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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logarithmic%20conformal%20field%20theory
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In theoretical physics, a logarithmic conformal field theory is a conformal field theory in which the
correlators of the basic fields are allowed to be logarithmic at short distance, instead of being powers of the fields' distance. Equivalently, the dilation operator is not diagonalizable.
Examples of logarithmic conformal field theories include critical percolation.
In two dimensions
Just like conformal field theory in general, logarithmic conformal field theory has been particularly well-studied in two dimensions. Some two-dimensional logarithmic CFTs have been solved:
The Gaberdiel–Kausch CFT at central charge , which is rational with respect to its extended symmetry algebra, namely the triplet algebra.
The Wess–Zumino–Witten model, based on the simplest non-trivial supergroup.
The triplet model at is also rational with respect to the triplet algebra.
References
Conformal field theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AJM
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AJM may refer to:
Distinguished Young Women, formerly known as America's Junior Miss
Air Jamaica (ICAO airline designator AJM)
Abrasive jet machining
American Journal of Mathematics
Association des Juristes Maliennes, an association of women jurists in Mali
Australian Jazz Museum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominic%20Schram
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Dominic Schram, sometimes spelled Schramm (24 October 1722 - 21 September 1797) was a German Benedictine theologian and canonist.
Biography
He was born at Bamberg. He took vows at Banz near Bamberg in 1743, and after being ordained priest on 18 August 1748, taught at his monastery: at first mathematics (1757), then canon law (1760), philosophy (1762) and soon after theology. In 1782 he reluctantly accepted the position of prior in the monastery of Michelsberg at Bamberg, whence he returned to Banz in 1787, where he died ten years later.
Writings
His chief works are:
"Compendium theologiae dogmaticae, scholasticae, et moralis, methodo scientifica propositum", 3 volumes (Augsburg, 1768; 3d edition, Turin, 1837-9)
"Institutiones theologiae mysticae", 2 volumes (Ausburg, 1774; 3d edition, Paris, 1868), his best work; Analysis operum SS. Patrum et scriptorum ecclesiasticorum", 18 volumes, reaching as far as St. Damasus (Augsburg 1780 96)
"Institutiones juris ecclesiastici publici et privati", 3 vols. (Augsburg, 1774-5; 2d ed., 1782)
"Epitome canonum ecclesiasticorum ex conciliis Germaniae collecta" (Augsburg, 1774)
a newly arranged edition of the "Summa Conciliorum" of Carranza continued up to Pius VI, 4 volumes (Augsburg, 1778).
References
1722 births
1797 deaths
People from Bamberg
18th-century German Catholic theologians
German Benedictines
Benedictine theologians
German male non-fiction writers
18th-century German writers
18th-century German male writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicole%20King
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Nicole King (born 1970) is an American biologist and faculty member at the University of California, Berkeley in molecular and cell biology and integrative biology. She was awarded a MacArthur Fellowship in 2005. She has been an investigator with the Howard Hughes Medical Institute (HHMI) since 2013.
King studies the evolution of multicellularity and choanoflagellates. The goal of her work is to reconstruct how multicellular animals evolved from single-cell organisms.
Professional contributions
King identified choanoflagellates as key organisms to answer questions about the origin of multicellularity. Prior to her work, it was unclear whether choanoflagellates or fungi were the closest outgroup to multicellular animals (also called "metazoans"). King's comparative genomics work in collaboration with Sean Carroll helped to elucidate the evolutionary "tree of life." In addition, work by King and colleagues showed that choanoflagellates possess several protein-coding genes that are highly related to protein-coding genes in animals at the base of the metazoan tree, such as sponges, cnidarians, and ctenophores.
More recent work by King demonstrates that molecules thought to underpin the transition to multicellarity also exist in choanoflagellates and therefore were present in the single-celled and colonial ancestors of animals. For example, one of the most abundant and important cell adhesion molecules in the animal kingdom, cadherin, exists in choanoflagellates. In animals,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Max%20Planck%20Institute%20for%20Software%20Systems
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The Max Planck Institute for Software Systems (MPI-SWS) is a computer science research institute co-located in Saarbrücken and Kaiserslautern, Germany. The institute is chartered to conduct basic research in all areas related to the design, analysis, modelling, implementation and evaluation of complex software systems. Particular areas of interest include programming systems, distributed and networked systems, embedded and autonomous systems, as well as crosscutting aspects like formal modelling and analysis of software systems, security, dependability and software engineering. It joins over 80 other institutes run by the Max-Planck-Gesellschaft, which conduct world-class basic research in medicine, biology, chemistry, physics, technology and the humanities.
One of the two bases of the Max Planck Institute for Software Systems is located on the Saarland Informatics Campus, itself based on the campus of the Saarland University, a cluster of research institutes working in the field of computer science and informatics. Located immediately adjacent to the Saarbrücken base is the MPI for Informatics (MPII) for which the institute works closely and shares core IT and administrative services. The institutes other base is on the campus of the University of Kaiserslautern-Landau, working in co-operation with its computer science department and the Fraunhofer Institutes for Experimental Software Engineering and for Industrial Mathematics.
Research School
The International Max Planc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Interval%20scheduling
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Interval scheduling is a class of problems in computer science, particularly in the area of algorithm design. The problems consider a set of tasks. Each task is represented by an interval describing the time in which it needs to be processed by some machine (or, equivalently, scheduled on some resource). For instance, task A might run from 2:00 to 5:00, task B might run from 4:00 to 10:00 and task C might run from 9:00 to 11:00. A subset of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap on the machine/resource. For example, the subset {A,C} is compatible, as is the subset {B}; but neither {A,B} nor {B,C} are compatible subsets, because the corresponding intervals within each subset overlap.
The interval scheduling maximization problem (ISMP) is to find a largest compatible set, i.e., a set of non-overlapping intervals of maximum size. The goal here is to execute as many tasks as possible, that is, to maximize the throughput. It is equivalent to finding a maximum independent set in an interval graph.
A generalization of the problem considers machines/resources. Here the goal is to find compatible subsets whose union is the largest.
In an upgraded version of the problem, the intervals are partitioned into groups. A subset of intervals is compatible if no two intervals overlap, and moreover, no two intervals belong to the same group (i.e., the subset contains at most a single representative of each group). Each group of intervals corresponds to a single task, and repre
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Temporal%20isolation
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In computer science, temporal isolation is the capability of a set of processes running on the same system to run without interferences concerning their temporal constraints among each other.
Specifically, there is temporal isolation among processes whenever the ability for each process to respect its own timing constraints (e.g. terminating a computation within a specified time) does not depend on the temporal behavior of other unrelated processes running on the same system, thus sharing with it a set of resources such as the CPU, disk, network, etc.
Operating systems able to provide such guarantees to running processes are suitable for hosting real-time applications.
See also
References
Computing terminology
Computer science articles needing expert attention
Real-time computing
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20E.%20Pritchard
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David Edward Pritchard (born October 15, 1941) is a professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), working on atomic physics and educational research.
Career
Early work
Pritchard completed his PhD in 1968 in Harvard University under the supervision of Daniel Kleppner. For his thesis he built the first atomic scattering machine with polarized atoms to study differential spin exchange scattering - the process that excites the 21 cm hydrogen radiation.
Pritchard was a pioneer in the application of tunable lasers to physics and chemistry, being the first to demonstrate high resolution spectroscopy when two laser photons are absorbed simultaneously. He used both laser and radio-frequency spectroscopy to study weakly bound van der Waals molecules like NaNe and KAr made in cold supersonic molecular beams.
Atom optics, atom traps, and atom interferometers
Exploiting the ability of tunable lasers to transfer large amounts of momentum to atoms, Pritchard performed classic demonstrations of the diffraction of atoms from a standing wave of light (denoted Kapitza-Dirac or Raman-Nath regimes) and Bragg scattering of atoms from light gratings, founding the field of coherent atom optics. This led to the first atom interferometer where the atom wave passed on both sides of a metal foil before recombining, so that different interactions on the two sides produced a fringe shift of the atomic interference pattern. This allowed precise measurements of atomic polarizability
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Physical%20medium
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Physical medium may refer to:
Transmission medium, a medium used in the propagation of energy waves
Physical mediumship, the manipulation of energies and energy systems by spirits
See also
Physical media, physical materials that are used to store or transmit information in data communications
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bobby%20Henderson%20%28activist%29
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Bobby Henderson is an American physics graduate, known for being the founder of Pastafarianism.
Early life and education
Henderson was born in 1980 in Oregon. He studied physics at Oregon State University.
Pastafarianism
In 2005, Henderson founded the religion of Pastafarianism in response to the Kansas State Board of Education's decision to teach intelligent design alongside evolution in schools. He requested that "Pastafarianism" be taught alongside intelligent design and "logical conjecture based on overwhelming observable evidence". After his protest letter to the board was ignored, he posted it online and the beliefs quickly gained traction.
In 2006, he wrote The Gospel of the Flying Spaghetti Monster, a book detailing the core beliefs of the religion.
In 2019 Henderson repeated his belief that religion should be kept out of government schools and money kept out of religion. He emphasized that although he is the founder of Pastafarianism, he is not the creator of the religion. The creator is the Flying Spaghetti Monster.
References
American parodists
1980 births
Flying Spaghetti Monster
Living people
21st-century American physicists
Religion in the United States
Religious parodies and satires
Writers about religion and science
People from Roseburg, Oregon
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ernest%20Everett%20Just
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Ernest Everett Just (August 14, 1883 – October 27, 1941) was a pioneering biologist, academic and science writer. Just's primary legacy is his recognition of the fundamental role of the cell surface in the development of organisms. In his work within marine biology, cytology and parthenogenesis, he advocated the study of whole cells under normal conditions, rather than simply breaking them apart in a laboratory setting.
Early life and education
Born to Charles Jr. and Mary Matthews Just on August 14, 1883, Just was one of five children. His father and grandfather, Charles Sr., were builders. When Just was four years old, both his father and grandfather died (the former of alcoholism). Just's mother became the sole supporter of Just, his younger brother, and his younger sister. Mary Matthews Just taught at an African-American school in Charleston to support her family. During the summer, she worked in the phosphate mines on James Island. Noticing that there was much vacant land near the island, Mary persuaded several black families to move there to farm. The town they founded, now incorporated in the West Ashley area of Charleston, was eventually named Maryville in her honor.
When Just was young, he became severely sick for six weeks with typhoid. Once the fever passed, he had a hard time recuperating, and his memory had been greatly affected. He had previously learned to read and write, but now had to relearn. His mother had been very sympathetic in teaching him, but after
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Willst%C3%A4tter
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Richard Martin Willstätter FRS(For) HFRSE (, 13 August 1872 – 3 August 1942) was a German organic chemist whose study of the structure of plant pigments, chlorophyll included, won him the 1915 Nobel Prize for Chemistry. Willstätter invented paper chromatography following the initial description of the separation technique by Mikhail Tsvet.
Life
Willstätter was born into a Jewish family in Karlsruhe. He was the son of Maxwell (Max) Willstätter, a textile merchant, and his wife, Sophie Ulmann.
He went to school at the Karlsruhe Gymnasium and, when his family moved to Nuremberg, he attended the Technical School there. At age 18 he entered the University of Munich to study science and stayed for the next fifteen years. He was in the Department of Chemistry, first as a student of Alfred Einhorn—he received his doctorate in 1894 – then as a faculty member. His doctoral thesis was on the structure of cocaine. Willstätter continued his research into other alkaloids and synthesized several of them. In 1896 he was named Lecturer and in 1902 Professor extraordinarius (professor without a chair).
In 1905 he left Munich to become professor at the ETH Zürich and there he worked on the plant pigment chlorophyll. He first determined its empirical formula.
In 1912 he became professor of chemistry at the University of Berlin and director of the Kaiser Wilhelm Institute for Chemistry, studying the structure of pigments of flowers and fruits. It was here that Willstätter showed that chloroph
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orbit%20portrait
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In mathematics, an orbit portrait is a combinatorial tool used in complex dynamics for understanding the behavior of one-complex dimensional quadratic maps.
In simple words one can say that it is :
a list of external angles for which rays land on points of that orbit
graph showing above list
Definition
Given a quadratic map
from the complex plane to itself
and a repelling or parabolic periodic orbit of , so that (where subscripts are taken 1 + modulo ), let be the set of angles whose corresponding external rays land at .
Then the set is called the orbit portrait of the periodic orbit .
All of the sets must have the same number of elements, which is called the valence of the portrait.
Examples
Parabolic or repelling orbit portrait
valence 2
valence 3
Valence is 3 so rays land on each orbit point.
For complex quadratic polynomial with c= -0.03111+0.79111*i portrait of parabolic period 3 orbit is :
Rays for above angles land on points of that orbit . Parameter c is a center of period 9 hyperbolic component of Mandelbrot set.
For parabolic julia set c = -1.125 + 0.21650635094611*i. It is a root point between period 2 and period 6 components of Mandelbrot set. Orbit portrait of period 2 orbit with valence 3 is :
valence 4
Formal orbit portraits
Every orbit portrait has the following properties:
Each is a finite subset of
The doubling map on the circle gives a bijection from to and preserves cyclic order of the angles.
All of the angles in all of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Version%20space%20learning
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Version space learning is a logical approach to machine learning, specifically binary classification. Version space learning algorithms search a predefined space of hypotheses, viewed as a set of logical sentences. Formally, the hypothesis space is a disjunction
(i.e., either hypothesis 1 is true, or hypothesis 2, or any subset of the hypotheses 1 through ). A version space learning algorithm is presented with examples, which it will use to restrict its hypothesis space; for each example , the hypotheses that are inconsistent with are removed from the space. This iterative refining of the hypothesis space is called the candidate elimination algorithm, the hypothesis space maintained inside the algorithm its version space.
The version space algorithm
In settings where there is a generality-ordering on hypotheses, it is possible to represent the version space by two sets of hypotheses: (1) the most specific consistent hypotheses, and (2) the most general consistent hypotheses, where "consistent" indicates agreement with observed data.
The most specific hypotheses (i.e., the specific boundary SB) cover the observed positive training examples, and as little of the remaining feature space as possible. These hypotheses, if reduced any further, exclude a positive training example, and hence become inconsistent. These minimal hypotheses essentially constitute a (pessimistic) claim that the true concept is defined just by the positive data already observed: Thus, if a novel (nev
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matthew%20Koss
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Matthew B. Koss (born September 16, 1961 in Boston, Massachusetts) is a widely published solid-state physicist.
Biography
Koss received his AB degree from Vassar College in 1983 and a Ph.D. in experimental condensed matter physics from Tufts University in 1989.
From 1990 to 2000, Koss worked at Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute as Lead Scientist for the Isothermal Dendritic Growth Experiment (IDGE), a basic microgravity research project on dendritic solidification that conducted Space Shuttle flight experiments on STS-62, -75 and -87. He also worked as the principal investigator of the Transient Dendritic Solidification Experiment (TDSE), a flight experiment intended for use on the International Space Station in 2006.
In June 2003, Koss created controversy via an editorial published in The New York Times, in which he wrote that scientists bore partial responsibility for the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster. He argued that most microgravity scientific experiments did not require crewed space missions, but were used to promote the space program. The article drew widespread attention, and Koss later appeared at a congressional hearing before the House Science Committee.
In 2000, Koss started working at College of the Holy Cross in Worcester, Massachusetts, where he continued his isothermal dendritic growth research. As of April 2008, Koss was an associate professor of physics at Holy Cross. He remains listed as a professor in the Holy Cross physics department .
In 2005, Koss
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/2009%20in%20science
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The year 2009 involved numerous significant scientific events and discoveries, some of which are listed below. 2009 was designated the International Year of Astronomy by the United Nations.
Events, discoveries and inventions
January
1 January – In DNA nanotechnology, Arizona State University researchers Hao Yan and Yan Liu use nanoparticles to make 3D DNA nanotubes.
3 January – The Bitcoin cryptocurrency network is created when the developer known as Satoshi Nakamoto mines the genesis block of its blockchain.
6 January – NASA's Fermi Gamma-ray Space Telescope discovers 12 new gamma-ray-only pulsars, and has detected gamma-ray pulses from 18 others.
26 January – An annular solar eclipse takes place.
January – The first animal from an extinct species to be recreated by cloning, a Pyrenean Ibex, is born alive, but dies seven minutes later due to physical defects in its lungs.
February
1 February – The Cospas-Sarsat satellite search-and-rescue system stops monitoring for outdated 121.5 MHz and 243 MHz (Class B) distress signals from EPIRBs and other emergency beacons.
2 February – Omid, Iran's first domestically built satellite, is successfully launched from Semnan Space Center into low Earth orbit; it re-enters the atmosphere on 25 April.
5 February – 28 individual fossils of the giant prehistoric snake T. cerrejonensis are discovered in the coal mines of Cerrejón, La Guajira, Colombia.
10 February – 2009 satellite collision: The first accidental hypervelocity collision be
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Steinbuch
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Karl W. Steinbuch (June 15, 1917 in Stuttgart-Bad Cannstatt – June 4, 2005 in Ettlingen) was a German computer scientist, cyberneticist, and electrical engineer. He was an early and influential researcher of German computer science, and was the developer of the Lernmatrix, an early implementation of artificial neural networks. Steinbuch also wrote about the societal implications of modern media.
Biography
Steinbuch studied at the University of Stuttgart and in 1944 he received his PhD in physics. In 1948 he joined Standard Elektrik Lorenz (SEL, part of the ITT group) in Stuttgart, as a computer design engineer and later as a director of research and development, where he filed more than 70 patents. There Steinbuch completed the first European fully transistorized computer, the ER 56 marketed by SEL. In 1958 he became professor and director of the institute of technology for information processing (ITIV) of the University of Karlsruhe, where he retired in 1980.
In 1967 he began publishing books, in which he tried to influence German education policy. Together with books from colleagues like Jean Ziegler from Switzerland, Eric J. Hobsbawm from UK, and John Naisbitt his books predicted what he regarded as the coming education disaster of the emerging civic lobby society.
In 1957, together with Helmut Gröttrup, Steinbuch coined the term Informatik, the German word for computer science, which gave informatics, and the term kybernetische Anthropologie ().
Awards and recognit
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Counter%20machine
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A counter machine is an abstract machine used in a formal logic and theoretical computer science to model computation. It is the most primitive of the four types of register machines. A counter machine comprises a set of one or more unbounded registers, each of which can hold a single non-negative integer, and a list of (usually sequential) arithmetic and control instructions for the machine to follow. The counter machine is typically used in the process of designing parallel algorithms in relation to the mutual exclusion principle. When used in this manner, the counter machine is used to model the discrete time-steps of a computational system in relation to memory accesses. By modeling computations in relation to the memory accesses for each respective computational step, parallel algorithms may be designed in such a matter to avoid interlocking, the simultaneous writing operation by two (or more) threads to the same memory address.
Basic features
For a given counter machine model the instruction set is tiny—from just one to six or seven instructions. Most models contain a few arithmetic operations and at least one conditional operation (if condition is true, then jump). Three base models, each using three instructions, are drawn from the following collection. (The abbreviations are arbitrary.)
CLR (r): CLeaR register r. (Set r to zero.)
INC (r): INCrement the contents of register r.
DEC (r): DECrement the contents of register r.
CPY (rj, rk): CoPY the contents of reg
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nitronate
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A nitronate (IUPAC: azinate) in organic chemistry is a functional group with the general structure . It is the anion of nitronic acid (sometimes also called an aci, or an azinic acid), a tautomeric form of a nitro compound. Just as ketones and aldehydes can exist in equilibrium with their enol tautomer, nitro compounds exist in equilibrium with their nitronate tautomer under basic conditions. In practice they are formed by the deprotonation of the α-carbon, the pka of which is typically around 17.
Nitronates are formed as intermediates in the Henry reaction and Nef reaction, the latter of which also demonstrates the instability of the nitronic acid form. The nitronate has two different resonance structures, one with a negative charge on the α-carbon and a double bond between the nitrogen and one of the oxygens, and another resonance structure with a double bond between the nitrogen and the α carbon, and no double bond between the nitrogen and the oxygens.
References
Functional groups
Organonitrogen compounds
Anions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roy%20Sambles
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Sir John Roy Sambles (born 1945) is an English experimental physicist and a former President of the Institute of Physics.
Sambles, originally from Callington in Cornwall, studied physics at Imperial College, London, gaining his BSc and PhD degrees there, and has since published over 550 papers in international journals. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in May 2002.
Sambles is currently Professor of Experimental Physics at the University of Exeter, he has a long and distinguished career researching the interaction of light with matter. His group at Exeter have studied a wide range of systems including: liquid crystal devices; iridescent butterfly wings; surface plasmons and microwave photonics. These studies have applications in liquid crystal displays for televisions and computer displays, highly sensitive detection of materials (e.g. for medical diagnosis), and optical and microwave communication.
In 2008, he was appointed to the Engineering and Physical Sciences Research Council.
Sambles was knighted in the 2020 Birthday Honours for services to scientific research and outreach.
Personal life
Roy Sambles and his wife, Sandra ( Sloman), had three children.
Sambles is a Methodist local preacher and has served in that capacity for over 30 years, preaching in the Ringsash Methodist Circuit in Mid Devon.
Edited books
1998: (edited with Steve Elston) The Optics of Thermotropic Liquid Crystals. London: Taylor & Francis
Awards
1998 - the George William Gray me
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lobry%20de%20Bruyn%E2%80%93Van%20Ekenstein%20transformation
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In carbohydrate chemistry, the Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation also known as the Lobry de Bruyn–Alberda van Ekenstein transformation is the base or acid catalyzed transformation of an aldose into the ketose isomer or vice versa, with a tautomeric enediol as reaction intermediate. Ketoses may be transformed into 3-ketoses, etcetera. The enediol is also an intermediate for the epimerization of an aldose or ketose.
The reactions are usually base catalyzed, but can also take place under acid or neutral conditions. A typical rearrangement reaction is that between the aldose glyceraldehyde and the ketose dihydroxyacetone in a chemical equilibrium.
The Lobry de Bruyn–Van Ekenstein transformation is relevant for the industrial production of certain ketoses and was discovered in 1885 by Cornelis Adriaan Lobry van Troostenburg de Bruyn and Willem Alberda van Ekenstein.
Aldose-ketose transformation
The following scheme describes the interconversion between an aldose and a ketose, where R is any organic residue.
The equilibrium or the reactant to product ratio depends on concentration, solvent, pH and temperature. At equilibrium the aldose and ketose form a mixture which in the case of the glyceraldehyde and dihydroxyacetone is also called glycerose.
A related reaction is the alpha-ketol rearrangement.
Epimerization
The carbon atom at which the initial deprotonation takes place is a stereocenter. If, for example, D-glucose (an Aldose) rearranges to D-fructose, t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Abdul%20Karim%20%28soil%20scientist%29
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Abdul Karim ( 1922 – December 22, 1973) was a widely published Bangladeshi soil scientist.
Education and career
Karim passed the matriculation examination in 1939 from Homna High School and Higher Secondary School Certificate examination in 1942 from Dhaka College. He obtained BS and MS degrees in chemistry from University of Dhaka in 1945 and 1946 respectively. He lectured in this field at the same university. A UNESCO fellowship enabled him to obtain a PhD in soil science at the University of Adelaide. After receiving a doctorate there in 1951 he returned to Dhaka University's newly formed Department of Soil Science, becoming department head in 1963.
He was the first head of the Agricultural Chemistry Department at the Bangladesh Agricultural University. He also served as Dean of the Faculty of Agriculture.
Karim worked in the fields of biogas technology, new sources for edible oils and new techniques for glass production.
Awards
President's Gold medal (posthumous) in 1980
References
Academic staff of the University of Dhaka
1920s births
1973 deaths
Bangladeshi soil scientists
University of Dhaka alumni
People from Comilla District
University of Adelaide alumni
Dhaka College alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Optical%20sine%20theorem
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In optics, the optical sine theorem states that the products of the index, height, and sine of the slope angle of a ray in object space and its corresponding ray in image space are equal. That is:
External links
http://physics.tamuk.edu/~suson/html/4323/aberatn.html#Optical%20Sine
Sine theorem
Physics theorems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biology%20%28band%29
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Biology was an indie rock band that was signed up to Vagrant Records.
Biology was a creation of From Autumn to Ashes drummer Francis Mark (guitar and vocals), Every Time I Die bassist Josh Newton (guitar), producer Brian McTernan (bass) and Cornbread Compton of Engine Down (drums).
Francis Mark is known as the lighter, more melodic, side of From Autumn to Ashes, and Biology's music reflects this clearly.
Making Moves, Biology's only album, was released September 27, 2005, via Vagrant Records.
Biology announced a breakup on April 4, 2008.
Members
Francis Mark - lead vocals, rhythm guitar, piano
Josh Newton - lead guitar, backing vocals
Dan Duggins - drums
Cornbread Compton - drums
Brian McTernan - bass, rhythm guitar
Making Moves
Track listing
"Programming the Populous"
"Sophisdecay"
"The Measure of My Worth"
"Opinions Are Like Addictions"
"Public Art"
"Arbitrary Stimulation"
"New English"
"Born Again Virgins"
"Employment"
"When Future History Became Current History"
"Damaged Goods"
External links
Biology on Myspace
Biology's Purevolume site
Interview with Francis Mark - Aversion.com
Interview with Francis Mark - Anti-Mag.com
Making Moves at Amazon.com
Biology at AbsolutePunk.com
Indie rock musical groups from New York (state)
Musical groups from Long Island
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iran%20Bioinformatics%20Center
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Iran Bioinformatics Center (IBC) is the only academic center in Iran working on Bioinformatics. Although there are some independent research groups such as Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Unit in Mazandaran University of Medical Sciences working on Bioinformatics but IBC is a part of Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics (IBB) in Tehran University. IBC offers a Ph.D. program for Bioinformatics.
See also
Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics
Tehran University
Bioinformatics and Biomathematics Unit
Bioinformatics
External links
Iran Bioinformatics Center
Institute of Biophysics and Biochemistry
Bioinformatics Center of Institute of Bio-IT
University of Tehran
Bioinformatics organizations
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Neuroinformatics%20Coordinating%20Facility
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The International Neuroinformatics Coordinating Facility (INCF) is an international non-profit organization with the mission to develop, evaluate, and endorse standards and best practices that embrace the principles of Open, FAIR, and Citable neuroscience. INCF also provides training on how standards and best practices facilitate reproducibility and enables the publishing of the entirety of research output, including data and code. INCF was established in 2005 by recommendations of the Global Science Forum working group of the OECD. The INCF is hosted by the Karolinska Institutet in Stockholm, Sweden. The INCF network comprises institutions, organizations, companies, and individuals active in neuroinformatics, neuroscience, data science, technology, and science policy and publishing. The Network is organized in governing bodies and working groups which coordinate various categories of global neuroinformatics activities that guide and oversee the development and endorsement of standards and best practices, as well as provide training on how standards and best practices facilitate reproducibility and enables the publishing of the entirety of research output, including data and code. The current Directors are Mathew Abrams and Helena Ledmyr, and the Governing Board Chair is Maryann Martone
The INCF network aims to promote the application of computational approaches to understanding the brain and to develop the infrastructure required to use computational methods to integrate an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Analytical%20Atomic%20Spectrometry
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The Journal of Analytical Atomic Spectrometry is a peer-reviewed scientific journal publishing original (primary) research and review articles covering all areas of modern spectrometry including fundamental theory, practice and analytical applications. It is published monthly by the Royal Society of Chemistry, the editor-in-chief is May Copsey. The journal replaced Annual Reports on Analytical Atomic Spectroscopy (1971–1984) in 1986 and has a 2021 impact factor of 4.351. The current editor-in-chief is Heidi Goenaga-Infante (LGC).
Article types
The journal publishes research papers, technical notes, urgent communications, and review articles.
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Academic journals established in 1986
English-language journals
Monthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20L.%20Bennett
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Charles L. Bennett (born November 1956) is an American observational astrophysicist. He is a Bloomberg Distinguished Professor, the Alumni Centennial Professor of Physics and Astronomy and a Gilman Scholar at Johns Hopkins University. He is the Principal Investigator of NASA's highly successful Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP).
His National Academy of Sciences (NAS) membership citation states, "As leader of the Wilkinson Microwave Anisotropy Probe (WMAP) mission, Bennett has helped quantify, with unprecedented precision and accuracy, many key properties of the universe, including its age, the dark and baryonic matter content, the cosmological constant, and the Hubble constant." Membership is a great honor bestowed upon the most distinguished scholars in engineering and the sciences.
He was awarded the National Academy of Sciences Henry Draper Medal in 2005 and the Comstock Prize in Physics in 2009, both for his leadership of WMAP. Bennett received the Harvey Prize in 2006 for, "the precise determination of the age, composition and curvature of the universe." Bennett shared the 2010 Shaw Prize in astronomy with Lyman A. Page, Jr. and David N. Spergel, both of Princeton University, for their work on WMAP.
The 2012 Gruber Cosmology Prize was awarded to "Charles L. Bennett and the WMAP Team" for
"transforming our current paradigm of structure formation from appealing scenario into precise science." "By observing the relic radiation from the early universe, Charles L
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20Science%3A%20Processes%20%26%20Impacts
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Environmental Science: Processes & Impacts is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal covering all aspects of environmental science. It is published by the Royal Society of Chemistry and Kris McNeill is the editor-in-chief. The journal was established in 1999 as the Journal of Environmental Monitoring and obtained its current title in 2013.
Article types
The journal publishes full research papers, communications, perspectives, critical reviews, frontier reviews, tutorial reviews, comments, and highlights.
Abstracting and indexing
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 5.334.
The journal is abstracted and indexed in:
Analytical Abstracts
Chemical Abstracts Service
Embase/Excerpta Medica
Elsevier BIOBASE
Current Awareness in Biological Sciences
Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed
CAB International
VINITI Database RAS
Science Citation Index
Current Contents/Agriculture
Biology & Environmental Sciences
Current Contents/Physical
Chemical & Earth Sciences
The Zoological Record
BIOSIS Previews
Sister journals
The Royal Society of Chemistry publishes 2 other journals in the Environmental Science portfolio: Environmental Science: Nano was established in 2014 and Environmental Science: Water Research & Technology in 2015.
See also
List of chemistry journals
References
External links
Environmental science journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Human impact on the environment
Monthly journals
Academi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Thoroughman
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Kurt A. Thoroughman (born 31 January 1972) is an Associate Professor in the Department of Biomedical Engineering at Washington University in St. Louis. He is known for his work in the study of motor control, motor learning, and computational neuroscience.
Thoroughman investigates how humans plan, control, and learn new movements. Understanding normal motor behavior and its neural basis will further the development of insightful clinical tests in movement neurology, and facilitate the early detection and treatment of motor diseases.
Thoroughman graduated with a PhD in Biomedical Engineering from Johns Hopkins University in 1999, completing a thesis in the Laboratory of Computational Motor Control, under the mentorship of Reza Shadmehr. After completion of his PhD, Thoroughman was a postdoctoral fellow with Eve Marder at Brandeis University.
Selected publications
References
- university biography
External links
Laboratory of Neural Computation and Motor Behavior
Washington University Biomedical Engineering Website
Biomedical engineer shows how people learn motor skills
Researchers find new learning strategy: A size of a mistake makes no difference
1972 births
Living people
21st-century American engineers
Washington University in St. Louis faculty
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Search%20engine%20indexing
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Search engine indexing is the collecting, parsing, and storing of data to facilitate fast and accurate information retrieval. Index design incorporates interdisciplinary concepts from linguistics, cognitive psychology, mathematics, informatics, and computer science. An alternate name for the process, in the context of search engines designed to find web pages on the Internet, is web indexing.
Popular search engines focus on the full-text indexing of online, natural language documents. Media types such as pictures, video, audio, and graphics are also searchable.
Meta search engines reuse the indices of other services and do not store a local index whereas cache-based search engines permanently store the index along with the corpus. Unlike full-text indices, partial-text services restrict the depth indexed to reduce index size. Larger services typically perform indexing at a predetermined time interval due to the required time and processing costs, while agent-based search engines index in real time.
Indexing
The purpose of storing an index is to optimize speed and performance in finding relevant documents for a search query. Without an index, the search engine would scan every document in the corpus, which would require considerable time and computing power. For example, while an index of 10,000 documents can be queried within milliseconds, a sequential scan of every word in 10,000 large documents could take hours. The additional computer storage required to store the inde
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Allan%20M.%20Campbell
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Allan McCulloch Campbell (April 27, 1929 – April 19, 2018) was an American microbiologist and geneticist and the Barbara Kimball Browning Professor Emeritus in the Department of Biology at Stanford University.
His pioneering work on Lambda phage helped to advance molecular biology in the late 20th century.
An important collaborator and member of his laboratory at Stanford University was biochemist Alice del Campillo Campbell, his wife.
Education
Campbell earned his bachelor's degree at the University of California, Berkeley (1950) and master's (1951) and doctoral (1953) degrees from the University of Illinois where he worked with Sol Spiegelman.
Career
From 1953-1957 Campbell was on the faculty of the University of Michigan. During the summers he spent time with Gio ("Joe") Bertani at Caltech and the University of Southern California, at Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory and at the Institut Pasteur with François Jacob.
In 1958 he married Alice del Campillo, a Ph.D. student in biochemistry at the University of Michigan. They spent their honeymoon year working in Paris.
The two worked closely together throughout their careers, investigating research questions such as the encoding of heat-sensitive endolysin and the biosynthesis and regulation of biotin.
Campbell spent the next nine years on the faculty of the University of Rochester, where he made significant discoveries about lambda phage.
In 1968 Campbell joined the Department of Biology at Stanford University, where h
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dudley%20E.%20Littlewood
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Dudley Ernest Littlewood (7 September 1903, London –
6 October 1979, Llandudno) was a British mathematician known for his work in group representation theory.
He read mathematics at Trinity College, Cambridge, where his tutor was John Edensor Littlewood (they were not related). He was a lecturer at University College, Swansea from 1928 to 1947, and in 1948 took up the chair of mathematics at University College of North Wales, Bangor, retiring in 1970.
He worked on invariant theory and group representation theory, especially of the symmetric group, often in collaboration with Archibald Read Richardson of Swansea. They introduced the immanant of a matrix, studied Schur functions and developed the Littlewood–Richardson rule for their multiplication. Littlewood was also interested in the application of representation theory to quantum mechanics.
Selected publications
The theory of group characters and matrix representations of groups. 1940; 2nd edition Oxford 1950.
The skeleton key of mathematics: a simple account of complex algebraic theories, Hutchison & Company, London, 1949; 2nd edition Harper & Brothers, New York, 1960; 2002 Dover pbk reprint; 2013 Dover ebook edition
A university algebra. (1950); 2nd edition 1961.
See also
Hall–Littlewood polynomials
Plethysm
Restricted representation
References
External links
1903 births
1976 deaths
20th-century British mathematicians
Group theorists
Alumni of Trinity College, Cambridge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Beale%20number
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In mechanical engineering, the Beale number is a parameter that characterizes the performance of Stirling engines. It is often used to estimate the power output of a Stirling engine design. For engines operating with a high temperature differential, typical values for the Beale number are in the range 0.11−0.15; where a larger number indicates higher performance.
Definition
The Beale number can be defined in terms of a Stirling engine's operating parameters:
where:
Bn is the Beale number
Wo is the power output of the engine (watts)
P is the mean average gas pressure (Pa) or (MPa, if volume is in cm3)
V is swept volume of the power piston (m3, or cm3, if pressure is in MPa)
F is the engine cycle frequency (Hz)
Estimating Stirling power
To estimate the power output of an engine, nominal values are assumed for the Beale number, pressure, swept volume and frequency, then the power is calculated as the product of these parameters, as follows:
See also
West number
External links
Stirling Engine Performance Calculator
Beale number calculator
Dimensionless numbers
Piston engines
Mechanical engineering
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Efimov%20state
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The Efimov effect is an effect in the quantum mechanics of few-body systems predicted by the Russian theoretical physicist V. N. Efimov in 1970. Efimov’s effect is where three identical bosons interact, with the prediction of an infinite series of excited three-body energy levels when a two-body state is exactly at the dissociation threshold. One corollary is that there exist bound states (called Efimov states) of three bosons even if the two-particle attraction is too weak to allow two bosons to form a pair. A (three-particle) Efimov state, where the (two-body) sub-systems are unbound, is often depicted symbolically by the Borromean rings. This means that if one of the particles is removed, the remaining two fall apart. In this case, the Efimov state is also called a Borromean state.
Theory
Efimov predicted that, as the pair interactions among three identical bosons approach resonance—that is, as the binding energy of some two-body bound state approaches zero or the scattering length of such a state becomes infinite—the three-body spectrum exhibits an infinite sequence of bound states whose scattering lengths and binding energies each form a geometric progression
where the common ratio
is a universal constant (OEIS ). Here
is the order of the imaginary-order modified Bessel function of the second kind that describes the radial dependence of the wavefunction. By virtue of the resonance-determined boundary conditions, it is the unique positive value of satisfying t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jason%20Swedlow
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Jason Swedlow is an American-born cell biologist and light microscopist who is Professor of Quantitative Cell Biology at the School of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Scotland. He is a co-founder of the Open Microscopy Environment and Glencoe Software. In 2021, he joined Wellcome Leap as a Program Director.
Education and career
Prof. Swedlow received a B.A. in Chemistry from Brandeis University in Waltham, Massachusetts, in 1982. He then earned a Ph.D. in Biophysics from UCSF in 1994, under the direction of Dr. David Agard and Dr. John Sedat. After a postdoctoral fellowship with Dr Tim Mitchison at UCSF and then Harvard Medical School, Dr Swedlow established his own laboratory in 1998 at the Wellcome Trust Biocentre, University of Dundee, as a Wellcome Trust Career Development Fellow. He was awarded a Wellcome Trust Senior Research Fellowship in 2002 and named Professor of Quantitative Cell Biology in 2007. From 2021-2024, he has a part-time secondment as a Program Director at Wellcome Leap, running the Delta Tissue Program. He was named a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 2012 and appointed an Honorary OBE in 2021.
Research
Prof. Swedlow's research focuses on mechanisms and regulation of chromosome segregation during mitotic cell division
and the development of software tools for accessing, processing, sharing and publishing large scientific image datasets. He leads OME, an international consortium that develops and releases open source software for biologic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Crow
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James Crow may be the name of:
James C. Crow (fl. 19th century) (1789–1856), Scottish creator of the sour mash process for making Bourbon Whiskey
James F. Crow (1916–2012), American genetics professor
See also
Jim Crow (disambiguation)
James Crowe (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Essential
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Essential or essentials may refer to:
Biology
Essential amino acid, one that the organism cannot produce by itself
Groups and organizations
EQ Media Group, formerly Essential Media Group, a global television production company
Essential Media Communications, an Australian PR and polling company
Essential Products, a smart device company led by Andy Rubin
Essential Records (London), a subsidiary of London Records
Essential Records (Christian), a Christian subsidiary of Sony BMG Music Entertainment
The Essentials (band), a Canadian a cappella group formed in 1993
Essentials (PlayStation), a budget package of PlayStation games
Albums
Essential (Divinyls album), a compilation album, 1991
Essential (Pet Shop Boys album), 1998
Essential (Ramones album), 2007
Essential (CeCe Peniston album), 2000
Essential (Jethro Tull album)
Essential (Kate Ryan album), 2008
Essential (Praga Khan album), 2005
Essentials (Nate Dogg album), a compilation album, 2002
Essentials (Failure album), 2006
Essentials, a studio album by Argentine jazz singer Karen Souza, 2011
Essential, a compilation album by Amanda Lear, 2001
Essential, a compilation album by The Human League, 2011
Essentials, an album by Travis Tritt
Essentials, an album by Triumvirat
Essential series, a collection of compilation albums published by Sony's Legacy Recordings label
Other uses
Essentialism, the philosophical view that an entity must have certain characteristics in order to belong to a certain defined group
Esse
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Lilley
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George Lilley may refer to:
George L. Lilley (1859–1909), United States Representative and Governor of Connecticut
George W. Lilley (1850–1904), American academic, professor of mathematics and university president
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hall%20algebra
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In mathematics, the Hall algebra is an associative algebra with a basis corresponding to isomorphism classes of finite abelian p-groups. It was first discussed by but forgotten until it was rediscovered by , both of whom published no more than brief summaries of their work. The Hall polynomials are the structure constants of the Hall algebra. The Hall algebra plays an important role in the theory of Masaki Kashiwara and George Lusztig regarding canonical bases in quantum groups. generalized Hall algebras to more general categories, such as the category of representations of a quiver.
Construction
A finite abelian p-group M is a direct sum of cyclic p-power components where
is a partition of called the type of M. Let be the number of subgroups N of M such that N has type and the quotient M/N has type . Hall proved that the functions g are polynomial functions of p with integer coefficients. Thus we may replace p with an indeterminate q, which results in the Hall polynomials
Hall next constructs an associative ring over , now called the Hall algebra. This ring has a basis consisting of the symbols and the structure constants of the multiplication in this basis are given by the Hall polynomials:
It turns out that H is a commutative ring, freely generated by the elements corresponding to the elementary p-groups. The linear map from H to the algebra of symmetric functions defined on the generators by the formula
(where en is the nth elementary symmetric f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simon%20Hall
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Simon Hall may refer to:
Simon Hall (chemist), professor of chemistry at the University of Bristol
Simon Hall (murderer)
Simon Hall (writer), BBC correspondent and novelist
Simon J. Hall, urologist
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Natural%20Product%20Reports
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Natural Product Reports is a monthly peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Royal Society of Chemistry. It publishes reviews commissioned by the editorial board on all areas of natural products research. The editors-in-chief is Tobias Gulder (Technical University of Dresden).
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is abstracted and indexed in CASSI, Science Citation Index, Current Contents/Physical, Chemical & Earth Sciences, Index Medicus/MEDLINE/PubMed, and Scopus.
According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 15.111.
See also
Organic & Biomolecular Chemistry
MedChemComm
List of scientific journals
List of scientific journals in chemistry
References
External links
Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1984
Monthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Donovan%20%28writer%29
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Paul Donovan is a Canadian television and film writer, director and producer best known as the creator of the science-fiction TV series LEXX. He co-founded Salter Street Films (SSF) with his brother Michael Donovan.
Biography
Donovan was born in Canada on June 26, 1954. He grew up interested in science and film, and earned a B.Sc. in Physics from Dalhousie University, and graduated from London Film School. In 2009 he was awarded an honorary doctorate of Law from Dalhousie. The IMDb credits South Pacific 1942 as the first film he directed, and in 1981 the Donovan brothers founded Salter Street Films, a television and film production company based in Halifax, Nova Scotia. Salter Street Films was named after the street in Halifax where Michael and Paul had been living.
Salter Street Films
Salter Street Film's debut was Siege, distributed by Manson International around the world. Following this success, the company produced Def-Con 4 (1985), which was distributed theatrically around the US by New World Entertainment and George's Island (1989), which received world-wide distribution. Buried on Sunday (1992) and Paint Cans (1994) were the next films produced. They also started the production of a film titled Normanicus, later taken over by Toronto producer Peter Simpson. The distributor's title change to Norman's Awesome Experience made the unique time travel comedy, in which language barrier is fundamental to the story, sound like a knockoff of Bill & Ted's Excellent Adventur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edwin%20Cerio
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Edwin Cerio (1875–1960) was a prominent Italian writer, engineer, architect, historian, and botanist. He was born on the island of Capri to an English artist mother and a well-known local physician, Ignazio Cerio.
Early life
With doctorates in both Shipbuilding and Mechanical Engineering, Cerio initially found employment in Germany with the Krupp dynasty in Kiel, and from 1902 to 1915 designed shipyards and ships throughout Italy, Germany and Argentina. Fluent in six languages, he oversaw the construction and sale of German warships to South America, but with the outbreak of the First World War he became disillusioned, and resigned his post to return to his native island, where he would remain for the rest of his life.
Abandoning his former career as a naval engineer, Cerio began to deal in both horses and property on his native island - where he had already founded and edited a literary magazine (published in three languages) even while he had been working overseas. The magazine (known by its shortened form of "Tra", for Tra il riso e il pianto, or Between laughter and tears) was packed with poems, short stories, and satirical pieces about life in Capri.
Political career
In 1920, as a self-proclaimed Liberal at a time when the Fascists were gaining ground in the rest of Italy, he was elected as Mayor of Capri. Although he held this post for just three years, he made an enormous impact on the way that the island would be governed for the rest of the century. To prevent Mi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lab%20on%20a%20Chip%20%28journal%29
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Lab on a Chip is a peer-reviewed scientific journal which publishes original (primary) research and review articles on any aspect of miniaturisation at the micro and nano scale. Lab on a Chip is published twice monthly by the Royal Society of Chemistry (RSC) and the editor-in-chief is Aaron Wheeler. The journal was established in 2001 and hosts other RSC publications: Highlights in Chemical Technology and Highlights in Chemical Biology. According to the Journal Citation Reports, the journal has a 2021 impact factor of 7.517.
Subject coverage
Lab on a Chip publishes research at the micro- and nano-scale across a variety of disciplines including chemistry, biology, bioengineering, physics, electronics, clinical science, chemical engineering, and materials science focusing on lab on a chip technologies.
Article types
Lab on a Chip publishes full research papers, urgent communications, critical and tutorial reviews.
Chips & Tips
Chips & Tips is an online resource launched in 2006. It is moderated by David Beebe (University of Wisconsin–Madison) and Glenn Walker (North Carolina State University and University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill). Chips & Tips pages are brief practical tips for the miniaturisation community, including pictures, videos, and schematics.
See also
List of chemistry journals
List of scientific journals
References
External links
Chips & Tips
Chemistry journals
Royal Society of Chemistry academic journals
Microtechnology
Biweekly journals
En
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Common%20Lisp%20Music
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CLM (originally an acronym for Common Lisp Music) is a music synthesis and signal processing package in the Music V family created by Bill Schottstaedt. It runs in a number of various Lisp implementations or as a part of the Snd audio editor (using Scheme, Ruby and now Forth). There is also a realtime implementation, Snd-rt which is developed by Kjetil S. Matheussen.
This software was used to digitally stretch Beethoven's 9th Symphony to create Leif Inge's 9 Beet Stretch.
See also
OpenMusic
Common Music Notation
References
External links
CLM Home
Snd
Snd-rt
Audio programming languages
Free audio software
Software synthesizers
Common Lisp (programming language) software
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faron%20Moller
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Faron George Moller (born February 25, 1962 in Trail, British Columbia) is a Canadian-born British computer scientist and expert on theoretical computer science, particularly infinite-state automata theory and temporal logic. His work has focussed on structural decomposition techniques for analysing abstract models of computing systems. He is founding Director of the Swansea Railway Verification Group; Director of Technocamps; and Head of the Institute of Coding in Wales. In 2023, he as elected General Secretary of the Learned Society of Wales.
Biography
Moller studied mathematics and computer science as an undergraduate at the University of British Columbia, and then as a Masters student at the University of Waterloo, before going on to do a PhD supervised by Robin Milner in the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh. He has held posts at the universities of Strathclyde and Edinburgh, The Swedish Institute for Computer Science, The Royal Institute of Technology in Stockholm, and Uppsala University before moving to Wales as Professor of Computer Science at Swansea University in 2000.
Appointments and honours
Moller is a Fellow of the Learned Society of Wales, a Fellow of the British Computer Society and Fellow of the Institute of Mathematics and its Applications, and served as President of the British Colloquium for Theoretical Computer Science for 15 years (2004-2019). He is a Chartered Mathematician, a Chartered Scientist, and a Ch
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20Munkres
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James Raymond Munkres (born August 18, 1930) is a Professor Emeritus of mathematics at MIT and the author of several texts in the area of topology, including Topology (an undergraduate-level text), Analysis on Manifolds, Elements of Algebraic Topology, and Elementary Differential Topology. He is also the author of Elementary Linear Algebra.
Munkres completed his undergraduate education at Nebraska Wesleyan University and received his Ph.D. from the University of Michigan in 1956; his advisor was Edwin E. Moise. Earlier in his career he taught at the University of Michigan and at Princeton University.
Among Munkres' contributions to mathematics is the development of what is sometimes called the Munkres assignment algorithm. A significant contribution in topology is his obstruction theory for the smoothing of homeomorphisms. These developments establish a connection between the John Milnor groups of differentiable structures on spheres and the smoothing methods of classical analysis.
He was elected to the 2018 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society.
Textbooks
References
External links
20th-century American mathematicians
21st-century American mathematicians
American textbook writers
American male non-fiction writers
Topologists
Nebraska Wesleyan University alumni
University of Michigan alumni
University of Michigan faculty
Princeton University faculty
Massachusetts Institute of Technology School of Science faculty
Living people
1930 births
Fellows of the A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bion
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Bion may refer to:
Science
Bion (satellite), a series of Soviet satellites from the 1960s and 1970s
Bion, in physics, the bound state of two solitons
Bions, hypothetical corpuscles of biological energy proposed by psychoanalyst Wilhelm Reich
Places
Bion, Manche, a commune in France
Saint-Agnin-sur-Bion, a commune of southeastern France
Revest-du-Bion, a French commune near the Alps
People with the given name Bion
Bion of Miletus, a Greek sculptor (6th–5th century BC)
Bion of Smyrna, also known as Bion of Phlossa, bucolic Greek poet (fl. 2nd century BC)
Bion of Abdera, a Greek philosopher from the school of Democritus (fl. c. 4th century BC)
Bion of Soli, an ancient Greek writer of history
Bion of Borysthenes, Greek philosopher (325–250 BC)
Bion Barnett, the founder of Barnett Bank, in Florida
Bion Tsang, American cellist and professor
Bion J. Arnold, 1861–1942, American electrical engineer
People with the surname Bion
Louis-Eugène Bion (1807-1860), French sculptor
Nicholas Bion (1652–1733), French scientific instrument-maker
Wilfred Bion, a British psychoanalyst
Anne-Sophie Bion, French film editor
Other uses
Bion (opera), an opera by the French composer Étienne Méhul
BionX, Canadian maker of electric motors for bicycles
Bion, a fictional planet in Metroid Prime: Federation Force
See also
Bionic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20L.%20Oser
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Bernard L. Oser (1899 – January 21, 1995) was an American biochemist and food scientist who was involved in vitamin analysis.
Education and early career
Oser received his Ph.D at Fordham University in 1927. Prior to receiving his doctorate, he worked during 1920–21 at Jefferson Medical College as an assistant in physiological chemistry and then worked from 1922 until 1926 as a biochemist at Philadelphia General Hospital (both in Pennsylvania).
Later career and research
Oser then went to work at Food and Drug Research Laboratories, Inc. in Waverly, New York, then known as the Food Research Labs. Inc., from 1926 to 1957 as an assistant director to the vice president. He then served as president of the Chemistry Board from 1959 to 1974 before forming his own consulting firm, Bernard L. Oser & Associates from 1974 to 1995. Oser also served as adjunct professor at Columbia University from 1959 to 1971 as well. His research during this time focused on biological and chemical assays on vitamins, proteins, and other nutrient; pharmaceutical vitamin fortification, stabilization, and availability; toxicology and safety evaluation of food additives, drugs, pesticides, and related chemicals; and the scientific aspects of food law and regulations.
Role in the Institute of Food Technologists (IFT)
A charter member of IFT when it was founded in 1939, Oser received the Babcock-Hart Award in 1958 and would be named an IFT Fellow in 1975. He also served as president in 1968–69.
Other activ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Narrowing
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Narrowing may refer to:
Narrowing (computer science), a type of algorithm for solving equations between symbolic expressions
Narrowing of algebraic value sets, a method for the elimination of values from a solution set which are inconsistent with the equations being solved
Narrowing (historical linguistics), a type of semantic change
Collisional narrowing of a spectral line due to collisions of the emitting species
Motional narrowing of a resonant frequency due to the inhomogeneity of the system averaging out over time
Perceptual narrowing, a process in brain development
Q-based narrowing, a concept in pragmatics
Stenosis, the narrowing of a blood vessel or other tubular organ
See also
Narrow (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turner%20Museum%20of%20Glass
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The Turner Museum of Glass is housed in the Department of Materials Science and Engineering at the University of Sheffield, in England. It is in the Sir Robert Hadfield Building with the entrance from Portobello Street. It contains examples from ancient Egypt and Rome but mainly from major European and American glassworkers, with a particular focus on those from the 1920s to 1950s.
It was founded in 1943 by Professor W. E. S. Turner of the University, who additionally was the senior author on many papers on glass technology. One of the exhibits is the wedding dress of his wife Helen Monro Turner (Helen Nairn, married 1 July 1943) which is made of glass fibre, as are the matching shoes. This has been selected as one of the items in the BBC's extended collection based on A History of the World in 100 Objects.
References
External links
Turner Museum of Glass website
Museums established in 1943
Museums in Sheffield
Glass museums and galleries
Sheffield University buildings and structures
University museums in England
Decorative arts museums in England
1943 establishments in England
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Primon%20gas
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In mathematical physics, the primon gas or Riemann gas discovered by Bernard Julia is a model illustrating correspondences between number theory and methods in quantum field theory, statistical mechanics and dynamical systems such as the Lee-Yang theorem. It is a quantum field theory of a set of non-interacting particles, the primons; it is called a gas or a free model because the particles are non-interacting. The idea of the primon gas was independently discovered by Donald Spector. Later works by Ioannis Bakas and Mark Bowick, and Spector explored the connection of such systems to string theory.
The model
State space
Consider a Hilbert space H with an orthonormal basis of states labelled by the prime numbers p. Second quantization gives a new Hilbert space K, the bosonic Fock space on H, where states describe collections of primes - which we can call primons if we think of them as analogous to particles in quantum field theory. This Fock space has an orthonormal basis given by finite multisets of primes. In other words, to specify one of these basis elements we can list the number of primons for each prime :
where the total is finite. Since any positive natural number has a unique factorization into primes:
we can also denote the basis elements of the Fock space as simply where
In short, the Fock space for primons has an orthonormal basis given by the positive natural numbers, but we think of each such number as a collection of primons: its prime factors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elizabeth%20Ann%20Nalley
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Elizabeth Ann Nalley (also known as Ann Nalley) is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at Cameron University in Lawton, Oklahoma.
Nalley was born in July, 1942 at Catron, Missouri. She received a B.S. in chemical education from Northeastern State University in Tahlequah, Oklahoma, in 1965, an M.S. in analytical chemistry from Oklahoma State University in 1969, and a Ph.D. in radiation chemistry from Texas Woman's University in 1975. Her career as a chemistry instructor began before she finished her undergraduate education, with a stint as a chemistry teacher at Muskogee Central High School from 1964 to 1965. In 1969, she joined the Cameron University faculty as an instructor, and she has been a full professor (Cameron's first female full professor) since 1978.
Nalley has also served for 21 years on the board of directors of the honor society Phi Kappa Phi and was president from 1995 to 1998. In 2005, she was given the Iota Sigma Pi Award in Professional Excellence. She served as president of the American Chemical Society in 2006, and received the ACS Award for Encouraging Women into Careers in the Chemical Sciences in 2015.
References
External links
Nalley's web site at Cameron University
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
People from Lawton, Oklahoma
Northeastern State University alumni
Oklahoma State University alumni
Cameron University faculty
Presidents of the American Chemical Society
American women chemists
21st-century American chemis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gene%20Luen%20Yang
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Gene Luen Yang (; born August 9, 1973) is an American cartoonist. He is a frequent lecturer on the subjects of graphic novels and comics, at comic book conventions and universities, schools, and libraries. In addition, he was the Director of Information Services and taught computer science at Bishop O'Dowd High School in Oakland, California. In 2012, Yang joined the faculty at Hamline University as a part of the Low-Residency Master of Fine Arts in Writing for Children and Young Adults (MFAC) program. In 2016, the U.S. Library of Congress named him Ambassador for Young People's Literature. That year he became the third graphic novelist, alongside Lauren Redniss, to receive a MacArthur Fellowship.
Early life
Yang believes he was born in either Alameda or Fremont, California. He is the child of an electrical engineer from Taiwan and a programmer who grew up in Hong Kong and Taiwan, both of whom emigrated to the United States. They met at the San Jose State University Library during graduate school. He has a younger brother. He grew up in a Catholic family, and his parents instilled in him a strong work ethic and reinforced their Asian culture. In a speech at Penn State, where he spoke as a part of a Graphic Novel Speaker Series, Yang recalled that both of his parents always told him stories during his childhood.
Yang was a part of a small Asian-American minority in his elementary school. He grew up wanting to be an animator for Disney. In third grade, he did a biographical re
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PKCS%2011
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In cryptography, PKCS #11 is one of the Public-Key Cryptography Standards, and also refers to the programming interface to create and manipulate cryptographic tokens (a token where the secret is a cryptographic key).
Detail
The PKCS #11 standard defines a platform-independent API to cryptographic tokens, such as hardware security modules (HSM) and smart cards, and names the API itself "Cryptoki" (from "cryptographic token interface" and pronounced as "crypto-key", although "PKCS #11" is often used to refer to the API as well as the standard that defines it).
The API defines most commonly used cryptographic object types (RSA keys, X.509 certificates, DES/Triple DES keys, etc.) and all the functions needed to use, create/generate, modify and delete those objects.
Usage
Most commercial certificate authority (CA) software uses PKCS #11 to access the CA signing key or to enroll user certificates. Cross-platform software that needs to use smart cards uses PKCS #11, such as Mozilla Firefox and OpenSSL (using an extension). It is also used to access smart cards and HSMs. Software written for Microsoft Windows may use the platform specific MS-CAPI API instead. Both Oracle Solaris and Red Hat Enterprise Linux contain implementations for use by applications, as well.
Relationship to KMIP
The Key Management Interoperability Protocol (KMIP) defines a wire protocol that has similar functionality to the PKCS#11 API.
The two standards were originally developed independently but are no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Computation%20history
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In computer science, a computation history is a sequence of steps taken by an abstract machine in the process of computing its result. Computation histories are frequently used in proofs about the capabilities of certain machines, and particularly about the undecidability of various formal languages.
Formally, a computation history is a (normally finite) sequence of configurations of a formal automaton. Each configuration fully describes the status of the machine at a particular point. To be valid, certain conditions must hold:
the first configuration must be a valid initial configuration of the automaton and
each transition between adjacent configurations must be valid according to the transition rules of the automaton.
In addition, to be complete, a computation history must be finite and
the final configuration must be a valid terminal configuration of the automaton.
The definitions of "valid initial configuration", "valid transition", and "valid terminal configuration" vary for different kinds of formal machines.
A deterministic automaton has exactly one computation history for a given initial configuration, though the history may be infinite and therefore incomplete.
Finite State Machines
For a finite state machine , a configuration is simply
the current state of the machine, together with the remaining input. The first configuration must be the initial state of and the complete input. A transition from a configuration to
a configuration is allowed if for
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20R.%20Lucas
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William Ronald Lucas (born March 1, 1922) was the fourth Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center. He served as director from June 15, 1974, to July 3, 1986.
Early career
Lucas was born in Newbern, Tennessee. He graduated from Memphis State College (now the University of Memphis) in 1943 with a degree in chemistry. He earned a master's degree and a doctorate in metallurgy from Vanderbilt University in Nashville. He briefly interrupted his education to serve in the United States Navy during World War II.
In 1952, Lucas moved to Huntsville, Alabama, to join Wernher von Braun's team at the Army Ballistic Missile Agency, based at the Redstone Arsenal. After serving as a staffer with the Guided Missile Development Group, he became the agency's materials officer in 1956. In this position, Lucas designed the thermal control system for the United States' first space satellite, Explorer 1. He also selected the materials used in the rocket that made Alan Shepard the first American in space, in 1961.
When von Braun's team was transferred to NASA as part of the Marshall Space Flight Center in 1960, Lucas transferred to the new organization. He served in Marshall's Propulsion and Vehicle Engineering Laboratory, eventually becoming its director. While there, he developed the propulsion system for the Saturn V rocket. He also developed the world's second space station, Skylab.
Director of Marshall
After three years as Marshall's deputy director, Lucas was named the cen
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Parry%E2%80%93Daniels%20map
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In mathematics, the Parry–Daniels map is a function studied in the context of dynamical systems. Typical questions concern the existence of an invariant or ergodic measure for the map.
It is named after the English mathematician Bill Parry and the British statistician Henry Daniels, who independently studied the map in papers published in 1962.
Definition
Given an integer n ≥ 1, let Σ denote the n-dimensional simplex in Rn+1 given by
Let π be a permutation such that
Then the Parry–Daniels map
is defined by
References
Dynamical systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20dimension
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In mathematics the term Hilbert dimension may refer to:
Hilbert space dimension
Hilbert dimension in ring theory, see Hilbert's basis theorem
See also
Hilbert series and Hilbert polynomial
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20algebra
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In mathematics, Hilbert algebras and left Hilbert algebras occur in the theory of von Neumann algebras in:
Tomita–Takesaki theory#Left Hilbert algebras
Von Neumann algebras
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read
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Read
Read may refer to:
Reading, human cognitive process of decoding symbols in order to construct or derive meaning
Read (automobile), an American car manufactured from 1913 to 1915
Read (biology), an inferred sequence of base pairs of a DNA fragment
Read codes, a standard clinical terminology system used in General Practice in the United Kingdom
Read (computer), to retrieve data from a storage device
Read (magazine), a children's magazine
Read (surname), people with this surname
read (system call), a low level IO function on a file descriptor in a computer
Read Township, Clayton County, Iowa, in the United States
Read (theatre), to perform the dialog of a play
Read Township, Butler County, Nebraska, in the United States
Read (Unix), a command in Unix operating systems
Read Viemeister (1922–1993), American industrial designer
Read (transgender), a term in gender identity
Read, Lancashire, a town in the UK country of England
Read, West Virginia, an unincorporated community in the United States
Chicago-Read Mental Health Center in Chicago, Illinois
The Read, a weekly one-hour pop culture podcast
READ
READ may refer to:
Reading Excellence and Discovery Foundation, a non-profit charitable organization founded in 1999
READ Global, a non-profit organization operating in rural South Asia
READ International, a charity that aims to improve access to education in East Africa
Rural Educational and Development Foundation, a not-for-profit educational network
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rosenfeld%27s%20law
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Rosenfeld's law is an axiom relating physics to economics, that states that the amount of energy required to produce one dollar of GDP has decreased by about one percent per year since 1845.
The original quote by Arthur H. Rosenfeld is:
From 1845 to the present, the amount of energy required to produce the same amount of gross national product has steadily decreased at the rate of about 1 percent per year. This is not quite as spectacular as Moore's Law of integrated circuits, but it has been tested over a longer period of time. One percent per year yields a factor of 2.7 when compounded over 100 years. It took 56 BTUs (59,000 joules) of energy consumption to produce one (1992) dollar of GDP in 1845. By 1998, the same dollar required only 12.5 BTUs (13,200 joules).
Notes
Economic indicators
Economics laws
Eponyms
Energy economics
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ronald%20Gillespie
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Ronald James Gillespie, (August 21, 1924 – February 26, 2021) was a British chemist specializing in the field of molecular geometry, who arrived in Canada after accepting an offer that included his own laboratory with new equipment, which post-World War II Britain could not provide. He was responsible for establishing inorganic chemistry education in Canada.
He was educated at the University of London obtaining a B.Sc. in 1945, a Ph.D. in 1949 and a D.Sc. in 1957. He was assistant lecturer and then lecturer in the Department of Chemistry at University College London in England from 1950 to 1958.
He moved to McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada, in 1958, dying on February 26, 2021, at the age of ninety-six in the nearby town of Dundas, Ontario. He was elected as a Fellow of the Royal Society of Canada in 1965, a Fellow of the Royal Society of London in 1977, and made a member of the Order of Canada in 2007.
Gillespie did extensive work on expanding the idea of the Valence Shell Electron Pair Repulsion (VSEPR) model of Molecular Geometry, which he developed with Ronald Nyholm (and thus is also known as the Gillespie-Nyholm theory), and setting the rules for assigning numbers. He has written several books on this VSEPR topic in chemistry. With other workers he developed LCP theory, (ligand close packing theory), which for some molecules allows geometry to be predicted on the basis of ligand-ligand repulsions. Gillespie has also done extensive work on interpreting t
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tree%20rearrangement
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Tree rearrangements are deterministic algorithms devoted to search for optimal phylogenetic tree structure. They can be applied to any set of data that are naturally arranged into a tree, but have most applications in computational phylogenetics, especially in maximum parsimony and maximum likelihood searches of phylogenetic trees, which seek to identify one among many possible trees that best explains the evolutionary history of a particular gene or species.
Basic tree rearrangements
The simplest tree-rearrangement, known as nearest-neighbor interchange, exchanges the connectivity of four subtrees within the main tree. Because there are three possible ways of connecting four subtrees, and one is the original connectivity, each interchange creates two new trees. Exhaustively searching the possible nearest-neighbors for each possible set of subtrees is the slowest but most optimizing way of performing this search. An alternative, more wide-ranging search, subtree pruning and regrafting (SPR), selects and removes a subtree from the main tree and reinserts it elsewhere on the main tree to create a new node. Finally, tree bisection and reconnection (TBR) detaches a subtree from the main tree at an interior node and then attempts all possible connections between edges of the two trees thus created. The increasing complexity of the tree rearrangement technique correlates with increasing computational time required for the search, although not necessarily with their performance.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bay%20Area%20Segway%20Enthusiasts%20Group
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The Bay Area Segway Enthusiasts Group held its first meeting on September 20, 2003, at the California FIRST Robotics Competition. The group was formed to increase knowledge and public acceptance of the Segway Human Transporter and to provide a resource to local owners and enthusiasts for information and group events. Not only was it one of the first Segway Enthusiasts Groups but it has become the largest and one of the most active. They are based in the San Francisco Bay Area.
In July 2004 members of the Bay Area SEG started playing Segway Polo. Group members have played around the United States and in New Zealand. Other teams are forming around the world.
Some notable members of Bay Area SEG are Steve Wozniak, Victor Miller and Amy Tan.
External links
Organizations based in the San Francisco Bay Area
2003 establishments in California
Culture in the San Francisco Bay Area
Science and technology in the San Francisco Bay Area
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Noise%20margin
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In electrical engineering, noise margin is the maximum voltage amplitude of extraneous signal that can be algebraically added to the noise-free worst-case input level without causing the output voltage to deviate from the allowable logic voltage level. It is commonly used in at least two contexts as follows:
In communications system engineering, noise margin is the ratio by which the signal exceeds the minimum acceptable amount. It is normally measured in decibels.
In a digital circuit, the noise margin is the amount by which the signal exceeds the threshold for a proper '0' (logic low) or '1' (logic high). For example, a digital circuit might be designed to swing between 0.0 and 1.2 volts, with anything below 0.2 volts considered a '0', and anything above 1.0 volts considered a '1'. Then the noise margin for a '0' would be the amount that a signal is below 0.2 volts, and the noise margin for a '1' would be the amount by which a signal exceeds 1.0 volt. In this case noise margins are measured as an absolute voltage, not a ratio. Noise margins for CMOS chips are usually much greater than those for TTL because the VOH min is closer to the power supply voltage and VOL max is closer to zero.
Real digital inverters do not instantaneously switch from a logic high (1) to a logic low (0), there is some capacitance. While an inverter is transitioning from a logic high to low, there is an undefined region where the voltage cannot be considered high or low. This is considered a noi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bernard%20Sauvat
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Bernard Sauvat (born 1941) is a French singer and songwriter.
A math teacher who taught physics, Sauvat was discovered in 1970 by Lucien Morisse, the director of Europe 1.
Some of his memorable songs include (1972), (1973), (1974), (1975) and .
References
External links
Official Website (in French)
1941 births
Living people
French male singers
French-language singers
French male singer-songwriters
French singer-songwriters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tracking%20%28particle%20physics%29
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In particle physics, tracking is the process of reconstructing the trajectory (or track) of electrically charged particles in a particle detector known as a tracker. The particles entering such a tracker leave a precise record of their passage through the device, by interaction with suitably constructed components and materials. The presence of a calibrated magnetic field, in all or part of the tracker, allows the local momentum of the charged particle to be directly determined from the reconstructed local curvature of the trajectory for known (or assumed) electric charge of the particle.
Generally, track reconstruction is divided into two stages. First, track finding needs to be performed where a cluster of detector hits believed to originate from the same track are grouped together. Second, a track fitting is performed. Track fitting is the procedure of mathematically fitting a curve to the found hits and from this fit the momentum is obtained.
Identification and reconstruction of trajectories from the digitised output of a modern tracker can, in the simplest cases, in the absence of a magnetic field and absorbing/scattering material, be achieved via straight-line segment fits. A simple helical model, to determine momentum in the presence of a magnetic field, might be sufficient in less simple cases, through to a complete (e.g.) Kalman Filter process, to provide a detailed reconstructed local model throughout the complete track in the most complex cases.
This reconstruct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newtonian%20material
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With regard to materials science, a material is said to be "Newtonian" if it exhibits a linear relationship between stress and strain rate.
See also
Stress
Strain
Classical mechanics
References
Classical mechanics
Continuum mechanics
Materials science
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/British%20Colloquium%20for%20Theoretical%20Computer%20Science
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The British Colloquium for Theoretical Computer Science (BCTCS) is an organisation, founded in 1985, that represents the interests of Theoretical Computer Science in the UK, e.g. through representation on academic boards and providing commentary and evidence in response to consultations from public bodies. The BCTCS operates under the direction of an Organising Committee, with an Executive consisting of a President, Secretary and Treasurer. The current President is Barnaby Martin.
The purpose of BCTCS is:
to provide a platform from which the interests and future well-being of British theoretical computer science may be advanced;
to offer a forum in which UK-based researchers in all aspects of theoretical computer science can meet, present research findings, and discuss recent developments in the field; and
to foster an environment within which PhD students undertaking research in theoretical computer science may gain experience in presenting their work in a formal arena, broaden their outlook on the subject, and benefit from contact with established researchers in the community.
In pursuit of these aims, the BCTCS organises an annual Conference for UK-based researchers in theoretical computer science. A central aspect of the annual BCTCS Conference is the training of PhD students. The scope of the annual BCTCS Conference includes all aspects of theoretical computer science, including algorithms, complexity, semantics, formal methods, concurrency, types, languages and lo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Synthesis%20%28journal%29
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Synthesis is a scientific journal published from 1969 to the present day by Thieme. Its stated purpose is the "advancement of the science of synthetic chemistry".
From August 2006, selected articles are offered free of charge. The impact factor of this journal is 2.867 (2018).
References
Chemistry journals
English-language journals
Thieme academic journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cornelius%20Comegys%20Jadwin
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Cornelius Comegys Jadwin (March 27, 1835 – August 17, 1913) was a Republican member of the U.S. House of Representatives from Pennsylvania.
Biography
Cornelius Comegys Jadwin was born in Carbondale, Pennsylvania. He attended the common schools and taught school for four years. He studied civil engineering and pharmacy. He was engaged as a civil and mining engineer from 1857 to 1861. He entered the drug business and located in Honesdale, Pennsylvania, in 1862. He served on the board of education of his district for nine years and was president for three years. He was a delegate to the 1880 Republican National Convention.
Jadwin elected as a Republican to the Forty-seventh Congress. He was an unsuccessful Independent candidate for reelection in 1882. He continued the drug business in Honesdale until his death there in 1913. Interment in Glen Dyberry Cemetery.
Sources
The Political Graveyard
1835 births
1913 deaths
People from Lackawanna County, Pennsylvania
American pharmacists
Republican Party members of the United States House of Representatives from Pennsylvania
19th-century American politicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20A.%20King%20%28engineer%29
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David Arnold King is an American engineer who was the tenth Director of the NASA Marshall Space Flight Center in Huntsville, Alabama.
Early life, family and education
King was born in Indiana and raised in Sumter, South Carolina.
He earned a bachelor's degree in mechanical engineering from the University of South Carolina, and in 1991 a master's degree in business administration from the Florida Institute of Technology.
Career
King joined NASA in 1983 as a main propulsion system engineer. In subsequent roles, he also served as vehicle manager and flow director (1992–1996) for the Space Shuttle Discovery, overseeing preflight preparation, test and checkout of the orbiter. He was appointed acting deputy director of the Installation Operations Directorate in 1995; deputy director of Shuttle Processing in 1996; Shuttle launch director in 1997; and director of Shuttle Processing in 1999.
King served as deputy director of the Marshall Space Flight Center from November 2002 until his appointment as director, and served as the senior on-site NASA official during recovery operations for the Space Shuttle Columbia disaster.
He was appointed to the director position on June 15, 2003. He retired from NASA on March 26, 2009.
Soon thereafter, King started in the position of Executive Vice President at Dynetics, Inc., a Huntsville-based defense contractor. He was promoted to President in 2013 and then to CEO in 2015.
Personal life
King has two daughters.
References
External links
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spouge%27s%20approximation
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In mathematics, Spouge's approximation is a formula for computing an approximation of the gamma function. It was named after John L. Spouge, who defined the formula in a 1994 paper. The formula is a modification of Stirling's approximation, and has the form
where a is an arbitrary positive integer and the coefficients are given by
Spouge has proved that, if Re(z) > 0 and a > 2, the relative error in discarding εa(z) is bounded by
The formula is similar to the Lanczos approximation, but has some distinct features. Whereas the Lanczos formula exhibits faster convergence, Spouge's coefficients are much easier to calculate and the error can be set arbitrarily low. The formula is therefore feasible for arbitrary-precision evaluation of the gamma function. However, special care must be taken to use sufficient precision when computing the sum due to the large size of the coefficients ck, as well as their alternating sign. For example, for a = 49, one must compute the sum using about 65 decimal digits of precision in order to obtain the promised 40 decimal digits of accuracy.
See also
Stirling's approximation
Lanczos approximation
References
Gamma and related functions
Computer arithmetic algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Uta%20Frith
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Dame Uta Frith (née Aurnhammer; born 25 May 1941) is a German-British developmental psychologist and Emeritus Professor in Cognitive Development at the Institute of Cognitive Neuroscience at University College London. She has pioneered much of the current research into autism and dyslexia. Her book Autism: Explaining the Enigma introduced the cognitive neuroscience of autism. She is credited with creating the Sally–Anne test along with fellow scientists Alan Leslie and Simon Baron-Cohen. Among students she has mentored are Tony Attwood, Maggie Snowling, Simon Baron-Cohen and Francesca Happé.
Education
Frith was born Uta Aurnhammer in Rockenhausen, a small town in the hills between Luxembourg and Mannheim in Germany. She attended the Saarland University in Saarbrücken with her initial plan for her education being in art history, but changed to experimental psychology after learning of its empirical nature. She was inspired by the work of psychologist, Hans Eysenck, who debunked psychoanalysis, and decided to train in clinical psychology at the Institute of Psychiatry in London. While at the Institute she was taught by Jack Rachman, one of the pioneers of behaviour therapy. She went on to complete her Doctor of Philosophy, on pattern detection in autistic children, in 1968.
She was mentored, during her early career, by Neil O'Connor and Beate Hermelin and has described them as pioneers in the field of autism.
Research
Frith's research paved the way for a theory of mind defi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/P-matrix
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In mathematics, a -matrix is a complex square matrix with every principal minor is positive. A closely related class is that of -matrices, which are the closure of the class of -matrices, with every principal minor 0.
Spectra of -matrices
By a theorem of Kellogg, the eigenvalues of - and - matrices are bounded away from a wedge about the negative real axis as follows:
If are the eigenvalues of an -dimensional -matrix, where , then
If , , are the eigenvalues of an -dimensional -matrix, then
Remarks
The class of nonsingular M-matrices is a subset of the class of -matrices. More precisely, all matrices that are both -matrices and Z-matrices are nonsingular -matrices. The class of sufficient matrices is another generalization of -matrices.
The linear complementarity problem has a unique solution for every vector if and only if is a -matrix. This implies that if is a -matrix, then is a -matrix.
If the Jacobian of a function is a -matrix, then the function is injective on any rectangular region of .
A related class of interest, particularly with reference to stability, is that of -matrices, sometimes also referred to as -matrices. A matrix is a -matrix if and only if is a -matrix (similarly for -matrices). Since , the eigenvalues of these matrices are bounded away from the positive real axis.
See also
Hurwitz matrix
Linear complementarity problem
M-matrix
Q-matrix
Z-matrix
Perron–Frobenius theorem
Notes
References
David Gale and Hukukane Nikaido, T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trans-Proteomic%20Pipeline
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The Trans-Proteomic Pipeline (TPP) is an open-source data analysis software for proteomics developed at the Institute for Systems Biology (ISB) by the Ruedi Aebersold group under the Seattle Proteome Center. The TPP includes PeptideProphet, ProteinProphet, ASAPRatio, XPRESS and Libra.
Software Components
Probability Assignment and Validation
PeptideProphet performs statistical validation of peptide-spectra-matches (PSM) using the results of search engines by estimating a false discovery rate (FDR) on PSM level. The initial PeptideProphet used a fit of a Gaussian distribution for the correct identifications and a fit of a gamma distribution for the incorrect identification. A later modification of the program allowed the usage of a target-decoy approach, using either a variable component mixture model or a semi-parametric mixture model. In the PeptideProphet, specifying a decoy tag will use the variable component mixture model while selecting a non-parametric model will use the semi-parametric mixture model.
ProteinProphet identifies proteins based on the results of PeptideProphet.
Mayu performs statistical validation of protein identification by estimating a False Discovery Rate (FDR) on protein level.
Spectral library handling
The SpectraST tool is able to generate spectral libraries and search datasets using these libraries.
See also
OpenMS
ProteoWizard
Mass spectrometry software
References
Free science software
Bioinformatics software
Mass spectrometry s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20Warren%20%28computer%20specialist%29
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Jim Warren (July 20, 1936 – November 24, 2021) was an American mathematics and computing educator, computer professional, entrepreneur, editor, publisher and continuing sometime activist.
Early career
From 1957 to 1967, Warren was a mathematics teacher at secondary-school level, and professor at college and university levels, with his last full-time academic position being Chair of the Mathematics Department at the College of Notre Dame, Belmont, a small liberal arts college in Belmont, California. He later taught computer courses at Stanford University, San Jose State University and San Francisco State University.
He had his first full-time teaching contract, for an annual salary of , when he was 20 years old and had completed only three years of college. In the ensuing decade, he was also a National Science Foundation Guest Lecturer, was the founder and Director of Summer Mathematics Institutes at Our Lady of the Lake University in San Antonio, Texas, and earned national recognition for innovative weekly enrichment programs he created for secondary school students, and for in-service programs for elementary and secondary school teachers, all without cost, as Chair of the Alamo District [South Texas] Council of Teachers of Mathematics (1960–1962).
In the late 1960s, Warren was involved in the radical, utopian, alternative, hippie Midpeninsula Free University, including serving pro-bono as its elected General Secretary for three terms. In that time, he created and edited
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Translational%20efficiency
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In cell biology, translational efficiency or translation efficiency is the rate of mRNA translation into proteins within cells.
It has been measured in protein per mRNA per hour. Several RNA elements within mRNAs have been shown to affect the rate. These include miRNA and protein binding sites. RNA structure may also affect translational efficiency through the altered protein or microRNA binding.
See also
List of cis-regulatory RNA elements
Transterm
UTRdb
References
External links
Transterm database online
Cell biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Invariant%20measure
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In mathematics, an invariant measure is a measure that is preserved by some function. The function may be a geometric transformation. For examples, circular angle is invariant under rotation, hyperbolic angle is invariant under squeeze mapping, and a difference of slopes is invariant under shear mapping.
Ergodic theory is the study of invariant measures in dynamical systems. The Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem proves the existence of invariant measures under certain conditions on the function and space under consideration.
Definition
Let be a measurable space and let be a measurable function from to itself. A measure on is said to be invariant under if, for every measurable set in
In terms of the pushforward measure, this states that
The collection of measures (usually probability measures) on that are invariant under is sometimes denoted The collection of ergodic measures, is a subset of Moreover, any convex combination of two invariant measures is also invariant, so is a convex set; consists precisely of the extreme points of
In the case of a dynamical system where is a measurable space as before, is a monoid and is the flow map, a measure on is said to be an invariant measure if it is an invariant measure for each map Explicitly, is invariant if and only if
Put another way, is an invariant measure for a sequence of random variables (perhaps a Markov chain or the solution to a stochastic differential equation) if, whenever the initial condition
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kurt%20Wiesenfeld
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Kurt Wiesenfeld is an American physicist working primarily on non-linear dynamics. His works primarily concern stochastic resonance, spontaneous synchronization of coupled oscillators, and non-linear laser dynamics. Since 1987, he has been professor of physics at the Georgia Institute of Technology.
Life and work
Kurt Wiesenfeld received his Bachelor of Science in Physics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1979, after which he moved to University of California, Berkeley and received his doctorate in 1985. From 1984 to 1985, he was a Lecturer and Research Scientist at the University of California at Santa Cruz.
In 1987, as a post-doctoral research scientist in the Solid State Theory Group of Brookhaven National Laboratory, he and another fellow post-doctoral scientist, Chao Tang, along with their mentor, Per Bak, presented new ideas in group organization with a concept they coined self-organized criticality in their paper in Physical Review Letters. The first discovered example of a dynamical system displaying such self-organized criticality was named after them as the Bak–Tang–Wiesenfeld "sandpile" model.
Wiesenfeld is currently a fellow of the American Physical Society, a member of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics (SIAM), and a past member of the Executive Committee of the American Physical Society's Division of Biological Physics.
Selected publications
References
External links
Georgia Institute of Technology School of Physics
"
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krylov%E2%80%93Bogolyubov%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Krylov–Bogolyubov theorem (also known as the existence of invariant measures theorem) may refer to either of the two related fundamental theorems within the theory of dynamical systems. The theorems guarantee the existence of invariant measures for certain "nice" maps defined on "nice" spaces and were named after Russian-Ukrainian mathematicians and theoretical physicists Nikolay Krylov and Nikolay Bogolyubov who proved the theorems.
Formulation of the theorems
Invariant measures for a single map
Theorem (Krylov–Bogolyubov). Let (X, T) be a compact, metrizable topological space and F : X → X a continuous map. Then F admits an invariant Borel probability measure.
That is, if Borel(X) denotes the Borel σ-algebra generated by the collection T of open subsets of X, then there exists a probability measure μ : Borel(X) → [0, 1] such that for any subset A ∈ Borel(X),
In terms of the push forward, this states that
Invariant measures for a Markov process
Let X be a Polish space and let be the transition probabilities for a time-homogeneous Markov semigroup on X, i.e.
Theorem (Krylov–Bogolyubov). If there exists a point for which the family of probability measures { Pt(x, ·) | t > 0 } is uniformly tight and the semigroup (Pt) satisfies the Feller property, then there exists at least one invariant measure for (Pt), i.e. a probability measure μ on X such that
See also
For the 1st theorem: Ya. G. Sinai (Ed.) (1997): Dynamical Systems II. Ergodic Theory with A
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mabetex%20Group
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Mabetex Group is a civil engineering and construction company founded in 1991 by Behgjet Pacolli. The company, headquartered in Lugano, Switzerland, specialises in the construction and renovation of large buildings. Mabetex has carried out works on a turnkey base such as the restoration of historical buildings, the construction and planning of administrative and public buildings, as well as industrial plants and urban projects.
Corporate structure
Mabetex Group is the mother company of several businesses found and owned by Behgjet Pacolli. The core company within the Mabetex Group is the civil engineering bureau Mabco Constructions SA, formerly known as Mabetex Project Engineering SA, located in Lugano. Mabetex specialises in large scale civil engineering which comprises construction and renovation of big buildings and building complexes. The Group has had many projects in former Soviet Union states. Other firms within the Mabetex Group specialise in insurance and public broadcasting. Mabco Constructions SA had, in 1997, an annual revenue of CHF 630 million; in 1996, the entire Mabetex Group grossed around CHF 1.5 billion. By 2016, the revenue had increased to around CHF 1.61 billion. In total, the Mabetex Group has about 14,000 employees, of which around 3,500 work in Kosovo. The company has more than 12 branch offices.
History
Mabetex was founded in 1991 in Lugano, Switzerland by Behgjet Pacolli, who has since been serving as the president of Mabetex Group. The compan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Current%20Protocols
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Current Protocols is a series of laboratory manuals for life scientists. The first title, Current Protocols in Molecular Biology, was established in 1987 by the founding editors Frederick M. Ausubel, Roger Brent, Robert Kingston, David D. Moore, Jon Seidman, Kevin Struhl, and John A. Smith of the Massachusetts General Hospital Department of Molecular Biology and the Harvard Medical School Departments of Genetics and Biological Chemistry, and Sarah Greene of Greene Publishing Associates The Current Protocols series entered into a partnership with Wiley-Interscience, John Wiley and Sons, was acquired by Wiley in 1995, and continued to introduce additional titles. Scientists contribute methods that are peer-reviewed by one of 18 editorial boards. The core content of each title is updated quarterly, and new material is added. In 2009, the Current Protocols website was launched, with online versions of all of the texts, research tools, video protocols, and a blog. Several Current Protocols titles are indexed in MEDLINE and searchable by PubMed: CP Molecular Biology, CP Immunology, CP Cell Biology, CP Protein Science, CP Microbiology.
Titles
As of April 2023 the series comprised:
References
External links
Science books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20T.%20Wolczanski
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Peter Thomas Wolczanski is the George W. and Grace L. Todd professor of
Chemistry at Cornell University.
Education
Wolczanski obtained his B.S. in Chemistry at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1976 while doing research under the direction of Mark Wrighton. He entered graduate school at the California Institute of Technology, working under John Bercaw on various chemistries of permethylzirconocene hydrides and was awarded a doctorate degree in 1981.
Awards and Professional Activities
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1999)
Casimir Funk Natural Science Award, Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America (1998)
Alfred P. Sloan Foundation Fellow (1987-1989)
J. S. Fluor Fellow (1980)
2011 ACS Award in Organometallic Chemistry
Fellow, American Academy of Arts and Sciences (1999)
Casimir Funk Natural Science Award, Polish Institute of Arts & Sciences of America (1998
Dow Chemical Co., Technical Advisory Boards (1996-2003 (Synthesis), 2006-2007
Visiting Miller Research Professorship, Univ. California, Berkeley (1995)
Fellow, Alfred P. Sloan Foundation (1987-1989
Union Carbide Innovation Recognition Program (1988
Chair, Organometallic Subdivision, ACS Division of Inorganic Chemistry (1994-1995)
Executive Committee, ACS Division of Inorganic Chemistry (1991-1993)
Selected publications
"Carbon Monoxide Cleavage by (silox)3Ta (silox = tBu3SiO-): Physical, Theoretical and Mechanistic Investigations." Neithamer, D.R.; LaPointe, R.E.; Wheeler,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BIT%20predicate
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In mathematics and computer science, the BIT predicate, sometimes is a predicate that tests whether the bit of the (starting from the least significant digit) when is written as a binary number. Its mathematical applications include modeling the membership relation of hereditarily finite sets, and defining the adjacency relation of the Rado graph. In computer science, it is used for efficient representations of set data structures using bit vectors, in defining the private information retrieval problem from communication complexity, and in descriptive complexity theory to formulate logical descriptions of complexity classes.
History
The BIT predicate was first introduced in 1937 by Wilhelm Ackermann to define the Ackermann coding, which encodes hereditarily finite sets as The BIT predicate can be used to perform membership tests for the encoded sets: is true if and only if the set encoded is a member of the set encoded
Ackermann denoted the predicate using a Fraktur font to distinguish it from the notation that he used for set membership (short for an element in German). The notation and the name "the BIT predicate", come from the work of Ronald Fagin and Neil Immerman, who applied this predicate in computational complexity theory as a way to encode and decode information in the late 1980s and early
Description and implementation
The binary representation of a number is an expression for as a sum of distinct powers of two,
where each bit in this expressi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Goal%20node%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computer science, a goal node is a node in a graph that meets defined criteria for success or termination.
Heuristical artificial intelligence algorithms, like A* and B*, attempt to reach such nodes in optimal time by defining the distance to the goal node. When the goal node is reached, A* defines the distance to the goal node as 0 and all other nodes' distances as positive values.
References
N.J. Nilsson Principles of Artificial Intelligence (1982 Birkhäuser) p. 63
See also
Tree traversal
Graph algorithms
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Circuit%20complexity
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In theoretical computer science, circuit complexity is a branch of computational complexity theory in which Boolean functions are classified according to the size or depth of the Boolean circuits that compute them. A related notion is the circuit complexity of a recursive language that is decided by a uniform family of circuits (see below).
Proving lower bounds on size of Boolean circuits computing explicit Boolean functions is a popular approach to separating complexity classes. For example, a prominent circuit class P/poly consists of Boolean functions computable by circuits of polynomial size. Proving that would separate P and NP (see below).
Complexity classes defined in terms of Boolean circuits include AC0, AC, TC0, NC1, NC, and P/poly.
Size and depth
A Boolean circuit with input bits is a directed acyclic graph in which every node (usually called gates in this context) is either an input node of in-degree 0 labelled by one of the input bits, an AND gate, an OR gate, or a NOT gate. One of these gates is designated as the output gate. Such a circuit naturally computes a function of its inputs. The size of a circuit is the number of gates it contains and its depth is the maximal length of a path from an input gate to the output gate.
There are two major notions of circuit complexity The circuit-size complexity of a Boolean function is the minimal size of any circuit computing . The circuit-depth complexity of a Boolean function is the minimal depth of any circu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20H.%20Couzens
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Sir Herbert Henry Couzens KBE (16 October 1877 – 17 November 1944) was a British electrical engineering executive who managed public utilities in England, Canada, and Brazil.
Career
H. H. Couzens was born in Totnes on 16 October 1877. He attended the Taunton School, and married Elsie Annie Goodman on 11 August 1902.
He was an electrical engineer for West Ham in London, England, when he was recruited in 1913 to head the new Toronto Hydro Electric Commission in Toronto, Ontario, Canada. He was instrumental in guiding the early development and expansion of the publicly owned electric network in Toronto.
Seven years later, in September 1920, he also became the first General Manager of the Toronto Transportation Commission (TTC), which had been established earlier that year to take over several privately and publicly owned street railway operations. He managed the integration of the different streetcar networks into one unified system, and oversaw the extensive rebuilding and reequipping of the TTC that took place throughout the early 1920s.
Job change
Couzens resigned his positions as general manager of Toronto Hydro and of the TTC in 1924, and joined the Brazilian Traction, Light and Power Co., a Canadian-owned utility based in Brazil, with extensive holdings in South America, and later became vice-president of the company. In 1937 he moved from Rio de Janeiro to England to work for the firm, and was knighted that same year. He returned to Toronto, Canada in 1941 as presiden
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20Lewis%20Hyde
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Walter Lewis Hyde (1919–2003) was an American physicist, an early contributor to the field of fiber optics. He held patents for devices used in ophthalmology, as well as a panoramic rear-view mirror for automobiles.
Originally from Minnesota, he studied physics at Harvard University. He worked at the Polaroid Corporation in the nascent field of fiber optics. He married Elizabeth Sanford Hyde, and they had six children, including Lewis Hyde. In the 1950s, he worked for the London Office of Naval Research, tracking European physics research. He went on to become the director of development at the American Optical Company, in Southbridge, Massachusetts, and then a professor of optics at the University of Rochester. He then changed gears to administration, and served as provost of New York University until 1972. He served as president of the Optical Society of America in 1970
He married Elizabeth Sanford, who became the president of Woodstock Academy's Board of Trustees and helped lead the school's renovation and building project in the early 1990s. The library and media center there is named after her.
References
See also
Optical Society of America#Past Presidents of the OSA
1919 births
2003 deaths
People from Minnesota
Harvard University alumni
University of Rochester faculty
New York University faculty
20th-century American physicists
Optical physicists
Presidents of Optica (society)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aldo%20da%20Rosa
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Aldo Weber Vieira da Rosa (November 15, 1917 – June 8, 2015) was a professor emeritus of electrical engineering at Stanford University. His research interests were in ionospheric processes, energy processes and renewable energy. He is the author of "Fundamentals of Renewable Energy Processes" and "Fundamentals of Electronics". He is also the holder of a US patent on the process for the production of ammonia.
Biography
Da Rosa was born in Florianópolis, Brazil. After graduating from the Brazilian Military Academy and the Military School of Realengo both in Rio de Janeiro, he entered the Brazilian Air Force. In the early 1940s he was stationed in the US as part of a cooperative military program, and during this time he was relocated from Washington, D.C., to the Alameda Naval Air Station in the San Francisco Bay Area. This gave him the opportunity to attend Stanford for the first time and to study electrical engineering. Although he did not have an undergraduate degree, his technical experience enabled him to be admitted into the graduate program. He completed an electrical engineering degree and around the same time, in 1944, he married fellow Stanford student Aili Ranta (M.S., 1943) and moved to Harvard University. In 1945 Aldo moved back to Brazil with his new wife.
For the next twenty years Aldo was extraordinarily active in the nascent aerospace industry in Brazil, while still attached to the Brazilian Air Force. From 1945 to 1951 he founded and was the first head of th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approaching%20Science
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Approaching Science () was a documentary film program of China's CCTV-10. It was first broadcast on June 1, 1998, and has become a "popular program of CCTV". The programme ceased to continue after the last episode was aired on 30 September 2019. Its host was Zhang Tengyue.
The subjects of the program include biology, archaeology, psychology, etc.
Reception
Positive
Approaching science has received positive reviews, as it was in line with the condition of a large amount of Chinese people with low education and a large number of so-called "supernatural events" circulating among the people at that time. It disenchanted all kinds of so-called "supernatural events" and guided the people to believe in scientific interpretation. The program has changed the previous Chinese popular science TV programs, and it was known as "an interest revolution in TV science programs".
Negative
Approaching Science has received negative reviews as it "lacks science confirm", "claims that concerned person is suffering from hysteria when experts' methods are unable to explain strange phenomenon around concerned person", "exaggerate scare atmosphere" which makes the program to be perceived as pseudoscience.
References
China Central Television
Chinese documentary television series
1998 Chinese television series debuts
2019 Chinese television series endings
1990s Chinese television series
2000s Chinese television series
2010s Chinese television series
Mandarin-language television shows
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paolo%20Gorini
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Paolo Gorini (18 January 1813 – 2 February 1881) was an Italian mathematician, professor, scientist, and politician renowned as a pioneer of cremation in Europe, primarily in the United Kingdom.
Biography
Born in Pavia, Gorini obtained a bachelor's degree in mathematics at the University of Pavia in 1832 and subsequently moved to Lodi in 1834, where he worked as lecturer of physics in the local lyceum. There he achieved noteworthy discoveries about organic substances. Gorini became interested in politics at a very young age and joined the emerging Italian nationalist movement during the First Italian War of Independence.
After the Five Days of Milan (1848), he fled to Switzerland and was further exiled to London, England, where he continued his eclectic studies in natural sciences (anatomy, biology, chemistry, geology, and physiology). Back in Lodi, in 1871, he published Sull'origine del vulcani ("On the Origin of Volcanoes") and, in 1872, he became famous for the embalming of the bodies of Giuseppe Mazzini and Giuseppe Rovani.
In 1878, he was commissioned by the Cremation Society of Great Britain to construct the cremator at Woking Crematorium in England. He died in Lodi in 1881; following a civil ceremony, his remains were cremated and buried in the local cemetery of Riolo. A monument and a museum are dedicated to him in Lodi. In 2021, the documentary film Il mago di Lodi ("The wizard of Lodi") dedicated to his life and works as embalmer was directed by Silvia Onegli and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Nebel
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Wolfgang Nebel (born 15 November 1956) is a German computer scientist and professor for integrated circuit design at the computer science (Informatik) department of the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg.
Biography
Nebel holds a Dipl.-Ing. degree in Electrical Engineering from the Leibniz University Hannover and a Dr.-Ing. degree from the Computer Science Department of the University of Kaiserslautern, where he has worked for Reiner Hartenstein. In 1987 Nebel joined Philips Semiconductors, Hamburg, and worked as software engineer, CAD project manager and finally became CAD software development manager. In 1993 he was appointed to the professorship VLSI design at the department of computer science at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg. From 1996 to 1998 he served as dean of his department. Additionally since 1998 Nebel has been a member of the executive board of the OFFIS research center, an institute for information technology which is associated with Oldenburg University. From January 2001 December 2002 Nebel served as vice-president of Oldenburg University. Since June 2005 he has been chairman of the OFFIS – Institute for Information Technology. Nebel is co-founder, chairman and CTA of ChipVision Design Systems AG, an EDA start-up company located in Oldenburg, San Ramon, San Jose and Munich.
Nebel is and has been involved in several international conferences as program chair or a general chair. He is also active in several additional program committees
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methyl%20trifluoromethanesulfonate
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Methyl trifluoromethanesulfonate, also commonly called methyl triflate and abbreviated MeOTf, is the organic compound with the formula . It is a colourless liquid which finds use in organic chemistry as a powerful methylating agent. The compound is closely related to methyl fluorosulfonate (). Although there has yet to be a reported human fatality, several cases were reported for methyl fluorosulfonate (LC50 (rat, 1 h) = 5 ppm), and methyl triflate is expected to have similar toxicity based on available evidence.
Synthesis
Methyl triflate is commercially available, however it may also be prepared in the laboratory by treating dimethyl sulfate with triflic acid.
Reactivity
Hydrolysis
Upon contact with water, methyl triflate loses its methyl group, forming triflic acid and methanol:
Methylation
One ranking of methylating agents is . Methyl triflate will alkylate many functional groups which are very poor nucleophiles such as aldehydes, amides, and nitriles. It does not methylate benzene or the bulky 2,6-di-tert-butylpyridine. Its ability to methylate N-heterocycles is exploited in certain deprotection schemes.
Cationic polymerization
Methyl triflate initiates the living cationic polymerization of lactide and other lactones including β-propiolactone, ε-caprolactone and glycolide.
Cyclic carbonates like trimethylene carbonate and neopentylene carbonate (5,5-dimethyl-1,3-dioxan-2-one) can be polymerized to the corresponding polycarbonates. 2-alkyl-2-oxazolines, for exa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwartz%20kernel%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Schwartz kernel theorem is a foundational result in the theory of generalized functions, published by Laurent Schwartz in 1952. It states, in broad terms, that the generalized functions introduced by Schwartz (Schwartz distributions) have a two-variable theory that includes all reasonable bilinear forms on the space of test functions. The space itself consists of smooth functions of compact support.
Statement of the theorem
Let and be open sets in .
Every distribution defines a
continuous linear map such that
for every .
Conversely, for every such continuous linear map
there exists one and only one distribution such that () holds.
The distribution is the kernel of the map .
Note
Given a distribution one can always write the linear map K informally as
so that
.
Integral kernels
The traditional kernel functions of two variables of the theory of integral operators having been expanded in scope to include their generalized function analogues, which are allowed to be more singular in a serious way, a large class of operators from to its dual space of distributions can be constructed. The point of the theorem is to assert that the extended class of operators can be characterised abstractly, as containing all operators subject to a minimum continuity condition. A bilinear form on arises by pairing the image distribution with a test function.
A simple example is that the natural embedding of the test function space into - sending every te
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stages%20of%20development
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Stages of development may refer to:
Biology
Developmental biology, the study of the process by which animals and plants grow and develop
Prenatal development, also called fetal development, or embryology
Human development (biology), the process of growing to maturity. In biological terms, this entails growth from a one-celled zygote to an adult human being
Economics
Economic growth, the increase in the amount of the goods and services produced by an economy over time
Input-output model, a quantitative economic technique that represents the interdependencies between different branches of a national economy or different regional economies
IS/LM model, a macroeconomic tool that demonstrates the relationship between interest rates and real output in the goods and services market and the money market
Rostovian take-off model
Exogenous growth model
Endogenous growth theory, holds that economic growth is primarily the result of endogenous and not external forces
Dual-sector model, a model in developmental economics
O-Ring theory of economic development, a model of economic development put forward by Michael Kremer, which proposes that tasks of production must be executed proficiently together in order for any of them to be of high value
Harrod–Domar model, used in development economics to explain an economy's growth rate in terms of the level of saving and productivity of capital
Kerala model, of development, based on the development experience of the southern Indian state of Ke
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bessel%20process
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In mathematics, a Bessel process, named after Friedrich Bessel, is a type of stochastic process.
Formal definition
The Bessel process of order n is the real-valued process X given (when n ≥ 2) by
where ||·|| denotes the Euclidean norm in Rn and W is an n-dimensional Wiener process (Brownian motion).
For any n, the n-dimensional Bessel process is the solution to the stochastic differential equation (SDE)
where W is a 1-dimensional Wiener process (Brownian motion). Note that this SDE makes sense for any real parameter (although the drift term is singular at zero).
Notation
A notation for the Bessel process of dimension started at zero is .
In specific dimensions
For n ≥ 2, the n-dimensional Wiener process started at the origin is transient from its starting point: with probability one, i.e., Xt > 0 for all t > 0. It is, however, neighbourhood-recurrent for n = 2, meaning that with probability 1, for any r > 0, there are arbitrarily large t with Xt < r; on the other hand, it is truly transient for n > 2, meaning that Xt ≥ r for all t sufficiently large.
For n ≤ 0, the Bessel process is usually started at points other than 0, since the drift to 0 is so strong that the process becomes stuck at 0 as soon as it hits 0.
Relationship with Brownian motion
0- and 2-dimensional Bessel processes are related to local times of Brownian motion via the Ray–Knight theorems.
The law of a Brownian motion near x-extrema is the law of a 3-dimensional Bessel process (theorem of Tanak
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pasko%20Rakic
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Pasko Rakic (; ; born May 15, 1933) is a Yugoslav-born American neuroscientist, who presently works in the Yale School of Medicine Department of Neuroscience in New Haven, Connecticut. His main research interest is in the development and evolution of the human brain. He was the founder and served as Chairman of the Department of Neurobiology at Yale, and was founder and Director of the Kavli Institute for Neuroscience. He is best known for elucidating the mechanisms involved in development and evolution of the cerebral cortex. In 2008, Rakic shared the inaugural Kavli Prize in Neuroscience. He is currently the Dorys McConell Duberg Professor of Neuroscience, leads an active research laboratory, and serves on Advisory Boards and Scientific Councils of a number of Institutions and Research Foundations.
Early life and education
Rakic was born on May 15, 1933, in Ruma (formerly Kingdom of Yugoslavia). His father, Toma Rakić, was Croatian, originally from Pula (Istria, at that time part of Italy), but emigrated to Yugoslavia, where in the town of Novi Sad (Bačka) he studied to become an accountant and tax official. His mother, Juliana Todorić, of Serbian and Slovakian descent was born in Dubrovnik (Dalmatia) and moved to Ruma, where they met and got married in 1929.
Due to the nature of his father's job as Director of Regional Tax Services, the family moved to different towns every few years. Finally, their daughter, Vera, and son, Pasko, completed Gimnasium (High School) in
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