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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Server-Gated%20Cryptography | Server-Gated Cryptography (SGC), also known as International Step-Up by Netscape, is a defunct mechanism that was used to step up from 40-bit or 56-bit to 128-bit cipher suites with SSL. It was created in response to United States federal legislation on the export of strong cryptography in the 1990s. The legislation had limited encryption to weak algorithms and shorter key lengths in software exported outside of the United States of America. When the legislation added an exception for financial transactions, SGC was created as an extension to SSL with the certificates being restricted to financial organisations. In 1999, this list was expanded to include online merchants, healthcare organizations, and insurance companies. This legislation changed in January 2000, resulting in vendors no longer shipping export-grade browsers and SGC certificates becoming available without restriction.
Internet Explorer supported SGC starting with patched versions of Internet Explorer 3. SGC became obsolete when Internet Explorer 5.01 SP1 and Internet Explorer 5.5 started supporting strong encryption without the need for a separate high encryption pack (except on Windows 2000, which needs its own high encryption pack that was included in Service Pack 2 and later). "Export-grade" browsers are unusable on the modern Web due to many servers disabling export cipher suites. Additionally, these browsers are incapable of using SHA-2 family signature hash algorithms like SHA-256. Certification autho |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/FETI | In mathematics, in particular numerical analysis, the FETI method (finite element tearing and interconnect) is an iterative substructuring method for solving systems of linear equations from the finite element method for the solution of elliptic partial differential equations, in particular in computational mechanics In each iteration, FETI requires the solution of a Neumann problem in each substructure and the solution of a coarse problem. The simplest version of FETI with no preconditioner (or only a diagonal preconditioner) in the substructure is scalable with the number of substructures but the condition number grows polynomially with the number of elements per substructure. FETI with a (more expensive) preconditioner consisting of the solution of a Dirichlet problem in each substructure is scalable with the number of substructures and its condition number grows only polylogarithmically with the number of elements per substructure. The coarse space in FETI consists of the nullspace on each substructure.
Apart from FETI Dual-Primal (FETI-DP, see below), several extensions have been developed to solve particular physical problems, as FETI Helmholtz (FETI-H), FETI for quasi-incompressible problems, and FETI Contact (FETI-C).
See also
Balancing domain decomposition
FETI-DP
References
External links
Google Scholar search
Domain decomposition methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shariffpura | Shariffpura is a locality in Amritsar, India. It was established by a Muslim by the name of Deputy Mohammad Shariff, known as the "Raees of Amritsar" and his son Engineer Fazal ur Rehman Shariff in the early 1920s. Engineer Fazal ur Rehman Shariff did his degree course in civil engineering from Liverpool, England in 1912 and returned to his home in Amritsar. He later joined the Irrigation department in Punjab as SDO and worked on various projects including the Sulemanki Headworks. He was one of the first qualified Muslim engineers in Punjab.
The idea behind Shariffpura was to develop a township for the Muslims of the area. This locality became the refuge and the last safe haven for the Muslims of India, migrating to Pakistan in 1947. Shariffpura was attacked later two months after partition flushing out any survivors.
Muslim communities of India
Cities and towns in Amritsar district
Neighbourhoods in Punjab, India |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sch%C3%B6nberg%E2%80%93Chandrasekhar%20limit | In stellar astrophysics, the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit is the maximum mass of a non-fusing, isothermal core that can support an enclosing envelope. It is expressed as the ratio of the core mass to the total mass of the core and envelope. Estimates of the limit depend on the models used and the assumed chemical compositions of the core and envelope; typical values given are from 0.10 to 0.15 (10% to 15% of the total stellar mass). This is the maximum to which a helium-filled core can grow, and if this limit is exceeded, as can only happen in massive stars, the core collapses, releasing energy that causes the outer layers of the star to expand to become a red giant. It is named after the astrophysicists Subrahmanyan Chandrasekhar and Mario Schönberg, who estimated its value in a 1942 paper. They estimated it to be
The Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit comes into play when fusion in a main-sequence star exhausts the hydrogen at the center of the star. The star then contracts until hydrogen fuses in a shell surrounding a helium-rich core, both of which are surrounded by an envelope consisting primarily of hydrogen. The core increases in mass as the shell burns its way outwards through the star. If the star's mass is less than approximately 1.5 solar masses, the core will become degenerate before the Schönberg–Chandrasekhar limit is reached, and, on the other hand, if the mass is greater than approximately 6 solar masses, the star leaves the main sequence with a core mass al |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hydrogen%20anion | The hydrogen anion, H−, is a negative ion of hydrogen, that is, a hydrogen atom that has captured an extra electron. The hydrogen anion is an important constituent of the atmosphere of stars, such as the Sun. In chemistry, this ion is called hydride. The ion has two electrons bound by the electromagnetic force to a nucleus containing one proton.
The binding energy of H− equals the binding energy of an extra electron to a hydrogen atom, called electron affinity of hydrogen. It is measured to be or (see Electron affinity (data page)). The total ground state energy thus becomes .
Occurrence
The hydrogen anion is the dominant bound-free opacity source at visible and near-infrared wavelengths in the atmospheres of stars like the Sun and cooler; its importance was first noted in the 1930s. The ion absorbs photons with energies in the range 0.75–4.0 eV, which ranges from the infrared into the visible spectrum. Most of the electrons in these negative ions come from the ionization of metals with low first ionization potentials, including the alkali metals and alkali earths. The process which ejects the electron from the ion is properly called photodetachment rather than photoionization because the result is a neutral atom (rather than an ion) and a free electron.
H− also occurs in the Earth's ionosphere and can be produced in particle accelerators.
Its existence was first proven theoretically by Hans Bethe in 1929. H− is unusual because, in its free form, it has no bound exc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Precursor%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, a precursor is a compound that participates in a chemical reaction that produces another compound.
In biochemistry, the term "precursor" often refers more specifically to a chemical compound preceding another in a metabolic pathway, such as a protein precursor.
Illicit drug precursors
In 1988, the United Nations Convention Against Illicit Traffic in Narcotic Drugs and Psychotropic Substances introduced detailed provisions and requirements relating the control of precursors used to produce drugs of abuse.
In Europe the Regulation (EC) No. 273/2004 of the European Parliament and of the Council on drug precursors was adopted on 11 February 2004. (European law on drug precursors)
Illicit explosives precursors
On January 15, 2013, the Regulation (EU) No. 98/2013 of the European Parliament and of the Council on the marketing and use of explosives precursors was adopted.
The Regulation harmonises rules across Europe on the making available, introduction, possession and use, of certain substances or mixtures that could be misused for the illicit manufacture of explosives.
Detection
A portable, advanced sensor based on infrared spectroscopy in a hollow fiber matched to a silicon-micromachined fast gas chromatography column can analyze illegal stimulants and precursors with nanogram-level sensitivity.
Raman spectroscopy has been successfully tested to detect explosives and their precursors.
Technologies able to detect precursors in the environment could contribute |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saigon%20University | Saigon University (SGU) is a public university located in Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam. The university offers over 30 degree programs through its academic faculties in 3 campuses, including law, business administration, information technology, applied mathematics, environmental science, biotechnology, electrical engineering, psychology, international studies, English language studies, Vietnam studies, library science and pedagogical subjects.
History
Saigon University was established on 25 April 2007 upon Government Decision No. 478/QĐ-TTTg by Vietnamese Prime Minister Nguyễn Tấn Dũng, operating under the People's Committee in Ho Chi Minh City. It was founded on the basis of the Ho Chi Minh City College of Pedagogy.
The first enrollments for this university started in July 2007.
Campus
The headquarters of Saigon University is in Ho Chi Minh City, with an official address of 273 An Duong Vuong in District 5.
Other campuses are located at:
04 Ton Duc Thang, District 1
105 Ba Huyen Thanh Quan, Ward 7, District 3
Saigon University Practice Primary School - 20 Ngo Thoi Nhiem, Ward 7, District 3
Saigon Practice High School - 220 Tran Binh Trong, Ward 4, District 5
A new campus is currently under development in the new urban area in Southern Ho Chi Minh City.
Academics
The structure of each "faculty" at SGU is comparable to those of "colleges" in the United States institutions, where each faculty is composed of two or more departments.
Pedagogy-related faculties
Natural Sci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/University%20of%20Minnesota%20Talented%20Youth%20Mathematics%20Program | The University of Minnesota Talented Youth Mathematics Program (UMTYMP) is an alternative secondary mathematics education program operated by the University of Minnesota's School of Mathematics Center for Educational Programs (MathCEP). Classes are offered in St. Cloud, Rochester, Duluth, and Minneapolis, Minnesota. The Program is supported by the Minnesota state legislature. The course structure, intensity, and workload are comparable to college-level classes in rigor.
Program
UMTYMP offers a total of five years of math coursework. The program is divided into a high school component and a calculus component.
High school component
The UMTYMP high school component lasts two years and covers standard high school mathematics. The classes are taught by local secondary school teachers.
First year: Algebra I and II
Second year: Geometry and Math Analysis
Students receive high school credit for these courses. To pass each semester, a grade of at least 70% in the class must be achieved, and a grade of 70%-75% results in probation and potential ejection from the course.
Calculus component
The UMTYMP calculus component lasts three years and covers honors-level college calculus. The classes are taught by university faculty members.
Calculus 1: single-variable calculus
Calculus 2: differential equations, proof methods, set theory and linear algebra
Calculus 3: multivariable calculus
Students receive both high school and University of Minnesota credit (4 credits per year) for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orientation%20entanglement | In mathematics and physics, the notion of orientation entanglement is sometimes used to develop intuition relating to the geometry of spinors or alternatively as a concrete realization of the failure of the special orthogonal groups to be simply connected.
Elementary description
Spatial vectors alone are not sufficient to describe fully the properties of rotations in space.
Consider the following example. A coffee cup is suspended in a room by a pair of elastic rubber bands fixed to the walls of the room. The cup is rotated by its handle through a full twist of 360°, so that the handle is brought all the way around the central vertical axis of the cup and back to its original position.
Note that after this rotation, the cup has been returned to its original orientation, but that its orientation with respect to the walls is twisted. In other words, if we lower the coffee cup to the floor of the room, the two bands will coil around each other in one full twist of a double helix. This is an example of orientation entanglement: the new orientation of the coffee cup embedded in the room is not actually the same as the old orientation, as evidenced by the twisting of the rubber bands. Stated another way, the orientation of the coffee cup has become entangled with the orientation of the surrounding walls.
Clearly the geometry of spatial vectors alone is insufficient to express the orientation entanglement (the twist of the rubber bands). Consider drawing a vector across th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wang%20Ganchang | Wang Ganchang (; May 28, 1907 – December 10, 1998) was a Chinese nuclear physicist. He was one of the founding fathers of Chinese nuclear physics, cosmic rays and particle physics. Wang was also a leader in the fields of detonation physics experiments, anti-electromagnetic pulse technology, nuclear explosion detection, anti-nuclear radiation technology, and laser stimulated nuclear explosion technologies.
For his numerous contributions, Wang is considered among the top leaders, pioneers and scientists of the Chinese nuclear weapons program. He was elected a member of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, and was a member of the Chinese Communist party.
In 1930, Wang first proposed the use of a cloud chamber to study a new type of high-energy ray induced by the bombardment of beryllium with α particles. This experiment was conducted a year later by the English physicist James Chadwick, leading to the discovery a new type of particle, the neutron, for which Chadwick won the 1935 Nobel Prize in Physics.
In 1941 Wang first proposed the use of beta-capture to detect the neutrino. James Allen employed his suggestion and found evidence for the existence of the neutrino in 1942. Frederick Reines and Clyde Cowan detected the neutrino via the inverse beta-decay reaction in 1956, for which, forty years later, they were awarded the 1995 Nobel Prize in Physics.
Wang also led a group which discovered the anti-sigma minus hyperon particle at the Joint Institute for Nuclear Research, Dubna, R |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Otto%20Unverdorben | Otto Unverdorben (13 October 1806 – 28 November 1873) was a German chemist and merchant who was born in Dahme/Marke. After completing his schooling in Dresden, he studied chemistry at Halle, Leipzig and Berlin.
In 1826 at the age of 20, Unverdorben discovered aniline, which he obtained from the distillation of natural vegetable indigo. He called his discovery Crystallin. Aniline is important in the manufacture of dyes, plastics, and pharmaceuticals. In 1829 he returned to his hometown of Dahme/Mark and became successful in the cigar industry.
Today the Otto-Unverdorben Dahme-Oberschule is named in his honor.
References
Biography from the Otto Unverdorben school
wikisource: Allgemeine Deutsche Biographie Otto Unverdorben
This article is based on a translation of an article from the German Wikipedia.
1806 births
1873 deaths
People from Dahme, Brandenburg
People from the Electorate of Saxony
19th-century German chemists
Martin Luther University of Halle-Wittenberg alumni
Leipzig University alumni
Humboldt University of Berlin alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Schwarz%20integral%20formula | In complex analysis, a branch of mathematics, the Schwarz integral formula, named after Hermann Schwarz, allows one to recover a holomorphic function, up to an imaginary constant, from the boundary values of its real part.
Unit disc
Let f be a function holomorphic on the closed unit disc {z ∈ C | |z| ≤ 1}. Then
for all |z| < 1.
Upper half-plane
Let f be a function holomorphic on the closed upper half-plane {z ∈ C | Im(z) ≥ 0} such that, for some α > 0, |zα f(z)| is bounded on the closed upper half-plane. Then
for all Im(z) > 0.
Note that, as compared to the version on the unit disc, this formula does not have an arbitrary constant added to the integral; this is because the additional decay condition makes the conditions for this formula more stringent.
Corollary of Poisson integral formula
The formula follows from Poisson integral formula applied to u:
This is equivalent to
By means of conformal maps, the formula can be generalized to any simply connected open set.
Notes and references
Ahlfors, Lars V. (1979), Complex Analysis, Third Edition, McGraw-Hill,
Remmert, Reinhold (1990), Theory of Complex Functions, Second Edition, Springer,
Saff, E. B., and A. D. Snider (1993), Fundamentals of Complex Analysis for Mathematics, Science, and Engineering, Second Edition, Prentice Hall,
Theorems in complex analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Transmutation | Transmutation may refer to:
Pseudoscience and science
Alchemy
Chrysopoeia and argyropoeia, the turning of inexpensive metals, such as lead or copper, into gold and silver
Magnum opus (alchemy), the creation of the philosopher's stone
Mental transmutation, a Hermetic term
Biology
Biological transmutation, the claim that nuclear transmutation occurs within living organisms
Transmutation of species, the alteration of one species into another
Physics
Dimensional transmutation, a physical mechanism in particle physics that transforms a pure number into a parameter with a dimension
Nuclear transmutation, the conversion of one chemical element or isotope into another through nuclear reaction
Psychology
Sexual transmutation or sexual sublimation, an attempt to transform sexual energy into creativity and thereby facilitate spiritual awakening
Arts and entertainment
Film and television
Transmutations (film) (also called Underworld), a 1985 film with story and screenplay by horror-writer Clive Barker
Transmutate, a fictional character in the Beast Wars franchise
Music
Transmutation (album), a 2008 album by the Brazilian death metal band Ophiolatry
Transmutation (Mutatis Mutandis), a 1992 album by the supergroup Praxis
Transmutator, an alternative name for the electronic music group Razed in Black
Transmute (album), a 2021 album by Press to Meco
See also
Mutation (disambiguation)
Transformation (disambiguation)
Transmutant, a 2015 album by Katie Noonan
Transubstantiation, a do |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20E.%20Davis | George Edward Davis (1850–1907) is regarded as the founding father of the discipline of chemical engineering.
Life
Davis was born at Eton on 27 July 1850, the eldest son of George Davis, a bookseller. At the age of fourteen he was apprenticed to a local bookbinder but he abandoned this trade after two years to pursue his interest in chemistry. Davis studied at the Slough Mechanics Institute while working at the local gas works, and then spent a year studying at the Royal School of Mines in London (now part of Imperial College, London) before leaving to work in the chemical industry around Manchester, which at the time was the main centre of the chemical industry in the UK.
Davis worked as a chemist at Brearley and Sons for three years. He also worked as an inspector for the Alkali Act of 1863, a very early piece of environmental legislation that required soda manufacturers to reduce the amount of gaseous hydrochloric acid released to the atmosphere from their factories. In 1872 he was engaged as manager at the Lichfield Chemical Company in Staffordshire. In this job his capacity for innovation flourished. His works included what was at the time the tallest chimney in the UK, with a height of more than .
He married Laura Frances Miller on 10 December 1878, and they had at least two sons, Eric (1881- ) and Kerville (1881 - 1934). He worked as a consultant to the chemical industry jointly with his brother Alfred, founded the Chemical Trade Journal and had 67 patents granted, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Petr%20Ch%C3%BDlek | Petr Chýlek is a researcher for Space and Remote Sensing Sciences at
Los Alamos National Laboratory. Chýlek received his diploma in theoretical physics from Charles University in Prague, Czech Republic. He received his Ph.D. in physics from UC Riverside in 1970. Prior to becoming a government researcher in 2001, Chýlek was a professor at several US and Canadian universities, including SUNY Albany, Purdue University, University of Oklahoma and Dalhousie University in Halifax, Canada.
Chýlek has published over 100 first authored scientific papers in remote sensing, atmospheric radiation, climate change, cloud and aerosol physics, applied laser physics and ice core analysis. His work has been cited more than 4000 times. Chylek is best known for his work in remote sensing, aerosols and climate change.
In 2006, Chýlek served as Chairman, Scientific Program Committee for The Second International Conference on Global Warming and the Next Ice Age held at Los Alamos National Laboratory in Santa Fe, NM. Speakers included Venkatachalam Ramaswamy, Chris Folland, Gerald North, Roger A. Pielke, William M. Gray and Jan Veizer. The conference included a two-day workshop on climate prediction uncertainties. The papers presented at the 2006 Conference were published in a special section of the Journal of Geophysical Research - Atmospheres in 2007.
Chýlek and co-authors presented a paper at the Fall 2007 meeting of the American Geophysical Union estimating climate sensitivity to double |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homayoun%20Seraji | Homâyun Serâji ( 1947 – 16 April 2007) was an Iranian scientist, engineer, a JPL senior researcher and former professor of Sharif University of Technology who published extensively in the field of multivariable control systems, focusing on optimal control, pole placement, multivariable PID controllers, and output regulation. Also he has significant publications in the field of Robotics, and space exploration.
Education
Seraji was born and grew up in Tehran. He ranked first in the Iranian national high-school diploma examinations in 1965. He then moved to the United Kingdom and studied at Sussex University and majored in Electrical Engineering. Seraji earned his Ph.D. in Control Systems at the University of Cambridge in 1972.
Career
In 1974, he joined Aryamehr University of Technology (now Sharif University of Technology), as a Professor of Electrical Engineering and was involved in teaching and research in control systems for ten years. He was also selected as a United Nations Distinguished Scientist in 1984.
In 1985, Seraji joined NASA's Jet Propulsion Laboratory (JPL) and Caltech. During his tenure at JPL, he conducted extensive research that has led to major contributions in the field of robot control systems, particularly in: adaptive robot control, control of dexterous robots, contact control, real-time collision avoidance, rule-based robot navigation, and safe spacecraft landing.
The outcome of his research in controls and robotics has been published in 98 peer-revi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hartshorne | Hartshorne may refer to:
Hartshorne (surname)
Places
Hartshorne, Derbyshire, a village in England
Hartshorne, Oklahoma, a US city
Hartshorne Island, an island between Dakers Island and Howard Island in eastern Joubin Islands
Hartshorne Woods Park, a park in New Jersey
Mathematics
Hartshorne ellipse
See also
Hartshorn (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Zionts%E2%80%93Wallenius%20method | Within computer science, the Zionts–Wallenius method is an interactive method used to find a best solution to a multi-criteria optimization problem.
Detail
Specifically it can help a user solve a linear programming problem having more than one (linear) objective. A user is asked to respond to comparisons between feasible solutions or to choose directions of change desired in each iteration. Providing certain mathematical assumptions hold, the method finds an optimal solution.
References
Zionts, S. and J. Wallenius, “An Interactive Programming Method for Solving the Multiple Criteria Problem,” Management Science. Vol. 22, No. 6, pp. 652–663, 1976.
Optimization algorithms and methods |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gooseneck | Gooseneck may refer to:
Biology
The neck of a goose
Gooseneck barnacle, a species of crustacean
A flower of the variety Lysimachia clethroides
Geography
Gooseneck, Isle of Man, a hairpin corner on the Snaefell Mountain Course
A type of erosional feature, in which a meander of an entrenched river gets entrenched into surrounding bedrock, as in Goosenecks State Park
Mechanical
Gooseneck (sailing), a type of sailing rigging attachment
Gooseneck (drilling rig), a thick, hollow metal elbow that supports and provides a downward angle from which the Kelly hose hangs
Gooseneck (piping), a piping or ductwork feature
A crowbar (tool)
A gooseneck flask (or swan neck flask) is a flask used in biology that has a curved neck to trap particulate
A gooseneck trailer hitch, for commercial and agricultural use
Gooseneck (fixture), a type of flexible tubing used in gooseneck lamps or microphone stands
A kind of a chopper motorcycle frame, which has the front part of frame (between the fuel tank and the fork) stretched
See also
William Madison McDonald (1866–1950), American politician, businessman and banker nicknamed "Gooseneck Bill" |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Richard%20Latterell | Richard L. Latterell (born March 14, 1928) is an American environmental activist, He was a Biology professor at Shepherd University from 1968 to 1992. He founded the Jefferson County Watersheds Coalition, has led an annual cleanup of the Potomac River near Shepherdstown, West Virginia, and has conducted spring and fall counts of macroinvertebrate species in streams in Jefferson County, West Virginia. The presence and diversity of species have shown poor water quality in most streams, because of sediment from construction sites and inadequately treated sewer plant effluent.
Legal Action
Latterell was one of the plaintiffs in the landmark case, decided in 2003, on rules concerning degradation of West Virginia waters, OVEC v. EPA 3:02-0059 US District Court for Southern District of West Virginia, Huntington Division. The case won stricter rules protecting water quality.
Latterell was also one of the plaintiffs in the first successful case stopping a subdivision at the Jefferson County Board of Zoning Appeals, the Thorn Hill case in 2000. Later he and others appealed other variations of the Thorn Hill subdivision, and his initial win in West Virginia Circuit Court was ultimately overturned by later decisions in Circuit Court. From 2004 to 2007 he and other citizens were the targets of a SLAPP suit by the Thorn Hill developers for two million dollars in damages alleged based on their opposition to Thorn Hill. The judge decided for the citizens and against the developers.
Latt |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Somogyi | Michael Somogyi (March 7, 1883 – July 21, 1971) was a Hungarian-American professor of biochemistry at Washington University in St. Louis and the Jewish Hospital of St. Louis. He prepared the first insulin treatment given to a child with diabetes in the US in October 1922. Somogyi later showed that excessive insulin makes diabetes unstable in the Chronic Somogyi rebound to which he gave his name.
Career
Somogyi was born on March 7, 1883, in the village of Zsámánd in Hungary (today Reinersdorf, part of Heiligenbrunn, Austria). He graduated in chemical engineering from the University of Budapest in 1905.
After an additional year as an assistant in biochemistry, Somogyi went to the United States, where he eventually found a position as an assistant in biochemistry at Cornell University (1906–1908). He returned to Budapest where he worked at the Municipal Laboratory for the next decade. In 1914, he received his Ph.D. from the University of Budapest, submitting a dissertation on catalytic hydrogenation. During World War I he was in charge of providing food to the destitute.
Somogyi was invited to return to the United States by Philip A. Shaffer, whom he had known at Cornell. In 1922 Somogyi became an instructor in biochemistry at Washington University in St. Louis. There Somogyi worked with Shaffer and Edward Adelbert Doisy on insulin preparation and insulin's use in the treatment of diabetes. In 1926, Somogyi became the first biochemist on the staff of the new Jewish Hospital |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Werner%20Vogels | Werner Hans Peter Vogels (born 3 October 1958) is the chief technology officer and vice president of Amazon in charge of driving technology innovation within the company. Vogels has broad internal and external responsibilities.
Early life and education
Vogels studied computer science at The Hague University of Applied Sciences finishing in June 1989. Vogels received a Ph.D. in computer science from the Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Netherlands, supervised by Henri Bal and Andy Tanenbaum.
Career
After his mandatory military service at the Royal Netherlands Navy, Vogels studied radiology, both diagnostics and therapy. He worked at the Antoni van Leeuwenhoekziekenhuis, part of the Netherlands Cancer Institute, from 1979 through 1985. In 1985 he returned to university to study computer science. After completing his studies, he pursued a career in computer science research.
From 1991 through 1994, Vogels was a senior researcher at INESC in Lisboa, Portugal. He worked with Paulo Verissimo and Luis Rodrigues on fault-tolerant distributed systems, evolving the reliable group communication system that was developed in the context of the Delta-4 project.
In 1994 he was invited to join the computer science department of Cornell University as a visiting scientist. From 1994 until 2004, Vogels was a research scientist at the Computer Science Department of Cornell University. He mainly conducted research in scalable reliable enterprise systems. He is the author of many conference and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/H.%20Richard%20Winn | Dr. H. Richard Winn is an American neurosurgeon, and professor of neurosurgery and neuroscience at Mount Sinai School of Medicine. Winn was chairman of neurological surgery at the University of Washington School of Medicine from 1983 to 2002. Winn has made numerous contributions to the field of neurosurgery, specifically to the physiology of cerebral blood flow regulation and clinical studies of the natural history of cerebral aneurysms. A leading international Neurosurgical Prize is named after Dr. Winn.
Career
Training
Winn trained in neurological surgery at the University of Virginia in Charlottesville under John A. Jane. During residency he spent time in England at Atkinson Morley's Hospital and had the opportunity start clinical research on the natural history of cerebral aneurysms working with Alan Richardson and pursuing long-term outcome studies initiated by Sir Wylie McKissock. Following military service with the US Army in Germany, Winn returned to Charlottesville where he pursued basic science training in cardiovascular and cerebrovascular physiology under the direction of Robert M. Berne, professor of physiology, and began his studies on the role of adenosine and cerebral blood flow regulation. He has been continuously funded by the NIH since 1974 for this ongoing effort.
Positions
Winn held faculty positions in the departments of neurosurgery and physiology at the University of Virginia, rising to full professor and vice chairman of neurological surgery. In |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Charles%20Ofria | Dr. Charles A. Ofria is a Professor in the Department of Computer Science and Engineering at Michigan State University, the director of the Digital Evolution (DEvo) Lab there, and Director of the BEACON Center for the Study of Evolution in Action. He is the son of the late Charles Ofria, who developed the first fully integrated shop management program for the automotive repair industry. Ofria attended Stuyvesant High School and graduated from Ward Melville High School in 1991. He obtained a B.S. in Computer Science, Pure Mathematics, and Applied Mathematics from Stony Brook University in 1994, and a Ph.D. in Computation and Neural Systems from the California Institute of Technology in 1999. Ofria's research focuses on the interplay between computer science and Darwinian evolution.
Ofria is one of the designers of Avida, an artificial life software platform to study the evolutionary biology of self-replicating and evolving computer programs (digital organisms, see also Digital organism simulators). Avida has been used extensively to study the basic processes that underlie Darwinian evolution. Avida is under active development in Ofria's Digital Evolution Lab at Michigan State University and was originally designed by Ofria, Chris Adami and C. Titus Brown at Caltech in 1993.
Honors
Ofria received the NSF Career Award in 2007 and the Withrow Excellence Award for Excellence in Teaching in 2010 and for Excellence in Research in 2006 and 2016. He was also a 2017 winner of the Wi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Edward%20Robinson%20%28Canadian%20politician%29 | Edward Robinson (born 1828 - January 3, 1888) was an Ontario lawyer and political figure. He represented Kent West in the Legislative Assembly of Ontario as a Liberal member from 1879 to 1883.
He was born in County Roscommon, Ireland in 1829 and educated at Trinity College in Dublin. He came to Toronto in 1854 as head of the mathematics department of the Toronto Grammar School. Robinson later articled in law, was admitted as an attorney in 1863 and became a partner of Walter McCrea at Chatham. In 1864, he married Charlotte Miller.
External links
The Canadian parliamentary companion and annual register, 1881 CH Mackintosh
1829 births
1888 deaths
Ontario Liberal Party MPPs
Irish emigrants to Canada
Politicians from County Roscommon |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauxton%20Mill | The Hauxton Mill is a classic English watermill on the old A10 road between Cambridge and Royston, England. It was partially destroyed by a fire, treated as arson, in July 2020
Commercial activity ceased at the mill in 1974, when the last Miller (Gerald Maurice Arthur "Moss" Turner) liquidated his civil engineering businesses (G.M.A. Turner & Son Ltd) which operated out of the mill and its grounds. The mill at the time belonged to a local landowner as part of his estate.
The neighbouring site was owned by a chemical pesticide company known as "Pest Control" for many years. The plant closed in 2004 and the site was sold for a development to be named Hauxton Meadows.
Because of government legislation, Fisons Agrochem, the previous owners of the development site, were obliged to buy out the neighbouring properties with residential housing. This included the mill site because of the newer Hauxton Mill House (approx 1922), which was part of the office complex for the plant, and Mill Cottage (rebuilt 1973).
At first, Fisons rented the mill from the landowner, and used the mill itself for storage. Planning permission to convert the building to various uses was always rejected due to the historic interest. Mill House was converted to flats, and after another round of legal changes was finally used as an administrative office before falling into disuse in the mid eighties.
The mill was left unattended, with the doors and windows blocked and barred, and gradually fell into a st |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudo-Euclidean%20space | In mathematics and theoretical physics, a pseudo-Euclidean space is a finite-dimensional real -space together with a non-degenerate quadratic form . Such a quadratic form can, given a suitable choice of basis , be applied to a vector , giving
which is called the scalar square of the vector .
For Euclidean spaces, , implying that the quadratic form is positive-definite. When , is an isotropic quadratic form, otherwise it is anisotropic. Note that if , then , so that is a null vector. In a pseudo-Euclidean space with , unlike in a Euclidean space, there exist vectors with negative scalar square.
As with the term Euclidean space, the term pseudo-Euclidean space may be used to refer to an affine space or a vector space depending on the author, with the latter alternatively being referred to as a pseudo-Euclidean vector space (see point–vector distinction).
Geometry
The geometry of a pseudo-Euclidean space is consistent despite some properties of Euclidean space not applying, most notably that it is not a metric space as explained below. The affine structure is unchanged, and thus also the concepts line, plane and, generally, of an affine subspace (flat), as well as line segments.
Positive, zero, and negative scalar squares
A null vector is a vector for which the quadratic form is zero. Unlike in a Euclidean space, such a vector can be non-zero, in which case it is self-orthogonal.
If the quadratic form is indefinite, a pseudo-Euclidean space has a linear cone of null vec |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G%26R | G&R may refer to:
Gradshteyn and Ryzhik, aka Table of Integrals, Series, and Products, a classical book in mathematics
Guns N' Roses, an American rock band |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DeSanctis%E2%80%93Cacchione%20syndrome | DeSanctis–Cacchione syndrome is a genetic disorder characterized by the skin and eye symptoms of xeroderma pigmentosum (XP) occurring in association with microcephaly, progressive intellectual disability, slowed growth and sexual development, deafness, choreoathetosis, ataxia and quadriparesis.
Genetics
In at least some case, the gene lesion involves a mutation in the CSB gene.
It can be associated with ERCC6.
Diagnosis
Treatment
See also
Xeroderma pigmentosum
List of cutaneous conditions
References
External links
Genodermatoses
DNA replication and repair-deficiency disorders
Rare syndromes
Syndromes affecting the skin
Syndromes affecting the eye
Syndromes affecting head size
Syndromes with intellectual disability
Syndromes affecting the nervous system
Syndromes affecting hearing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hauptman | Hauptman is a surname. Notable people with the surname include:
Bruno Hauptmann (1899–1936), perpetrator of the Lindbergh kidnapping
Herbert A. Hauptman (1917–2011), mathematician and winner of the 1985 Nobel Prize in Chemistry
Judith Hauptman (born 1943), feminist Jewish Talmudic scholar
Kyle S. Hauptman (born 1973), American civil servant
William Hauptman (born 1942), writer
See also
Hauptmann, a German military rank |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bruce%20A.%20Manning | Bruce A. Manning is a Professor of Chemistry and Biochemistry at San Francisco State University. He is an internationally recognized expert in environmental chemistry.
Life
He earned a B.S. in environmental science at the University of Massachusetts Amherst in 1985 and a Ph.D. in environmental chemistry from the University of California, Davis in 1993. Prior to joining SFSU he was a Postdocoral Scientist at the USDA U.S. Salinity Laboratory in Riverside CA and the University of California, Riverside. Professor Manning has been a pioneer in applying X-ray techniques such as X-ray diffraction, fluorescence, and absorption spectroscopy to environmental chemistry problems and materials chemical research. Professor Manning's research interests include soil chemistry, surface analysis, mineralogy, remediation, inorganic chemical analysis, and computational chemistry. His research has been funded by NSF, USDA, and DuPont and was a Research Corporation Cottrell College Science Award Fellow from 2001-2005.
External links
Bruce Manning CV
SFSU Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry
San Francisco State University
USDA U.S. Salinity Laboratory
San Francisco State University faculty
University of Massachusetts Amherst College of Natural Sciences alumni
University of California, Davis alumni
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ben%20Zion%20Hyman | Ben Zion Hyman (October 22, 1891 – July 17, 1984) was a Canadian Jewish bookseller. Originally from Mazyr in what is now Belarus, Hyman graduated from the Odessa Polytechnical Institute. After coming to Canada (settling first in Guelph, Ontario), he graduated in electrical engineering from the University of Toronto. Hyman and his wife, Fannie (née Konstantynowski), (in Polish, Fela; in Yiddish, Faigel), opened Jewish Toronto's most prominent book store, Hyman's Book and Art Shoppe (later known as Hyman's Booksellers, and still later known as Hyman & Son) at 412 Spadina Avenue in 1926. In 1953, his son Gurion Hyman opened a branch at 1032 Eglinton Avenue West in the Cedarvale/Forest Hill area of Toronto. Hyman closed the store in the early 1970s after the death of his wife.
During his life, Hyman was active as a member, founder and/or president of a number of organizations. These included: Hadassah, JIAS, Toronto Zionist Council, Toronto JNF, Keren Hatarbut, Poale Zion, and Farband. Hyman was an elected delegate to the first Canadian Jewish Congress in 1919. He also founded the Toronto Jewish Public Library in 1941.
References
Gasner, Cynthia. "Hyman's provided sforim for every occasion." The Canadian Jewish News, August 26, 1999, p. B5.
Goldstein, Bonnie and Shulman, Jaclyn, eds. "Voices from the Heart: A Community Celebrates 50 Years of Israel." Toronto: McClelland & Stewart Inc., 1998. (See section "412 Spadina: From a Conversation with Gurion Hyman." p. 90-91).
Abell |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Kerr%20%28cinematographer%29 | David Kerr is a British cinematographer based in England.
Kerr began his career ironically with an eye for much smaller details. His undergraduate studies in Microbiology at the University of Kent led him to work in Electron Microscopy and Specialized Photography at Oxford University, School of Botany. Leaving the micro behind for the macro world of cinema, he completed his graduate work at the National Film and Television School in Beaconsfield, England.
His commercial work has spanned clients from Grolsch to Sony PlayStation, Peugeot to Shell Gas, Shredded Wheat to Scottish tourism with leading advertising agencies such as Saatchi & Saatchi, J. Walter Thompson, TBWA, and BBDO. In 2002, a campaign he shot for John Smith’s Scottish Courage beer won a Silver Pencil at the prestigious D & AD Global Awards in the UK and was nominated for Best Campaign.
Amidst his work in commercials, Mr. Kerr has also shot several award-winning shorts including A Little Worm with Marc Benardout which won Best Cinematography at the Barcelona Film Festival. He also shot Waters Edge with director Suri Krishnamma which was nominated for Best Short in the 1988 British Academy of Film & Television Arts (BAFTA) and won top prizes at the Bilbao, Budapest, Angers and Chicago Film Festivals respectively. Mr. Kerr also shot other award winning short films including "Eric" 2011 which won Best Short at Marbella International Film Festival 2011 and was nominated Best Cinematography at the Maverick Movie A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/M%20Hossain%20Ali | Mohammad Hossain Ali was a Bangladeshi diplomat and former ambassador to the United States.
Early life
Ali was born in Patharghata, Bhangura Upazila of the Per Bhangura union Pabna District on 1 February 1923. In 1945 he graduated from University of Dhaka with a bachelor's degree in chemistry. In 1948, he completed his LLB from University of Karachi in 1948. In 1949 he completed the Pakistan Civil Service examination and joined the foreign service. He studied further on foreign policy and diplomacy in Foreign Service Institute in Washington D.C. and in the British foreign office in London. He completed a diploma program in the Paris-based Institute of International Relations.
Career
Ali was posted in a number of different diplomatic posts including in Australia, Belgium, Turkey, Saudi Arabia, Burma, United Kingdom and Netherlands. During the Bangladesh Liberation War in 1971, he was the Deputy High Commissioner at Calcutta, India for Pakistan. He was transferred by the government to West Pakistan. On 18 April 1971, he refused to obey the orders and declared his allegiance to the Bangladesh government in exile. He was supported by 65 of his colleagues in the commission. The Pakistan High Commission in Kolkata was changed to the Bangladesh High Commission.
The flag of Bangladesh was raised in the Embassy compound. It was just one day after the declaration of the People's Republic of Bangladesh at Baidyanathtala. First Secretary Rafiqul Islam Chowdhury, third Secretary Anwa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sodalitas%20Litterarum%20Vistulana | Sodalitas Litterarum Vistulana ("Literary Sodality of the Vistula") was an international academic society modelled after the Roman Academy, founded around 1488 in Cracow by Conrad Celtes, a German humanist scholar who in other areas founded several similar societies.
The society was active in the fields of mathematics, astronomy and the natural sciences. Notable members, besides Conrad Celtes, were Albert Brudzewski, Filip Callimachus, Laurentius Corvinus.
1480s establishments in Europe
History of Kraków
Science and technology in Poland
15th-century establishments in Poland |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Conditional%20statement | A conditional statement may refer to:
A conditional formula in logic and mathematics, which can be interpreted as:
Material conditional
Strict conditional
Variably strict conditional
Relevance conditional
A conditional sentence in natural language, including:
Indicative conditional
Counterfactual conditional
Biscuit conditional
Conditional (computer programming), a conditional statement in a computer programming language
See also
Condition (disambiguation)
Conditional (disambiguation)
Logical biconditional
Logical consequence |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20of%20cyclic%20redundancy%20checks | The cyclic redundancy check (CRC) is based on division in the ring of polynomials over the finite field GF(2) (the integers modulo 2), that is, the set of polynomials where each coefficient is either zero or one, and arithmetic operations wrap around.
Any string of bits can be interpreted as the coefficients of a message polynomial of this sort, and to find the CRC, we multiply the message polynomial by and then find the remainder when dividing by the degree- generator polynomial. The coefficients of the remainder polynomial are the bits of the CRC.
Formulation
In general, computation of CRC corresponds to Euclidean division of polynomials over GF(2):
Here is the original message polynomial and is the degree- generator polynomial. The bits of are the original message with zeroes added at the end. The CRC 'checksum' is formed by the coefficients of the remainder polynomial whose degree is strictly less than . The quotient polynomial is of no interest. Using modulo operation, it can be stated that
In communication, the sender attaches the bits of R after the original message bits of M, which could be shown to be equivalent to sending out (the codeword.) The receiver, knowing and therefore , separates M from R and repeats the calculation, verifying that the received and computed R are equal. If they are, then the receiver assumes the received message bits are correct.
In practice CRC calculations most closely resemble long division in binary, except that the su |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Applied%20Physics%20Laboratory%20Ice%20Station | The Applied Physics Laboratory Ice Station 2007 (APLIS07) is a U.S. and Japanese laboratory dedicated to the study of global climate change. It is located on an ice floe about north Prudhoe Bay (Sagavanirktok), Alaska.
It was first established in March 2011. It is owned and administered by the International Arctic Research Center at the University of Alaska Fairbanks.
In popular culture
In 2007, APLIS was used for filming scenes in the movie Stargate: Continuum, in cooperation with the U.S. Navy submarine USS Alexandria (SSN-757).
References
External links
International Arctic Research Center Official homepage
Meteorology research and field projects |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Effective%20dimension | In mathematics, effective dimension is a modification of Hausdorff dimension and other fractal dimensions that places it in a computability theory setting. There are several variations (various notions of effective dimension) of which the most common is effective Hausdorff dimension. Dimension, in mathematics, is a particular way of describing the size of an object (contrasting with measure and other, different, notions of size). Hausdorff dimension generalizes the well-known integer dimensions assigned to points, lines, planes, etc. by allowing one to distinguish between objects of intermediate size between these integer-dimensional objects. For example, fractal subsets of the plane may have intermediate dimension between 1 and 2, as they are "larger" than lines or curves, and yet "smaller" than filled circles or rectangles. Effective dimension modifies Hausdorff dimension by requiring that objects with small effective dimension be not only small but also locatable (or partially locatable) in a computable sense. As such, objects with large Hausdorff dimension also have large effective dimension, and objects with small effective dimension have small Hausdorff dimension, but an object can have small Hausdorff but large effective dimension. An example is an algorithmically random point on a line, which has Hausdorff dimension 0 (since it is a point) but effective dimension 1 (because, roughly speaking, it can't be effectively localized any better than a small interval, which ha |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lud%C4%9Bk%20Navara | Luděk Navara (born 1964) is a Czech non-fictional author, publicist, scenarist and historian. He graduated at Faculty of Civil Engineering of Brno University of Technology and later in history at Faculty of Philosophy of Masaryk University. Since 1995, he has been editor by newspaper MF Dnes. He cooperates also with Česká televize in Brno. His predominant coverage of history and journalism are crimes of Communism and Nazism, and flight and expulsion of Germans during and after WWII. In 2009, together with Miroslav Kasáček, he founded the Civic Association Memory, which maps communist totalitarianism in the Czech Republic, especially in the region of South Moravia. The civic association Paměť initiated the establishment of the Freedom Trail and the Iron Curtain Gate to Freedom Memorial near Mikulov.
Bibliography
Books
Smrt si říká Tutter
Příběhy železné opony
Příběhy železné opony 2
TV documents
A průvod Němců šel
Odsunutý odsun
Útěky železnou oponou
Czech poets
Czech male poets
Czech journalists
1964 births
Living people
Masaryk University alumni
Brno University of Technology alumni |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Langlands%20classification | In mathematics, the Langlands classification is a description of the irreducible representations of a reductive Lie group G, suggested by Robert Langlands (1973). There are two slightly different versions of the Langlands classification. One of these describes the irreducible admissible (g,K)-modules,
for g a Lie algebra of a reductive Lie group G, with maximal compact subgroup K, in terms of tempered representations of smaller groups. The tempered representations were in turn classified by Anthony Knapp and Gregg Zuckerman. The other version of the Langlands classification divides the irreducible representations into L-packets, and classifies the L-packets in terms of certain homomorphisms of the Weil group of R or C into the Langlands dual group.
Notation
g is the Lie algebra of a real reductive Lie group G in the Harish-Chandra class.
K is a maximal compact subgroup of G, with Lie algebra k.
ω is a Cartan involution of G, fixing K.
p is the −1 eigenspace of a Cartan involution of g.
a is a maximal abelian subspace of p.
Σ is the root system of a in g.
Δ is a set of simple roots of Σ.
Classification
The Langlands classification states that the irreducible admissible representations of (g,K) are parameterized by triples
(F, σ,λ)
where
F is a subset of Δ
Q is the standard parabolic subgroup of F, with Langlands decomposition Q = MAN
σ is an irreducible tempered representation of the semisimple Lie group M (up to isomorphism)
λ is an element of Hom(aF,C) with α(Re(λ))>0 for |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Constructive%20Approximation | Constructive Approximation is "an international mathematics journal dedicated to Approximations, expansions, and related research in: computation, function theory, functional analysis, interpolation spaces and interpolation of operators, numerical analysis, space of functions, special functions, and applications."
References
External links
Constructive Approximation web site
Mathematics journals
Approximation theory
English-language journals
Academic journals established in 1985
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals
Bimonthly journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Approximation%20Theory | The Journal of Approximation Theory is "devoted to advances in pure and applied approximation theory and related areas."
References
External links
Journal of Approximation Theory web site
Journal of Approximation Theory home page at Elsevier
Mathematics journals
Approximation theory
Academic journals established in 1968
Elsevier academic journals
English-language journals
Monthly journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20symmetry | In chemistry, molecular symmetry describes the symmetry present in molecules and the classification of these molecules according to their symmetry. Molecular symmetry is a fundamental concept in chemistry, as it can be used to predict or explain many of a molecule's chemical properties, such as whether or not it has a dipole moment, as well as its allowed spectroscopic transitions. To do this it is necessary to use group theory. This involves classifying the states of the molecule using the irreducible representations
from the character table of the symmetry group of the molecule. Symmetry is useful in the study of molecular orbitals, with applications to the Hückel method, to ligand field theory, and to the Woodward-Hoffmann rules. Many university level textbooks on physical chemistry, quantum chemistry, spectroscopy and inorganic chemistry discuss symmetry. Another framework on a larger scale is the use of crystal systems to describe crystallographic symmetry in bulk materials.
There are many techniques for determining the symmetry of a given molecule, including X-ray crystallography and various forms of spectroscopy. Spectroscopic notation is based on symmetry considerations.
Point group symmetry concepts
Elements
The point group symmetry of a molecule is defined by the presence or absence of 5 types of symmetry element.
Symmetry axis: an axis around which a rotation by results in a molecule indistinguishable from the original. This is also called an n-fold |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/East%20Journal%20on%20Approximations | The East Journal on Approximations is a journal about approximation theory published in Sofia, Bulgaria.
External links
East Journal on Approximations web site
References
Mathematics journals
Academic journals established in 1995 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Exact%20category | In mathematics, an exact category is a concept of category theory due to Daniel Quillen which is designed to encapsulate the properties of short exact sequences in abelian categories without requiring that morphisms actually possess kernels and cokernels, which is necessary for the usual definition of such a sequence.
Definition
An exact category E is an additive category possessing a class E of "short exact sequences": triples of objects connected by arrows
satisfying the following axioms inspired by the properties of short exact sequences in an abelian category:
E is closed under isomorphisms and contains the canonical ("split exact") sequences:
Suppose occurs as the second arrow of a sequence in E (it is an admissible epimorphism) and is any arrow in E. Then their pullback exists and its projection to is also an admissible epimorphism. Dually, if occurs as the first arrow of a sequence in E (it is an admissible monomorphism) and is any arrow, then their pushout exists and its coprojection from is also an admissible monomorphism. (We say that the admissible epimorphisms are "stable under pullback", resp. the admissible monomorphisms are "stable under pushout".);
Admissible monomorphisms are kernels of their corresponding admissible epimorphisms, and dually. The composition of two admissible monomorphisms is admissible (likewise admissible epimorphisms);
Suppose is a map in E which admits a kernel in E, and suppose is any map such that the composition i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroanalytical%20methods | Electroanalytical methods are a class of techniques in analytical chemistry which study an analyte by measuring the potential (volts) and/or current (amperes) in an electrochemical cell containing the analyte. These methods can be broken down into several categories depending on which aspects of the cell are controlled and which are measured. The four main categories are potentiometry (the difference in electrode potentials is measured), amperometry (electric current is the analytical signal), coulometry (charge passed during a certain time is recorded), and voltammetry (the cell's current is measured while actively altering the cell's potential).
Potentiometry
Potentiometry passively measures the potential of a solution between two electrodes, affecting the solution very little in the process. One electrode is called the reference electrode and has a constant potential, while the other one is an indicator electrode whose potential changes with the sample's composition. Therefore, the difference in potential between the two electrodes gives an assessment of the sample's composition. In fact, since the potentiometric measurement is a non-destructive measurement, assuming that the electrode is in equilibrium with the solution, we are measuring the solution's potential.
Potentiometry usually uses indicator electrodes made selectively sensitive to the ion of interest, such as fluoride in fluoride selective electrodes, so that the potential solely depends on the activity of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Restricted%20partial%20quotients | In mathematics, and more particularly in the analytic theory of regular continued fractions, an infinite regular continued fraction x is said to be restricted, or composed of restricted partial quotients, if the sequence of denominators of its partial quotients is bounded; that is
and there is some positive integer M such that all the (integral) partial denominators ai are less than or equal to M.
Periodic continued fractions
A regular periodic continued fraction consists of a finite initial block of partial denominators followed by a repeating block; if
then ζ is a quadratic irrational number, and its representation as a regular continued fraction is periodic. Clearly any regular periodic continued fraction consists of restricted partial quotients, since none of the partial denominators can be greater than the largest of a0 through ak+m. Historically, mathematicians studied periodic continued fractions before considering the more general concept of restricted partial quotients.
Restricted CFs and the Cantor set
The Cantor set is a set C of measure zero from which a complete interval of real numbers can be constructed by simple addition – that is, any real number from the interval can be expressed as the sum of exactly two elements of the set C. The usual proof of the existence of the Cantor set is based on the idea of punching a "hole" in the middle of an interval, then punching holes in the remaining sub-intervals, and repeating this process ad infinitum.
The process |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Luzin%20space | In mathematics, a Luzin space (or Lusin space), named for N. N. Luzin, is an uncountable topological T1 space without isolated points in which every nowhere-dense subset is countable. There are many minor variations of this definition in use: the T1 condition can be replaced by T2 or T3, and some authors allow a countable or even arbitrary number of isolated points.
The existence of a Luzin space is independent of the axioms of ZFC. showed that the continuum hypothesis implies that a Luzin space exists.
showed that assuming Martin's axiom and the negation of the continuum hypothesis, there are no Hausdorff Luzin spaces.
In real analysis
In real analysis and descriptive set theory, a Luzin set (or Lusin set), is defined as an uncountable subset of the reals such that every uncountable subset of is nonmeager; that is, of second Baire category. Equivalently, is an uncountable set of reals that meets every first category set in only countably many points. Luzin proved that, if the continuum hypothesis holds, then every nonmeager set has a Luzin subset. Obvious properties of a Luzin set are that it must be nonmeager (otherwise the set itself is an uncountable meager subset) and of measure zero, because every set of positive measure contains a meager set that also has positive measure, and is therefore uncountable. A weakly Luzin set is an uncountable subset of a real vector space such that for any uncountable subset the set of directions between different elements of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Baldwin%E2%80%93Lomax%20model | The Baldwin–Lomax model is a 0-equation turbulence model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulent boundary layer flows.
External links
Baldwin-Lomax model at cfd-online.com
Fluid dynamics
Mathematical modeling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cebeci%E2%80%93Smith%20model | The Cebeci–Smith model, developed by Tuncer Cebeci and Apollo M. O. Smith in 1967, is a 0-equation eddy viscosity model used in computational fluid dynamics analysis of turbulence in boundary layer flows. The model gives eddy viscosity, , as a function of the local boundary layer velocity profile. The model is suitable for high-speed flows with thin attached boundary layers, typically present in aerospace applications. Like the Baldwin-Lomax model, it is not suitable for large regions of flow separation and significant curvature or rotation. Unlike the Baldwin-Lomax model, this model requires the determination of a boundary layer edge.
Equations
In a two-layer model, the boundary layer is considered to comprise two layers: inner (close to the surface) and outer. The eddy viscosity is calculated separately for each layer and combined using:
where is the smallest distance from the surface where is equal to .
The inner-region eddy viscosity is given by:
where
with the von Karman constant usually being taken as 0.4, and with
The eddy viscosity in the outer region is given by:
where , is the displacement thickness, given by
and FK is the Klebanoff intermittency function given by
References
Smith, A.M.O. and Cebeci, T., 1967. Numerical solution of the turbulent boundary layer equations. Douglas aircraft division report DAC 33735
Cebeci, T. and Smith, A.M.O., 1974. Analysis of turbulent boundary layers. Academic Press,
Wilcox, D.C., 1998. Turbulence Modeling |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Vamsi%20Mootha | Vamsi K. Mootha is an Indian-born American physician-scientist and computational biologist. He is an Investigator of the Howard Hughes Medical Institute, Professor of Systems Biology and Medicine at Harvard Medical School, Investigator in the Department of Molecular Biology at Massachusetts General Hospital. He is also an Institute Member of the Broad Institute.
Mootha and his research group have made major contributions to mitochondrial biology and genomics. His group characterized the mammalian mitochondrial proteome and has produced a widely utilized reference protein atlas called MitoCarta. He and his clinical collaborators pioneered the use of targeted next-generation sequencing of these proteins to identify a very large number of mitochondrial disease genes. Mootha and his team used “integrative genomics” to identify all of the molecular components of the mitochondrial calcium uniporter, a key channel of communication between the organelle and the rest of the cell. He and his team used genomics to make the unexpected discovery that in animal models, low oxygen can alleviate mitochondrial disease. As a postdoctoral fellow he developed Gene Set Enrichment Analysis, an algorithm that is widely used in genomics and has been implemented into a popular software tool.
Mootha graduated from Kelly High School in Beaumont, Texas. As a high school student he won first place in the mathematics category of the International Science and Engineering Fair. He received his BS in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tempered%20representation | In mathematics, a tempered representation of a linear semisimple Lie group is a representation that has a basis whose matrix coefficients lie in the Lp space
L2+ε(G)
for any ε > 0.
Formulation
This condition, as just given, is slightly weaker than the condition that the matrix coefficients are square-integrable, in other words lie in
L2(G),
which would be the definition of a discrete series representation. If G is a linear semisimple Lie group with a maximal compact subgroup K, an admissible representation ρ of G is tempered if the above condition holds for the K-finite matrix coefficients of ρ.
The definition above is also used for more general groups, such as p-adic Lie groups and finite central extensions of semisimple real algebraic groups. The definition of "tempered representation" makes sense for arbitrary unimodular locally compact groups, but on groups with infinite centers such as infinite central extensions of semisimple Lie groups it does not behave well and is usually replaced by a slightly different definition. More precisely, an irreducible representation is called tempered if it is unitary when restricted to the center Z, and the absolute values of the matrix coefficients are in L2+ε(G/Z).
Tempered representations on semisimple Lie groups were first defined and studied by Harish-Chandra (using a different but equivalent definition), who showed that they are exactly the representations needed for the Plancherel theorem. They were classified by Knap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20G.%20White%20%28biologist%29 | John Graham White (born 1943) is an Emeritus Professor of Anatomy and Molecular Biology at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. His research interests are in the biology of the model organism Caenorhabditis elegans and laser microscopy.
Education
White was educated at Brunel University, where he was awarded an undergraduate degree in Physics in 1969. He went on to study for his PhD at University of Cambridge in 1975 for work on computer-aided reconstruction of the nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans supervised by Sydney Brenner.
Research and career
After working at the Laboratory of Molecular Biology, White moved to the University of Wisconsin–Madison in 1993. White's research investigates cell division in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. With collaborators Sydney Brenner, John Sulston and others, White co-developed confocal microscopy and mapped the complete nervous system of Caenorhabditis elegans, consisting of 302 neurons and over 7000 synapses. The study was published in 1986 by the Philosophical Transactions of the Royal Society, and is considered to be the first work in the emerging field of connectomes. More recently his research used:
White identified the first gene with a demonstrated role in determining synaptic specificity. He studied the role of cell–cell interaction in determining the lineage pattern, stimulating a wide field of research. In more recent work, White and his co-workers partially confirmed his earlier model of cytokinesis; they disc |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20G.%20Cohen | Gary G. Cohen is President Emeritus of Cohen Theological Seminary, in Torrance, California, and in Seoul, South Korea. After graduating from Temple University in Philadelphia with a B.S.Ed., he taught high school biology and chemistry at Germantown High School in Philadelphia, and physics at Shelton College in Ringwood, New Jersey. Cohen then graduated from Faith Theological Seminary with an M.Div. and a STM, and received his Th.D. from Grace Theological Seminary in Winona Lake, Indiana. In 1989, a Litt.D. was conferred upon him for his writings, including Hosea-Amos, Understanding Revelation, The Horsemen Are Coming, and Weep Not for Me. Articles by him appear in Zion's Fire and in other periodicals.
Cohen was one of the translators of the New King James Bible, and he did editorial work on the Red Letter King James Bible and contributed articles for the Christian Life Bible and the Kirban Prophecy Bible. His articles on Hebrew and Greek words appear in the "Old Testament Theological Word Book" and in "The Complete Bible Library."
Cohen is a retired Army Reserve chaplain (COL), and is a graduate of the United States Air Force Air War College. He has also served as pastor of two churches, as president of both Graham Bible College (in Bristol, Tennessee) and Clearwater Christian College, and as a professor at Miami Christian College.
In 1994, with the help of his family, he built the prototype for the model of the old City of Jerusalem, now housed in Orlando, FL, at the Hol |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20tetrahedral%20group | In mathematics, the binary tetrahedral group, denoted 2T or , is a certain nonabelian group of order 24. It is an extension of the tetrahedral group T or (2,3,3) of order 12 by a cyclic group of order 2, and is the preimage of the tetrahedral group under the 2:1 covering homomorphism Spin(3) → SO(3) of the special orthogonal group by the spin group. It follows that the binary tetrahedral group is a discrete subgroup of Spin(3) of order 24. The complex reflection group named 3(24)3 by G.C. Shephard or 3[3]3 and by Coxeter, is isomorphic to the binary tetrahedral group.
The binary tetrahedral group is most easily described concretely as a discrete subgroup of the unit quaternions, under the isomorphism , where Sp(1) is the multiplicative group of unit quaternions. (For a description of this homomorphism see the article on quaternions and spatial rotations.)
Elements
Explicitly, the binary tetrahedral group is given as the group of units in the ring of Hurwitz integers. There are 24 such units given by
with all possible sign combinations.
All 24 units have absolute value 1 and therefore lie in the unit quaternion group Sp(1). The convex hull of these 24 elements in 4-dimensional space form a convex regular 4-polytope called the 24-cell.
Properties
The binary tetrahedral group, denoted by 2T, fits into the short exact sequence
This sequence does not split, meaning that 2T is not a semidirect product of {±1} by T. In fact, there is no subgroup of 2T isomorphic to T.
The |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Binary%20octahedral%20group | In mathematics, the binary octahedral group, name as 2O or is a certain nonabelian group of order 48. It is an extension of the chiral octahedral group O or (2,3,4) of order 24 by a cyclic group of order 2, and is the preimage of the octahedral group under the 2:1 covering homomorphism of the special orthogonal group by the spin group. It follows that the binary octahedral group is a discrete subgroup of Spin(3) of order 48.
The binary octahedral group is most easily described concretely as a discrete subgroup of the unit quaternions, under the isomorphism where Sp(1) is the multiplicative group of unit quaternions. (For a description of this homomorphism see the article on quaternions and spatial rotations.)
Elements
Explicitly, the binary octahedral group is given as the union of the 24 Hurwitz units
with all 24 quaternions obtained from
by a permutation of coordinates and all possible sign combinations. All 48 elements have absolute value 1 and therefore lie in the unit quaternion group Sp(1).
Properties
The binary octahedral group, denoted by 2O, fits into the short exact sequence
This sequence does not split, meaning that 2O is not a semidirect product of {±1} by O. In fact, there is no subgroup of 2O isomorphic to O.
The center of 2O is the subgroup {±1}, so that the inner automorphism group is isomorphic to O. The full automorphism group is isomorphic to O × Z2.
Presentation
The group 2O has a presentation given by
or equivalently,
Quaternion generators |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mecodema%20punctellum | Mecodema punctellum is a presumed-extinct species of ground beetle of the family Carabidae, endemic to Stephens Island in New Zealand.
Description
Mecodema punctellum was a large black flightless ground beetle which reached a length of and a width of .
Habitat and biology
Nothing is known about its habitat, but it is assumed that it occurred in wet forests and sought shelter under large logs. It was a predator of snails.
Extinction
Mecodema punctellum was last seen in 1931, and after surveys in 1961, 1971, 1974/5, 1976, 1981, 1990, 1996 on Stephens Island, and 1997 on D'Urville Island failed, it is now considered to be extinct. The cause of its extinction was probably habitat destruction, because after the clearing of forest there were no large logs remaining on Stephens Island.
References and external links
Fauna of New Zealand Series: Mecodema punctellum
Britton (1949) description and Image of Mecodema punctellum
†
Extinct beetles
Extinct insects since 1500
†punctellum
Beetles described in 1921 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Journal%20of%20Biology | The Journal of Biology was a peer-reviewed scientific journal published by BioMed Central. It was established in 2002 with the aim to provide an alternative to biology journals with high-impact factor such as Nature, Science, and Cell. Because of stringent selection criteria, it published only a few research articles per year, only four in 2007, for example, with the rest being comment and short review articles. The research articles were published as open access and many of these research articles were highly cited.
The journal was never indexed by the Science Citation Index and therefore didn't get an official impact factor. According to an unofficial calculation in 2007, it reached an impact factor of 20.1. The journal was discontinued in April 2010 and merged with the existing journal BMC Biology.
References
External links
Biology journals
Academic journals established in 2002
Publications disestablished in 2010
Defunct journals of the United Kingdom
English-language journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homomorphic%20secret%20sharing | In cryptography, homomorphic secret sharing is a type of secret sharing algorithm in which the secret is encrypted via homomorphic encryption. A homomorphism is a transformation from one algebraic structure into another of the same type so that the structure is preserved. Importantly, this means that for every kind of manipulation of the original data, there is a corresponding manipulation of the transformed data.
Technique
Homomorphic secret sharing is used to transmit a secret to several recipients as follows:
Transform the "secret" using a homomorphism. This often puts the secret into a form which is easy to manipulate or store. In particular, there may be a natural way to 'split' the new form as required by step (2).
Split the transformed secret into several parts, one for each recipient. The secret must be split in such a way that it can only be recovered when all or most of the parts are combined. (See Secret sharing.)
Distribute the parts of the secret to each of the recipients.
Combine each of the recipients' parts to recover the transformed secret, perhaps at a specified time.
Reverse the homomorphism to recover the original secret.
Examples
Suppose a community wants to perform an election, using a decentralized voting protocol, but they want to ensure that the vote-counters won't lie about the results. Using a type of homomorphic secret sharing known as Shamir's secret sharing, each member of the community can add their vote to a form that is split into p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/%C5%81ukasiewicz%20logic | In mathematics and philosophy, Łukasiewicz logic ( , ) is a non-classical, many-valued logic. It was originally defined in the early 20th century by Jan Łukasiewicz as a three-valued modal logic; it was later generalized to n-valued (for all finite n) as well as infinitely-many-valued (ℵ0-valued) variants, both propositional and first order. The ℵ0-valued version was published in 1930 by Łukasiewicz and Alfred Tarski; consequently it is sometimes called the ŁukasiewiczTarski logic. It belongs to the classes of t-norm fuzzy logics and substructural logics.
Łukasiewicz logic was motivated by Aristotle's suggestion that bivalent logic was not applicable to future contingents, e.g. the statement "There will be a sea battle tomorrow". In other words, statements about the future were neither true nor false, but an intermediate value could be assigned to them, to represent their possibility of becoming true in the future.
This article presents the Łukasiewicz(–Tarski) logic in its full generality, i.e. as an infinite-valued logic. For an elementary introduction to the three-valued instantiation Ł3, see three-valued logic.
Language
The propositional connectives of Łukasiewicz logic are ("implication"), and the constant ("false"). Additional connectives can be defined in terms of these:
The and connectives are called weak disjunction and conjunction, because they are non-classical, as the law of excluded middle does not hold for them. In the context of substructural logics, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Krogmann%27s%20salt | Krogmann's salt is a linear chain compound consisting of stacks of tetracyanoplatinate. Sometimes described as molecular wires, Krogmann's salt exhibits highly anisotropic electrical conductivity. For this reason, Krogmann's salt and related materials are of some interest in nanotechnology.
History and nomenclature
Krogmann's salt was first synthesized by Klaus Krogmann in the late 1960s.
Krogmann's salt most commonly refers to a platinum metal complex of the formula K2[Pt(CN)4X0.3] where X is usually bromine (or sometimes chlorine). Many other non-stoichiometric metal salts containing the anionic complex [Pt(CN)4]n− can also be characterized.
Structure and physical properties
Krogmann's salt is a series of partially oxidized tetracyanoplatinate complexes linked by the platinum-platinum bonds on the top and bottom faces of the planar [Pt(CN)4]n− anions. This salt forms infinite stacks in the solid state based on the overlap of the dz2 orbitals.
Krogmann's salt has a tetragonal crystal structure with a Pt-Pt distance of 2.880 angstroms, which is much shorter than the metal-metal bond distances in other planar platinum complexes such as Ca[Pt(CN)4]·5H2O (3.36 angstroms), Sr[Pt(CN)4]·5H2O (3.58 angstroms), and Mg[Pt(CN)4]·7H2O (3.16 angstroms). The Pt-Pt distance in Krogmann's salt is only 0.1 angstroms longer than in platinum metal.
Each unit cell contains a site for Cl−, corresponding to 0.5 Cl− per Pt. However, this site is only filled 64% of the time, giving 0.32 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wolfgang%20Finkelnburg | Wolfgang Karl Ernst Finkelnburg (5 June 1905 – 7 November 1967) was a German physicist who made contributions to spectroscopy, atomic physics, the structure of matter, and high-temperature arc discharges. His vice-presidency of the Deutsche Physikalische Gesellschaft 1941-1945, was influential in that organization’s ability to assert its independence from National Socialist policies.
Education
Finkelnburg began his studies of physics and mathematics in 1924 at the University of Tübingen and the University of Bonn. He acquired his doctorate in 1928 under Heinrich Konen, and remained as Konen’s teaching assistant. In 1931 he became a teaching assistant at the Technische Hochschule Karlsruhe, and in 1932 he became a Privatdozent there.
Career
Early career
In 1933 and 1934, Finkelnburg took a Rockefeller Foundation Fellowship and did postdoctoral research and studies on continuous spectra, with Robert Andrews Millikan at the California Institute of Technology. In 1936, he became an extraordinarius professor at the Technische Hochschule Darmstadt. From 1942 to 1945, he was and extraordinarius professor and director of the physics department at the University of Strasbourg. At Strasbough, he worked on high-temperature carbon arcs, which had applications to anti-aircraft searchlights. Some of his scientific endeavors after the war carried on with themes related to the carbon arcs.
National Socialism: Politics and physics
When Adolf Hitler became Chancellor of Germany on |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Harish-Chandra%20class | In mathematics, Harish-Chandra's class is a class of Lie groups used in representation theory. Harish-Chandra's class contains all semisimple connected linear Lie groups and is closed under natural operations, most importantly, the passage to Levi subgroups. This closure property is crucial for many inductive arguments in representation theory of Lie groups, whereas the classes of semisimple or connected semisimple Lie groups are not closed in this sense.
Definition
A Lie group G with the Lie algebra g is said to be in Harish-Chandra's class if it satisfies the following conditions:
g is a reductive Lie algebra (the product of a semisimple and abelian Lie algebra).
The Lie group G has only a finite number of connected components.
The adjoint action of any element of G on g is given by an action of an element of the connected component of the Lie group of Lie algebra automorphisms of the complexification g⊗C.
The subgroup Gss of G generated by the image of the semisimple part gss=[g,g] of the Lie algebra g under the exponential map has finite center.
References
A. W. Knapp, Structure theory of semisimple Lie groups, in
Representation theory of Lie groups |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Distance%20Diagnostics%20Through%20Digital%20Imaging | Distance Diagnostics through Digital Imaging (DDDI) is the name of a system developed at the University of Georgia College of Agricultural and Environmental Sciences. It allows textual information and descriptive images to be submitted directly from Georgia county Extension offices for rapid diagnosis of plant and pest disease issues by resource professionals at the University. Since its inception in the late 1990s, universities throughout the United States have adapted this system for their use.
DDDI was developed by an IT team in collaboration with agricultural specialists at the University of Georgia in 1997. DDDI was initially created to allow Cooperative Extension offices throughout Georgia to easily submit relevant information and images of plant diseases; the goal is to receive a rapid diagnosis from University faculty, facilitating timely, corrective action. This new method for submitting samples of unidentified pests and organisms was exceptionally efficient, resulting in significant time and cost savings. “It's a reality that we can't have every specialist in every corner of the state to help farmers. But [DDDI] puts together expertise and technology, and this allows us to increase our service," said Stephen Portch, former University of Georgia Chancellor.
Customized DDDI systems are currently in place in ten US states, the Dominican Republic, the American Protectorates of the Pacific, and all of Central America. The system has grown to include commercial clients |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Minimal%20volume | In mathematics, in particular in differential geometry, the minimal volume is a number that describes one aspect of a smooth manifold's topology. This diffeomorphism invariant was introduced by Mikhael Gromov.
Given a smooth Riemannian manifold , one may consider its volume and sectional curvature . The minimal volume of a smooth manifold is defined to be
Any closed manifold can be given an arbitrarily small volume by scaling any choice of a Riemannian metric. The minimal volume removes the possibility of such scaling by the constraint on sectional curvatures. So, if the minimal volume of is zero, then a certain kind of nontrivial collapsing phenomena can be exhibited by Riemannian metrics on . A trivial example, the only in which the possibility of scaling is present, is a closed flat manifold. The Berger spheres show that the minimal volume of the three-dimensional sphere is also zero. Gromov has conjectured that every closed simply connected odd-dimensional manifold has zero minimal volume.
By contrast, a positive lower bound for the minimal volume of amounts to some (usually nontrivial) geometric inequality for the volume of an arbitrary complete Riemannian metric on in terms of the size of its curvature. According to the Gauss-Bonnet theorem, if is a closed and connected two-dimensional manifold, then . The infimum in the definition of minimal volume is realized by the metrics appearing from the uniformization theorem. More generally, according to the Chern-Gaus |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20J.%20Mellor | Stephen J. Mellor (born 1952) is an American computer scientist, developer of the Ward–Mellor method for real-time computing, the Shlaer–Mellor method, and Executable UML, and signatory to the Agile Manifesto.
Biography
Mellor received a BA in computer science from the University of Essex in 1974, and started working at CERN in Geneva, Switzerland as a programmer in BCPL. In 1977 he became software engineer at the Lawrence Berkeley Laboratory, and in 1982 consultant at Yourdon, Inc.
At Yourdon in cooperation with Paul Ward they developed the Ward–Mellor method, and published the book-series Structured Development for Real Time Systems in 1985.
Together with Sally Shlaer he founded Project Technology in 1985. That company was acquired by Mentor Graphics in 2004. Mellor stayed as chief scientist of the Embedded Systems Division at Mentor Graphics for another two years, and is self-employed since 2006.
Since 1998 Mellor has contributed to the Object Management Group, chairing the consortium that added executable actions to the UML, and the specification of model-driven architecture (MDA). He is also chairing the advisory board of the IEEE Software magazine. Since 2013, Mellor has served as CTO for the Industrial Internet Consortium.
Publications
1985. Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Essential Modeling Techniques. With Paul T. Ward. Prentice Hall.
1986. Structured Development for Real-Time Systems: Implementation Modeling Techniques (Structured Development |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hausdorff%20density | In measure theory, a field of mathematics, the Hausdorff density measures how concentrated a Radon measure is at some point.
Definition
Let be a Radon measure and some point in Euclidean space. The s-dimensional upper and lower Hausdorff densities are defined to be, respectively,
and
where is the ball of radius r > 0 centered at a. Clearly, for all . In the event that the two are equal, we call their common value the s-density of at a and denote it .
Marstrand's theorem
The following theorem states that the times when the s-density exists are rather seldom.
Marstrand's theorem: Let be a Radon measure on . Suppose that the s-density exists and is positive and finite for a in a set of positive measure. Then s is an integer.
Preiss' theorem
In 1987 David Preiss proved a stronger version of Marstrand's theorem. One consequence is that sets with positive and finite density are rectifiable sets.
Preiss' theorem: Let be a Radon measure on . Suppose that m is an integer and the m-density exists and is positive and finite for almost every a in the support of . Then is m-rectifiable, i.e. ( is absolutely continuous with respect to Hausdorff measure ) and the support of is an m-rectifiable set.
External links
Density of a set at Encyclopedia of Mathematics
Rectifiable set at Encyclopedia of Mathematics
References
Pertti Mattila, Geometry of sets and measures in Euclidean spaces. Cambridge Press, 1995.
Measure theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tiny | Tiny may refer to:
Places
Tiny, Ontario, a township in Canada
Tiny, Virginia, an unincorporated community in the US
Tiny Glacier, Wyoming, US
Computing
Tiny BASIC, a dialect of the computer programming language BASIC
Tiny Encryption Algorithm, in cryptography, a block cipher notable for its simplicity of description and implementation
Tiny Computers, a defunct UK computer manufacturer
TinyMCE, a web-based editor
TinyMUD, a MUD server
MU*, a family of MUD servers often called the Tiny family
Automobiles
Tara Tiny, an Indian electric car
Tiny (car), a British cyclecar manufactured between 1912 and 1915
People
Nickname
Nate Archibald (born 1948), American National Basketball Association player
Tiny Bonham (1913–1949), American Major League Baseball pitcher
Tiny Bradshaw (1905–1958), American jazz and rhythm and blues bandleader, singer, composer, and musician
Tiny Broadwick (1893–1978), American pioneering parachutist
Tiny Cahoon (1900–1973), American National Football League player
Tameka Cottle, (born 1975), American singer-songwriter and former member of Xscape
Tiny Croft (1920–1977), American National Football League player
Paul Engebretsen (1910–1979), American National Football League player
Tiny Gooch (1903-1986), American all-around college athlete, attorney and politician
Tiny Grimes (1916–1989), American jazz and R&B guitarist
Tiny Kahn (1923–1953), American jazz drummer, arranger and composer
Tiny Kox (born 1953), Dutch politician
Tiny Ley |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Middletown%20High%20School%20%28California%29 | Middletown High School (MHS) is a small public high school located in Middletown, California, United States. It is the only comprehensive high school in the Middletown Unified School District.
Academics
MHS offers AP courses in English literature, calculus, environmental science, U.S. history, and Spanish language. It has an agriculture department, as well as nine ROP (vocational) courses.
MHS's graduation rate is 94.59%. 37.9% of the class of 2011 completed the college prep UC/CSU (a)-(g) requirements.
Extracurricular activities
Student groups and organizations include student government, Interact Club, Drama Club, Bible Club, Future Farmers of America, Junior Statesmen of America,and United States Academic Decathlon,
Athletic activities include football, volleyball, cross country, cheerleading, soccer, basketball, wrestling, baseball, softball, track, tennis, and golf.
Demographics
Middletown High's student body is 72.8% white, 19.5% Hispanic or Latino, 2.5% of two or more races, 1.6% American Indian or Alaska Native, 1.4% Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander, 1.0% black or African American, 0.8% Asian, and 0.6% Filipino. 37.0% of students are socioeconomically disadvantaged, while 5.6% are English learners.
References
External links
Middletown High School Official Website
Education in Lake County, California
Public high schools in California
Buildings and structures in Lake County, California
1919 establishments in California |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discrete%20exterior%20calculus | In mathematics, the discrete exterior calculus (DEC) is the extension of the exterior calculus to discrete spaces including graphs, finite element meshes, and lately also general polygonal meshes (non-flat and non-convex). DEC methods have proved to be very powerful in improving and analyzing finite element methods: for instance, DEC-based methods allow the use of highly non-uniform meshes to obtain accurate results. Non-uniform meshes are advantageous because they allow the use of large elements where the process to be simulated is relatively simple, as opposed to a fine resolution where the process may be complicated (e.g., near an obstruction to a fluid flow), while using less computational power than if a uniformly fine mesh were used.
The discrete exterior derivative
Stokes' theorem relates the integral of a differential (n − 1)-form ω over the boundary ∂M of an n-dimensional manifold M to the integral of dω (the exterior derivative of ω, and a differential n-form on M) over M itself:
One could think of differential k-forms as linear operators that act on k-dimensional "bits" of space, in which case one might prefer to use the bracket notation for a dual pairing. In this notation, Stokes' theorem reads as
In finite element analysis, the first stage is often the approximation of the domain of interest by a triangulation, T. For example, a curve would be approximated as a union of straight line segments; a surface would be approximated by a union of triangles, whose ed |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/George%20Perry%20%28neuroscientist%29 | George Perry (born April 12, 1953) is a professor of biology and chemistry at the University of Texas at San Antonio and the former dean of the College of Sciences. Perry is recognized in the field of Alzheimer's disease research, particularly for his work on oxidative stress.
Education
Perry received his Bachelor of Arts degree in zoology from University of California, Santa Barbara. After graduation, he studied at Scripps Institution of Oceanography, Hopkins Marine Station of Stanford University, and the Marine Biological Laboratory at Woods Hole; he obtained his Ph.D. from the University of California at San Diego in Marine Biology under David Epel in 1979. He then received a postdoctoral fellowship in the Department of Cell Biology in the laboratories of William R. Brinkley, Joseph Bryan and Anthony R. Means at Baylor College of Medicine where he laid the foundation for his observations of cytoskeletal abnormalities.
Professional appointments
In 1982, Perry joined the faculty of Case Western Reserve University, where he holds an adjunct appointment. He is dean of the College of Sciences and professor of biology at the University of Texas at San Antonio. He is distinguished as one of the top Alzheimer's disease researchers with over 1000
publications, one of the top 100 most-cited scientists in Neuroscience & Behavior and one of the top 25 scientists in free radical research. Perry is highly cited (over 82,500 times;H=137;ISI/over 112,500 times;H=165;Google Scholar) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Accrington%20Academy | Accrington Academy is a mixed 11-18 Academy in Accrington, Lancashire. It has designated specialisms in Sports and Mathematics. It is situated in the centre of Accrington. Accrington St Christopher's C of E High is nearby to the west.
History
The school, run by United Learning, opened on 1 September 2008 on the site of the former Accrington Moorhead Sports College, itself the successor Moorhead High School which was the successor of the one-time Accrington High School for Girls. All pupils previously at Moorhead automatically transferred to the new school, which has had a sixth form provision from September 2009.
Former schools
Accrington Grammar School had around 500 boys and 100 in the sixth form in the 1970s. Accrington High School for Girls had around 600 girls. Accrington Moorhead High School was on Cromwell Avenue off Queens Road West. The school was founded in 1895 on Blackburn Rd, Accrington as a 'Technical School' In 1968, it moved to the Moorhead site. In 1975, following the Labour government's educational reforms, it ceased to exist.
In 2008, Nosheen Iqbal wrote in The Guardian that Moorhead High School had been "failing". Her article described a "startling transformation" from 17% of children achieving 5 GCSEs at grades A*-C, to 78% of children doing so in the new school. The school's headteacher believed that the change had been brought about through the Creative Partnerships approach, an Arts Council England programme.
Notable former pupils
Accrington Moorh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20coefficient | In mathematics, a matrix coefficient (or matrix element) is a function on a group of a special form, which depends on a linear representation of the group and additional data. Precisely, it is a function on a compact topological group G obtained by composing a representation of G on a vector space V with a linear map from the endomorphisms of V into V underlying field. It is also called a representative function. They arise naturally from finite-dimensional representations of G as the matrix-entry functions of the corresponding matrix representations. The Peter–Weyl theorem says that the matrix coefficients on G are dense in the Hilbert space of square-integrable functions on G.
Matrix coefficients of representations of Lie groups turned out to be intimately related with the theory of special functions, providing a unifying approach to large parts of this theory. Growth properties of matrix coefficients play a key role in the classification of irreducible representations of locally compact groups, in particular, reductive real and p-adic groups. The formalism of matrix coefficients leads to a generalization of the notion of a modular form. In a different direction, mixing properties of certain dynamical systems are controlled by the properties of suitable matrix coefficients.
Definition
A matrix coefficient (or matrix element) of a linear representation of a group on a vector space is a function on the group, of the type
where is a vector in , is a continuous linear |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multiplicity%20%28chemistry%29 | In spectroscopy and quantum chemistry, the multiplicity of an energy level is defined as 2S+1, where S is the total spin angular momentum. States with multiplicity 1, 2, 3, 4, 5 are respectively called singlets, doublets, triplets, quartets and quintets.
In the ground state of an atom or molecule, the unpaired electrons usually all have parallel spin. In this case the multiplicity is also equal to the number of unpaired electrons plus one.
Atoms
The multiplicity is often equal to the number of possible orientations of the total spin relative to the total orbital angular momentum L, and therefore to the number of near–degenerate levels that differ only in their spin–orbit interaction energy.
For example, the ground state of a carbon atom is 3P (Term symbol). The superscript three (read as triplet) indicates that the multiplicity 2S+1 = 3, so that the total spin S = 1. This spin is due to two unpaired electrons, as a result of Hund's rule which favors the single filling of degenerate orbitals. The triplet consists of three states with spin components +1, 0 and –1 along the direction of the total orbital angular momentum, which is also 1 as indicated by the letter P. The total angular momentum quantum number J can vary from L+S = 2 to L–S = 0 in integer steps, so that J = 2, 1 or 0.
However the multiplicity equals the number of spin orientations only if S ≤ L. When S > L there are only 2L+1 orientations of total angular momentum possible, ranging from S+L to S-L. The ground |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SQM | SQM or sqm may refer to:
Sociedad Química y Minera de Chile, a Chilean mining and chemical enterprise
Software quality management
Sky quality meter, to measure night sky brightness
Supersymmetric quantum mechanics
São Miguel do Araguaia airport, IATA code
Smart Queue Management, a technique to avoid congestion in computer networks
Windows Live Messenger log file extension, see list of filename extensions (S–Z)#S
Software Quality Metrics, a Microsoft customer-experience management initiative, also known as CEIP (Customer Experience Improvement Program) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Measure%20%28physics%29 | The measure in quantum physics is the integration measure used for performing a path integral.
In quantum field theory, one must sum over all possible histories of a system.
When summing over possible histories, which may be very similar to each other, one has to decide when two histories are to be considered different, and when they are to be considered the same, in order not to count the same history twice. This decision is coded within the concept of the measure by an observer.
In fact, the possible histories can be deformed continuously, and therefore the sum is in fact an integral, known as path integral.
In the limit where the sum is becoming an integral, the concept of the measure described above is replaced by an integration measure.
See also
Action (physics)
Measure (mathematics)
Observable
Physical quantities |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Toyota%20National%20College%20of%20Technology | is a National College of Technology (Kosen) with a five-year technical curriculum.
The college is signatory to the JABEE (Accreditation System for Engineering Education in Japan) since 2005, which is signatory to the Washington Accord.
History
1963.04 Toyota National College of Technology was established (Department of Mechanical Engineering, Department of Electrical Engineering, and Department of Architecture).
1968.04 Department of Civil Engineering was added. A boarding system was adopted for students in lower grades.
1979.03 Data Station was opened.
1983.06 Strength Test Center for Materials and Structure was established.
1987.04 Department of Information and Computer Engineering was added.
1993.04 The Reorganization of Department of Civil Engineering.
1994.04 Advanced Engineering Courses were established. Courses of Electronic and Mechanical Engineering, Civil Engineering and Architecture, Computer Science were established.
1996.07 Data Station was reorganized into Multimedia Center for Information Processing.
1999.04 Department of Electrical Engineering was renamed Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering.
2002.10 Collaboration Research Center of Technology was established.
2004.04 Techno-training Center for Manufacturing ("Monodukuri" Center) was established.
References
External links
Toyota National College of Technology Homepage (English)
Toyota National College of Technology Homepage (日本語 / Japanese)
Japanese national u |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20character%20tables%20for%20chemically%20important%203D%20point%20groups | This lists the character tables for the more common molecular point groups used in the study of molecular symmetry. These tables are based on the group-theoretical treatment of the symmetry operations present in common molecules, and are useful in molecular spectroscopy and quantum chemistry. Information regarding the use of the tables, as well as more extensive lists of them, can be found in the references.
Notation
For each non-linear group, the tables give the most standard notation of the finite group isomorphic to the point group, followed by the order of the group (number of invariant symmetry operations). The finite group notation used is: Zn: cyclic group of order n, Dn: dihedral group isomorphic to the symmetry group of an n–sided regular polygon, Sn: symmetric group on n letters, and An: alternating group on n letters.
The character tables then follow for all groups. The rows of the character tables correspond to the irreducible representations of the group, with their conventional names, known as Mulliken symbols, in the left margin. The naming conventions are as follows:
A and B are singly degenerate representations, with the former transforming symmetrically around the principal axis of the group, and the latter asymmetrically. E, T, G, H, ... are doubly, triply, quadruply, quintuply, ... degenerate representations.
g and u subscripts denote symmetry and antisymmetry, respectively, with respect to a center of inversion. Subscripts "1" and "2" denote |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HML | HML may refer to:
Hml (trigraph), used in Hmong
Hard Mobile Launcher, a nuclear-hardened transporter erector launcher
Hard money loan, a loan service used for real estate investors to flip homes
Hemel Hempstead railway station, England, station code
Hennessy–Milner logic, in computer science
Hialeah-Miami Lakes High School in Florida, US
Hindustan Motors, an Indian automotive manufacturer
Horus-Maat Lodge, a Thelemic magical order
Human Media Lab, in Kingston, Ontario, Canada
Luopohe Hmong language, spoken in China |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qu%20Bochuan | Qu Bochuan (; November 16, 1909 – February 18, 1997), was a scholar and educator in China, and principal founder of the Dalian University of Technology.
Biography
Qu was born in Luzhou, Sichuan, China. In 1928, he went to Nanjing University for his bachelor's degree of chemistry. In 1934, he went to Germany and later got his doctoral degree from the Dresden University of Technology, majoring in Chemical Engineering. Then he came back to China in 1938, exploring a way to improve the Chinese technical and educational development. Introduced by Zhou Enlai, he went to Yan'an. Later the same year, he participated in the foundation of the Yan’an Institute of Natural Science, directly reported to Mao Zedong on this project, and held the position of the academic dean of the institute. From 1938 to 1948, he served as a variety of technical development positions assigned by the central government, e.g.,the director of the experimental institute of the Shanxi-Chaha’er-Hebei Military Area.
Then he was sent to the city of Dalian to initiate the first tertiary technical school under the Communist Party. He then served as the first president of Dalian University of Technology from September, 1948 to September, 1981, though interrupted by the Cultural Revolution in between.
In 1980, based on the cooperation agreement between the US and Chinese governments, together with Jordan J. Baruch, and many others, founded the first MBA program in China in the Dalian University of Technology.
He t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Blundell | Stephen John Blundell (born 1967) is a professor of physics at the University of Oxford. He was previously head of Condensed Matter Physics at Oxford, and is also a professorial fellow of Mansfield College, Oxford. His research is concerned with using muon-spin rotation and magnetoresistance techniques to study a range of organic and inorganic materials, particularly those showing interesting magnetic, superconducting, or dynamical properties.
Education
Blundell completed both his undergraduate and graduate studies at the University of Cambridge, attending Peterhouse, Cambridge for his undergraduate degree in physics and theoretical physics and doing his PhD at the Cavendish Laboratory at Cambridge.
Career and research
He was subsequently offered a Science and Engineering Research Council (SERC) research fellowship which involved a move to the Clarendon Laboratory at Oxford; he was later awarded a junior research fellowship at Merton College, Oxford, where he began research in organic magnets and superconductors using muon-spin rotation. In 1997 he was appointed to a university lectureship in the Oxford Physics Department and a tutorial fellowship at Mansfield College, Oxford, and was subsequently promoted to Reader. In 2004 he was awarded the title of Professor of Physics.
Blundell has authored two textbooks, the first being Magnetism in Condensed Matter,
which covers the quantum mechanical nature of magnetism. Most recently he has co-authored, with his wife and colleagu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematics%20in%20Education%20and%20Industry | MEI (Mathematics in Education and Industry) is an independent educational charity and curriculum development body for mathematics education in the United Kingdom. Income generated through its work is used to support the teaching and learning of mathematics.
History
MEI was founded in 1963 with a grant from the Schools & Industry Committee of the Mathematical Association. In 1965 it produced its first exam, Additional Mathematics, then produced an A level course two years later. MEI's A-level exams were the first to include probability.
It was incorporated as a company on 18 October 1996.
Structure
Although independent, MEI works in partnership with many organisations, including the UK Government. MEI is a registered charity with a board of directors and a small professional staff.
Qualifications
GCE AS/A level Mathematics, Further Mathematics and Further Mathematics (Additional) (Published by OCR)
AS Level Statistics
GCSE Mathematics
Foundations of Advanced Mathematics (FAM) – a freestanding course
Introduction to Quantitative Methods (in association with OCR)
OCR MEI Level 3 Core Maths Qualifications (Level 3 Certificate in Quantitative Reasoning and Level 3 Certificate in Quantitative Problem Solving)
Competitions
MEI organises an annual online competition called Ritangle for teams of students of A level Mathematics, the International Baccalaureate and Scottish Highers. Questions are posted on the Integral website, with correct answers releasing a clue for the fi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/DPubS | DPubS (Digital Publishing System), developed by Cornell University Library and Penn State University Libraries, is a free open access publication management software. DPubS arose out of Project Euclid, an electronic publishing platform for journals in mathematics and statistics. DPubS is free software released under Educational Community License.
History
Cornell University Library's involvement in digital publishing dates back to the 1980s. In partnership with the Xerox Corporation and the Commission on Preservation and Access, Cornell developed an early digital imaging project to preserve books in a fragile condition. Initially focused upon republishing mathematics titles, this effort expanded to include projects in agricultural history, home economics and American studies.
The Serials crisis in the 1980s and 1990s likely encouraged Cornell University Library and other academic libraries and institutions to investigate such possibilities. In the 1980s libraries noticed that their journal subscription prices were increasing alarmingly. By the early 1990s, many solutions were being explored, with cancellations being significant among them; in one dramatic case, LSU cancelled $650,000 in subscriptions in 1992-93. Other alternatives emerged, however, involving the use of new technologies – such as those that enabled Cornell's digital imaging project – and the increasing availability of the Internet.
One such method of increasing access, Project MUSE, was initiated b |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Control%20flow%20analysis | In computer science, control-flow analysis (CFA) is a static-code-analysis technique for determining the control flow of a program. The control flow is expressed as a control-flow graph (CFG). For both functional programming languages and object-oriented programming languages, the term CFA, and elaborations such as k-CFA, refer to specific algorithms that compute control flow.
For many imperative programming languages, the control flow of a program is explicit in a program's source code. As a result, interprocedural control-flow analysis implicitly usually refers to a static analysis technique for determining the receiver(s) of function or method calls in computer programs written in a higher-order programming language. For example, in a programming language with higher-order functions like Scheme, the target of a function call may not be explicit: in the isolated expression
(lambda (f) (f x))
it is unclear to which procedure f may refer. A control-flow analysis must consider where this expression could be invoked and what argument it may receive to determine the possible targets.
Techniques such as abstract interpretation, constraint solving, and type systems may be used for control-flow analysis.
See also
Control-flow diagram (CFD)
Data-flow analysis
Cartesian product algorithm
Pointer analysis
References
External links
for textbook intraprocedural CFA in imperative languages
CFA in functional programs (survey)
for the relationship between CFA analysis in func |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Three-way%20comparison | In computer science, a three-way comparison takes two values A and B belonging to a type with a total order and determines whether A < B, A = B, or A > B in a single operation, in accordance with the mathematical law of trichotomy.
It can be implemented in terms of a function (such as strcmp in C), a method (such as compareTo in Java), or an operator (such as the spaceship operator <=>, in C++).
Machine-level computation
Many processors have instruction sets that support such an operation on primitive types. Some machines have signed integers based on a sign-and-magnitude or one's complement representation (see signed number representations), both of which allow a differentiated positive and negative zero. This does not violate trichotomy as long as a consistent total order is adopted: either −0 = +0 or −0 < +0 is valid. Common floating point types, however, have an exception to trichotomy: there is a special value "NaN" (Not a Number) such that x < NaN, x > NaN, and x = NaN are all false for all floating-point values x (including NaN itself).
High-level languages
Abilities
In C, the functions strcmp and memcmp perform a three-way comparison between strings and memory buffers, respectively. They return a negative number when the first argument is lexicographically smaller than the second, zero when the arguments are equal, and a positive number otherwise. This convention of returning the "sign of the difference" is extended to arbitrary comparison functions by the stand |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michelle%20Francl | Michelle M. Francl is an American chemist. Francl is a professor of chemistry, and has taught physical chemistry, general chemistry and mathematical modeling at Bryn Mawr College since 1986.
Francl is noted for developing new methodology in computational chemistry, including the 6-31G* basis set for Na to Ar and electrostatic potential charges.
She received a Ph.D. from the University of California, Irvine in 1983
On a list of the 1000 most cited chemists, Francl is a member of the editorial board for the Journal of Molecular Graphics and Modelling, active in the American Chemical Society and the author of The Survival Guide for Physical Chemistry. In 1994, she was awarded the Christian R. and Mary F. Lindback Award by Bryn Mawr College for excellence in teaching.
Francl's podcast, "Introduction to Quantum Mechanics," broke into the iTunes Top 100 in October 2005. She also currently writes for Nature Chemistry.
In April 2016, Francl was named one of nine adjunct scholars of the Vatican Observatory also known as (Italian: Specola Vaticana).
Francl was awarded the 2019 American Chemical Society's Philadelphia Section Award which recognizes an individual, "who, by conspicuous scientific achievement through research, has made important contributions to man's knowledge and thereby aided the public appreciation of the profession."
Bibliography
Books
Articles
CF3 Rotation in 3-trimethylfluorophenanthrene: X-ray Diffraction and ab initio Electronic Structure Calculations, X. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ivan%20Izquierdo | Ivan Antonio Izquierdo (16 September 1937 – 9 February 2021) was an Argentine Brazilian scientist and a pioneer in the study of the neurobiology of learning and memory.
Born in 1937 in Buenos Aires, Argentina, Izquierdo graduated in Medicine (1961) and completed his Ph.D. in Pharmacology (1962), both in the University of Buenos Aires (UBA). For nearly a decade, Izquierdo taught at National University of Cordoba (UNC), in Argentina, but, due to a number of reasons, both political (the Argentinian dictatorship) and personal (his wife, Ivone, is Brazilian), he moved to Brazil in the beginning of the 1970s, and lived in Porto Alegre since 1978. For more than 20 years, he worked in the "Center of Memory" of the Biochemistry Department of the Health Basic Sciences Institute (ICBS) at the Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul (UFRGS), where he had an enormous influence on young scientists: he trained 42 Ph.D. students, most of whom hold academic research positions in universities in Brazil and elsewhere.
Later, he moved to the Pontifical Catholic University of Rio Grande do Sul (PUCRS) where he continued with his research.
Izquierdo died from pneumonia on 9 February 2021, in Porto Alegre. He was 83.
Contributions
Ivan Izquierdo made several key contributions to the understanding of the cellular basis of brain processes underlying memory storage and retrieval. His research work was focused in the biological mechanisms of memory processes, employing multiple experimental approac |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Limit%20comparison%20test | In mathematics, the limit comparison test (LCT) (in contrast with the related direct comparison test) is a method of testing for the convergence of an infinite series.
Statement
Suppose that we have two series and with for all .
Then if with , then either both series converge or both series diverge.
Proof
Because we know that for every there is a positive integer such that for all we have that , or equivalently
As we can choose to be sufficiently small such that is positive.
So and by the direct comparison test, if converges then so does .
Similarly , so if diverges, again by the direct comparison test, so does .
That is, both series converge or both series diverge.
Example
We want to determine if the series converges. For this we compare it with the convergent series
As we have that the original series also converges.
One-sided version
One can state a one-sided comparison test by using limit superior. Let for all . Then if with and converges, necessarily converges.
Example
Let and for all natural numbers . Now
does not exist, so we cannot apply the standard comparison test. However,
and since converges, the one-sided comparison test implies that converges.
Converse of the one-sided comparison test
Let for all . If diverges and converges, then necessarily
, that is,
. The essential content here is that in some sense the numbers are larger than the numbers .
Example
Let be analytic in the unit disc and have |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andrey%20Piontkovsky | Andrey Andreyevich Piontkovsky (, born June 30, 1940) is a Russian scientist and political writer and analyst, a member of International PEN Club. He is a former member of the Russian Opposition Coordination Council.
Biography
He graduated from the Mathematics Department of Moscow State University and has published more than a hundred scientific papers on applied mathematics.
Andrey Piontkovsky, in his article published on 11 January 2000 in Sovetskaya Rossiya and placed on the Yabloko website on the same day, was the first to use the term "putinism" which he had defined as "the highest and final stage of bandit capitalism in Russia, the stage where, as one half-forgotten classic said, the bourgeoisie throws the flag of the democratic freedoms and the human rights overboard; and also as a war, "consolidation" of the nation on the ground of hatred against some ethnic group, attack on freedom of speech and information brainwashing, isolation from the outside world and further economic degradation". In the same article, Piontkovsky stated that the putinism is the terminal shot to the head of Russia, and also he compared Yeltsin to Hindenburg who gave Hitler the power.
He was an executive director of the Strategic Studies Center (Moscow) think tank that has been closed since 2006. He contributes regularly to Novaya Gazeta, The Moscow Times, The Russia Journal and the online journals Grani.ru and Transitions Online. He is also a regular political commentator for the BBC World S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Sharon%20Inkelas | Sharon Inkelas is a Professor and former Chair of the Linguistics Department at the University of California, Berkeley.
Education and career
Inkelas completed her Bachelor of Arts in mathematics at Pomona College in 1984 and received her PhD in linguistics at Stanford University in 1989 with a dissertation, "Prosodic Constituency in the Lexicon," supervised by Paul Kiparsky. In 1990, she arrived at UC Berkeley as a Miller Institute for Basic Research in Science research fellow and became a faculty member at Berkeley in 1992. She was a Hellman Fellow in 1995. She was named the special faculty adviser to the chancellor on sexual violence/sexual harassment for a three-year term, beginning on July 24, 2017.
Inkelas is noted for her work on phonology interfaces and particularly the interaction between morphology and phonology. Her research interests include cophonology theory, reduplication, affix ordering, child phonology, and the analysis of Turkish.
Honors
Inkelas has long been actively involved in the Linguistic Society of America, serving on their executive committee from 2016-2018. In 2020, Inkelas was inducted as a Fellow of the Linguistic Society of America.
Personal
Inkelas is also a violinist: she played for the symphony orchestra of Stanford University and is a member of the symphony orchestra of the University of California, Davis .
Selected publications
"Reduplication", in Keith Brown, ed., Encyclopedia of Language and Linguistics, Elsevier: Oxford, pp. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trigonometric%20moment%20problem | In mathematics, the trigonometric moment problem is formulated as follows: given a finite sequence {α0, ... αn }, does there exist a positive Borel measure μ on the interval [0, 2π] such that
In other words, an affirmative answer to the problems means that {α0, ... αn } are the first n + 1 Fourier coefficients of some positive Borel measure μ on [0, 2π].
Characterization
The trigonometric moment problem is solvable, that is, {αk} is a sequence of Fourier coefficients, if and only if the (n + 1) × (n + 1) Toeplitz matrix
is positive semidefinite.
The "only if" part of the claims can be verified by a direct calculation.
We sketch an argument for the converse. The positive semidefinite matrix A defines a sesquilinear product on Cn + 1, resulting in a Hilbert space
of dimensional at most n + 1, a typical element of which is an equivalence class denoted by [f]. The Toeplitz structure of A means that a "truncated" shift is a partial isometry on . More specifically, let { e0, ...en } be the standard basis of Cn + 1. Let be the subspace generated by { [e0], ... [en - 1] } and be the subspace generated by { [e1], ... [en] }. Define an operator
by
Since
V can be extended to a partial isometry acting on all of . Take a minimal unitary extension U of V, on a possibly larger space (this always exists). According to the spectral theorem, there exists a Borel measure m on the unit circle T such that for all integer k
For k = 0,...,n, the left hand side is
So
Finally, paramet |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bindura%20University%20of%20Science%20Education | Bindura University of Science Education is a Zimbabwean university offering courses within the fields of Science, Technology, Engineering and Mathematics, Science Education, Commerce and Social Sciences.
The main campus is located 5 km from Bindura town center, with a separate campus which houses the Faculty of Science on the Trojan Road. The Faculty of Social Science along the main library is located in the city centre.
History
The origins of the Bindura University of Science Education (BUSE) formerly Bindura University College of Science Education (BUCSE) can be traced to the Zimbabwe-Cuba Teacher Training Programme, which started in the mid-1980s. The programme used to send Zimbabwean student teachers to Cuba for training in Science Education. Known as the best University in terms of education in Zimbabwe.
The programme was relocated to Zimbabwe in 1995 for economic reasons. A decision was made to set up a college in Bindura under the auspices of the University of Zimbabwe, but which would be turned into a full-fledged university within a period of two to four years. The college admitted its first group of 125 students in March 1996.
An act of parliament, the Bindura University of Science Education Act, was passed in February 2000 conferring university status to the College becoming the fourth state university established in Zimbabwe. The first graduation ceremony was held in 2003 where the Chancellor and Vice-Chancellor of the university were installed as well as cap |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Howard%20Griffiths%20%28scientist%29 | Howard Griffiths is a physiological ecologist. He is Professor of Plant Ecology in the Department of Plant Sciences at the University of Cambridge, and a Fellow of Clare College, Cambridge. He formerly worked for the University of Dundee in the Department of Biological Sciences. He applies molecular biology techniques and physiology to investigate the regulation of photosynthesis and plant water-use efficiency.
Research
Griffiths' specializations include:
Responses to climate change, reflected by his membership of the Cambridge Centre for Climate Science (CCfCS).
Global food security, a University of Cambridge Research Theme.
Conservation and bioenergy crops, through his membership to the Cambridge Conservation Initiative.
Griffiths has a particular interest in introducing the dynamics of plant processes without the need for time-lapse photography. His lectures demonstrate how the spatial segregation of photosystem 1 and photosystem 2 creates a highly dynamic system with lateral mobility and migration of damaged photosynthetic reaction centers through thylakoid membranes.
He studies the reaction mechanism of RuBisCO and how plants have evolved. His primary focus being the types of "carbon dioxide concentrating mechanisms" (CCMs) which enhance the operating efficiency of RuBisCO and thereby CO₂-fixation. CCMs of interest include crassulacean acid metabolism (CAM), the biochemical C4 pathway, and the biophysical CCM found within algae, cyanobacteria and hornworts.
He use |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/James%20H.%20Morris | James Hiram Morris (born 1941) is a professor (emeritus) of Computer Science at Carnegie Mellon. He was previously dean of the Carnegie Mellon School of Computer Science and Dean of Carnegie Mellon Silicon Valley.
Biography
A native of Pittsburgh, Morris received a Bachelor's degree from Carnegie Mellon University, an S.M. in Management from the MIT Sloan School of Management, and Ph.D. in Computer Science from MIT.
Morris taught at the University of California, Berkeley, where he developed some important underlying principles of programming languages: inter-module protection and lazy evaluation. He was a co-discoverer of the Knuth–Morris–Pratt algorithm for string-search.
For eight years, he worked at the Xerox PARC (Palo Alto Research Center), where he was part of the team that developed the Xerox Alto System. He also directed the Cedar programming environment project.
From 1983 to 1988, Morris directed the Information Technology Center at Carnegie Mellon University, a joint project with IBM, which developed a prototype university computing system, the Andrew Project. He has been the principal investigator of two National Science Foundation projects aimed at computer-mediated communication: EXPRES and Prep.
He was a founder of the Carnegie Mellon's Human-Computer Interaction Institute and MAYA Design Group, a consulting firm specializing in interactive product design.
He wrote a memoir, Thoughts of a Reformed Computer Scientist, available on Amazon.
Selected papers |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Autodesk%20Simulation | Autodesk Simulation is a general-purpose multiphysics finite element analysis software package initially developed by ALGOR Incorporated and acquired by Autodesk in January 2009.
It is intended for use with Microsoft Windows and Linux operating systems. It is distributed in a number of different core packages to cater to specific applications, such as mechanical event simulation and computational fluid dynamics.
Under the ALGOR name, the software was used by scientists and engineers worldwide. It has found applications in aerospace.
Typical uses
Typical uses include bending, mechanical contact, thermal (conduction, convection and radiation) fluid dynamics, and coupled or uncoupled multiphysics.
Materials and elements database
Autodesk Simulation's library of material models includes metals and alloys, plastics, glass, foams, fabrics, elastomers, Concrete (with rebar), soils and user-defined materials.
Autodesk Simulation's element library depends on the geometry and the type of analysis performed. It includes 8 and 4 node solid, 8 and 4 node shell, as well as beam and rod elements.
References
External links
Autodesk simulation products page
Finite element software
Science software for Linux
Finite element software for Linux |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jere%20H.%20Lipps | Jere Henry Lipps (August 28, 1939) is Professor of the Graduate School, University of California, Berkeley, and Curator of Paleontology at the University of California Museum of Paleontology. Lipps was the ninth Director of the museum (1989–1997) and chair of the department of Integrative Biology at Berkeley (1991–1994). He served as president of the Paleontological Society in 1997, and the Cushman Foundation for Foraminiferal Research Inc. three times
Early life
Lipps was born in Los Angeles at the Queen of Angels Hospital and grew up in the Los Angeles neighborhood of Eagle Rock. He climbed the hills of Eagle Rock and became interested in rocks, fossils and animals at a young age. His father took him on mineralogy field trips all over Southern California. In sixth grade he wrote that he wanted to be a geologist.
Education
After graduating from Eagle Rock High School he attended the University of California, Los Angeles, earning a B.A. and later a Ph.D. from UCLA in 1966. During this time, he became involved in paleontological research on the Southern California Channel Islands, collecting fossils and documenting the geology on six of the eight islands. His special interests were the Pleistocene history of California, the paleoecology of Miocene whale-bearing deposits in western North America, and planktonic foraminiferal evolution and biostratigraphy in California, the topic of his PhD dissertation.
Research
After receiving his Ph.D. Lipps moved to the University o |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Oxygen%20enhancement%20ratio | The oxygen enhancement ratio (OER) or oxygen enhancement effect in radiobiology refers to the enhancement of therapeutic or detrimental effect of ionizing radiation due to the presence of oxygen. This so-called oxygen effect is most notable when cells are exposed to an ionizing radiation dose.
The OER is traditionally defined as the ratio of radiation doses during lack of oxygen compared to no lack of oxygen for the same biological effect. This may give varying numerical values depending on the chosen biological effect. Additionally, OER may be presented in terms of hyperoxic environments and/or with altered oxygen baseline, complicating the significance of this value.
The maximum OER depends mainly on the ionizing density or LET of the radiation. Radiation with higher LET and higher relative biological effectiveness (RBE) have a lower OER in mammalian cell tissues. The value of the maximum OER varies from about 1–4. The maximum OER ranges from about 2–4 for low-LET radiations such as X-rays, beta particles and gamma rays, whereas the OER is unity for high-LET radiations such as low energy alpha particles.
Uses in medicine
The effect is used in medical physics to increase the effect of radiation therapy in oncology treatments. Additional oxygen abundance creates additional free radicals and increases the damage to the target tissue.
In solid tumors the inner parts become less oxygenated than normal tissue and up to three times higher dose is needed to achieve the same tu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scoring%20functions%20for%20docking | In the fields of computational chemistry and molecular modelling, scoring functions are mathematical functions used to approximately predict the binding affinity between two molecules after they have been docked. Most commonly one of the molecules is a small organic compound such as a drug and the second is the drug's biological target such as a protein receptor. Scoring functions have also been developed to predict the strength of intermolecular interactions between two proteins or between protein and DNA.
Utility
Scoring functions are widely used in drug discovery and other molecular modelling applications. These include:
Virtual screening of small molecule databases of candidate ligands to identify novel small molecules that bind to a protein target of interest and therefore are useful starting points for drug discovery
De novo design (design "from scratch") of novel small molecules that bind to a protein target
Lead optimization of screening hits to optimize their affinity and selectivity
A potentially more reliable but much more computationally demanding alternative to scoring functions are free energy perturbation calculations.
Prerequisites
Scoring functions are normally parameterized (or trained) against a data set consisting of experimentally determined binding affinities between molecular species similar to the species that one wishes to predict.
For currently used methods aiming to predict affinities of ligands for proteins the following must first be kn |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shashlik%20%28physics%29 | In high energy physics detectors, shashlik is a layout for a sampling calorimeter. It refers to a stack of alternating slices of absorber (e.g. lead, brass) and scintillator materials (crystal or plastic), which is penetrated by a wavelength shifting fiber running perpendicular to the absorber and scintillator tiles.
The absorber has a small interaction length, so that a particle radiates energy in a short track. The scintillator material produces visible light when transversed by the particle's radiated energy. This occurs with an electromagnetic calorimeter, in the form of photons and/or electron+positron pairs. The energy of the particle may be then measured by the intensity of scintillation light produced by the various scintillator slices. An example detector that uses a shashlik electromagnetic calorimeter is the LHCb detector.
This type of calorimeter was likely named after the shashlik, a popular form of shish kebab sold by street vendors in the former Soviet Union, by the Russian and Ukrainian scientists who first proposed it.
References
Calorimetry
Particle physics |
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