source stringlengths 31 207 | text stringlengths 12 1.5k |
|---|---|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/The%20Tao%20of%20Physics | The Tao of Physics: An Exploration of the Parallels Between Modern Physics and Eastern Mysticism is a 1975 book by physicist Fritjof Capra. A bestseller in the United States, it has been translated into 23 languages. Capra summarized his motivation for writing the book: “Science does not need mysticism and mysticism do... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Chisini%20mean | In mathematics, a function f of n variables x1, ..., xn leads to a Chisini mean M if, for every vector ⟨x1, ..., xn⟩, there exists a unique M such that
f(M,M, ..., M) = f(x1,x2, ..., xn).
The arithmetic, harmonic, geometric, generalised, Heronian and quadratic means are all Chisini means, as are their weighted varian... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oscar%20Chisini | Oscar Chisini (14 March 1889 – 10 April 1967) was an Italian mathematician. He introduced the Chisini mean in 1929.
Biography
Chisini was born in Bergamo.
In 1929, he founded the Institute of Mathematics (Istituto di Matematica) at the University of Milan, along with Gian Antonio Maggi and Giulio Vivanti. He then hel... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HPF | HPF may refer to:
High-pass filter
High Performance Fortran
High-power field, in microscopy
Hindustan Photo Films, an Indian film manufacturer
Historic Preservation Fund, in the United States
Hours post fertilization, a metric for developmental biology
Human Proteome Folding Project
Hyperpalatable food |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Super%20Harvard%20Architecture%20Single-Chip%20Computer | The Super Harvard Architecture Single-Chip Computer (SHARC) is a high performance floating-point and fixed-point DSP from Analog Devices. SHARC is used in a variety of signal processing applications ranging from audio processing, to single-CPU guided artillery shells to 1000-CPU over-the-horizon radar processing compu... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Magnetic%20helicity | In plasma physics, magnetic helicity is a measure of the linkage, twist, and writhe of a magnetic field. In ideal magnetohydrodynamics, magnetic helicity is conserved. When a magnetic field contains magnetic helicity, it tends to form large-scale structures from small-scale ones. This process can be referred to as an i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrodynamical%20helicity | In fluid dynamics, helicity is, under appropriate conditions, an invariant of the Euler equations of fluid flow, having a topological interpretation as a measure of linkage and/or knottedness of vortex lines in the flow. This was first proved by Jean-Jacques Moreau in 1961 and Moffatt derived it in 1969 without the kno... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alan%20Tower%20Waterman | Alan Tower Waterman (June 4, 1892 – November 30, 1967) was an American physicist.
Biography
Born in Cornwall-on-Hudson, New York, he grew up in Northampton, Massachusetts. His father was a professor of physics at Smith College. Alan also became a physicist, doing his undergraduate and doctoral work at Princeton Univer... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mary-Dell%20Chilton | Mary-Dell Chilton (born February 2, 1939, in Indianapolis, Indiana) is one of the founders of modern plant biotechnology.
Early life and education
Chilton attended private school for her early education. She earned both a B.S. and Ph.D. in chemistry from the University of Illinois Urbana-Champaign. She later complete... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Benton | Mark Benton (born 16 November 1965) is an English actor and television presenter known for his roles as Eddie in Early Doors, Howard in Northern Lights and Martin Pond in Barbara. Benton has also starred in the BBC One school-based drama series Waterloo Road as mathematics teacher Daniel "Chalky" Chalk from 2011 to 201... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cabibbo%E2%80%93Kobayashi%E2%80%93Maskawa%20matrix | In the Standard Model of particle physics, the Cabibbo–Kobayashi–Maskawa matrix, CKM matrix, quark mixing matrix, or KM matrix is a unitary matrix which contains information on the strength of the flavour-changing weak interaction. Technically, it specifies the mismatch of quantum states of quarks when they propagate f... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/MIT%20Laboratory%20for%20Information%20and%20Decision%20Systems | The MIT Laboratory for Information and Decision Systems (LIDS) is an interdisciplinary research laboratory of MIT, working on research in the areas of communications, control, and signal processing combining faculty from the School of Engineering (including the Department of Aeronautics and Astronautics), the Departmen... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Martin%20David%20Kruskal | Martin David Kruskal (; September 28, 1925 – December 26, 2006) was an American mathematician and physicist. He made fundamental contributions in many areas of mathematics and science, ranging from plasma physics to general relativity and from nonlinear analysis to asymptotic analysis. His most celebrated contribution... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Christopher%20Jackson%20%28politician%29 | Christopher Murray Jackson (24 May 1935 – 13 December 2019) was a British businessman and Conservative Party politician who served as a Member of the European Parliament (MEP) from 1979 to 1994.
After a National Service Commission in the RAF as a pilot, Jackson read physics at Magdalen College, Oxford, of which he was... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jet | Jet, Jets, or The Jet(s) may refer to:
Aerospace
Jet aircraft, an aircraft propelled by jet engines
Jet airliner
Jet engine
Jet fuel
Jet Airways, an Indian airline
Wind Jet (ICAO: JET), an Italian airline
Journey to Enceladus and Titan (JET), a proposed astrobiology orbiter to Saturn
Jet pack, a backpack pers... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isogeny | In mathematics, particularly in algebraic geometry, an isogeny is a morphism of algebraic groups (also known as group varieties) that is surjective and has a finite kernel.
If the groups are abelian varieties, then any morphism of the underlying algebraic varieties which is surjective with finite fibres is automatica... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Semi-empirical%20mass%20formula | In nuclear physics, the semi-empirical mass formula (SEMF) (sometimes also called the Weizsäcker formula, Bethe–Weizsäcker formula, or Bethe–Weizsäcker mass formula to distinguish it from the Bethe–Weizsäcker process) is used to approximate the mass of an atomic nucleus from its number of protons and neutrons. As the n... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hypervalent%20molecule | In chemistry, a hypervalent molecule (the phenomenon is sometimes colloquially known as expanded octet) is a molecule that contains one or more main group elements apparently bearing more than eight electrons in their valence shells. Phosphorus pentachloride (), sulfur hexafluoride (), chlorine trifluoride (), the chlo... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Simpson | Thomas Simpson FRS (20 August 1710 – 14 May 1761) was a British mathematician and inventor known for the eponymous Simpson's rule to approximate definite integrals. The attribution, as often in mathematics, can be debated: this rule had been found 100 years earlier by Johannes Kepler, and in German it is called Keplers... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Louis%20Couturat | Louis Couturat (; 17 January 1868 – 3 August 1914) was a French logician, mathematician, philosopher, and linguist. Couturat was a pioneer of the constructed language Ido.
Life and education
Born in Ris-Orangis, Essonne, France. In 1887 he entered École Normale Supérieure to study philosophy and mathematics. In 1895 ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taut%20submanifold | In mathematics, a (compact) taut submanifold N of a space form M is a compact submanifold with the property that for every the distance function
is a perfect Morse function.
If N is not compact, one needs to consider the restriction of the to any of their sublevel sets.
References
Differential geometry
Morse the... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Space%20form | In mathematics, a space form is a complete Riemannian manifold M of constant sectional curvature K. The three most fundamental examples are Euclidean n-space, the n-dimensional sphere, and hyperbolic space, although a space form need not be simply connected.
Reduction to generalized crystallography
The Killing–Hopf ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bias%20%28disambiguation%29 | Bias is an inclination toward something, or a predisposition, partiality, prejudice, preference, or predilection.
Bias may also refer to:
Scientific method and statistics
The bias introduced into an experiment through a confounder
Algorithmic bias, machine learning algorithms that exhibit politically unacceptable ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Projectionless%20C%2A-algebra | In mathematics, a projectionless C*-algebra is a C*-algebra with no nontrivial projections. For a unital C*-algebra, the projections 0 and 1 are trivial. While for a non-unital C*-algebra, only 0 is considered trivial. The problem of whether simple infinite-dimensional C*-algebras with this property exist was posed in... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mendel | Mendel may refer to:
People
Mendel (name), includes a list of people with the name
Gregor Mendel (1822–1884), the "father of modern genetics"
Mendel (Hungarian family), a prominent Hungarian family that flourished in the 15th century
Yiddish diminutive of Hebrew name Menahem or Menachem
Other
Mendel University Br... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Reductive%20group | In mathematics, a reductive group is a type of linear algebraic group over a field. One definition is that a connected linear algebraic group G over a perfect field is reductive if it has a representation that has a finite kernel and is a direct sum of irreducible representations. Reductive groups include some of the m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mahler%20measure | In mathematics, the Mahler measure of a polynomial with complex coefficients is defined as
where factorizes over the complex numbers as
The Mahler measure can be viewed as a kind of height function. Using Jensen's formula, it can be proved that this measure is also equal to the geometric mean of for on the unit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Identity%20component | In mathematics, specifically group theory, the identity component of a group G refers to several closely related notions of the largest connected subgroup of G containing the identity element.
In point set topology, the identity component of a topological group G is the connected component G0 of G that contains the i... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cross-link | In chemistry and biology a cross-link is a bond or a short sequence of bonds that links one polymer chain to another. These links may take the form of covalent bonds or ionic bonds and the polymers can be either synthetic polymers or natural polymers (such as proteins).
In polymer chemistry "cross-linking" usually ref... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Euler%E2%80%93Tricomi%20equation | In mathematics, the Euler–Tricomi equation is a linear partial differential equation useful in the study of transonic flow. It is named after mathematicians Leonhard Euler and Francesco Giacomo Tricomi.
It is elliptic in the half plane x > 0, parabolic at x = 0 and hyperbolic in the half plane x < 0.
Its characterist... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robomow | Robomow (also known as Friendly Robotics) is a manufacturer of robotic lawn mowers. Founded in Even Yehuda, Israel in 1995 by Udi Peless and Shai Abramson, the company provides robotic lawnmowers to the United States and Europe, with prices ranging from hundreds to thousands of dollars/Euros. Robomow mowers are recharg... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GNU%20Radio | GNU Radio is a free software development toolkit that provides signal processing blocks to implement software-defined radios and signal processing systems. It can be used with external radio frequency (RF) hardware to create software-defined radios, or without hardware in a simulation-like environment. It is widely use... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Modular%20lattice | In the branch of mathematics called order theory, a modular lattice is a lattice that satisfies the following self-dual condition,
Modular law implies
where are arbitrary elements in the lattice, ≤ is the partial order, and ∨ and ∧ (called join and meet respectively) are the operations of the lattice. This phr... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ICEE | ICEE may refer to:
Conferences
International Conference on Electrical Engineering organized by the International Association of Engineers
International Conference on Emerging Electronics organized by the IEEE
International Conference on Emission Electronics organized by the IEEE
Fourth International Conference on Env... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Schroeder | Karl Schroeder () (born September 4, 1962) is a Canadian science fiction author and a professional futurist. His novels present far-future speculations on topics such as nanotechnology, terraforming, augmented reality, and interstellar travel, and are deeply philosophical. More recently he also focuses on near-future t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Levinson | Norman Levinson (August 11, 1912 in Lynn, Massachusetts – October 10, 1975 in Boston) was an American mathematician. Some of his major contributions were in the study of Fourier transforms, complex analysis, non-linear differential equations, number theory, and signal processing. He worked closely with Norbert Wiener... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jacob%20Millman | Jacob Millman (1911 in Novohrad-Volynskyi, Russian Empire – May 22, 1991 in Longboat Key, Florida) was a professor of electrical engineering at Columbia University. He immigrated to the United States in 1913 with his mother, Gertrude (Nachshen) Millman and sister Rebecca.
Millman received a PhD from MIT in 1935. He j... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Biorthogonal%20system | In mathematics, a biorthogonal system is a pair of indexed families of vectors
such that
where and form a pair of topological vector spaces that are in duality, is a bilinear mapping and is the Kronecker delta.
An example is the pair of sets of respectively left and right eigenvectors of a matrix, indexed by eig... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genetic%20genealogy | Genetic genealogy is the use of genealogical DNA tests, i.e., DNA profiling and DNA testing, in combination with traditional genealogical methods, to infer genetic relationships between individuals. This application of genetics came to be used by family historians in the 21st century, as DNA tests became affordable. Th... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Software%20prototyping | Software prototyping is the activity of creating prototypes of software applications, i.e., incomplete versions of the software program being developed. It is an activity that can occur in software development and is comparable to prototyping as known from other fields, such as mechanical engineering or manufacturing.
... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DFT%20matrix | In applied mathematics, a DFT matrix is an expression of a discrete Fourier transform (DFT) as a transformation matrix, which can be applied to a signal through matrix multiplication.
Definition
An N-point DFT is expressed as the multiplication , where is the original input signal, is the N-by-N square DFT matrix, a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Generative%20topographic%20map | Generative topographic map (GTM) is a machine learning method that is a probabilistic counterpart of the self-organizing map (SOM), is probably convergent and does not require a shrinking neighborhood or a decreasing step size. It is a generative model: the data is assumed to arise by first probabilistically picking a ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Targeting | Targeting may refer to:
Biology
Gene targeting
Protein targeting
Marketing
Behavioral targeting
Targeted advertising
Target market
Geotargeting, in internet marketing
Other uses
Targeting (gridiron football), a penalty
Targeting (politics), to determine where to spend the resources of time, money, manpower a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Igor%20Shafarevich | Igor Rostislavovich Shafarevich (; 3 June 1923 – 19 February 2017) was a Soviet and Russian mathematician who contributed to algebraic number theory and algebraic geometry. Outside mathematics, he wrote books and articles that criticised socialism and other books which were described as anti-semitic.
Mathematics
From ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Crane%20%28programmer%29 | David Patrick Crane (born 1953 in Nappanee, Indiana, United States) is an American video game designer and programmer.
Crane originally worked in the field of hardware design for National Semiconductor. He went to college at DeVry Institute of Technology in Phoenix, Arizona and graduated with a Bachelor of Science in ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Negative%20frequency | In mathematics, signed frequency (negative and positive frequency) expands upon the concept of frequency, from just an absolute value representing how often some repeating event occurs, to also have a positive or negative sign representing one of two opposing orientations for occurrences of those events. The following ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20organic%20reactions | Well-known reactions and reagents in organic chemistry include
0-9
1,2-Wittig rearrangement
1,3-Dipolar cycloaddition
2,3-Wittig rearrangement
A
Abramovitch–Shapiro tryptamine synthesis
Acetalisation
Acetoacetic ester condensation
Achmatowicz reaction
Acylation
Acyloin condensation
Adams' catalyst
Adams decarboxyla... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scorer%27s%20function | In mathematics, the Scorer's functions are special functions studied by and denoted Gi(x) and Hi(x).
Hi(x) and -Gi(x) solve the equation
and are given by
The Scorer's functions can also be defined in terms of Airy functions:
References
Special functions |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Approximation%20theory | In mathematics, approximation theory is concerned with how functions can best be approximated with simpler functions, and with quantitatively characterizing the errors introduced thereby. What is meant by best and simpler will depend on the application.
A closely related topic is the approximation of functions by gene... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lattice%20field%20theory | In physics, lattice field theory is the study of lattice models of quantum field theory, that is, of field theory on a space or spacetime that has been discretised onto a lattice.
Details
Although most lattice field theories are not exactly solvable, they are of tremendous appeal because they can be studied by simulat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Willem%20%27s%20Gravesande | Willem Jacob 's Gravesande (26 September 1688 – 28 February 1742) was a Dutch mathematician and natural philosopher, chiefly remembered for developing experimental demonstrations of the laws of classical mechanics and the first experimental measurement of kinetic energy. As professor of mathematics, astronomy, and phi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stanley%27s%20reciprocity%20theorem | In combinatorial mathematics, Stanley's reciprocity theorem, named after MIT mathematician Richard P. Stanley, states that a certain functional equation is satisfied by the generating function of any rational cone (defined below) and the generating function of the cone's interior.
Definitions
A rational cone is the s... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sex%20%28disambiguation%29 | Sex is the biological distinction of an organism between male and female.
Sex or SEX may also refer to:
Biology and behaviour
Animal sexual behaviour
Copulation (zoology)
Group sex
Human female sexuality
Human male sexuality
Human sexual activity
Non-penetrative sex, or sexual outercourse
Sex drive, a person's overal... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Basal | Basal or basilar is a term meaning base, bottom, or minimum.
Science
Basal (anatomy), an anatomical term of location for features associated with the base of an organism or structure
Basal (medicine), a minimal level that is necessary for health or life, such as a minimum insulin dose
Basal (phylogenetics), a relat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wannier%20function | The Wannier functions are a complete set of orthogonal functions used in solid-state physics. They were introduced by Gregory Wannier in 1937. Wannier functions are the localized molecular orbitals of crystalline systems.
The Wannier functions for different lattice sites in a crystal are orthogonal, allowing a conveni... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Everything%20Sucks%20%28Descendents%20album%29 | Everything Sucks is the fifth studio album by American punk rock band the Descendents, released on September 24, 1996, through Epitaph Records. It was their first album of new studio material since 1987's All, after which singer Milo Aukerman had left the band to pursue a career in biochemistry. The remaining members (... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Ernest%20Hocking | William Ernest Hocking (August 10, 1873 – June 12, 1966) was an American idealist philosopher at Harvard University. He continued the work of his philosophical teacher Josiah Royce (the founder of American idealism) in revising idealism to integrate and fit into empiricism, naturalism and pragmatism. He said that metap... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hough%20function | In applied mathematics, the Hough functions are the eigenfunctions of Laplace's tidal equations which govern fluid motion on a rotating sphere. As such, they are relevant in geophysics and meteorology where they form part of the solutions for atmospheric and ocean waves. These functions are named in honour of Sydney Sa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bourgeois%20pseudoscience | Bourgeois pseudoscience () was a term of condemnation in the Soviet Union for certain scientific disciplines that were deemed unacceptable from an ideological point of view due to their incompatibility with Marxism–Leninism. For example, genetics was not acceptable due to the role of random mutations of an individual o... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/R.%20A.%20McConnell | Robert A. McConnell (1914—2006) was an American physicist and parapsychologist.
McConnell was born in Pennsylvania in 1914, and studied at Carnegie Institute of Technology obtaining a B.S. in physics in 1935 and a Ph.D. from the University of Pittsburgh in 1947. He worked as a physicist at a U.S. Naval aircraft factor... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spearfish | Spearfish may refer to:
Places
Spearfish, South Dakota, United States
North Spearfish, South Dakota, United States
Spearfish Formation, a geologic formation in the United States
Biology
Tetrapturus, a genus of marlin with shorter rostrum (a.k.a. snout or bill) and stunted sail behind the dorsal fin
Longbill spearf... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Karl%20Ernst%20Krafft | Karl Ernst Krafft (10 May 1900 – 8 January 1945) was a Swiss astrologer, born in Basel. He worked on the fields of astrology and graphology.
Astrology career
After studying in the University of Basel and Geneva, he graduated with a degree in mathematics. For the best part of ten years he worked on a massive book entit... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/De%20Morgan%20Medal | The De Morgan Medal is a prize for outstanding contribution to mathematics, awarded by the London Mathematical Society. The Society's most prestigious award, it is given in memory of Augustus De Morgan, who was the first President of the society.
The medal is awarded every third year (in years divisible by 3) to a mat... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Logistic | Logistic may refer to:
Mathematics
Logistic function, a sigmoid function used in many fields
Logistic map, a recurrence relation that sometimes exhibits chaos
Logistic regression, a statistical model using the logistic function
Logit, the inverse of the logistic function
Logistic distribution, the derivative of ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dominance%20hierarchy | In biology, a dominance hierarchy (formerly and colloquially called a pecking order) is a type of social hierarchy that arises when members of animal social groups interact, creating a ranking system. A dominant higher-ranking individual is sometimes called an alpha, and a submissive lower-ranking individual is called... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conserved%20current | In physics a conserved current is a current, , that satisfies the continuity equation . The continuity equation represents a conservation law, hence the name.
Indeed, integrating the continuity equation over a volume , large enough to have no net currents through its surface, leads to the conservation law
where is t... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compartmentalization | Compartmentalization or compartmentalisation may refer to:
Compartmentalization (biology)
Compartmentalization (engineering)
Compartmentalization (fire protection)
Compartmentalization (information security)
Compartmentalization (psychology)
Compartmentalization of decay in trees |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Relict | A relict is a surviving remnant of a natural phenomenon.
Biology
A relict (or relic) is an organism that at an earlier time was abundant in a large area but now occurs at only one or a few small areas.
Geology and geomorphology
In geology, a relict is a structure or mineral from a parent rock that did not undergo m... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Adams%20Prize | The Adams Prize is one of the most prestigious prizes awarded by the University of Cambridge. It is awarded each year by the Faculty of Mathematics at the University of Cambridge and St John's College to a UK-based mathematician for distinguished research in the Mathematical Sciences.
The prize is named after the math... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20mathematical%20societies | This article provides a list of mathematical societies.
International
African Mathematical Union
Association for Women in Mathematics
Circolo Matematico di Palermo
European Mathematical Society
European Women in Mathematics
Foundations of Computational Mathematics
International Association for Cryptologic Rese... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Methine%20group | In organic chemistry, a methine group or methine bridge is a trivalent functional group , derived formally from methane. It consists of a carbon atom bound by two single bonds and one double bond, where one of the single bonds is to a hydrogen. The group is also called methyne or methene, but its IUPAC systematic name... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Morphology%20%28biology%29 | Morphology is a branch of biology dealing with the study of the form and structure of organisms and their specific structural features.
This includes aspects of the outward appearance (shape, structure, colour, pattern, size), i.e. external morphology (or eidonomy), as well as the form and structure of the internal pa... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Salem%20Prize | The Salem Prize, in memory of Raphael Salem, is awarded each year to young researchers for outstanding contributions to the field of analysis. It is awarded by the School of Mathematics at the Institute for Advanced Study in Princeton and was founded by the widow of Raphael Salem in his memory. The prize is considered ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Einselection | In quantum mechanics, einselections, short for "environment-induced superselection", is a name coined by Wojciech H. Zurek
for a process which is claimed to explain the appearance of wavefunction collapse and the emergence of classical descriptions of reality from quantum descriptions. In this approach, classicality... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Branching%20fraction | In particle physics and nuclear physics, the branching fraction (or branching ratio) for a decay is the fraction of particles which decay by an individual decay mode or with respect to the total number of particles which decay. It applies to either the radioactive decay of atoms or the decay of elementary particles. It... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20unsolved%20problems%20in%20computer%20science | This article is a list of notable unsolved problems in computer science. A problem in computer science is considered unsolved when no solution is known, or when experts in the field disagree about proposed solutions.
Computational complexity
P versus NP problem
What is the relationship between BQP and NP?
NC = P p... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eduard%20Vogel | Eduard Vogel (7 March 1829February 1856) was a German explorer in Central Africa.
Early career
Vogel was born in Krefeld. He studied mathematics, botany and astronomy at Leipzig and Berlin, studying with Encke at the latter institution. In 1851, he was engaged as assistant astronomer to director John Russel Hind at G... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mentalism | Mentalism is a performing art in which its practitioners, known as mentalists, appear to demonstrate highly developed mental or intuitive abilities. Performances may appear to include hypnosis, telepathy, clairvoyance, divination, precognition, psychokinesis, mediumship, mind control, memory feats, deduction, and rapid... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dynamic%20Monte%20Carlo%20method | In chemistry, dynamic Monte Carlo (DMC) is a Monte Carlo method for modeling the dynamic behaviors of molecules by comparing the rates of individual steps with random numbers. It is essentially the same as Kinetic Monte Carlo. Unlike the Metropolis Monte Carlo method, which has been employed to study systems at equilib... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Isometry%20group | In mathematics, the isometry group of a metric space is the set of all bijective isometries (that is, bijective, distance-preserving maps) from the metric space onto itself, with the function composition as group operation. Its identity element is the identity function. The elements of the isometry group are sometimes ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cyclic%20voltammetry | In electrochemistry, cyclic voltammetry (CV) is a type of potentiodynamic measurement. In a cyclic voltammetry experiment, the working electrode potential is ramped linearly versus time. Unlike in linear sweep voltammetry, after the set potential is reached in a CV experiment, the working electrode's potential is rampe... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shen%20Kuo | Shen Kuo (; 1031–1095) or Shen Gua, courtesy name Cunzhong (存中) and pseudonym Mengqi (now usually given as Mengxi) Weng (夢溪翁), was a Chinese polymath, scientist, and statesman of the Song dynasty (960–1279). Shen was a master in many fields of study including mathematics, optics, and horology. In his career as a civil ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marx%20generator | A Marx generator is an electrical circuit first described by Erwin Otto Marx in 1924. Its purpose is to generate a high-voltage pulse from a low-voltage DC supply. Marx generators are used in high-energy physics experiments, as well as to simulate the effects of lightning on power-line gear and aviation equipment. A ba... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Difference%20of%20two%20squares | In mathematics, the difference of two squares is a squared (multiplied by itself) number subtracted from another squared number. Every difference of squares may be factored according to the identity
in elementary algebra.
Proof
The proof of the factorization identity is straightforward. Starting from the left-hand si... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20of%20Genetics | The Encyclopedia of Genetics () is a print encyclopedia of genetics edited by Sydney Brenner and Jeffrey H. Miller. It has four volumes and 1,700 entries. It is available online at http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/referenceworks/9780122270802.
Genetics
Genetics literature |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Encyclopedia%20of%20Evolution | The Encyclopedia of Evolution is a print encyclopedia of evolutionary biology edited by Mark Pagel and published in 2002 by Oxford University Press.
It consists of 370 original articles written by leading experts including Richard Dawkins, Stephen Jay Gould, and Jane Goodall, and was selected as one of the Outstanding... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UA2%20experiment | The Underground Area 2 (UA2) experiment was a high-energy physics experiment at the Proton-Antiproton Collider (SpS) — a modification of the Super Proton Synchrotron (SPS) — at CERN. The experiment ran from 1981 until 1990, and its main objective was to discover the W and Z bosons. UA2, together with the UA1 experiment... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Fractional%20Fourier%20transform | In mathematics, in the area of harmonic analysis, the fractional Fourier transform (FRFT) is a family of linear transformations generalizing the Fourier transform. It can be thought of as the Fourier transform to the n-th power, where n need not be an integer — thus, it can transform a function to any intermediate doma... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mohamed%20Elmasry | Mohamed Elmasry () (born December 24, 1943) is a Canadian engineering professor, imam, and Muslim community leader.
Biography
He was born in Cairo, Egypt and received his Bachelor of Science in 1965 from Cairo University. He continued his studies in Canada earning masters and doctorate degrees in electrical engineerin... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Power%20stroke | Power Stroke may refer to:
In motoring:
Power stroke (engine), the stroke of a cyclic motor which generates force
Power Stroke, a family of Ford diesel engines
Other:
Power stroke (baseball), a batter who hits for extra bases
Power stroke (biology), the molecular interactions of muscle contraction
Power stroke (swimm... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jonathan%27s%20Space%20Report | Jonathan's Space Report (JSR) is a newsletter about the Space Age hosted at Jonathan's Space Page. It is written by Jonathan McDowell, a Center for Astrophysics Harvard & Smithsonian astrophysicist. It is updated as McDowell's schedule permits, but he tries to publish two issues each month. Originally the website was ... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20and%20contravariance%20%28computer%20science%29 | Many programming language type systems support subtyping. For instance, if the type is a subtype of , then an expression of type should be substitutable wherever an expression of type is used.
Variance is how subtyping between more complex types relates to subtyping between their components. For example, how should... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hill%20cipher | In classical cryptography, the Hill cipher is a polygraphic substitution cipher based on linear algebra. Invented by Lester S. Hill in 1929, it was the first polygraphic cipher in which it was practical (though barely) to operate on more than three symbols at once.
The following discussion assumes an elementary knowle... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grigory%20Margulis | Grigory Aleksandrovich Margulis (, first name often given as Gregory, Grigori or Gregori; born February 24, 1946) is a Russian-American mathematician known for his work on lattices in Lie groups, and the introduction of methods from ergodic theory into diophantine approximation. He was awarded a Fields Medal in 1978, a... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kirby%20calculus | In mathematics, the Kirby calculus in geometric topology, named after Robion Kirby, is a method for modifying framed links in the 3-sphere using a finite set of moves, the Kirby moves. Using four-dimensional Cerf theory, he proved that if M and N are 3-manifolds, resulting from Dehn surgery on framed links L and J res... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Unger | Peter K. Unger (; born April 25, 1942) is a contemporary American philosopher and professor in the Department of Philosophy at New York University. His main interests lie in the fields of metaphysics, epistemology, ethics, and the philosophy of mind.
Biography
Unger attended Swarthmore College at the same time as Davi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Blackwater%20river | A blackwater river is a type of river with a slow-moving channel flowing through forested swamps or wetlands. Most major blackwater rivers are in the Amazon Basin and the Southern United States. The term is used in fluvial studies, geology, geography, ecology, and biology. Not all dark rivers are blackwater in that te... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Smith%20normal%20form | In mathematics, the Smith normal form (sometimes abbreviated SNF) is a normal form that can be defined for any matrix (not necessarily square) with entries in a principal ideal domain (PID). The Smith normal form of a matrix is diagonal, and can be obtained from the original matrix by multiplying on the left and right... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kinetic%20isotope%20effect | In physical organic chemistry, a kinetic isotope effect (KIE) is the change in the reaction rate of a chemical reaction when one of the atoms in the reactants is replaced by one of its isotopes. Formally, it is the ratio of rate constants for the reactions involving the light (kL) and the heavy (kH) isotopically substi... |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Monarch%20%28disambiguation%29 | A monarch is a ruler in a system (monarchy) where succession is hereditary.
Monarch or Monarchy may also refer to:
Biology
Danaus (genus), a genus of butterflies commonly called monarchs
Danaus plexippus, the North American butterfly most commonly referred to as the monarch butterfly
Monarch flycatcher or Monarchida... |
Subsets and Splits
No community queries yet
The top public SQL queries from the community will appear here once available.