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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Caccioppoli%20set
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In mathematics, a Caccioppoli set is a set whose boundary is measurable and has (at least locally) a finite measure. A synonym is set of (locally) finite perimeter. Basically, a set is a Caccioppoli set if its characteristic function is a function of bounded variation.
History
The basic concept of a Caccioppoli set was first introduced by the Italian mathematician Renato Caccioppoli in the paper : considering a plane set or a surface defined on an open set in the plane, he defined their measure or area as the total variation in the sense of Tonelli of their defining functions, i.e. of their parametric equations, provided this quantity was bounded. The measure of the boundary of a set was defined as a functional, precisely a set function, for the first time: also, being defined on open sets, it can be defined on all Borel sets and its value can be approximated by the values it takes on an increasing net of subsets. Another clearly stated (and demonstrated) property of this functional was its lower semi-continuity.
In the paper , he precised by using a triangular mesh as an increasing net approximating the open domain, defining positive and negative variations whose sum is the total variation, i.e. the area functional. His inspiring point of view, as he explicitly admitted, was those of Giuseppe Peano, as expressed by the Peano-Jordan Measure: to associate to every portion of a surface an oriented plane area in a similar way as an approximating chord is associated to a cur
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tuorla%20Observatory
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Tuorla Observatory is the Department of Astronomy at the University of Turku, southwest Finland. It is the largest astronomical research institute in Finland. Together with the Space Research Laboratory at the Physics Department of the University of Turku, it forms the Väisälä Institute of Space Physics and Astronomy (VISPA).
History
Tuorla Observatory was established on April 29, 1952 by professor Yrjö Väisälä. A new observatory was needed because the old Iso-Heikkilä Observatory close to the centre of Turku started suffering from heavy light pollution from the nearby city and especially the industrial areas to the south of the observatory. A new place was found in Tuorla, which is one of the small villages in (former) Piikkiö municipality. It is located about 12 kilometres from Turku towards Helsinki.
The first part of the observatory contained a main building and a 51 meter long tunnel for optical research. Due to the growing size of the department, new parts to it have been built in 1989 and 2002. Starting in 1974, the observatory was part of the Physics Department until 1991 when it became again an independent research institute of the university. In 2009 the observatory merged again with the physics department, and it is now one of the seven laboratories of the Department of Physics and Astronomy at University of Turku.
The observatory has several telescopes located around its main buildings and also uses international telescopes like the Nordic Optical Telescope.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jeanne%20Ferrante
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Jeanne Ferrante (born January 3, 1949) is an American computer scientist active in the field of compiler technology. As a Professor of Computer Science and Engineering at the University of California, San Diego's Jacobs School of Engineering, Ferrante has made important contributions regarding optimization and parallelization.
Early life and education
Ferrante was born on January 3, 1949. She completed her Bachelor of Arts degree in natural sciences from Hofstra University in 1969 and her PhD in mathematics from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1974. During her undergraduate studies, Ferrante originally wished to pursue a career as a high school chemistry teacher but was encouraged by a female professor to pursue a career in mathematics.
Career
Following her PhD, Ferrante taught at Tufts University until 1978 when she became a Research Staff Member at IBM's Thomas J. Watson Research Center. While with IBM, she worked on computational complexity problems such as the theory of rational order and first order theory of real addition. In the 1980s, Ferrante collaborated with various researchers at IBM to develop the Static Single Assignment form (SSA). The SSA is a data structure that allows for more efficient methods of transforming the user's program to machine code. Ferrante was later recognized for her collaborative work with the SSA form by the Association for Computing Machinery with their 2006 SIGPLAN Programming Languages Achievement Award. In 1992, Ferrante
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nordic%20Institute%20for%20Theoretical%20Physics
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The Nordic Institute for Theoretical Physics, or NORDITA, or Nordita (), is an international organisation for research in theoretical physics. It was established as Nordisk Institut for Teoretisk Atomfysik in 1957 by Niels Bohr and the Swedish physicist Torsten Gustafson. Nordita was originally located at the Niels Bohr Institute in Copenhagen (Denmark), but moved to the AlbaNova University Centre in Stockholm (Sweden) on 1 January 2007. The main research areas at Nordita are astrophysics, hard and soft condensed matter physics, and high-energy physics.
Research
Since Nordita's establishment in 1957 the original focus on research in atomic and nuclear physics has been broadened.
Research carried out by Nordita's academic staff presently includes astrophysics, biological physics, hard condensed matter physics and materials physics, soft condensed matter physics, cosmology, statistical physics and complex systems, high-energy physics, and gravitational physics and cosmology. The in-house research forms the backbone of Nordita activities and complements the more service oriented functions. By mission, Nordita has the task of facilitating interactions between physicists in the Nordic countries as well as with the international community; therefore the comparably small institute has a large number of visitors, conferences and scientific programs that last several weeks.
Notable former or present researchers at Nordita include Alexander V. Balatsky, Holger Bech Nielsen, Axel
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gadget%20%28computer%20science%29
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In computational complexity theory, a gadget is a subunit of a problem instance that simulates the behavior of one of the fundamental units of a different computational problem. Gadgets are typically used to construct reductions from one computational problem to another, as part of proofs of NP-completeness or other types of computational hardness. The component design technique is a method for constructing reductions by using gadgets.
traces the use of gadgets to a 1954 paper in graph theory by W. T. Tutte, in which Tutte provided gadgets for reducing the problem of finding a subgraph with given degree constraints to a perfect matching problem. However, the "gadget" terminology has a later origin, and does not appear in Tutte's paper.
Example
Many NP-completeness proofs are based on many-one reductions from 3-satisfiability, the problem of finding a satisfying assignment to a Boolean formula that is a conjunction (Boolean and) of clauses, each clause being the disjunction (Boolean or) of three terms, and each term being a Boolean variable or its negation. A reduction from this problem to a hard problem on undirected graphs, such as the Hamiltonian cycle problem or graph coloring, would typically be based on gadgets in the form of subgraphs that simulate the behavior of the variables and clauses of a given 3-satisfiability instance. These gadgets would then be glued together to form a single graph, a hard instance for the graph problem in consideration.
For instance, the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zonal%20polynomial
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In mathematics, a zonal polynomial is a multivariate symmetric homogeneous polynomial. The zonal polynomials form a basis of the space of symmetric polynomials.
They appear as zonal spherical functions of the Gelfand pairs
(here, is the hyperoctahedral group) and , which means that they describe canonical basis of the double class
algebras and .
They are applied in multivariate statistics.
The zonal polynomials are the case of the C normalization of the Jack function.
References
Robb Muirhead, Aspects of Multivariate Statistical Theory, John Wiley & Sons, Inc., New York, 1984.
Homogeneous polynomials
Symmetric functions
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20measure
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In mathematics, more precisely in measure theory, a measure on the real line is called a discrete measure (in respect to the Lebesgue measure) if it is concentrated on an at most countable set. The support need not be a discrete set. Geometrically, a discrete measure (on the real line, with respect to Lebesgue measure) is a collection of point masses.
Definition and properties
A measure defined on the Lebesgue measurable sets of the real line with values in is said to be discrete if there exists a (possibly finite) sequence of numbers
such that
The simplest example of a discrete measure on the real line is the Dirac delta function One has and
More generally, if is a (possibly finite) sequence of real numbers, is a sequence of numbers in of the same length, one can consider the Dirac measures defined by
for any Lebesgue measurable set Then, the measure
is a discrete measure. In fact, one may prove that any discrete measure on the real line has this form for appropriately chosen sequences and
Extensions
One may extend the notion of discrete measures to more general measure spaces. Given a measurable space and two measures and on it, is said to be discrete in respect to if there exists an at most countable subset of such that
All singletons with are measurable (which implies that any subset of is measurable)
Notice that the first two requirements are always satisfied for an at most countable subset of the real line if is th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Programming%20by%20demonstration
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In computer science, programming by demonstration (PbD) is an end-user development technique for teaching a computer or a robot new behaviors by demonstrating the task to transfer directly instead of programming it through machine commands.
The terms programming by example (PbE) and programming by demonstration (PbD) appeared in software development research as early as the mid 1980s to define a way to define a sequence of operations without having to learn a programming language. The usual distinction in literature between these terms is that in PbE the user gives a prototypical product of the computer execution, such as a row in the desired results of a query; while in PbD the user performs a sequence of actions that the computer must repeat, generalizing it to be used in different data sets.
These two terms were first undifferentiated, but PbE then tended to be mostly adopted by software development researchers while PbD tended to be adopted by robotics researchers. Today, PbE refers to an entirely different concept, supported by new programming languages that are similar to simulators. This framework can be contrasted with Bayesian program synthesis.
Robot programming by demonstration
The PbD paradigm is first attractive to the robotics industry due to the costs involved in the development and maintenance of robot programs. In this field, the operator often has implicit knowledge on the task to achieve (he/she knows how to do it), but does not have usually the programm
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horst%20Zuse
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Horst Zuse (born November 17, 1945) is a German computer scientist.
Life
Horst Zuse was born in 1945 as the son of the computer pioneer Konrad Zuse. He first studied electrical engineering at the Technical University of Berlin and later on completed his PhD on software metrics. Horst Zuse worked as a Privatdozent at the Technical University of Berlin and was professor at the Hochschule Lausitz (FH), University of Applied Sciences. Besides software engineering, he has concentrated on the history of computer science.
Books
A Framework of Software Measurement (Walter de Gruyter, 1997),
Software complexity: Measures and methods (Programming complex systems) (Walter de Gruyter, 1991),
References
External links
Horst Zuse's website
The Life and Work of Konrad Zuse by Horst Zuse, an extensive and well-written historical account of Horst Zuse's father's pioneering work
1945 births
Living people
People from Oberallgäu
Technical University of Berlin alumni
German computer scientists
Historians of technology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martyn%20Poliakoff
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Sir Martyn Poliakoff (born 16 December 1947) is a British chemist, working on fundamental chemistry, and on developing environmentally acceptable processes and materials. The core themes of his work are supercritical fluids, infrared spectroscopy and lasers. He is a research professor in chemistry at the University of Nottingham. As well as carrying out research at the University of Nottingham, he is a lecturer, teaching a number of modules including green chemistry.
In the late 2000s and early 2010s he was the main presenter for the YouTube channel Periodic Videos.
Early life
Poliakoff was born to a British-Jewish mother, Ina (née Montagu), and Russian-Jewish father, Alexander Poliakoff (). He has a younger brother, the screenwriter and director Stephen Poliakoff. His paternal grandfather, Joseph Poliakoff, was a prolific inventor of electrical devices who experienced the communist revolution in Russia first-hand, and emigrated to the United Kingdom in 1924.
Education
Poliakoff was educated at Westminster School followed by King's College, Cambridge, graduating with a bachelor's degree in 1969, and a PhD in 1973, for research supervised by J.J. Turner. While an undergraduate at Cambridge, Poliakoff met and became close friends with Tony Judt, who later became a historian and writer.
Career and research
In 1972, Poliakoff moved to Newcastle University and in 1979 was appointed a lecturer at the University of Nottingham, where he was subsequently promoted to professor in
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conservative%20system
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In mathematics, a conservative system is a dynamical system which stands in contrast to a dissipative system. Roughly speaking, such systems have no friction or other mechanism to dissipate the dynamics, and thus, their phase space does not shrink over time. Precisely speaking, they are those dynamical systems that have a null wandering set: under time evolution, no portion of the phase space ever "wanders away", never to be returned to or revisited. Alternately, conservative systems are those to which the Poincaré recurrence theorem applies. An important special case of conservative systems are the measure-preserving dynamical systems.
Informal introduction
Informally, dynamical systems describe the time evolution of the phase space of some mechanical system. Commonly, such evolution is given by some differential equations, or quite often in terms of discrete time steps. However, in the present case, instead of focusing on the time evolution of discrete points, one shifts attention to the time evolution of collections of points. One such example would be Saturn's rings: rather than tracking the time evolution of individual grains of sand in the rings, one is instead interested in the time evolution of the density of the rings: how the density thins out, spreads, or becomes concentrated. Over short time-scales (hundreds of thousands of years), Saturn's rings are stable, and are thus a reasonable example of a conservative system and more precisely, a measure-preserving dyn
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Crow%20Observatory
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Crow Observatory is a historic observatory housed in the Crow Hall in the Physics Department on the Danforth Campus of Washington University in St. Louis. The historic telescope is still in use, and the observatory is open to the public.
Telescope and transit
The University purchased the observatory's refractor telescope in 1863. The telescope is named the Yeatman refractor, after philanthropist James Yeatman who donated US$1,500 for its construction. The Yeatman Refractor has an aperture of 6 inches, with lenses made by Henry Fitz & Co. The transit was made in 1882, and the clock was made in 1885.
History
The observatory was originally located on 18th Street in St. Louis City; it was moved with the rest of the University to the Danforth Campus upon the conclusion of the 1904 World's Fair. The current observatory dome was built in 1954, when the Yeatman refractor telescope was relocated from where Louderman Hall currently stands.
See also
List of astronomical observatories
References
External links
Crow Observatory - Washington University Physics Department
Washington University in St. Louis campus
Astronomical observatories in Missouri
Tourist attractions in St. Louis
Education in St. Louis
1954 establishments in Missouri
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alperin%E2%80%93Brauer%E2%80%93Gorenstein%20theorem
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In mathematics, the Alperin–Brauer–Gorenstein theorem characterizes the finite simple groups with quasidihedral or wreathed Sylow 2-subgroups. These are isomorphic either to three-dimensional projective special linear groups or projective special unitary groups over a finite field of odd order, depending on a certain congruence, or to the Mathieu group . proved this in the course of 261 pages. The subdivision by 2-fusion is sketched there, given as an exercise in , and presented in some detail in .
Notes
References
Theorems about finite groups
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Copson
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Edward Thomas Copson FRSE (21 August 1901 – 16 February 1980) was a British mathematician who contributed widely to the development of mathematics at the University of St Andrews, serving as Regius Professor of Mathematics amongst other positions.
Life
He was born in Coventry, and was a pupil at King Henry VIII School, Coventry. He studied at St John's College, Oxford. He was appointed by E. T. Whittaker as a lecturer at the University of Edinburgh, where he was later awarded a DSc.
He married Beatrice, the elder daughter of E. T. Whittaker, and moved to the University of St Andrews where he was Regius Professor of Mathematics, and later Dean of Science, then Master of the United College. He was instrumental in the construction of the new Mathematics Institute building at the University.
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1924, his proposers being Sir Edmund Taylor Whittaker, Herbert Stanley Allen, Bevan Braithwaite Baker and A. Crichton Mitchell. He was awarded the Keith Medal by the Royal Society of Edinburgh in 1942 for his research in mathematics. He served as the Society's Vice President from 1950-53.
Work
Copson's primary focus was in classical analysis, asymptotic expansions, differential and integral equations, and applications to problems in theoretical physics. His first book "The theory of functions of a complex variable" was published in 1935.
Publications
Copson, E. T., An Introduction to the Theory of Functions of A Complex Variab
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Environmental%20statistics
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Environment statistics is the application of statistical methods to environmental science. It covers procedures for dealing with questions concerning the natural environment in its undisturbed state, the interaction of humanity with the environment, and urban environments. The field of environmental statistics has seen rapid growth in the past few decades as a response to increasing concern over the environment in the public, organizational, and governmental sectors.
The United Nations' Framework for the Development of Environment Statistics (FDES) defines the scope of environment statistics as follows:
The scope of environment statistics covers biophysical aspects of the environment and those aspects of the socio-economic system that directly influence and interact with the environment.
The scope of environment, social and economic statistics overlap. It is not easy – or necessary – to draw a clear line dividing these areas. Social and economic statistics that describe processes or activities with a direct impact on, or direct interaction with, the environment are used widely in environment statistics. They are within the scope of the FDES.
Uses
Statistical analysis is essential to the field of environmental sciences, allowing researchers to gain an understanding of environmental issues through researching and developing potential solutions to the issues they study. The applications of statistical methods to environmental sciences are numerous and varied. Environmental sta
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kautz%20filter
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In signal processing, the Kautz filter, named after William H. Kautz, is a fixed-pole traversal filter, published in 1954.
Like Laguerre filters, Kautz filters can be implemented using a cascade of all-pass filters, with a one-pole lowpass filter at each tap between the all-pass sections.
Orthogonal set
Given a set of real poles , the Laplace transform of the Kautz orthonormal basis is defined as the product of a one-pole lowpass factor with an increasing-order allpass factor:
.
In the time domain, this is equivalent to
,
where ani are the coefficients of the partial fraction expansion as,
For discrete-time Kautz filters, the same formulas are used, with z in place of s.
Relation to Laguerre polynomials
If all poles coincide at s = -a, then Kautz series can be written as,
,
where Lk denotes Laguerre polynomials.
See also
Kautz code
References
Linear filters
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20William%20K%C3%B6rner
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Thomas William Körner (born 17 February 1946) is a British pure mathematician and the author of three books on popular mathematics. He is titular Professor of Fourier Analysis in the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of Trinity Hall. He is the son of the philosopher Stephan Körner and of Edith Körner.
He studied at Trinity Hall, Cambridge, and wrote his PhD thesis Some Results on Kronecker, Dirichlet and Helson Sets there in 1971, studying under Nicholas Varopoulos. In 1972 he won the Salem Prize.
He has written academic mathematics books aimed at undergraduates:
Fourier Analysis
Exercises for Fourier Analysis
A Companion to Analysis
Vectors, Pure and Applied
Calculus for the Ambitious
He has also written three books aimed at secondary school students, the popular 1996 title The Pleasures of Counting, Naive Decision Making (published 2008) on probability, statistics and game theory, and Where Do Numbers Come From? (published October 2019).
External links
Professor Körner's website
References
1946 births
Living people
Alumni of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
Fellows of Trinity Hall, Cambridge
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Mathematical analysts
Cambridge mathematicians
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Bergamini
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David Howland Bergamini (11 October 1928 – 3 September 1983, in Tokyo) was an American author who wrote books on 20th-century history and popular science, notably mathematics.
Bergamini was interned as an Allied civilian in a Japanese concentration camp in the Philippines with his mother and father, John Van Wie Bergamini, an architect who worked for the American Episcopal Mission in China, Japan, the Philippines and Africa, and younger sister for the duration of World War II.
From 1949 to 1951 Bergamini studied at Merton College, Oxford on a Rhodes Scholarship. In 1951 he joined Time as a reporter; in 1961 he was appointed Assistant Editor of Life magazine.
According to Professor Charles Sheldon of the University of Cambridge, his 1971 book on Japan's Imperial Conspiracy "is a polemic which, to our knowledge, contradicts all previous scholarly work.... Specialists on Japan have unanimously demolished Bergamini's thesis and his pretensions to careful scholarship.
Partial bibliography
The Fleet in the Window (a novel published in 1961)
The Universe (Life Nature Library) (1962; revised 1966, 1967)
Mathematics (Life Science Library) (1963)
Australia, Its Land and Wildlife (1964)
The Scientist (Life Science Library) (1965)
Japan's Imperial Conspiracy (1971),
Venus Development (a novel published in 1976)
References
1928 births
1983 deaths
20th-century American novelists
20th-century American male writers
American science writers
American historical novelists
American
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ren%C3%A9%20Gardi
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René Gardi (1 March 1909 - 9 March 2000) was a Swiss traveller and author. He wrote particularly on the handicrafts and architecture of West Africa.
Gardi was born 1909 in Bern, Switzerland. After studying mathematics, physics, and zoology at Bern University, he became Sekundarlehrer at Brügg BE near Biel from 1931 to 1945, and then worked as independent author and traveler (Vortragsreisender). He documented his travels to Africa in several books and in two films:
Mandara (1959) and
Die letzte Karawane (The Last Caravan) (1967).
He won many prizes for literature and in 1967 received an Honorary Doctorate at Bern University.
Gardi died 2000 in Bern.
Publications
Schwarzwasser, Jugendbuch 1943
Bergvolk der Wüste, 1951
Blaue Schleier - rote Zelte, 1951
Mandara, 1953
Kirdi, 1955
Sepik, 1958
Sahara, 1967
External links
1909 births
2000 deaths
Swiss writers
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dewar%E2%80%93Chatt%E2%80%93Duncanson%20model
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The Dewar–Chatt–Duncanson model is a model in organometallic chemistry that explains the chemical bonding in transition metal alkene complexes. The model is named after Michael J. S. Dewar, Joseph Chatt and L. A. Duncanson.
The alkene donates electron density into a π-acid metal d-orbital from a π-symmetry bonding orbital between the carbon atoms. The metal donates electrons back from a (different) filled d-orbital into the empty π* antibonding orbital. Both of these effects tend to reduce the carbon-carbon bond order, leading to an elongated C−C distance and a lowering of its vibrational frequency.
In Zeise's salt K[PtCl3(C2H4)].H2O the C−C bond length has increased to 134 picometres from 133 pm for ethylene. In the nickel compound Ni(C2H4)(PPh3)2 the value is 143 pm.
The interaction also causes carbon atoms to "rehybridise" from sp2 towards sp3, which is indicated by the bending of the hydrogen atoms on the ethylene back away from the metal. In silico calculations show that 75% of the binding energy is derived from the forward donation and 25% from backdonation. This model is a specific manifestation of the more general π backbonding model.
References
Organometallic chemistry
Chemical bonding
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Ostwald
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Carl Wilhelm Wolfgang Ostwald (27 May 1883 – 22 November 1943) was a German chemist and biologist researching colloids.
Ostwald was born in Riga, the son of the 1909 winner of the Nobel Prize in Chemistry, Wilhelm Ostwald, and died in Dresden.
Books
Grundriß der Kolloidchemie (Basics of colloid chemistry, 1909)
Die Welt der vernachlässigten Dimensionen (The world of neglected dimensions, 1914)
References
See also
List of Baltic German scientists
1883 births
1943 deaths
Scientists from Riga
People from Kreis Riga
Baltic-German people
20th-century German chemists
Emigrants from the Russian Empire to Germany
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Data%20hub
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A data hub is a center of data exchange that is supported by data science, data engineering, and data warehouse technologies to interact with endpoints such as applications and algorithms.
Features
A data hub differs from a data warehouse in that it is generally unintegrated and often at different grains. It differs from an operational data store because a data hub does not need to be limited to operational data.
A data hub differs from a data lake by homogenizing data and possibly serving data in multiple desired formats, rather than simply storing it in one place, and by adding other value to the data such as de-duplication, quality, security, and a standardized set of query services. A data lake tends to store data in one place for availability, and allow/require the consumer to process or add value to the data.
Data hubs are ideally the "go-to" place for data within an enterprise, so that many point-to-point connections between callers and data suppliers do not need to be made, and so that the data hub organization can negotiate deliverables and schedules with various data enclave teams, rather than being an organizational free-for-all as different teams try to get new services and features from many other teams.
References
Data management
Database management systems
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Gerzon
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Michael Anthony Gerzon (4 December 1945 – 6 May 1996) is probably best known for his work on Ambisonics and for his work on digital audio. He also made a large number of recordings, many in the field of free improvisation in which he had a particular interest.
Life
After studying mathematics at Oxford University, Gerzon joined Oxford's Mathematical Institute working on axiomatic quantum theory, until his work in audio took him into working as a consultant. At university he already had a keen interest in both the theory and practice of recording, which he shared with a few fellow students including Peter Craven (the two were later the co-inventors of the soundfield microphone, and collaborated on many other projects).
Over the next few years, this interest led to the invention of Ambisonics, which can be seen as a theoretical and practical completion of the work done by Alan Blumlein in the field of stereophonic sound. Although Ambisonics was not a commercial success, its theory underpinned much of his later work in audio such as his work with Waves Audio and Trifield. He was also active in the development of digital sound techniques, such as noise-shaped dither and Meridian Lossless Packing (MLP, the lossless compression used in DVD-Audio disks).
The Audio Engineering Society recognised Gerzon's work in audio by awarding him a fellowship in 1978 and the AES Gold Medal in 1991. He was also awarded the AES Publications Award posthumously in 1999.
Death
Gerzon died in 19
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rod%20Burstall
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Rodney Martineau "Rod" Burstall FRSE (born 1934) is a British computer scientist and one of four founders of the Laboratory for Foundations of Computer Science at the University of Edinburgh.
Biography
Burstall studied physics at the University of Cambridge, then an M.Sc. in operational research at Birmingham University. He worked for three years before returning to Birmingham University to earn a Ph.D. in 1966 with thesis titled Heuristic and Decision Tree Methods on Computers: Some Operational Research Applications under the supervision of N. A. Dudley and K. B. Haley.
Burstall was an early and influential proponent of functional programming, pattern matching, and list comprehension, and is known for his work with Robin Popplestone on POP, an innovative programming language developed at Edinburgh around 1970, and later work with John Darlington on NPL and program transformation and with David MacQueen and Don Sannella on Hope, a precursor to Standard ML, Miranda, and Haskell.
In 1995, he was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society of Edinburgh.
Burstall retired in 2000, becoming Professor Emeritus.
In 2002 David Rydeheard and Don Sannella assembled a festschrift for Rod Burstall that was published in Formal Aspects of Computing.
In 2009, he was awarded the ACM SIGPLAN Programming Language Achievement Award.
Books
May 1971: Programming in POP-11, Edinburgh University Press.
1980: (with Alan Bundy) Artificial Intelligence: An Introductory Course, Edinburgh University P
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Racah%20W-coefficient
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Racah's W-coefficients were introduced by Giulio Racah in 1942. These coefficients have a purely mathematical definition. In physics they are used in calculations involving the quantum mechanical description of angular momentum, for example in atomic theory.
The coefficients appear when there are three sources of angular momentum in the problem. For example, consider an atom with one electron in an s orbital and one electron in a p orbital. Each electron has electron spin angular momentum and in addition
the p orbital has orbital angular momentum (an s orbital has zero orbital angular momentum). The atom may be described by LS coupling or by jj coupling as explained in the article on angular momentum coupling. The transformation between the wave functions that correspond to these two couplings involves a Racah W-coefficient.
Apart from a phase factor, Racah's W-coefficients are equal to Wigner's 6-j symbols, so any equation involving Racah's W-coefficients may be rewritten using 6-j symbols. This is often advantageous because the symmetry properties of 6-j symbols are easier to remember.
Racah coefficients are related to recoupling coefficients by
Recoupling coefficients are elements of a unitary transformation and their definition is given in the next section. Racah coefficients have more convenient symmetry properties than the recoupling coefficients (but less convenient than the 6-j symbols).
Recoupling coefficients
Coupling of two angular momenta and is the const
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trimethylsilyl%20azide
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Trimethylsilyl azide is the organosilicon compound with the formula . A colorless liquid, it is a reagent in organic chemistry, serving as the equivalent of hydrazoic acid.
Preparation
Trimethylsilyl azide is commercially available. It may be prepared by the reaction of trimethylsilyl chloride and sodium azide:
Reactions
The compound hydrolyzes to hydrazoic acid:
The compound adds to ketones and aldehydes to give the siloxy azides and subsequently tetrazoles:
It ring-opens epoxides to give azido alcohols.
It has been used in the Oseltamivir total synthesis.
Safety
Trimethylsilyl azide is incompatible with moisture, strong oxidizing agents, and strong acids. Azides are often explosive, as illustrated by their use in air bags.
References
Azido compounds
Reagents for organic chemistry
Trimethylsilyl compounds
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ross%20Thomas%20%28actor%29
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Ross Thomas (born August 21, 1981) is an American actor, filmmaker, philanthropist and adventurer.
Early life
Ross Thomas was born in Stockton, California and raised in both Stockton and Woodbridge, California. His mother Catherine Schuler is a computer science professor and author, and his father, Randy Thomas, is a trial attorney, poet and adventurer. He has three sisters and one brother. He attended St. Mary's High School and subsequently attended Arizona State University and The University of Southern California. He played left wing for the Arizona State University rugby team. He studied anthropology, broadcasting and theatre arts. He graduated from The University of Southern California in the winter of 2004.
In 2005, Thomas played the title role in What's Bugging Seth as a deaf man determined to find love and career success despite his handicap. The film won awards at the DancesWithFilms Festival, the Santa Cruz Film Festival and the Empire Film Festival
Other film credits include starring roles in films such as The Cutting Edge 2: Going for the Gold, American Pie: The Naked Mile, the Wayans’ Brothers comedy Dance Flick, in which he spoofed Channing Tatum's character in Step Up, "Burning Palms", and the indie flick Shelter, which went on to win the GLAAD Outstanding Film Award in 2009.
On the small screen, Thomas was a series regular on the Nickelodeon original teen series Beyond the Break. Thomas played ‘Bailey,’ a stellar surfer who had a reputation for being a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20A.%20Panitz
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John A. Panitz is Emeritus Professor of Physics at the University of New Mexico in Albuquerque. During his tenure at UNM he was Professor of Physics, Professor of High Technology Materials and Professor of Cell Biology and Physiology (in the School of Medicine). Professor Panitz developed the first laboratory courseware that encouraged both critical thinking and role playing in the structured environment of a cooperative learning group. Before joining UNM Professor Panitz was in the Surface Science Division at Sandia National Laboratory in Albuquerque where he patented the Field Desorption Spectrometer and the LiFE Detector. He is the founder and CEO of High Field Consultants and the owner and curator of Gallerie Imaginarium.
Professor Panitz developed the original atom probe with Erwin W. Muller and S. Brooks McLane and Gerry Fowler. He was a co-discoverer of the field-adsorption phenomenon. He introduced the 10-cm Atom-Probe, the Imaging Atom-Probe, and several other techniques. The 10-cm Atom Probe has been called the progenitor of later atom probe instruments including the commercial instruments available today.
References
External links
Gallerie Imaginarium
High-Field Consultants
Living people
American scientists
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Kadish
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George Kadish, born Zvi (Hirsh) Kadushin (1910 September 1997), was a Lithuanian Jewish photographer who documented life in the Kovno Ghetto during the Holocaust, the period of the Nazi German genocide against Jews.
Prior to World War II he was a mathematics, science and electronics teacher at a Hebrew High School in Kovno, Lithuania.
As a hobby, Kadish was a photographer. He was skilled at making home-made cameras. During the period of Nazi control of Lithuania (along with indigenous Lithuanian collaborators) he successfully photographed various scenes of life and its difficulties in the ghetto in clandestine circumstances. Kadish constructed cameras by which he could photograph through the buttonhole of his coat or over a window sill. He was able to photograph sensitive scenes that would attract the ire of Nazis or collaborators, such as scenes of people gathered for forced labor, burning of the ghetto, and deportations.
His photographs were featured in a 2003 exhibition at the YIVO Institute in New York.
Bibliography
Kadish, George, et al. Days of Remembrance, 1987: Family Life in the Kovno Ghetto. San Francisco, CA: Mellen Research University Press, 1991. Book is catalog of his work, as displayed in 1987 at the Russell Senate Office Building.
"George's Kaddish for Kovno and the Six Million." Catherine Gong, edited by Michael Berenbaum. 2009. Also located at Stanford University (Cecil H. Green), United States Holocaust Memorial Museum Archive, and Tom Lantos F
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/9-j%20symbol
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In physics, Wigner's 9-j symbols were introduced by Eugene Paul Wigner in 1937. They are related to recoupling coefficients in quantum mechanics involving four angular momenta
Recoupling of four angular momentum vectors
Coupling of two angular momenta and is the construction of simultaneous eigenfunctions of and , where , as explained in the article on Clebsch–Gordan coefficients.
Coupling of three angular momenta can be done in several ways, as explained in the article on Racah W-coefficients. Using the notation and techniques of that article, total angular momentum states that arise from coupling the angular momentum vectors , , , and may be written as
Alternatively, one may first couple and to and and to , before coupling and to :
Both sets of functions provide a complete, orthonormal basis for the space with dimension spanned by
Hence, the transformation between the two sets is unitary and the matrix elements of the transformation are given by the scalar products of the functions.
As in the case of the Racah W-coefficients the matrix elements are independent of the total angular momentum projection quantum number ():
Symmetry relations
A 9-j symbol is invariant under reflection about either diagonal as well as even permutations of its rows or columns:
An odd permutation of rows or columns yields a phase factor , where
For example:
Reduction to 6j symbols
The 9-j symbols can be calculated as sums over triple-products of 6-j symbols where the summation
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinome
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In molecular biology, biochemistry and cell signaling the kinome of an organism is the complete set of protein kinases encoded in its genome. Kinases are usually enzymes that catalyze phosphorylation reactions (of amino acids) and fall into several groups and families, e.g., those that phosphorylate the amino acids serine and threonine, those that phosphorylate tyrosine and some that can phosphorylate both, such as the MAP2K and GSK families. The term was first used in 2002 by Gerard Manning and colleagues in twin papers analyzing the 518 human protein kinases, and refers to both protein kinases and protein pseudokinases and their evolution of protein kinases throughout the eukaryotes. Other kinomes have been determined for rice, several fungi, nematodes, and insects, sea urchins, Dictyostelium discoideum, and the process of infection by Mycobacterium tuberculosis. Although the primary sequence of protein kinases shows substantial divergence between unrelated eukaryotes, and amino acid differences in catalytic motifs have permitted their separation of kinomes into canonical and pseudokinase subtypes, the variation found in the amino acid motifs adjacent to the site of actual phosphorylation of substrates by eukaryotic kinases is much smaller.
As kinases are a major drug target and a major control point in cell behavior, the kinome has also been the target of large scale functional genomics with RNAi screens and of drug discovery efforts, especially in cancer therapeutics.
I
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Earth%20potential%20rise
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In electrical engineering, earth potential rise (EPR), also called ground potential rise (GPR), occurs when a large current flows to earth through an earth grid impedance. The potential relative to a distant point on the Earth is highest at the point where current enters the ground, and declines with distance from the source. Ground potential rise is a concern in the design of electrical substations because the high potential may be a hazard to people or equipment.
The change of voltage over distance (potential gradient) may be so high that a person could be injured due to the voltage developed between two feet, or between the ground on which the person is standing and a metal object. Any conducting object connected to the substation earth ground, such as telephone wires, rails, fences, or metallic piping, may also be energized at the ground potential in the substation. This transferred potential is a hazard to people and equipment outside the substation.
Causes
Earth potential rise (EPR) is caused by electrical faults that occur at electrical substations, power plants, or high-voltage transmission lines. Short-circuit current flows through the plant structure and equipment and into the grounding electrode. The resistance of the Earth is non-zero, so current injected into the earth at the grounding electrode produces a potential rise with respect to a distant reference point. The resulting potential rise can cause hazardous voltage, many hundreds of metres away from the act
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ra%C3%BAl%20Rabad%C3%A1n
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Raúl Rabadán (born 1974) is a Spanish-American theoretical physicist and computational biologist. He is currently the Gerald and Janet Carrus Professor in the Department of Systems Biology, Biomedical Informatics and Surgery at Columbia University. He is the director of the Program for Mathematical Genomics at Columbia University and director of the Center for Topology of Cancer Evolution and Heterogeneity. At Columbia, he has put together a highly interdisciplinary lab with researchers from the fields of mathematics, physics, computer science, engineering, and medicine, with the common goal of solving pressing biomedical problems through quantitative computational models. Rabadan's current interest focuses on uncovering patterns of evolution in biological systems—in particular, viruses and cancer.
Career
Rabadan is an expert on mathematical approaches to biological systems, genomics of cancer and infectious diseases. He received his PhD in string theory phenomenology, specifically the physics of string compactifications and intersecting D-brane configurations in the Universidad Autonoma de Madrid, Spain. In his more recent research in physics he has studied the information paradox of black holes in the context of the Anti-de Sitter/Conformal Field Theory duality, and has proposed several experiments to search for axions. Since 2005 he has focused his research program on theoretical and computational problems in biology. From 2001 to 2003, Rabadan was a fellow at the Theor
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20Damnjanovi%C4%87
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Milan Damnjanović may refer to:
Milan Damnjanović (philosopher) (1924–1994), philosopher, professor at the Faculty of Fine Arts of University of Belgrade
Milan Damnjanović (physicist) (born 1953), Serbian physicist, professor at the Faculty of Physics of the University of Belgrade
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Milan%20Damnjanovi%C4%87%20%28physicist%29
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Milan Damnjanović (Serbian Cyrillic: Милан Дамњановић) (born 07.09.1953.) is a full professor specialising in Quantum mechanics and Mathematical physics at the Faculty of Physics at the University of Belgrade and Member of Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts.
External links
University of Belgrade
Faculty of Physics, University of Belgrade
Milan Damnjanović's personal webpage
Books
Symmetry in Quantum Nonrelativistic Physics
ELEMENTI DIFERENCIJALNE GEOMETRIJE I OPŠTE TEORIJE RELATIVNOSTI - in Serbian
O SIMETRIJI U KVANTNOJ NERELATIVISTIČKOJ FIZICI - in Serbian
Serbian physicists
Academic staff of the University of Belgrade
Members of the Serbian Academy of Sciences and Arts
1953 births
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Klaus%20Sutner
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Klaus Sutner is a Teaching Professor of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon University, and is also a former Associate Dean of Undergraduate Programs for the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science. His research interests include cellular automata, discrete mathematics as pertains to computation, and computational complexity theory. He developed a hybrid Mathematica/C++ application named Automata that manipulates finite-state machines and their syntactic semigroups. He "has survived five decades in the martial arts. Barely." and is the head instructor at the Three-Rivers Aikikai.
References
External links
Homepage at Carnegie Mellon University
American computer scientists
Carnegie Mellon University faculty
Cellular automatists
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aczel%27s%20anti-foundation%20axiom
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In the foundations of mathematics, Aczel's anti-foundation axiom is an axiom set forth by , as an alternative to the axiom of foundation in Zermelo–Fraenkel set theory. It states that every accessible pointed directed graph corresponds to exactly one set. In particular, according to this axiom, the graph consisting of a single vertex with a loop corresponds to a set that contains only itself as element, i.e. a Quine atom. A set theory obeying this axiom is necessarily a non-well-founded set theory.
Accessible pointed graphs
An accessible pointed graph is a directed graph with a distinguished vertex (the "root") such that for any node in the graph there is at least one path in the directed graph from the root to that node.
The anti-foundation axiom postulates that each such directed graph corresponds to the membership structure of exactly one set. For example, the directed graph with only one node and an edge from that node to itself corresponds to a set of the form x = {x}.
See also
von Neumann universe
References
Axioms of set theory
Directed graphs
de:Fundierungsaxiom#Mengenlehren ohne Fundierungsaxiom
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Joint%20Institute%20for%20Nuclear%20Astrophysics
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The Joint Institute for Nuclear Astrophysics Center for the Evolution of the Elements (JINA-CEE) is a multi-institutional Physics Frontiers Center funded by the US National Science Foundation since 2014. From 2003 to 2014, JINA was a collaboration between Michigan State University, the University of Notre Dame, the University of Chicago, and directed by Michael Wiescher from the University of Notre Dame. Principal investigators were Hendrik Schatz, Timothy Beers and Jim Truran.
JINA-CEE is a collaboration between Michigan State University, the University of Notre Dame, University of Washington and Arizona State University and a number of associated institutions, centers, and national laboratories in the US and across the world, with the goal to bring together nuclear experimenters, nuclear theorists, astrophysical modelers, astrophysics theorists, and observational astronomers to address the open scientific questions at the intersection of nuclear physics and astrophysics. JINA-CEE serves as an intellectual center and focal point for the field of nuclear astrophysics, and is intended to enable scientific work and exchange of data and information across field boundaries within its collaboration, and for the field as a whole though workshops, schools, and web-based tools and data bases. It is led by director Hendrik Schatz with Michael Wiescher, Timothy Beers, Sanjay Reddy and Frank Timmes as principal investigators.
Most JINA-CEE nuclear physics experiments are carried out a
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Comprehensive%20Reviews%20in%20Food%20Science%20and%20Food%20Safety
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Comprehensive Reviews in Food Science and Food Safety is an online peer-reviewed scientific journal published by the Institute of Food Technologists (Chicago, Illinois) that was established in 2002. Its main focus is food science and food safety. This includes nutrition, genetics, food microbiology, food chemistry, history, and food engineering.
Editors
Its first editor was David R. Lineback (University of Maryland, College Park), who held the position from 2002 to 2004. From 2004 to 2006, R. Paul Singh (University of California, Davis) served as editor. The journal was edited by Manfred Kroger (Pennsylvania State University) from 2006 to 2018. Mary Ellen Camire (University of Maine, Orono) has been the editor since 2018.
Abstracting and indexing
The journal is indexed and abstracted in the following bibliographic databases:
See also
Food safety
References
External links
Academic journals established in 2002
Food safety
Wiley-Blackwell academic journals
Food science journals
2002 establishments in Illinois
Bimonthly journals
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Migration
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Migration, migratory, or migrate may refer to:
Human migration
Human migration, physical movement by humans from one region to another
International migration, when peoples cross state boundaries and stay in the host state for some minimum length of time
Natural sciences
Biology
Migration (ecology), the large-scale movement of species from one environment to another
Animal migration
Bird migration
Plant migration, see Seed dispersal, the movement or transport of seeds away from the parent plant
Gene migration, a process in evolution and population genetics
Cell migration, a process in the development and maintenance of multicellular organisms
Collective cell migration, describing the movements of group of cells
Physics and chemistry
Molecular diffusion, in physics
Migration (chemistry), type of reaction in organic chemistry
Seismic migration, in seismic and ground penetrating radar data processing
Microscopic motion of material caused by an external force, distinct from spontaneous diffusion, including drift current, electrophoresis, electromigration, thermodiffusion, sedimentation, in physical chemistry and materials
Planetary migration, the alteration of the satellite's orbital parameters
Information technology
Migration (virtualization), the process by which a running virtual machine is moved from one physical host to another
Content migration, the process of moving information to a new system
Data migration, the process of transferring data between s
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Role%20Class%20Model
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In computer science, the role class model is a role analysis pattern described (but not invented ) by Francis G. Mossé in his article on Modelling Roles. The role class pattern provides the ability for a class to play multiple roles and to embed the role characteristic in a dedicated class.
In our society, as we built it, roles are everywhere. Anyone trying to work in a team to create something has a role. In cinematography, many different persons take part in the creation of a film: the film director, the producer, actors, play writer(s), etc.
Even our State organisations are based on various roles. In a Republic, you have a President, Ministers, Deputies, etc.
Dealing with these situations is one of the problems encountered most during object-oriented analysis. Francis G. Mossé has identified 5 role analysis patterns that can be used to solve most role related problems: Role Inheritance, Association Roles, Role Classes, Generalised Role Classes and Association Class Roles. They all have various degrees of constraints, flexibility or power, which together offer a complete solution to most role-related problems.
Intent
A model that allows a class to play one or more roles at the same time. A role - as defined by Francis Mossé in Modelling Roles - is a concept of a purpose that a class could have in a certain context.
Context
The following example is given:
Many persons work on a film, each of them with a different role. At the difference of other concepts, a person is no
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wallace%20Givens
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James Wallace Givens, Jr. (December 14, 1910 – March 5, 1993) was a mathematician and a pioneer in computer science. He is the eponym of the well-known Givens rotations. Born the son of two teachers in Alberene, Virginia (a small town near Charlottesville), he obtained his bachelor's degree from their young alma mater, Lynchburg College in 1928 at the age of 17; his master's degree from the University of Virginia under Ben Zion Linfield in 1931 (after a one-year fellowship at the University of Kentucky); and his doctorate from Princeton University in 1936 under Oswald Veblen. (Dissertation title: Tensor Coordinates of Linear Spaces.)
He was an assistant to Veblen at the Institute for Advanced Study during his doctoral work, and later a professor at the University of Tennessee in Knoxville, Tennessee. He also taught at Wayne State University and Northwestern University, and worked early on with UNIVAC I at the Courant Institute of New York University (NYU) and later with ORACLE at Oak Ridge (both early vacuum tube computers).
In 1963 he was appointed senior scientist at the Argonne National Laboratory near Chicago, where he was later (1964-1970) director of the Division of Applied Mathematics. From 1968 to 1970 he was fourteenth president of the Society for Industrial and Applied Mathematics. In 1979 he retired as professor emeritus at Northwestern University. Argonne National Laboratory currently offers a named fellowship in his honor.
Selected publications
References
G
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Foundations%20of%20Physics
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Foundations of Physics is a monthly journal "devoted to the conceptual bases and fundamental theories of modern physics and cosmology, emphasizing the logical, methodological, and philosophical premises of modern physical theories and procedures". The journal publishes results and observations based on fundamental questions from all fields of physics, including: quantum mechanics, quantum field theory, special relativity, general relativity, string theory, M-theory, cosmology, thermodynamics, statistical physics, and quantum gravity
Foundations of Physics has been published since 1970. Its founding editors were Henry Margenau and Wolfgang Yourgrau. The 1999 Nobel laureate Gerard 't Hooft was editor-in-chief from January 2007. At that stage, it absorbed the associated journal for shorter submissions Foundations of Physics Letters, which had been edited by Alwyn Van der Merwe since its foundation in 1988. Past editorial board members (which include several Nobel laureates) include Louis de Broglie, Robert H. Dicke, Murray Gell-Mann, Abdus Salam, Ilya Prigogine and Nathan Rosen. Carlo Rovelli was announced as new editor-in-chief in February 2016.
Einstein–Cartan–Evans theory
Between 2003 and 2005, Foundations of Physics Letters published a series of papers by Myron W. Evans claiming to make obsolete well-established results of quantum field theory and general relativity. In 2008, an editorial was written by the new Editor-in-Chief Gerard 't Hooft distancing the journal fro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Horizontal%20resistance
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In genetics, the term horizontal resistance was first used by J. E. Vanderplank to describe many-gene resistance, which is sometimes also called generalized resistance. This contrasts with the term vertical resistance which was used to describe single-gene resistance. Raoul A. Robinson further refined the definition of horizontal resistance. Unlike vertical resistance and parasitic ability, horizontal resistance and horizontal parasitic ability are entirely independent of each other in genetic terms.
In the first round of breeding for horizontal resistance, plants are exposed to pathogens and selected for partial resistance. Those with no resistance die, and plants unaffected by the pathogen have vertical resistance and are removed. The remaining plants have partial resistance and their seed is stored and bred back up to sufficient volume for further testing. The hope is that in these remaining plants are multiple types of partial-resistance genes, and by crossbreeding this pool back on itself, multiple partial resistance genes will come together and provide resistance to a larger variety of pathogens.
Successive rounds of breeding for horizontal resistance proceed in a more traditional fashion, selecting plants for disease resistance as measured by yield. These plants are exposed to native regional pathogens, and given minimal assistance in fighting them.
References
Phytopathology
Molecular biology
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carolina%20Micha%C3%ABlis%20de%20Vasconcelos
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Carolina Michaëlis de Vasconcelos, born Karoline Michaelis (15 March 1851 – 18 November 1925) was a German-Portuguese romanist.
Early life, education and private life
Michaelis was born in Berlin as the last of five children of Gustav Michaelis, a mathematics teacher.
In 1876 she married Joaquim António da Fonseca Vasconcelos, founder of Portuguese art history writing.
Academic career
In 1911, she became the first female professor in Romance studies and German studies, at the Faculdade de Letras at the university of Lisbon. She was one of the first women in Portugal who were concerned with women's subordinate status and in particular about improving the educational opportunities for Women in Portugal together with Francisca Wood, Maria Carvalho, Alice Pestana, Alice Moderno, Angelina Vidal, Antónia Pusich and Guiomar Torrezão.
Death, honours and commemoration
Michaëlis de Vasconcelos died in Porto in November 1925.
Several schools and streets have been named in her honour in both Portugal and Germany.
The Porto Metro station Carolina Michaelis is on lines A, B, C, E, or F.
In 2001 Portugal issued a postage stamp to commemorate her 150th anniversary.
Works
Poesias de Sá de Miranda, (Poetry of Sá de Miranda), 1885
História da Literatura Portuguesa, (History of Portuguese Literature), 1897
A Infanta D. Maria de Portugal e as suas Damas (1521-1577), (The Infanta Maria of Portugal and her Ladies), 1902
Cancioneiro da Ajuda (2 volumes), (Poetry Anthology of Ajuda) 1904
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%E2%80%93Robertson%20effect
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In population genetics, the Hill–Robertson effect, or Hill–Robertson interference, is a phenomenon first identified by Bill Hill and Alan Robertson in 1966. It provides an explanation as to why there may be an evolutionary advantage to genetic recombination.
Explanation
In a population of finite but effective size which is subject to natural selection, varying extents of linkage disequilibria (LD) will occur. These can be caused by genetic drift or by mutation, and they will tend to slow down the process of evolution by natural selection.
This is most easily seen by considering the case of disequilibria caused by mutation:
Consider a population of individuals whose genome has only two genes, a and b. If an advantageous mutant (A) of gene a arises in a given individual, that individual's genes will through natural selection become more frequent in the population over time. However, if a separate advantageous mutant (B) of gene b arises before A has gone to fixation, and happens to arise in an individual who does not carry A, then individuals carrying B and individuals carrying A will be in competition. If recombination is present, then individuals carrying both A and B (of genotype AB) will eventually arise. Provided there are no negative epistatic effects of carrying both, individuals of genotype AB will have a greater selective advantage than aB or Ab individuals, and AB will hence go to fixation. However, if there is no recombination, AB individuals can only occur if the
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Chaisson
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Eric J. Chaisson (pronounced chase-on, born on October 26, 1946, in Lowell, Massachusetts) is an American astrophysicist known for his research, teaching, and writing on the interdisciplinary science of cosmic evolution. He is a member of the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian, teaches natural science at Harvard University and is an elected Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
He has published popular articles about interstellar clouds and nebulae as well as the supermassive black hole at the center of the Milky Way Galaxy. He studies complexity science utilizing the technical concept of energy rate density, quantifies waste heating effects on climate change, explores astrobiology and life in the Universe, seeks to unify natural science and works to improve science education nationally and internationally.
Biography
Chaisson graduated in physics from University of Massachusetts Lowell in 1968 and earned his PhD at Harvard in 1972. He has held professorial appointments at the Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian, Johns Hopkins University, Space Telescope Science Institute, and Tufts University, where he was for 20 years director of the Wright Center for Science Education while holding research professorships in the department of physics and in the school of education. He is now back at the Harvard College Observatory where, in semi-retirement, he teaches one course each year and works with colleagues at the allied Smith
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eugene%20Guth
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Eugene Guth (August 21, 1905 – July 5, 1990) was a Hungarian American physicist who made contributions to polymer physics and to nuclear and solid state physics. He was awarded a Ph.D. in theoretical physics by the University of Vienna in 1928. He was a postdoctoral research associate with Wolfgang Pauli at the Austrian-German Science Foundation, Federal Institute of Technology (ETH) Zurich and University of Leipzig, with Werner Heisenberg from 1930 to 1931. He was professor at the University of Vienna (1932–1937) and the University of Notre Dame 1937-1955. He was at Oak Ridge National Laboratory from 1955 to 1971.
Discoveries
He is noted for several pioneering discoveries that advanced the field of polymer physics, which was recognised by the award of the Bingham Medal for rheology in 1965. These included the treatment of the flexible, randomly kinked molecule in Brownian motion of polymers; the explanation of the entropic origin of the elastic force; and the Kinetic Theory of Rubber Elasticity.
Aside from establishing the first polymer physics laboratory at an academic institution in America,
Dr. Guth had an international reputation in physics and polymer science. In 1976, he delivered the first plenary lecture on "Birth and Rise of Polymer Science - Myth and Truth," before the International Symposium on Applied Polymer Science. Two years later, he received the University of Vienna's Distinguished Alumnus Award, and in 1979, he was awarded the Honor Cross of Science an
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siegfried%20Balke
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Siegfried Balke (1 June 1902 – 11 June 1984) was a German politician (CSU).
He served as German Federal Minister for Post and Communications from 1953 to 1956 and as German Federal Minister for Nuclear Energy from 1956 to 1962.
Education and professional life
Balke was born in Bochum. He obtained his master's degree in chemistry in 1924, and a doctorate in chemistry in 1925. During the Nazi period, Balke, a Protestant Christian, was classified as a "half-Jew", which prevented him from pursuing an academic career in Germany.
From 1925 to 1952, he worked for various chemical companies, until he became director of Wacker Chemie in 1952. A 50% stake of Wacker Chamie was held by the chemical conglomerate IG Farben until 1945, and then by Hoechst AG. After 1945, Balke was one of the few executives of the German chemical industry not stained by Nazi collaboration, which led to his chairmanship of the Association of the Bavarian Chemical Industry. He was honorary professor for chemical processing at the Ludwig-Maximilians-University in Munich since 1956.
After his resignation as Minister for Nuclear Energy, he was president of the Confederation of German Employers' Associations (BDA) from 1964 to 1969 and chairman of the Technical Monitoring Association (TÜV).
Balke was co-publisher of "Ullmann's Encyclopedia of Technical Chemistry" as well as the periodicals "Chemical Industry" and "Nuclear Economy" (all in German).
Party
From 1954, Balke was a member of the CSU.
Member of Par
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Finite%20von%20Neumann%20algebra
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In mathematics, a finite von Neumann algebra is a von Neumann algebra in which every isometry is a unitary. In other words, for an operator V in a finite von Neumann algebra if , then . In terms of the comparison theory of projections, the identity operator is not (Murray-von Neumann) equivalent to any proper subprojection in the von Neumann algebra.
Properties
Let denote a finite von Neumann algebra with center . One of the fundamental characterizing properties of finite von Neumann algebras is the existence of a center-valued trace. A von Neumann algebra is finite if and only if there exists a normal positive bounded map with the properties:
,
if and then ,
for ,
for and .
Examples
Finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras
The finite-dimensional von Neumann algebras can be characterized using Wedderburn's theory of semisimple algebras.
Let Cn × n be the n × n matrices with complex entries. A von Neumann algebra M is a self adjoint subalgebra in Cn × n such that M contains the identity operator I in Cn × n.
Every such M as defined above is a semisimple algebra, i.e. it contains no nilpotent ideals. Suppose M ≠ 0 lies in a nilpotent ideal of M. Since M* ∈ M by assumption, we have M*M, a positive semidefinite matrix, lies in that nilpotent ideal. This implies (M*M)k = 0 for some k. So M*M = 0, i.e. M = 0.
The center of a von Neumann algebra M will be denoted by Z(M). Since M is self-adjoint, Z(M) is itself a (commutative) von Neumann algebra. A von Neumann alge
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Of%20the%20form
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In mathematics, the phrase "of the form" indicates that a mathematical object, or (more frequently) a collection of objects, follows a certain pattern of expression. It is frequently used to reduce the formality of mathematical proofs.
Example of use
Here is a proof which should be appreciable with limited mathematical background:
Statement:
The product of any two even natural numbers is also even.
Proof:
Any even natural number is of the form 2n, where n is a natural number. Therefore, let us assume that we have two even numbers which we will denote by 2k and 2l. Their product is (2k)(2l) = 4(kl) = 2(2kl). Since 2kl is also a natural number, the product is even.
Note:
In this case, both exhaustivity and exclusivity were needed. That is, it was not only necessary that every even number is of the form 2n (exhaustivity), but also that every expression of the form 2n is an even number (exclusivity). This will not be the case in every proof, but normally, at least exhaustivity is implied by the phrase of the form.
References
External links
Mathematical proofs
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rahul%20Pandharipande
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Rahul Pandharipande (born 1969) is a mathematician who is currently a professor of mathematics at the Swiss Federal Institute of Technology Zürich (ETH) working in algebraic geometry. His particular interests
concern moduli spaces, enumerative invariants associated to moduli spaces, such as Gromov–Witten invariants and Donaldson–Thomas invariants, and the cohomology of the moduli space of curves. His father Vijay Raghunath Pandharipande was a renowned theoretical physicist who worked in the area of nuclear physics.
Educational and professional history
He received his A.B. from Princeton University in 1990 and his PhD from Harvard University in 1994 with a thesis entitled `A Compactification over the Moduli Space of Stable Curves of the Universal Moduli Space of Slope-Semistable Vector Bundles'. His thesis advisor at Harvard was Joe Harris. After teaching at the University of Chicago and the California Institute of Technology, he joined the faculty as Professor of Mathematics at Princeton University in 2002. In 2011, he accepted a Professorship at ETH Zürich. In 2022, he was awarded an honorary degree - Doctor of Science from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign.
References
External links
1969 births
20th-century Indian mathematicians
Academic staff of ETH Zurich
Indian emigrants to the United States
Algebraic geometers
21st-century Indian mathematicians
Harvard University faculty
Living people
Princeton University alumni
Princeton University faculty
People from
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/BioMaPS%20Institute%20for%20Quantitative%20Biology
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The BioMaPS Institute for Quantitative Biology at Rutgers University in New Jersey is an interdisciplinary Institute whose principal aims are:
to establish a nationally and internationally recognized research program in quantitative biology; and
to respond to the need of educating a new generation of life-science researchers with strong quantitative backgrounds in molecular biophysics, structural biology, computational biology and bioinformatics.
The Institute offers graduate education leading to the Doctor of Philosophy (Ph.D.) in Computational Biology and Molecular Biophysics. This is an interdisciplinary graduate program at Rutgers University at the interface between the Biological, Mathematical, and Physical Sciences (BioMaPS). The program is designed for students with strong backgrounds in physical, mathematical, and computational sciences whose goal is to be at the forefront of life-science research through the use of sophisticated quantitative skills. In addition, the BioMaPS program provides courses and research opportunities for students in the biological sciences who wish to specialize in quantitative biology.
External links
Rutgers University
BioMaPS Institute
Rutgers University
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/LHCf%20experiment
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The LHCf (Large Hadron Collider forward) is a special-purpose Large Hadron Collider experiment for astroparticle (cosmic ray) physics, and one of nine detectors in the LHC accelerator at CERN. LHCf is designed to study the particles generated in the forward region of collisions, those almost directly in line with the colliding proton beams.
Purpose
The LHCf is intended to measure the energy and numbers of neutral pions () produced by the collider. This will hopefully help explain the origin of ultra-high-energy cosmic rays (UHECRs). Detecting UHECRs is performed through observations of secondary particle showers produced when a UHECR interacts with the atmosphere. The LHCf experiment is designed to measure the very-forward region, where most of the energy flow of secondary particles is contained.
The results produced by the LHCf experiment complement other high-energy cosmic ray measurements from the Pierre Auger Observatory in Argentina, and the Telescope Array Project in Utah.
Experimental setup
The LHCf setup consists of two independent detectors on either side of the LHC, both 140 m from the ATLAS interaction point. The detectors are referred to as Arm 1 and Arm 2 and are installed inside target neutral absorbers (TAN), which protect cryo-magnets from neutral particle debris from the interaction region.
The two detectors have a common structure of two independent calorimeter towers, for photon and neutron measurements. The towers are made from tungsten absorber layer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Auditory%20scene%20analysis
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In perception and psychophysics, auditory scene analysis (ASA) is a proposed model for the basis of auditory perception. This is understood as the process by which the human auditory system organizes sound into perceptually meaningful elements. The term was coined by psychologist Albert Bregman. The related concept in machine perception is computational auditory scene analysis (CASA), which is closely related to source separation and blind signal separation.
The three key aspects of Bregman's ASA model are: segmentation, integration, and segregation.
Background
Sound reaches the ear and the eardrum vibrates as a whole. This signal has to be analyzed (in some way). Bregman's ASA model proposes that sounds will either be heard as "integrated" (heard as a whole – much like harmony in music), or "segregated" into individual components (which leads to counterpoint). For example, a bell can be heard as a 'single' sound (integrated), or some people are able to hear the individual components – they are able to segregate the sound. This can be done with chords where it can be heard as a 'color', or as the individual notes. Natural sounds, such as the human voice, musical instruments, or cars passing in the street, are made up of many frequencies, which contribute to the perceived quality (like timbre) of the sounds. When two or more natural sounds occur at once, all the components of the simultaneously active sounds are received at the same time, or overlapped in time, by the ears
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hongjie%20Dai
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Hongjie Dai (; born 2 May 1966 in Shaoyang, China) is a Chinese–American nanotechnologist and applied physicist. He is the J.G. Jackson & C.J. Wood Professor of Chemistry at Stanford University. A leading figure in the study of carbon nanotubes, Dai is ranked as one of the top chemists in the world by Science Watch. He is currently the scientific advisor and co-founder to Nirmidas Biotech, Inc., which aims to commercialize his breakthrough research on NIR-II dyes and plasmonic gold (pGOLD) to applications in healthcare and in vitro diagnostics.
Dai received a B.S. in physics from Tsinghua University in 1989, then went to the United States through the CUSPEA program organized by Prof. T. D. Lee. He finished an M.S. in applied sciences from Columbia University in 1991, and a PhD in applied physics from Harvard University in 1994 under the direction of Prof. Charles Lieber. After postdoctoral research at Harvard, he joined the Stanford faculty as an assistant professor in 1997.
Among his awards are the American Chemical Society's ACS Award in pure chemistry, 2002, the Julius Springer Prize for Applied Physics, 2004, and the American Physical Society's James C. McGroddy Prize for New Materials, 2006. He was elected to the American Academy of Arts and Sciences in 2009, and to the American Association for the Advancement of Science in 2011. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Sciences in 2016, and in 2019 he was elected a member of the National Academy of Medicine
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Calabresi
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Peter Arthur Calabresi (born 1962) is an American neuroscientist and neurologist who studies multiple sclerosis. He is Professor of Neurology, Neuroscience, and Ophthalmology at the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine, where he directs the Division of Neuroimmunology and Johns Hopkins Multiple Sclerosis Center.
Calabresi was awarded a five-year MS center grant from the National MS Society for the study of mechanisms of neurodegeneration and strategies for neuroprotection in MS.
Early life and education
Peter Arthur Calabresi was born in 1962 in New Haven, Connecticut. His father, Paul Calabresi, was a prominent oncologist who taught at Yale University and Brown University. Peter's brother is legal scholar Steven G. Calabresi.
Calabresi received a Bachelor of Science degree from Yale College in 1984 and an M.D. from Brown University's Alpert Medical School in 1988.
Career
From 2000 to 2003, Calabresi taught neurology at the University of Maryland School of Medicine. He joined the Johns Hopkins School of Medicine in 2003.
References
Living people
American neurologists
Yale College alumni
Alpert Medical School alumni
1962 births
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GRJ
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GRJ may refer to:
George Airport, an airport in George, South Africa
Gradshteyn and Ryzhik (and Jeffrey) aka Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, a classical book in mathematics
Jabo language, by ISO-639 code
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Ira%20Lewy
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Robert Ira Lewy (born October 16, 1943) is an American doctor who has conducted research on aspirin therapy in heart disease and safety in recipients of silicone breast implants. During the 1990s, he was one of several doctors who played an active role in litigation against breast implant manufacturers.
Career
Lewy earned a degree in biology from Franklin and Marshall College in 1964, where he was selected to be a member of the Phi Beta Kappa honor society as a senior. He then earned a medical degree from the University of Pennsylvania in 1970. He practiced clinical hematology and oncology in Houston, Texas from 1979 until 2005, except for a brief period working for the Cancer Treatment Centers of America in Tulsa. During this time he was Clinical Assistant Professor of Medicine at the University of Texas Health Science Center and the Baylor College of Medicine in Houston. Lewy was accepted as a Fellow of the American College of Physicians in 1983.
Lewy has published papers on the alleged health effects of silicone breast implants
During the 1990s, Lewy had a "lucrative practice" acting as an expert witness in litigation against breast implant litigation as well as treating women with silicon-breast implants. Seeing a large volume of patients - many of whom were referred to him by lawyers - Lewy was one of several doctors named in a New York Times article in which some medical experts criticized the "assembly-line practices" of a few doctors as being "intended more to help
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nicolae%20Teclu
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Nicolae Teclu (); (11 October 1839, Kronstadt, Austrian Empire (today Brașov, Romania) – 13 July 1916, Vienna, Austria-Hungary) was a Romanian chemist, who gave his name to the worldwide-used "Teclu burner". He studied engineering and architecture, and then chemistry, continuing his career by becoming professor for general and analytical chemistry in Vienna. He also contributed substantially to the worldwide development of chemistry.
Biography
He studied chemistry at the Vienna Polytechnic Institute and later changed to architecture at the Academy of Fine Arts in Munich. After a short time in Romania he went back to Vienna becoming a professor for general and analytical chemistry in Vienna. In 1892 he published his invention of the gas burner with a mechanism to control the respective amounts of methane gas and air.
His burner produces a hotter flame than the Bunsen Burner, thus making it superior. The usage of Teclu burners is very common not only in Romania, but also in many other parts of the world.
His domains of study included:
The resistance of paper and wood fibers
Mineral pigments
Oils utilized in paintings
Combustion of gases (alkanes)
He was also the inventor of several other laboratory items, kept now at the University of Bucharest. Among these items is a tool for the detection of methane gas, and another one for the preparation of ozone.
He was elected to the Romanian Academy.
References
Links
Nicolae Teclu - Gallery of personalities - Virtual Mu
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Concrete%20leveling
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In civil engineering, concrete leveling is a procedure that attempts to correct an uneven concrete surface by altering the foundation that the surface sits upon. It is a cheaper alternative to having replacement concrete poured and is commonly performed at small businesses and private homes as well as at factories, warehouses, airports and on roads, highways and other infrastructure.
Causes of settlement
Concrete slabs can be susceptible to settlement from a wide variety of factors, the most common being an inconsistency of moisture in the soil. Soil expands and contracts as the levels of moisture fluctuate during the dry and rainy seasons. In some parts of the United States, naturally occurring soils can consolidate over time, including areas ranging from Texas up through to Wisconsin. Soil erosion also contributes to concrete settlement, which is common for locations with improper drainage. Concrete slabs built upon filled-in land can excessively settle as well. This is common for homes with basement levels since the backfill on the outside of the foundation frequently is not compacted properly. In some cases, poorly designed sidewalk or patio slabs direct water towards the basement level of a structure. Tree roots can also have an impact on concrete as well, actually powerful enough to lift a slab upwards or breakthrough entirely; this is common along public roadways, especially within metropolitan areas.
Concrete settlement, uneven concrete surfaces, and uneven footings
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Draper%20Harkins
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William Draper Harkins (December 28, 1873 – March 7, 1951) was an American physical chemist, noted for his contributions to surface chemistry and nuclear chemistry. Harkins researched the structure of the atomic nucleus and was the first to propose the principle of nuclear fusion, four years before Jean Baptiste Perrin published his theory in 1919-20. His findings enabled, among other things, the development of the H-bomb. As a visiting professor with Fritz Haber in 1909, he was introduced to the study of surface tension, and he began work on the theory of solutions and solubility during a visit to MIT in 1909-1910.
Harkins was born in Titusville, Pennsylvania, and graduated with a PhD from Stanford University in 1907. He subsequently taught chemistry at the University of Montana from 1900 to 1912, and then spent the rest of his career at the University of Chicago.
Harkins correctly predicted the existence of the neutron in 1920 (as a proton–electron complex) and was the first to use the word "neutron" in connection with the atomic nucleus. The neutron was detected experimentally by James Chadwick in 1932. In the beginning of the 1930s, Harkins built a cyclotron. From experiments with this, he concluded that the sun might be powered by nuclear fusion. Among other University of Chicago scientists who made use of this cyclotron was Enrico Fermi, who performed neutron diffusion experiments. Since 1978, the magnet yoke of the cyclotron Harkins built has been on display at Fe
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sue%20Nelson
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Susan Nelson (born 5 June 1961) is a science writer and broadcaster. She is a former BBC science correspondent.
Early life and education
Nelson studied physics at University College Cardiff. She won a Knight-Wallace Fellowship at the University of Michigan in 2004.
Career
Nelson was presenter of Formula Five on BBC Radio 5 from 1990 to 1994. In 1997 she presented Right Stuff, Wrong Sex : Female Astronauts. From 1997 to 2005 she was a science and technology correspondent for BBC News 24 and the science correspondent for the BBC Television News. She was a presenter of The Material World on BBC Radio 4. Nelson has also presented a number of science series on Radio 4, including Britain's Modern Brunels and Citizen Scientist in 2006. She produced Women with the Right Stuff on the BBC World Service. She began to present the Planet Earth podcasts in 2008. In 2010 she was made editor of The Biologist.
Nelson makes films for the European Space Agency. She hosts the podcast Space Boffins through her media company Boffin Media, which has welcomed guests such as Buzz Aldrin, Eileen Collins, Helen Sharman and Tim Peake. She presented the 2017 BBC World Service documentary Before I Go. In 2018 she was taken to SAI International School with the British Council.
Books
In 2004 she wrote How to Clone the Perfect Blonde. In 2011 she published How to Live Forever: Lives Less Ordinary. The rights to Nelson's third book,Wally Funk's Race for Space: On the Road with a Forgotten Pioneer of Avi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Lilley
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Francis James Patrick Lilley (24 July 1907 – 21 August 1971) was a British civil engineering company chairman and politician.
Military service
Lilley was the son of Francis John Charles Lilley (1883-1939), who had founded F. J. C. Lilley Ltd, a Glasgow-based civil engineering company, and his wife, Janet Stirling Watson (1888-1972).
He was educated at Bellahouston Academy, and worked for the family firm before joining the Argyll and Sutherland Highlanders in 1934. However, he left the regiment in 1940 to return to Glasgow, where he joined the 12th Battalion of the City of Glasgow Home Guard on its establishment in 1941; he was promoted to Lieutenant-Colonel in 1942.
Politics
After the war Lilley became Managing Director of F. J. C. Lilley Ltd, who won several contracts of major importance. He was elected to Glasgow Corporation in 1957, and in 1959 was selected as the Conservative-allied Unionist Party candidate to try to win back the Glasgow Kelvingrove constituency which the party had lost at a byelection. He was narrowly successful in the general election of that year.
Parliament
On 9 November 1959, Lilley was one of four Scottish MPs on a British European Airways Viscount which was involved in a near miss with a Royal Air Force Pembroke transport. William Baxter, one of the others, said that he "got quite a fright". In 1960, he was made Parliamentary Private Secretary to Richard Wood, then the Minister of Power and later Minister of Pensions and National Insurance.
La
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sound%20Object%20Library
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The Sound Object (SndObj) Library is a C++ object-oriented programming library for music and audio development. It is composed of 100+ classes for signal processing, audio, MIDI, and file I/O. The library is available for Linux, Windows, Mac OS X, IRIX, and other Unix-like systems.
The library development is now a cooperative project hosted by SourceForge. New versions are released twice-yearly and development versions are available via Concurrent Versions System (CVS).
The Library also provides bindings for Python (aka PySndObj), Java and Common Lisp (through CFFI).
References
External links
C++ libraries
Python (programming language) libraries
Free audio software
Audio programming languages
Electronic music software
Audio libraries
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pierre%20Braunstein
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Pierre Braunstein (born 4 October 1947) is a French chemist. He was director of the Laboratoire de Chimie de Coordination (Coordination Chemistry Laboratory, CNRS-Université de Strasbourg) of Strasbourg (France) and is a member of the French Academy of Science.
Biography
He graduated from the École nationale supérieure de chimie de Mulhouse (with rank #1) in 1969 and then obtained his doctorate (Dr.Ing.) (under the supervision of J. Dehand) in inorganic chemistry from the Université Louis Pasteur (ULP) in Strasbourg in 1971. He spent the academic year 1971/72 as a post-doctoral fellow at University College London, with Professors Sir Ronald S. Nyholm and Robin J.H. Clark. After defending his state doctorate thesis at the ULP in 1974, he was awarded an Alexander-von-Humboldt fellowship to spend the academic year (1974/75) at the Technical University of Munich (TUM) with Professor Ernst Otto Fischer (Nobel Prize laureate).
He spent his entire career at the CNRS where he became an exceptional class Research Director. He has been Director of Research Emeritus since September 2014 and is also a professor "conventionné" at the University of Strasbourg.
Scientific research
His research focuses on the inorganic and organometallic chemistry of the transition metals and the main group elements, where he has (co-)authored of more than 580 scientific publications and review articles. They cover impressively diverse areas ranging from the study of metal-metal-bonded complexes, (hete
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exonic%20splicing%20enhancer
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In molecular biology, an exonic splicing enhancer (ESE) is a DNA sequence motif consisting of 6 bases within an exon that directs, or enhances, accurate splicing of heterogeneous nuclear RNA (hnRNA) or pre-mRNA into messenger RNA (mRNA).
Introduction
Short sequences of DNA are transcribed to RNA; then this RNA is translated to a protein. A gene located in DNA will contain introns and exons. Part of the process of preparing the RNA includes splicing out the introns, sections of RNA that do not code for the protein. The presence of exonic splicing enhancers is essential for proper identification of splice sites by the cellular machinery.
Role in splicing
SR proteins bind to and promote exon splicing in regions with ESEs, while heterogeneous ribonucleoprotein particles (hnRNPs) bind to and block exon splicing in regions with exonic splicing silencers. Both types of proteins are involved in the assembly and proper functioning of spliceosomes.
During RNA splicing, U2 small nuclear RNA auxiliary factor 1 (U2AF35) and U2AF2 (U2AF65) interact with the branch site and the 3' splice site of the intron to form the lariat. It is thought that SR proteins that bind to ESEs promote exon splicing by increasing interactions with U2AF35 and U2AF65.
Mutation of exonic splicing enhancer motifs is a significant contributor to genetic disorders and some cancers. Simple point mutations in ESEs can inhibit affinity for splicing factors and alter alternative splicing, leading to altered m
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moderate%20realism
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Moderate realism (also called immanent realism) is a position in the debate on the metaphysics of universals associated with the hylomorphic substance theory of Aristotle. There is no separate realm in which universals exist (in opposition to Platonic realism, which asserts the formal existence of abstract objects apart from their particulars), nor do they really exist within particulars as universals, but rather universals really exist within particulars as particularised, and multiplied.
Concept
Moderate realism is opposed to both the theory of Platonic forms and nominalism. Nominalists deny the existence of universals altogether, even as particularised and multiplied within particulars. Moderate realism, however, is considered a midpoint between Platonic realism and nominalism as it holds that the universals are located in space and time although they do not have separate realms.
Aristotle espoused a form of moderate realism as did Thomas Aquinas, Bonaventure, and Duns Scotus (cf. Scotist realism). Moderate realism is anti-realist about abstract objects, just like conceptualism is (their difference being that conceptualism denies the mind-independence of universals, while moderate realism does not). Aristotle's position, as expounded by Aquinas, denies the existence of the realm of Forms and that the world around constitutes the only world where nothing is existing precisely according to our universal concepts.
Modern theories
A more recent and influential version o
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Geoffrey%20Chang
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Geoffrey Chang is a professor at the University of California, San Diego's Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences and Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine. His laboratory focuses on the structural biology of integral membrane proteins, particularly exploring X-ray crystallography techniques for solving the tertiary structures of membrane proteins that are notoriously resistant to crystallization. The laboratory has specialized in structures of multidrug resistance transporter proteins in bacteria. In 2001, while a faculty member of The Scripps Research Institute, Chang was awarded a Beckman Young Investigators Award, designed to support researchers early in their academic careers, for his work on the structural biology of multidrug resistance. Chang announced a move from Scripps to neighboring UC San Diego in 2012.
In 2007, Chang and coauthors retracted five previously published papers describing the structures of three multidrug transporter proteins after another research group published a widely differing structure, which led to the discovery of a critical bug in the Chang group's custom software tools. Since that time, however, Chang has published other papers in the field of structural biology, and has been awarded a EUREKA grant, "for exceptionally innovative research projects that could have an extraordinarily significant impact on many areas of science," from the National Institutes of Health.
Retracted papers
Chang and coauthors published pa
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20formalism
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Mathematical formalism can mean:
Formalism (philosophy of mathematics), a general philosophical approach to mathematics
Formal logical systems, in mathematical logic, a particular system of formal logical reasoning
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Engineering%20research
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Engineering research seeks improvements in theory and practice in fields such as (for example) high-speed computation, bioengineering, earthquake prediction, power systems, nanotechnology and construction.
Major contributors to engineering research around the world include governments, private business,
and academia.
The results of engineering research can emerge in journal articles, at academic conferences, and in the form of new products on the market.
Much engineering research in the United States of America takes place under the aegis of the Department of Defense.
Military-related research into science and technology has led to "dual-use" applications, with the adaptation of weaponry, communications and other defense systems for the military and other applications for civilian use. Programmable digital computers and the Internet which connects them, the GPS satellite network, fiber-optic cable, radar and lasers provide examples.
See also
List of engineering schools
Engineer's degree
Engineering studies
Engineering education research
References
Research by field
Engineering disciplines
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Milton%20%28author%29
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Richard Milton (born 1943) is a British journalist and amateur archaeologist. An engineer by training, Milton has written on the topics of popular history, business, and alternative science, and published one novel.
Books
The Facts of Life: Shattering the Myths of Darwinism is a non-religious creationist attack on evolutionary biology, following the arguments of "creation science". It presents an "idiosyncratic collection of scientific anomalies purported to support the fallacies of Darwinism", referencing fringe figures such as Rupert Sheldrake.
In a review in Third Way Douglas Spanner, while suggesting that it should be taken seriously by orthodox Darwinism, was dubious about his attempts to dispute traditional methods of estimating the earth's age and said "on matters of biological importance he can be off-course at times".
His books, especially those on scientific controversies, have been roundly rejected. To his critics Milton is a contrarian who engages in controversy for its own sake, while to his supporters he is a writer unafraid to tackle uncomfortable subjects and orthodoxies that have become dogmas. Milton is shunned in the field of evolution as he is a neo-Lamarckian who has supported the experiments of Paul Kammerer.
The Facts of Life was met with intense criticism from many mainstream academic reviewers. Reviewing it in the New Statesman, Oxford evolutionary biologist Richard Dawkins described it as "twaddle that betrays, on almost every page, complete and
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coercive%20function
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In mathematics, a coercive function is a function that "grows rapidly" at the extremes of the space on which it is defined. Depending on the context different exact definitions of this idea are in use.
Coercive vector fields
A vector field is called coercive if
where "" denotes the usual dot product and denotes the usual Euclidean norm of the vector x.
A coercive vector field is in particular norm-coercive since for , by Cauchy–Schwarz inequality.
However a norm-coercive mapping is not necessarily a coercive vector field. For instance the rotation by 90° is a norm-coercive mapping which fails to be a coercive vector field since for every .
Coercive operators and forms
A self-adjoint operator where is a real Hilbert space, is called coercive if there exists a constant such that
for all in
A bilinear form is called coercive if there exists a constant such that
for all in
It follows from the Riesz representation theorem that any symmetric (defined as for all in ), continuous ( for all in and some constant ) and coercive bilinear form has the representation
for some self-adjoint operator which then turns out to be a coercive operator. Also, given a coercive self-adjoint operator the bilinear form defined as above is coercive.
If is a coercive operator then it is a coercive mapping (in the sense of coercivity of a vector field, where one has to replace the dot product with the more general inner product). Indeed, for big (if is bounded, then i
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20mutation
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In genetics, a dynamic mutation is an unstable heritable element where the probability of expression of a mutant phenotype is a function of the number of copies of the mutation. That is, the replication product (progeny) of a dynamic mutation has a different likelihood of mutation than its predecessor. These mutations, typically short sequences repeated many times, give rise to numerous known diseases, including the trinucleotide repeat disorders.
Robert I. Richards and Grant R. Sutherland called these phenomena, in the framework of dynamical genetics, dynamic mutations. Triplet expansion is caused by slippage during DNA replication. Due to the repetitive nature of the DNA sequence in these regions , 'loop out' structures may form during DNA replication while maintaining complementary base pairing between the parent strand and daughter strand being synthesized. If the loop out structure is formed from sequence on the daughter strand this will result in an increase in the number of repeats. However, if the loop out structure is formed on the parent strand a decrease in the number of repeats occurs. It appears that expansion of these repeats is more common than reduction. Generally the larger the expansion the more likely they are to cause disease or increase the severity of disease. This property results in the characteristic of anticipation seen in trinucleotide repeat disorders. Anticipation describes the tendency of age of onset to decrease and severity of symptoms to inc
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SU2
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SU2 may refer to:
SU-2, a scout version of the Vought O2U Corsair biplane
SU(2), a special unitary group in mathematics
SU2 code, a suite of open-source software tools written in C++ for the numerical solution of partial differential equations
Sukhoi Su-2, a Soviet reconnaissance and light bomber aircraft used in the early stages of World War II
Asteroids
3158 Anga (provisionally 1976 SU), a minor planet discovered on September 24, 1976
5499 (provisionally 1981 SU), a minor planet discovered on September 29, 1981
7887 Bratfest (provisionally 1993 SU), a minor planet discovered on September 18, 1993
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Bassichis
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William H. Bassichis is an American physicist. He has been a physics professor at Texas A&M University since 1970. He is the author of a series of undergraduate physics textbooks titled Don't Panic, which is used by some universities across North America. Before teaching at Texas A&M, Bassichis has done research at the Weizmann Institute of Science, the Centre d'études Nucléaires de Saclay, and the Lawrence Livermore Laboratory. He has also taught at MIT.
Education
Bassichis graduated from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1959. He received his master's and his Ph.D. from Case Institute of Technology, in 1961 and 1963, respectively.
Awards
Bassichis has been awarded the university-wide Faculty Distinguished Achievement Award for Teaching and two College of Science Faculty Distinguished Achievement Awards for Teaching, both awarded by The Association of Former Students.
On April 25, 2003, he named Presidential Professor for Teaching Excellence, a rank which was created by former university president Robert Gates.
Research
Dr. Bassichis's research interests include nuclear theory with emphasis on many-body theory and the prediction of the properties of nuclei in terms of constituent interactions, nucleus-nucleus scattering theory, solar energy studies using flat plate collectors and the advantages of a vacuum environment.
Professor Bassichis has published 51 peer-reviewed articles in the field of theoretical atomic physics.
The five most cited ones are:
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rakesh%20Jain
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Rakesh K. Jain (born 1950) is the Andrew Werk Cook Professor of Tumor Biology at Massachusetts General Hospital in the Harvard Medical School and director of the E.L. Steele Laboratories for Tumor Biology at the Massachusetts General Hospital.
He has mentored more than 200 graduate and postdoctoral students from over a dozen different disciplines. Jain's research findings are summarized in more than 600 publications, which have been cited more than 70,000 times (as of December, 2015). He was among the top 1% cited researchers in Clinical Medicine in 2014-15. He serves or has served on advisory panels to government, industry and academia, and is a member of editorial advisory boards of 22 journals, including Nature Reviews Cancer and Nature Reviews Clinical Oncology.
He has received more than 75 awards from engineering and medical professional societies/institutions. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 2004 for the integration of bioengineering with tumor biology and imaging gene expression and functions in vivo for drug delivery in tumors. He is also a member of the National Academy of Medicine, the National Academy of Sciences and the American Academy of Arts and Sciences. In 2014, he was chosen as one of 50 Oncology Luminaries on the occasion of the 50th anniversary of the American Society of Clinical Oncology. In 2015, Jain received honorary doctorates from Duke University, KU Leuven, Belgium and IIT-Kanpur, India. In 2013, he was awarded
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/International%20Association%20of%20GeoChemistry
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The IAGC (International Association of GeoChemistry, formerly known as the International Association of Geochemistry and Cosmochemistry) is affiliated with the International Union of Geological Sciences and has been one of the pre-eminent international geochemical organizations for over thirty-five years.
The principal objective of the IAGC is to foster co-operation in, and advancement of, geochemistry in the broadest sense. This is achieved by:
working with any interested group in planning symposia and other types of meetings related to geochemistry,
sponsoring publications in geochemistry of a type not normally covered by existing organizations and,
the activities of working groups which study problems that require, or would benefit from, international co-operation.
The scientific thrust of the IAGC takes place through its Working Groups (many of which organize regular symposia) and the official journal, Applied Geochemistry.
The specific objectives of the IAGC are:
To foster the use of the tools and techniques of chemistry to advance the understanding of the earth and its component systems for the benefit of mankind and modern society;
To contribute to advancement in geochemical research throughout the world, including both fundamental geochemical research aimed at understanding the global earth system and applied geochemical research that addresses problems of particular relevance to the welfare of mankind and society;
To promote international and education co
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20nonlocality
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In theoretical physics, quantum nonlocality refers to the phenomenon by which the measurement statistics of a multipartite quantum system do not admit an interpretation in terms of a local realistic theory. Quantum nonlocality has been experimentally verified under different physical assumptions. Any physical theory that aims at superseding or replacing quantum theory should account for such experiments and therefore cannot fulfill local realism; quantum nonlocality is a property of the universe that is independent of our description of nature.
Quantum nonlocality does not allow for faster-than-light communication, and hence is compatible with special relativity and its universal speed limit of objects. Thus, quantum theory is local in the strict sense defined by special relativity and, as such, the term "quantum nonlocality" is sometimes considered a misnomer. Still, it prompts many of the foundational discussions concerning quantum theory.
History
Einstein, Podolsky and Rosen
In the 1935 EPR paper, Albert Einstein, Boris Podolsky and Nathan Rosen described "two spatially separated particles which have both perfectly correlated positions and momenta" as a direct consequence of quantum theory. They intended to use the classical principle of locality to challenge the idea that the quantum wavefunction was a complete description of reality, but instead they sparked a debate on the nature of reality.
Afterwards, Einstein presented a variant of these ideas in a letter to Erwi
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Valerie%20Daggett
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Valerie Daggett is a professor of bioengineering at the University of Washington in Seattle, Washington, United States.
Education and career
Daggett has a B.S. from Reed College. She received her Ph.D. from the University of California, San Francisco, advised by Irwin Kuntz and Peter Kollman, and subsequently held a postdoctoral position at Stanford University with Michael Levitt, a co-recipient of the 2013 Nobel Prize in Chemistry.
As of 2021, she is also the chief executive officer of AltPep, a biomedical startup that was a spinoff from her research at the University of Washington.
Research
Her laboratory focuses on work in molecular dynamics simulations of proteins and other biomolecules. Daggett is well known for large-scale simulations of protein folding, especially unfolding, and native state dynamics through her "dynameomics" project. In 2005, the Daggett laboratory was awarded a supercomputing grant by the U.S. Department of Energy, which was renewed for almost two million processor-hours in 2006; the group has also participated in Microsoft Research high-performance computing projects.
Awards and honors
In 2011, Daggett was named a fellow of the Biophysical Society. Daggett was one of two University of Washington scientists named 2015 American Institute for Medical and Biological Engineering fellows.
References
External links
Daggett Laboratory website
21st-century American biologists
21st-century American women scientists
American women biochemists
Amer
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vegard%27s%20law
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In crystallography, materials science and metallurgy, Vegard's law is an empirical finding (heuristic approach) resembling the rule of mixtures. In 1921, Lars Vegard discovered that the lattice parameter of a solid solution of two constituents is approximately a weighted mean of the two constituents' lattice parameters at the same temperature:
e.g., in the case of a mixed oxide of uranium and plutonium as used in the fabrication of MOX nuclear fuel:
Vegard's law assumes that both components A and B in their pure form (i.e. before mixing) have the same crystal structure. Here, is the lattice parameter of the solid solution, and are the lattice parameters of the pure constituents, and is the molar fraction of B in the solid solution.
Vegard's law is seldom perfectly obeyed; often deviations from the linear behavior are observed. A detailed study of such deviations was conducted by King. However, it is often used in practice to obtain rough estimates when experimental data are not available for the lattice parameter for the system of interest.
For systems known to approximately obey Vegard's law, the approximation may also be used to estimate the composition of a solution from knowledge of its lattice parameters, which are easily obtained from diffraction data. For example, consider the semiconductor compound . A relation exists between the constituent elements and their associated lattice parameters, , such that:
When variations in lattice parameter are very small acro
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covarion
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The method of covarions, or concomitantly variable codons, is a technique in computational phylogenetics that allows the hypothesized rate of molecular evolution at individual codons in a set of nucleotide sequences to vary in an autocorrelated manner. Under the covarion model, the rates of evolution on different branches of a hypothesized phylogenetic tree vary in an autocorrelated way, and the rates of evolution at different codon sites in an aligned set of DNA or RNA sequences vary in a separate but autocorrelated manner. This provides additional and more realistic constraints on evolutionary rates versus the simpler technique of allowing the rate of evolution on each branch to be selected randomly from a suitable probability distribution such as the gamma distribution. Covarions is a concrete form of the more general concept of heterotachy.
Developing a computational algorithm suitable for identifying sites with high evolutionary rates from a static dataset is a challenge due to the constraints of autocorrelation. The original statement of the method used a rough stochastic model of the evolutionary process designed to identify transiently high-variability codon sites. Abandoning the requirement that rates be autocorrelated on a given DNA or RNA molecule allows extension of substitution matrix methods to the covarion model.
The matrix at right represents a covarion-based modification to the three-parameter Kimura substitution model, where the vertical axis represents th
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20French%20Boyd
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David French Boyd (October 5, 1834 – May 27, 1899) was an American teacher and educational administrator. He served as the first head of Louisiana State University (LSU), where he was a professor of mathematics and moral philosophy. He was also briefly the president of the Agricultural and Mechanical College of Alabama (now Auburn University).
Biography
Boyd, the eldest son of Thomas J. Boyd, a wealthy lawyer and railroad promoter, was born in Wytheville, Virginia. He studied at the University of Virginia but failed to graduate. Because of personal difficulties in his native state, he migrated to Louisiana and, in 1860, joined the faculty of the newly created Louisiana State Seminary of Learning in Pineville in Central Louisiana. There, he became a close friend of the institution's superintendent, William Tecumseh Sherman, who on the eve of the American Civil War famously warned Boyd, an enthusiastic secessionist, of the South's folly in pursuing a war with the North which it could not possibly win.
During the war, Boyd fought in the Confederate army. He initially served in the 9th Louisiana Infantry, a regiment that was part of the famed Louisiana Tigers of the Army of Northern Virginia. He later transferred to the Western Theater, where he was a major of engineering. He was captured by Jayhawker militia and sold to the Union Army before being exchanged and returned to the South following Sherman's intervention.
After the end of the war in 1865, Boyd returned to the Se
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Carl%20Nordling
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Carl Nordling (6 February 1931 – 1 April 2016) was a Swedish physicist who was a professor of physics at Uppsala University. He was a member of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences and served as the chairman of the Nobel Committee for Physics.
Publications
Physics handbook: Elementary constants and units, tables, formulae and diagrams, and mathematical formulae
4th edition 1987: Chartwell-Bratt: , Studentlitteratur AB
Studentlitteratur, 2004:
How to get the Nobel Prize in physics - Physica Scripta 1995 T59 21-25
External links
Official Website
1931 births
2016 deaths
Swedish physicists
Academic staff of Uppsala University
Members of the Royal Swedish Academy of Sciences
Members of the Royal Society of Sciences in Uppsala
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ion%20pump%20%28physics%29
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An ion pump (also referred to as a sputter ion pump) is a type of vacuum pump which operates by sputtering a metal getter. Under ideal conditions, ion pumps are capable of reaching pressures as low as 10−11 mbar. An ion pump first ionizes gas within the vessel it is attached to and employs a strong electrical potential, typically 3–7 kV, which accelerates the ions into a solid electrode. Small bits of the electrode are sputtered into the chamber. Gasses are trapped by a combination of chemical reactions with the surface of the highly-reactive sputtered material, and being physically trapped underneath that material.
History
The first evidence for pumping from electrical discharge was found 1858 by Julius Plücker, who did early experiments on electrical discharge in vacuum tubes. In 1937, Frans Michel Penning observed some evidence of pumping in the operation of his cold cathode gauge. These early effects were comparatively slow to pump, and were therefore not commercialized. A major advance came in the 1950s, when Varian Associates were researching improvements for the performance of vacuum tubes, particularly on improving the vacuum inside the klystron. In 1957, Lewis D Hall, John C Helmer, and Robert L Jepsen filed a patent for a significantly improved pump, one of the earliest pumps that could get a vacuum chamber to ultra-high vacuum pressures.
Working principle
The basic element of the common ion pump is a Penning trap. A swirling cloud of electrons produced by an elec
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirichlet%20algebra
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In mathematics, a Dirichlet algebra is a particular type of algebra associated to a compact Hausdorff space X. It is a closed subalgebra of C(X), the uniform algebra of bounded continuous functions on X, whose real parts are dense in the algebra of bounded continuous real functions on X. The concept was introduced by .
Example
Let be the set of all rational functions that are continuous on ; in other words functions that have no poles in . Then
is a *-subalgebra of , and of . If is dense in , we say is a Dirichlet algebra.
It can be shown that if an operator has as a spectral set, and is a Dirichlet algebra, then has a normal boundary dilation. This generalises Sz.-Nagy's dilation theorem, which can be seen as a consequence of this by letting
References
Completely Bounded Maps and Operator Algebras Vern Paulsen, 2002
.
Functional analysis
C*-algebras
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Desoxyribonucleate
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"Desoxyribonucleic acid" and "desoxyribonucleate" are archaic terms for DNA, deoxyribonucleic acid, and its salts, respectively. The terms are used in this sense in various classic papers in genetics, such as Avery, MacLeod, and McCarty (1944).
References
DNA
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variational%20Monte%20Carlo
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In computational physics, variational Monte Carlo (VMC) is a quantum Monte Carlo method that applies the variational method to approximate the ground state of a quantum system.
The basic building block is a generic wave function depending on some parameters . The optimal values of the parameters is then found upon minimizing the total energy of the system.
In particular, given the Hamiltonian , and denoting with a many-body configuration, the expectation value of the energy can be written as:
Following the Monte Carlo method for evaluating integrals, we can interpret as a probability distribution function, sample it, and evaluate the energy expectation value as the average of the so-called local energy . Once is known for a given set of variational parameters , then optimization is performed in order to minimize the energy and obtain the best possible representation of the ground-state wave-function.
VMC is no different from any other variational method, except that the many-dimensional integrals are evaluated numerically. Monte Carlo integration is particularly crucial in this problem since the dimension of the many-body Hilbert space, comprising all the possible values of the configurations , typically grows exponentially with the size of the physical system. Other approaches to the numerical evaluation of the energy expectation values would therefore, in general, limit applications to much smaller systems than those analyzable thanks to the Monte Carlo approach.
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NuSMV
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In computer science, NuSMV is a reimplementation and extension of the SMV symbolic model checker, the first model checking tool based on binary decision diagrams (BDDs).
The tool has been designed as an open architecture for model checking. It is aimed at reliable verification of industrially sized designs, for use as a backend for other verification tools and as a research tool for formal verification techniques.
NuSMV has been developed as a joint project between ITC-IRST ( in Trento), Carnegie Mellon University, the University of Genoa and the University of Trento.
NuSMV 2, version 2 of NuSMV, inherits all the functionalities of NuSMV. Furthermore, it combines BDD-based model checking with SAT-based model checking. It is maintained by Fondazione Bruno Kessler, the successor organization of ITC-IRST.
Functionalities
NuSMV supports the analysis of specifications expressed in CTL and LTL. It can be run in batch mode, or interactively with a textual user interface.
Running NuSMV Interactively
The interaction shell of NuSMV is activated from the system prompt as follows:
[system_prompt]$ NuSMV -int
NuSMV> go
NuSMV>
NuSMV first tries to read and execute commands from an initialization file if such file exists and is readable unless -s was passed on the command line.
File master.nusmvrc is looked for in the directories defined in environment variable NUSMV_LIBRARY_PATH or in the default library path if no such variable is defined. If no such file exists, user's home direct
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20MacMillan
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Sir David William Cross MacMillan (born 16 March 1968) is a Scottish chemist and the James S. McDonnell Distinguished University Professor of Chemistry at Princeton University, where he was also the chair of the Department of Chemistry from 2010 to 2015. He shared the 2021 Nobel Prize in Chemistry with Benjamin List "for the development of asymmetric organocatalysis". MacMillan used his share of the $1.14 million prize to establish the May and Billy MacMillan Foundation.
Education and early life
MacMillan was born in Bellshill, North Lanarkshire, Scotland, in 1968 and grew up in nearby New Stevenston. He attended the local state-funded schools, New Stevenston Primary and Bellshill Academy, and credited his Scottish education and Scottish upbringing for his success.
He received his undergraduate degree in chemistry at the University of Glasgow, where he worked with Ernie Colvin.
In 1990, he left the UK to begin his doctoral studies under the direction of Professor Larry Overman at the University of California, Irvine. During this time, he focused on the development of new reaction methodology directed toward the stereocontrolled formation of bicyclic tetrahydrofurans. MacMillan's graduate studies culminated in the total synthesis of acetate, a eunicellin diterpenoid isolated from the soft coral Eunicella stricta. He earned his Ph.D. in 1996.
Career and research
Upon receiving his PhD., MacMillan accepted a position with Professor David Evans at Harvard University. His p
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kan%20fibration
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In mathematics, Kan complexes and Kan fibrations are part of the theory of simplicial sets. Kan fibrations are the fibrations of the standard model category structure on simplicial sets and are therefore of fundamental importance. Kan complexes are the fibrant objects in this model category. The name is in honor of Daniel Kan.
Definitions
Definition of the standard n-simplex
For each n ≥ 0, recall that the standard -simplex, , is the representable simplicial set
Applying the geometric realization functor to this simplicial set gives a space homeomorphic to the topological standard -simplex: the convex subspace of ℝn+1 consisting of all points such that the coordinates are non-negative and sum to 1.
Definition of a horn
For each k ≤ n, this has a subcomplex , the k-th horn inside , corresponding to the boundary of the n-simplex, with the k-th face removed. This may be formally defined in various ways, as for instance the union of the images of the n maps corresponding to all the other faces of . Horns of the form sitting inside look like the black V at the top of the adjacent image. If is a simplicial set, then maps
correspond to collections of -simplices satisfying a compatibility condition, one for each . Explicitly, this condition can be written as follows. Write the -simplices as a list and require that
for all with .
These conditions are satisfied for the -simplices of sitting inside .
Definition of a Kan fibration
A map of simplicial sets is a Kan
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lawrie%20Brown
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Lawrence Peter "Lawrie" Brown is a cryptographer and computer security researcher, currently a (retired and now visiting) Senior Lecturer with UNSW Canberra at the Australian Defence Force Academy. His notable work includes the design of the block ciphers LOKI and the AES candidate LOKI97. He received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of New South Wales in 1991 under the supervision of Jennifer Seberry, with a dissertation on the design of LOKI and the cryptanalysis of the Data Encryption Standard. Subsequently, his research changed focus to the Safe Erlang mobile code system, to aspects of trust issues in eCommerce with some of his Ph.D. students, and with the use of Proxy Certificates for Client Authentication.
Publications
Computer Security: Principles and Practice, 3/e, Pearson Education, 2015
Personal interests
According to his personal homepage, Brown's social activities include dancing a number of different styles. He has also composed some of his own dances. He enjoys reading science fiction and is an amateur radio enthusiast. Brown is a practicing Baptist.
References
External links
Lawrie Brown's page at UNSW Canberra (ADFA)
Living people
Modern cryptographers
Australian computer scientists
Computer security academics
University of New South Wales alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Augustin%20Banyaga
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Augustin Banyaga (born March 31, 1947) is a Rwandan-born American mathematician whose research fields include symplectic topology and contact geometry. He is currently a Professor of Mathematics at Pennsylvania State University.
Biography
He earned his Ph.D. degree in 1976 at the University of Geneva under the supervision of André Haefliger. (Banyaga was the first person from Rwanda to obtain a Ph.D. in mathematics.) He was a member of the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton, New Jersey (1977–1978), Benjamin Peirce Assistant Professor at Harvard University (1978–1982), and assistant professor at Boston University (1982–1984), before joining the faculty at Pennsylvania State University in 1984 as associate professor. He was promoted to full professor in 1992.
In 2009 Banyaga was elected a Fellow of the African Academy of Sciences, and in 2015 he was named a Distinguished Senior Scholar by Pennsylvania State University.
He has made significant contributions in symplectic topology, especially on the structure of groups of diffeomorphisms preserving a symplectic form (symplectomorphisms). One of his best-known results states that the group of Hamiltonian diffeomorphisms of a compact, connected, symplectic manifold is a simple group; in particular, it does not admit any non-trivial homomorphism to the real line.
Banyaga is an editor of Afrika Matematica, the journal of the African Mathematical Union, and an editor of the African Journal of Mathematics. He has su
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20%28Mos%20Def%20song%29
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"Mathematics" is a b-side single from Mos Def's solo debut album, Black on Both Sides. It contains lyrics about various social issues and asks the listener to add them up and come to conclusions about them. Many references to numbers are found in this song and at times, Mos Def rhymes statistics in numerical order.
Background
The song highlights the differences between the White and African-American citizens of the US and uses the lyrics "Do your math..." - telling young African-Americans to 'do their maths' so they can avoid being part of the numerous degrading statistics he raps about in the opening and third verses of the song. The song is produced by DJ Premier whose famous scratch samples make up the song's bridge. Premier has called it one of his favorite beats.
Premier also revealed that Scarface originally wanted the beat. He was recording his album The Last of a Dying Breed and wanted Premier to produce a song on it. However, Mos Def took the track and recorded something to it. Scarface later met up with Mos Def to tell him that he really wanted the track.
Samples
The bridge of "Mathematics" contains DJ Premier's signature scratched vocals from various hip hop songs. The lyrics of those samples as well as information about their origin can be found below:
"The Mighty Mos Def..." (from Mos Def's "Body Rock"),
"It's simple mathematics" (from Fat Joe's "John Blaze"),
"Check it out" (The Lady of Rage's vocals from Snoop Dogg's "For All My Niggaz & Bitches"),
"I revol
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relational%20space
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The relational theory of space is a metaphysical theory according to which space is composed of relations between objects, with the implication that it cannot exist in the absence of matter. Its opposite is the container theory. A relativistic physical theory implies a relational metaphysics, but not the other way round: even if space is composed of nothing but relations between observers and events, it would be conceptually possible for all observers to agree on their measurements, whereas relativity implies they will disagree. Newtonian physics can be cast in relational terms, but Newton insisted, for philosophical reasons, on absolute (container) space. The subject was famously debated by Gottfried Wilhelm Leibniz and a supporter of Newton's in the Leibniz–Clarke correspondence.
An absolute approach can also be applied to time, with, for instance, the implication that there might have been vast epochs of time before the first event.
See also
René Descartes
Philosophy of space and time
Spacetime
References
Metaphysical theories
Philosophy of physics
Space
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fibonacci%20search%20technique
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In computer science, the Fibonacci search technique is a method of searching a sorted array using a divide and conquer algorithm that narrows down possible locations with the aid of Fibonacci numbers. Compared to binary search where the sorted array is divided into two equal-sized parts, one of which is examined further, Fibonacci search divides the array into two parts that have sizes that are consecutive Fibonacci numbers. On average, this leads to about 4% more comparisons to be executed, but it has the advantage that one only needs addition and subtraction to calculate the indices of the accessed array elements, while classical binary search needs bit-shift (see Bitwise operation), division or multiplication, operations that were less common at the time Fibonacci search was first published. Fibonacci search has an average- and worst-case complexity of O(log n) (see Big O notation).
The Fibonacci sequence has the property that a number is the sum of its two predecessors. Therefore the sequence can be computed by repeated addition. The ratio of two consecutive numbers approaches the Golden ratio, 1.618... Binary search works by dividing the seek area in equal parts (1:1). Fibonacci search can divide it into parts approaching 1:1.618 while using the simpler operations.
If the elements being searched have non-uniform access memory storage (i. e., the time needed to access a storage location varies depending on the location accessed), the Fibonacci search may have the advant
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Type%20I%20topoisomerase
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In molecular biology Type I topoisomerases are enzymes that cut one of the two strands of double-stranded DNA, relax the strand, and reanneal the strand. They are further subdivided into two structurally and mechanistically distinct topoisomerases: type IA and type IB.
Type IA topoisomerases change the linking number of a circular DNA strand by units of strictly 1.
Type IB topoisomerases change the linking number by multiples of 1 (n).
Historically, type IA topoisomerases are referred to as prokaryotic topo I, while type IB topoisomerases are referred to as eukaryotic topoisomerase. This distinction, however, no longer applies as type IA and type IB topoisomerases exist in all domains of life.
Functionally, these subclasses perform very specialized functions. Prokaryotic topoisomerase I (topo IA) can only relax negative supercoiled DNA, whereas eukaryotic topoisomerase I (topo IB) can introduce positive supercoils, separating the DNA of daughter chromosomes after DNA replication, and relax DNA.
Function
These enzymes have several functions: to remove DNA supercoils during transcription and DNA replication; for strand breakage during recombination; for chromosome condensation; and to disentangle intertwined DNA during mitosis.
Structure
This domain assumes a beta(2)-alpha-beta-alpha-beta(2) fold, with a left-handed crossover between strands beta2 and beta3. It has a four criss-crossed beta-strands surrounded by four alpha-helices that are arranged in a Rossmann fold
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/What%20Is%20Mathematics%3F
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What Is Mathematics? is a mathematics book written by Richard Courant and Herbert Robbins, published in England by Oxford University Press. It is an introduction to mathematics, intended both for the mathematics student and for the general public.
First published in 1941, it discusses number theory, geometry, topology and calculus. A second edition was published in 1996 with an additional chapter on recent progress in mathematics, written by Ian Stewart.
Authorship
The book was based on Courant's course material. Although Robbins assisted in writing a large part of the book, he had to fight for authorship. Nevertheless, Courant alone held the copyright for the book. This resulted in Robbins receiving a smaller share of the royalties.
Title
Michael Katehakis remembers Robbins' interest in the literature and Tolstoy in particular and he is convinced that the title of the book is most likely due to Robbins, who was inspired by the title of the essay What Is Art? by Leo Tolstoy. Robbins did the same in the book Great Expectations: The Theory of Optimal Stopping he co-authored with Yuan-Shih Chow and David Siegmund, where one can not miss the connection with the title of the novel Great Expectations by Charles Dickens.
According to Constance Reid, Courant finalized the title after a conversation with Thomas Mann.
Translations
The first Russian translation Что такое математика? was published in 1947; there were 5 translations since then, the last one in 2010.
The first Italia
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chih%20Ree%20Sun
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Chih Ree Sun (, May 6, 1923 – January 5, 2007) was a Chinese American physicist most noted for breaking new ground in modern physics as a professor at the State University of New York in Albany. He spent time writing Chinese poetry after he retired.
Biography
Early years
Born in the Anhui province, Sun started college in Kunming, but later went to India during World War II.
He then taught and conducted research for 40 years in high-energy physics, retiring from the State University of New York at Albany in 1995 after serving on the faculty for 27 years. Sun moved to Florida the following year.
Arts in retirement
After he retired, he became an author of Chinese poetry. His love for ballroom dancing took him across Broward and Palm Beach counties.
A devoted member of the Coral Springs Chinese Cultural Association, Chih-Ree Sun also taught t'ai chi classes there with his wife, Felicia. He died, aged 83, after a two-year struggle with kidney and lung cancer. He was a great grandfather.
He also published a collection of more than 200 original poems shortly before he died. In one poem, he told of how his older sister gave him the last space inside a bomb shelter and waited outside while the Japanese attacked during the second Sino-Japanese war. Both survived.
Determined to help children attend Chinese school at the Chinese Cultural Association, Sun requested a scholarship fund be established in his name there. Proceeds from the book's sale will go to the scholarship fund,
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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Partitioned%20global%20address%20space
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In computer science, partitioned global address space (PGAS) is a parallel programming model paradigm. PGAS is typified by communication operations involving a global memory address space abstraction that is logically partitioned, where a portion is local to each process, thread, or processing element. The novelty of PGAS is that the portions of the shared memory space may have an affinity for a particular process, thereby exploiting locality of reference in order to improve performance. A PGAS memory model is featured in various parallel programming languages and libraries, including: Coarray Fortran, Unified Parallel C, Split-C, Fortress, Chapel, X10, UPC++, Coarray C++, Global Arrays, DASH and SHMEM. The PGAS paradigm is now an integrated part of the Fortran language, as of Fortran 2008 which standardized coarrays.
The various languages and libraries offering a PGAS memory model differ widely in other details, such as the base programming language and the mechanisms used to express parallelism. Many PGAS systems combine the advantages of a SPMD programming style for distributed memory systems (as employed by MPI) with the data referencing semantics of shared memory systems. In contrast to message passing, PGAS programming models frequently offer one-sided communication operations such as Remote Memory Access (RMA), whereby one processing element may directly access memory with affinity to a different (potentially remote) process, without explicit semantic involvement by t
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