source stringlengths 31 207 | text stringlengths 12 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Early%20stopping | In machine learning, early stopping is a form of regularization used to avoid overfitting when training a learner with an iterative method, such as gradient descent. Such methods update the learner so as to make it better fit the training data with each iteration. Up to a point, this improves the learner's performance ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Yerkes%20Observatory | Yerkes Observatory ( ) is an astronomical observatory located in Williams Bay, Wisconsin, United States. The observatory was operated by the University of Chicago Department of Astronomy and Astrophysics from its founding in 1897 to 2018. Ownership was transferred to the non-profit Yerkes Future Foundation (YFF) in May... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transverse | Transverse may refer to:
Transverse engine, an engine in which the crankshaft is oriented side-to-side relative to the wheels of the vehicle
Transverse flute, a flute that is held horizontally
Transverse force (or Euler force), the tangential force that is felt in reaction to any angular acceleration
Transverse mass, ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Sommerfeld | Arnold Johannes Wilhelm Sommerfeld, (; 5 December 1868 – 26 April 1951) was a German theoretical physicist who pioneered developments in atomic and quantum physics, and also educated and mentored many students for the new era of theoretical physics. He served as doctoral supervisor and postdoc supervisor to seven Nobe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Order%20topology | In mathematics, an order topology is a certain topology that can be defined on any totally ordered set. It is a natural generalization of the topology of the real numbers to arbitrary totally ordered sets.
If X is a totally ordered set, the order topology on X is generated by the subbase of "open rays"
for all a, b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enthalpy%20of%20neutralization | In chemistry and thermodynamics, the enthalpy of neutralization () is the change in enthalpy that occurs when one equivalent of an acid and a base undergo a neutralization reaction to form water and a salt. It is a special case of the enthalpy of reaction. It is defined as the energy released with the formation of 1 mo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Square%20number | In mathematics, a square number or perfect square is an integer that is the square of an integer; in other words, it is the product of some integer with itself. For example, 9 is a square number, since it equals and can be written as .
The usual notation for the square of a number is not the product , but the equiva... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ZC | ZC, Zc, or zC may refer to:
ZC, in set theory, a formal system with Zermelo's first five axioms plus the axiom of choice
Zadoff–Chu sequence, in mathematics, a certain complex-valued sequence with the CAZAC property
Zangger Committee, a committee on nuclear proliferation
Zeptocoulomb, another SI unit of electric ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polygonal%20number | In mathematics, a polygonal number is a number represented as dots or pebbles arranged in the shape of a regular polygon. The dots are thought of as alphas (units). These are one type of 2-dimensional figurate numbers.
Definition and examples
The number 10 for example, can be arranged as a triangle (see triangular ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Host%20%28biology%29 | In biology and medicine, a host is a larger organism that harbours a smaller organism; whether a parasitic, a mutualistic, or a commensalist guest (symbiont). The guest is typically provided with nourishment and shelter. Examples include animals playing host to parasitic worms (e.g. nematodes), cells harbouring pathoge... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Umbral%20calculus | In mathematics before the 1970s, the term umbral calculus referred to the surprising similarity between seemingly unrelated polynomial equations and certain shadowy techniques used to "prove" them. These techniques were introduced by John Blissard and are sometimes called Blissard's symbolic method. They are often attr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Linear%20form | In mathematics, a linear form (also known as a linear functional, a one-form, or a covector) is a linear map from a vector space to its field of scalars (often, the real numbers or the complex numbers).
If is a vector space over a field , the set of all linear functionals from to is itself a vector space over with... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Protein%20catabolism | In molecular biology, protein catabolism is the breakdown of proteins into smaller peptides and ultimately into amino acids. Protein catabolism is a key function of digestion process. Protein catabolism often begins with pepsin, which converts proteins into polypeptides. These polypeptides are then further degraded.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Substrate | Substrate may refer to:
Physical layers
Substrate (biology), the natural environment in which an organism lives, or the surface or medium on which an organism grows or is attached
Substrate (locomotion), the surface over which an organism locomotes
Substrate (marine biology), the earthy material that exists in the bo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Somatic%20%28biology%29 | In cellular biology, the term somatic is derived from the French somatique which comes from Ancient Greek σωματικός (sōmatikós, “bodily”), and σῶμα (sôma, “body”.) is often used to refer to the cells of the body, in contrast to the reproductive (germline) cells, which usually give rise to the egg or sperm (or other gam... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polyphosphate | A polyphosphate is a salt or ester of polymeric oxyanions formed from tetrahedral PO4 (phosphate) structural units linked together by sharing oxygen atoms. Polyphosphates can adopt linear or a cyclic ring structures. In biology, the polyphosphate esters ADP and ATP are involved in energy storage. A variety of polyphosp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harmonic%20number | In mathematics, the -th harmonic number is the sum of the reciprocals of the first natural numbers:
Starting from , the sequence of harmonic numbers begins:
Harmonic numbers are related to the harmonic mean in that the -th harmonic number is also times the reciprocal of the harmonic mean of the first positive inte... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Roswell%20K.%20Colcord | Roswell Keyes Colcord (April 25, 1839 – October 30, 1939) was an American politician who served as the seventh Governor of Nevada from 1891 to 1895. He was a member of the Republican Party.
Biography
Colcord was born on April 25, 1839, in Searsport, Maine. He attended public schools where he studied Mechanical Enginee... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Faculty | Faculty or faculties may refer to:
Academia
Faculty (academic staff), professors, researchers, and teachers of a given university or college (North American usage)
Faculty (division), a large department of a university by field of study (used outside North America)
Biology
An ability of an individual
Cognitive ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Categorical%20imperative | The categorical imperative () is the central philosophical concept in the deontological moral philosophy of Immanuel Kant. Introduced in Kant's 1785 Groundwork of the Metaphysics of Morals, it is a way of evaluating motivations for action. It is best known in its original formulation: "Act only according to that maxim ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enhancer%20%28genetics%29 | In genetics, an enhancer is a short (50–1500 bp) region of DNA that can be bound by proteins (activators) to increase the likelihood that transcription of a particular gene will occur. These proteins are usually referred to as transcription factors. Enhancers are cis-acting. They can be located up to 1 Mbp (1,000,000 b... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repunit | In recreational mathematics, a repunit is a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that contains only the digit 1 — a more specific type of repdigit. The term stands for "repeated unit" and was coined in 1966 by Albert H. Beiler in his book Recreations in the Theory of Numbers.
A repunit prime is a repunit that is also a prime ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Organic%20sulfide | In organic chemistry, a sulfide (British English sulphide) or thioether is an organosulfur functional group with the connectivity as shown on right. Like many other sulfur-containing compounds, volatile sulfides have foul odors. A sulfide is similar to an ether except that it contains a sulfur atom in place of the oxy... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/111%20%28number%29 | 111 (One hundred [and] eleven) is the natural number following 110 and preceding 112.
In mathematics
111 is a perfect totient number.
111 is R3 or the second repunit, a number like 11, 111, or 1111 that consists of repeated units, or 1's. It equals 3 × 37, therefore all triplets (numbers like 222 or 777) in base ten ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sone | The sone () is a unit of loudness, the subjective perception of sound pressure. The study of perceived loudness is included in the topic of psychoacoustics and employs methods of psychophysics. Doubling the perceived loudness doubles the sone value. Proposed by Stanley Smith Stevens in 1936, it is not an SI unit.
Defi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Permanent%20%28mathematics%29 | In linear algebra, the permanent of a square matrix is a function of the matrix similar to the determinant. The permanent, as well as the determinant, is a polynomial in the entries of the matrix. Both are special cases of a more general function of a matrix called the immanant.
Definition
The permanent of an matrix... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservation%20biology | Conservation biology is the study of the conservation of nature and of Earth's biodiversity with the aim of protecting species, their habitats, and ecosystems from excessive rates of extinction and the erosion of biotic interactions. It is an interdisciplinary subject drawing on natural and social sciences, and the pra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Tilden | Mark W. Tilden is a robotics physicist who produces complex robotic movements from simple analog logic circuits, often with discrete electronic components, and usually without a microprocessor. He is controversial because of his libertarian Tilden's Laws of Robotics, and is known for his invention of BEAM robotics and ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BEAM%20robotics | BEAM robotics (from biology, electronics, aesthetics and mechanics) is a style of robotics that primarily uses simple analogue circuits, such as comparators, instead of a microprocessor in order to produce an unusually simple design. While not as flexible as microprocessor based robotics, BEAM robotics can be robust an... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conception | Conception commonly refers to:
Concept, an abstract idea or a mental symbol
Conception (biology), the process of becoming pregnant, involving fertilization and implantation of the embryo in the uterus
Conception may also refer to:
Entertainment
Conception (album), an album by Miles Davis
"Conception" (song), a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Elasticity | Elasticity often refers to:
Elasticity (physics), continuum mechanics of bodies that deform reversibly under stress
Elasticity may also refer to:
Information technology
Elasticity (data store), the flexibility of the data model and the clustering
Elasticity (system resource), a defining feature of distributed sys... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hilbert%20cube | In mathematics, the Hilbert cube, named after David Hilbert, is a topological space that provides an instructive example of some ideas in topology. Furthermore, many interesting topological spaces can be embedded in the Hilbert cube; that is, can be viewed as subspaces of the Hilbert cube (see below).
Definition
The ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Catalan%20number | In combinatorial mathematics, the Catalan numbers are a sequence of natural numbers that occur in various counting problems, often involving recursively defined objects. They are named after the French-Belgian mathematician Eugène Charles Catalan.
The nth Catalan number can be expressed directly in terms of the centra... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Repdigit | In recreational mathematics, a repdigit or sometimes monodigit is a natural number composed of repeated instances of the same digit in a positional number system (often implicitly decimal). The word is a portmanteau of "repeated" and "digit".
Examples are 11, 666, 4444, and 999999. All repdigits are palindromic number... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Hoffmann | Friedrich Hoffmann or Hofmann (19 February 1660 – 12 November 1742) was a German physician and chemist. He is also sometimes known in English as Frederick Hoffmann.
Life
His family had been connected with medicine for 200 years before him. Born in Halle, he attended the local gymnasium where he acquired that taste for... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/222%20%28number%29 | 222 (two hundred [and] twenty-two) is the natural number following 221 and preceding 223.
In mathematics
It is a decimal repdigit and a strobogrammatic number (meaning that it looks the same turned upside down on a calculator display). It is one of the numbers whose digit sum in decimal is the same as it is in binary... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20Carothers | Wallace Hume Carothers (; April 27, 1896 – April 29, 1937) was an American chemist, inventor, and the leader of organic chemistry at DuPont, who was credited with the invention of nylon.
Carothers was a group leader at the DuPont Experimental Station laboratory, near Wilmington, Delaware, where most polymer research w... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Slurry%20wall | A slurry wall is a civil engineering technique used to build reinforced concrete walls in areas of soft earth close to open water, or with a high groundwater table. This technique is typically used to build diaphragm (water-blocking) walls surrounding tunnels and open cuts, and to lay foundations. Slurry walls are used... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentor%20Graphics | Mentor Graphics Corporation was a US-based electronic design automation (EDA) multinational corporation for electrical engineering and electronics, headquartered in Wilsonville, Oregon. Founded in 1981, the company distributed products that assist in electronic design automation, simulation tools for analog mixed-signa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LookSmart | LookSmart is an American search advertising, content management, online media, and technology company. It provides search, machine learning and chatbot technologies as well as pay-per-click and contextual advertising services.
LookSmart also licenses and manages search ad networks as white-label products. It abides by... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Glycobiology | Defined in the narrowest sense, glycobiology is the study of the structure, biosynthesis, and biology of saccharides (sugar chains or glycans) that are widely distributed in nature. Sugars or saccharides are essential components of all living things and aspects of the various roles they play in biology are researched i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryptome | Cryptome was an online library and 501(c)(3) private foundation created in 1996 by John Young and Deborah Natsios and closed in 2023. The site collected information about freedom of expression, privacy, cryptography, dual-use technologies, national security, intelligence, and government secrecy.
Cryptome was known fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20equilibrium | In chemistry, a dynamic equilibrium exists once a reversible reaction occurs. Substances transition between the reactants and products at equal rates, meaning there is no net change. Reactants and products are formed at such a rate that the concentration of neither changes. It is a particular example of a system in a s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Probability%20vector | In mathematics and statistics, a probability vector or stochastic vector is a vector with non-negative entries that add up to one.
The positions (indices) of a probability vector represent the possible outcomes of a discrete random variable, and the vector gives us the probability mass function of that random variable... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20anatomy%20in%20the%2019th%20century | The history of anatomy in the 19th century saw anatomists largely finalise and systematise the descriptive human anatomy of the previous century. The discipline also progressed to establish growing sources of knowledge in histology and developmental biology, not only of humans but also of animals.
Anatomical science
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FDP | FDP may refer to:
Biology and medicine
Fibrin degradation product
Fixed-dose procedure
Flexor digitorum profundus muscle
Fructose 1,6-bisphosphate
Political parties
Free Democratic Party (Germany) () in the Federal Republic of Germany
FDP.The Liberals, in Switzerland
Fancy Dress Party
Fiji Democratic Party
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stochastic%20matrix | In mathematics, a stochastic matrix is a square matrix used to describe the transitions of a Markov chain. Each of its entries is a nonnegative real number representing a probability. It is also called a probability matrix, transition matrix, substitution matrix, or Markov matrix. The stochastic matrix was first develo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20write%20rule | In computer science, particularly the field of databases, the Thomas write rule is a rule in timestamp-based concurrency control. It can be summarized as ignore outdated writes.
It states that, if a more recent transaction has already written the value of an object, then a less recent transaction does not need to per... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Timestamp-based%20concurrency%20control | In computer science, a timestamp-based concurrency control algorithm is a non-lock concurrency control method. It is used in some databases to safely handle transactions, using timestamps.
Operation
Assumptions
Every timestamp value is unique and accurately represents an instant in time.
A higher-valued timestamp o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Non-lock%20concurrency%20control | In Computer Science, in the field of databases, non-lock concurrency control is a concurrency control method used in relational databases without using locking.
There are several non-lock concurrency control methods, which involve the use of timestamps on transaction to determine transaction priority:
Optimistic con... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concurrency%20control | In information technology and computer science, especially in the fields of computer programming, operating systems, multiprocessors, and databases, concurrency control ensures that correct results for concurrent operations are generated, while getting those results as quickly as possible.
Computer systems, both soft... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conjugate%20transpose | In mathematics, the conjugate transpose, also known as the Hermitian transpose, of an complex matrix is an matrix obtained by transposing and applying complex conjugate on each entry (the complex conjugate of being , for real numbers and ). It is often denoted as or or or (often in physics) .
For real matrice... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Complex%20plane | In mathematics, the complex plane is the plane formed by the complex numbers, with a Cartesian coordinate system such that the -axis, called the real axis, is formed by the real numbers, and the -axis, called the imaginary axis, is formed by the imaginary numbers.
The complex plane allows for a geometric interpretatio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%20two-phase%20locking | In computer science, conservative two-phase locking (C2PL) is a locking method used in DBMS and relational databases.
Conservative 2PL prevents deadlocks.
The difference between 2PL and C2PL is that C2PL's transactions obtain all the locks they need before the transactions begin. This is to ensure that a transaction... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-modifying%20code | In computer science, self-modifying code (SMC or SMoC) is code that alters its own instructions while it is executing – usually to reduce the instruction path length and improve performance or simply to reduce otherwise repetitively similar code, thus simplifying maintenance. The term is usually only applied to code wh... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Domain%20relational%20calculus | In computer science, domain relational calculus (DRC) is a calculus that was introduced by Michel Lacroix and Alain Pirotte as a declarative database query language for the relational data model.
In DRC, queries have the form:
where each Xi is either a domain variable or constant, and denotes a DRC formula. The res... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reference%20ranges%20for%20blood%20tests | Reference ranges (reference intervals) for blood tests are sets of values used by a health professional to interpret a set of medical test results from blood samples. Reference ranges for blood tests are studied within the field of clinical chemistry (also known as "clinical biochemistry", "chemical pathology" or "pure... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Silicon-burning%20process | In astrophysics, silicon burning is a very brief sequence of nuclear fusion reactions that occur in massive stars with a minimum of about 8–11 solar masses. Silicon burning is the final stage of fusion for massive stars that have run out of the fuels that power them for their long lives in the main sequence on the Hert... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write%E2%80%93read%20conflict | In computer science, in the field of databases, write–read conflict, also known as reading uncommitted data, is a computational anomaly associated with interleaved execution of transactions.
Given a schedule S
T2 could read a database object A, modified by T1 which hasn't committed. This is a dirty or inconsistent re... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Write%E2%80%93write%20conflict | In computer science, in the field of databases, write–write conflict, also known as overwriting uncommitted data is a computational anomaly associated with interleaved execution of transactions.
Given a schedule S
note that there is no read in this schedule. The writes are called blind writes.
We have a lost update.... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Read%E2%80%93write%20conflict | In computer science, in the field of databases, read–write conflict, also known as unrepeatable reads, is a computational anomaly associated with interleaved execution of transactions.
Given a schedule S
In this example, T1 has read the original value of A, and is waiting for T2 to finish. T2 also reads the original... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Leo%20Esaki | Reona Esaki (江崎 玲於奈 Esaki Reona, born March 12, 1925), also known as Leo Esaki, is a Japanese physicist who shared the Nobel Prize in Physics in 1973 with Ivar Giaever and Brian David Josephson for his work in electron tunneling in semiconductor materials which finally led to his invention of the Esaki diode, which exp... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tribe%20%28biology%29 | In biology, a tribe is a taxonomic rank above genus, but below family and subfamily. It is sometimes subdivided into subtribes. By convention, all taxonomic ranks from genus upwards are capitalized, including both tribe and subtribe.
In zoology, the standard ending for the name of a zoological tribe is "-ini". Example... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chandra%20X-ray%20Observatory | The Chandra X-ray Observatory (CXO), previously known as the Advanced X-ray Astrophysics Facility (AXAF), is a Flagship-class space telescope launched aboard the during STS-93 by NASA on July 23, 1999. Chandra is sensitive to X-ray sources 100 times fainter than any previous X-ray telescope, enabled by the high angula... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kettering%20University | Kettering University is a private university in Flint, Michigan. It offers bachelor of science and master’s degrees in STEM (science, technology, engineering, and mathematics) and business fields. Kettering University undergraduate students are required to complete at least five co-op terms to graduate. Students gain p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultraviolet%20catastrophe | The ultraviolet catastrophe, also called the Rayleigh–Jeans catastrophe, was the prediction of late 19th century to early 20th century classical physics that an ideal black body at thermal equilibrium would emit an unbounded quantity of energy as wavelength decreased into the ultraviolet range. The term "ultraviolet ca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sheffer%20sequence | In mathematics, a Sheffer sequence or poweroid is a polynomial sequence, i.e., a sequence of polynomials in which the index of each polynomial equals its degree, satisfying conditions related to the umbral calculus in combinatorics. They are named for Isador M. Sheffer.
Definition
Fix a polynomial sequence (pn). Defi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SNP | SNP may refer to:
Computing
SNP (complexity), in theoretical computer science
SNP file format, for Microsoft Access reports
Scalable Networking Pack, to extend Microsoft Windows Server 2003
Secure Network Programming, a prototype Internet protocol and API
SnP file or Touchstone file, an electrical circuit simu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20genetics | Population genetics is a subfield of genetics that deals with genetic differences within and among populations, and is a part of evolutionary biology. Studies in this branch of biology examine such phenomena as adaptation, speciation, and population structure.
Population genetics was a vital ingredient in the emergenc... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cryobiology | Cryobiology is the branch of biology that studies the effects of low temperatures on living things within Earth's cryosphere or in science. The word cryobiology is derived from the Greek words κρῧος [kryos], "cold", βίος [bios], "life", and λόγος [logos], "word". In practice, cryobiology is the study of biological mate... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20theory%20%28disambiguation%29 | The term mathematical theory may refer to:
Theory (mathematical logic), a collection of sentences in a formal language.
Mathematical theory, a branch of mathematics
See also
Theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Microenvironment | Microenvironment may refer to:
Microenvironment (biology), a small or relatively small usually distinctly specialized and effectively isolated biophysical environment (as of a nerve cell)
Microenvironment (ecology), also known as a microhabitat, a very small, specific area in a habitat, distinguished from its immedi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/In-place%20algorithm | In computer science, an in-place algorithm is an algorithm that operates directly on the input data structure without requiring extra space proportional to the input size. In other words, it modifies the input in place, without creating a separate copy of the data structure. An algorithm which is not in-place is someti... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiple%20granularity%20locking | In computer science, multiple granularity locking (MGL) is a locking method used in database management systems (DBMS) and relational databases.
In multiple granularity locking, locks are set on objects that contain other objects. MGL exploits the hierarchical nature of the contains relationship. For example, a databa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Index%20of%20chemistry%20articles | Chemistry (from Egyptian kēme (chem), meaning "earth") is the physical science concerned with the composition, structure, and properties of matter, as well as the changes it undergoes during chemical reactions.
Below is a list of chemistry-related articles. Chemical compounds are listed separately at list of organic c... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Set-builder%20notation | In set theory and its applications to logic, mathematics, and computer science, set-builder notation is a mathematical notation for describing a set by enumerating its elements, or stating the properties that its members must satisfy.
Defining sets by properties is also known as set comprehension, set abstraction or a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geometrization%20conjecture | In mathematics, Thurston's geometrization conjecture states that each of certain three-dimensional topological spaces has a unique geometric structure that can be associated with it. It is an analogue of the uniformization theorem for two-dimensional surfaces, which states that every simply connected Riemann surface ca... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Avocet | The four species of avocets are a genus, Recurvirostra, of waders in the same avian family as the stilts. The genus name comes from Latin , 'curved backwards' and , 'bill'. The common name is thought to derive from the Italian (Ferrarese) word . Francis Willughby in 1678 noted it as the "Avosetta of the Italians".
Bi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hsiang%E2%80%93Lawson%27s%20conjecture | In mathematics, Lawson's conjecture states that the Clifford torus is the only minimally embedded torus in the 3-sphere S3. The conjecture was featured by the Australian Mathematical Society Gazette as part of the Millennium Problems series.
In March 2012, Simon Brendle gave a proof of this conjecture, based on maximu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MPI | MPI or Mpi may refer to:
Science and technology
Biology and medicine
Magnetic particle imaging, an emerging non-invasive tomographic technique
Myocardial perfusion imaging, a nuclear medicine procedure that illustrates the function of the heart muscle (myocardium)
Mannose phosphate isomerase, an enzyme
Mass psych... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Differential%20form | In mathematics, differential forms provide a unified approach to define integrands over curves, surfaces, solids, and higher-dimensional manifolds. The modern notion of differential forms was pioneered by Élie Cartan. It has many applications, especially in geometry, topology and physics.
For instance, the expressio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Rham%20cohomology | In mathematics, de Rham cohomology (named after Georges de Rham) is a tool belonging both to algebraic topology and to differential topology, capable of expressing basic topological information about smooth manifolds in a form particularly adapted to computation and the concrete representation of cohomology classes. It... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Right-hand%20rule | In mathematics and physics, the right-hand rule is a convention and a mnemonic for deciding the orientation of axes in three-dimensional space. It is a convenient method for determining the direction of the cross product of two vectors.
There are two ways of applying the right hand rule. The first one is conventiona... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exterior%20algebra | In mathematics, the exterior algebra of a vector space is a graded associative algebra
Elements in ∧nV are called -multivectors, and are given by a sum of -blades ("products" of elements of ); it is an abstraction of oriented lengths, areas, volumes and more generally oriented n-volumes for n ≥ 0.
The algebra pro... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cotangent%20bundle | In mathematics, especially differential geometry, the cotangent bundle of a smooth manifold is the vector bundle of all the cotangent spaces at every point in the manifold. It may be described also as the dual bundle to the tangent bundle. This may be generalized to categories with more structure than smooth manifolds,... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20Little%20%28academic%29 | John Dutton Conant Little (born February 1, 1928) is an Institute Professor at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology best known for his result in operations research, Little's law.
Biography
Born in Boston, he earned a S.B. in physics from Massachusetts Institute of Technology (1948) and worked at General Electr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Darcy%E2%80%93Weisbach%20equation | In fluid dynamics, the Darcy–Weisbach equation is an empirical equation that relates the head loss, or pressure loss, due to friction along a given length of pipe to the average velocity of the fluid flow for an incompressible fluid. The equation is named after Henry Darcy and Julius Weisbach. Currently, there is no fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mensuration | Mensuration may refer to:
Measurement
Theory of measurement
Mensuration (mathematics), a branch of mathematics that deals with measurement of various parameters of geometric figures and many more
Forest mensuration, a branch of forestry that deals with measurements of forest stand
Mensural notation of music
Mensuratio... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%27s%20four-square%20identity | In mathematics, Euler's four-square identity says that the product of two numbers, each of which is a sum of four squares, is itself a sum of four squares.
Algebraic identity
For any pair of quadruples from a commutative ring, the following expressions are equal:
Euler wrote about this identity in a letter dated May ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Philip%20J.%20Carroll | Philip J. Carroll, Jr. (1937–2014) was an American businessman who was active in a variety of corporate and government roles.
Carroll earned a Bachelor of Science in physics from Loyola University New Orleans in 1958 and a M.S. in physics from Tulane University in 1961, after which he joined the Shell Oil company as a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edmund%20Landau | Edmund Georg Hermann Landau (14 February 1877 – 19 February 1938) was a German mathematician who worked in the fields of number theory and complex analysis.
Biography
Edmund Landau was born to a Jewish family in Berlin. His father was Leopold Landau, a gynecologist, and his mother was Johanna Jacoby. Landau studied ma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multivalued%20function | In mathematics, a multivalued function is a set-valued function with additional properties depending on context. The terms multifunction and many-valued function are sometimes also used.
A multivalued function of sets f : X → Y is a subset
Write f(x) for the set of those y ∈ Y with (x,y) ∈ Γf. If f is an ordinary ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/American%20Physical%20Society | The American Physical Society (APS) is a not-for-profit membership organization of professionals in physics and related disciplines, comprising nearly fifty divisions, sections, and other units. Its mission is the advancement and diffusion of knowledge of physics. The society publishes more than a dozen scientific jour... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Kurchatov | Igor Vasilyevich Kurchatov (; 12 January 1903 – 7 February 1960), was a Soviet physicist who played a central role in organizing and directing the former Soviet program of nuclear weapons.
As many of his contemporaries in Russia, Kurchatov, initially educated as a naval architect, was an autodidact in nuclear physics... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/VariCAD | VariCAD is a computer program for 3D/2D CAD and mechanical engineering which has been developed since 1988 in the Czech Republic. VariCAD runs on Windows and Linux. It features many tools for 3D modeling and 2D drafting. VariCAD provides support for parameters and geometric constraints, tools for shells, pipelines, s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/McCarthy%2091%20function | The McCarthy 91 function is a recursive function, defined by the computer scientist John McCarthy as a test case for formal verification within computer science.
The McCarthy 91 function is defined as
The results of evaluating the function are given by M(n) = 91 for all integer arguments n ≤ 100, and M(n) = n − 10 fo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ravi%20Sethi | Ravi Sethi (born 1947) is an Indian computer scientist retired from executive roles at Bell Labs and Avaya Labs. He also serves as a member of the National Science Foundation's Computer and Information Science and Engineering (CISE) Advisory Committee. He is best known as one of three authors of the classic computer s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Deng%20Nan | Deng Nan () (born October 1945 in Guang'an, Sichuan) is a Chinese politician and physicist.
Early life
Deng was born the second daughter of Deng Xiaoping with his third wife Zhuo Lin.
Deng studied physics at Peking University from 1964 to 1970. During university, she was secretary of the branch Communist Youth League... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Financial%20cryptography | Financial cryptography is the use of cryptography in applications in which financial loss could result from subversion of the message system. Financial cryptography is distinguished from traditional cryptography in that for most of recorded history, cryptography has been used almost entirely for military and diplomatic... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teratology | Teratology is the study of abnormalities of physiological development in organisms during their life span. It is a sub-discipline in medical genetics which focuses on the classification of congenital abnormalities in dysmorphology caused by teratogens. Teratogens are substances that may cause non-heritable birth defect... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.