979 to 1985 Engelen worked at CERN, the European research centre for particle physics in Geneva, Switzerland.
In 1985, he accepted a position at the Dutch National Institute for Subatomic Physics, Nikhef. He became professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Amsterdam in 1987. At CERN and DESY (Hamburg, Germany) he carried out experiments in the area of the strong interaction, hard photoproduction and dispersion in deep inelastic collisions. He also developed initiatives for research in the field of astroparticle physics.
From 2001 to 2003 Engelen was director of Nikhef and in 2004 he became the Chief Scientific Officer of CERN, a position he held until 2008. His responsibilities included overseeing the construction and commissioning of the new Large Hadron Collider (LHC) particle accelerator and the associated experimental set-ups. From 2007 to 2008 Engelen was chair of ASTRON, the NWO research institute for radio astronomy.
References
External links
Profile page Jos Engelen at NWO
Scientific publications of Jos
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transit%20time
|
Transit time may refer to:
Human gastrointestinal transit time in biology
The time for a radar reflection to return
Sun transit time, the time at which the sun passes over the observer's meridian line
The transit time factor for an acceleration voltage, used in accelerator physics
In breath gas analysis, the delay between a gas sample being removed from the patient circuit and the sample being analyzed by a machine
A residence time for flow through a system
Duration of a commute
Duration required for freight transport
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Terence%20Kealey
|
George Terence Evelyn Kealey (born 16 February 1952) is a British biochemist who was Vice-Chancellor of the University of Buckingham, a private university in Britain. He was appointed Professor of Clinical Biochemistry in 2011. Prior to his tenure at Buckingham, Kealey lectured in clinical biochemistry at the University of Cambridge. He is well known for his outspoken opposition to public funding of science.
Education
Kealey was educated at Charterhouse School, completed his degrees of Bachelor of Medicine, Bachelor of Surgery and Bachelor of Science in biochemistry at St Bartholomew's Hospital, then gained a Doctor of Philosophy degree from Balliol College, Oxford, in 1982 for a thesis on actomyosin in rat parotid and eccrine sweat glands.
Publications
Kealey occasionally writes pieces for the Daily Telegraph and is the author of several books on the economics of science. He has written about how Margaret Thatcher transformed Britain's universities and schools as Secretary of State for Education and Science from 1970 to 1974, and has suggested that a debate with him in 1985 helped to shape her views on the Nobel Prize and the role of the state in sponsoring science. He cites the economic study of the business of science by Angus Maddison, as well as a survey entitled The Sources of Economic Growth in OECD Countries (2003), which found that between 1971 and 1998 only privately funded research had stimulated economic growth in the world's 21 leading industrialised countries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexandre%20Chorin
|
Alexandre Joel Chorin (born 25 June 1938) is an American mathematician known for his contributions to computational fluid mechanics, turbulence, and computational statistical mechanics.
Chorin's work involves developing methods for solving physics and fluid mechanics problems computationally. His early work introduced several widely used numerical methods for solving the Navier-Stokes equations, including the method of artificial compressibility, the projection method, and vortex methods. He has made numerous contributions to turbulence theory. In recent years he has been developing methods for prediction in the face of uncertainty and for filtering and data assimilation.
Career
Chorin is a University Professor at the University of California, a Professor of Mathematics at the University of California, Berkeley and a Senior Scientist at the Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory.
Chorin received the Ing. Dipl. Physics degree from the EPFL (École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne) in 1961, an M.S. in Mathematics from New York University in 1964, and a PhD in Mathematics from New York University in 1966.
Chorin is widely recognized for his mentoring of graduate students and postdoctoral fellows, many of whom have become nationally and internationally recognized scientists in their own right. In 2008 he was honored with the Sarlo mentoring award by the University of California, Berkeley.
Awards
Chorin's awards include the National Academy Award in Applied Mathematics and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20J.%20Haas
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Thomas Joseph Haas (born March 5, 1951) is an American academic who is a former president of Grand Valley State University (GVSU) and a chemistry professor. He currently holds the title of President Emeritus. Prior to coming to GVSU, Haas served as president of the State University of New York at Cobleskill from 2003 to 2006. In 2018, Haas announced his retirement from the presidency. The GVSU Board of Trustees selected Philomena Mantella as the university's next president, effective July 1, 2019.
Education
Haas graduated with honors in 1973 from the U.S. Coast Guard Academy. He earned two M.S. degrees, one in environmental health sciences and the other in chemistry from the University of Michigan and another M.S. degree in human resource management from Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute. He also earned a Ph.D. in chemistry from University of Connecticut. Haas has also had fellowship experiences that include Yale University Faculty Fellow and completed executive leadership programs at Harvard University.
Military service
Haas served for over twenty years in the United States Coast Guard, most of which was spent at the Coast Guard Academy as a chemistry professor and a member of the Permanent Commissioned Teaching Staff. Prior to serving at the Academy, Haas completed two years service on board the U.S. Coast Guard Cutter ACACIA homeported in Port Huron, Michigan.
Sustainability and environment
On March 21, 2010, Haas was named one of the "Michigan Green Leaders for 2010"
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