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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20instrument | In physics, a quantum instrument is a mathematical abstraction of a quantum measurement, capturing both the classical and quantum outputs. It combines the concepts of measurement and quantum operation. It can be equivalently understood as a quantum channel that takes as input a quantum system and has as its output two systems: a classical system containing the outcome of the measurement and a quantum system containing the post-measurement state.
Definition
Let be a countable set describing the outcomes of a measurement, and let denote a collection of trace-non-increasing completely positive maps, such that the sum of all is trace-preserving, i.e. for all positive operators .
Now for describing a quantum measurement by an instrument , the maps are used to model the mapping from an input state to the output state of a measurement conditioned on a classical measurement outcome . Therefore, the probability of measuring a specific outcome on a state is given by
The state after a measurement with the specific outcome is given by
If the measurement outcomes are recorded in a classical register, whose states are modeled by a set of orthonormal projections , then the action of an instrument is given by a quantum channel with
Here and are the Hilbert spaces corresponding to the input and the output systems of the instrument.
A quantum instrument is an example of a quantum operation in which an "outcome" indicating which operator acted on the state is recorded in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gary%20A.%20Wegner | Gary Alan Wegner (born Seattle, Washington on December 26, 1944) is an American astronomer, the endowed Leede '49 Professor of Physics and Astronomy at Dartmouth College, and recipient of the Alexander Von Humboldt Prize. Wegner was also a member of a famous group of seven astronomers called the Seven Samurai who, in the 1980s, discovered the location of the Great Attractor. He has co-authored and authored over 320 articles in astronomy and astrophysics.
Early life
Gary Wegner grew up in Washington State and was interested and involved in Astronomy from an early age. His first published work (as a teenager) comprised drawings of the surface of the planet Mercury. As a youth, he constructed a large telescope in his backyard, and received a Westinghouse Science Talent Search award when he was in high school, earning him a trip to Washington D.C.
Academic work
Gary Wegner received his BSc degree from the University of Arizona in 1967, and his PhD degree in Astronomy from the University of Washington in 1971. He is the Margaret Anne and Edward Leede '49 Distinguished Professor at Dartmouth and a recipient of the prestigious Alexander Von Humboldt Prize from the Humboldt Foundation in Germany where he spent time at the Ruhr University. He has also worked at Mount Stromlo Observatory in the Australian Capital Territory, Oxford University, the South African Astronomical Observatory, the University of Delaware, Pennsylvania State University, Kitt Peak National Observatory, and he |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/City%20University%2C%20Bangladesh | City University (), or CU, is a private university in Dhaka, Bangladesh. It was established in 2002. The language of instruction of City University is English. The university offers undergraduate and master's degrees in the fields of business administration, mechanical engineering, computer science and engineering, textile engineering, electrical & electronics engineering, civil engineering, pharmacy, agriculture, law, English, etc.
History
The university was founded in 2002 in the Blue Ocean Tower, with the approval of the University Grants Commission (Bangladesh) and the Government of Bangladesh's Ministry of Education. City University got the Permanent Certificate (Permanent Sanad) from Ministry of Education, Government of the People's Republic of Bangladesh on 23 October 2013.
The university started with the Department of Computer Science and Engineering and School of Business where they offered a Bachelor of Science and Engineering (CSE), Masters and Bachelor of Business Administration (MBA and BBA) and later grew with the addition of Department of English, Textiles Engineering and Mechanical Engineering, civil engineering, pharmacy, agriculture with the approval of the University Grants Commission.
Since 2002, City University had eight thousand students.
Campuses
The university has multiple campuses within Dhaka.
Permanent campus
The permanent campus is in Ashulia, Savar, in Dhaka District. City University started its permanent campus in 2011 with a huge area of |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mark%20Horowitz | Mark A. Horowitz is an American electrical engineer, computer scientist, inventor, and entrepreneur who is the Yahoo! Founders Professor in the School of Engineering and the Fortinet Founders Chair of the Department of Electrical Engineering at Stanford University. He holds a joint appointment in the Electrical Engineering and Computer Science departments and previously served as the Chair of the Electrical Engineering department from 2008 to 2012. He is a co-founder of Rambus Inc., now a technology licensing company. Horowitz has authored over 700 published conference and research papers and is among the most highly-cited computer architects of all time. He is a prolific inventor and holds 374 patents as of 2023.
Education
Horowitz received bachelor's and master's degrees in electrical engineering from the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in 1978. After graduating, he moved to Silicon Valley to work at Signetics, one of the early integrated circuits companies. After working for a year, he entered Stanford, and worked on CAD tools for very-large-scale integration (VLSI) design. His research at Stanford included some of the earliest work on extracting the resistance of integrated circuit wires, and estimating the delay of MOS transistor circuits. He was advised at Stanford by Robert Dutton and graduated with a Ph.D. in electrical engineering in 1984.
Academic career
In 1984, Horowitz joined the Stanford faculty. At Stanford his research focused on VLSI circuits and he l |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Eric%20Brewer%20%28scientist%29 | Eric Allen Brewer is professor emeritus of computer science at the University of California, Berkeley and vice-president of infrastructure at Google. His research interests include operating systems and distributed computing. He is known for formulating the CAP theorem about distributed network applications in the late 1990s.
In 1996, Brewer co-founded Inktomi Corporation (bought by Yahoo! in 2003) and became a paper billionaire during the dot-com bubble. Working with the United States federal government during the presidency of Bill Clinton, he helped to create USA.gov, which launched in 2000. His research also included a wireless networking scheme called WiLDNet, which promises to bring low-cost connectivity to rural areas of the developing world. He has worked at Google since 2011.
Education
Brewer received a Bachelor of Science in electrical engineering and computer science (EECS) from UC Berkeley where he was a member of the Pi Lambda Phi fraternity. Later he earned a Master of Science and PhD in EECS from MIT. He received tenure from UC Berkeley in 2000.
Awards
In 1999, he was named to the MIT Technology Review TR100 as one of the top 100 innovators in the world under the age of 35.
In 2007, Brewer was inducted as a Fellow of the Association for Computing Machinery "for the design of scalable, reliable internet services." That same year, he was also inducted into the National Academy of Engineering "for the design of highly scalable internet services."
Brewer is th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/T%C3%B5nu%20%C3%95nnepalu | Tõnu Õnnepalu (born 13 September 1962), also known by the pen names Emil Tode and Anton Nigov, is an Estonian poet, author and translator.
Õnnepalu was born in Tallinn and studied biology at the University of Tartu from 1980 to 1985. He began his writing career as a poet in 1985 and has published three collections of his works. In 1993 he garnered international attention when his novel Piiririik (English translation: "Border State") was published under his pen name 'Emil Tode'. The book was translated into 14 languages and became the most translated Estonian book of the 1990s. In 1994 he was awarded the Baltic Assembly Prize for Literature. Õnnepalu's work often explores topics such as homosexuality, isolation and betrayal.
In 1992, his poem "Inquiétude du Fini" was performed as a choral piece, with notable Estonian composer Erkki-Sven Tüür acting as conductor.
In addition to writing novels, Tõnu Õnnepalu has translated works into Estonian from the French language by such authors as François Mauriac, Charles Baudelaire and Marcel Proust and has written for such English language publications as the Poetry Society. Tõnu Õnnepalu is also a member of the Board of Governors of the Eesti Maaülikool (Estonian University of Life Sciences) in Tartu.
Novels
Piiririik ("Border State", as Emil Tode)
Published by Tuum, 1993.
Hind ("The Price", as Emil Tode)
Published by Tuum, 1995.
Mõõt ("The Measure", as Emil Tode)
Published by Tuum, 1996.
Printsess ("Princess", as Emil Tode) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Littelmann%20path%20model | In mathematics, the Littelmann path model is a combinatorial device due to Peter Littelmann for computing multiplicities without overcounting in the representation theory of symmetrisable Kac–Moody algebras. Its most important application is to complex semisimple Lie algebras or equivalently compact semisimple Lie groups, the case described in this article. Multiplicities in irreducible representations, tensor products and branching rules can be calculated using a coloured directed graph, with labels given by the simple roots of the Lie algebra.
Developed as a bridge between the theory of crystal bases arising from the work of Kashiwara and Lusztig on quantum groups and the standard monomial theory of C. S. Seshadri and Lakshmibai, Littelmann's path model associates to each irreducible representation a rational vector space with basis given by paths from the origin to a weight as well as a pair of root operators acting on paths for each simple root. This gives a direct way of recovering the algebraic and combinatorial structures previously discovered by Kashiwara and Lusztig using quantum groups.
Background and motivation
Some of the basic questions in the representation theory of complex semisimple Lie algebras or compact semisimple Lie groups going back to Hermann Weyl include:
For a given dominant weight λ, find the weight multiplicities in the irreducible representation L(λ) with highest weight λ.
For two highest weights λ, μ, find the decomposition of their tensor p |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ian%20Wilson%20%28phonetician%29 | Ian Wilson (born in 1966) is a Canadian linguist.
Biography
Wilson has a Bachelor of Mathematics from the University of Waterloo, he has an M.A. in Teaching English as a Foreign/Second Language from the University of Birmingham and a PhD in Linguistics (phonetics) from the University of British Columbia.
He is professor at the University of Aizu in Aizuwakamatsu city, Fukushima prefecture, Japan. His field of research is phonetics, especially articulatory phonetics and articulatory setting. He is one of the first teacher/researchers to use ultrasound in a large-scale ESL classroom as a method of providing direct visual biofeedback to pronunciation learners on the movements of the tongue during speech.
Ian Wilson is a co-author of Articulatory Phonetics, which introduces students to the field of Articulatory Phonetics and Speech Science.
References
External links
Ian Wilson's official website at the University of Aizu
Ian Wilson's Phonetics Laboratory
Wiley-Blackwell's Articulatory Phonetics Link
1966 births
Living people
University of Waterloo alumni
Alumni of the University of Birmingham
University of British Columbia alumni
Phoneticians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nikolay%20Kudryavtsev | Nikolay Kudryavtsev () is rector at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology.
Career
Nikolay Kudryavtsev graduated from the Department of Molecular and Chemical Physics of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology in 1973. He received his Ph.D. in physics and mathematics from the same institute in 1977. Dr. Kudryavtsev worked at MIPT in various positions including Molecular Physics Chair and dean of the Department of Molecular and Chemical Physics. He became professor in 1990. Since June 1997 he serves as rector at Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology. In 2007 he was elected to Schlumberger Board of Directors. Professor Kudryavtsev is a member of the Russian Academy of Sciences.
In 2022, he signed the Address of the Russian Union of Rectors, which called to support Putin in his invasion of Ukraine.
References
See also
web site
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
Russian Academy of Sciences
Schlumberger
Russian physicists
Corresponding Members of the Russian Academy of Sciences
Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology alumni
Academic staff of the Moscow Institute of Physics and Technology
1950 births
Living people |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/G.%20W.%20Peck | G. W. Peck is a pseudonymous attribution used as the author or co-author of a number of published mathematics academic papers. Peck is sometimes humorously identified with George Wilbur Peck, a former governor of the US state of Wisconsin.
Peck first appeared as the official author of a 1979 paper entitled "Maximum antichains of rectangular arrays". The name "G. W. Peck" is derived from the initials of the actual writers of this paper: Ronald Graham, Douglas West, George B. Purdy, Paul Erdős, Fan Chung, and Daniel Kleitman. The paper initially listed Peck's affiliation as Xanadu, but the editor of the journal objected, so Ron Graham gave him a job at Bell Labs. Since then, Peck's name has appeared on some sixteen publications, primarily as a pseudonym of Daniel Kleitman.
In reference to "G. W. Peck", Richard P. Stanley defined a Peck poset to be a graded partially ordered set that is rank symmetric, rank unimodal, and strongly Sperner. The posets in the original paper by G. W. Peck are not quite Peck posets, as they lack the property of being rank symmetric.
See also
Nicolas Bourbaki
Arthur Besse
John Rainwater
Blanche Descartes
Monsieur LeBlanc
References
External links
Imaginary Erdős numbers, Numberphile, Nov 26, 2014. Video interview with Ron Graham in which he tells the story of G. W. Peck.
Academic shared pseudonyms
American mathematicians
Pseudonymous mathematicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/EURASIP%20Journal%20on%20Advances%20in%20Signal%20Processing | EURASIP Journal on Advances in Signal Processing is a peer-reviewed open access scientific journal covering theoretical and practical aspects of signal processing in new and emerging technologies. The scope includes: communications, networking, sensors and actuators, radar and sonar, medical imaging, biomedical applications, remote sensing, consumer electronics, computer vision, pattern recognition, robotics, fiber optic sensing/transducers, industrial automation, transportation, stock market and financial analysis, seismography, and avionics.
It is published by the EUSIPCO association.
External links
Computer science journals
Open access journals
Academic journals established in 2001
English-language journals
Springer Science+Business Media academic journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bennet%20Woodcroft | Bennet Woodcroft FRS (20 December 1803 – 7 February 1879) was an English textile manufacturer, industrial archaeologist, pioneer of marine propulsion, a leading figure in patent reform and the first clerk to the commissioners of patents.
Biography
Woodcroft was born in Heaton Norris, Lancashire. He studied chemistry under Dalton, returning to Lancashire to join his father in business as a dyer and velvet finisher. In 1843, he began a career as a consulting engineer in Manchester and moved to London in 1846, taking up the chair of Professor of Machinery at University College London. In 1852, he was appointed Superintendent of Specifications in the Patent Office and in 1864 became the Clerk of Commissioners responsible for the direction of the office. During his tenure, he founded the Patent Office Library, now part of the British Library, and the Patent Museum, whose collections are now in the Science Museum. He retired 12 years later, in March 1876.
During his career, he authored over a dozen patents in the fields of textiles and naval engineering.
He married Agnes Bertha Sawyer (7 September 1833 – 10 March 1903) in Hampstead in the September Quarter of 1866. She was born in Bosworth, Leicestershire. At this time he was 63 and she 33. They had no children. On the 1871 census they lived alone with servants, on the 1881 census she is widowed living with the cook only.
Woodcroft died on 7 February 1879, at his residence in South Kensington, and is buried in Brompton Cemete |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aristotelis%20Pavlidis | Aristotelis Pavlidis (31 October 1943 – 25 October 2022) was a Greek politician. He was Minister for the Aegean and Island Policy from 2004 until 2007.
Born on Kos, Greece, Pavlidis studied physics and mathematics at the University of Athens and business administration in London. He was a member of the central committee of New Democracy.
Pavlidis served as a member of parliament from the Dodecanese Islands following each general election from 1977, with the exception of 1996–2000. He was Minister for Merchant Shipping from July 1989 to September 1989, Deputy Minister for Finance from April 1990 to June 1990, and Minister for Merchant Shipping again from June 1990 to December 1992. In the Cabinet of Prime Minister Costas Karamanlis, Pavlidis became Minister of the Aegean and Island Policy on 10 March 2004. He was not included in the Cabinet sworn in on 19 September 2007, following New Democracy's victory in the September 2007 parliamentary election.
Allegations of corruption by a shipowner over the allocation of subsidised ferry route were made in 2007 and denied by Pavlidis. After investigation, on 11 May 2009 a Greek parliament committee voted 146–144 in favour of indicting him on bribery charges, five votes short of the 151 required to remove his parliamentary immunity.
References
1943 births
2022 deaths
People from Kos
National and Kapodistrian University of Athens alumni
Greek MPs 1977–1981
Greek MPs 1981–1985
Greek MPs 1985–1989
Greek MPs 1989 (June–November)
Greek |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/HEPPS%20%28buffer%29 | HEPPS (EPPS) is a buffering agent used in biology and biochemistry. The pKa of HEPPS is 8.00. It is ones of Good's buffers.
Research on mice with Alzheimer's disease-like amyloid beta plaques has shown that HEPPS can cause the plaques to break up, reversing some of the symptoms in the mice. HEPPS was reported to dissociate amyloid beta oligomers in patients' plasma samples enabling blood diagnosis of Alzheimer's disease.
See also
CAPSO
CHES
HEPES
References
Buffer solutions
Sulfonic acids
Piperazines
Primary alcohols |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Michael%20Collins%20%28computational%20linguist%29 | Michael J. Collins (born 4 March 1970) is a researcher in the field of computational linguistics. He is the Vikram S. Pandit Professor of Computer Science at Columbia University.
His research interests are in natural language processing as well as machine learning and he has made important contributions in statistical parsing and in statistical machine learning. In his studies Collins covers a wide range of topics such as parse re-ranking, tree kernels, semi-supervised learning, machine translation and exponentiated gradient algorithms with a general focus on discriminative models and structured prediction. One notable contribution is a state-of-the-art parser for the Penn Wall Street Journal corpus. As of 11 November 2015, his works have been cited 16,020 times, and he has an h-index of 47.
Collins worked as a researcher at AT&T Labs between January 1999 and November 2002, and later held the positions of assistant and associate professor at M.I.T. Since January 2011, he has been a professor at Columbia University. In 2011, he was named a fellow of the Association for Computational Linguistics.
References
External links
Parser for Penn Wall Street Journal corpus
Collins's Columbia website
Machine learning researchers
Columbia University people
Columbia University faculty
Columbia School of Engineering and Applied Science faculty
English computer scientists
Artificial intelligence researchers
Living people
1971 births
Corpus linguists
Fellows of the Association for Comput |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Siemion%20Fajtlowicz | Siemion Fajtlowicz is a Polish-American mathematician, formerly a professor at the University of Houston. He is known for creating and developing the conjecture-making computer program Graffiti.
Fajtlowicz received his Ph.D. in 1967 or 1968 from the Institute of Mathematics of the Polish Academy of Sciences, under the supervision of Edward Marczewski.
References
External links
Siemion Fajtlowicz at Graph Theory White Pages
Archived copy of home page at UH
Year of birth missing (living people)
Living people
20th-century Polish mathematicians
21st-century Polish mathematicians
Graph theorists |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alfred%20George%20Greenhill | Sir Alfred George Greenhill (29 November 1847 in London – 10 February 1927 in London), was a British mathematician.
George Greenhill was educated at Christ's Hospital School and from there he went to St John's College, Cambridge in 1866. In 1876, Greenhill was appointed professor of mathematics at the Royal Military Academy (RMA) at Woolwich, London, UK. He held this chair until his retirement in 1908, when he was knighted.
His 1892 textbook on applications of elliptic functions is of acknowledged excellence. He was one of the world's leading experts on applications of elliptic integrals in electromagnetic theory.
He was a Plenary Speaker of the ICM in 1904 at Heidelberg (where he also gave a section talk) and an Invited Speaker of the ICM in 1908 at Rome, in 1920 at Strasbourg, and in 1924 at Toronto.
Greenhill formula
In 1879, Greenhill developed a rule of thumb for calculating the optimal twist rate for lead-core bullets. This shortcut uses the bullet's length, needing no allowances for weight or nose shape. Greenhill applied this theory to account for the steadiness of flight conferred upon an elongated projectile by rifling. The eponymous Greenhill formula, still used today, is:
where:
C = 150 (use 180 for muzzle velocities higher than 2,800 ft/s)
D = bullet's diameter in inches
L = bullet's length in inches
SG = bullet's specific gravity (10.9 for lead-core bullets, which cancels out the second half of the equation)
The original value of C was 150, which yields |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/W.%20B.%20R.%20Lickorish | William Bernard Raymond Lickorish (born 19 February 1938) is a mathematician. He is emeritus professor of geometric topology in the Department of Pure Mathematics and Mathematical Statistics, University of Cambridge, and also an emeritus fellow of Pembroke College, Cambridge. His research interests include topology and knot theory. He was one of the discoverers of the HOMFLY polynomial invariant of links, and proved the Lickorish-Wallace theorem which states that all closed orientable 3-manifolds can be obtained by Dehn surgery on a link.
Education
Lickorish received his Ph.D from Cambridge in 1964; his thesis was written under the supervision of Christopher Zeeman.
Recognition and awards
In 1991, Lickorish received the Senior Whitehead Prize from the London Mathematical Society. Lickorish and Kenneth Millett won the 1991 Chauvenet Prize for their paper "The New Polynomial Invariants of Knots and Links".
Lickorish was included in the 2019 class of fellows of the American Mathematical Society "for contributions to knot theory and low-dimensional topology".
Selected publications
See also
Lickorish twist theorem
Lickorish–Wallace theorem
References
1935 births
Living people
20th-century British mathematicians
21st-century British mathematicians
Topologists
Fellows of Pembroke College, Cambridge
Cambridge mathematicians
Fellows of the American Mathematical Society
Whitehead Prize winners |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Funiculus | Funiculus (Latin for "slender rope") is any cord-like structure in anatomy or biology, and may refer to:
in the peripheral nervous system a bundle of axons that may be bundled into a nerve fascicle
in the central nervous system one of the paired white matter regions of the spinal cord: the anterior funiculus, the lateral funiculus, and the posterior funiculus; and in the fourth ventricle the funiculus separans a strip of ependyma.
the umbilical cord attaching a fetus to the placenta during pregnancy
the spermatic cord formed by the vas deferens and surrounding tissue
in insect antennae, the funicle is the segment connecting the club with the base
in flowering plants, the funiculus is the stalk that attaches an ovule to the placenta
in mycology, the funicular cord is a sticky trailing thread that attaches the peridioles (the "eggs") to the peridium (the "nest") in some species of bird's nest fungi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Phellopsis%20porcata | Phellopsis porcata is a beetle of the family Zopheridae. Its range includes parts of North America.
Biology
Both adults and larvae feed on fungi, including Piptoporus betulinus (Polyporales) on birch (Betula papyrifera, B. lenta) and Heterobasidion annosum (Bondarzewiaceae) on balsam fir (Abies balsamea).They have also been reported to feed on fungi on western hemlock (Tsuga heterophylla) and on Lentinus (Polyporaceae). Adults feed on the surface, while larvae burrow into the substrate
When threatened, adult beetles will use thanatosis (feigning death) to avoid predators. This behavior is known from several other species in the Zopherinae.
Range
It is found in the western United States and Canada.
References
Zopheridae
Beetles of North America
Beetles described in 1853 |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Self-avoiding%20walk | In mathematics, a self-avoiding walk (SAW) is a sequence of moves on a lattice (a lattice path) that does not visit the same point more than once. This is a special case of the graph theoretical notion of a path. A self-avoiding polygon (SAP) is a closed self-avoiding walk on a lattice. Very little is known rigorously about the self-avoiding walk from a mathematical perspective, although physicists have provided numerous conjectures that are believed to be true and are strongly supported by numerical simulations.
In computational physics, a self-avoiding walk is a chain-like path in or with a certain number of nodes, typically a fixed step length and has the property that it doesn't cross itself or another walk. A system of SAWs satisfies the so-called excluded volume condition. In higher dimensions, the SAW is believed to behave much like the ordinary random walk.
SAWs and SAPs play a central role in the modeling of the topological and knot-theoretic behavior of thread- and loop-like molecules such as proteins. Indeed, SAWs may have first been introduced by the chemist Paul Flory in order to model the real-life behavior of chain-like entities such as solvents and polymers, whose physical volume prohibits multiple occupation of the same spatial point.
SAWs are fractals. For example, in the fractal dimension is 4/3, for it is close to 5/3 while for the fractal dimension is . The dimension is called the upper critical dimension above which excluded volume is negligible |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jan%20Zachwatowicz | Jan Zachwatowicz (4 March 1900 – 18 August 1983) was a Polish architect, architectural historian, and restorer.
Biography
Zachwatowicz was born in Gatchina. He studied Industrial Civil Engineering at the Saint Petersburg Polytechnical University, and graduated from the School of Architecture at the Warsaw University of Technology in 1930. He was awarded with the SARP Honorary Award (1971; ).
He was a professor of the Warsaw University of Technology (since 1946; he worked there since 1925), member of the Polish Academy of Sciences (since 1952), member of the Académie d'architecture in Paris (since 1967), member of the International Council on Monuments and Sites, general restorer of relics in Poland (from 1945 to 1957; ), chairman of the Architectural-Restoration Committee (since 1971; ), and chairman of the Civil Committee of Royal Castle in Warsaw Reconstruction ().
Zachwatowicz contributed to reorganization and enlargement of Polish restoration service. During the occupation of Poland (1939–1945) he took a part of teaching, protecting and saving works, i.e. set of relic buildings measurements (including The Market Square of Warsaw Old Town). From January 1945 he co-directed the Warsaw Reconstruction Office (; f. Biuro Organizacji Odbudowy Warszawy).
After World War II, many other historic buildings in Gdańsk, Poznań, and Wrocław were restored or rebuilt according to principles established by Zachwatowicz and his team. Among his many achievements was the rebuilding of S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20F.%20Martin | Stephen F. Martin is an American chemist and professor of chemistry at The University of Texas at Austin. He is the M. June and J. Virgil Waggoner Regents Chair in Chemistry.
Martin is a native of New Mexico, and received his B.S. degree in chemistry from the University of New Mexico in 1968, where he worked with R.N. Castle, and his Ph.D. from Princeton University in 1972 with Professor Edward C. Taylor. He did postdoctoral work at the University of Munich with Professor Rudolf Gompper, and further work with Professor George Büchi at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology; after which, he joined the faculty at the University of Texas at Austin.
He is best known for his work in alkaloid synthesis. He also developed the use of p-nitrobenzoate as a nucleophile for the displacement of activated alcohols in the Mitsunobu reaction. Martin is also known for coining the term synthome, which is defined as the set of all reactions available to the chemist for the synthesis of small molecules".
Research focus
Currently, Martin’s research interests lie in the areas of synthetic organic and bioorganic chemistry. In the former, his focus lies in the development of new strategies and tactics and their application to the concise syntheses of a wide variety of complex natural products, including alkaloids, C-aryl glycosides, and polyketides that exhibit useful biological activities.
In the area of bioorganic chemistry he is investigating the design and synthesis of novel peptidomi |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Julius%20Wilhelm%20Gintl | Julius Wilhelm Gintl (November 12, 1804 – December 22, 1883) was an Austrian physicist.
Biography
Gintl was born in 1804 in Prague and attended university in his hometown. He was chair of physics at Vienna University and later at Gratz. In 1847, the Austrian government commissioned him to manage the introduction of the electrical telegraph.
In 1853, Gintl developed an early form of duplex electrical telegraph, which allowed two messages to be transmitted on a single wire in opposite directions. This duplex communication was an early specific case of the general practice of multiplexing. While Gintl's technology was not commercial successful, his method was improved upon by German engineer Carl Frischen and later by J. B. Stearns, who would patent a version in 1872. Edison, who was also working on the design, would further refine his method in his implementation of a quadruplex telegraph.
Gintl was a member of Vienna's Academy of Arts and Sciences by 1849. In 1863, he became a member of the Society of Arts in London.
References
19th-century Austrian physicists
1804 births
1883 deaths |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Margaret%20Stanley%20%28virologist%29 | Margaret Anne Stanley, OBE FMedSc, is a British virologist and epithelial biologist. She attended the Universities of London, Bristol, and Adelaide. As of 2018, she is an Emeritus Professor of Epithelial Biology in the Department of Pathology at the University of Cambridge and a Fellow of the Academy of Medical Sciences. She is also an Honorary Fellow of the UK Royal College of Obstetricians and Gynaecologists and an honorary fellow of Christ's College, Cambridge. Stanley is a research scientist in virology focusing on the human papillomavirus (HPV). Her research work has led to new scientific findings on HPV. Additionally, she uses her expertise on HPV to serve on multiple advisory committees and journal editorial boards.
Research
Stanley's main research interest is the pathogenesis of HPV, and she currently leads a research group focusing on the prevention and treatment of human papillomavirus infection, which causes cervical cancer.
Early in her research, she generated a non-tumorigenic human cervical keratinocyte cell line, W12, from a low-grade cervical lesion. W12 cells can harbor HPV-16 episomes and thus allow researchers the ability to investigate the complex processes of cervical cancer development. Additionally, she helped to discover the temporal association between high-level chromosomal instability and high-risk human papillomavirus (HR-HPV) integration, a key step in cervical carcinogenesis, such that integration precedes chromosomal abnormalities.
She also s |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Frank%20Quinn | Frank Quinn may refer to:
Frank Quinn (Australian footballer) (1893–1973), St Kilda FC player
Frank Quinn (cricketer) (1915–1996), Irish cricketer
Frank Quinn (footballer, born 1926) (1926–2008), Scottish footballer (Celtic, Dundee United)
Frank Quinn (mathematician) (born 1946), American mathematician and professor of mathematics
Frank Quinn (outfielder) (1876–1920), American outfielder in Major League Baseball
Frank Quinn (pitcher) (1927–1993), American pitcher in Major League Baseball
See also
Francis Quinn (1921–2019), American Roman Catholic bishop
Francis Quinn (racing driver) (1903–1931), American racing driver
Fran Quinn, American golfer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Annual%20Review%20of%20Astronomy%20and%20Astrophysics | The Annual Review of Astronomy and Astrophysics is an annual peer-reviewed scientific journal published by Annual Reviews. The co-editors are Ewine van Dishoeck and Robert C. Kennicutt. The journal reviews scientific literature pertaining to local and distant celestial entities throughout the observable universe, as well as cosmology, instrumentation, techniques, and the history of developments. It was established in 1963.
History
In November 1960, the board of directors of the nonprofit publisher Annual Reviews began investigating the need for a new journal of review articles that covered developments in astronomy and astrophysics. The board consulted an advisory group of experts, including Ronald Bracewell, Robert Jastrow, Joseph Kaplan, Paul Merrill, Otto Struve, and Harold Urey. The editorial committee met in August 1961 to determine the authors and topics for the first volume, which was published in 1963. As of 2020, it was published both in print and electronically.
It defines its scope as covering significant developments in astronomy and astrophysics, including the Sun, the Solar System, exoplanets, stars, the interstellar medium, the Milky Way and other galaxies, galactic nuclei, cosmology, and the instrumentation and techniques used for research and analysis. As of 2023, Journal Citation Reports gives the journal an impact factor of 33.3, ranking it first out of 69 journals in the category "Astronomy and Astrophysics". It is abstracted and indexed in Scopus, Scien |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Trace%20operator | In mathematics, the trace operator extends the notion of the restriction of a function to the boundary of its domain to "generalized" functions in a Sobolev space. This is particularly important for the study of partial differential equations with prescribed boundary conditions (boundary value problems), where weak solutions may not be regular enough to satisfy the boundary conditions in the classical sense of functions.
Motivation
On a bounded, smooth domain , consider the problem of solving Poisson's equation with inhomogeneous Dirichlet boundary conditions:
with given functions and with regularity discussed in the application section below. The weak solution of this equation must satisfy
for all .
The -regularity of is sufficient for the well-definedness of this integral equation. It is not apparent, however, in which sense can satisfy the boundary condition on : by definition, is an equivalence class of functions which can have arbitrary values on since this is a null set with respect to the n-dimensional Lebesgue measure.
If there holds by Sobolev's embedding theorem, such that can satisfy the boundary condition in the classical sense, i.e. the restriction of to agrees with the function (more precisely: there exists a representative of in with this property). For with such an embedding does not exist and the trace operator presented here must be used to give meaning to . Then with is called a weak solution to the boundary value problem if the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Anindya%20Sinha | Anindya (Rana) Sinha is an Indian primatologist. He is a professor at the National Institute of Advanced Studies (NIAS), India.
Early life
After obtaining an undergraduate degree in botany from the University of Calcutta in 1983, he went on to earn a postgraduate degree in the same university in 1985, specializing in cytogenetics.
Career
He is on the executive board of Nature Conservation Foundation, India. His research is mostly centered on the field of cognition and consciousness of bonnet macaque (Macaca radiata) but he also has been involved in many genetics projects on Indian primates. He is also involved with Biology Olympiad as the leader of the Indian team.
He is the son of the Indian director and film-maker, Tapan Sinha. and actress / singer Arundhati Devi. In 2009, he was chosen as a TED Fellow.
References
External links
Profile on the National Institute of Advanced Studies website
20th-century Indian botanists
Living people
University of Calcutta alumni
Bengali Hindus
Scientists from Kolkata
Scientists from Bangalore
People from New Alipore
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Molecular%20Phylogenetics%20and%20Evolution | Molecular Phylogenetics and Evolution is a peer-reviewed scientific journal of evolutionary biology and phylogenetics. The journal is edited by E.A. Zimmer.
Indexing
The journal is indexed in:
EMBiology
Journal Citation Reports
Scopus
Web of Science
External links
Elsevier academic journals
Evolutionary biology journals
Phylogenetics
Molecular biology
Academic journals established in 1992
Monthly journals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Teilhardina | Teilhardina (, ) was an early marmoset-like primate that lived in Europe, North America and Asia during the Early Eocene epoch, about 56-47 million years ago. The paleontologist George Gaylord Simpson is credited with naming it after the French paleontologist, Jesuit and philosopher Teilhard de Chardin.
Paleobiology
Carbon isotope excursion suggests that the Asian Teilhardina asiatica is the oldest member of the genus; the youngest is the North American Teilhardina brandti. However finds in Wyoming suggest Teilhardina may have originated in North America.
There are four hypotheses that have been proposed to try and explain the geographic distribution:
Africa was the origination of the primates and then they dispersed to Europe- Greenland and finally North America.
Primates originated in North America then dispersed to Asia through the Bering route and later passed through Greenland to finally reach Europe.
Primates originated in Asia or Africa and dispersed through North America and finally reaching western Europe.
Asia was the primate’s origination, they then dispersed eastward towards North America and westward to Europe.
At one point a hypothesis arose that the primates may have originated in India prior to the plate collision with Asia near the Paleocene-Eocene boundary and they spread into Asia afterwards.
These hypotheses were re-evaluated using new morphological evidence and earliest records of Teilhardina species from the continents concerned. The researche |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iosif%20Khriplovich | Iosif Benzionovich Khriplovich () (born 1937) is a Russian theoretical physicist who has made deep contributions in quantum field theory, atomic physics, and general relativity.
He is a Chief Researcher at the Budker Institute of Nuclear Physics, Novosibirsk, and holds a Chair of Theoretical Physics at Novosibirsk State University. Dr. Khriplovich was elected to the Russian Academy of Sciences in 2000, and remains a Corresponding Member. He was awarded the 2004 Silver Dirac Medal for the Advancement of Theoretical Physics by University of New South Wales, Sydney, Australia, and shared the 2005 Pomeranchuk Prize with Arkady Vainshtein For outstanding contribution to the understanding the properties of the standard model, especially for illuminating work on weak and strong interactions of quarks, a prize awarded by the Institute of Theoretical and Experimental Physics of Moscow.
Khriplovich was the first to correctly calculate the beta-function for the coupling renormalization in a non-Abelian Yang–Mills theory, although at that time (1969) asymptotic freedom was not yet recognized as a property of the strong interactions.
Starting in the early-1970s he was one of the initiators of the search for parity violating effects in atoms, and he has pioneered a great number of detailed calculations of the effect in various atoms, including the effect of the rotation of polarization of light in bismuth, which was the first parity violating atomic effect which was experimentally obser |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/AWPP | In theoretical computer science, almost wide probabilistic polynomial-time (AWPP) is a complexity class contained in PP defined via GapP functions. The class often arises in the context of quantum computing.
AWPP contains the complexity class BQP (bounded-error quantum polynomial time), which contains the decision problems solvable by a quantum computer in polynomial time, with an error probability of at most 1/3 for all instances. In fact, it is the smallest classical complexity class that upper bounds BQP. Furthermore, it is contained in the APP class.
References
General
Provides information on the connection between various complexity classes.
Definition of AWPP and connection to APP and PP.
Proof of BPQ in AWPP.
"Gap-definable counting classes" by S. Fenner, L. Fortnow, and S. Kurtz from the Journal of Computer and System Sciences. Pages 116–148, 1994, issue 48. Contains definitions.
"An oracle builder's toolkit" by S. Fenner, L. Fortnow, S. Kurtz, and L. Li. in 8th IEEE Structure in Complexity Theory Conference Proceedings. Pages 120–131, 1993. Contains definitions.
External links
"Complexity Zoo" : Contains a list of complexity classes, including AWPP, and their relation to other classes.
Probabilistic complexity classes
Quantum complexity theory |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Colin%20McRae%3A%20Dirt | Colin McRae: Dirt (stylised as Colin McRae: DiRT) is a simcade racing video game developed and published by Codemasters for Microsoft Windows, Xbox 360 and PlayStation 3. It is the last of the series to be published before Colin McRae's death. It features new graphics, audio, physics engine, new vehicles and a new game engine called Neon which was co-developed between Codemasters and Sony Computer Entertainment. The game features a variety of off-road racing categories as well as World Rally Championship style events. The game was released for the PlayStation 3 in Europe on 14 September 2007, a day prior to Colin McRae's death. The sequel, Colin McRae: Dirt 2, was released in September 2009. A simplified version of the game was developed by Glu Mobile and released for Java ME devices in 2008.
Gameplay
The single player game plays out through three modes. Career, Championship, and Rally World, which is a single race set up.
The Career mode is set up in a stylized pyramid that has 11 "tiers", with the bottom tier having 11 different events. Each event consists of one or more race events of a single type requiring a specific type of car. The player earns up to 10 points for their placing in all the races within the event. Most events require a specific number of points within a specific tier to unlock, and thus as the player earns points, more of the pyramid becomes unlocked, moving up to the "Champion of Champions" event at the very top. By winning races and earning money th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rudy%20Dekeyser | Rudy Dekeyser was until May 2012 the Managing Director of VIB (the Flanders Institute for Biotechnology). He was until May 2012 head of the technology transfer team of the institute. He obtained a PhD in molecular biology at the University of Ghent.
He was director of DevGen and CropDesign and is a director of the biotech companies Ablynx, Peakadilly, Actogenix, EMBLEM (technology transfer company of EMBL) and FlandersBio. He is also co-founder of ASTP (Association or European Science and Technology Professionals) and visiting professor innovation and management at the University of Ghent.
References
Caplan A, Dekeyser R, Van Montagu M, Selectable markers for rice transformation, Methods Enzymol. 1992;216:426–41.
Claes B, Dekeyser R, Villarroel R, Van den Bulcke M, Bauw G, Van Montagu M, Caplan A, Characterization of a rice gene showing organ-specific expression in response to salt stress and drought, Plant Cell. 1990 Jan;2(1):19–27.
Dekeyser R, Claes B, Marichal M, Van Montagu M, Caplan A, Evaluation of Selectable Markers for Rice Transformation, Plant Physiol. 1989 May;90(1):217–223.
Sources
VIB
Flemish scientists
Belgian businesspeople
Ghent University alumni
Living people
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bologna%20bottle | A Bologna bottle, also known as a Bologna phial or philosophical vial, is a glass bottle which has great external strength, often used in physics demonstrations and magic tricks. The exterior is generally strong enough that one could pound a nail into a block of wood using the bottle as a hammer; however, even a small scratch on the interior would cause it to crumble.
It is created by heating a glass bottle and then rapidly cooling the outside whilst slowly cooling the inside. This causes external compression and internal tension such that even a scratch on the inside is sufficient to shatter the bottle.
The effect is utilized in several magic effects, including the "Devil's Flask".
Manufacture
To create the desired effect, the bottles are rapidly cooled on the outside and slow cooled on the inside during the glass-making process. This causes there to be compressive stress on the outside of the bottle and tensile stress on the inside, making the inside surface susceptible to damage which can release the internal stresses and shatter the bottle. The glass is not annealed. Reheating the glass and then allowing it to cool slowly will remove the unique properties from the glass.
Uses
Because of the seemingly paradoxical nature of the glass (being both extremely durable and extremely fragile), Bologna bottles are often used as props in magic tricks, where the bottle can be shattered by rattling a small object inside it.
History
Mentioned in the publication of the Royal Socie |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Andreea%20Marin | Andreea Violeta Marin (born 22 December 1974, in Roman, Neamț County) is a Romanian television presenter and TV personality.
Early life and career
She majored in Journalism, Public Relations & Advertisement, Computer Programming and Mathematics & Physics during her college years. She debuted in 1994 at TVR Iași as emcee.
Her involvement within the Romanian media seems to have directly contributed to her selection as the most successful female media person in the country. On 2 December 2006, Marin hosted the 2006 Junior Eurovision Song Contest. She also presented the Romanian votes at the 2000, 2004, 2006, and 2007 Eurovision Song Contest finals.
Since 1999, she has hosted and directed Surprize, Surprize ("Surprises, Surprises"), a long-running show about life stories involving disabled people, people without money, and people with relatives gone away, broadcast on TVR1.
Marin is the communications director of Madrid-based Prime Time World Broadcast, and the editorial director of the Romanian version of Business Woman Magazine.
Personal life
Married to Ștefan Bănică Jr. in 2006, she was subsequently known as Andreea Marin Bănică. They have a daughter, Ana Violeta Bănică (b. 15 December 2007). The couple divorced in 2013. She married physician Tuncay Öztürk in 2014. In October 2016, they announced the end of their marriage. Their marriage was officially ended on 13 February 2017.
Andreea Marin is the only Romanian UNICEF Goodwill Ambassador.
References
External links
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Digital%20down%20converter | In digital signal processing, a digital down-converter (DDC) converts a digitized, band-limited signal to a lower frequency signal at a lower sampling rate in order to simplify the subsequent radio stages. The process can preserve all the information in the frequency band of interest of the original signal. The input and output signals can be real or complex samples. Often the DDC converts from the raw radio frequency or intermediate frequency down to a complex baseband signal.
Architecture
A DDC consists of three subcomponents: a direct digital synthesizer (DDS), a low-pass filter (LPF), and a downsampler (which may be integrated into the low-pass filter).
The DDS generates a complex sinusoid at the intermediate frequency (IF). Multiplication of the intermediate frequency with the input signal creates images centered at the sum and difference frequency (which follows from the frequency shifting properties of the Fourier transform). The lowpass filters pass the difference (i.e. baseband) frequency while rejecting the sum frequency image, resulting in a complex baseband representation of the original signal. Assuming judicious choice of IF and LPF bandwidth, the complex baseband signal is mathematically equivalent to the original signal. In its new form, it can readily be downsampled and is more convenient to many DSP algorithms.
Any suitable low-pass filter can be used including FIR, IIR and CIC filters. The most common choice is a FIR filter for low amounts of decima |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Automorphic%20factor | In mathematics, an automorphic factor is a certain type of analytic function, defined on subgroups of SL(2,R), appearing in the theory of modular forms. The general case, for general groups, is reviewed in the article 'factor of automorphy'.
Definition
An automorphic factor of weight k is a function
satisfying the four properties given below. Here, the notation and refer to the upper half-plane and the complex plane, respectively. The notation is a subgroup of SL(2,R), such as, for example, a Fuchsian group. An element is a 2×2 matrix
with a, b, c, d real numbers, satisfying ad−bc=1.
An automorphic factor must satisfy:
For a fixed , the function is a holomorphic function of .
For all and , one has for a fixed real number k.
For all and , one has Here, is the fractional linear transform of by .
If , then for all and , one has Here, I denotes the identity matrix.
Properties
Every automorphic factor may be written as
with
The function is called a multiplier system. Clearly,
,
while, if , then
which equals when k is an integer.
References
Robert Rankin, Modular Forms and Functions, (1977) Cambridge University Press . (Chapter 3 is entirely devoted to automorphic factors for the modular group.)
Modular forms |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Thomas%20Rockwell%20Mackie | Thomas “Rock” Mackie is a medical physicist.
He grew up in Saskatoon and received his undergraduate degree in Physics from the University of Saskatchewan in 1980. He went on to earn his doctorate in Physics at the University of Alberta in 1984. His expertise is in radiation therapy treatment planning and intensity modulated radiation therapy. He is a primary inventor and algorithm designer of the helical tomotherapy concept. Mackie is a professor in the departments of Medical Physics, Human Oncology, Biomedical Engineering and Engineering Physics at the University of Wisconsin–Madison. He has over 150 peer-reviewed publications, over 15 patents, and has been the supervisor for dozens of Ph.D. students. Mackie is a Fellow of the American Association of Physicists in Medicine and a member at large of that organization’s Science Council. He is also the Vice-Chair of the University of Wisconsin–Madison Calibration Laboratory. Mackie serves as President of the John R. Cameron Medical Physics Foundation, a non-profit organization that supports the UW Medical Physics Department, medical physics in the developing world and high school science scholarships in high schools in the Greater Madison region. Mackie is a member of the board of the Wisconsin Biomedical and Medical Device Association.
Mackie was a founder of Geometrics Corporation (now owned by Philips Medical Systems) which developed the Pinnacle treatment planning system which still operates its Research and Development fa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20DC%20Comics%20characters%3A%20D |
Dan the Dyna-Mite
Dan the Dyna-Mite is a fictional character appearing in American comic books published by DC Comics.
Danny Dunbar was the star pupil of Thomas N. Thomas, a high school chemistry and physical education teacher.
One evening while Thomas and Dunbar are working on an experiment, Thomas' hand accidentally touches Dunbar's and both teacher and student find themselves feeling more energized. Thomas realizes that each of them has somehow absorbed the chemicals with which they have been working. By touching each other, Thomas and Dunbar now become charged with an unknown form of energy and briefly possess superhuman powers.
They decide not to reveal their discovery publicly for fear that it would be misused. Instead, they use their new super-powers to fight crime as costumed heroes. Thomas becomes known as TNT and Dunbar as Dan the Dyna-Mite, and both join the wartime All-Star Squadron. Thomas and Dunbar each wears a "dyna-ring". By pressing the rings together, Thomas and Dunbar trigger a chemical reaction that temporarily charges the two heroes with energy.
In April 1942, TNT and Dyna-Mite battle Nazi saboteurs who are attempting to blow up a dam in Colorado. When the saboteurs flee in a car, the pair gives chase in their own auto. One of the bullets hits the tire of the heroes' car and it crashes and bursts into flames. The young hero Iron Munro pulls TNT and Dyna-Mite from the wreckage. TNT is already dead and his spirit is carried off by the Valkyrie called |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kazuo%20Shii | is a Japanese politician who has served as the Chairman of the Japanese Communist Party (JCP) since 24 November 2000.
Early life
Shii was born in Yotsukaidō in Chiba Prefecture, the son of two schoolteachers. He graduated with the Bachelor of Engineering degree in Physics and Engineering from the University of Tokyo. He joined the JCP during his first year at the University and became an active participant in the party's student wing. After graduation, he got a job in the JCP-Tokyo Committee to lead Waseda University's youth student movement. He worked in the Central Committee of the JCP from 1982.
Political career
In 1990, Shii became the head of the party's Secretariat. In 1993, he was elected as a member of the House of Representatives for the first time for Chiba 1st district, then a multi-member electoral district with five slots, narrowly coming in last at 5th place with just 1,020 votes over sixth-place LDP candidate Kazuo Eguchi.
Shii became the party's leader in 2000.
In 2006, Shii became the first JCP chairman to visit South Korea, where he traveled to an international conference of Asian political parties. He visited the site of Seodaemun Prison and paid tribute to the memory of Korean anti-colonial activists who were imprisoned during the period of Japanese colonialism. Shii also met the speaker of the National Assembly, the chairman of the Uri Party, and the floor leader of the Grand National Party. He also became the first JCP leader to visit the United S |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jack%20Morava | Jack Johnson Morava is an American homotopy theorist at Johns Hopkins University.
Education
Of Czech and Appalachian descent, he was raised in Texas' lower Rio Grande valley. An early interest in topology was strongly encouraged by his parents. He enrolled at Rice University in 1962 as a physics major, but (with the help of Jim Douglas) entered the graduate mathematics program in 1964. His advisor Eldon Dyer arranged, with the support of Michael Atiyah, a one-year fellowship at the University of Oxford, followed by a year in Princeton at the Institute for Advanced Study.
Work
Morava brought ideas from arithmetic geometry into the realm of algebraic topology. Under Atiyah's tutelage Morava concentrated on the relation between K-theory and cobordism, and when Daniel Quillen's work on that subject appeared he saw that ideas of Sergei Novikov implied close connections between the stable homotopy category and the derived category of quasicoherent sheaves on the moduli stack of one-dimensional formal groups; in particular, that the category of spectra is naturally stratified by height. Using work of Dennis Sullivan, he focused attention on certain ring-spectra parametrized by one-dimensional formal group laws over a field, which generalize classical topological K-theory. From a modern point of view (i.e., since Ethan Devinatz, Michael J. Hopkins, and Jeffrey H. Smith's proof of Douglas Ravenel's nilpotence conjecture), it is natural to think of these cohomology theories as the g |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Illuminati%20%28EP%29 | Illuminati is an EP released in 2002 by Fatboy Slim.
The EP's title track is a re-make of a previous Fatboy Slim song entitled "Michael Jackson," which is featured on the US edition of Better Living Through Chemistry and was the B-side to the "Going Out of My Head" single. Bootsy Collins from Parliament/Funkadelic provides the vocals to the song. It was featured in the movie Lara Croft: Tomb Raider and is a long-running theme song for the WEC.
The EP was the first in a series of EPs released by Fatboy Slim.
Track listing
"Illuminati" (Collins, Cook) - 4:18 (Feat. Bootsy Collins)
"Star 69" (Timo Maas Mix) (Clark, Cook, McCormack) - 6:32
"Song for Shelter" (Pete Heller Extended) (Clark, Slim) - 9:58
"Drop the Hate" (Laid Mix) (Cook, Daniels) - 7:19
"Sunset (Bird of Prey)" (Darren Emerson Mix) (Cook, Densmore, Kreiger) - 9:25
"Demons" (Stanton Warriors Mix) (Cook, Gray, Jackson, Withers) - 6:08
External links
Rolling Stone review
2002 EPs
Fatboy Slim EPs |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Grant%27s%20gazelle | Grant's gazelle (Nanger granti) is a relatively large species of gazelle antelope, distributed from northern Tanzania to South Sudan and Ethiopia, and from the Kenyan coast to Lake Victoria. Its Swahili name is swala granti. It was named for a 19th-century British explorer, James Grant.
Taxonomy and genetics
Grant's gazelle is genetically related to Soemmerring's gazelle (N. soemmerringii) and Thomson's gazelle (Eudorcas thomsonii) with Soemmering's gazelle being the closer relative. Grant's gazelle shows high genetic variation among its populations, although there is no geographic isolation. The differentiation of the species may have evolved during repeated expansion and contraction of arid habitats during the late Pleistocene era in which populations were possibly isolated. Grant's gazelle was formerly considered a member of the genus Gazella within the subgenus Nanger before Nanger was elevated to genus status. In 2021, the American Society of Mammalogists granted full species status to Bright's gazelle (Nanger notatus) and the Peter's gazelle (Nanger petersii).
Subspecies
Listed alphabetically.
N. g. granti (Brooke, 1872) – southern Grant's gazelle
N. g. lacuum (Neumann, 1906) – northern Grant's gazelle
N. g. robertsi (Thomas, 1903) – Roberts' gazelle
Description
The Grant's gazelle stands at the shoulder. The females weigh from and males from . Its coat is a beige orange on the back with a white belly. The Grant's gazelle looks similar to a Thomson's gazelle, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bracket%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, brackets of various typographical forms, such as parentheses ( ), square brackets [ ], braces { } and angle brackets ⟨ ⟩, are frequently used in mathematical notation. Generally, such bracketing denotes some form of grouping: in evaluating an expression containing a bracketed sub-expression, the operators in the sub-expression take precedence over those surrounding it. Sometimes, for the clarity of reading, different kinds of brackets are used to express the same meaning of precedence in a single expression with deep nesting of sub-expressions.
Historically, other notations, such as the vinculum generally, were similarly used for grouping. In present-day use, these notations all have specific meanings. The earliest use of brackets to indicate aggregation (i.e. grouping) was suggested in 1608 by Christopher Clavius, and in 1629 by Albert Girard.
Symbols for representing angle brackets
A variety of different symbols are used to represent angle brackets. In e-mail and other ASCII text, it is common to use the less-than (<) and greater-than (>) signs to represent angle brackets, because ASCII does not include angle brackets.
Unicode has pairs of dedicated characters; other than less-than and greater-than symbols, these include:
and
and
and
and
and , which are deprecated
In LaTeX the markup is \langle and \rangle: .
Non-mathematical angled brackets include:
and , used in East-Asian text quotation
and , which are dingbats
There are additio |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20Nanoscience%20Institute | The Swiss Nanoscience Institute (SNI) at the University of Basel is a center of excellence for nanosciences and nanotechnology. It was founded in 2006 by the Canton of Aargau and the University of Basel.
SNI network
The SNI network includes various departments at the University of Basel, the University of Applied Sciences Northwestern Switzerland (FHNW), the Paul Scherrer Institute (PSI), the Department for Biosystems Science and Engineering at the Federal Institute of Technology ETH Zurich (D-BSSE), the CSEM (Centre Suisse d’Electronique et de Microtechnique) in Allschwil and the Technology Transfer Center ANAXAM.
Membership of the SNI comes from participating in SNI projects.
Programs
In 2002, the University of Basel launched the Bachelor's and Master's degreed programs in nanosciences. The annual Bacherlor's program cohort is between 20-40 students and includes biology, chemistry, physics and mathematics.
In 2013 the SNI initiated a PhD School. Approximately 40 PhD are enrolled in the SNI PhD School.
Besides fundamental research, the SNI supports an applied research program called Nano-Argovia. Approximately 10 projects in collaboration with industrial partners from Northwestern Switzerland are supported per year,
Nano-Argovia program: applied research projects: https://www.nano-argovia.swiss
The SNI also includes two service units: The Nano Imaging Lab and the Nano Fabrication Lab.
See also
Science and technology in Switzerland
Nanotechnology
References
Ext |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SPQR%20tree | In graph theory, a branch of mathematics, the triconnected components of a biconnected graph are a system of smaller graphs that describe all of the 2-vertex cuts in the graph. An SPQR tree is a tree data structure used in computer science, and more specifically graph algorithms, to represent the triconnected components of a graph. The SPQR tree of a graph may be constructed in linear time and has several applications in dynamic graph algorithms and graph drawing.
The basic structures underlying the SPQR tree, the triconnected components of a graph, and the connection between this decomposition and the planar embeddings of a planar graph, were first investigated by ; these structures were used in efficient algorithms by several other researchers prior to their formalization as the SPQR tree by .
Structure
An SPQR tree takes the form of an unrooted tree in which for each node x there is associated an undirected graph or multigraph Gx. The node, and the graph associated with it, may have one of four types, given the initials SPQR:
In an S node, the associated graph is a cycle graph with three or more vertices and edges. This case is analogous to series composition in series–parallel graphs; the S stands for "series".
In a P node, the associated graph is a dipole graph, a multigraph with two vertices and three or more edges, the planar dual to a cycle graph. This case is analogous to parallel composition in series–parallel graphs; the P stands for "parallel".
In a Q node, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stephen%20Harvey%20%28biologist%29 | Stephen C. Harvey (born 1940) is a structural biologist with research interest in nucleic acids, the ribosome, virus structure and high density lipoprotein. He is currently an adjunct professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics at the University of Pennsylvania and professor emeritus and Georgia Research Alliance eminent scholar emeritus in the School of Biology at the Georgia Institute of Technology, Atlanta, Georgia. Harvey did his undergraduate work at the University of California (Berkeley), where he received his A.B. degree in physics. In the 1960s, he worked as a rocket test engineer on the Apollo program (the lunar mission project) and served with the Peace Corps in Colombia, before entering graduate school in physics at Dartmouth College, where he received his PhD in biophysics in 1971. Before moving to Georgia Tech in 2003, Harvey was professor in the Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Genetics at the University of Alabama at Birmingham (UAB).
He is past president of the Biophysical Society and co-author, with J. Andrew McCammon, of the classic book on Molecular Dynamics, Dynamics of Proteins and Nucleic Acids (Cambridge University Press, 1987; ). Harvey is married to the artist Marie Weaver. They live in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania.
The Marie Weaver and Steve Harvey Endowed Scholarship Fund for Graphic Design was set up in 2003 by the University of Alabama at Birmingham in honor of associate professor of graphic design Marie Weaver and her |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nijenhuis%20bracket | In mathematics there are four different but related brackets named after Albert Nijenhuis, giving Lie superalgebra structures to various spaces of tensors:
Frölicher–Nijenhuis bracket (defined on vector valued forms, extending the Lie bracket of vector fields)
Nijenhuis–Richardson bracket (defined on vector valued forms; this has a different degree to the Frölicher-Nijenhuis bracket)
Schouten–Nijenhuis bracket (2 versions, defined on either symmetric or antisymmetric multivectors) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Kevin%20McCurley%20%28cryptographer%29 | Kevin Snow McCurley is a mathematician, computer scientist, and cryptographer, and a former research scientist at Google. He has written publications about information retrieval, algorithms, parallel computing, cryptography, and number theory.
Early life and education
When he was a child, McCurley had built model planes and cars, and he enjoyed making things with his hands.
McCurley attended a high school in San Jose, California. There, one of his teachers, Judy Jones, showed him that "mathematics really could be fun and interesting" and encouraged him to attend mathematical contests.
In his first year at Santa Clara University, McCurley had Jerry Anderson, a former president of the MAA, as his professor in calculus; Anderson told "interesting stories" and was able to "relate the mathematics to history and to activities that were meaningful". He started out as a mathematician, but he later retrained himself as a computer scientist.
In 1981, McCurley received his Ph.D. in mathematics from the University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign. His dissertation in analytic number theory was titled Explicit Estimates for Functions of Primes in Arithmetic Progressions, and his advisor was Paul Trevier Bateman. He also received a master's in statistics there.
In the fall of 1995, McCurley taught an undergraduate course on cryptology at the University of New Mexico.
After he was a post-doc at Michigan State University, McCurley took a job at USC (Los Angeles), where he published som |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dirk%20Kreimer | Dirk Kreimer (born 12 July 1960) is a German physicist who pioneered the Hopf-algebraic approach to perturbative quantum field theory with Alain Connes and other co-authors. He is currently Humboldt professor at the department of mathematics of Humboldt University in Berlin, where he teaches the courses of Quantum Field Theory (I and II) and Hopf Algebras and the Renormalization Group.
References
External links
Living people
1960 births
21st-century German physicists
Boston University faculty
Academic staff of the Humboldt University of Berlin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Taylor%20Woodrow%20Construction | Taylor Woodrow Construction, branded as Taylor Woodrow, is a UK-based civil engineering contractor and one of four operating divisions of Vinci Construction UK. The business was launched in 2011, combining civil engineering operations from the former Taylor Woodrow group and from Vinci UK - formerly Norwest Holst.
Taylor Woodrow was one of the largest housebuilding and general construction companies in Britain. It merged with rival George Wimpey in July 2007 to create the Taylor Wimpey housebuilding group. In September 2008, Taylor Woodrow Construction was acquired by Vinci plc from Taylor Wimpey; initially branded as part of Vinci Construction, the civil engineering division reverted to the name Taylor Woodrow Construction in 2011 to reflect its civil engineering heritage.
History
Taylor Woodrow
Early years
The Taylor Woodrow business was founded in Blackpool in 1921 as a housebuilder by Frank Taylor and his uncle, Jack Woodrow, creating the Taylor Woodrow name. In 1930, Taylor moved to London and his business eventually established headquarters in Southall. In 1935, the housebuilding business was floated on the London Stock Exchange as Taylor Woodrow Estates. In 1937, Taylor Woodrow Construction was formed and, after a modest start, the company was soon engaged in defence work. With the outbreak of World War II in 1939, private housing development stopped, and for six years Taylor Woodrow built military camps, airfields and factories, and worked on the Mulberry harbour |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Variable-order%20Bayesian%20network | Variable-order Bayesian network (VOBN) models provide an important extension of both the Bayesian network models and the variable-order Markov models. VOBN models are used in machine learning in general and have shown great potential in bioinformatics applications.
These models extend the widely used position weight matrix (PWM) models, Markov models, and Bayesian network (BN) models.
In contrast to the BN models, where each random variable depends on a fixed subset of random variables, in VOBN models these subsets may vary based on the specific realization of observed variables. The observed realizations are often called the context and, hence, VOBN models are also known as context-specific Bayesian networks.
The flexibility in the definition of conditioning subsets of variables turns out to be a real advantage in classification and analysis applications, as the statistical dependencies between random variables in a sequence of variables (not necessarily adjacent) may be taken into account efficiently, and in a position-specific and context-specific manner.
See also
Markov chain
Examples of Markov chains
Variable order Markov models
Markov process
Markov chain Monte Carlo
Semi-Markov process
Artificial intelligence
References
External links
VOMBAT: https://www2.informatik.uni-halle.de:8443/VOMBAT/
Bayesian networks
Markov models |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Multimodal%20logic | A multimodal logic is a modal logic that has more than one primitive modal operator. They find substantial applications in theoretical computer science.
Overview
A modal logic with n primitive unary modal operators is called an n-modal logic. Given these operators and negation, one can always add modal operators defined as if and only if .
Perhaps the first substantive example of a two-modal logic is Arthur Prior's tense logic, with two modalities, F and P, corresponding to "sometime in the future" and "sometime in the past". A logic with infinitely many modalities is dynamic logic, introduced by Vaughan Pratt in 1976 and having a separate modal operator for every regular expression. A version of temporal logic introduced in 1977 and intended for program verification has two modalities, corresponding to dynamic logic's [A] and [A*] modalities for a single program A, understood as the whole universe taking one step forwards in time. The term multimodal logic itself was not introduced until 1980. Another example of a multimodal logic is the Hennessy–Milner logic, itself a fragment of the more expressive modal μ-calculus, which is also a fixed-point logic.
Multimodal logic can be used also to formalize a kind of knowledge representation: the motivation of epistemic logic is allowing several agents (they are regarded as subjects capable of forming beliefs, knowledge); and managing the belief or knowledge of each agent, so that epistemic assertions can be formed about them. |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Ultratrace%20element | In biochemistry, an ultratrace element is a chemical element that normally comprises less than one microgram per gram of a given organism (i.e. less than 0.0001% by weight), but which plays a significant role in its metabolism.
Possible ultratrace elements in humans include boron, silicon, nickel, vanadium and cobalt. Other possible ultratrace elements in other organisms include bromine, cadmium, fluorine, lead, lithium, and tin.
See also
Trace element
References
Dietary minerals |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Population%20vector | In neuroscience, a population vector is the sum of the preferred directions of a population of neurons, weighted by the respective spike counts.
The formula for computing the (normalized) population vector, , takes the following form:
Where is the activity of cell , and is the preferred input for cell .
Note that the vector encodes the input direction, , in terms of the activation of a population of neurons.
Computational neuroscience |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lai%20Yee%20Hing | Lai Yee Hing () is a Singaporean organic chemistry professor based in the National University of Singapore. He was the principal of NUS High School of Mathematics and Science and held this position from July 2004 to 30 August 2007.
Lai Yee Hing graduated with a B.Sc from the former Nanyang University (now National University of Singapore) in 1976 and received his PhD from the University of Victoria in 1980. Following that he spent 2 years in University of California Berkeley as a post-doctoral fellow, working with Peter Vollhardt. His research interests include novel aromatic compounds, conjugated organic materials and macrocycles.
External links
https://archive.today/20121225035151/http://www.highsch.nus.edu.sg/
https://web.archive.org/web/20070518050314/http://www.chemistry.nus.edu.sg/ourpeople/academic_staff/laiyh.htm
https://web.archive.org/web/20070705010029/http://staff.science.nus.edu.sg/~chmlaiyh/index.htm
Living people
Singaporean chemists
Academic staff of the National University of Singapore
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Aspera | Aspera may refer to:
Music
Aspera (band), an American indie rock band
(a)spera, a 2009 album by Mirah
Above Symmetry, a Norwegian progressive metal band originally known as Aspera
"Aspera", the lead track from We Will Become Like Birds by Erin McKeown
Science
Aspera European Astroparticle network, a physics organization
Technology
Aspera (company) a file transfer software company
Analyzer of Space Plasmas and Energetic Atoms, an instrument package on the Mars Express and Venus Express spacecraft
Automatic Space Plasma Experiment with Rotating Analyzer, an instrument on board the Phobos 2 spacecraft
Biology and Anatomy
Ulmus 'Aspera', a kind of elm tree
Aspera, a nomen superfluum for the Rubiaceae genus Galium
H. aspera (disambiguation), several species of plants
Linea aspera, a bone structure in human anatomy
Other
Per aspera ad astra, a Latin phrase |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Robert%20Matthews%20%28scientist%29 | Robert A.J. Matthews (born 23 September 1959), is a British physicist and science writer.
After graduating in physics at Corpus Christi College, Oxford University, in 1981, Matthews took up a dual career in science writing and academic research. He is currently science consultant and columnist for the science magazine BBC Focus, a freelance columnist for The National in Abu Dhabi and Visiting Professor in the Department of Mathematics, Aston University. He is also a Fellow of the Royal Statistical Society, a Chartered Physicist and a Fellow of the Royal Astronomical Society.
Science journalism
Matthews has held various specialist posts on national newspapers in the UK, including technology correspondent for The Times and science correspondent for The Sunday Telegraph. In addition, he has written on a freelance basis for, among others, New Scientist, The Economist, The Financial Times, Reader's Digest and The Spectator. His professional awards include Feature Writer of the Year in 2000, by the Association of British Science Writers.
Academic research
Matthews has published research in refereed journals on a wide variety of subjects ranging from Bayesian inference and probability to astronomy, cryptology and neural computing. He has also won awards for his research, including an Ig Nobel Prize, awarded in 1996 for his paper Tumbling toast, Murphy's Law and the fundamental constants.
Published works
Matthews is the author of several popular science books, 25 Big Ideas in Sci |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Genome%20survey%20sequence | In the fields of bioinformatics and computational biology, Genome survey sequences (GSS) are nucleotide sequences similar to expressed sequence tags (ESTs) that the only difference is that most of them are genomic in origin, rather than mRNA.
Genome survey sequences are typically generated and submitted to NCBI by labs performing genome sequencing and are used, amongst other things, as a framework for the mapping and sequencing of genome size pieces included in the standard GenBank divisions.
Contributions
Genome survey sequencing is a new way to map the genome sequences since it is not dependent on mRNA. Current genome sequencing approaches are mostly high-throughput shotgun methods, and GSS is often used on the first step of sequencing. GSSs can provide an initial global view of a genome, which includes both coding and non-coding DNA and contain repetitive section of the genome unlike ESTs. For the estimation of repetitive sequences, GSS plays an important role in the early assessment of a sequencing project since these data can affect the assessment of sequences coverage, library quality and the construction process. For example, in the estimation of dog genome, it can estimate the global parameters, such as neutral mutation rate and repeat content.
GSS is also an effective way to large-scale and rapidly characterizing genomes of related species where there is only little gene sequences or maps. GSS with low coverage can generate abundant information of gene content and |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Squatting%20attack | Squatting attack, in computer science, is a kind of DoS attack where a program interferes with another program through the use of shared synchronization objects in an unwanted or unexpected way.
That attack is known in the Microsoft Windows operating system, which offers named objects as an interprocess synchronization mechanism. With named objects, a process may open a synchronization object as a shared resource by just specifying a name. Subsequent processes may use the same name to open that resource and have a way to synchronize with the first process. The squatting attack is possible because, if the legitimate program does not enforce tight security rules for the resources, processes from arbitrary security contexts may gain access to them and ultimately take control of the system.
Consider, for example, antivirus software installed on a Microsoft Windows machine. The solution has two pieces: a service, which monitors and scans every file when it is opened, and a manual scanner, which scans the file system when a user requests it. Under normal conditions the service should scan the system occasionally. However, if a user requests a manual scan, the service must stop temporarily to let the manual scanner work, otherwise every file would be scanned twice: by the manual scanner and by the service. To solve this problem the vendor chooses to implement an event based synchronization mechanism, where the service keeps a named event opened and checks it whenever a file is ope |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Manuel%20Ayau | Manuel Francisco Ayau Cordón (December 27, 1925 – August 4, 2010) was the founder of the Universidad Francisco Marroquín in Guatemala. He was born in Guatemala City, on December 27, 1925. After diverse studies, he obtained a B.S. in mechanical engineering from Louisiana State University in 1950, an L.H.D. from Hillsdale College in 1973, and an honorary degree in law (Legum Doctor) from Northwood University in 1994.
Scholarly and laboral contributions
Ayau is CEO of Samboro, S.A., a company dedicated to the production of ceramic tiles, and directed a group of Guatemalan industrialists for over forty years in the production of industrial gases and hydro-electric energy. Ayau has also served on the board of directors of several different companies, including IBM in Latin America and the Guatemalan local stock and debt exchange, of which he was founding president.
In 1959 Ayau founded the Center for Economic and Social Studies in Guatemala, to analyze the fundaments and philosophy of free society. In 1972 he was instrumental in founding the Francisco Marroquín University, of which he was the first president, serving until 1988.
A member of the Mont Pelerin Society since 1964, Ayau was its president from 1978 to 1980. He was on the board of directors of the Liberty Fund in Indianapolis and he was also a trustee of the Foundation for Economic Education in New York. He was also a member of the Philadelphia Society.
In Guatemala, Ayau entered politics as a member of congress |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/GCD%20test | In compiler theory, a greatest common divisor test (GCD test) is the test used in study of loop optimization and loop dependence analysis to test the dependency between loop statements.
Description
A greatest common divisor (GCD) test is a test used in computer science compiler theory to study of loop optimization and loop dependence analysis to test the dependency between loop statements.
Use
Whenever a sequential loop like for loop is made to be parallel so that it can be executed on more than one processor—as in case of grid computing or cluster computing—then certain dependencies (e.g., testing the flow (true) dependence of a statement) are checked to know whether the loop can be parallelized. According to this test, by comparing the indices of two arrays present in two or more statements, it can be calculated whether it is legal to parallelize the loop or not.
Rationale
Theorem
A linear Diophantine equation
a1*x1 + a2*x2 +... + an*xn =c
has an integer solution x1, x2,..., xn iff GCD (a1,a2,.., an) divides c.
E.g.
2*x1 -2*x2 =1
GCD(2,-2) =2, 2 cannot divide 1. So, there is no integer solution for the equation above.
Dependency analysis
It is difficult to analyze array references in compile time to determine data dependency (whether they point to same address or not). A simple and sufficient test for the absence of a dependence is the greatest common divisor (GCD) test. It is based on the observation that if a loop carried dependency exists between X[a*i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Friedrich%20Reinitzer | Friedrich Richard Reinitzer (25 February 1857 in Prague – 16 February 1927 in Graz) was an Austrian botanist and chemist. In late 1880s, experimenting with cholesteryl benzoate, he discovered properties of liquid crystals (named later by Otto Lehmann).
Reinitzer was born into a German Bohemian family in Prague. He studied chemistry at the German technical university in Prague; in 1883 he was habilitated there as a private docent. From 1888-1901 he was a professor at Karl-Ferdinands-Universität, then professor at technical university in Graz. During 1909 - 1910 he served as the rector of the university.
While at Karl-Ferdinands-Universität in 1888 he discovered a strange behaviour of what would later be called liquid crystals. For the explanation of their behaviour he collaborated with the physicist Otto Lehmann from Aachen. The discovery received plenty of attention at the time but no practical uses were apparent and the interest dropped soon.
Selected works
F. Reinitzer (1888) "Beiträge zur Kenntnis des Cholesterins", Monatshefte für Chemie 9:421–41.
F. Reinitzer (1891) "Der Gerbstoffbegriff und seine Beziehung zur Pflanzenchemie", Lotos 39.
References
David Dunmur & Tim Sluckin (2011) Soap, Science, and Flat-screen TVs: a history of liquid crystals, pp 17–20, Oxford University Press .
19th-century Austrian botanists
Austrian chemists
German Bohemian people
Scientists from Prague
1857 births
1927 deaths
Czech Technical University in Prague alumni
Academic staff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Project%20on%20Emerging%20Nanotechnologies | The Project on Emerging Nanotechnologies was established in 2005 as a partnership between the Woodrow Wilson International Center for Scholars and the Pew Charitable Trusts. The Project was intended to address the social, political, and public safety aspects of nanotechnology. It intended in particular to look for research and policy gaps and opportunities in knowledge and regulatory processes, and to develop strategies for closing them. The project worked with multiple U.S. and foreign governments and organizations.
The project's stated goal was "to inform the debate and to create an active public and policy dialogue. It was not an advocate either for, or against, particular nanotechnologies. Rather, the Project sought to ensure that as these technologies are developed, potential human health and environmental risks were anticipated, properly understood, and effectively managed."
Publications
They have produced many publications on the various aspects of nanotechnology policy. One of the notable reports is on Managing the Effects of Nanotechnology, written by J. Clarence (Terry) Davies in 2006. They also maintain several online databases including the widely cited consumer products inventory, the Nanotechnology Health and Environmental Implications: An inventory of current research as well as a series of PEN Reports. Their work has also been published in academic journals such as Nature Nanotechnology.
A major activity of the Project was testimony on public forums.
Staff |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20U3 | In molecular biology, U3 snoRNA is a non-coding RNA found predominantly in the nucleolus.
U3 has C/D box motifs that technically make it a member of the box C/D class of snoRNAs; however, unlike other C/D box snoRNAs, it has not been shown to direct 2'-O-methylation of other RNAs.
Rather, U3 is thought to guide site-specific cleavage of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) during pre-rRNA processing.
The box C/D element is a subset of the six short sequence elements found in all U3 snoRNAs, namely boxes A, A', B, C, C', and D. The U3 snoRNA secondary structure is characterized by a small 5' domain (with boxes A and A'), and a larger 3' domain (with boxes B, C, C', and D), the two domains being linked by a single-stranded hinge. Boxes B and C form the B/C motif, which appears to be exclusive to U3 snoRNAs, and boxes C' and D form the C'/D motif. The latter is functionally similar to the C/D motifs found in other snoRNAs. The 5' domain and the hinge region act as a pre-rRNA-binding domain. The 3' domain has conserved protein-binding sites. Both the box B/C and box C'/D motifs are sufficient for nuclear retention of U3 snoRNA. The box C'/D motif is also necessary for nucleolar localization, stability and hyper-methylation of U3 snoRNA. Both box B/C and C'/D motifs are involved in specific protein interactions and are necessary for the rRNA processing functions of U3 snoRNA.
Species-specific secondary structure models
S. cerevisiae secondary structure determined by chemical mapping of U3A RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pepscan | Pepscan is a procedure for mapping and characterizing epitopes involving the synthesis of overlapping peptides and analysis of the peptides in enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays (ELISAs). The method is based on combinatorial chemistry and was pioneered by Mario Geysen and coworkers.
Rob Meloen was one of Geysen's co-workers. He also played an important role in the development of numerous other new technologies, including vaccine and diagnostic product development for several viral diseases. From 1994 to 2010, Meloen was Professor of Special Appointment (Chair: Biomolecular Recognition) at Utrecht University. He was one of the co-founders of the company Pepscan (Lelystad, the Netherlands) and became Scientific Director (CSO). Pepscan is now part of the Biosynth Group.
Twenty-five years later, the Pepscan methodology, evolved and modernized with the latest insights, is still an important part of Pepscan’s epitope mapping platform, which is instrumental in therapeutic antibody development.
References
Biochemistry methods
Peptides
Immunology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/6S%20/%20SsrS%20RNA | In the field of molecular biology the 6S RNA is a non-coding RNA that was one of the first to be identified and sequenced. What it does in the bacterial cell was unknown until recently. In the early 2000s scientists found out the function of 6S RNA to be as a regulator of sigma 70-dependent gene transcription. All bacterial RNA polymerases have a subunit called a sigma factor. The sigma factors are important because they control how DNA promoter binding and RNA transcription start sites. Sigma 70 was the first one to be discovered in Escherichia coli.
Structure
The structure of 6S RNA was defined in 1971. It is a small RNA strand consisting of 184 nucleotides. 6S RNA is a long double-stranded structure and has a single strand loop. The structure is similar to an open promoter complex of DNA structure. Various analyses discovered that 6S RNAs are capable of forming a secondary structure. The secondary structure consists of two irregular helical stem regions, making a large core loop which is called a central knot.
Function and Regulation
The function of 6S RNA is to regulate transcription for E. coli cell survival because it is essential in the process. 6S RNA specifically associates with RNA polymerase holoenzyme containing the sigma70 specificity factor. This interaction represses expression from sigma70-dependent promoters during stationary phase. Which will lead to activate the transcription from sigma 70 dependent promoters. Therefore, during the change in E. coli fr |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20SNORD14 | In molecular biology, U14 small nucleolar RNA (U14 snoRNA) is a non-coding RNA required for early cleavages of eukaryotic precursor rRNAs. In yeasts, this molecule possesses a stem-loop region (known as the Y-domain) which is essential for function. A similar structure, but with a different consensus sequence, is found in plants, but is absent in vertebrates. In human there are two closely related copies called SNORD14A and SNORD14B that are expressed from the intron of their host gene ribosomal protein Rps13.
References
External links
Entry for SNORD14A in HGNC database
Entry for SNORD14B in HGNC database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Brian%20Rotman | Brian Rotman is a British-born professor who works in the United States. Trained as a mathematician and now an established philosopher, Rotman has blended semiotics, mathematics and the history of writing in his work and teaching throughout his career.
He is currently a distinguished humanities professor in the department of comparative studies at Ohio State University, has also taught at Stanford and given invited lectures at universities throughout the United States including Berkeley, MIT, Brown, Stanford, Duke, Notre Dame, Penn State, Minnesota, and Cornell. Rotman’s best known books include Signifying Nothing: The Semiotics of Zero which provides a wide-ranging exploration of the zero sign, Ad Infinitum... The Ghost in Turing’s Machine,
and Theory of Sets and Transfinite Numbers (written jointly with G. T. Kneebone)
Life
Rotman grew up above and inside his father’s sweet and tobacco shop in Brick Lane in the East End of London. He studied mathematics at the University of Nottingham, after which he taught the subject at a grammar school, a technical college and then for 20 years at Bristol University, along the way obtaining an M.Sc in the foundations of mathematics and a Ph.D in combinatorial mathematics. During this time he wrote, with G. T. Kneebone, a graduate textbook on set theory, The Theory of Sets and Transfinite Numbers, as well as numerous papers on ordered structures and Boolean algebras, and in 1977 published Jean Piaget: Psychologist of the Real an exp |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lin-4%20microRNA%20precursor | In molecular biology lin-4 is a microRNA (miRNA) that was identified from a study of developmental timing in the nematode Caenorhabditis elegans. It was the first to be discovered of the miRNAs, a class of non-coding RNAs involved in gene regulation. miRNAs are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the Dicer enzyme to give a 21 nucleotide product. The extents of the hairpin precursors are not generally known and are estimated based on hairpin prediction. The products are thought to have regulatory roles through complete or partial complementarity to mRNA. The lin-4 gene has been found to lie within a 4.11kb intron of a separate host gene (see also ).
Transcription
lin-4 is transcribed from autonomous miRNA promoters and is developmentally regulated, with lin-4 miRNA accumulation occurring at the L2 stage of post-embryonic development. Additional to this is the up-regulation of endogenous lin-4 primary transcripts upon appearance of the lin-4 mature form. lin-4 is found on chromosome II in C. elegans and is complementary to sequences in the 3' untranslated region (UTR) of lin-14 mRNA, this complementary transcript containing seven binding sites along with the 9 nucleotide core element CUCAGGGAA. The lin-4:lin-14 duplex is seen to take up an unusual kinked structure, caused by induced changes in the groove dimension and base stacking due to the mismatched base pairs. This lin-4:lin-14 pair have been linked to the IGF-1 pathway in C. elegans w |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Marceli%20Struszy%C5%84ski | Marceli Struszyński (born January 16, 1880, in Winnica – September 1, 1959, in Warsaw) was a Polish chemist and Professor of Warsaw University of Technology from 1938 to 1939 and 1945–1959.
His research was in analytical chemistry and he published several textbooks on the topic. Additionally, he developed an original classification of anions.
During the Second World War he worked with Polish resistance. He analyzed fuel for V-2 rockets during Operation Most III.
He was the father of Wacław Struszyński. Waclaw escaped to England in the war, and made exceptional technical contributions to high frequency (HF) radio direction finding at sea which enabled Royal Navy convoy escort vessels to achieve rapid location of U-boats when they made HF radio transmissions.
Works
Analiza techniczna (1946)
Analiza ilościowa i techniczna (t. 1–3 1947–50)
Jakościowa analiza organiczna (1960)
Jakościowa analiza nieorganiczna (1960)
References
1880 births
1959 deaths
Polish chemists
Academic staff of the Warsaw University of Technology |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maximization | Maximization or maximisation may refer to:
Maximization in the sense of exaggeration
Entropy maximization
Maximization (economics)
Profit maximization
Utility maximization problem
Budget-maximizing model
Shareholder value, maximization
Maximization (psychology)
Optimization (mathematics)
Expectation–maximization algorithm
See also
Minimization (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Materia | Materia is Latin for "material", and may refer to:
Science, philosophy and medicine
Matter as described by conventional physics and chemistry
Matter (philosophy) as contemplated by metaphysical philosophy
Prima Materia is, according to alchemists, the alleged primitive formless base of all matter
Materia medica, a Latin medical term for the body of collected knowledge about the therapeutic properties of any substance used for healing (i.e., medicines)
Homeopathic Materia Medica
Technology
Materials used in manufacturing
Daihatsu Materia, a Japanese automobile
Music
Grand Materia, released in 2005, was the ninth studio album by Swedish heavy metal band Morgana Lefay
Materia (Novembre album), a 2006 album by the Italian metal band Novembre
Memento Materia, a Swedish record label focusing on synth-, electro- and futurepop, although it also released some EBM in the 1990s
Games and software
Materia (Final Fantasy), part of the Final Fantasy VII video game mythos
See also
Marteria, German electronic/rap artist |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/UC%20Santa%20Cruz%20Coastal%20Science%20Campus | The University of California, Santa Cruz (UCSC) Coastal Science Campus consists of five main institutions: UCSC's Long Marine Laboratory, UCSC's Coastal Biology Building, the NOAA Southwest Fisheries Science Center, the Seymour Marine Discovery Center, and the California Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center. The physical location of the campus is at the western end of Santa Cruz, California, roughly 10 minutes away from UCSC's main campus, and is located adjacent to the Younger Lagoon Reserve. Walking trails exist throughout the campus and are used by area residents for walking, biking, and bird watching.
History
The development of an onshore marine laboratory was a priority for UC Santa Cruz's since its founding in 1965. In 1972, Mrs. Marion Stowell Younger and her late husband, Donald, donated 40 acres of land to be used as a marine laboratory and natural reserve. The site contains a relatively undisturbed wetlands, the Younger Lagoon Reserve, and flat terraces for the marine lab buildings. The Long Marine Lab portion of the campus opened in late 1978 and formed the main research facilities supporting marine research of Santa Cruz faculty and students. The Marine Wildlife Veterinary Care and Research Center, owned by the California Department of Fish and Wildlife, was opened in 1997. The Seymour Marine Discovery Center, though informally present since the inception of the Long Marine Lab, was open in its permanent location on March 11, 2000. Groundbreaking |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/David%20Epel | David Epel is a researcher at Hopkins Marine Station in Pacific Grove, California, and a Professor (Emeritus) in the Department of Biology at Stanford University.
Epel earned his Ph.D. at University of California Berkeley under Daniel Mazia. He arrived at Hopkins Marine Station in 1965. Subsequently, Professor Epel spent seven years at University of California San Diego's Scripps Institution of Oceanography. He completed a postdoc with Britton Chance at the University of Pennsylvania.
Professor Epel has been a Guggenheim Fellow, and is a Fellow of the American Association for the Advancement of Science.
Research Focus
His work focuses on egg activation during fertilization, as well as stress on embryonic development.
Scientific Lineage
External links
Epel's Lab
University of California, Berkeley alumni
Stanford University Department of Biology faculty
Fellows of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences
Living people
Fellows of Clare Hall, Cambridge
People from Pacific Grove, California
Year of birth missing (living people) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Institute%20of%20Geophysics | The Institute of Geophysics () is the name of a scientific institute in Iran.
The Institute of Geophysics manages Iran's national seismic data, and directs Iran's national calendar, which is based on the Solar calendar. The authoring of Iran's official lunar and solar calendars each year is specifically headed by Dr. Iraj Malekpour, a faculty member of Tehran University.
The Institute of Geophysics was established as part of Tehran University by Hossein Kashi Afshar in 1957. The institute's grounds was where the United States had facilities based for seismically monitoring the Soviet Union's nuclear testing programs.
The institute currently trains Ph.D students in Meteorology, Seismology, Electromagnetics, and Gravimetry, and is still affiliated with the University of Tehran.
See also
The Physical Society of Iran
External links
Official website
Geophysics
Geophysics
Earth science research institutes |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/ECIT | ECIT (The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology) was established in 2003 at the School of Electronics, Electrical Engineering and Computer Science at Queen's University Belfast (QUB) under the leadership of Professor Sir John V. McCanny CBE FRS FREng MRIA. Professor Máire O'Neill (FIAE, MRIA) was appointed Acting Director in August 2019.
Its three research centres cover areas such as cyber security, wireless, data science and scalable computing.
The institute is home to The Centre for Secure Information Technologies (CSIT), the Centre for Wireless Innovation (CWI) and the Centre for Data Science and Scalable Computing (DSSC).
CSIT is an Innovation and Knowledge Centre (IKC) and was established in 2009 with over £30M initial funding. It is the UK's largest university cyber security research lab, and is acknowledged by the UK NCSC as an Academic Centre of Excellence.
Centre for Wireless Innovation (CWI) was ranked 28th globally in the ShanghaiRanking's Global Ranking of Academic Subjects in Telecommunication Engineering having ascended 35 places on the 2018 ranking. This places CWI at 5th in Europe and 2nd in UK in Telecommunication Engineering for 2019.
ECIT is located at Catalyst Inc, Belfast, and the Titanic Dock is nearly 50 meters away from the ECIT main entrance.
References
External links
The Institute of Electronics, Communications and Information Technology
Queen's University Belfast
Catalyst Inc
Computer science institutes in th |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Atomic%20form%20factor | In physics, the atomic form factor, or atomic scattering factor, is a measure of the scattering amplitude of a wave by an isolated atom. The atomic form factor depends on the type of scattering, which in turn depends on the nature of the incident radiation, typically X-ray, electron or neutron. The common feature of all form factors is that they involve a Fourier transform of a spatial density distribution of the scattering object from real space to momentum space (also known as reciprocal space). For an object with spatial density distribution, , the form factor, , is defined as
,
where is the spatial density of the scatterer about its center of mass (), and is the momentum transfer. As a result of the nature of the Fourier transform, the broader the distribution of the scatterer in real space , the narrower the distribution of in ; i.e., the faster the decay of the form factor.
For crystals, atomic form factors are used to calculate the structure factor for a given Bragg peak of a crystal.
X-ray form factors
X-rays are scattered by the electron cloud of the atom and hence the scattering amplitude of X-rays increases with the atomic number, , of the atoms in a sample. As a result, X-rays are not very sensitive to light atoms, such as hydrogen and helium, and there is very little contrast between elements adjacent to each other in the periodic table. For X-ray scattering, in the above equation is the electron charge density about the nucleus, and the form factor |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List%20of%20women%20in%20mathematics | This is a list of women who have made noteworthy contributions to or achievements in mathematics. These include mathematical research, mathematics education, the history and philosophy of mathematics, public outreach, and mathematics contests.
A
Karen Aardal (born 1961), Norwegian and Dutch applied mathematician, theoretical computer scientist, and operations researcher
Hanan Mohamed Abdelrahman, Egyptian and Norwegian mathematics educator
Izabela Abramowicz (1889–1973), Polish mathematician and mathematics educator
Louise Doris Adams (1889–1965), British mathematics reformer, president of the Mathematical Association
Rachel Blodgett Adams (1894–1982), American mathematician, one of the earliest mathematics doctorates from Radcliffe College
Tatyana Afanasyeva (1876–1964), Russian-Dutch researcher in statistical mechanics, randomness, and geometry education
Amandine Aftalion (born 1973), French applied mathematician, studies superfluids and the mathematics of footracing
Maria Gaetana Agnesi (1718–1799), Italian mathematician and philosopher, possibly the first female mathematics professor
Ilka Agricola (born 1973), German expert on differential geometry and its applications in mathematical physics
Nkechi Agwu (born 1962), African American ethnomathematician
Dorit Aharonov (born 1970), Israeli specialist in quantum computing
Beatrice Aitchison (1908–1997), American topologist who became a transportation economist in the US civil service
Noreen Sher Akbar, Pakista |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/William%20Allan%20Award | The William Allan Award, given by the American Society of Human Genetics, was established in 1961 in memory of William Allan (1881–1943), one of the first American physicians to conduct extensive research in human genetics.
The William Allan Award is presented annually to recognize substantial and far-reaching scientific contributions to human genetics carried out over a sustained period of scientific inquiry and productivity. An award of $25,000 and an engraved medal are presented at the Annual Meeting.
Award recipients
Source: ASHG
See also
List of genetics awards
List of medicine awards
References
American science and technology awards
Awards established in 1961
Genetics awards
Medicine awards |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Storage%20record | In computer science, a storage record is:
A group of related data, words, or fields treated as a meaningful unit; for instance, a Name, Address, and Telephone Number can be a "Personal Record".
A self-contained collection of information about a single object; a record is made up of a number of distinct items, called fields.
In IBM mainframes, a record is a basic unit of device-to-program data transfers. Mainframe files, properly called data sets, are traditionally structured collections of records, as opposed to modern byte stream access files. Records may have a fixed length or variable length.
In Unix-like systems, a number of programs (for example, awk, join, and sort) are designed to process data consisting of records (called lines) each separated by newlines, where each record may contain a number of fields separated by spaces, commas, or some other character.
See also
Block (data storage)
Object composition
Record (computer science)
Row (database)
User-defined type
Computer data storage |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Residue%20%28chemistry%29 | In chemistry, residue is whatever remains or acts as a contaminant after a given class of events.
Residue may be the material remaining after a process of preparation, separation, or purification, such as distillation, evaporation, or filtration. It may also denote the undesired by-products of a chemical reaction.
Food safety
Toxic chemical residues, wastes or contamination from other processes, are a concern in food safety. For example, the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA) and the Canadian Food Inspection Agency (CFIA) have guidelines for detecting chemical residues that are possibly dangerous to consume.
Characteristic units within a molecule
Residue may refer to an atom or a group of atoms that forms part of a molecule, such as a methyl group.
Biochemistry
In biochemistry and molecular biology, a residue refers to a specific monomer within the polymeric chain of a polysaccharide, protein or nucleic acid. One might say, "This protein consists of 118 amino acid residues" or "The histidine residue is considered to be basic because it contains an imidazole ring." Note that a residue is different from a moiety, which, in the above example would be constituted by the imidazole ring or the imidazole moiety.
The concept that suggested this term is presumably the nature of the condensation reaction by which such types of monomeric building blocks, such as amino acids or monosaccharides, are strung together to form a polymeric chain, such as a polysaccharide or a pep |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Saint%20Mary%20High%20School%20%28Westfield%2C%20Massachusetts%29 | Saint Mary High School is a private, Roman Catholic high school in Westfield, Massachusetts. It is located in the Roman Catholic Diocese of Springfield in Massachusetts, which assumed the financial management of the formerly-parochial school and its programming in August 2019.
St. Mary's offers electives in Art, Music, Social Studies, Mathematics, Science, and English. St. Mary's curriculum offers honors and advanced placement level courses in Math, Science, World Language, and English. Through its virtual high school program offered through Catholic Virtual, St. Mary's offers an additional 200 courses.
History
Founding
Saint Mary High School was established in 1899
2018 closure attempt
In March 2018, following a 43% enrollment drop over the course of 19 years from 1999 to 2018, Father Frank Lawlor announced that the parish high school would close at the conclusion of the 2017–18 school year. The decision to close the school was met with an abundance of emotions in a March 12th meeting to discuss the matter. Lawlor said that the decision to close the school was not monetary, and merely an issue of declining student enrollment. Troy Collins, baseball coach of thirteen years for the High School and St. Mary's alumni, asserted that he was told the decision was because of monetary issues.
In the hours following the meeting, parents, alums, and community members began to organize a grassroots attempt at saving the school. Bob Wilcox, Class of 1988, was a key figure in the or |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Honokiol | Honokiol is a lignan isolated from the bark, seed cones, and leaves of trees belonging to the genus Magnolia. It has been identified as one of the chemical compounds in some traditional eastern herbal medicines along with magnolol, 4-O-methylhonokiol, and obovatol.
Biology
Honokiol has been extracted from a number of species of Magnolia native to many regions of the globe. Magnolia grandiflora, which is native to the American South, as well as Mexican species like Magnolia dealbata have been found to be sources of honokiol. Traditionally in Asian medicine, the Magnolia biondii, Magnolia obovata, and Magnolia officinalis are commonly used. The compound itself has a spicy odor.
Because of its physical properties, honokiol can readily cross the blood brain barrier and the blood-cerebrospinal fluid barrier. As a result, honokiol is a potentially potent therapy with high bioavailability.
Chemistry
Structure
Honokiol belongs to a class of neolignan biphenols. As a polyphenol it is relatively small and can interact with cell membrane proteins through intermolecular interactions like hydrogen bonding, hydrophobic interactions, or aromatic pi orbital co-valency. It is hydrophobic and readily dissolved in lipids. It is structurally similar to propofol.
Purification
There are several methods for purifying and isolating honokiol. In nature, honokiol exists with its structural isomer magnolol, which differs from honokiol only by the position of one hydroxyl group. Because of the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Dragan%20%C5%A0utanovac | Dragan Šutanovac (, ; born 24 July 1968) is a Serbian politician, former leader of the Democratic Party and former Minister of Defence in the Government of Serbia.
He supports the accession of Serbia to the European Union and NATO.
Background
He graduated from the University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering. He specialized in security courses in the field of law enforcement and gained a diploma for security issues and oversight. He is also holder of the diploma of George C. Marshall European Center for Security Studies in Garmisch-Partenkirchen. From April to May 2000, he served in the European Parliament in Strasbourg and Brussels. In September 2000, he was appointed special advisor at the Federal Ministry of Interior and in 2001 he became Assistant Federal Minister of Interior. In parliamentary elections in 2000, 2003 and 2007 he was selected as an MP.
From 2002 to 2003 he was president of the Serbian Parliament's committee for defense and security. In local elections in 2000 and 2004, he was voted deputy in the Belgrade City Assembly.
References
External links
Biography at Ministry of Defence
|-
1968 births
Living people
Politicians from Belgrade
Government ministers of Serbia
Democratic Party (Serbia) politicians
University of Belgrade Faculty of Mechanical Engineering alumni
Defence ministers of Serbia |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Left-child%20right-sibling%20binary%20tree | Every multi-way or k-ary tree structure studied in computer science admits a representation as a binary tree, which goes by various names including child-sibling representation, left-child, right-sibling binary tree, doubly chained tree or filial-heir chain.
In a binary tree that represents a multi-way tree , each node corresponds to a node in and has two pointers: one to the node's first child, and one to its next sibling in . The children of a node thus form a singly-linked list. To find a node 's 'th child, one needs to traverse this list:
procedure kth-child(n, k):
child ← n.child
while k ≠ 0 and child ≠ nil:
child ← child.next-sibling
k ← k − 1
return child // may return nil
The process of converting from a k-ary tree to an LC-RS binary tree is sometimes called the Knuth transform. To form a binary tree from an arbitrary k-ary tree by this method, the root of the original tree is made the root of the binary tree. Then, starting with the root, each node's leftmost child in the original tree is made its left child in the binary tree, and its nearest sibling to the right in the original tree is made its right child in the binary tree.
Doubly chained trees were described by Edward H. Sussenguth in 1963.
Processing a k-ary tree to LC-RS binary tree, every node is linked and aligned with the left child, and the next nearest is a sibling. For example, we have a ternary tree below:
1
/|\
|
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%20trapping | Spin trapping is an analytical technique employed in chemistry and biology for the detection and identification of short-lived free radicals through the use of electron paramagnetic resonance (EPR) spectroscopy. EPR spectroscopy detects paramagnetic species such as the unpaired electrons of free radicals. However, when the half-life of radicals is too short to detect with EPR, compounds known as spin traps are used to react covalently with the radical products and form more stable adduct that will also have paramagnetic resonance spectra detectable by EPR spectroscopy. The use of radical-addition reactions to detect short-lived radicals was developed by several independent groups by 1968.
Spin traps
The most commonly used spin traps are alpha-phenyl N-tertiary-butyl nitrone (PBN) and 5,5-dimethyl-pyrroline N-oxide (DMPO). More rarely, C-nitroso spin traps such as 3,5-dibromo-4-nitrosobenzenesulfonic acid (DBNBS) can be used: often additional hyperfine information is derived, but at a cost of specificity (due to facile non-radical addition of many compounds to C-nitroso species, and subsequent oxidation of the resulting hydroxylamine).
5-Diisopropoxyphosphoryl-5-methyl-1-pyrroline-N-oxide (DIPPMPO) spin trapping has been used in measuring superoxide production in mitochondria.
A comprehensive list of Spin Trapping molecules is maintained by the IUPAC.
Radical detection
A common method for spin-trapping involves the addition of radical to a nitrone spin trap resulting i |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Covariance%20and%20contravariance | Covariance and contravariance may refer to:
Covariance and contravariance of vectors, in mathematics and theoretical physics
Covariance and contravariance of functors, in category theory
Covariance and contravariance (computer science), whether a type system preserves the ordering ≤ of types
See also
Covariance, in probability theory and statistics, the measure of how much two random variables vary together
Covariance (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Quantum%20graph | In mathematics and physics, a quantum graph is a linear, network-shaped structure of vertices connected on edges (i.e., a graph) in which each edge is given a length and where a differential (or pseudo-differential) equation is posed on each edge. An example would be a power network consisting of power lines (edges) connected at transformer stations (vertices); the differential equations would then describe the voltage along each of the lines, with boundary conditions for each edge provided at the adjacent vertices ensuring that the current added over all edges adds to zero at each vertex.
Quantum graphs were first studied by Linus Pauling as models of free electrons in organic molecules in the 1930s. They also arise in a variety of mathematical contexts, e.g. as model systems in quantum chaos, in the study of waveguides, in photonic crystals and in Anderson localization, or as limit on shrinking thin wires. Quantum graphs have become prominent models in mesoscopic physics used to obtain a theoretical understanding of nanotechnology. Another, more simple notion of quantum graphs was introduced by Freedman et al.
Aside from actually solving the differential equations posed on a quantum graph for purposes of concrete applications, typical questions that arise are those of controllability (what inputs have to be provided to bring the system into a desired state, for example providing sufficient power to all houses on a power network) and identifiability (how and where one h |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/SERCOS%20interface | In the field of Industrial Control Systems, the interfacing of various control components must provide means to coordinate the signals and commands sent between control modules. While tight coordination is desirable for discrete inputs and outputs, it is especially important in motion controls, where directing the movement of individual axes of motion must be precisely coordinated so that the motion of the entire system follows a desired path. Types of equipment requiring such coordination include metal cutting machine tools, metal forming equipment, assembly machinery, packaging machinery, robotics, printing machinery and material handling equipment. The Sercos (serial real-time communication system) interface is a globally standardized open digital interface for the communication between industrial controls, motion devices (drives) and input output devices (I/O). Sercos I and II are standardized in IEC 61491 and EN 61491. Sercos III is specified in standards IEC 61800-7; IEC 61784-1, -2, -3 and IEC 61158. Sercos is designed to provide hard real-time, high performance communications between industrial motion controls and digital servo drives.
History
Until the early 1980s the majority of servo drive systems used to control motion in industrial machinery were based upon analog electronics. The accepted interface to control such devices was an analog voltage signal, where polarity represented the desired direction of motion, and magnitude represented the desired speed or t |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stemm | Stemm may refer to:
STEMM, American metal band
STEMM, abbreviation for Science, technology, engineering, mathematics, and medicine
Stemm, Indiana, a community in the US
See also
Stem (disambiguation)
Stemme, a German light aircraft manufacturer |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/John%20L.%20Harper | John Lander Harper (27 May 1925 – 22 March 2009) was a British biologist, specializing in ecology and plant population biology.
Life
He was born in 1925 and educated at Lawrence Sheriff School, Rugby. He obtained his degree in Botany in (1946) and his MA and DPhil (1950) from Oxford with his doctoral thesis An investigation of the interaction of soil micro-organisms with special reference to the study of the bacterial population of plant root systems. Dr Harper spent a further nine years conducting research at the Department of Agriculture, Oxford, and a sabbatical as Rockefeller Foundation Fellow at the University of California, Davis, he was in 1967 appointed head of the newly formed School of Plant Biology at Bangor University North Wales.
He served as president of the British Ecological Society (BES) (1966–1968) and of the European Society for Evolutionary Biology (1993-1995).
He was elected a Fellow of the Royal Society in 1978 and was their Darwin Medal recipient for 1990. He received the Millennium Botany Award in 1999 and the Marsh Ecology Award from the BES the same year. He was awarded CBE in 1989.
He has authored several textbooks on ecology and population biology.
The British Ecological Society awards the John L. Harper Young Investigator's prize annually to the best paper in Journal of Ecology by a young author. He was a member of the British Humanist Association.
He died on 22 March 2009.
Publications
Ecology text book
2006 - Ecology: from individua |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Qa-1b | Within molecular and cell biology, Qa-1b is a MHC class I molecule and is the functional homolog of HLA-E in humans. Qa-1b is characterised by its limited polymorphisms and small peptide repertoire. Qa-1b binds to peptides derived from signal peptides of MHC class Ia molecule and interact with the CD94/NKG2 receptors on natural killer cells. The Qa-1b-peptide complex signals natural killer cells not to engage in cell lysis. Despite its homology with HLA-E, it seems that Qa-1b evolved a similar function to HLA-E coincidentally.
References
Biomolecules |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alloy%20%28specification%20language%29 | In computer science and software engineering, Alloy is a declarative specification language for expressing complex structural constraints and behavior in a software system. Alloy provides a simple structural modeling tool based on first-order logic. Alloy is targeted at the creation of micro-models that can then be automatically checked for correctness. Alloy specifications can be checked using the Alloy Analyzer.
Although Alloy is designed with automatic analysis in mind, Alloy differs from many specification languages designed for model-checking in that it permits the definition of infinite models. The Alloy Analyzer is designed to perform finite scope checks even on infinite models.
The Alloy language and analyzer are developed by a team led by Daniel Jackson at the Massachusetts Institute of Technology in the United States.
History and influences
The first version of the Alloy language appeared in 1997. It was a rather limited object modeling language. Succeeding iterations of the language "added quantifiers, higher arity relations, polymorphism, subtyping, and signatures".
The mathematical underpinnings of the language were heavily influenced by the Z notation, and the syntax of Alloy owes more to languages such as Object Constraint Language.
The Alloy Analyzer
The Alloy Analyzer was specifically developed to support so-called "lightweight formal methods". As such, it is intended to provide fully automated analysis, in contrast to the interactive theorem provin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centre%20de%20donn%C3%A9es%20astronomiques%20de%20Strasbourg | The Centre de Données astronomiques de Strasbourg (CDS; English translation: Strasbourg Astronomical Data Centre) is a data centre which collects and distributes astronomical information
. It was established in 1972 under the name Centre de Données Stellaires by the National Institute of Astronomy and Geophysics (INAG). The on-line services currently provided by the CDS include:
SIMBAD, a database of astronomical objects. It's the main service for the identification and bibliography of astronomical objects, vizier, which collects astronomical catalogs and tables published in academic newspapers, and Aladdin, an interactive atlas of the sky that allows to visualize astronomical images from the soil and spatial observatories or supplied by the user, and data from CDS services or other databases such as NED.
VizieR, a service for astronomical catalogues and data associated with publications.
Aladin, an interactive sky atlas and image database.
X-Match, a catalogue cross-matching service.
This is one of the actors of the International Virtual Observatory Alliance (IVOA), which develops the necessary standards to ensure the interoperability of archives and astronomical services.
The CDS mission is to:
collect useful information concerning astronomical objects that is available in computerized form;
upgrade these data by critical evaluations and comparisons;
distribute the results to the astronomical community;
conduct research, using these data.
On November 27, 2010, 9, |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Norman%20Zada | Norman Zada (born Norman Askar Zadeh) is a former adjunct mathematics professor and an entrepreneur. He is the founder of Perfect 10, an adult magazine focusing on women without cosmetic surgery, and runs the United States Investing Competition. Zada is the son of Lotfi Zadeh, the creator of fuzzy logic.
Education and early career
Zada obtained a PhD in Operations Research at the University of California, Berkeley and worked at IBM. He was an adjunct mathematics Professor at Stanford University, Columbia University, UCLA and University of California, Irvine, writing articles on applied mathematics as well as the 2020 book Hold'em Poker Super Strategy. and the 1974 book Winning Poker Systems.
After teaching, he won both backgammon and sports handicapping championships and later became a money manager. In the 1980s he ran a number of financial competitions, including the United States Investing Championship. Zada made headlines in 1996 when he offered $400,000 for anyone successfully refuting his claim that balancing the United States federal budget over a multi-year period without an accompanying substantial trade surplus would be effectively mathematically impossible.
Perfect 10 magazine
Zada launched Perfect 10 magazine, an adult magazine focusing on women without cosmetic surgery, after a friend was rejected from Playboy magazine because her proportions did not fit the magazine's tastes. He estimates losing approximately $46 million on Perfect 10 since 1996, when the mag |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Lie%20algebra%20bundle | In mathematics, a weak Lie algebra bundle
is a vector bundle over a base space X together with a morphism
which induces a Lie algebra structure on each fibre .
A Lie algebra bundle is a vector bundle in which
each fibre is a Lie algebra and for every x in X, there is an open set containing x, a Lie algebra L and a homeomorphism
such that
is a Lie algebra isomorphism.
Any Lie algebra bundle is a weak Lie algebra bundle, but the converse need not be true in general.
As an example of a weak Lie algebra bundle that is not a strong Lie algebra bundle, consider the total space over the real line . Let [.,.] denote the Lie bracket of and deform it by the real parameter as:
for and .
Lie's third theorem states that every bundle of Lie algebras can locally be integrated to a bundle of Lie groups. In general globally the total space might fail to be Hausdorff. But if all fibres of a real Lie algebra bundle over a topological space are mutually isomorphic as Lie algebras, then it is a locally trivial Lie algebra bundle. This result was proved by proving that the real orbit of a real point under an algebraic group is open in the real part of its complex orbit. Suppose the base space is Hausdorff and fibers of total space are isomorphic as Lie algebras then there exists a Hausdorff Lie group bundle over the same base space whose Lie algebra bundle is isomorphic to the given Lie algebra bundle. Every semi simple Lie algebra bundle is locally trivial. Hence there exist a H |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Matrix%20determinant%20lemma | In mathematics, in particular linear algebra, the matrix determinant lemma computes the determinant of the sum of an invertible matrix A and the dyadic product, uvT, of a column vector u and a row vector vT.
Statement
Suppose A is an invertible square matrix and u, v are column vectors. Then the matrix determinant lemma states that
Here, uvT is the outer product of two vectors u and v.
The theorem can also be stated in terms of the adjugate matrix of A:
in which case it applies whether or not the square matrix A is invertible.
Proof
First the proof of the special case A = I follows from the equality:
The determinant of the left hand side is the product of the determinants of the three matrices. Since the first and third matrix are triangular matrices with unit diagonal, their determinants are just 1. The determinant of the middle matrix is our desired value. The determinant of the right hand side is simply (1 + vTu). So we have the result:
Then the general case can be found as:
Application
If the determinant and inverse of A are already known, the formula provides a numerically cheap way to compute the determinant of A corrected by the matrix uvT. The computation is relatively cheap because the determinant of A + uvT does not have to be computed from scratch (which in general is expensive). Using unit vectors for u and/or v, individual columns, rows or elements of A may be manipulated and a correspondingly updated determinant computed relatively cheaply in this |
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