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https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jim%20K.%20Omura | Jimmy K. Omura (born September 8, 1940 in San Jose, California) is an electrical engineer and information theorist.
Omura received his B.S. and M.S. from MIT, and his Ph.D. from Stanford University, all in electrical engineering. He was a professor of electrical engineering at UCLA for 15 years. His notable work includes the design of a number of spread spectrum communications systems, and the Massey-Omura cryptosystem (with James Massey). With Andrew Viterbi he co-authored Principles of Digital Communication and Coding (), a standard textbook in digital communications. He also co-authored the Spread Spectrum Communications Handbook ().
In 1981, Jim K. Omura was elevated to the grade of IEEE fellow for contribution to information and communications theory as applied to communications systems design.
Omura founded the data security company Cylink, which had an IPO in 1996 and was acquired by SafeNet in 2003. He was the technology strategist for the Gordon and Betty Moore Foundation during 2002 - 2011.
In 2005, Omura received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal. He was elected a member of the National Academy of Engineering in 1997 for contributions in spread-spectrum communications and data encryption. He was inducted into the Silicon Valley Engineering Hall of Fame in 2009.
References
External links
Biography at the Moore Foundation
Biography at IEEE History Center
Biography at USC Viterbi School of Engineering
Living people
American information theorists
American |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Spin%E2%80%93spin%20relaxation | In physics, the spin–spin relaxation is the mechanism by which , the transverse component of the magnetization vector, exponentially decays towards its equilibrium value in nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI). It is characterized by the spin–spin relaxation time, known as 2, a time constant characterizing the signal decay.
It is named in contrast to 1, the spin–lattice relaxation time. It is the time it takes for the magnetic resonance signal to irreversibly decay to 37% (1/e) of its initial value after its generation by tipping the longitudinal magnetization towards the magnetic transverse plane. Hence the relation
.
2 relaxation generally proceeds more rapidly than 1 recovery, and different samples and different biological tissues have different 2. For example, fluids have the longest 2 (on the order of seconds for protons), and water based tissues are in the 40–200 ms range, while fat based tissues are in the 10–100 ms range. Amorphous solids have 2 in the range of milliseconds, while the transverse magnetization of crystalline samples decays in around 1/20 ms.
Origin
When excited nuclear spins—i.e., those lying partially in the transverse plane—interact with each other by sampling local magnetic field inhomogeneities on the micro- and nanoscales, their respective accumulated phases deviate from expected values. While the slow- or non-varying component of this deviation is reversible, some net signal will inevitably be lost due to sh |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Homer%20E.%20Newell%20Jr. | Homer Edward Newell Jr. (March 11, 1915 – July 18, 1983) was a mathematics professor and author who became a powerful United States government science administrator—eventually rising to the number three position at the National Aeronautics and Space Administration (NASA). In the early 1960s, he either controlled or influenced virtually all non-military uncrewed space missions for the free world.
Early life and education
Newell was born March 11, 1915, in Holyoke, Massachusetts. He was educated in the public schools, graduating at the top of his class from Holyoke High in 1932. In a 1980 interview, he recalled that his interest in science arose from his grandfather Arthur J. Newell, an engineer for a local electrical equipment manufacturer, who had an extensive private library where Newell found books on astronomy and chemistry. Arthur also provided the money for his grandson's university education at Harvard University, where he graduated with a 1936 Bachelor of Arts in Math, and a 1937 Master of Arts in Teaching. He applied for a scholarship to pursue a Doctorate in Math, but Harvard did not award it. Instead, he completed his education at the University of Wisconsin–Madison, which awarded him a Math Ph.D. in 1940 with Rudolf Langer as thesis advisor.
Career
From 1940 to 1944, Newell was an instructor, and then assistant professor of mathematics at the University of Maryland. During World War II he also worked as a Civil Aeronautics Authority (CAA) ground instructor in air |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/K-space%20in%20magnetic%20resonance%20imaging | In magnetic resonance imaging (MRI), the k-space or reciprocal space (a mathematical space of spatial frequencies) is obtained as the 2D or 3D Fourier transform of the image measured.
It was introduced in 1979 by Likes and in 1983 by Ljunggren and Twieg.
In MRI physics, complex values are sampled in k-space during an MR measurement in a premeditated scheme controlled by a pulse sequence, i.e. an accurately timed sequence of radiofrequency and gradient pulses. In practice, k-space often refers to the temporary image space, usually a matrix, in which data from digitized MR signals are stored during data acquisition. When k-space is full (at the end of the scan) the data are mathematically processed to produce a final image. Thus k-space holds raw data before reconstruction.
It can be formulated by defining wave vectors and for "frequency encoding" (FE) and "phase encoding" (PE):
where is the sampling time (the reciprocal of sampling frequency), is the duration of GPE, (gamma bar) is the gyromagnetic ratio, m is the sample number in the FE direction and n is the sample number in the PE direction (also known as partition number). Then, the 2D-Fourier Transform of this encoded signal results in a representation of the spin density distribution in two dimensions. Thus position (x,y) and spatial frequency (, ) constitute a Fourier transform pair.
Typically, k-space has the same number of rows and columns as the final image and is filled with raw data during the scan, usuall |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Extinction%20threshold | Extinction threshold is a term used in conservation biology to explain the point at which a species, population or metapopulation, experiences an abrupt change in density or number because of an important parameter, such as habitat loss. It is at this critical value below which a species, population, or metapopulation, will go extinct, though this may take a long time for species just below the critical value, a phenomenon known as extinction debt.
Extinction thresholds are important to conservation biologists when studying a species in a population or metapopulation context because the colonization rate must be larger than the extinction rate, otherwise the entire entity will go extinct once it reaches the threshold.
Extinction thresholds are realized under a number of circumstances and the point in modeling them is to define the conditions that lead a population to extinction. Modeling extinction thresholds can explain the relationship between extinction threshold and habitat loss and habitat fragmentation.
Mathematical models
Metapopulation-type models are used to predict extinction thresholds. The classic metapopulation model is the Levins Model, which is the model of metapopulation dynamics established by Richard Levins in the 1960s. It was used to evaluate patch occupancy in a large network of patches. This model was extended in the 1980s by Russell Lande to include habitat occupancy. This mathematical model is used to infer the extinction values and important pop |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stretched%20Rohini%20Satellite%20Series | The Stretched Rohini Satellite Series (SROSS) are a series of satellites developed by the Indian Space Research Organisation as follow ons to the Rohini Satellites for conducting astrophysics, Earth Remote Sensing, and upper atmospheric monitoring experiments as well as for new and novel application-oriented missions. These satellites were the payload of the developmental flights of the Augmented Satellite Launch Vehicle.
Satellites in series
SROSS A and SROSS B
The first two satellites in the series did not make it into orbit due to launch vehicle failure. SROSS-A carried two retro-reflectors for laser tracking. SROSS-B carried two instruments; a West German Monocular Electro Optical Stereo Scanner (MEOSS) and ISRO's 20-3000keV Gamma-ray Burst Experiment (GRB).
SROSS C
The third, SROSS 3 (also known as SROSS C), attained a lower-than-planned orbit on 20 May 1992. The GRB monitored celestial gamma ray bursts in the energy range 20–3000 keV. SROSS C and C2 carried a gamma-ray burst (GRB) experiment and a Retarded Potential Analyzer (RPA) experiment. The GRB experiment operated from 25 May 1992 until reentry on 14 July 1992. The instrument consisted of a main and a redundant CsI(Na) scintillator operating in the energy range 20–3000 keV. The crystals were 76 mm (main) and 37 mm (redundant) in diameter. Each had a thickness of 12.5 mm. A 'burst mode' was triggered by the 100–1024 keV count rate exceeding a preset limit during a 256 or 1024 ms time integration. In this mode |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Levy%E2%80%93Mises%20equations | The Levi–Mises equations (also called flow rules) describe the relationship between stress and strain for an ideal plastic solid where the elastic strains are negligible.
The generalized Levy–Mises equation can be written as:
Materials science
Continuum mechanics
Solid mechanics |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Shimizu%20Corporation | is an architectural, civil engineering and general contracting firm. It has annual sales of approximately US$15 billion and has been widely recognized as one of the top 5 contractors in Japan and among the top 20 in the world.
It is a family business listed in the Tokyo and Osaka stock exchanges and a constituent of the Nikkei 225 index.
About Shimizu
The company is named after its founder Kisuke Shimizu, who was born in Koba Village, Etchu (now part of Toyama), and has nothing to do with the former city Shimizu in Shizuoka Prefecture. Kisuke Shimizu formed the company in Edo (now Tokyo) in 1804. The company has been headquartered there ever since.
Shimizu Corporation is an international general contractor, publicly listed on the Tokyo, Nagoya Stock Exchange and the Osaka Securities Exchange and is a constituent of the Nikkei 225 stock index. It has a network spanning Asia, Europe, North America, the Middle East and Africa.
Services offered
Planning & Consulting
Development & Financing
Design
Construction
Facility Management
Maintenance
Renovation
Engineering & Technology
Research & Development
Notable constructions
Japan
Yoyogi National Gymnasium
Tokyo Bay Aqua-Line - Aqua-Line tunnel and Umihotaru (an artificial island used as a rest station on the Aqua-Line)
JR Hakata City
Haneda Airport runway D
Fukuoka Airport Cargo Terminal
Mode Gakuen Cocoon Tower
Asia
Bãi Cháy Bridge
Singapore Changi Airport Terminal 3
Malaysia–Singapore Second Link
Bính Bri |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Hermann%20Friedrich%20Waesemann | Hermann Friedrich Waesemann (6 June 1813 – 28 January 1879) was a German architect.
He was born in Danzig (Gdańsk), the son of an architect. He studied mathematics and science in Bonn from 1830 to 1832, before going to Berlin to study architecture at the Bauakademie. His main work is the Rotes Rathaus in Berlin.
Waesemann died in Berlin and is buried at the Friedhof II der Sophiengemeinde Berlin.
1813 births
1879 deaths
19th-century German architects
University of Bonn alumni
People from Gdańsk |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Voluntarism | Voluntarism may refer to:
Doxastic voluntarism, the philosophical view that people choose their own beliefs.
Voluntarism (action), any action based on non-coercion
Voluntarism (philosophy), a perspective in metaphysics and the philosophy of mind that prioritizes the will over emotion or reason
Voluntarism (psychology), the doctrine that the power of the will organizes the mind’s content into higher-level thought processes
Voluntaryism, a libertarian ideology based on contractualism and the absence of initiatory force or coerced association by any person, state, or collective
Voluntaryism (religion), the belief that religious institutions should be supported by voluntary contributions rather than government subsidy
Volunteering, donating one's labor without monetary compensation
See also
Anarchism
Agorism |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Electroblotting | Electroblotting is a method in molecular biology/biochemistry/immunogenetics to transfer proteins or nucleic acids onto a membrane by using PVDF or nitrocellulose, after gel electrophoresis. The protein or nucleic acid can then be further analyzed using probes such as specific antibodies, ligands like lectins, or stains. This method can be used with all polyacrylamide and agarose gels. An alternative technique for transferring proteins from a gel is capillary blotting.
Development
This technique was patented in 1989 by William J. Littlehales under the title "Electroblotting technique for transferring specimens from a polyacrylamide electrophoresis or like gel onto a membrane.
Electroblotting procedure
This technique relies upon current and a transfer buffer solution to drive proteins or nucleic acids onto a membrane. Following electrophoresis, a standard tank or semi-dry blotting transfer system is set up. A stack is put together in the following order from cathode to anode: sponge | three sheets of filter paper soaked in transfer buffer | gel | PVDF or nitrocellulose membrane | three sheets of filter paper soaked in transfer buffer | sponge. It is a necessity that the membrane is located between the gel and the positively charged anode, as the current and sample will be moving in that direction. Once the stack is prepared, it is placed in the transfer system, and a current of suitable magnitude is applied for a suitable period of time according to the materials being used |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Normal%20polytope | In mathematics, specifically in combinatorial commutative algebra, a convex lattice polytope P is called normal if it has the following property: given any positive integer n, every lattice point of the dilation nP, obtained from P by scaling its vertices by the factor n and taking the convex hull of the resulting points, can be written as the sum of exactly n lattice points in P. This property plays an important role in the theory of toric varieties, where it corresponds to projective normality of the toric variety determined by P. Normal polytopes have popularity in algebraic combinatorics. These polytopes also represent the homogeneous case of the Hilbert bases of finite positive rational cones and the connection to algebraic geometry is that they define projectively normal embeddings of toric varieties.
Definition
Let be a lattice polytope. Let denote the lattice (possibly in an affine subspace of ) generated by the integer points in . Letting be an arbitrary lattice point in , this can be defined as
P is integrally closed if the following condition is satisfied:
such that .
P is normal if the following condition is satisfied:
such that .
The normality property is invariant under affine-lattice isomorphisms of lattice polytopes and the integrally closed property is invariant under an affine change of coordinates. Note sometimes in combinatorial literature the difference between normal and integrally closed is blurred.
Examples
The simplex in Rk with the |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Gauge%20function | In mathematics, gauge function may refer to
the gauge as used in the definition of the Henstock-Kurzweil integral, also known as the gauge integral;
in fractal geometry, a synonym for dimension function;
in control theory and dynamical systems, a synonym for Lyapunov candidate function;
in gauge theory, a synonym for gauge symmetry.
a type of Minkowski functional |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Scatter%20matrix | For the notion in quantum mechanics, see scattering matrix.
In multivariate statistics and probability theory, the scatter matrix is a statistic that is used to make estimates of the covariance matrix, for instance of the multivariate normal distribution.
Definition
Given n samples of m-dimensional data, represented as the m-by-n matrix, , the sample mean is
where is the j-th column of .
The scatter matrix is the m-by-m positive semi-definite matrix
where denotes matrix transpose, and multiplication is with regards to the outer product. The scatter matrix may be expressed more succinctly as
where is the n-by-n centering matrix.
Application
The maximum likelihood estimate, given n samples, for the covariance matrix of a multivariate normal distribution can be expressed as the normalized scatter matrix
When the columns of are independently sampled from a multivariate normal distribution, then has a Wishart distribution.
See also
Estimation of covariance matrices
Sample covariance matrix
Wishart distribution
Outer product—or X⊗X is the outer product of X with itself.
Gram matrix
References
Covariance and correlation
Matrices |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Centering%20matrix | In mathematics and multivariate statistics, the centering matrix is a symmetric and idempotent matrix, which when multiplied with a vector has the same effect as subtracting the mean of the components of the vector from every component of that vector.
Definition
The centering matrix of size n is defined as the n-by-n matrix
where is the identity matrix of size n and is an n-by-n matrix of all 1's.
For example
,
,
Properties
Given a column-vector, of size n, the centering property of can be expressed as
where is a column vector of ones and is the mean of the components of .
is symmetric positive semi-definite.
is idempotent, so that , for . Once the mean has been removed, it is zero and removing it again has no effect.
is singular. The effects of applying the transformation cannot be reversed.
has the eigenvalue 1 of multiplicity n − 1 and eigenvalue 0 of multiplicity 1.
has a nullspace of dimension 1, along the vector .
is an orthogonal projection matrix. That is, is a projection of onto the (n − 1)-dimensional subspace that is orthogonal to the nullspace . (This is the subspace of all n-vectors whose components sum to zero.)
The trace of is .
Application
Although multiplication by the centering matrix is not a computationally efficient way of removing the mean from a vector, it is a convenient analytical tool. It can be used not only to remove the mean of a single vector, but also of multiple vectors stored in the rows or columns of an m |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Stencil%20jumping | Stencil jumping, at times called stencil walking, is an algorithm to locate the grid element enclosing a given point for any structured mesh. In simple words, given a point and a structured mesh, this algorithm will help locate the grid element that will enclose the given point.
This algorithm finds extensive use in Computational Fluid Dynamics (CFD) in terms of holecutting and interpolation when two meshes lie one inside the other. The other variations of the problem would be something like this: Given a place, at which latitude and longitude does it lie? The brute force algorithm would find the distance of the point from every mesh point and see which is smallest. Another approach would be to use a binary search algorithm which would yield a result comparable in speed to the stencil jumping algorithm. A combination of both the binary search and the stencil jumping algorithm will yield an optimum result in the minimum possible time.
The principle
Consider one grid element of a 2-dimensional mesh as shown, for simplicity and consider a point O inside.
The vertices of the grid element are denoted by A, B, C and D and the vectors AB, BC, CD, DA, OA, OB, OC and OD are represented.
The cross product of OA and AB will yield a vector perpendicular to the plane coming out of the screen. We say that the magnitude of the cross product is positive. It will be observed that the cross products of OB and BC, OC and CD; and OD and DA are all positive.
This is not the case when the poin |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Paradox%20of%20the%20plankton | In aquatic biology, the paradox of the plankton describes the situation in which a limited range of resources supports an unexpectedly wide range of plankton species, apparently flouting the competitive exclusion principle which holds that when two species compete for the same resource, one will be driven to extinction.
Ecological paradox
The paradox of the plankton results from the clash between the observed diversity of plankton and the competitive exclusion principle, also known as Gause's law, which states that, when two species compete for the same resource, ultimately only one will persist and the other will be driven to extinction. Coexistence between two such species is impossible because the dominant one will inevitably deplete the shared resources, thus decimating the inferior population. Phytoplankton life is diverse at all phylogenetic levels despite the limited range of resources (e.g. light, nitrate, phosphate, silicic acid, iron) for which they compete amongst themselves. The paradox of the plankton was originally described in 1961 by G. Evelyn Hutchinson, who proposed that the paradox could be resolved by factors such as vertical gradients of light or turbulence, symbiosis or commensalism, differential predation, or constantly changing environmental conditions.
Later studies found that the paradox can be resolved by factors such as: zooplankton grazing pressure; chaotic fluid motion; size-selective grazing; spatio-temporal heterogeneity; bacterial mediati |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Discovery%20Institute%20intelligent%20design%20campaigns | The Discovery Institute has conducted a series of related public relations campaigns which seek to promote intelligent design while attempting to discredit evolutionary biology, which the Institute terms "Darwinism". The Discovery Institute promotes the pseudoscientific intelligent design movement and is represented by Creative Response Concepts, a public relations firm.
Prominent Institute campaigns have been to 'Teach the Controversy' and to allow 'Critical Analysis of Evolution'. Other campaigns have claimed that intelligent design advocates (most notably Richard Sternberg) have been discriminated against, and thus that Academic Freedom bills are needed to protect academics' and teachers' ability to criticise evolution, and that the development of evolutionary theory was historically linked to ideologies such as Nazism and eugenics, claims based on misrepresentation which have been ridiculed by topic experts. These three claims are all publicized in the pro-ID movie Expelled: No Intelligence Allowed; the Anti-Defamation League said the film's attempt to blame science for the Nazi Holocaust was outrageous. Other campaigns have included petitions, most notably A Scientific Dissent From Darwinism.
The theory of evolution is accepted by overwhelming scientific consensus. Intelligent design has been rejected, both by the vast majority of scientists and by court findings, such as Kitzmiller v. Dover, as being a religious view and not science.
Goal of the campaigns
The overa |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Compressed%20sensing | Compressed sensing (also known as compressive sensing, compressive sampling, or sparse sampling) is a signal processing technique for efficiently acquiring and reconstructing a signal, by finding solutions to underdetermined linear systems. This is based on the principle that, through optimization, the sparsity of a signal can be exploited to recover it from far fewer samples than required by the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. There are two conditions under which recovery is possible. The first one is sparsity, which requires the signal to be sparse in some domain. The second one is incoherence, which is applied through the isometric property, which is sufficient for sparse signals.
Overview
A common goal of the engineering field of signal processing is to reconstruct a signal from a series of sampling measurements. In general, this task is impossible because there is no way to reconstruct a signal during the times that the signal is not measured. Nevertheless, with prior knowledge or assumptions about the signal, it turns out to be possible to perfectly reconstruct a signal from a series of measurements (acquiring this series of measurements is called sampling). Over time, engineers have improved their understanding of which assumptions are practical and how they can be generalized.
An early breakthrough in signal processing was the Nyquist–Shannon sampling theorem. It states that if a real signal's highest frequency is less than half of the sampling rate, then the sig |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Bad%20Biology | Bad Biology is a 2008 American black comedy horror film directed by Frank Henenlotter. Produced by rapper R.A. the Rugged Man, it stars Charlee Danielson and Anthony Sneed as sexually unfulfilled people who are drawn together because of their mutated genitalia. The film received generally positive reviews, and was released on DVD in the United Kingdom in 2009, and in the United States in 2010.
Plot
The film follows Jennifer, a photographer, and Batz. Jennifer has an over-evolved, hyperactive reproduction system. Because of her condition, she can only be satisfied by very intense sex, which occasionally results in the death of her partners.
Jennifer's co-worker offers to get access to a mansion for a special photo shoot. Meanwhile, at said mansion, Batz is trying to subdue his sentient penis, which is addicted to drugs. Batz sees one of the models during the shoot, and gets an erection. Jennifer witnesses this and becomes obsessed with him, convinced that he is the only man who can satisfy her. She steals his house keys and later breaks into his house. She sees him bring home a prostitute and begins to film it.
Although his sexual encounter with the prostitute does not last long, she continues to orgasm for more than forty-five minutes afterwards. Jennifer gets aroused by this, and returns the next night, only to discover that Batz's penis has left his body, and is having sex with numerous women throughout the city.
The penis eventually returns; however, it is suffering |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Latent%20extinction%20risk | In conservation biology, latent extinction risk is a measure of the potential for a species to become threatened.
Latent risk can most easily be described as the difference, or discrepancy, between the current observed extinction risk of a species (typically as quantified by the IUCN Red List) and the theoretical extinction risk of a species predicted by its biological or life history characteristics.
Calculation
Because latent risk is the discrepancy between current and predicted risks, estimates of both of these values are required (See population modeling and population dynamics). Once these values are known, the latent extinction risk can be calculated as Predicted Risk - Current Risk = Latent Extinction Risk.
When the latent extinction risk is a positive value, it indicates that a species is currently less threatened than its biology would suggest it ought to be. For example, a species may have several of the characteristics often found in threatened species, such as large body size, small geographic distribution, or low reproductive rate, but still be rated as "least concern" in the IUCN Red List. This may be because it has not yet been exposed to serious threatening processes such as habitat degradation.
Conversely, negative values of latent risk indicate that a species is already more threatened than its biology would indicate, probably because it inhabits a part of the world where it has been exposed to extreme endangering processes. Species with severely low ne |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Maksim%20Cikuli | Maksim Cikuli (born 7 January 1952) was the Minister of Health of Albania two times. His most recent term of office was from September 2005 until March 2007.
Cikuli is a doctor who has specialized in genetics.
References
21st-century Albanian politicians
1952 births
Living people
Government ministers of Albania
Health ministers of Albania
20th-century Albanian physicians
20th-century Albanian politicians |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Penelope%20Mackie | Penelope Mackie (1953–2022) () was a British philosopher who specialised in metaphysics and philosophical logic, and was best known for her work on essence and modality. Mackie spent the majority of her career in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Nottingham (2004–22), having also held appointments at the University of Birmingham, Virginia Commonwealth University, and New College, Oxford.
Life and career
Mackie was the daughter of Australian philosopher J. L. Mackie. She was educated at Somerville College, Oxford, matriculating in 1971, where she completed in her BPhil in Philosophy (thesis title: 'Identity and Continuity') in 1978. Her DPhil was awarded in 1987 for the thesis, How Things Might Have Been: A Study in Essentialism.
Mackie worked in the Department of Philosophy at the University of Nottingham from 2004 until her death in 2022. She was the head of department from 2007 to 2010. Mackie was also a lecturer at the University of Birmingham (1994–2004); a fixed-term fellow at New College, Oxford (1990–1994); assistant professor of philosophy at Virginia Commonwealth University (1987–1990); a visiting lecturer at the University of Maryland (1986–1987); and a lecturer at various Oxford colleges.
Selected works
Book
How Things Might Have Been (Oxford University Press, 2006)
Reviewed by André Gallois in The Philosophical Quarterly. https://doi.org/10.1111/j.1467-9213.2007.486_2.x
Reviewed by E.J. Lowe in Mind. https://doi.org/10.1093/mind/fzm762
Re |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mathematical%20Sciences%20Foundation | Mathematical Sciences Foundation (MSF) was formally registered as a non-profit society in 2002 by Dr. Anil Wilson. It is an institute of education and research, located in Delhi, India. Its goal is the promotion of mathematics and its applications at all levels, from school to college to research.
Educational programmes
Undergraduate
Mathematical Finance: A hands-on introduction to modern Finance and the role of mathematics in it.
Mathematical Simulation with IT: Explores the interaction between Mathematics, Technology, and Education.
Graduate
In association with the University of Houston, leading to PhD's in Mathematics, Computer Science, and Physics. Students are trained at MSF for a year before heading to Houston.
Seminars and conferences
A Life of Mathematics: An annual programme under which eminent mathematicians reside at St. Stephen's College to interact with students and faculty. Recent visitors under this programme have been Sir Michael Atiyah, M S Narasimhan and Martin Golubitsky (President, SIAM).
Mathematics in the 20th Century: An international conference held in Delhi in 2006 to commemorate the birth centenary of André Weil.
Contests
MSF Challenge: An annual contest, first held in 2006, to encourage school students to use computers for mathematical problem solving.
Recognizing Ramanujan: An annual contest, first held in 2019, to encourage school students in adapting to unique thinking ability in mathematical problem solving. This contest also encourages stu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Moving%20sofa%20problem | In mathematics, the moving sofa problem or sofa problem is a two-dimensional idealisation of real-life furniture-moving problems and asks for the rigid two-dimensional shape of largest area that can be maneuvered through an L-shaped planar region with legs of unit width. The area thus obtained is referred to as the sofa constant. The exact value of the sofa constant is an open problem. The currently leading solution, by Joseph L. Gerver, has a value of approximately 2.2195 and is thought to be close to the optimal, based upon subsequent study and theoretical bounds.
History
The first formal publication was by the Austrian-Canadian mathematician Leo Moser in 1966, although there had been many informal mentions before that date.
Bounds
Work has been done on proving that the sofa constant (A) cannot be below or above certain values (lower bounds and upper bounds).
Lower
Lower bounds can be proven by finding a specific shape of high area and a path for moving it through the corner. An obvious lower bound is . This comes from a sofa that is a half-disk of unit radius, which can slide up one passage into the corner, rotate within the corner around the center of the disk, and then slide out the other passage.
In 1968, John Hammersley stated a lower bound of . This can be achieved using a shape resembling a telephone handset, consisting of two quarter-disks of radius 1 on either side of a 1 by rectangle from which a half-disk of radius has been removed.
In 1992, Joseph L. Ger |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Alexander%20Zorich | Alexander Zorich is the collective pen name of two Russo-Ukrainian writers; Yana Botsman and Dmitry Gordevsky. The two write in Russian, in genres such as science fiction, fantasy and alternate history, as well as PC game scenarios.
Yana Botsman
Yana Botsman was born on August 7, 1973. She has a master's degree in applied mathematics and a Ph.D. in philosophy (1999, thesis on philosophy of Buddhism). She worked as an assistant professor in Kharkiv National University (Philosophical Faculty) until September 2004 when she became a full-time writer and scenarist. Yana is married.
Dmitry Gordevsky
Dmitry Gordevsky was born on March 21, 1973. He has a master's degree in mathematics and a Ph.D. in philosophy (2000, thesis on philosophy of medieval heresies). He worked as an assistant professor in Kharkiv State University (Philosophical Faculty) until 2004 but in September of that year became a full-time writer and scenarist. Dmitry is unmarried.
Facts
As Alexander Zorich, Yana Botsman and Dmitry Gordevsky are the authors of 18 novels, and are very popular in Russia. Yana and Dmitry have been writing together since 1991, when they were both first-year university students. "Alexander Zorich" has been described as "the most venerable among young writers, or maybe the youngest among venerable Russian writers" (Nasha Fantastika Magazine).
The first book by Alexander Zorich has never been published.
"It was a huge (about 150 pages), epic poem about fantasy world of Sarmontazara. A |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Swiss%20cheese%20%28mathematics%29 | In mathematics, a Swiss cheese is a compact subset of the complex plane obtained by removing from a closed disc some countable union of open discs, usually with some restriction on the centres and radii of the removed discs. Traditionally the deleted discs should have pairwise disjoint closures which are subsets of the interior of the starting disc, the sum of the radii of the deleted discs should be finite, and the Swiss cheese should have empty interior. This is the type of Swiss cheese originally introduced by the Swiss mathematician Alice Roth.
More generally, a Swiss cheese may be all or part of Euclidean space Rn – or of an even more complicated manifold – with "holes" in it.
References
Complex analysis |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Wayne%20Sousa | Wayne Philip Sousa is a well-known biologist and ecologist. He works at the University of California, Berkeley as a professor and chair of the Department of Integrative Biology. His research in community ecology has been in two broad areas: the role of disturbance in structuring natural communities and the ecology of host-parasite interactions. In his lab, students work alongside Sousa on research topics such as mangrove forest gap regeneration, the demographics of intertidal algae in California, plant invasions in coastal California grasslands, and rainforest seedlings in Ecuador.
Intermediate Disturbance Theory: 1979
Methods
For his dissertation he studied species diversity on intertidal boulders in Ellwood Beach, California. He organized his study by boulder size as well as frequency of being tumbled by the waves; boulders were put into groups of small, intermediate, and large depending on the force it would take a wave to move it. The study began in April 1975, and species richness was measured monthly on all three sizes of boulders, until May 1977.
The surf overturns boulders of all shapes and sizes, but smaller boulders are overturned at a more frequent rate, allowing less time for plants and animals to use them as a resource. From this information it appears that the larger boulder would have the greatest diversity, however Sousa found that this hypothesis was incorrect. Large boulders usually have less biota than intermediate sized boulders, because they are inu |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Cut%20and%20run%20%28disambiguation%29 | Cut and run is a phrase meaning to "hurry off" typically used pejoratively in politics in reference to withdrawing troops from a conflict.
Cut and run may also refer to:
Cut and Run (film), a 1985 Italian film
CUT&RUN (biology), a molecular biology technique
Banksy: Cut and Run, a 2023 exhibition by the artist Banksy at the Gallery of Modern Art, Glasgow |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Amenable%20Banach%20algebra | In mathematics, specifically in functional analysis, a Banach algebra, A, is amenable if all bounded derivations from A into dual Banach A-bimodules are inner (that is of the form for some in the dual module).
An equivalent characterization is that A is amenable if and only if it has a virtual diagonal.
Examples
If A is a group algebra for some locally compact group G then A is amenable if and only if G is amenable.
If A is a C*-algebra then A is amenable if and only if it is nuclear.
If A is a uniform algebra on a compact Hausdorff space then A is amenable if and only if it is trivial (i.e. the algebra C(X) of all continuous complex functions on X).
If A is amenable and there is a continuous algebra homomorphism from A to another Banach algebra, then the closure of is amenable.
References
F.F. Bonsall, J. Duncan, "Complete normed algebras", Springer-Verlag (1973).
H.G. Dales, "Banach algebras and automatic continuity", Oxford University Press (2001).
B.E. Johnson, "Cohomology in Banach algebras", Memoirs of the AMS 127 (1972).
J.-P. Pier, "Amenable Banach algebras", Longman Scientific and Technical (1988).
Volker Runde, "Amenable Banach Algebras. A Panorama", Springer Verlag (2020).
Banach algebras |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Peter%20Warshall | Peter Warshall (1940–2013) was an ecologist, activist and essayist whose work centers on conservation and conservation-based development. He attended Camp Rising Sun in 1958 and 1959. After receiving ab A.B. in biology from Harvard in 1964, he went on to study cultural anthropology at l'École Pratique des Hautes Études in Paris with Claude Lévi-Strauss, as a Fulbright Scholar. He then returned to Harvard where he earned his Ph.D. in Biological Anthropology.
Warshall's research interests include natural history, natural resource management (especially watersheds and wastewater practices), conservation biology, biodiversity assessments, environmental impact analysis, and conflict resolution and consensus building between divergent economic and cultural special interest groups. He has worked as a consultant for the United Nations High Commission for Refugees in Ethiopia; for USAID and other organizations in ten other African nations; he has worked with the Tohono O'odham and Apache people of Arizona; and advised corporations such as Senco, Clorox, Trans Hygga, and SAS Airlines, as well as municipal governments such as the city of Malibu.
Warshall was the Sustainability and Anthropology Editor of one of the later editions of the Whole Earth Catalog series, and served as an editor of its spin-off magazine, Whole Earth Review. He has taught at the Jack Kerouac School of Disembodied Poetics at Naropa Institute.
He was elected to the board of the Bolinas Community Public Utility D |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Tsuneo%20Nakahara | was a Japanese communications engineer, executive advisor to the CEO of Sumitomo Electric. He was one of the main researchers contributing to the development of optical fiber technology.
He earned his B.E. in 1953 and his Ph.D. in 1961, both in electrical engineering, from the University of Tokyo. He did his post-doc at Polytechnic Institute of New York University. He was a foreign associate of the US National Academy of Engineering and a member of the Board of Trustees of Polytechnic Institute of New York University.
In 1983, Tsuneo Nakahara became fellow of the IEEE for contributions to the development of microwave transmission lines, traffic control systems, and fiber optics.
Nakahara was an IEEE Life Fellow and served in a number of positions. In 2002, he received the IEEE Alexander Graham Bell Medal.
Notes
External links
Tsuneo Nakahara Oral History at IEEE History Center, dated May 20, 1994.
1930 births
2016 deaths
Japanese electrical engineers
University of Tokyo alumni
Fiber optics
Polytechnic Institute of New York University faculty
Foreign associates of the National Academy of Engineering
Fellow Members of the IEEE |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Jangada | A jangada is a traditional fishing boat (in fact a sailing raft) made of wood used in the northern region of Brazil.
The construction of the jangada incorporates some improvements in neolithic handcraft - better materials were found and the physics of sailing was better observed through experimentation. The details are closely guarded by artisans.
Its triangular sail makes use of some effects of fluid dynamics. Also known as a "latin" sail, it allows one to sail against the wind, taking advantage of the pressure difference on the air that rises on its external face (the one that becomes convex for the internal wind pressure) and its internal face (the one that becomes concave, the side where the sailor goes). Some big watercraft also used the Latin sail, but in a limited manner, because its successful use was crucially dependent on the presence of the sailor, who must be aware of the wind movements: the pressure difference is manipulated constantly whilst sailing against the wind. The same principles are used to keep a plane in the air, thanks to its wing geometry.
In the jangada, there is a graceful, almost parabolic curve on the upper part of the triangle, and another one more extended and short, below. This asymmetry is due to the deft manipulation of the mast, which turns gently – this time using the lever mechanic principle – around its axis.
Construction
Its construction depends on the correct use of materials such as fluctuation woods (like the Brazilian balsa, an |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PYTHIA | PYTHIA is a computer simulation program for particle collisions at very high energies (see event (particle physics)) in particle accelerators.
History
PYTHIA was originally written in FORTRAN 77, until the 2007 release of PYTHIA 8.1 which was rewritten in C++. Both the Fortran and C++ versions were maintained until 2012 because not all components had been merged into the 8.1 version. However, the latest version already includes new features not available in the Fortran release. PYTHIA is developed and maintained by an international collaboration of physicists, consisting of Christian Bierlich, Nishita Desai, Leif Gellersen, Ilkka Helenius, Philip Ilten, Leif Lönnblad, Stephen Mrenna, Stefan Prestel, Christian Preuss, Torbjörn Sjöstrand, Peter Skands, Marius Utheim and Rob Verheyen.
Features
The following is a list of some of the features PYTHIA is capable of simulating:
Hard and soft interactions
Parton distributions
Initial/final-state parton showers
Multiparton interactions
Fragmentation and decay
See also
Particle physics
Particle decay
References
Further reading
External links
The official PYTHIA page
Monte Carlo particle physics software
Physics software
Software that was rewritten in C++ |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CIBER | CIBER is an acronym that may refer to
Centre for Integrative Bee Research, an institution in Australia that makes basic scientific research concerning honeybee reproduction, immunity, and ecology.
Cosmic Infrared Background ExpeRiment, an optical astrophysics payload for the California Institute of Technology
See also
Ciber, an information technology company
Cyber (disambiguation) |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Z6%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Z6 small nucleolar RNA is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
Z6 snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/5.8S%20ribosomal%20RNA | In molecular biology, the 5.8S ribosomal RNA (5.8S rRNA) is a non-coding RNA component of the large subunit of the eukaryotic ribosome and so plays an important role in protein translation. It is transcribed by RNA polymerase I as part of the 45S precursor that also contains 18S and 28S rRNA. Its function is thought to be in ribosome translocation. It is also known to form covalent linkage to the p53 tumour suppressor protein. 5.8S rRNA can be used as a reference gene for miRNA detection. The 5.8S ribosomal RNA is used to better understand other rRNA processes and pathways in the cell.
The 5.8S rRNA is homologous to the 5' end of non-eukaryotic LSU rRNA. In eukaryotes, the insertion of ITS2 breaks LSU rRNA into 5.8S and 28S rRNAs. Some flies have their 5.8 rRNA further split into two pieces.
Structure
L567.5 rRNA structure is approximately 150 nucleotides in size and it consists of plenty of folded strands, some of which are presumed to be single stranded.
This ribosomal RNA, along with the 28S and 5S rRNA as well as 46 ribosomal proteins, forms the ribosomal large subunit (LSU).
The 5.8S rRNA is initially transcribed along with the 18S and 28S rRNA in the 45S preribosomal RNA, along with the ITS 1 and ITS 2 (Internal transcribed spacer) and a 5’ and 3’ ETS (External transcribed spacer). The 5.8S rRNA is located between the two ITS regions, with ITS1 separating it from the 18S rRNA in the 5' direction, and ITS2 separating it from the 28S rRNA in the 3' direction. The ITS |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/7SK%20RNA | In molecular biology 7SK is an abundant small nuclear RNA found in metazoans. It plays a role in regulating transcription by controlling the positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb. 7SK is found in a small nuclear ribonucleoprotein complex (snRNP) with a number of other proteins that regulate the stability and function of the complex.
Structure
An early study indicated that 7SK in cells is associated with a number of proteins and probing of the secondary structure suggested a model for base pairing between different regions of the RNA. A breakthrough in the function of the 7SK snRNP came with the finding that the positive transcription elongation factor P-TEFb was a component of the complex. 7SK associates with and inhibits the cyclin dependent kinase activity of P-TEFb through the action of the RNA binding proteins HEXIM1 or HEXIM2. The gamma phosphate at the 5' end of 7SK is methylated by the methylphosphate capping enzyme MEPCE which is a constitutive component of the 7SK snRNP. A La related protein LARP7 is also found associated with 7SK, presumably in part through its interaction with the 3' end of the RNA. Reduction of either MEPCE or LARP7 by siRNA mediated knockdown leads to destabilization of 7SK in vivo. A subset of 7SK snRNPs lack P-TEFb and HEXIM, but contains hnRNPs instead.
Function
The major function of the 7SK snRNP is control of the P-TEFb, a factor that regulates the elongation phase of transcription. The kinase activity of P-TEFb is in |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Coronavirus%20frameshifting%20stimulation%20element | In molecular biology, the coronavirus frameshifting stimulation element is a conserved stem-loop of RNA found in coronaviruses that can promote ribosomal frameshifting. Such RNA molecules interact with a downstream region to form a pseudoknot structure; the region varies according to the virus but pseudoknot formation is known to stimulate frameshifting. In the classical situation, a sequence 32 nucleotides downstream of the stem is complementary to part of the loop. In other coronaviruses, however, another stem-loop structure around 150 nucleotides downstream can interact with members of this family to form kissing stem-loops and stimulate frameshifting.
Other RNA families identified in the coronavirus include the coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m), the coronavirus packaging signal and the coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot.
During protein synthesis, rapidly changing conditions in the cell can cause ribosomal pausing. In coronaviruses, this can affect growth rate and trigger translational abandonment. This releases the ribosome from the mRNA and the incomplete polypeptide is targeted for destruction.
See also
Translational frameshift
Slippery sequence
Coronavirus 5′ UTR
Coronavirus 3′ UTR
Coronavirus 3′ UTR pseudoknot
Coronavirus 3′ stem-loop II-like motif (s2m)
Coronavirus packaging signal
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Coronaviridae |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CtRNA | In molecular biology ctRNA (counter-transcribed RNA) is a plasmid encoded noncoding RNA that binds to the mRNA of repB and causes translational inhibition.
ctRNA is encoded by plasmids and functions in rolling circle replication to maintain a low copy number. In Corynebacterium glutamicum, it achieves this by antisense pairing with the mRNA of RepB, a replication initiation protein.
In Enterococcus faecium the plasmid pJB01 contains three open reading frames, copA, repB, and repC. The pJB01 ctRNA is coded on the opposite strand from the copA/repB intergenic region and partially overlaps an atypical ribosome binding site for repB.
See also
S-element
References
External links
Antisense RNA
Genetics techniques |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Enteroviral%203%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20element | In molecular biology, the enteroviral 3′ UTR element is an RNA structure found in the 3′ UTR of various enteroviruses. The overall structure forms the origin of replication (OriR) for the initiation of (-) strand RNA synthesis. Pseudoknots have also been predicted in this structure.
See also
Enterovirus 5′ cloverleaf cis-acting replication element
Enterovirus cis-acting replication element
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements
Enteroviruses |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-148/mir-152%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology, miR-148 is a microRNA whose expression has been demonstrated in human (MI0000253), mouse (MI0000550), rat (MI0000616) and zebrafish (MI0002015). miR-148 has also been predicted in chicken (MI0001189).
These predicted hairpin precursor sequence are related to those of miR-152, which has been expressed in mouse (MI0000174) and is predicted in human (MI0000462).
The hairpin precursors (represented here) are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation; their extents are not known. In this case, the mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin.
Targets of miR-148
MicroRNAs act by lowering the expression of genes by binding to target sites in the 3' UTR of the mRNAs. However recently it was shown by Duursma and colleagues that miR-148 down regulates Dnmt3b by binding to a region in the protein coding region.
References
External links
miRBase family page
MicroRNA
MicroRNA precursor families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-46/mir-47/mir-281%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology, mir-46 (MI0000017) and mir-47 (MI0000018) are microRNA expressed in C. elegans from related hairpin precursor sequences. The predicted hairpin precursor sequences for Drosophila mir-281 (MI0000366, MI0000370) are also related and, hence, belong to this family. The hairpin precursors (represented here) are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation; their extents are not known. In this case, the mature sequences are expressed from the 3' arms of the hairpin precursors.
References
External links
MI0000017
MI0000018
MI0000366
MI0000370
MicroRNA
MicroRNA precursor families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pyrococcus%20C/D%20box%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Pyrococcus C/D box small nucleolar RNA are non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules identified in the archaeal genus Pyrococcus which function in the modification of ribosomal RNA (rRNA) and transfer RNA (tRNA). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell, which is a major site of ribosomal RNA and snRNA biogenesis, but there is no corresponding visible structure in archaeal cells. This group of ncRNAs are known as small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNAs because they direct associated protein enzymes to add a modification to specific nucleotides in target RNAs. C/D box RNAs guide the addition of a methyl group (-CH3) to the 2'-O position in the RNA backbone.
Computational screens of archaeal genomes have identified C/D box snoRNAs in a number of genomes. In particular 46 small RNAs were identified to be conserved in the genomes of three hyperthermophile Pyrococcus species.
References
External links
snoRNAdb
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Snake%20H/ACA%20box%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA | In molecular biology, Snake H/ACA box small nucleolar RNA refers to a number of very closely related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) genes identified in snakes which have been predicted to be small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs). This type of ncRNA is involved in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs and are often referred to as 'guide' RNAs. They are usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These snoRNA genes were initially identified in the introns of the cardiotoxin 4 and cobrotoxin genes of the Taiwan cobra (Bungarus multicinctus) and the Taiwan banded krait (Bungarus multicinctus) during sequencing of these genes. These snoRNAs are predicted to act as H/ACA box type methylation guides as they have the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and extended regions of complementarity to 5S ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Iron%20response%20element | In molecular biology, the iron response element or iron-responsive element (IRE) is a short conserved stem-loop which is bound by iron response proteins (IRPs, also named IRE-BP or IRBP). The IRE is found in UTRs (untranslated regions) of various mRNAs whose products are involved in iron metabolism. For example, the mRNA of ferritin (an iron storage protein) contains one IRE in its 5' UTR. When iron concentration is low, IRPs bind the IRE in the ferritin mRNA and cause reduced translation rates. In contrast, binding to multiple IREs in the 3' UTR of the transferrin receptor (involved in iron acquisition) leads to increased mRNA stability.
Mechanism of action
The two leading theories describe how iron probably interacts to impact posttranslational control of transcription. The classical theory suggests that IRPs, in the absence of iron, bind avidly to the mRNA IRE. When iron is present, it interacts with the protein to cause it to release the mRNA. For example, In high iron conditions in humans, IRP1 binds with an iron-sulphur complex [4Fe-4S] and adopts an aconitase conformation unsuitable for IRE binding. In contrast, IRP2 is degraded in high iron conditions. There is variation in affinity between different IREs and different IRPs.
In the second theory two proteins compete for the IRE binding site—both IRP and eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4F (eIF4F). In the absence of iron IRP binds about 10 times more avidly than the initiation factor. However, when Iron interacts at |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20296A/B | In molecular biology, snoRNAs HBII-296A and B belong to the C/D family of snoRNAs.
They are close paralogues sharing the same host gene (FLJ10534) and are predicted to guide 2'O-ribose methylation of the large 28S rRNA at position G4588.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-130%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology, miR-130 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA that regulates gene expression. This microRNA has been identified in mouse (MI0000156, MI0000408), and in human (MI0000448, MI0000748). miR-130 appears to be vertebrate-specific miRNA and has now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a range of vertebrate species (MIPF0000034). Mature microRNAs are processed from the precursor stem-loop by the Dicer enzyme. In this case, the mature sequence is excised from the 3' arm of the hairpin. It has been found that miR-130 is upregulated in a type of cancer called hepatocellular carcinoma. It has been shown that miR-130a is expressed in the hematopoietic stem/progenitor cell compartment but not in mature blood cells.
References
External links
miRBase family MIPF0000034
MicroRNA
MicroRNA precursor families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20F1/F2/snoR5a | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA F1/F2/snoR5a refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These three snoRNas identified in rice (Oryza sativa), called F1, F2 and snoR5a, belong to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as they have the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs. The majority of H/ACA box class of snoRNAs are involved in guiding the modification of uridine) to pseudouridine in other RNAs
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-160%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology, mir-160 is a microRNA that has been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a range of plant species including Arabidopsis thaliana (mouse-ear cress) and Oryza sativa (rice). miR-160 is predicted to bind complementary sites in the untranslated regions of auxin response factor genes to regulate their expression. The hairpin precursors (represented here) are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation; their extents are not known. In this case, the mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
Specifically, 3 of A. thaliana's 23 auxin-response factor genes are thought to be post-transcriptionally regulated by mir-160. When one of these targets (ARF17) is manipulated to become miRNA-resistant, several developmental defects can be observed in the host plant. This experiment has been repeated with another mir-160 target, ARF10, and results highlighted a regulatory role in post-embryonic development and seed germination.
References
External links
MIPF0000032
MicroRNA
MicroRNA precursor families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-181%20microRNA%20precursor | In molecular biology miR-181 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA molecule. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are transcribed as ~70 nucleotide precursors and subsequently processed by the RNase-III type enzyme Dicer to give a ~22 nucleotide mature product. In this case the mature sequence comes from the 5' arm of the precursor. They target and modulate protein expression by inhibiting translation and / or inducing degradation of target messenger RNAs. This new class of genes has recently been shown to play a central role in malignant transformation. miRNA are downregulated in many tumors and thus appear to function as tumor suppressor genes. The mature products miR-181a, miR-181b, miR-181c or miR-181d are thought to have regulatory roles at posttranscriptional level, through complementarity to target mRNAs. miR-181 which has been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide number of vertebrate species as rat, zebrafish, and in the pufferfish (see below) (MIPF0000007).
Expression
It has been shown that miR-181 is preferentially expressed in the B-lymphoid cells of mouse bone marrow, but also in the retina and brain. In humans, this microRNA is involved in the mechanisms of immunity, and in many different cancers (see below) it was found to be expressed at a particularly low level.
Genome location
Human
miR-181a1 and miR-181b1 are clustered together and located on the chromosome 1 (37.p5), miR-181a2 and miR-181b2 are clustered together and located on the chromosome 9 (37.p5). |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-194%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology, miR-194 microRNA precursor is a small non-coding RNA gene that regulated gene expression. Its expression has been verified in mouse (MI0000236, MI0000733) and in human (MI0000488, MI0000732). mir-194 appears to be a vertebrate-specific miRNA and has now been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a range of vertebrate species (MIPF0000055). The mature microRNA is processed from the longer hairpin precursor by the Dicer enzyme. In this case, the mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
See also
MIR194-1
References
External links
miRBase family MIPF0000055
MicroRNA
MicroRNA precursor families |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20psi18S-841/snoR66 | In molecular biology, the psi18S-841 is a member of the H/ACA class of snoRNA. This family is responsible for guiding the modification of uridine 841 in Drosophila 18S rRNA to pseudouridine.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mir-219%20microRNA%20precursor%20family | In molecular biology, the microRNA miR-219 was predicted in vertebrates by conservation between human, mouse and pufferfish and cloned in pufferfish. It was later predicted and confirmed experimentally in Drosophila. Homologs of miR-219 have since been predicted or experimentally confirmed in a wide range of species, including the platyhelminth Schmidtea mediterranea, several arthropod species and a wide range of vertebrates (MIPF0000044). The hairpin precursors (represented here) are predicted based on base pairing and cross-species conservation; their extents are not known. In this case, the mature sequence is excised from the 5' arm of the hairpin.
miR-219 has also been linked with NMDA receptor signalling in humans by targeting CaMKIIγ (a kind of protein kinase dependent to calcium and calmodulin) expression. And it has been suggested that deregulation of this miRNA can lead to the expression of mental disorders such as schizophrenia. Recent findings show that miR-219 is linked with Tau toxicity, suggesting that miR-219 is involved in neurodegenerative disease, such as Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease etc.
References
External links
MIPF0000044
MicroRNA of the month at the miRNA blog
MicroRNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R105/R108 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA R105/R108 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These two snoRNAs called R105 and R108 were identified in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
plant snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R11/Z151 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z151 (homologous to R11) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z151 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs
Plant snoRNA Z151 was identified in screens of Oryza sativa
and Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R30/Z108 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA R30/Z108 (snoR30) is a C/D box small nucleolar RNA that acts as a methylation guide for 18S ribosomal RNA in plants.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R32/R81/Z41 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z41 (homologous to R32 and R81) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z41 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z41 was identified in screens of Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Nuclear%20RNase%20P | In molecular biology, nuclear ribonuclease P (RNase P) is a ubiquitous endoribonuclease, found in archaea, bacteria and eukarya as well as chloroplasts and mitochondria. Its best characterised enzyme activity is the generation of mature 5′-ends of tRNAs by cleaving the 5′-leader elements of precursor-tRNAs. Cellular RNase Ps are ribonucleoproteins. The RNA from bacterial RNase P retains its catalytic activity in the absence of the protein subunit, i.e. it is a ribozyme. Similarly, archaeal RNase P RNA has been shown to be weakly catalytically active in the absence of its respective protein cofactors. Isolated eukaryotic RNase P RNA has not been shown to retain its catalytic function, but is still essential for the catalytic activity of the holoenzyme. Although the archaeal and eukaryotic holoenzymes have a much greater protein content than the bacterial ones, the RNA cores from all three lineages are homologous—the helices corresponding to P1, P2, P3, P4, and P10/11 are common to all cellular RNase P RNAs. Yet there is considerable sequence variation, particularly among the eukaryotic RNAs.
References
Further reading
External links
RNase P
Non-coding RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R44/J54/Z268%20family | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA R44/J54/Z268 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and are usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These snoRNAs appear plant-specific and were identified in Arabidopsis thaliana and rice Oryza sativa (snoRNAs Z268 and J54). These related snoRNAs are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
plant snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Plant%20small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R71 | In molecular biology, small nucleolar RNA R71 (also known as snoRNA R71) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
R71 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Multiple, nearly identical copies of this snoRNA have been identified in the Arabidopsis thaliana genome and it is thought to function as a 2'-O-ribose methylation guide for 18S ribosomal RNA (rRNA).
References
External links
plant snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20R64/Z200%20family | In molecular biology, R64/Z200 is a member of the C/D class of small nucleolar RNA which guide the site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNA. This family can be found in Arabidopsis thaliana (R64) and Oryza sativa (Z200).
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoR31/Z110/Z27 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z110 (homologous to Z27 and R31) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z110 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs
Plant snoRNA Z110 was identified in screens of Arabidopsis thaliana and
Oryza sativa
.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoR639/H1 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snoR639 (also known as snoH1) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
snoR639 was originally identified in a study of Drosophila melanogaster minifly (mfl) gene; snoR639 resides in the intron of this gene. It was later rediscovered by a large-scale RNomics effort.
snoR639 belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1 protein.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snoZ7/snoR77 | In molecular biology, the snoRNA snoZ7/snoZ77 family contains related non-coding RNA molecules that are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C box motif (UGAUGA) and the D box motif (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. snoZ7 RNA guides the methylation of 25S rRNA position A1372, whereas SnoR77Y guides the methylation of 18S rRNA at position U580. This family of snoRNAs has been found in plant species such as Arabidopsis thaliana.
References
External links
Plant SnoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snR55/Z10 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snR55/Z10 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
snoRNA snR55 was identified in (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) and has also been called snoRNA Z10. This snoRNA belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This predicted snoRNA does not appear to have the C/D box snoRNA terminal stem structure.
References
External links
yeast snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/RNase%20E%205%E2%80%B2%20UTR%20element | In molecular biology, the RNase E 5′ UTR element is a cis-acting element located in the 5′ UTR of ribonuclease (RNase) E messenger RNA (mRNA).
RNase E is a key regulatory enzyme in the pathway of mRNA degradation in Escherichia coli. It is able to auto-regulate the degradation of its own mRNA in response to changes in RNase E activity. This rne 5′ UTR element acts as a sensor of cellular RNase E concentration enabling tight regulation of RNase E concentration and synthesis.
See also
Degradosome
References
External links
Cis-regulatory RNA elements |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snR60/Z15/Z230/Z193/J17 | In molecular biology, snoRNA snR60 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA snR60 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoRNA snR60 was initially discovered using a computational screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome, subsequent experimental screens discovered plant homologues Z15, Z230, Z193 and J17 and human U80/SNORD80.
References
External links
Link to snR60 at the FournierLab's snoRNAdb.
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20snR61/Z1/Z11 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snR61/Z1/Z11 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These related snoRNAs include yeast (Schizosaccharomyces pombe) snR61, fly (Drosophila melanogaster) Z1 and yeast (Saccharomyces cerevisiae) snR61 and Z11 snoRNAs. They are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
yeast snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20U6-53/MBII-28 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA U6-53 (also known as MBII-28) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA U6-53 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This snoRNA possesses sequence complementarity to U6 spliceosomal RNA and is likely to direct its 2'-O-methylation.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z102/R77 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA RZ102/R77 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These two snoRNAs R77 and Z102 were identified in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and rice Oryza sativa respectively. These related snoRNAs are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Z102 and R77 and are members of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
plant snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Cajal%20body%20specific%20RNA%2011 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 11 (also known as scaRNA11 or ACA57) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nuclear RNAs which localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12. ACA57 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, conserved H/ACA-box motifs and is found associated with GAR1. ACA57 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of the U5 spliceosomal RNA at position U43.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z107/R87 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA RZ107/R87 refers to a group of related non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecules which function in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). These small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
These two snoRNAs R87 and Z107 were identified in the plant Arabidopsis thaliana and rice Oryza sativa respectively. These related snoRNAs are predicted to belong to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
plant snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Cajal%20body%20specific%20RNA%2013 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 13 (also known as scaRNA13 or U93) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies and believed to be involved in the pseudouridylation of U2 and U5 spliceosomal RNA.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
U93 is composed of two tandemly arranged box H/ACA box sequence motifs and belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs. U93 is predicted to guide pseudouridylation of U2 spliceosomal snRNA residue U54 and residue U53 of snRNA U5.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA
Spliceosome
RNA splicing |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Cajal%20body%20specific%20RNA%2014 | In molecular biology, Small Cajal body specific RNA 14 (also known as scaRNA14 or U100) is a small nucleolar RNA found in Cajal bodies.
scaRNAs are a specific class of small nucleolar RNAs which localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
U100 belongs to the H/ACA box class of guide RNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and the conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
U100 is the human orthologue of mouse H/ACA snoRNA MBII-201 which is also included in this family.
U100 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of U2 snRNA at residue U7.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z118/Z121/Z120 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Z118/Z121/Z120 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z118/Z121/Z120 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA Z118/Z121/Z120 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20Cajal%20body%20specific%20RNA%204 | In molecular biology, small Cajal body specific RNA 4 (also known as ACA26) is believed to be a guide RNA of the H/ACA box class, since it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure, conserved H/ACA-box motifs, and is found associated with GAR1. In particular, ACA26 is predicted to guide the pseudouridylation of residues U39 and U41 in U2 snRNA. Such scaRNAs are a specific class of small nuclear RNAs that localise to the Cajal bodies and guide the modification of RNA polymerase II transcribed spliceosomal RNAs U1, U2, U4, U5 and U12.
References
Further reading
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Z13/snr52 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA snR52 (homologous to Z13) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Z13 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoRNA snR52 was initially discovered using a computational screen of the Saccharomyces cerevisiae genome; subsequent work identified Z13 in Schizosaccharomyces pombe. Further experiments have shown that snR52 is transcribed by RNA polymerase III.
References
External links
Link to snR52 at the FournierLab/snoRNAdb.
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20CD11 | In molecular biology, CD11 is a member of the C/D class of snoRNA which contain the C (UGAUGA) and D (CUGA) box motifs. Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20J26 | In molecular biology, the Small nucleolar RNA J26 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule identified in rice (Oryza sativa) which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
J26 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
References
External links
plant snoRNA database
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20J33 | In molecular biology, the Small nucleolar RNA J33 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA J33 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
Plant snoRNA J33 was identified in a screen of Oryza sativa.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20MBI-1 | In molecular biology, the Small nucleolar RNA MBI-1 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
snoRNA MBI-1 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues
and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20MBI-161 | In molecular biology, the Small nucleolar RNA MBI-161 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a "guide RNA".
snoRNA MBI-161 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues
and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20MBI-28 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA MBI-28, also known as SNORA3 and ACA3, is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
snoRNA MBI-28 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues
and belongs to the H/ACA box class of snoRNAs as it has the predicted hairpin-hinge-hairpin-tail structure and has the conserved H/ACA-box motifs.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20MBII-202 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA MBII-202 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA MBII-202 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
snoRNA MBII-202 was originally cloned from mouse brain tissues.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me18S-Gm1358 | In molecular biology, the Small nucleolar RNA Me18S-Gm1358 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me18S-Gm1358 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 18S G-1358.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me18S-Um1356 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me18S-Um1356 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me18S-Um1356 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 18S U-1356.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Am2589 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Am2589 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Am2589 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S A-2589.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Am2634 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Am2634 (also known as snoRNA Me28S-Am2634) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). Small nucleolar RNAs (snoRNAs) are modifying RNAs and usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis.
snoRNA Me28S-Am2634 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted to guide the 2'-O-methylation of 28S ribosomal RNA (rRNA) residue A-2634.
This snoRNA has currently only been identified in the fly species Drosophila melanogaster.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Am982 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Am982 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Am982 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S A-982.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Cm2645 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Cm2645 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Cm2645 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S C-2645.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Cm3227 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Cm3227 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Cm3227 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S C-3227.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Cm788 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Cm788 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell, which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and is also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Cm788 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs, which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs.
This family is predicted to direct the 2'-O-methylation of 28S C-788.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Gm1083 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm1083 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Gm1083 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S G-1083.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Gm3113 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm3113 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Gm3113 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S G-3113.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-Gm3255 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Gm3255 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Gm3255 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S G-3255.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20Me28S-U3344 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA Me28S-Um3344 is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the modification of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is usually located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a guide RNA.
snoRNA Me28S-Um3344 belongs to the C/D box class of snoRNAs which contain the conserved sequence motifs known as the C box (UGAUGA) and the D box (CUGA). Most of the members of the box C/D family function in directing site-specific 2'-O-methylation of substrate RNAs. It is predicted that this family directs 2'-O-methylation of 28S U-3344.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20psi18S-1377 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA psi18S-1377 (also known as snoRNA psi28S-1377) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
This Drosophila-specific snoRNA is a member of the H/ACA box class of snoRNA and is predicted to be responsible for guiding the modification of uridines 1377 and 1279 to pseudouridine in Drosophila 18S rRNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20psi18S-1854 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA psi28S-3327 (also known as snoRNA psi28S-3327) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
This Drosophila-specific snoRNA is a member of the H/ACA box class of snoRNA and is predicted to be responsible for guiding the modification of uridines 1854 and 1937 to pseudouridine in Drosophila 18S rRNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Small%20nucleolar%20RNA%20psi28S-1192 | In molecular biology, Small nucleolar RNA psi28S-1192 (also known as snoRNA psi28S-1192) is a non-coding RNA (ncRNA) molecule which functions in the biogenesis (modification) of other small nuclear RNAs (snRNAs). This type of modifying RNA is located in the nucleolus of the eukaryotic cell which is a major site of snRNA biogenesis. It is known as a small nucleolar RNA (snoRNA) and also often referred to as a 'guide RNA'.
This Drosophila-specific snoRNA is a member of the H/ACA box class of snoRNA and is predicted to be responsible for guiding the modification of uridine 1192 to pseudouridine in Drosophila 28S rRNA.
References
External links
Small nuclear RNA |
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