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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20amplifier
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In physics, a quantum amplifier is an amplifier that uses quantum mechanical methods to amplify a signal; examples include the active elements of lasers and optical amplifiers.
The main properties of the quantum amplifier are its amplification coefficient and uncertainty. These parameters are not independent; the higher the amplification coefficient, the higher the uncertainty (noise). In the case of lasers, the uncertainty corresponds to the amplified spontaneous emission of the active medium. The unavoidable noise of quantum amplifiers is one of the reasons for the use of digital signals in optical communications and can be deduced from the fundamentals of quantum mechanics.
Introduction
An amplifier increases the amplitude of whatever goes through it. While classical amplifiers take in classical signals, quantum amplifiers take in quantum signals, such as coherent states. This does not necessarily mean that the output is a coherent state; indeed, typically it is not. The form of the output depends on the specific amplifier design. Besides amplifying the intensity of the input, quantum amplifiers can also increase the quantum noise present in the signal.
Exposition
The physical electric field in a paraxial single-mode pulse can be approximated with superposition of modes; the electric field of a single mode can be described as
where
is the spatial coordinate vector, with z giving the direction of motion,
is the polarization vector of the pulse,
is the wave number
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ata%C3%A7%20%C4%B0mamo%C4%9Flu
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Ataç İmamoğlu (born August 12, 1964) is a Turkish-Swiss physicist working on quantum optics and quantum computation. His academic interests are quantum optics, semiconductor physics, and nonlinear optics.
Education
İmamoğlu graduated from TED Ankara College in 1981. He received his BSc in electrical engineering at the Middle East Technical University, and his Ph.D. from Stanford for his work on Electromagnetically Induced Transparency and Lasers without Inversion. He did post-doctoral work on atomic and molecular physics at Harvard.
Career
In 1993, he joined the Electrical and Computer Engineering Department of University of California, Santa Barbara. In 1999, he became a professor of electrical engineering and physics. In 2001 he moved to the University of Stuttgart in Germany. Since 2002, he has been working at ETHZ (Swiss Federal Institute of Technology), Switzerland, where he is heading the research group on Quantum Photonics.
His group at ETHZ investigates quantum optics of solid-state zero-dimensional emitters, such as quantum dots or defects, embedded in photonic nano-structures. They are particularly interested in understanding physical properties that distinguish these solid-state systems from their atomic counterparts. Controlling quantum dynamics of quantum dot spins for applications in quantum information processing is one of their principal goals. As of February 2009, he had received ~8600 citations according to the Web of Science.
Awards and honors
He receiv
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isobutyramide
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Isobutyramide in chemistry is an amide with the molecular formula C4H9NO.
Isobutyramide can also refer to the functional group with the following chemical formula: R-NH-CO-CH(CH3)2.
See also
Butyramide
Carboxamides
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blind%20equalization
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Blind equalization is a digital signal processing technique in which the transmitted signal is inferred (equalized) from the received signal, while making use only of the transmitted signal statistics. Hence, the use of the word blind in the name.
Blind equalization is essentially blind deconvolution applied to digital communications. Nonetheless, the emphasis in blind equalization is on online estimation of the equalization filter, which is the inverse of the channel impulse response, rather than the estimation of the channel impulse response itself. This is due to blind deconvolution common mode of usage in digital communications systems, as a means to extract the continuously transmitted signal from the received signal, with the channel impulse response being of secondary intrinsic importance.
The estimated equalizer is then convolved with the received signal to yield an estimation of the transmitted signal.
Problem statement
Noiseless model
Assuming a linear time invariant channel with impulse response , the noiseless model relates the received signal to the transmitted signal via
The blind equalization problem can now be formulated as follows; Given the received signal , find a filter , called an equalization filter, such that
where is an estimation of .
The solution to the blind equalization problem is not unique. In fact, it may be determined only up to a signed scale factor and an arbitrary time delay. That is, if are estimates of the transmitted signal an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Walter%20H.%20Barkas
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Walter Henry Barkas (2 September 1912 – 28 March 1969) was professor of physics at the University of California, Riverside beginning in 1965. He specialized in the use of nuclear emulsions, i.e., photographic plates having a thick sensitive layer, for purposes of Particle physics.
Together with his collaborators, he discovered the difference in range between positive and negative mesons of the same initial energy, and he ascribed this effect to the difference in stopping power between positively and negatively charged particles. Hence, this difference is called Barkas effect or Barkas-Andersen effect, see Bethe formula.
Barkas was a visiting scholar at the Institute for Advanced Study in 1938-40. In 1941 he was elected as Fellow of the American Physical Society.
Biography
He was born on 2 September 1912 in Portland, Oregon to Leander Henrikson Barkas and Ester Emilia Gustafsson. He became a professor of physics at the University of California, Riverside in 1965. He died on 28 March 1969 in Riverside, California.
Literature
Barkas W.H., Dyer J.N., Heckmann H.H.: "Resolution of the Σ−-mass anomaly", Physical Review Letters 11 (1963) 26
Sigmund P.: "Particle Penetration and Radiation Effects, General Aspects and Stopping of Swift Point Charges", Springer Series in Solid State Sciences Vol. 151, Springer Berlin Heidelberg (2006)
he co wrote Data for elementary-particle physics published by the University of California Radiation Laboratory, 1958.
References
1912 births
1969
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LOTD
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LOTD may stand for:
Lesson of the Day- used especially on Twitter
Land of the Dead, the fourth movie in George A. Romero's "Dead Series"
Linux on the Desktop, Linux on the Desktop
Lord of the Dance (disambiguation)
Laws of thermodynamics, physics laws that describe the specifics for the transport of heat and work in thermodynamic processes
Legion of the Damned (band), a Dutch thrash/death metal band
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Tijdeman
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Robert Tijdeman (born 30 July 1943 in Oostzaan, North Holland) is a Dutch mathematician. Specializing in number theory, he is best known for his Tijdeman's theorem. He is a professor of mathematics at the Leiden University since 1975, and was chairman of the department of mathematics and computer science at Leiden from 1991 to 1993. He was also president of the Dutch Mathematical Society from 1984 to 1986.
Tijdeman received his PhD in 1969 from the University of Amsterdam, and received an honorary doctorate from Kossuth Lajos University in 1999. In 1987 he was elected to the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences.
References
External links
Tijdeman's web site at Leiden.
1943 births
Living people
People from Oostzaan
20th-century Dutch mathematicians
21st-century Dutch mathematicians
Number theorists
Members of the Royal Netherlands Academy of Arts and Sciences
Academic staff of Leiden University
University of Amsterdam alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Attack%20patterns
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In computer science, attack patterns are a group of rigorous methods for finding bugs or errors in code related to computer security.
Attack patterns are often used for testing purposes and are very important for ensuring that potential vulnerabilities are prevented. The attack patterns themselves can be used to highlight areas which need to be considered for security hardening in a software application. They also provide, either physically or in reference, the common solution pattern for preventing the attack. Such a practice can be termed defensive coding patterns.
Attack patterns define a series of repeatable steps that can be applied to simulate an attack against the security of a system.
Categories
There are several different ways to categorize attack patterns. One way is to group them into general categories, such as: Architectural, Physical, and External (see details below). Another way of categorizing attack patterns is to group them by a specific technology or type of technology (e.g. database attack patterns, web application attack patterns, network attack patterns, etc. or SQL Server attack patterns, Oracle Attack Patterns, .Net attack patterns, Java attack patterns, etc.)
Using general categories
Architectural attack patterns are used to attack flaws in the architectural design of the system. These are things like weaknesses in protocols, authentication strategies, and system modularization. These are more logic-based attacks than actual bit-manipulation a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tee%20%28disambiguation%29
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Tee, tees, or TEE may refer to:
Common meaning
Tee, an item of sports equipment, used a.o. in golf
Tee language, a language spoken in Nigeria
tee (command), a shell command in various operating systems
Tee (symbol), symbol used in mathematics, logic and computer science
T-shirt, or tee
As an acronym
Tertiary Entrance Exam, an important exam for high school students in Western Australia
Total energy expenditure, the total amount of energy an individual expends (usually per day)
Thromboembolism, ThromboEmbolic Event
Trans Europ Express, a former international train network in Europe
Trans-Europe Express (album), an album by the German electronic band Kraftwerk
Transesophageal echocardiogram, a medical test that creates two dimensional images of the heart
Trusted execution environment, an execution framework with a higher level of security than the main operating system itself
Faculty of Technology, Engineering and the Environment (Birmingham City University)
Theological Education by Extension
Places
Ben Tee, a Scottish mountain
Tees, Alberta, a hamlet in Alberta, Canada
River Tees, a river in northern England
Other uses
Tee (given name)
Tee (surname), an English and Chinese surname
Tee, a traditional method of exchange in Enga Province, Papua New Guinea
Teeing ground, part of a golf course from where each golfer plays his first shot at each hole
Tee Pee Records, a record label
Tee Productions, a record label
Tee Records, a record label
Tee, also known as Ofisa Toleafoa, a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foiled%20carbene
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A foiled carbene in organic chemistry is a special type of stabilized carbene due to the proximity of a double bond. This type of reactive intermediate is implicated in certain organic reactions. The positive interaction between carbene and double bond is only present in the singlet type and based on through-space electron transfer between the empty carbene p-orbital (LUMO) and filled alkene double bond p-orbitals (HOMO). The result is a three-center two-electron bond akin to certain non-classical ions.
The increased stabilization blocks certain otherwise ordinary reaction modes for the carbene, hence the term foiled. An example is norbornen-7-ylidene, which is norbornene with a carbenic carbon atom at the bridge position. In silico experiments reveal that the bridge in this molecule is actually bending towards the double bond with an optimum angle of around 90° vs 130° for norbornene.
References
Carbenes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ahmad%20Jalali
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Ahmad Jalali (, born 1949 in Shahroud) is an Iranian scholar and philosopher.
He authored a dozen articles in social, cultural, historical, philosophical, political and international fields. Jalali was instrumental in registering five Iranian sites as World Heritage Site in UNESCO.
Education
Mechanical Engineering, Shiraz University (BA),
Philosophy, Tehran University (MA),
Political Philosophy, University of Oxford (PhD).
Positions
Teaching Fellow, University of Manchester, Department of Middle Eastern Studies, Manchester, United Kingdom (1991–92)
Fellow, Oriental Studies and Academic Member, Department of Persian Studies, Oriental Institute, University of Oxford, United Kingdom (1992–97).
Ambassador and Permanent Delegate of Iran to UNESCO (1997–2006)
Chairperson, Programme Commission I, 29th Session of the General Conference (1997)
Chairperson, Roundtable on Youth, 29th Session of the General Conference (1997)
Representative of Iran to the Executive Board of UNESCO (1999–2001)
Chairperson, Fourth Regional Group, Asia and the Pacific, UNESCO (1999)
Co-organizer and contributor to many UNESCO-sponsored conferences focusing on Dialogue between Islamic and European Civilizations
Member, Council of United Nations University (UNU) (2001–07)
President of the 31st General Conference of UNESCO (2001–03)
President of the World Heritage Convention General Assembly of UNESCO (2003–04)
Head of the Iranian Parliament Library, Museum and Documentation Center and Cultural Consultant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Haplogroup%20P%20%28mtDNA%29
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In human mitochondrial genetics, Haplogroup P is a human mitochondrial DNA (mtDNA) haplogroup.
Origin
Haplogroup P is a descendant of Haplogroup R.
Distribution
Today, P is most commonly found in Oceania, especially in Papuans, Melanesians, indigenous Australians, It's 1.4% in mainstream Filipinos but 1.13% in Luzon, 1.78% in Visayas, 1.43% in Mindanao. It is much higher in Sub-Filipinos groups, 6.67% in Bugkalot and 11.2% in Maranao. It was found in the Philippines Negrito Aeta of Bataan at 40%. It is also found in the Malaysians at 0.9%, including Indonesians.
Subclades
Tree
This phylogenetic tree of haplogroup P subclades is based on the paper by Mannis van Oven and Manfred Kayser Updated comprehensive phylogenetic tree of global human mitochondrial DNA variation and subsequent published research.
P
(16176)
P1
P1d
P1d1
P2'10
P2
P10
P8
P3
P3a
P3b
P3b1
P4
P4a
P4a1
P4b
P4b1
P5
P6
P7
P9
See also
Genealogical DNA test
Genetic genealogy
Human mitochondrial genetics
Population genetics
References
External links
General
Ian Logan's Mitochondrial DNA Site
Mannis van Oven's Phylotree
Haplogroup P
Expanding Southwest Pacific Mitochondrial Haplogroups P and Q
P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Center%20of%20Astronomy%20%28Heidelberg%20University%29
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The Zentrum für Astronomie der Universität Heidelberg (Center for Astronomy of Heidelberg University) in Heidelberg, Germany, founded in 2005, is an association of three, formerly state-run research institutes: the Astronomisches Rechen-Institut, the Institut für Theoretische Astrophysik (Institute for Theoretical Astrophysics) and the Landessternwarte Heidelberg-Königstuhl (Heidelberg-Königstuhl State Observatory).
External links
Homepage of the Center for Astronomy
Heidelberg University
Astronomy institutes and departments
Research institutes in Germany
Astrophysics research institutes
2005 establishments in Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Polar%20rose
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Polar rose may refer to:
Rose (mathematics), a mathematical curve
Polar Rose (facial recognition), a company out of Malmö, Sweden which makes facial recognition software.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Heini%20Hediger
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Heini Hediger (30 November 1908 in Basel – 29 August 1992 in Bern) was a Swiss biologist noted for work in proxemics in animal behavior and is known as the "father of zoo biology". Hediger was formerly the director of Tierpark Dählhölzli (1938–1943), Zoo Basel (1944–1953) and Zürich Zoo (1954–1973).
Psychology
Hediger described a number of standard interaction distances used in one form or another between animals. Two of these are flight distance and critical distance, used when animals of different species meet, whereas others are personal distance and social distance, observed during interactions between members of the same species. Hediger's biological social distance theories were used as a basis for Edward T. Hall's 1966 anthropological social distance theories.
In the 1950s, psychologist Humphry Osmond developed the concept of socio-architecture hospital design, such as was used in the design of the Weyburn mental hospital in 1951, based partly on Hediger's species-habitat work.
Zoo biology
In 1942 Heini Hediger developed the science of wild animals kept in human care and published his concept of a new, special branch of biology, called “zoo biology”. The main statement is that animals in zoos are not to be considered as “captives” but as “owners of property”, namely the territory of their enclosures. They mark and defend this territory as they do in the natural environment and if the enclosures contain these elements which are of importance to them also in their n
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DNA%20adduct
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In molecular genetics, a DNA adduct is a segment of DNA bound to a cancer-causing chemical. This process could lead to the development of cancerous cells, or carcinogenesis. DNA adducts in scientific experiments are used as biomarkers of exposure. They are especially useful in quantifying an organism's exposure to a carcinogen. The presence of such an adduct indicates prior exposure to a potential carcinogen, but it does not necessarily indicate the presence of cancer in the subject animal.
DNA adducts are researched in laboratory settings. A typical experimental design for studying DNA adducts is to induce them with known carcinogens. A scientific journal will often incorporate the name of the carcinogen with their experimental design. For example, the term "DMBA-DNA adduct" in a scientific journal refers to a piece of DNA that has DMBA (7,12-dimethylbenz(a)anthracene) attached to it.
Carcinogens' impact
Several diseases, including cancer, develop from mutated DNA. These mutations are caused by carcinogens through external and internal factors. Carcinogens are chemical or physical agents that cause DNA damage, which may later develop into cancer. They can initiate mutagenesis in DNA by interfering with the replication process. These interactions typically cause chemical adducts to form in the cell. This allows for DNA adducts to serve as biomarkers of exposure to carcinogens from the environment. They are attractive biomarkers because they are stable, abundant, and easily
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ARIA%20%28cipher%29
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In cryptography, ARIA is a block cipher designed in 2003 by a large group of South Korean researchers. In 2004, the Korean Agency for Technology and Standards selected it as a standard cryptographic technique.
The algorithm uses a substitution–permutation network structure based on AES. The interface is the same as AES: 128-bit block size with key size of 128, 192, or 256 bits. The number of rounds is 12, 14, or 16, depending on the key size. ARIA uses two 8×8-bit S-boxes and their inverses in alternate rounds; one of these is the Rijndael S-box.
The key schedule processes the key using a 3-round 256-bit Feistel cipher, with the binary expansion of 1/ as a source of "nothing up my sleeve numbers".
Implementations
The reference source code of ARIA cipher implemented in C, C++, and Java can be downloaded from KISA's cryptography use activation webpage.
Standardization
KATS
KS X 1213:2004
IETF
Algorithm
: A Description of the ARIA Encryption Algorithm
TLS/SSL
: Addition of the ARIA Cipher Suites to Transport Layer Security (TLS)
SRTP
: The ARIA Algorithm and Its Use with the Secure Real-Time Transport Protocol (SRTP)
Security
References
External links
ARIA home
Lazarus/Delphi port of ARIA
Block ciphers
Standards of South Korea
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20conservation
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Genetic conservation may refer to:
Conserved sequences, DNA or protein sequences that are conserved over evolutionary time
Conservation genetics, the field of science concerned with maintaining genetic diversity
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Arnold%20Allen%20%28mathematician%29
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Arnold Oral Allen (died 2004) was an American instructor, public speaker, and writer who worked at IBM and Hewlett-Packard, and specialized in the analysis and mathematical modelling of computer performance.
Biography
Allen earned a Ph.D. in mathematics at UCLA in 1962 under Angus Taylor with a dissertation entitled Banach and Hilbert Spaces of Analytic Functions, where he later lectured. At IBM, he taught at the Information Systems Management Institute in Los Angeles, California. Later, at Hewlett-Packard, he was a member of the Performance Technology Center, then a researcher at the Advanced Technology Group in Roseville, California.
Allen was elected as a director of the Computer Measurement Group (CMG), and selected to be the keynote speaker at two international conferences. He was an invited speaker at the Sixth International Conference on Modelling Techniques and Tools for Computer Performance Evaluation, held in Edinburgh, Scotland in September 1992.
In 1994, he received the Computer Measurement group's A. A. Michelson award for technical excellence and professional contributions as a teacher and inspirer of others.
Work
Allen is most well known as the author of the book, Probability, Statistics, and Queueing Theory with Computer Science Applications. Originally published in 1978, and still in print in 2007, it is widely used as a university textbook, by practitioners of computer performance analysis, and by those wishing to apply probability, statistics and queuei
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%C3%A9raud%20de%20Cordemoy
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Géraud de Cordemoy (6 October 1626 in Paris – 15 October 1684 in Paris) was a French philosopher, historian and lawyer. He is mainly known for his works in metaphysics and for his theory of language.
Biography
Géraud de Cordemoy was born in a family of ancient nobility coming from Auvergne (from the town of Royat). He was the third of four children. His father was a master in arts at the University of Paris named Géraud de Cordemoy who died when he was nine years old. His mother was named Nicole de Cordemoy. As for Géraud, he was a private tutor and a linguist and practised as a lawyer.
Géraud de Cordemoy used to haunt the philosophical circles of the capital; he made acquaintance with Emmanuel Maignan and Jacques Rohault. A friend and a protégé of Bossuet who admired Descartes too, Géraud de Cordemoy was appointed lecteur (tutor) to the Dauphin (son of King Louis XIV), at the same time as Fléchier. He was elected a member of Académie française in 1675.
Works
Cordemoy is known primarily for having rethought the Cartesian theory of causality, introducing the notion of "occasional cause" within a system of thought which remains essentially Cartesian. He was, alongside Arnold Geulincx and Louis de La Forge, the founder of what is called "occasionalism". Body and soul are distinct by essence, their combination is occasional, and it is God who allows that the will to move my arm, for example, is translated into a movement. My will is an occasional cause of the movement of my a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preorder%20%28disambiguation%29
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The term preorder may refer to:
In mathematics:
Preorder, a reflexive, transitive relation
Preorder field, a field of sets structure on a set with preorder
Preordered field, a field with a preorder
Preordering, a vertex ordering from a tree or other graph traversal; see Depth-first search#Vertex orderings
In marketing:
Pre-order – an order placed for an item which has not yet been released.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spherulite%20%28polymer%20physics%29
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In polymer physics, spherulites (from Greek sphaira = ball and lithos = stone) are spherical semicrystalline regions inside non-branched linear polymers. Their formation is associated with crystallization of polymers from the melt and is controlled by several parameters such as the number of nucleation sites, structure of the polymer molecules, cooling rate, etc. Depending on those parameters, spherulite diameter may vary in a wide range from a few micrometers to millimeters. Spherulites are composed of highly ordered lamellae, which result in higher density, hardness, but also brittleness when compared to disordered regions in a polymer. The lamellae are connected by amorphous regions which provide elasticity and impact resistance. Alignment of the polymer molecules within the lamellae results in birefringence producing a variety of colored patterns, including a Maltese cross, when spherulites are viewed between crossed polarizers in an optical microscope.
Formation
If a molten linear polymer (such as polyethylene) is cooled down rapidly, then the orientation of its molecules, which are randomly aligned, curved and entangled remain frozen and the solid has disordered structure. However, upon slow cooling, some polymer chains take on a certain orderly configuration: they align themselves in plates called crystalline lamellae.
Growth from the melt would follow the temperature gradient (see figure). For example, if the gradient is directed normal to the direction of molecula
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrea%20Argoli
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Andrea Argoli (in Latin, Andreas Argolus) (15 March 1570 – 27 September 1657), born in Tagliacozzo, was an Italian mathematician, astronomer and astrologer. He was one of the most important 17th-century makers of ephemerides, which gave the positions of astronomical objects in the sky at a given time or times.
He was professor of mathematics at the University of Rome La Sapienza, from 1622 to 1627, and then the University of Padua 1632 to 1657. His pupils may have included Placido Titi and Giovanni Battista Seni, astrologer to Wallenstein.
Biography
Andrea Argoli was born at Tagliacozzo in the Abruzzi in 1570. His father, Ottavio, was a lawyer. He studied medicine, mathematics, and astronomy at Naples and taught mathematics at the Sapienza University of Rome from 1622 to 1627. Having lost his post because of his involvement with astrology, he was obliged to retire to Venice. The Venetian Senate recognizing his learning appointed him to the Chair of Mathematics at Padua in 1632. In 1638, the Venetian Government conferred upon him the title of Knight of the Order of Saint Mark. After recovering from grave illness in 1646, Argoli wore the Franciscan habit for the rest of his life in gratitude. Argoli was a member of the Accademia Galileiana in Padua and of the Accademia degli Incogniti in Venice.
A versatile scholar, Argoli showed an interest in medicine. He was one of the first scholars in Italy to acclaim Harvey's discovery of blood circulation. The Pandosion sphaericum
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Proteus%20%28watercraft%29
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Proteus is an experimental watercraft developed by Marine Advanced Robotics, Inc. (formerly Marine Advanced Research). It is the first vessel of the wave adaptive modular vessel-type (WAM-V). The vessel was developed by Ugo Conti. Because of its use of four legs connecting the superstructure to the outriggers, the ship has earned the nickname of "The Spider Ship" or "Spider Boat". The unusual design attracted public attention during early trials, before it even had a registration number.
Construction
Proteus is similar in design to a catamaran, in that it uses a twin hull design and no keel. Unlike most catamarans however, the superstructure is not rigidly attached to the hulls. The vessel uses titanium shock absorbers to travel with the waves in the ocean, rather than through them. This method should theoretically allow it to move faster through the water while burning less fuel, however sea trials are yet to be completed. Hogging and sagging should also be reduced as well.
The vessel is long, while its beam is allowing for relatively normal initial stability coefficient of 2:1. Its draft fluctuates more than a traditional ship, but at half load it is at the bow and at the stern. Because of the ship's limited draft and inflatable hulls it is able to be beached without damage. The ship's bridge, cargo hold and berthing for four are located in the cabin that hangs down from the four legs. The cabin can be lowered into the water below and can run under its own power. It
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/La%20Yeguada
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La Yeguada (also known as Chitra-Calobre) is a massive stratovolcano located in Veraguas Province, Panama, north of the Azuero Peninsula.
Description
De Boer et al. were the first to show that La Yeguada volcano is active and part of the extension of the Central American volcanic arc in Panama. Further detailed work on the geochemistry of the lavas from La Yeguada and other volcanoes in Panama was completed by Defant et al. They substantiated, based on geochemistry, that the lavas were derived by subduction (calc-alkaline). Radiometric dates also showed that the volcanism falls into two groups that range from 20 million years to recent. They also showed that the youngest volcanism consists primarily of adakites (partial melts from the subducted slab) whereas the older volcanism is normal calc-alkaline lavas.
The region is also home to several sorts of trees, mainly, guayacanes which are now one of the most abundant trees in the region of Azuero, the valley is also an agricultural grassland since the Laguna La Yeguada works as a natural irrigation system which prevents the region's animals and plants from dehydration.
The woods in the valley is where most of the Panamanian cedro wood is produced.
See also
List of volcanoes in Panama
References
External links
Mountains of Panama
Stratovolcanoes of Panama
Miocene stratovolcanoes
Pliocene stratovolcanoes
Pleistocene stratovolcanoes
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BrightSide%20Technologies
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BrightSide Technologies Inc. (formerly Sunnybrook Technologies) was a firm spun-out from the Structured Surface Physics Laboratory of the University of British Columbia, developing and commercializing electronic display technologies, specifically high brightness display technology called HDR. The privately held company also developed technology for capturing, processing, and storage of HDR images. BrightSide's headquarters were in Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada. It was acquired by Dolby Laboratories, Inc. in April 2007 for US$28 million.
The chief executive officer of BrightSide Technologies Inc. was Richard MacKellar. The chief technology officer was Helge Seetzen, who went on to join Dolby as becoming director of HDR Technology at Dolby (2008 to 2010), before going on to found TandemLaunch, a Montreal-based technology incubator.
The main electronic display technology developed by BrightSide was based on IMLED-LCD which consisted of a LCD with an array of individually modulated LED semiconductors as the backlights, instead of cold cathode fluorescent lamps (CCFL) that diffuse light in a layer of plastic. Each LED has 256 brightness steps, where step 0 switches the LED off and step 255 switches it to maximum luminance. As a result, the device can display true black and very bright white, with a contrast ratio technically of infinity, where minimal luminance is 0 cd/m2 (the denominator) and maximal luminance is almost 4,000 cd/m2. To address the confusion that may acc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Expression%20index
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Within computing and computer science, an expression index, also known as a function based index, is a database index that is built on a generic expression, rather than one or more columns. This allows indexes to be defined for common query conditions that depend on data in a table, but are not actually stored in that table.
A common use for an expression index is to support case-insensitive searching or constraints. For example, if a web site wants to make user names case-insensitive, but still preserve the case as originally entered by the user, an index can be created on the lower-case representation of the user name:
CREATE INDEX users__last_name_lower ON users( lower( last_name ) );
That will create a unique index on "lower(last_name)". Any queries that search on "lower(last_name)" could then make use of that index:
SELECT user_id FROM users WHERE lower( last_name ) = lower( 'Smith' );
Database support
Major databases which support expression indexes include: IBM Db2 (since version 10.5), Oracle Database (since release 8i.) and PostgreSQL (since at least version 7).
References
Database management systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Georges%20Charpy
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Georges Augustin Albert Charpy (1 September 1865 – 25 November 1945) was the French scientist who created the Charpy impact test. He attended École Polytechnique from 1885 to 1887 and graduated with a degree in Marine Artillery. In 1887 he became a professor at École Monge. In 1892 he published his physics thesis. In 1920 he became a professor of metallurgy at École Nationale Supérieure des Mines de Paris. In 1922 he became the professor of general chemistry at École Polytechnique.
References
1865 births
1945 deaths
People from Oullins
French metallurgists
Members of the French Academy of Sciences
École Polytechnique alumni
Mines Paris - PSL alumni
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/IRobot%20Create
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iRobot Create is a hobbyist robot manufactured by iRobot that was introduced in 2007 and based on their Roomba vacuum cleaning platform. The iRobot Create is explicitly designed for robotics development and improves the experience beyond simply hacking the Roomba. The Create replaces its Roomba predecessor's vacuum cleaner hardware with a cargo bay that also houses a DB-9 port providing serial communication, digital input & output, analog input & output, and an electric power supply. The Create also has a 7-pin Mini-DIN serial port through which sensor data can be read and motor commands can be issued using the iRobot Roomba Open Interface (ROI) protocol.
The platform accepts virtually all accessories designed for iRobot's second generation Roomba 400 Series domestic robots and can also be programmed with the addition of iRobot's own Command Module (a microcontroller with a USB connector and four DE-9 expansion ports). , the Command Module is no longer being sold. In 2014, iRobot replaced the original model with the Create 2, which is constructed from the chassis of remanufactured 600-series Roombas; instead of replacing the old command module, iRobot encourages the use of commodity single-board computers like Arduino and Raspberry Pi to provide additional processing power.
Controller
Due to the limitations in storage space and processing power of the iRobot Command Module, many choose to utilize an external computer in controlling the Create robot. Since the built-in seri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Null%20function
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In computer science, a null function (or null operator) is a subroutine that leaves the program state unchanged. When it is part of the instruction set of a processor, it is called a NOP or NOOP (No OPeration).
Mathematically, a (computer) function is null if and only if its execution leaves the program state unchanged. That is, a null function is an identity function whose domain and codomain are both the state space of the program, and for which:
for all elements .
Less rigorous definitions may also be encountered. For example, a function may take a single operand, transform it into a new data type, and return the result. While such usages bear a strong visual resemblance to identity functions, they create or alter a binary data value and thus change the program state. From a software maintainability perspective it is better to identify such "minor" alternations of state explicitly, since calling them null functions provides future maintainers of the code with no insights on their actual purposes.
Uses
Null functions have several uses.
During software development, null functions with the same names and type signatures as a planned functions are often used as stubs—that is, as non-functional placeholders that allow the incomplete body of code to be compiled and tested prior to completion of all planned features.
Null functions, particularly the NOP variety, are also used to provide delays of indeterminate length within wait loops. This is a common strategy in ded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Env%20%28disambiguation%29
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Env or ENV may refer to:
Biology
Env (gene), a viral envelope
Devices
ENV, a hydrogen motorcycle
LG enV (VX9900), a Verizon cellular phone
General Motors EN-V, an electric autonomous vehicle with cabin on two wheels
Entities
IATA code for Wendover Airport
E.N.V. Motor Syndicate, an early Anglo-French aircraft engine company
Education for Nature - Vietnam, a Vietnamese wildlife protection NGO
Software
env, a Unix shell utility
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Turtle%20%28robot%29
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Turtles are a class of educational robots designed originally in the late 1940s (largely under the auspices of researcher William Grey Walter) and used in computer science and mechanical engineering training. These devices are traditionally built low to the ground with a roughly hemispheric (sometimes transparent) shell and a power train capable of a very small turning radius. The robots are often equipped with sensor devices that aid in avoiding obstacles and, if the robot is sufficiently sophisticated, allow it some perception of its environment. Turtle robots are commercially available and are common projects for robotics hobbyists.
Turtle robots are closely associated with the work of Seymour Papert and the common use of the Logo programming language in computer education of the 1980s. Turtles specifically designed for use with Logo systems often come with pen mechanisms allowing the programmer to create a design on a large sheet of paper. The original Logo turtle, built by Paul Wexelblat at BBN, was named "Irving" and was demonstrated at the former Muzzey Junior High in Lexington, Massachusetts. "Irving" contained bump sensors and could give audio feedback with a bell. The development of the robotic Logo turtle led to the use of the term to describe the cursor in video screen implementations of the language and its turtle graphics package.
See also
BEAM robotics, the branch of robotics pioneered in part by William Grey Walter , specializing in autonomous devices us
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ambient%20authority
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Ambient authority is a term used in the study of access control systems.
A subject, such as a computer program, is said to be using ambient authority if it only needs to specify the names of the involved object(s) and the operation to be performed on them in order for a permitted action to succeed.
In this definition,
a "name" is any way of referring to an object that does not itself include authorising information, and could potentially be used by any subject;
an action is "permitted" for a subject if there exists any request that that subject could make that would cause the action to be carried out.
The authority is "ambient" in the sense that it exists in a broadly visible environment (often, but not necessarily a global environment) where any subject can request it by name.
For example, suppose a C program opens a file for read access by executing the call:
open("filename", O_RDONLY, 0)
The desired file is designated by its name on the filesystem, which does not by itself include authorising information, so the program is exercising ambient authority.
When ambient authority is requested, permissions are granted or denied based on one or more global properties of the executing program, such as its identity or its role. In such cases, the management of access control is handled separately from explicit communication to the executing program or process, through means such as access control lists associated with objects or through Role-Based Access Control mechanis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exponential%20polynomial
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In mathematics, exponential polynomials are functions on fields, rings, or abelian groups that take the form of polynomials in a variable and an exponential function.
Definition
In fields
An exponential polynomial generally has both a variable x and some kind of exponential function E(x). In the complex numbers there is already a canonical exponential function, the function that maps x to ex. In this setting the term exponential polynomial is often used to mean polynomials of the form P(x, ex) where P ∈ C[x, y] is a polynomial in two variables.
There is nothing particularly special about C here; exponential polynomials may also refer to such a polynomial on any exponential field or exponential ring with its exponential function taking the place of ex above. Similarly, there is no reason to have one variable, and an exponential polynomial in n variables would be of the form P(x1, ..., xn, ex1, ..., exn), where P is a polynomial in 2n variables.
For formal exponential polynomials over a field K we proceed as follows. Let W be a finitely generated Z-submodule of K and consider finite sums of the form
where the fi are polynomials in K[X] and the exp(wi X) are formal symbols indexed by wi in W subject to exp(u + v) = exp(u) exp(v).
In abelian groups
A more general framework where the term 'exponential polynomial' may be found is that of exponential functions on abelian groups. Similarly to how exponential functions on exponential fields are defined, given a topologic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Tinkham
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Michael Tinkham (February 23, 1928 – November 4, 2010) was an American physicist. He was Rumford Professor of Physics and Gordon McKay Research Professor of Applied Physics at Harvard University. He is best known for his work on superconductivity.
Professional life
Tinkham was born and raised in Brooklyn Township, a farming community in Green Lake County, Wisconsin. He studied nearby at Ripon College in Wisconsin, where he obtained a BA in 1951. He continued at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology, achieving a Master's in 1951, followed by a PhD in 1954. During 1954–55 he worked in the Clarendon Laboratory at the University of Oxford. In 1955 he moved to the University of California, Berkeley, in becoming an assistant professor in 1957, with a full professorship laler. In 1966 he joined the faculty at Harvard University as full professor. During 1978–79 he was a Humboldt U.S. Senior Scientist at the University of Karlsruhe.
Tinkham's research concentrated on superconductivity and in 1975 he published one of the classic textbooks on the subject. Later he focused on material properties where sample dimensions are in the nanometer range, including studies of nanowires and carbon nanotubes.
In 1970 Tinkham was made a member of the National Academy of Sciences, and in 1974 was awarded the Oliver E. Buckley Condensed Matter Prize. He received the Fred E. Saalfeld Award for Outstanding Lifetime Achievement in Science in 2005. He has also been honored for his achievements by
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anytime%20algorithm
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In computer science, an anytime algorithm is an algorithm that can return a valid solution to a problem even if it is interrupted before it ends. The algorithm is expected to find better and better solutions the longer it keeps running.
Most algorithms run to completion: they provide a single answer after performing some fixed amount of computation. In some cases, however, the user may wish to terminate the algorithm prior to completion. The amount of computation required may be substantial, for example, and computational resources might need to be reallocated. Most algorithms either run to completion or they provide no useful solution information. Anytime algorithms, however, are able to return a partial answer, whose quality depends on the amount of computation they were able to perform. The answer generated by anytime algorithms is an approximation of the correct answer.
Names
An anytime algorithm may be also called an "interruptible algorithm". They are different from contract algorithms, which must declare a time in advance; in an anytime algorithm, a process can just announce that it is terminating.
Goals
The goal of anytime algorithms are to give intelligent systems the ability to make results of better quality in return for turn-around time. They are also supposed to be flexible in time and resources. They are important because artificial intelligence or AI algorithms can take a long time to complete results. This algorithm is designed to complete in a shorter amo
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Image%20development
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Image development can refer to:
Corporate image development – a process known as branding or positioning
Imaging science – creating and developing images, mainly using signal processing methods
Graphic image development – creating and developing graphic images, using visual art skills
Illustrating – developing and rendering graphic images
Photography – capturing and developing photographic images
Image editing – editing graphic images, in contrast to capturing or creating graphic images from scratch
3-D modeling – creating and developing 3D computer generated graphic images from wireframe modeling
Handicraft – fabricating graphic images by hand
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Flyweight%20%28disambiguation%29
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Flyweight may mean:
Flyweight pattern, a software design pattern in computer science;
Flyweight, a class in boxing;
Flyweight (MMA), a class in mixed martial arts.
Fly weight, a weight connected to a spinning axle, as most frequently found in flywheels. However, a fly weight may also be used in other applications, such as for sensing rotation speed in centrifugal governors.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sangamagrama
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Sangamagrama is a town in medieval Kerala believed to be the Brahminical Grama of Irinjalakuda which includes parts of Irinjalakuda Municipality, Aloor, Muriyad and Velookara Panchayaths, Thrissur District. It is associated with the noted mathematician Madhava of Sangamagrama, founder of the Kerala school of astronomy and mathematics.
The town is known for the Koodalmanikyam temple.
The town was also home of Narayan Misra who was the author of the Ancient Text Vādhūla Gṛhyāgamavṛttirahasyam.
References
Cities and towns in Thrissur district
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Giovanni%20De%20Micheli
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Giovanni De Micheli is Professor and Director of the Institute of Electrical Engineering and of the Integrated Systems Centre at École Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne (EPFL), Switzerland. He is program leader of the Nano-Tera.ch program. Previously, he was Professor of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. He holds a Nuclear Engineer degree (Politecnico di Milano, 1979), a M.S. and a Ph.D. degree in Electrical Engineering and Computer Science (University of California, Berkeley, 1980 and 1983) under Alberto Sangiovanni-Vincentelli.
De Micheli is a Fellow of ACM and IEEE and a member of the Academia Europaea. He is also appointed as an AAAS Fellow. In 2016, he was also awarded the Harry H. Goode Memorial Award for his seminal contributions to design and design tools for networks on chips. His research interests include several aspects of design technologies for integrated circuits and systems, such as synthesis for emerging technologies, networks on chips and 3D integration. He is also interested in heterogeneous platform design including electrical components and biosensors, as well as in data processing of biomedical information. He is author of Synthesis and Optimization of Digital Circuits (McGraw-Hill, 1994) and co-author and/or co-editor of several other books.
Honors and awards
Prof. De Micheli is the recipient of the 2023 Phil Kaufman award for distinguished contributions to ESD, 2012 IEEE/CAS Mac Van Valkenburg award for contributions to theory, practic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Madjars
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The Madjars or Madi-yar people are a Turkic ethnic group in Kazakhstan. They number about 1,000–2,000 and live mostly in the Kostanay Region.
Ethnonym
Turkologist scholar Dr. Imre Baski claims that the ethnonym Madjar means 'faithful Muslim', literally 'friend or follower of Muhammad', ultimately from Muhammad-i-yar.
Genetics
The Madjars have sometimes been linked onomastically to the Magyars (Hungarians); proponents of this view include supporters of "Hungarian Turanism", such as András Zsolt Bíró, who noticed the high frequency of Y-DNA Haplogroup G-M201 among Madiyars and the presence of Haplogroup G amongst Hungarians.
However, it is not supported by any strong material evidence. In fact, haplogroup G is rare in Hungary (at a rate around 3%) and has much higher rates in parts of Western and Southern Europe (e.g. Italy and France).
Southern German populations also have a higher rate of Haplogroup G than the Hungarian population. Furthermore, Turkologist Imre Baski concluded that the Kazakh clan name Madi-yar "cannot possibly be linked to the Magyar ethnonym and thus cannot serve as proof for a relationship between Madiyar and Magyar."
Footnotes
Bibliography
Nándor Dreisziger. 2011. "Genetic Research and Hungarian 'Deep Ancestry'": p. 3.
D. Vanek, et al." 2009. "Kinship and Y-Chromosome Analysis of 7th Century Human Remains: Novel DNA Extraction and Typing Procedure for Ancient Material". Croatian Medical Journal, 50:3, pp. 286–95.
Ethnic groups in Kazakhstan
Tur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/F%C3%A9lix%20Pollaczek
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Félix Pollaczek (1 December 1892 in Vienna – 29 April 1981 at Boulogne-Billancourt) was an Austrian-French engineer and mathematician, known for numerous contributions to number theory, mathematical analysis, mathematical physics and probability theory. He is best known for the Pollaczek–Khinchine formula in queueing theory (1930), and the Pollaczek polynomials.
Education and career
Pollaczek studied at the Technical University of Vienna, got a M.Sc. in electrical engineering from Technical University of Brno (1920), and his Ph.D. in mathematics from University of Berlin (1922) with a dissertation titled Über die Kreiskörper der l-ten und l2-ten Einheitswurzeln, advised by Issai Schur and based on results published first in 1917.
Pollaczek was employed by AEG in Berlin (1921–23), worked for Reichspost (1923–33). In 1933, he was fired because he was Jewish. He moved to Paris, where
he was consulting teletraffic engineer to various institutions from 1933 onwards, including the Société d’Études pour Liaisons Téléphoniques et Télégraphiques (SELT) and the French National Centre for Scientific Research (CNRS).
In 1977, Pollaczek was awarded the John von Neumann Theory Prize, although his age prevented him from receiving the prize in person. He was posthumously elected to the 2002 class of Fellows of the Institute for Operations Research and the Management Sciences.
Personal life
He married mathematician Hilda Geiringer in 1921, and they had a child, Magda, in 1922. However
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ardeshir%20Hosseinpour
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Ardeshir Hosseinpour (; 1962 – 15 January 2007) was an Iranian nuclear scientist, physics professor, and electromagnetism expert, who was involved in the Iranian nuclear program. He died mysteriously in early 2007 during his nuclear work at Isfahan.
Education and career
Hosseinpour held a B.S. degree in electrical engineering and a MSc degree in Nuclear Physics from Shiraz University in 2002. He was a professor at Shiraz University, and also taught at the Malek Ashtar University of Technology in Isfahan.
In 2005, he co-founded the Nuclear Technology Center of Isfahan, where he continued his research until his death on 15 January 2007.
Cause of death
There are conflicting reports on the cause of Hosseinpour's death. It was not reported until six days later, first by the Al-Quds daily and the Iranian Students' News Agency. American Radio Farda (broadcasting in Persian) originally reported that he died due to "gassing".
The United States private intelligence company Stratfor released a report on 2 February 2007 claiming that "sources very close to Israeli intelligence" had said that Hosseinpour was "a long time Mossad target", and that Hosseinpour died from "radioactive poisoning" as part of a covert Mossad operation to halt the Iranian nuclear program. It continued:"Decapitating a hostile nuclear program by taking out key human assets is a tactic that has proven its effectiveness over the years, particularly in the case of Iraq. In the months leading up to the 1981 Israeli
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIPHERUNICORN-E
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In cryptography, CIPHERUNICORN-E is a block cipher created by NEC in 1998. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003. However, it has been dropped to "candidate" level by the CRYPTREC revision of 2013.
The algorithm has a 16-round modified Feistel network structure, with an additional key-dependent mixing function after every 2 rounds. The block size is 64 bits, and the key size 128 bits. The round function is fairly complicated, split into two nearly parallel computations.
The first part (called the main stream by the designers) consists of XORs and S-box lookups, with a few choices influenced by the second part. This second function (called temporary key generation) uses more XORs and two operations which are equivalent to modular multiplications. Subkeys are added at various stages of both parts of the round function. There are 4 S-boxes in all, each with 8-bit inputs and outputs.
In 2000, NEC used the same high-level structure, with more elaborate components, to design the CIPHERUNICORN-A cipher.
CIPHERUNICORN-E's key schedule uses a nested Feistel network, based on some of the same building blocks as the cipher itself.
The complexity of CIPHERUNICORN-E's round function has made it difficult to analyze. Some limited analysis has been done on simplified variants, showing that they are likely resistant to both differential and linear cryptanalysis.
References
ISO/IEC9979-0019 Register Entry (PDF), registered
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIPHERUNICORN-A
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In cryptography, CIPHERUNICORN-A is a block cipher created by NEC in 2000. It was among the cryptographic techniques recommended for Japanese government use by CRYPTREC in 2003. However, it has been dropped to "candidate" level by the CRYPTREC revision of 2013.
The algorithm uses a 16-round Feistel network structure similar to its predecessor, CIPHERUNICORN-E, but with significant changes. The block size is 128 bits, with key sizes of 128, 192, or 256 bits.
The round function is even more complicated than that of CIPHERUNICORN-E, but the extra mixing function between rounds has been removed. The round function is still split into two nearly parallel computations; both of these are Feistel networks themselves.
The first part (the main stream) is a 10-round Feistel network, using four 8×8-bit S-boxes much like the ones from CIPHERUNICORN-E. The last two rounds of the main stream are influenced by the output of the second part (the temporary key generation function). This second, 6-round Feistel network uses modular multiplication, as well as two of the S-boxes.
In contrast to CIPHERUNICORN-E, subkeys are included only at the beginning of each main round.
The key schedule of CIPHERUNICORN-A makes repeated use of a function called MT, using modular multiplication and all of the S-boxes. A flaw was discovered in the key schedule, such that certain keys are equivalent, but it is unknown just how much of a weakness this is.
The great complexity of CIPHERUNICORN-A's round func
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20E.%20B.%20Du%20Bois%20High%20School
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W. E. B. Du Bois High School of Environmental Science (officially referred to as W. E. B. Du Bois High School) was a public high school located in northeast Baltimore, Maryland. The school was named after sociologist and civil-rights activist Dr. W. E. B. Du Bois. The school was situated in the former Northern High School and shared the structure with the Reginald F. Lewis High School. The school was closed in the summer of 2015 by Baltimore City Public Schools as part of its 21st Century Building project.
Curriculum
W. E. B. Du Bois High School served students in Baltimore City, grades 9 through 12. The school specialized and emphasized in the focus of Environmental science. It had two Career and Technology Education Pathways of Agricultural & environmental science and Project Lead the Way (PTLW).
Extra curricular
In 2007, 5 students from Du Bois were selected to participate in the Baltimore Conservation Works program, a program employing local students in summer jobs related to conservation.
Students at Du Bois have also excelled in regional robotics competitions on the east coast. The Du Bois squad won the Rookie Inspiration Award at a competition in Annapolis, Maryland in March 2006 and was invited to demonstrate in Chicago, Illinois summer 2006, in front of the National Technical Association. 2 squad members were offered paid internships at NASA.
History
Du Bois was formed along with Reginald Lewis and Samuel Banks high schools, following the breakup of Northern hig
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20Tartu%20University%20people
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This is a list of notable people associated with the University of Tartu at Tartu, Estonia.
Notable lecturers and professors
Nobel laureate
Wilhelm Ostwald, Nobel Prize in Chemistry (1909)
Humanities and social sciences
Jüri Allik, psychologist
Walter Anderson, folklorist
Paul Ariste, linguist
Jan Baudouin de Courtenay, linguist
Karl Bücher, economist and anthropologist
Vladimir Dal, lexicographer
Gustav von Ewers, legal historian
Lazar Gulkowitsch, Jewish Studies scholar, supported by Albert Einstein
Theodosius Harnack, Lutheran theologian
Siim Kallas, economist and politician (EU Commissioner; former Prime Minister)
Andres Kasekamp, historian
Emil Kraepelin, psychiatrist
Jaan Kross, writer
Kalevi Kull, biosemiotician
Madis Kõiv, philosopher and physicist
Helga Kurm, Dean of the Pedagogical Division
Marju Lepajõe, classical philologist and religious historian
Étienne Laspeyres, economist and statistician
Wilhelm Lexis, economist, insurance scholar
Eero Loone, philosopher
Mihhail Lotman, semiotician
Juri Lotman, semiotician, historian of literature
Uku Masing, theologian and poet
Zara Mints, literary scholar
Johann Karl Simon Morgenstern, philologist
Alexander von Oettingen, Lutheran theologian, famous as statistics theoretician
Ludwig Preller, philologist and antiquarian
Villem Raam, art historian
Konstantin Ramul, psychologist
Leonid Stolovich, philosopher (aesthetic)
Rein Taagepera, political scientist
Gustav Teichmüller, philosopher
Peeter Torop, semiotician
Grigol T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTF
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NTF may refer to:
Biology
Neurotrophic factors, a family of biomolecules
Organizations
National Society for Road Safety (), a Swedish road safety organization
National Task Force, of the Swedish police
National Turkey Federation, US
Nigeria Trust Fund
Norsk Toppfotball, a Norwegian football organization
Norwegian Tobacco Workers' Union ()
Norwegian Transport Workers' Union (), a trade union in Norway
Norwegian Union of Textile Workers ()
Number Theory Foundation, US
Technology
Nachrichtentechnische Fachberichte, a German engineering journal
National Transonic Facility, a US wind tunnel
National Transfer Format, for geospatial information, UK
No Trouble Found, a maintenance term
See also
NTFS, a file system developed by Microsoft
NFT (disambiguation)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cosmology%20of%20Tolkien%27s%20legendarium
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The cosmology of J. R. R. Tolkien's legendarium combines aspects of Christian theology and metaphysics with pre-modern cosmological concepts in the flat Earth paradigm, along with the modern spherical Earth view of the Solar System.
The created world, Eä, includes the planet Arda, corresponding to the Earth. It is created flat, with the dwelling of the godlike Valar at its centre. When this is marred by the evil Vala Melkor, the world is reshaped, losing its perfect symmetry, and the Valar move to Valinor, but the Elves can still sail there from Middle-earth. When Men try to go there, hoping for immortality, Valinor and its continent of Aman are removed from Arda, which is reshaped as a round world. Scholars have compared the implied cosmology with that of Tolkien's religion, Roman Catholicism, and of Medieval poetry such as Pearl or Dante's Paradiso, where there are three parts, Earth, Purgatory or the Earthly Paradise, and Heaven or the Celestial Paradise. Scholars have debated the nature of evil in Middle-earth, arguing whether it is the absence of good – the Boethian position, or equally as powerful as good – the Manichaean view.
Ontology
Creation and destruction
Eru is introduced in The Silmarillion as the supreme being of the universe, creator of all existence, including the world, Arda, and its central continent, Middle-earth. In Tolkien's invented Elvish language Quenya, Eru means "The One", or "He that is Alone" and Ilúvatar signifies "Allfather".
Eru first
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sportster
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Sportster may refer to several things, such as:
Harley-Davidson Sportster, a line of motorcycles manufactured since 1957.
ADI Sportster aircraft
Sportster line of modems, manufactured by USRobotics
a term used in Britain to describe 18th- and early 19th-century wealthy men of leisure who frequented sporting events such as horse-racing
Theiss Sportster, an American biplane aircraft design of the 1990s.
Warner Sportster, American light-sport aircraft
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fernando%20Lima%20Bello
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Fernando Lima Bello (27 November 1931 – 3 June 2021) was Portugal's only member of the International Olympic Committee since 1989, when he ended his term at the presidency of the Olympic Committee of Portugal.
Bello was born in Lisbon. He was a civil engineering alumnus of the University of Lisbon, the director of a road construction company, a member of the Registration Committee for Public Works Contractors, Director of the Regional Association of Contractors and Constructors and Director of the Construction Department, Ministry of Employment.
Lima Bello died in Lisbon, on 3 June 2021.
Sailing
In 1953, he won, as a crew of Antonio José Conde Martins, the Snipe class world championship, and won a silver medal at the Star European Championship.
He was Portuguese national champion in Star, Dragon and 12 m2 Sharpie.
Olympic Games
He participated in the Olympic Games in Acapulco 1968 and Munich 1972 in Dragon.
Sports administrator
He was chairman of the Portuguese Sailing Federation and its technical committee; sailing inspector for the Portuguese Youth Organization; member of the International Sailing Federation (ISAF); chairman of the Jury of the World Sailing Championships (Finn, 420, Cadet); member of the NOC (1975-), of its executive board (1977–1980) then chairman (1981–1989); during his tenure the Olympic Academy of Portugal was founded; chef de mission at the Games of the XXII Olympiad in Moscow in 1980; member of the Higher Sports Council and of the Sports Council
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C3%9Czeyir%20Garih
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Üzeyir Garih (1929 – August 25, 2001) was a Turkish engineer, businessman, writer and investor.
Early years
Üzeyir Garih was born in İstanbul on 28 June 1929. He graduated from Istanbul Technical University ranking in the Dean's Honors list. He received his Master of Science degree in Mechanical Engineering in 1951. Later in 1984, Istanbul Technical University granted him with an Honorary Ph.D. Doctorate degree. Garih successfully served in the Turkish Air Force as a reserve officer.
Career
Being one of the best engineers of the country, he started his career at the İstanbul agency of Carrier Corporation in the field of heating, ventilation and air conditioning. In 1954, he joined İshak Alaton in founding what became Alarko Holding, for which he served as president and co-chairman until 2001. Today, Alarko is an enterprise, which is active in six major business sectors, namely contracting, energy, industry and trade, tourism, land development and sea food products. Alarko Group employs more than 6,000 people in one of Turkey's largest construction companies, as well as organizations, which carry out projects involving natural gas installations, hydro-electric and thermal power plants, hotel management and salmon farming, not only in Turkey, but also in the Middle East, Russia, and CIS countries.
Garih, as an international business leader, philosopher, and nationwide teacher, has written more than 200 articles in various newspapers and magazines. He has written eight books
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zoeppritz%20equations
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In geophysics and reflection seismology, the Zoeppritz equations are a set of equations that describe the partitioning of seismic wave energy at an interface, due to mode conversion. They are named after their author, the German geophysicist Karl Bernhard Zoeppritz, who died before they were published in 1919.
The equations are important in geophysics because they relate the amplitude of P-wave, incident upon a plane interface, and the amplitude of reflected and refracted P- and S-waves to the angle of incidence. They are the basis for investigating the factors affecting the amplitude of a returning seismic wave when the angle of incidence is altered — also known as amplitude versus offset analysis — which is a helpful technique in the detection of petroleum reservoirs.
The Zoeppritz equations were not the first to describe the amplitudes of reflected and refracted waves at a plane interface. Cargill Gilston Knott used an approach in terms of potentials almost 20 years earlier, in 1899, to derive Knott's equations. Both approaches are valid, but Zoeppritz's approach is more easily understood.
Equations
The Zoeppritz equations consist of four equations with four unknowns
RP, RS, TP, and TS, are the reflected P, reflected S, transmitted P, and transmitted S-wave amplitude coefficients, respectively, =angle of incidence, =angle of the transmitted P-wave, =angle of reflected S-wave and =angle of the transmitted S-wave. Inverting the matrix form of the Zoeppritz equations g
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hay%E2%80%93Wells%20syndrome
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Hay–Wells syndrome (also known as AEC syndrome; see Naming) is one of at least 150 known types of ectodermal dysplasia. These disorders affect tissues that arise from the ectodermal germ layer, such as skin, hair, and nails.
Genetics
Hay–Wells syndrome is autosomal dominant, caused by a missense mutation in the Sterile alpha motif (SAM) of the TP73L (p63) gene which encodes for a protein-protein interaction domain. It is a very rare disorder.
Hay–Wells syndrome is an autosomal dominant pattern of inheritance. The syndrome is thought to arise from a missense mutation in a gene pivotal for the proper development of craniofacial structures and extremities, as well as skin differentiation. Specifically, mutations within the Tumor Protein 63 gene have been implicated in Hay–Wells syndrome.
Residing on the long-arm of chromosome 3, the Tumor Protein 63 (TP63) gene is critical for proper development and homeostasis of stratified epithelia. In Hay–Wells syndrome, and other ectodermal dysplasia disorders, a missense, nonsense, or insertion mutation has occurred in the TP63 gene. Currently, no deletion or duplication mutations have been detected in such disorders. Although ectodermal dysplasia disorders result from heterozygous mutations in TP63, compromised epidermal differentiation with epidermal decay is representative of Hay-Wells patients but is hardly observed in other syndromes. In contrast, severe abnormalities characteristic of other ectodermal dysplasia disorders (i.e.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marcello%20Pirani
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Marcello Stefano Pirani (July 1, 1880 – January 11, 1968) was a Italian physicist known for his invention of the Pirani vacuum gauge, a vacuum gauge based on the principle of heat loss measurement. Throughout his career, he worked on advancing lighting technology and pioneered work on the physics of gas discharge.
Biography
Marcello Pirani was born on July 1, 1880, in Berlin. Starting in 1899, he studied mathematics and physics at the University of Berlin. In 1903, he was granted a PhD for his measurements of the dielectric constant of solids in the group of Emil Warburg. He then moved to the Technical University of Aachen as an assistant at the Physikalischen Institut of this university.
In 1904, he joined the light bulb factory (Glühlampenwerk) of Siemens & Halske AG in Berlin, where he remained for the next fifteen years. At the age of 25, in 1905, he was promoted to head of the development lab of the light bulb factory.
In 1906, he made his most important invention with the development of a new type of vacuum gauge that today bears his name, the Pirani gauge. It is based on measuring the pressure dependence of heat loss from a hot wire by heat transfer to the surrounding gas and walls. In particular, it employs the change in resistivity of the heated wire (in Pirani's original work consisting of tantalum and platinum; today, tungsten, platinum, and nickel are commonly used) with temperature to determine the heat loss. Its useful measurement range lies within 10−4 mba
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scott%20Wilson%20Group
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Scott Wilson Group plc was a global integrated design and engineering consultancy with its headquarters in the United Kingdom. Founded as a civil engineering firm in 1951, the company broadened its range of services through acquisitions. Scott Wilson offered consultancy and professional services in the railways, buildings and infrastructure, environment and natural resources and roads sectors, and at its peak employed 5,500 people in 80 offices worldwide. Scott Wilson became a public limited company in 2006, and in 2010 was purchased by URS Corporation that in turn was purchased by AECOM.
History
Sir Cyril Kirkpatrick (1872–1957) was Chief Engineer to the Port of London Authority from 1913 to 1924, when he established his own firm specialising in docks, harbours and sea defences. During World War II, Kirkpatrick advised on the construction of the concrete caissons which formed the Mulberry Harbour that facilitated the D-Day landings. In 1945 engineers William Scott and Dr Guthlac Wilson founded a partnership. Between them they were responsible for the design of the Chiswick and Twickenham Bridges over the River Thames in 1933, and the Royal Festival Hall in London. The two firms merged in 1951, forming Scott & Wilson, Kirkpatrick & Partners.
In the late 1960s Scott Wilson Kirkpatrick & Partners was responsible for engineering works on the M6 motorway through the Lune Gorge in north-west England. The firm grew through acquisitions over the following decades. In August 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luciano%20Fadiga
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Luciano Fadiga (born 8 August 1961) is a neurophysiologist at the Human Physiology Section of the University of Ferrara and a Senior Researcher at the Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia of Genoa, Italy.
Born in 1961. M.D., University of Bologna, Ph.D. in Neuroscience, University of Parma. Senior Researcher at the University of Parma since 1992. He is actually Professor of Human Physiology at the University of Ferrara and Senior Researcher at the Italian Institute of Technology (IIT). He is the director of the IIT Center for Traslational Neurophysiology. He has a long experience in electrophysiology and neurophysiology in monkeys (single-neuron recordings) and humans (transcranial magnetic stimulation, study of spinal excitability, brain imaging, recording of single neurons in awake neurosurgery patients).
Among his contributions:
The description of the functional properties of the monkey ventral premotor cortex. During this time Fadiga, together with his Parma colleagues, discovered mirror neurons, a class of neurons that respond both when the monkey performs actions and when it observes similar actions made by other individuals. Fadiga has suggested that these neurons unify perception and action and may contribute to others’ action understanding (Experimental Brain Research, 1992; Brain, 1996; Cognitive Brain Research, 1996).
The first demonstration that a mirror system exists also in humans. He achieved this result by applying transcranial magnetic stimulation (TMS) on th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudolf%20K.%20Thauer
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Rudolf K. Thauer (born October 5, 1939) is a biologist and a retired professor of microbiology and heads the Emeritus group at the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg. Thauer taught in the faculty of Biology at the University of Marburg for about 15 years and is known primarily for his work on the biochemistry of methanogens.
He received the Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize by the Deutsche Forschungsgemeinschaft in 1986, among numerous other honours including honorary doctorates from ETH Zurich, University of Waterloo and the University of Freiberg. In 1991 he became founding director of the Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology in Marburg.
A novel genus of betaproteobacteria was named Thauera in his honour. Methanobrevibacter thaueri was also named after Thauer.
He was elected to the American Philosophical Society in 2018.
References
External links
Personal page at Max Planck Institute for Terrestrial Microbiology
1939 births
Living people
20th-century German biologists
Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz Prize winners
Members of the American Philosophical Society
Academic staff of the University of Marburg
Max Planck Institute directors
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nobel%20Committee%20for%20Physics
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The Nobel Committee for Physics is the Nobel Committee responsible for proposing laureates for the Nobel Prize for Physics. The Nobel Committee for Physics is appointed by the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences. It usually consists of Swedish professors of physics who are members of the Academy, although the Academy in principle could appoint anyone to the Committee.
The Committee is a working body without decision power, and the final decision to award the Nobel Prize for Physics is taken by the entire Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences, after having a first discussion in the Academy's Class for Physics.
Current members
The members of the Committee (as of 2023) are:
Ulf Danielsson (Secretary)
David Haviland
Anders Irbäck
Eva Olsson (Chair)
John Wettlaufer
Ellen Moons
Co-opted members
Mats Larsson
Olle Eriksson
Göran Johansson
Mark Pearce
Secretary
The secretary takes part in the meeting, but cannot cast a vote unless the secretary is also a member of the Committee. Until 1973, the Nobel Committees for Physics and Chemistry had a common secretary.
Wilhelm Palmær, 1900–1926
Arne Westgren, 1926–1943
Arne Ölander, 1943–1965
Arne Magnéli, 1966–1973
Bengt Nagel, 1974–1988
Anders Bárány, 1989–2003
Lars Bergström, 2004–2015
Gunnar Ingelman, 2016–present
Former members
Hugo Hildebrand Hildebrandsson, 1900–1910
Robert Thalén, 1900–1903
Klas Bernhard Hasselberg, 1900–1922
Knut Ångström, 1900–1909
Svante Arrhenius, 1900–1927
Gustaf Granqvist, 1904–19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tether%20%28cell%20biology%29
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Biological cells which form bonds with a substrate and are at the same time subject to a flow can form long thin membrane cylinders called tethers. These tethers connect the adherent area of the substrate to the main body of the cell. Under physiological conditions, neutrophil tethers can extend to several micrometers.
In biochemistry, a tether is a molecule that carries one or two carbon intermediates from one active site to another. They are commonly used in lipid synthesis, gluconeogenesis, and the conversion of pyruvate into Acetyl CoA via PDH complex. Common tethers are lipoate -lysine residue complex associated with dihydrolipoyl transacetylase, which is used for carrying hydroxyethyl from hydroxyethyl TPP. This compound forms Acetyl- CoA, a convergent molecule in metabolic pathways.
Another tether is biotin-lysine residue complex associated with pyruvate carboxylase, an enzyme which plays an important role in gluconeogenesis. It is involved in the production of oxaloacetate from pyruvate.
One of the biological tethers used in the synthesis of fats is a β- mercaptoethylamine-pantothenate complex associated with an acyl carrier protein.
Biochemistry
Cell biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variadic
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In computer science, an operator or function is variadic if it can take a varying number of arguments; that is, if its arity is not fixed.
For specific articles, see:
Variadic function
Variadic macro in the C preprocessor
Variadic template
Variadic templates in C++11
Programming language theory
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ramona%20Douglass
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Ramona E. Douglass (-2007) was an American activist. In addition to her work as a medical sales and marketing professional, she was a prominent advocate for multiracial Americans.
Education
Douglass was a graduate of Colorado State University with a Bachelor of Science degree in geology and chemistry.
Activism
Douglass was a community activist for almost 30 years. She was a founding member of the National Alliance Against Racist and Political Repression and participated with Angela Davis' Political Defense Committee in the early 1970s.
In 1986 Douglass became active in the Biracial Family Network, one of the United States' oldest community organizations advocating for mixed heritage people and families. On November 12, 1998, the Biracial Family Network joined similar organizations in the U.S. and Canada to create the Association of MultiEthnic Americans (AMEA). Douglass, an AMEA co-founder, served as the organization's vice president (1988–1991), president (1994–1999) and Director of Media and Public Relations (2000–2005). She served on AMEA's Advisory Council until her death in 2007.
Douglass was a prominent spokesperson for multiracial issues during the debates preceding the 2000 United States census. In 1993, she testified before Rep. Thomas C. Sawyer's (D-OH) Subcommittee on Census, Statistics & Postal Personnel in favor of adding a "multiracial" category to the 2000 Census. In 1995, she was appointed, by then Secretary of Commerce Ron Brown, to the 2000 Census Advi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Garrett%20Kelleher
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Garrett Kelleher is an Irish real estate developer and businessman with additional corporate interests in finance, film and education.
Early life and education
Kelleher was born in Dublin, Ireland. Educated at Belvedere College, Kelleher first went to the United States on a tennis scholarship. He then studied mathematics at Trinity College Dublin.
Career
After completing his education, Kelleher returned to the US in 1985 owning and running a contracting and development business primarily involved in loft conversion in Chicago, employing more 120 people. He moved back to Dublin in 1996 and created Shelbourne Development, which focused primarily on core Dublin projects - redeveloping urban brownfield sites. Before the 2008 economic crash, Shelbourne was active in the London, Paris and Brussels. Kelleher is based mainly in Chicago and Los Angeles while dealing with claims for almost €47 million sought by National Asset Management Agency ('NAMA') back in Ireland.
Kelleher is also the non-executive director of Lightstream Pictures.<ref>. Lightstream Pictures Bios Retrieved on February 12, 2015.</ref> Lightstream produced Max Rose, starring Jerry Lewis and Rampart'' with Woody Harrelson and has other projects in work.
Kelleher is the Executive Chairman of St. Patrick's Athletic, financing their 2013 SSE Airtricity and 2014 FAI Cup winning campaigns.
At the request of Mayor Daley, Garrett was involved with the Chicago's 2016 bid for the Olympics.
In July 2006 Kelleher steppe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/National%20Centre%20for%20Excellence%20in%20the%20Teaching%20of%20Mathematics
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The National Centre for Excellence in the Teaching of Mathematics (NCETM) is an institution set up in the wake of the Smith Report to improve mathematics teaching in England.
It provides strategic leadership for mathematics-specific CPD and aims to raise the professional status of all those engaged in the teaching of mathematics so that the mathematical potential of learners will be fully realised.
Structure
Its Director until March 2013 was Dame Celia Hoyles, Professor of Mathematics Education at the Institute of Education, University of London and former chief adviser on mathematics education for the government. She was succeeded by the current Director, Charlie Stripp.
An innovative NCETM development is the MatheMaPedia project, masterminded by John Mason, which is a "maths teaching wiki".
Initially headquartered in London, it is headquartered in the south of Sheffield city centre; it is the headquarters of Tribal Education.
It is run by Mathematics in Education and Industry (MEI) and Tribal Education.
Online discussions
Special online events have included the world’s first online discussion of proof.
See also
Centre for Industry Education Collaboration and National Centre for Computing Education, also at York
Count On - maths education initiative
Mathematics education in the United Kingdom
International Congress on Mathematical Education
References
Department for Education
Education in Sheffield
Educational organisations based in the United Kingdom
Mathematic
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Easton
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Thomas A. Easton (born 17 July 1944) is a teacher and well-known science fiction critic and author. He retired as a professor from Thomas College of Maine in 2014 and now teaches part-time at Mount Ida College in Newton, MA.
Easton holds a Bachelor of Arts in Biology from Colby College and a doctorate in theoretical biology from the University of Chicago.
He wrote the book review column in SF magazine Analog Science Fiction and Fact from 1979 - 2009. He appears frequently at Boston-area science fiction conventions.
His work on scientific and futuristic issues has appeared in many magazines, from Astronomy to Robotics Age. His latest nonfiction books are Careers in Science (VGM, 4th ed., 2004), Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Issues in Science, Technology, and Society (McGraw-Hill Dushkin, 8th ed., 2008), and Taking Sides: Clashing Views on Controversial Environmental Issues (McGraw-Hill Dushkin, 12th ed., 2007). His latest novels are Firefight (Betancourt, 2003) and The Great Flying Saucer Conspiracy (Wildside, 2002).
Bibliography
Novels
Organic Future series
Sparrowhawk (1990)
Greenhouse (1991)
Woodsman (1992)
Tower of the Gods (1993)
Seeds of Destiny (1994)
The Electric Gene Machine (2000), a collection of short stories
Anthologies edited
Visions of Tomorrow: Science Fiction Predictions That Came True (2010) with Judith K. Dial https://www.skyhorsepublishing.com/search-results/?keyword=Visions+of+tomorrow
Impossible Futures (2013) with Judith
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pulse-chase%20analysis
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In biochemistry and molecular biology, a pulse-chase analysis is a method for examining a cellular process occurring over time by successively exposing the cells to a labeled compound (pulse) and then to the same compound in an unlabeled form (chase).
Mechanism
A selected cell or a group of cells is first exposed to a labeled compound (the pulse) that is to be incorporated into a molecule or system that is studied (also see pulse labeling). The compound then goes through the metabolic pathways and is used in the synthesis of the product studied. For example, a radioactively labeled form of leucine (3H-leucine) can be supplied to a group of pancreatic beta cells, which then uses this amino acid in insulin synthesis.
Shortly after introduction of the labeled compound (usually about 5 minutes, but the actual time needed is dependent on the object studied), excess of the same, but unlabeled, substance (the chase) is introduced into the environment. Following the previous example, the production of insulin would continue, but it would no longer contain the radioactive leucine introduced in the pulse phase and would not be visible using radioactive detection methods. However, the movement of the labeled insulin produced during the pulse period could still be tracked within the cell.
Uses
This method is useful for determining the activity of certain cells over a prolonged period of time. The method has been used to study protein kinase C, ubiquitin, and many other proteins. The m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/J%C3%BCrgen%20Gmehling
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Jürgen Gmehling (born January 13, 1946, in Duisburg) is a retired German professor of technical and industrial chemistry at the Carl von Ossietzky University of Oldenburg.
Biography
His career started with an apprenticeship as a laboratory assistant at the Duisburg copper works before he studied chemical engineering at the engineering school in Essen and then chemistry in Dortmund and Clausthal. He received his diploma from the University of Dortmund in 1970 and his PhD (Dr. rer. nat., inorganic chemistry) in 1973. After this he worked as a scientific coworker in Dortmund before he became a private lecturer and, after his habilitation, an assistant professor.
Gmehling was appointed a full professor for technical chemistry at the University of Oldenburg in 1989 and retired in 2011.
Fields of research
Gmehling's main focus is the process development. This includes the development of software for process synthesis and process simulation as well as measurement, collection, and estimation of thermophysical properties of pure components and component mixtures. The following list summarizes fields of his scientific work but is in no way complete.
Measurements
Phase equilibrium data (vapor-liquid equilibria, liquid-liquid equilibria, solid–liquid equilibria, gas solubilities, heats of mixing, activity coefficients and more)
Data collection
Gmehling began in the 1970s with the systematic evaluation of the scientific literature, aiming to build a data bank for vapor-liquid equil
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robbie%20Kelleher
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Robbie Kelleher is a former Gaelic footballer who played for the Dublin county team. He is All-Ireland winning.
Biography
He grew up in Glasnevin, County Dublin. He was educated at Coláiste Mhuire, where he excelled in his studies which included an A in Higher Level Mathematics. He went on to study economics at University and has a successful career in that field.
Playing career
Kelleher has won four All Stars for his performances for Dublin in 1978, 1977, 1975 and 1974, a feat yet to be matched by any left full back. He won three all-Ireland medals for Dublin in 1977, 1976, 1974. The 1974 won his first All-Ireland in a game in which Dublin defeated Galway by a scoreline of 0-14 to 1–6. His second all-Ireland with Dublin in 1976 with a 3-8 to 0-10 victory over Kerry. 1977 proved the most memorable of years for Kelleher. Dublin won the semi-final and just one week before the final Robbie Kelleher married his wife in San Francisco returning in time for the all-Ireland final victory over Armagh. The game finished on a scoreline of 5-12 to 3-6 and he was later awarded an all star for his performances. The day before the game the newspapers famously read on the day before the final Wife of Star Flies in for Match.
He won the National Football League with Dublin 1978 and 1976. 1979 proved a very disappointing year for Kelleher as he suffered very serious injuries. 'That was the year he broke his leg, two operations, screws inserted and the long haul back to fitness for the champ
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vijay%20Seshadri
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Vijay Seshadri (born 13 February 1954) is an American poet, essayist and literary critic based in Brooklyn.
Vijay won the 2014 Pulitzer Prize for Poetry, for 3 Sections.
Early life
Vijay's parents immigrated to the United States from Bangalore, India when he was five.
He grew up in Columbus, Ohio, where his father taught chemistry at Ohio State University.
Writing career
Seshadri has been an editor at The New Yorker, as well as an essayist and book reviewer in The New Yorker, The New York Times Book Review, The Threepenny Review, The American Scholar, and various literary quarterlies.
He has received grants from the New York Foundation for the Arts, National Endowment for the Arts, the John Simon Guggenheim Memorial Foundation; and area studies fellowships from Columbia University.
As a professor and chair in the undergraduate writing and MFA program at Sarah Lawrence College, he has taught courses on 'Non-Fiction Writing', 'Form and Feeling in Nonfiction Prose', 'Rational and Irrational Narrative', and 'Narrative Persuasion'.
In a 2004 interview, Seshadri discusses the creative process and his influences, in particular Walt Whitman, Emily Dickinson, Elizabeth Bishop, and William Blake. He also reflects on his cultural influences including the experience of "strangeness" coming of age in Columbus, Ohio during the 1960s.
Several of Seshadri's poems have been published by the New Yorker, including: "Rereading" (2012), "Visiting Paris" (2010), and "Thought Problem" (200
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/C.%20E.%20Wynn-Williams
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Charles Eryl Wynn-Williams (5 March 1903 – 30 August 1979), was a Welsh physicist, noted for his research on electronic instrumentation for use in nuclear physics. His work on the scale-of-two counter contributed to the development of the modern computer.
Early life and studies
Wynn-Williams was born at 'Glasfryn' in Swansea, Glamorganshire, Wales, on 5 March 1903. He was the eldest child of William Williams (1863–1945), a physics teacher and later divisional inspector of schools for north and mid-Wales, and Mary Ellen Wynn (1907–1935), known as Nell, daughter of Robert Wynn, a shopkeeper in Llanrwst. His education was at Grove Park School in Wrexham, and, from 1920, at Bangor University, where he graduated in 1923. He stayed at this university to undertake research work on electrical instrumentation, and gained the degree of MSc from the University of Wales in 1924. He was known as C. E. Wynn-Williams from his time at University onwards.
Wynn-Williams was Liberal in politics and was a Welsh-speaker. On 12 August 1943 he married in London Annie Eiluned James (b. 1907/8), a school-teacher, with whom he had two sons.
Prewar research
In October 1925 he entered Trinity College, Cambridge, having been awarded a University of Wales open fellowship. Initially he continued research into short electric waves at the Cavendish Laboratory under the supervision of Sir Ernest Rutherford, and was awarded the degree of PhD for this work in 1929.
Wynn-Williams' most significant work in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20Chaikin
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Paul Michael Chaikin (born November 14, 1945, in Brooklyn, New York) is an American physicist known particularly for many significant contributions to the field of soft condensed matter physics.
Education and research career
After graduating from Stuyvesant High School in New York City, Paul Chaikin earned his B.S. in physics from California Institute of Technology in 1966, and his Ph.D. in physics from the University of Pennsylvania in 1971 working with Kondo superconductors. He joined the physics faculty at the University of California, Los Angeles in 1972 and studied thermopower, density waves, and high field phenomena mostly in organic superconductors. The lure of actually seeing the microscopics of a system led him to soft matter. He helped develop techniques to measure elasticity and motion and understand colloidal interactions. Hard and soft matter interests continued after joining the faculty at UPenn (1983), the staff at Exxon Research (1983) and the faculty at Princeton University (1988).
His interests in geometry/topology led to his founding contributions to diblock copolymer nanolithography, and studies of defects, annealing, and pattern formation. He helped demonstrate and explain why ellipsoids pack more densely than spheres. In 2005 he helped found the Center for Soft Matter Research at New York University. His more recent research centers on artificial self-replication, self-assembly, active matter, DNA nanotechnology, topological defects on curved surface
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/History%20of%20quantum%20mechanics
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The history of quantum mechanics is a fundamental part of the history of modern physics. The major chapters of this history begin with the emergence of quantum ideas to explain individual phenomena -- blackbody radiation, the photoelectric effect, solar emission spectra -- an era called the Old or Older quantum theories. The invention of wave mechanics by Schrodinger and expanded by many others triggers the "modern" era beginning around 1925. Dirac's relativistic quantum theory work lead him to explore quantum theories of radiation, culminating in quantum electrodynamics, the first quantum field theory. The history of quantum mechanics continues in the history of quantum field theory. The history of quantum chemistry, theoretical basis of chemical structure, reactivity, and bonding, interlaces with the events discussed in this article.
The phrase "quantum mechanics" was coined (in German, Quantenmechanik) by the group of physicists including Max Born, Werner Heisenberg, and Wolfgang Pauli, at the University of Göttingen in the early 1920s, and was first used in Born's 1925 paper "Zur Quantenmechanik".
The word quantum comes from the Latin word for "how much" (as does quantity). Something that is quantized, as the energy of Planck's harmonic oscillators, can only take specific values. For example, in most countries, money is effectively quantized, with the quantum of money being the lowest-value coin in circulation. Mechanics is the branch of science that deals with the a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Piara%20Singh%20Gill
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Piara Singh Gill (28October 1911 – 23March 2002) was an Indian nuclear physicist and a pioneer in cosmic ray nuclear physics. He was the first Director of Central Scientific Instruments Organisation (CSIO) of India. He was research fellow of University of Chicago (1940). He was research Professorship fellow of Tata Institute of Fundamental Research (TIFR) (1947), Officer-on-Special Duty (OSD) with the Atomic Energy Commission in New Delhi. Professor and head of the Department of Physics at Aligarh University (1949), Director of Central Scientific Instruments Organization (CSIO) (1959) and Professor Emeritus at Punjab Agricultural University (1971).
Education
He was born on 28October 1911 in a Sikh Gill Jatt family in a village in Hoshiarpur district of Punjab. He attended Khalsa High School in Mahilpur and left for America in 1929. He graduated with bachelor's and master's degrees from University of Southern California. He worked for his PhD in Physics at University of Chicago under the supervision and guidance of Arthur Compton, the Nobel laureate. He was awarded his PhD in March 1940. He was a good friend and close colleague of Homi J. Bhabha, who offered him the research fellow professorship at Tata Institute of Fundamental Research in 1947.
Professional life
He was a close friend of Nehru, who was impressed by his scientific knowledge. Nehru offered him the post of Officer-on-Special Duty (OSD) with the Atomic Energy Commission in New Delhi and asked him to become the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hans%20Henrik%20Andersen
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Hans Henrik Andersen (May 1, 1937 in Frederiksberg, Denmark – November 3, 2012) was a professor at the Niels Bohr Institute at the University of Copenhagen (emeritus since 2004). He was the founder and subsequently co-editor of the scientific journal "Nuclear Instruments and Methods in Physics Research B".
He has made important contributions to various fields of atomic physics and solid state physics, especially in the field of the stopping power of matter for fast charged particles. The accuracy (0.3–0.5%) of his measurements is unsurpassed even today (2006). They were done by measuring the amount of heat deposited in a foil at the temperature of liquid helium (−269 °C).
Together with his collaborators, he succeeded in showing in 1969 that the stopping power for fast alpha particles is more than four times as large as that for protons. Since the atomic number (Z) of alpha particles is exactly twice as big as that of protons, that means that the stopping power is not exactly proportional to Z2, as the simple Bethe formula would have it. That was an additional proof of the existence of the Barkas effect.
Literature
References
1937 births
2012 deaths
20th-century Danish physicists
Danish nuclear physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Klyshko
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David Nikolaevich Klyshko (Давид Николаевич Клышко), (1929—2000) was a Russian physicist and professor. A highly regarded Physics professor at Moscow State University, was known for his imperative approach for Quantum Optics understanding. His most known contributions were in the field of quantum electronics and quantum information science.
His Habilitation thesis on the topic of spontaneous parametric down-conversion, "Multi-quantum and multi-particle transitions in radio spectroscopy and quantum radiophysics," was published in 1972. Upon release, the thesis was widely recognized as a breakthrough in multi-particle transitions.
Throughout the 1970s, Klyshko presented several more important theoretical contributions including the development of spontaneous parametric down-conversion theory, entanglement-based quantum imaging, nonlinear transformations in quantum optics, and the advanced wave model for describing correlations in photon interference experiments.
External links
Department of Quantum Electronics, Moscow State University
List of publications at Google Scholar
Memorial Page at Moscow State University
Fourth D.N.Klyshko seminar (17–19 May 2005)
Third D.N.Klyshko seminar (26–28 May 2003)
Second D.N.Klyshko seminar )27–28 May 2002_
First D.N.Klyshko seminar (16–17 April 2001)
1929 births
2000 deaths
Russian physicists
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Keith%20Moffatt
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Henry Keith Moffatt, FRS FRSE (born 12 April 1935) is a British mathematician with research interests in the field of fluid dynamics, particularly magnetohydrodynamics and the theory of turbulence. He was Professor of Mathematical Physics at the University of Cambridge from 1980 to 2002.
Early life and education
Moffatt was born on 12 April 1935 to Emmeline Marchant and Frederick Henry Moffatt. He was schooled at George Watson's College, Edinburgh, going on to study Mathematical Sciences at the University of Edinburgh, graduating in 1957. He then went to Trinity College, Cambridge, where he studied mathematics and, 1959, he was a Wrangler. In 1960, he was awarded a Smith's Prize while preparing his PhD. He received his PhD in 1962, the title of his dissertation was Magnetohydrodynamic Turbulence.
Career
After completing his PhD, Moffatt joined the staff of the Mathematics Faculty in Cambridge as an Assistant Lecturer and became a Fellow of Trinity College. He was appointed a lecturer in 1964, and held the office of Tutor, then Senior Tutor, at Trinity between 1970 and 1976.
In 1977 he was appointed to the Chair of Applied Mathematics at the University of Bristol. He held this position until 1980 when he returned to Cambridge to take up the Chair in Mathematical Physics, renewing his Fellowship of Trinity College. In 2002 he was made an Emeritus Professor of the University (he remains a Fellow of Trinity).
In the early 2000s he published papers on the theory of Euler's Dis
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Dalgarno
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Alexander Dalgarno FRS (5 January 1928 – 9 April 2015) was a British physicist who was a Phillips Professor of Astronomy at Harvard University.
Biography
Alexander Dalgarno was born in London in 1928, and spent his childhood there. He was educated in mathematics and atomic physics at University College, London, earning a Ph.D. in theoretical physics in 1951 under the joint supervision of Harrie Massey and Richard Buckingham. He was an academic at the Queen's University, Belfast from 1951 to 1967 where he worked with Sir David Bates and rose from assistant lecturer to professor. In the 1950s, he laid the foundations for long-range atomic interaction studies which are of critical importance for today's interest in Bose–Einstein condensates.
In 1967, he moved to Harvard University to join their department of astronomy and held the positions of acting director of Harvard College Observatory, chairman of the department of astronomy, associate director of the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian and director of the Institute for Theoretical Atomic and Molecular Physics. Dalgarno's research covered three main areas: theoretical atomic and molecular physics, astrophysics and aeronomy (the study of the upper atmosphere). He made contributions in theoretical chemistry, scattering theory, atmospheric physics & chemistry and astrophysics and was the author of more than 600 publications. Sir David Bates wrote in 1988 that "There is no greater figure than Alex in the history o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kathryn%20Cramer
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Kathryn Elizabeth Cramer (born April 16, 1962) is an American science fiction writer, editor, and literary critic.
Early years
Kathryn Cramer is the daughter of physicist John G. Cramer. She grew up in Seattle and graduated from Columbia University with degrees in mathematics and American studies.
Career
Cramer has worked for five literary agencies, most notably the Virginia Kidd Agency and Eastgate Systems, and for several software companies, including consulting with Wolfram Research in the Scientific Information Group. She co-founded The New York Review of Science Fiction in 1988 with David G. Hartwell and others, and was its co-editor until 1991 and again since 1996. It has been nominated (as of 2007) for the Hugo Award for Best Semiprozine every year of its existence, fifteen times under her co-editorship.
Cramer was the hypertext fiction editor at Eastgate Systems in the early 1990s. She was part of the Global Connection Project, a joint project of Carnegie Mellon University, NASA, Google, and National Geographic using Google Earth and other tools following the 2005 Pakistan earthquake.<ref>Global Connection Project team; Ewalt, David M.: Google Is Everywhere, Forbes.com, September 2, 2005; Hafner, Katie: For Victims, News About Home Can Come From Strangers Online, The New York Times, September 5, 2006; Thompson, Bill: Net offers map help after the flood, BBC News, September 2, 2005</ref>
Cramer has written a number of essays published in the New York Review of Sci
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20H.%20Ahl
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David H. Ahl (born May 17, 1939) is an American author who is the founder of Creative Computing magazine. He is also the author of many how-to books, including BASIC Computer Games, the first computer book to sell more than a million copies.
Career
After earning degrees in electrical engineering and business administration, while completing his Ph.D. in educational psychology, Ahl was hired by Digital Equipment Corporation as a marketing consultant in 1969 to develop its educational products line. He edited EDU, DEC's newsletter on educational uses of computers, that regularly published instructions for playing computer games on minicomputers. Ahl also talked DEC into publishing a book he had put together, 101 BASIC Computer Games. During the 1973 recession, DEC cut back on educational product development and Ahl was dismissed.
Before he even received his last cheque, he was rehired into a DEC division dedicated to developing new hardware. This group became caught up in building a computer that was smaller than any yet built, intending to bring the new product into new markets such as schools. DEC built a machine combining a PDP-8 with a VT50 terminal, and another that crammed a PDP-11 into a small portable chassis. When it was presented to DEC's Operations Committee, the engineering side loved it but the sales side was worried it would cut into the sales of their existing lines. The decision ultimately fell to Ken Olsen, who finally stated that "I can't see any reason that
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manaf%20Suleymanov
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Manaf Faraj oglu Suleymanov (; 3 March 1912, Lahich – 12 September 2001, Baku) was an Azerbaijani writer, translator and historian.
Life
Manaf Suleymanov was born in 1912, in the village of Lahich in Azerbaijan. He graduated from the Azerbaijan Oil and Chemistry Institute with honours and worked in the Azerbaijan Institute of Industry as an assistant professor. In 1942 he completed his PhD in Geology (kandudat geologo-mineralogicheskikh nauk). Mr. Suleymanov then lectured at several Azerbaijani universities.
As well as for his academic contributions Manaf Suleymanov is well known in Azerbaijan for his literary work. He wrote several acclaimed novels. Mr. Suleymanov also translated from English to Azerbaijani literary works by Jack London, Somerset Maugham, O. Henry, John Steinbeck, Peter Abrahams and many others.
Manaf Suleymanov undertook historical studies as well. His renowned book What I Heard, What I Saw, What I Read (Past Days in Russian) remains one of the best accounts of the history of Baku at the beginning of the Twentieth Century. He studied and published biographical articles on many Azerbaijani industrial magnates, oil tycoons and philanthropists such as Zeynalabdin Taghiyev. His other historical works are Lagich. My Motherland, My Apprenticeship Years.
In 1991 he was awarded the title Azerbaijani Honorary Art Master in recognition of his large contribution to the development of national arts and literature.
Mr. Suleymanov died in 2001 in Baku.
Books
Yerin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PVLAS
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PVLAS (Polarizzazione del Vuoto con LASer, "polarization of the vacuum with laser") aims to carry out a test of quantum electrodynamics and possibly detect dark matter at the Department of Physics and National Institute of Nuclear Physics in Ferrara, Italy. It searches for vacuum polarization causing nonlinear optical behavior in magnetic fields. Experiments began in 2001 at the INFN Laboratory in Legnaro (Padua, Italy) and continue today with new equipment.
Background
Nonlinear electrodynamic effects in vacuum have been predicted since the earliest days of quantum electrodynamics (QED), a few years after the discovery of positrons. One such effect is vacuum magnetic birefringence, closely connected to elastic light-by-light interaction. The effect is extremely small and has never yet been observed directly.
Although today QED is a very well-tested theory, the importance of detecting light-by-light interaction remains. First, QED has always been tested in the presence of charged particles either in the initial state or the final state. No tests exist in systems with only photons. More generally, no interaction has ever been observed directly with only gauge bosons present in the initial and final states. Second, to date, the evidence for zero-point quantum fluctuations relies entirely on the observation of the Casimir effect, which applies to photons only. PVLAS deals with the fluctuations of virtual charged particle-antiparticle pairs (of any nature, including hypothetica
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/KN-Cipher
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In cryptography, KN-Cipher is a block cipher created by Kaisa Nyberg and Lars Knudsen in 1995. One of the first ciphers designed to be provably secure against ordinary differential cryptanalysis, KN-Cipher was later broken using higher order differential cryptanalysis.
Presented as "a prototype...compatible with DES", the algorithm has a 64-bit block size and a 6-round Feistel network structure. The round function is based on the cube operation in the finite field GF(233).
The designers did not specify any key schedule for the cipher; they state, "All round keys should be independent, therefore we need at least 198 key bits."
Cryptanalysis
Jakobsen & Knudsen's higher order differential cryptanalysis breaks KN-Cipher with only 512 chosen plaintexts and 241 running time, or with 32 chosen plaintexts and 270 running time.
References
Broken block ciphers
Feistel ciphers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trough%20battery
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The trough battery was a variant of Alessandro Volta's voltaic pile and was designed by the Scottish professor of chemistry William Cruickshank in 1800.
Disadvantage of the pile
Volta's battery consisted of brine-soaked pieces of cloth sandwiched between zinc and copper discs, piled in a stack. This resulted in electrolyte leakage as the weight of the discs squeezed the electrolyte out of the cloth.
Advantage of the trough
Cruickshank devised a solution to the problem by placing the battery horizontally inside a rectangular box. The interior of the box was coated with shellac to provide insulation, and sets of zinc and copper plates, which were welded together, were arranged evenly within the box. The gaps between the plates, known as troughs, were filled with a diluted sulfuric acid. As long as the box remained undisturbed, there was no danger of the electrolyte spilling.
See also
List of battery types
References
Battery types
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Whalleyana
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Whalleyana is an enigmatic genus of moths in the lepidopteran group Obtectomera, endemic to Madagascar. The genus contains two species, whose biology are unknown. The genus had been placed in the picture-winged leaf moths, (Thyrididae), but then was placed in its own family (Minet, 1991), and later elevated to its own superfamily (Dugdale et al., 1999: 229-230); see also Fänger (2004). The genus was named after Paul E. S. Whalley, a British entomologist. Genomic studies have found them to be most closely related to Callidulidae, and it is suggested that they should be placed in Calliduloidea.
References
Dugdale, J.S., Kristensen, N.P., Robinson, G.S. and Scoble, M.J. (1999). The non-Glossatan Moths. Ch. 13, pp. 217–233 in Kristensen, N.P. (Ed.). Lepidoptera, Moths and Butterflies. Volume 1: Evolution, Systematics, and Biogeography. Handbuch der Zoologie. Eine Naturgeschichte der Stämme des Tierreiches / Handbook of Zoology. A Natural History of the phyla of the Animal Kingdom. Band / Volume IV Arthropoda: Insecta Teilband / Part 35: 491 pp. Walter de Gruyter, Berlin, New York.
Fänger, H.. 2004. Comparative morphology of tergal phragmata occurring in the dorsal thoraco-abdominal junction of ditrysian Lepidoptera (Insecta). Zoomorphology, 119 (3): 163-183.pdf
Minet, J. (1991). Tentative reconstruction of the ditrysian phylogeny (Lepidoptera: Glossata). Entomologica Scandinavica, 22: 69-95.
Sources
Firefly Encyclopedia of Insects and Spiders, edited by Christopher O'Toole, ,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rigs%20of%20Rods
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Rigs of Rods (RoR) is a free and open source vehicle-simulation game which uses soft-body physics to simulate the motion destruction and deformation of vehicles. The game uses a soft-body physics engine to simulate a network of interconnected nodes (forming the chassis and the wheels) and gives the ability to simulate deformable objects. With this engine, vehicles and their loads flex and deform as stresses are applied. Crashing into walls or terrain can permanently deform a vehicle until it is reset; however, not all vehicles in the game have flexible bodies.
Simulation
Rigs of Rods was initially created as an off-road truck simulator, but has developed into a versatile physics sandbox game.
Prior to version 0.28, the game was limited to typical land vehicles with wheels, but plane and boat engines have been added since. All engines allow for a wide range of customization, leaving virtually no boundaries. Vehicles are built using vertices connected by beams. Vertices (or "nodes") are influenced by the stress on the beams that connect them. If a beam is too stressed, it will deform, thus altering the associated nodes position which ultimately alters the appearance and handling of a vehicle. Vehicle configurations are stored in plain text. Simple 2D skins can be made to wrap the vehicle, and can be supplemented with static mesh objects. Recent development has allowed for static meshes to be deformed according to a skeleton of nodes, much like the system in the game 1nsan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Simhah%20Pinsker
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Simhah Pinsker (, March 17, 1801 – October 29, 1864) was a Polish-Jewish scholar and archeologist born in Tarnopol, Habsburg West Galicia (now Ternopil, Ukraine). He received his early Hebrew education in a cheder and from his father, Shebaḥ ha-Levi, a noted preacher, who instructed him in mathematics and German language also. He was the father of Leon Pinsker.
Early years
In his youth Pinsker was an enthusiastic admirer of Hasidic Judaism, but soon forsook it. He at first engaged in business, but, having no aptitude therefor, was obliged to abandon it. He then went to the free economic zone of Odesa, and, owing to his calligraphic skill, became secretary to the rabbi. Here, in conjunction with Isaac Horowitz of Brody and Littenfeld, Pinsker succeeded in establishing a public school for Jewish children, of which he himself served as principal until 1840.
Research
At that time Abraham Firkovich, a Karaite scholar, brought to Odessa a number of ancient manuscripts, unearthed in the Crimea. Among these was one of the Later Prophets which had a singular punctuation, differing widely in the form of the vowels and singing-accents from the one then in use. This manuscript gave ample opportunity to Pinsker to satisfy his propensity for research. He at once set himself to the task of deciphering the system of punctuation, and satisfactorily accomplished it. He had already become known as an archaeologist of merit through his contributions to the Orient, but with this discovery his f
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gaussian%20isoperimetric%20inequality
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In mathematics, the Gaussian isoperimetric inequality, proved by Boris Tsirelson and Vladimir Sudakov, and later independently by Christer Borell, states that among all sets of given Gaussian measure in the n-dimensional Euclidean space, half-spaces have the minimal Gaussian boundary measure.
Mathematical formulation
Let be a measurable subset of endowed with the standard Gaussian measure with the density . Denote by
the ε-extension of A. Then the Gaussian isoperimetric inequality states that
where
Proofs and generalizations
The original proofs by Sudakov, Tsirelson and Borell were based on Paul Lévy's spherical isoperimetric inequality.
Sergey Bobkov proved Bobkov's inequality, a functional generalization of the Gaussian isoperimetric inequality, proved from a certain "two point analytic inequality". Bakry and Ledoux gave another proof of Bobkov's functional inequality based on the semigroup techniques which works in a much more abstract setting. Later Barthe and Maurey gave yet another proof using the Brownian motion.
The Gaussian isoperimetric inequality also follows from Ehrhard's inequality.
See also
Concentration of measure
Borell–TIS inequality
References
Probabilistic inequalities
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Preston%20Estep
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Preston "Pete" Wayne Estep III is an American biologist and science and technology advocate. He is a graduate of Cornell University, where he did neuroscience research, and he earned a Ph.D. in Genetics from Harvard University. He did his doctoral research in the laboratory of genomics pioneer Professor George M. Church at Harvard Medical School.
Estep is an inventor of several technologies including DNA chip-based readout of transposon-based selections and universal DNA protein-binding microarrays (PBMs). He is Director of Gerontology and an adviser to the Personal Genome Project, the first "open-source" genome project founded by George Church and based at Harvard Medical School. He is one of the main subjects of the documentary film Reconvergence.
Estep was the Chief Scientific Officer and co-founder of Veritas Genetics. He is one of the scientific experts featured throughout the first season of the Netflix series Unnatural Selection. In the show, Estep says it is important to obtain genomic information from extraordinary people. Subsequently, he tests the recall abilities of memory champion Nelson Dellis, and then the two tour a genetics lab and observe large DNA sequencing machines as they discuss sequencing Dellis's genome.
Early in the SARS-CoV-2 pandemic Estep founded the Rapid Deployment Vaccine Collaborative (RaDVaC), an open source vaccine project that controversially featured vaccine self administration.
The Mindspan Diet
Estep is the author of the 2016 book T
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Meanings%20of%20minor%20planet%20names%3A%20146001%E2%80%93147000
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146001–146100
|-id=040
| 146040 Alicebowman || || Alice Bowman (born 1960) is a group supervisor at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. She served as the Mission Operations Manager for the New Horizons Mission to Pluto. ||
|}
146101–146200
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
146201–146300
|-id=268
| 146268 Jennipolakis || 2001 DQ || Jennifer Polakis (born 1959), American amateur astronomer, eclipse chaser and popularizer of astronomy ||
|}
146301–146400
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
146401–146500
|-id=442
| 146442 Dwaynebrown || || Dwayne C. Brown (born 1960), the Public Affairs Officer for the New Horizons mission to Pluto ||
|}
146501–146600
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
146601–146700
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
146701–146800
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
146801–146900
|-bgcolor=#f2f2f2
| colspan=4 align=center |
|}
146901–147000
|-id=921
| 146921 Michaelbuckley || || Michael R. Buckley (born 1969) is a senior public affairs specialist at the Johns Hopkins University Applied Physics Laboratory. He served as the Public Affairs Officer for the New Horizons mission to Pluto. ||
|}
References
146001-147000
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jennifer%20Marohasy
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Jennifer Marohasy (born 1963) is an Australian biologist, columnist and blogger. She was a senior fellow at the free-market think tank the Institute of Public Affairs between 2004 and 2009 and director of the Australian Environment Foundation until 2008. She holds a PhD in biology from the University of Queensland. She is sceptical of anthropogenic global warming and co-authored a peer-reviewed paper in GeoResJ suggesting that most of the recent warming is attributable to natural variations, a view disputed by climate scientists.
Career
Marohasy worked as a field biologist in Africa and Madagascar during the 1980s and 1990s, and has a number of published papers in science journals.
In 1997 she switched from researcher to environment manager with the Queensland sugar industry. In 1998, Marohasy received a PhD on the biological control of weeds. In 2001, she started to develop an interest in environmental campaigns and, in particular, claiming that there are anomalies between fact and perception regarding the health of coastal river systems and the Great Barrier Reef.
In July 2003, she became director of the environment unit at the Institute of Public Affairs (IPA).
As of November 2022, Marohasy is a Senior Fellow at the IPA.
Institute of Public Affairs
While head of the Environment Unit at the Institute of Public Affairs, Marohasy compiled a backgrounder titled Myth and the Murray - measuring the real state of the river environment which was published by the Institut
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Inverse%20Symbolic%20Calculator
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The Inverse Symbolic Calculator is an online number checker established July 18, 1995 by Peter Benjamin Borwein, Jonathan Michael Borwein and Simon Plouffe of the Canadian Centre for Experimental and Constructive Mathematics (Burnaby, Canada). A user will input a number and the Calculator will use an algorithm to search for and calculate closed-form expressions or suitable functions that have roots near this number. Hence, the calculator is of great importance for those working in numerical areas of experimental mathematics.
The ISC contains 54 million mathematical constants. Plouffe's Inverter (opened in 1998) contains 214 million. A newer version of the tables with 3.702 billion entries (as of June 19, 2010) exists.
In 2016, Plouffe released a portable version of Plouffe's Inverter containing 3 billion entries.
Literature
John Conway, Richard K. Guy: Zahlenzauber (The Book of Numbers), End of Chapter 1 about Numbers in languages. Birkhäuser, 1997, .
See also
On-Line Encyclopedia of Integer Sequences
Robert Munafo's RIES, a similar C program.
References
External links
Inverse Symbolic Calculator
Inverse Symbolic Calculator 2.0 (does not load)
Plouffe's Inverter (archive)
Portable version of the Plouffe Inverter (leads to a not found page)
Mathematical databases
Experimental mathematics
Internet properties established in 1995
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cahn%E2%80%93Hilliard%20equation
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The Cahn–Hilliard equation (after John W. Cahn and John E. Hilliard) is an equation of mathematical physics which describes the process of phase separation, by which the two components of a binary fluid spontaneously separate and form domains pure in each component. If is the concentration of the fluid, with indicating domains, then the equation is written as
where is a diffusion coefficient with units of and gives the length of the transition regions between the domains. Here is the partial time derivative and is the Laplacian in dimensions. Additionally, the quantity is identified as a chemical potential.
Related to it is the Allen–Cahn equation, as well as the stochastic Cahn–Hilliard Equation and the stochastic Allen–Cahn equation.
Features and applications
Of interest to mathematicians is the existence of a unique solution of the Cahn–Hilliard equation, given by smooth initial data. The proof relies essentially on the existence of a Lyapunov functional. Specifically, if we identify
as a free energy functional, then
so that the free energy does not grow in time. This also indicates segregation into domains is the asymptotic outcome of the evolution of this equation.
In real experiments, the segregation of an initially mixed binary fluid into domains is observed. The segregation is characterized by the following facts.
There is a transition layer between the segregated domains, with a profile given by the function and hence a typical width becaus
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kenneth%20Murray%20%28biologist%29
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Sir Kenneth "Ken" Murray FRS FRSE FRCPath (30 December 1930 – 7 April 2013) was a British molecular biologist and the Biogen Professor of Molecular Biology at the University of Edinburgh.
An important early figure in genetic engineering, Murray cofounded Biogen. There, he and his team developed one of the first vaccines against hepatitis B. Along with his wife, biologist Lady Noreen (née Parker), Murray also founded the Darwin Trust of Edinburgh, a charity supporting young biologists in their doctoral studies.
Education and career
Murray achieved a 1st class honours degree in chemistry followed by PhD from the University of Birmingham. From 1960 to 1964 he was a researcher at J. Murray Luck's laboratory at Stanford University and from 1964 to 1967 he was a researcher at Fred Sanger's laboratory at Cambridge University. In 1967, he was appointed lecturer at the University of Edinburgh and in 1976 he became Head of Molecular Biology. In 1984 he was appointed Biogen Professor of Molecular Biology, a post which he retained until his retirement. He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1979, Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1989 and awarded the RSE Royal Medal in 2000 with the citation "For their outstanding contribution to the development of Biotechnology, both nationally and internationally, through his development of what is now known as recombinant DNA technology."
Personal life
Murray was born in Yorkshire and brought up in the Midlands. He left school a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Buckley%E2%80%93Leverett%20equation
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In fluid dynamics, the Buckley–Leverett equation is a conservation equation used to model two-phase flow in porous media. The Buckley–Leverett equation or the Buckley–Leverett displacement describes an immiscible displacement process, such as the displacement of oil by water, in a one-dimensional or quasi-one-dimensional reservoir. This equation can be derived from the mass conservation equations of two-phase flow, under the assumptions listed below.
Equation
In a quasi-1D domain, the Buckley–Leverett equation is given by:
where is the wetting-phase (water) saturation, is the total flow rate, is the rock porosity, is the area of the cross-section in the sample volume, and is the fractional flow function of the wetting phase. Typically, is an 'S'-shaped, nonlinear function of the saturation , which characterizes the relative mobilities of the two phases:
where and denote the wetting and non-wetting phase mobilities. and denote the relative permeability functions of each phase and and represent the phase viscosities.
Assumptions
The Buckley–Leverett equation is derived based on the following assumptions:
Flow is linear and horizontal
Both wetting and non-wetting phases are incompressible
Immiscible phases
Negligible capillary pressure effects (this implies that the pressures of the two phases are equal)
Negligible gravitational forces
General solution
The characteristic velocity of the Buckley–Leverett equation is given by:
The hyperbolic nature of the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodger%20O.%20Riney
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Rodger O. Riney (born 1945) is an American billionaire and the founder of Scottrade, a stockbrokerage that was acquired by TD Ameritrade in 2017.
Early life
Riney was born in 1945 and was introduced to the stock market by his grandparents after giving him 10 shares of a stock. Riney earned a Bachelor of Science in civil engineering and a Master of Business Administration from the University of Missouri. He interned at Edward Jones Investments.
Career
After the deregulation of the brokerage industry in 1975, Riney saw an opportunity to provide lower commission trades. In 1980, he founded Scottsdale Securities in Scottsdale, Arizona.
In 1981, Riney moved to St. Louis and opened a second branch. In 1996, the company launched its website and electronic trading platform. The number of trades increased by 15% per month, compounded monthly, for 39 months.
Riney's management methods have been described as conservative. Scottrade was regularly featured on the list of 100 best companies to work for by Fortune, for the fifth consecutive year in 2012. In September 2017, TD Ameritrade acquired Scottrade. In March 2019, Riney's family office Lightchain invested in Arch Oncology, a cancer drug startup. He is a member of the Board of Directors of the Multiple Myeloma Research Foundation. On the Forbes 400 2019 list, he ranked #225, with a net worth of $3.6 billion.
Personal life
Riney and his wife, Paula, are members of Kirkwood Baptist Church in St. Louis County, Missouri.
Philanthrop
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paul%20K.%20Chu
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Paul K. Chu (朱劍豪) is a specialist in plasma surface modification and materials science. He is Chair Professor of Materials Engineering in the Department of Physics, Department of Materials Science & Engineering, and Department of Biomedical Engineering at the City University of Hong Kong.
Biography
He received his BS in mathematics (cum laude) from the Ohio State University in 1977 and MS and PhD in chemistry from Cornell University in 1979 and 1982, respectively.
He is a Fellow of the American Physical Society (APS), American Vacuum Society (AVS), Institute of Electrical and Electronics Engineers (IEEE), and Materials Research Society (MRS). He has received more than 30 research / technical awards including the IEEE Nuclear and Plasma Sciences (NPSS) Merit Award in 2007, MRS (Taiwan) JW Mayer Lectureship in 2008, Shanghai (China) Natural Science First Class Award 中國上海自然科學一等獎 in 2011, Chinese Ministry of Education Natural Science First Class Award 中國教育部自然科學一等獎 in 2017, Hubei Province (China) Natural Science Second Class Award 中國湖北省自然科學二等獎 in 2018, and Anhui Province (China) Science and Technology Third Class Award 中國安徽省科學技術三等獎 in 2020. He was awarded Leading Talents of Guangdong Province of China (中國廣東省領軍人才) and Thousand Talents of China (中國國家千人). He is a highly cited researcher in materials science / cross-field according to Web of Science / Clarivate Analytics.
He is Fellow of the Hong Kong Academy of Engineering Sciences (HKAES) (香港工程科學院院士) and Hong Kong Institution o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Third%20derivative
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In calculus, a branch of mathematics, the third derivative or third-order derivative is the rate at which the second derivative, or the rate of change of the rate of change, is changing. The third derivative of a function can be denoted by
Other notations can be used, but the above are the most common.
Mathematical definitions
Let . Then and . Therefore, the third derivative of f is, in this case,
or, using Leibniz notation,
Now for a more general definition. Let f be any function of x such that f ′′ is differentiable. Then the third derivative of f is given by
The third derivative is the rate at which the second derivative (f′′(x)) is changing.
Applications in geometry
In differential geometry, the torsion of a curve — a fundamental property of curves in three dimensions — is computed using third derivatives of coordinate functions (or the position vector) describing the curve.
Applications in physics
In physics, particularly kinematics, jerk is defined as the third derivative of the position function of an object. It is, essentially, the rate at which acceleration changes. In mathematical terms:
where j(t) is the jerk function with respect to time, and r(t) is the position function of the object with respect to time.
Economic examples
When campaigning for a second term in office, U.S. President Richard Nixon announced that the rate of increase of inflation was decreasing, which has been noted as "the first time a sitting president used the third der
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tj%C3%A4rn%C3%B6%20Marine%20Biological%20Laboratory
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The Tjärnö Marine Laboratory is a marine science field station in Sweden. It is part of the University of Gothenburg and located on the island Tjärnö, Strömstad Municipality in the northern part of Bohuslän province.
TML was founded as a field station for university education in marine biology in 1963. During the first half of 1970s TML became manned year round, and scientists began to choose TML for their permanent place of work. The activities have expanded and diversified. 70 people now work permanently at TML.
Within 10 minutes by boat lies the Koster fjord, a 247 meter deep fissure fault between the Koster Islands and the mainland. It is in deep-water contact with the remaining Skagerrak, the North Sea and the Atlantic Ocean beyond, leading to oceanic salinity, 35 ‰, in the bottom water. This is the only true oceanic environment in Sweden, with the highest number of marine species in Sweden. Between 5000 and 10000 species are to be found in the Skagerrak, and more than 200 of them do not occur elsewhere in Swedish waters. For instance, cold water reefs of stony corals could be found.
Annually, about 500 university students, mainly from Gothenburg, attend courses at TML, lasting from one week to one term. A large proportion of the education is devoted to identification of marine algal and animal species. Other courses are more concerned with ecology, including training in experiments and investigations. Field education, on research vessels, in smaller boats and at the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Antagonism%20%28chemistry%29
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Chemical antagonists impede the normal function of a system. They function to invert the effects of other molecules. The effects of antagonists can be seen after they have encountered an agonist, and as a result, the effects of the agonist is neutralized. Antagonists such as dopamine antagonist slow down movement in lab rats. Although they hinder the joining of enzymes to substrates, Antagonists can be beneficial. For example, not only do angiotensin receptor blockers, and angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) inhibitors work to lower blood pressure, but they also counter the effects of renal disease in diabetic and non-diabetic patients. Chelating agents, such as calcium di sodium defeated, fall into the category of antagonists and operate to minimize the lethal effects of heavy metals such as mercury or lead.
In chemistry, antagonism is a phenomenon wherein two or more agents in combination have an overall effect that is less than the sum of their individual effects.
The word is most commonly used in this context in biochemistry and toxicology: interference in the physiological action of a chemical substance by another having a similar structure. For instance, a receptor antagonist is an agent that reduces the response that a ligand produces when the receptor antagonist binds to a receptor on a cell. An example of this is the interleukin-1 receptor antagonist. The opposite of antagonism is synergy. It is a negative type of synergism.
Experiments with different combin
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Pilyugin
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Nikolai Alekseevich Pilyugin (; , Krasnoye Selo - 2 August 1982) was Soviet chief designer of rocket guidance systems.
He was a designer of control systems for boosters and spacecraft.
He participated in design of the first ICBM "R-7" and Soviet space shuttle Buran.
A graduate of the Baumann higher technical school (MVTU), Pilyugin worked at the Zhukovsky Central Institute of Aerohydrodynamics (TsAGI) starting in 1934, then joined RNII the Institute of Jet Propulsion. In 1945, he joined Boris Chertok at the RABE institute in Germany, studying the design of the V-2 and other Nazi weaponry.
In 1946, he along with Mikhail Ryazansky headed the newly formed NII-885. Pilyugin developed gyroscopic guidance control systems and flight control computers for Soviet rockets beginning with the R-1 (a copy of the V-2).
Awards
Twice Hero of Socialist Labor (1956, 1961)
Lenin Prize (1957)
USSR State Prize (1967)
Order of Lenin (1956, 1958, 1968, 1975, 1978)
Order of the October Revolution (1971)
Deputy to the Supreme Soviet of the USSR 7th - 10th convocations.
Further reading
J. K. Golovanov, M., "Korolev: Facts and myths", Nauka, 1994, ;
"Rockets and people" – B. E. Chertok, M: "mechanical engineering", 1999. ;
"Testing of rocket and space technology - the business of my life" Events and facts - A.I. Ostashev, Korolyov, 2001.;
"Bank of the Universe" - edited by Boltenko A. C., Kyiv, 2014., publishing house "Phoenix",
A.I. Ostashev, Sergey Pavlovich Korolyov - The Geni
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